PIE Lexicon Project
System PIE (Pyysalo 2013)
Foma (Hulden 2009)
FIN-CLARIN

Proto-Indo-European Lexicon

The generative etymological dictionary of Indo-European languages

The Proto-Indo-European Phoneme Inventory

( Show the entire data in a single page )

© 2014-2015 University of Helsinki

"Durch zweier Zeugen Mund wird alle Wahrheit kund" — August Fick
(PRINCIPLE of POSTULATION)



Department of Modern Languages
Department of World Cultures
Indo-European Studies
Contact PIE Lexicon Project

PIE
(Introduction)
(Abbreviations & References)


PIE √o- (pron.) ‘dieser’
(IEW 281-2)
(+ Pyysalo; compare PIE *e ‘idem’)
√o-
PIE *o·
Hitt. a·
(pers/dem.pron.) ‘er, sie, es’
(HEG 1:1-3)
(Hitt. ·aš, ·an, etc,)
1. PIE *o·
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. a·
(XX:XX)
PIE *o·
Pal. a·
(pers/dem.pron.) ‘er, sie, es’
(DPal. 48-9)
(Hitt. -aš, -an, -at)
1. PIE *o·
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Pal. a·
(XX:XX)
√oni-
(HEG I:29)
(HW2 A: 81, HIL. 209-10)
PIE *o·ni-
Hitt. a·ni-
(dem.pron.) ‘jener, [IŠ-TU AN-NI-I]Š, GÚ.R[I.TA]’
(HEG 1:29-30)
(Hitt. an-ni-iš KBo 1.42 iii 33)
1. PIE *o·ni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. a·ni-
(XX:XX)
PIE *o·ni·son
Hitt. a·ni·šan
(adv.) ‘einst, früher’
(HEG 1:31)
1. PIE *o·ni·son
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *a·ni·san
(XX:XX)
2. a·ni·san
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. a·ni·šan
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √o- (pref.) ‘zu’ (end.) ‘allativum’
(IEW 280-1)
(Pedersen + Pyysalo)
√o·
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ó·bɑɦso-
Gr. ὄ·ψο-
(n.) ‘Zu·kost, Zu·brot, bes. Fleisch’
(GEW 2:459)
1. PIE *ó·bɑɦso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ó·bɦso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ó·bɦso-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *ó·phso-
3. ó·phso-
*phs → ps
Loss of *h between *p and *s
RChangephs2ps → *ó·pso-
4. ó·pso-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὄ·ψο-
PIE *o·dɑɦi̯u-
gAv. a·idyu-
(a.) ‘tüchtig zu [D], brauchbar, nützlich’
(AIWb. 65-6)
1. PIE *o·dɑɦi̯u-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *o·dɦi̯u-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. o·dɦi̯u-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *a·dɦi̯u-
3. a·dɦi̯u-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *a·di̯u-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. a·di̯u-
*adi → aidi
Anaptyxis of *i
RAnaptyxADI → *a·idi̯u-
5. a·idi̯u-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → gAv. a·idyu-
PIE *o·Σ-
TochA. a·kälyme
(postpG.) ‘versus’
(Poucha 1)
(TochA. kälyme = ‘Gegend, Richtung’)
1. PIE *o·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → TochA. a·Σ-
(XX:XX)
PIE *o·ki̯os-
LAv. a·sah-
(n.) ‘Gegend, Landstrich, Platz’
(AIWb. 209)
1. PIE *o·ki̯os-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *o·ćos-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. o·ćos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *a·ćas-
3. a·ćas-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *a·ćah-
4. a·ćah-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to Avestan
RSatem2Av1 → LAv. a·sah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
√·o
(Pedersen 1938:29)
PIE *·o
Hitt. ·a
(end.) ‘allative singular, in, to, “to where”’
(HIL. 195)
(The allative case is also called ‘directive’ and ‘absolutive’)
1. PIE *·o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ·a
(XX:XX)
PIE *.o
Gr. .ο
(end.) ‘allative singular; in, to’
(HIL. 195)
(Gr. aπο, υπο, πρ·ό, etc.)
1. PIE *.o
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. .ο
PIE *·o
RV. ·a
(end.) ‘allative singular; in, to’
(HIL. 195)
(RV. ápa, úpa, prá, etc.; also RV. aṅgá)
1. PIE *·o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → RV. ·a
PIE *·o
LAv. ·a
(end.) ‘allative singular; in, to’
(HIL. 195)
(LAv. apa, upa, fra, etc.)
1. PIE *·o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → LAv. ·a


PIE √o- ‘horse, bird, eagle’ (as OLith. ešva- (f.) ‘Stute’ and Lith. ded·ešvà- (f.) ‘Vogelwicke’)
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√o-
PIE *o
HLu. a
(n?.) ‘horse’
(CHLu. 1.1.8)
(HIL. 282: EQUUS.ANIMALá=pa= wá/í=ta, KARATEPE 1 §8 Ho.)
1. PIE *o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → HLu. a
(XX:XX)
PIE *o·u̯idɑɦei-
Hitt. a·u̯idei-
(.) ‘Sphinx (?) ‹Lit. “Adler·Löwe”›’
(HEG 1:99-100)
(Compare Hitt. wizi- ‘lion’(?))
1. PIE *o·u̯idɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *o·u̯idɦei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. o·u̯idɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *a·u̯idɦei-
(XX:XX)
3. a·u̯idɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. a·u̯idei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *o-
OHG. a-
(vb.) ‘festinare, vadere’
(EWAhd. 1)
(OHG. a [2sg] îla du!, bura dih!)
1. PIE *o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → OHG. a-
(XX:XX)


PIE √e- (pron.) ‘dieser’
(IEW 281-2)
(+ Pyysalo; compare PIE *o ‘idem’)
√e-
PIE *e·
Hitt. e·
(pers/dem.pron.) ‘er, sie, es’
(HEG 1:1-3)
(Hitt. ·ei [plN])
PIE *e·
Pal. e·
(pers/dem.pron.) ‘er, sie, es’
(DPal. 48-9)
(Pal. ·ei [plN])
PIE *e·hɑu-
Hitt. e·ḫu-
(vbA.) ‘kommen ‹with Hitt. hu- ‘eilen’›’
(HHand. 30)
(Hitt. e-ḫu [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *e·hɑu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *e·hu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. e·hu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. e·ḫu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *e·ni-
Hitt. e·ni-
(dem.pron.) ‘that one’
(ḪEG I:106-7)
(ḪudA §54, e-ni-iš, e-ni, e-ni-uš)
PIE *e·ni·son
Hitt. e·ni·šan
(adv.) ‘thus, as stated’
(HIL. 260-1)
(Hitt. e-ni-iš-ša-an)
1. PIE *e·ni·son
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *e·ni·san
(XX:XX)
2. e·ni·san
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. e·ni·šan
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *e·diɑHó
RV. a·diá
(adv.) ‘an diesem Tage, heute’
(WbRV. 39)
(RV. a·diá)
1. PIE *e·diɑHó
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *e·diHó
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. e·diHó
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *e·diHá
3. e·diHá
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RVedicHiatus → *e·di.á
4. e·di.á
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → RV. a·di.á


√ɑɦgu- √ɑɦogu- √ɑɦegu- ‘Spitze, Gipfel, Kopf, Felsgipfel’ (a.) ‘erste, oberste’ (adv.) ‘vor(an), zuerst’
(IEW. 8-9)
(Pedersen 1938:183)
√ɑɦogu-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ɑɦógu̯o-
OInd. ága-
(m.) ‘mountain, tree’
(KEWA I:17)
1. PIE *ɑɦógu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦógu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦógu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦógu̯a-
3. ɦógu̯a-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *ɦágu̯a-
4. ɦágu̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *águ̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. águ̯a-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → OInd. ága-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
PIE *ɑɦogu̯o
OSax. aku-
(.) ‘head, Kopf : caput’
(ASächsWb. –)
(OSax. acu,
1. PIE *ɑɦogu̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦogu̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦogu̯o
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ogu̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. ogu̯o
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
RDevoiceg → *oku̯o
4. oku̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *aku̯a
(XX:XX)
5. aku̯a
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *aku̯
6. aku̯
*-ku̯ → -ku̯
Change of root-final -ku̯ into -ku
RChangeFinalKW2KU → OSax. aku
√ɑɦegur-
(HEG 1:235-6)
(HED 3: 287, Weitenberg 1984: 154, HIL. 395, Melchert 1994:144)
PIE *ɑɦegur-
Hitt. ḫegur-
(NA4n.) ‘Felsgipfel, Felsheiligtum, Fels’
(HEG 2:235)
(Hitt. ḫé-kur, ḫé-gur, HHand. 49, EḪS 276-7)
1. PIE *ɑɦegur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦegur-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦegur-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫegur-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɑɦéguro-
RV. ágra-
(n.) ‘Spitze, äußerstes ende, Gipfel, Anfang’
(WbRV. 10)
(EWA1:45-, KEWA1:18)
1. PIE *ɑɦéguro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦéguro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦéguro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦégura-
3. ɦégura-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *égura-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. égura-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *égra-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. égra-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → RV. ágra-
PIE *ɑɦeguro-
LAv. aγra-
(a.) ‘der erste, oberste’
(AIWb. 48)
1. PIE *ɑɦeguro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦeguro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦeguro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦegura-
3. ɦegura-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *egura-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. egura-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *egra-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. egra-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *agra-
6. agra-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
R40a → LAv. aγra-
√ɑɦegurei-
PIE *ɑɦegurei·gu̯óɑh-
RV. agre·gá-
(a.) ‘voran-gehend’
(WbRV. 11)
1. PIE *ɑɦegurei·gu̯óɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦegurei·gu̯óh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦegurei·gu̯óh-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *ɦegurei·gu̯áh-
3. ɦegurei·gu̯áh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *egurei·gu̯áh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. egurei·gu̯áh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *egurei·gu̯á-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. egurei·gu̯á-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *egrei·gá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. egrei·gá-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *agrai·gá-
7. agrai·gá-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RChangeAI2E1 → *agrē·gá-
8. agrē·gá-
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthOIA4 → RV. agre·gá-
PIE *ɑɦegurei·pḗɑh-
RV. agre·pā́-
(a.) ‘zuerst drinkend’
(WbRV. 12)
1. PIE *ɑɦegurei·pḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *ɑɦegurei·pā́ɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. ɑɦegurei·pā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦegurei·pā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦegurei·pā́h-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *egurei·pā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. egurei·pā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *egurei·pā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. egurei·pā́-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *egrei·pā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. egrei·pā́-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *agrai·pā́-
7. agrai·pā́-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RChangeAI2E1 → *agrē·pā́-
8. agrē·pā́-
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthOIA4 → RV. agre·pā́-
PIE *eɑɦgurei·pēɑh-
Lat. agrippā-
(I.) ‘agrippa’ ‹ if PItal. *agrīpā-, cf. above (?) ›
(OxLatD. 91)
(Lat. agrippa)
1. PIE *eɑɦgurei·pēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *aɑɦgurei·pēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. aɑɦgurei·pēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *aɑɦgurei·pāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. aɑɦgurei·pāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *aɦgurei·pāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. aɦgurei·pāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *agurei·pāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. agurei·pāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *agurei·pā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. agurei·pā-
*gu/u̯r → gr
Delabialization of u/u̯ between *g and *r
R19 → *agrei·pā-
7. agrei·pā-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → *agrī·pā-
8. agrī·pā-
*īp → ipp
Change of īp into ipp
RChangeIp2ipp → Lat. agri·ppā-
PIE *ɑɦegurei·rotɑho-
LAv. aγrae·raϑa-
(Im.) ‘EN. eines Gläubigen’
(AIWb 49)
(LAv. aγraeraϑahe)
1. PIE *ɑɦegurei·rotɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦegurei·rotho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦegurei·rotho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦegurei·ratha-
3. ɦegurei·ratha-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *egurei·ratha-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. egurei·ratha-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *egrei·ratha-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. egrei·ratha-
*t h → ϑ
Affricativization of *th
RAffricateTH → *egrei·raϑa-
6. egrei·raϑa-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *agrai·raϑa-
7. agrai·raϑa-
*ai → ae
Opening of *ai
ROpeningAI → *agrae·raϑa-
8. agrae·raϑa-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
R40a → LAv. aγrae·raϑa-


PIE √hɑ- √ɦɑ- ‘acceptieren, vertrauen, glauben, erlauben’
(IEW 512)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.+Alb.)
√hɑe-
(HEG 1:120-1)
(HW2 H:1, Oettinger 1979: 67, 360f., HED 3:9, Melchert 1994:176-7)
PIE *hɑe-
Hitt. ḫa-
(vb.) ‘acceptieren, vertrauen, glauben’
(Oettinger 1979:360f.)
(Hitt. ḫa-ad-du)
1. PIE *hɑe-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ha-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑio-
(HEG 1:120)
PIE *hɑei̯o-
Hitt. ḫaa-
(vb.) ‘vertrauen, jemandes etwas glauben’
(HHand. 34)
(Hitt. ḫa-a, ḫa-a-mi [1sg], ḫa-a-ši, ḫa-a-ir)
1. PIE *hɑei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑai̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑai̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hai̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hai̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hai̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. hai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide1 → *haa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
5. haa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑioi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑei̯oi-
Hitt. ḫaai-
(prA.) ‘to believe, trust, to be convinced’
(HIL. 313)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-iš [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑei̯oi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑai̯oi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑai̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hai̯oi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hai̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hai̯ai-
(XX:XX)
4. hai̯ai-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide1 → *haai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
5. haai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑi̯oi̯o
Alb. je
(.) ‘Erlaubnis’ ‹cf. Goth. us·laubja- ‘erlauben’›
(WP I:203)
1. PIE *hɑi̯oi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hi̯oi̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hi̯oi̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *i̯oi̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. i̯oi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *i̯ai̯a
(XX:XX)
4. i̯ai̯a
*a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *i̯ai̯
5. i̯ai̯
*ai/i̯ → e
Monophthongization of *ai/i̯ into e
R24 → *i̯e
(XX:XX)
6. i̯e
* i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
ROrthogrY2j → Alb. je


PIE √hɑ (pref.) ‘cum’ (conj.) ‘-que’
(IEW XX)
(Pyysalo)
√hɑe
PIE *hɑe·
Gr. ἀ·
(pref.) ‘α copulativum’
(LSJ. 1)
1. PIE *hɑe·
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑa·
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa·
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ha·
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ha·
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *a·
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. a·
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀ·
PIE *hɑe·Σ-
Gr. ἀ·μέλδω
(vb.pref.) ‘cf. Gr. μέλδω’
(GEW 2:199)
(Hes. ἀμέλδειν : τήκειν)
1. PIE *hɑe·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑa·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ha·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ha·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *a·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. a·Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀ·Σ-
PIE *·hɑe
CLu. ·ḫa
(encl.conj.) ‘et’
(DLL. 37)
(CLu. ·ḫa)
1. PIE *·hɑe
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *·hɑa
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ·hɑa
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *·ha
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ·ha
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ·ḫa
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *·hɑe
Pal. ·ḫa
(encl.conj.) ‘et’
(HHand. 34)
1. PIE *·hɑe
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *·hɑa
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ·hɑa
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *·ha
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ·ha
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Pal. ·ḫa
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)


PIE √hɑ (pref.) ‘gleich’ (ptcl.) ‘id’
(IEW XX)
(Pyysalo)
√hɑo
PIE *·hɑo
CLu. ·ḫa
(marque l’ emphase) ‘aussi, meme’
(DLL. 37)
1. PIE *·hɑo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *·ho
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ·ho
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *·ha
(XX:XX)
3. ·ha
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ·ḫa
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *hɑo·Σ-
Gr. ὀ·γάστωρ
(.) ‘ὁμογαστωρ’
(LSJ. 1196)
1. PIE *hɑo·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ho·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ho·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *o·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. o·Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὀ·Σ-
PIE *hɑó·Σ-
Gr. ὄ·πατρο-
(a.) ‘by the same father’
(LSJ. 1237)
1. PIE *hɑó·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hó·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hó·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ó·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. ó·Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὄ·Σ-
PIE *hɑo·Σ-
LAv. a·vånt-
(pt.) ‘gleich erscheinen wie –’
(AIWb. 952)
1. PIE *hɑo·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ho·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ho·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ha·Σ-
3. ha·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → LAv. a·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *hɑo·Σ-
Gr. ·ὄτριχες
(a.) ‘with like hair’ (LSJ. 1266)
(Gr. ὄθριξ)
1. PIE *hɑo·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ho·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ho·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *o·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. o·Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὀ·Σ-


PIE √hɑi- ‘glänzen, brennen’
(IEW 11-12 *ai-)
√hɑi-
PIE *hɑoi̯o-
Pal. ḫaa-
(vb.) ‘heiß, warm sein’
(DPal. 53)
(Pal. ḫa-a-ri [3sg], ḫa-a-an-ta, ḫa-an-ta)
1. PIE *hɑoi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hoi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hai̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide1 → *haa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
4. haa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Pal. ḫaa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑin-
PIE *hɑoi̯on-
Pal. ḫaan-
(pt.n.) ‘warm, heiß’
(DPal. 53)
(Pal. ḫa-a-an[(-)?)
1. PIE *hɑoi̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hoi̯on-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hoi̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hai̯an-
(XX:XX)
3. hai̯an-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide1 → *haan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
4. haan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Pal. ḫaan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑoi̯ōn-
gAv. ayān-
(n.) ‘Tag’
(AIWb. 157)
(LAv. ayą [sgL], gAv. ayąn [sgG])
1. PIE *hɑoi̯ōn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hoi̯ōn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hoi̯ōn-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hai̯ōn-
3. hai̯ōn-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *hai̯ān-
4. hai̯ān-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ai̯ān-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ai̯ān-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → gAv. ayān-
√hɑir-
(IEW 12)
(Pyysalo 2013:217)
PIE *hɑei̯or-
gAv. ayar-
(n.) ‘Tag’
(AIWb. 157)
(gAv. ayarǝ̄ [sgNA])
1. PIE *hɑei̯or-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑai̯or-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑai̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hai̯or-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hai̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hai̯ar-
4. hai̯ar-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ai̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ai̯ar-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → gAv. ayar-
PIE *hɑeire-
Arm. aire-
(vb.) ‘verbrennen, anzünden’
(ArmGr. 418-9)
(Arm. airel [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑeire-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaire-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaire-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haire-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haire-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Arm. aire-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *hɑir·ino-
Hitt. ḫir·ina-
(UDUNm.) ‘Schmeltzofen’
(HEG 2:237)
(Hitt. ḫi-ri-na-aš)
1. PIE *hɑir·ino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hir·ino-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hir·ino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hir·ina-
(XX:XX)
3. hir·ina-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫir·ina-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *Π·hɑ́iros-
LAv. uz·īrah-
(n.) ‘Nachmittag’
(AIWb 410)
1. PIE *Π·hɑ́iros-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1a → *Π·híiros-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. Π·híiros-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·híiras-
3. Π·híiras-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·íiras-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·íiras-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *Π·ī́ras-
5. Π·ī́ras-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *Π·ī́rah-
6. Π·ī́rah-
* ī̯́ → ī
Absence of accentuation
R41c → LAv. Π·īrah-


PIE √hɑi- √ɦɑi- ‘Stein, Bein, Ei, Hode’
(IEW 783-4+)
(Pyysalo)
√hɑi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑōi̯-
TochA. āy-
(m.) ‘os’
(Poucha 22)
1. PIE *hɑōi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hōi̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hōi̯-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *hāi̯-
(XX:XX)
3. hāi̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *āi̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. āi̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthY2y → TochA. āy-
PIE *hɑōi̯-
TochB. āy-
(sb.) ‘Bein : bone’
(DTochB. 45-6)
(LÉDT 15, āy)
1. PIE *hɑōi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hōi̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hōi̯-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *hāi̯-
(XX:XX)
3. hāi̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *āi̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. āi̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → TochB. āy-
√hɑoiɑh-
PIE *ɦɑoi̯ēɑh·si̯o-
TochB. ayā·ṣṣa-
(a.gen.) ‘prtng to bone’
(DTochB. 45-6)
(TochB. ayāṣṣe)
1. PIE *ɦɑoi̯ēɑh·si̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *ɦɑoi̯āɑh·si̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. ɦɑoi̯āɑh·si̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦoi̯āh·si̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦoi̯āh·si̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦai̯āh·si̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦai̯āh·si̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ai̯āh·si̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ai̯āh·si̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ai̯ā·si̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. ai̯ā·si̯a-
*si̯ → ṣ
Palatalization of *si̯
R18a → *ai̯ā·ṣa-
7. ai̯ā·ṣa-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → TochB. ayā·ṣa-
√hɑoii-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑoii̯o·ɦɑoii̯o-
Hitt. ḫai̯a·ḫai̯a-
(NA4.) ‘‹Stein (?)›’
(HHand. 35)
(Hitt. ḫaia(-)ḫaia)
1. PIE *hɑoii̯o·ɦɑoii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hoii̯o·ɦoii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hoii̯o·ɦoii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *haii̯a·ɦaii̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. haii̯a·ɦaii̯a-
* aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
RAnatGlide2 → *haia·ɦaia-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
4. haia·ɦaia-
* a i a → a i i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide3 → *hai̯a·ɦai̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
5. hai̯a·ɦai̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫai̯a·ḫai̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑoii̯o-
HLu. ḫai̯a-
(I.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 10.36.53)
(HLu. Iha-ia)
1. PIE *hɑoii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hoii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hoii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *haii̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. haii̯a-
* aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
RAnatGlide2 → *haia-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
4. haia-
* a i a → a i i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide3 → *hai̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
5. hai̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫai̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *hɑoii̯o
OHG. ei-
(n.) ‘Ei : egg’
(IEW 784)
1. PIE *hɑoii̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hoii̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hoii̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *oii̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. oii̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *aii̯a
(XX:XX)
4. aii̯a
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *aii̯
5. aii̯
*aii̯ → ei
Umlaut *aii̯ → ei
RUmlautAIJ → OHG. ei
PIE *hɑoii̯o
OSax. ei-
(n.) ‘Ei : egg’
(ASächsWb. 15)
1. PIE *hɑoii̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hoii̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hoii̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *oii̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. oii̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *aii̯a
(XX:XX)
4. aii̯a
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *aii̯
5. aii̯
*aii̯ → ei
Umlaut *aii̯ → ei
RUmlautAIJ → OSax. ei
√hɑisto-
PIE *hɑ́isto-
OCS. isto
(n.) ‘Hode’
(Sadnik √314)
1. PIE *hɑ́isto-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1a → *híisto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. híisto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *híista-
3. híista-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *íista-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. íista-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *ī́sta-
5. ī́sta-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *ī́sto-
6. ī́sto-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
ROrthogrI2i2 → OCS. isto-
PIE *hɑoisdo·n-
OIcl. eista·n-
(sw.f.) ‘Hode : testicle’
(ANEtWb. 98)
1. PIE *hɑoisdo·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hoisdo·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hoisdo·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *oisdo·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. oisdo·n-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
RDevoiced → *oisto·n-
4. oisto·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *aista·n-
(XX:XX)
5. aista·n-
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
RChangeai2ei → OIcl. eista·n-
√ɦɑisdo-
(HEG 1:237-8)
PIE *ɦɑisdoi̯o-
Hitt. ḫišdaa-
(É.) ‘Mausoleum = É.NA4 = ‘Steinhaus’
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫé-eš-ta-a [sgNA], ḫi-iš-ta-a-aš [G], ḫe-eš-ti-i
1. PIE *ɦɑisdoi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦisdoi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦisdoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦisdai̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦisdai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide1 → *ɦisdaa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
4. ɦisdaa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *ɦišdaa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦišdaa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫišdaa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑisdoi̯o-
CLu. ḫišdaa-
(GKLc.) ‘-(?)-’
(HHand. 51)
(CLu. ḫi-iš-da-a, HIL. 404)
1. PIE *ɦɑisdoi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦisdoi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦisdoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦisdai̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦisdai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide1 → *ɦisdaa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
4. ɦisdaa-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → *ḫisdaa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
5. ḫisdaa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. ḫišdaa-
PIE *ɦɑisdoi̯o-
Hitt. ḫišdaa-
(d.) ‘Histaa-; RDH. 74, REL. 55’
OHP. 1:148)
(Hitt. ḫi-iš-ta-a, Hitt. ḫé-eš-ta-a-aš)
1. PIE *ɦɑisdoi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦisdoi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦisdoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦisdai̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦisdai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide1 → *ɦisdaa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
4. ɦisdaa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *ɦišdaa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦišdaa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫišdaa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑisdoi̯o·Σ-
Kpd. ḫišdaa·ḫšu-
(Ic.) –
(NOMS. 374A)
(Kpd. ḫi-iš-ta-aḫ-šu)
1. PIE *ɦɑisdoi̯o·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦisdoi̯o·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦisdoi̯o·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦisdai̯a·Σ-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦisdai̯a·Σ-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide1 → *ɦisdaa·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
4. ɦisdaa·Σ-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *ɦišdaa·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦišdaa·Σ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Kpd. ḫišdaa·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑisdoi̯o·Σ-
Kpd. ḫišdaa·ḫšušar-
(Ic.) –
(NOMS. 375A)
(Kpd. ḫi-iš-ta-aḫ-šu-šar)
1. PIE *ɦɑisdoi̯o·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦisdoi̯o·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦisdoi̯o·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦisdai̯a·Σ-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦisdai̯a·Σ-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide1 → *ɦisdaa·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
4. ɦisdaa·Σ-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *ɦišdaa·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦišdaa·Σ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Kpd. ḫišdaa·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑisdoso-
Hitt. ḫišdaša-
(LÚc.) ‘Vorsteher des Éḫešta’
(HHand. 51)
1. PIE *ɦɑisdoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦisdoso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦisdoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦisdasa-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦisdasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *ɦišdaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦišdaša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫišdaša-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑoisd·Σ-
OInd. eḍ·ūka-
(m.) ‘charnel-house, reliquary’
(KEWA1:127)
1. PIE *ɦɑoisd·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦoisd·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦoisd·Σ-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RRukiI → *ɦoišd·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. ɦoišd·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦaišd·Σ-
4. ɦaišd·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *aišd·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. aišd·Σ-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RChangeAI2E1 → *ēšd·Σ-
6. ēšd·Σ-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → *ēṣd·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
7. ēṣd·Σ-
*ṣd → ṣḍ
Assimilation of retroflex
RRetrofl4 → *ēṣḍ·Σ-
8. ēṣḍ·Σ-
PIE *ṣḍ → ẓḍ
Voicing of ṣ into ẓ before ḍ
R32b → *ēẓḍ·Σ-
9. ēẓḍ·Σ-
PIE *ẓ → Ø
Loss of ẓ
R32c → *ēḍ·Σ-
10. ēḍ·Σ-
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthOIA4 → OInd. eḍ·Σ-
√ɦɑisdei-
PIE *ɦɑisdei-
Hitt. ḫišdei-
(Én.) ‘ein Kultgebäude, Mausoleum (?)’
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫé-eš-ti-i [sgNA?])
1. PIE *ɦɑisdei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦisdei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦisdei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *ɦišdei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. ɦišdei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫišdei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√ɦɑisdum-
PIE *ɦɑisdumo-
Hitt. ḫišduma-
(LÚc.) ‘am ḫešta- Beschäftigter’
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫi-iš-tu-um-ma-aš, ḫé-eš-tu-u-ma-aš)
1. PIE *ɦɑisdumo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦisdumo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦisdumo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦisduma-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦisduma-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *ɦišduma-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦišduma-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫišduma-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑisdumon-
Kpd. ḫišduman
(Ic.) –
(NOMS. 377)
(Kpd. ḫi-iš-du-ma-an)
1. PIE *ɦɑisdumon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦisdumon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦisdumon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦisduman-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦisduman-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *ɦišduman-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦišduman-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Kpd. ḫišduman-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑisdumno-
Hitt. ḫišdumna-
(c.) ‘am ḫešta- Beschäftigter’
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫé-eš-tu-um-na-aš, ḫé-eš-tu-u-um-ni, ḫé-eš-tu-u-um-ni-eš)
1. PIE *ɦɑisdumno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦisdumno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦisdumno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦisdumna-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦisdumna-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *ɦišdumna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦišdumna-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫišdumna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√ɦɑiou-
PIE *ɦɑōi̯ou-
TochB. āyo-
(sb.) ‘bone’
(DTochB. 45)
(TochB. āyo)
1. PIE *ɦɑōi̯ou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦōi̯ou-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦōi̯ou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦōi̯au-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦōi̯au-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *ɦāi̯au-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦāi̯au-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *āi̯au-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. āi̯au-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RChangeAU2O1 → *āi̯ō-
6. āi̯ō-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthOIA6 → *āi̯o-
7. āi̯o-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → TochB. āyo-


PIE √hɑi-, √ɦɑi- ‘verneigen, Reverenz erweisen, verbeugen, geben, opfern’
(IEW –)
(HEG I:250: Hitt. ḫink1/2- ‘zuteilen’ + Pyysalo)
√ɦɑining-
(Rieken 1999:336, Melchert 1994:176)
PIE *ɦɑining-
Hitt. ḫining-
(vb.) ‘sich verneigen, Reverenz erweisen’
(HIL. 315)
(Hitt. ḫi-ni-i[k], ḫi-ni-ik-zi, ḫi-in-ik-zi, ḫi-en-ik-ta)
1. PIE *ɦɑining-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦining-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦining-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫining-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√ɦɑing-
(HEG 1:246-51)
(HED 3:295, (HIL. 314-, Puhvel HED 3: 289f., 292f.)
PIE *ɦɑeing-
Hitt. ḫaing-
(vb.intr.) ‘sich verneigen, Reverenz erweisen’
(HHand. 35)
(Hitt. ḫa-ik-t[a-ri], [ḫa-i]k-ta-ri, ḫa-ik-ta)
1. PIE *ɦɑeing-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑaing-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaing-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦaing-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦaing-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaing-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑing-
Hitt. ḫing-
(vb.) ‘sich verneigen, Reverenz erweisen’
(HHand. 35)
(Hitt. ḫé-ik-ta, ḫi-in-ga-ri, ḫi-ik-ta)
1. PIE *ɦɑing-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦing-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦing-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫing-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑing-
Hitt. ḫing-
(vb1.) ‘übergeben, überlassen, opfern’
(HHand. 50)
(Oettinger 1979:93)
1. PIE *ɦɑing-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦing-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦing-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫing-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√ɦɑingo-
PIE *ɦɑeingo-
Hitt. ḫainga-
(vb.) ‘sich verneigen, Reverenz erweisen’
(HIL. 314)
(Hitt. ḫa-in-kán-ta)
1. PIE *ɦɑeingo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑaingo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaingo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦaingo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦaingo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦainga-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦainga-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫainga-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑingo-
Hitt. ḫinga-
(vb.) ‘sich verneigen, Reverenz erweisen’
(HIL. 314)
(Hitt. ḫi-in-ga, ḫi-in-ga-zi ḫi-in-kat-ta, ḫi-i-in-kán-ta)
1. PIE *ɦɑingo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦingo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦingo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦinga-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦinga-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫinga-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑingon-
Hitt. ḫingan-
(*n.) ‘gift’
(HIL. 315)
(Hitt. IGI.DU8.A-an-ni)
1. PIE *ɦɑingon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦingon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦingon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦingan-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦingan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫingan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑingonu-
Hitt. ḫinganu-
(cs1.) ‘zur Verbeugung (ver)anlassen’
(HHand. 50)
(Hitt. ḫi-in-ga-nu-zi)
1. PIE *ɦɑingonu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦingonu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦingonu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦinganu-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦinganu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫinganu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑingoski̯e/o-
Hitt. ḫingaške/a-
(vb.iter.)
(HIL. 315)
(Hitt. ḫi-in-ga-aš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *ɦɑingoski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦingoski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦingoski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *ɦingosḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ɦingosḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦingasḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦingasḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *ɦingaske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. ɦingaske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *ɦingaške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦingaške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫingaške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√ɦɑingei-
PIE *ɦɑingei-
Hitt. ḫingei-
(vb.) ‘sich verneigen, Reverenz erweisen’
(HIL. 315)
(Hitt. ḫi-in-ki-ez-zi)
1. PIE *ɦɑingei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦingei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦingei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫingei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑingeiski̯e/o-
Hitt. ḫingeiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘sich verneigen, Reverenz erweisen’
(EḪS 445)
(Hitt. ḫi-in-ki-iš-ke/a-, ḫi-in-ki-eš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *ɦɑingeiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦingeiski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦingeiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *ɦingeisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ɦingeisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦingeisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦingeisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *ɦingeiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. ɦingeiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *ɦingeiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦingeiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫingeiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√ɦɑingu-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ɦɑingulo-
Hitt. ḫingula-
(a.) ‘offerant’
(HIL. 315)
(Hitt. ḫi-in-ku-la-aš)
1. PIE *ɦɑingulo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦingulo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦingulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦingula-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦingula-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫingula-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑingum-
Hitt. ḫingum-
(vs.) ‘Geschenk, Ehrengabe’
(HEG I:249)
(Hitt. ḫingum[uš] [plA], Rieken (1999:336))
1. PIE *ɦɑingum-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦingum-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦingum-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫingum-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑéi̯engumeɑh-
Gr. ἄεμμα-
(n.) ‘bow, bow-string’
(GEW 1:53)
(Gr. ἄεμμα)
1. PIE *ɦɑéi̯engumeɑh-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *ɦɑái̯engumeɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑái̯engumeɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *ɦɑái̯engumaɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
3. ɦɑái̯engumaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦái̯engumah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. ɦái̯engumah-
*gu/u̯ → b
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gu/u̯
RBilabializationGW → *ɦái̯enbmah-
5. ɦái̯enbmah-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ái̯enbmah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. ái̯enbmah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ái̯enbma-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. ái̯enbma-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *áenbma-
8. áenbma-
*nP → mP
Change of nP into mP
RChangenP2mP → *áembma-
9. áembma-
*bm → mm
Assimilation of b and m
RChangebm2mm → *áemmma-
10. áemmma-
*si̯ → s
Simplification of *mmm
RChangemmm2mm → *áemma-
11. áemma-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἄεμμα-
PIE *ɦɑingun-
Hitt. ḫingun-
(n.obl.) ‘gift, offering’
(HIL. 315)
(Hitt. ḫé-en-ku-ni)
1. PIE *ɦɑingun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦingun-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦingun-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫingun-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑingur-
Hitt. ḫingur-
(n.) ‘Darreichung, Geschenk, Ehrengabe’
(HHand. 50)
1. PIE *ɦɑingur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦingur-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦingur-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫingur-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑingu̯or-
Hitt. ḫingu̯ar-
(n.) [Mg.] ‘Verbeugung’
(HHand. 50)
(Hitt. ḫi-in-ku-ua-ar, ḫé-en-ku-ua-aš, ḫi-in-ku-ua-an-zi)
1. PIE *ɦɑingu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦingu̯or-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦingu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦingu̯ar-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦingu̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫingu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑingu̯or-
Hitt. ḫingu̯ar-
(n.) [Mg.] ‘Darreichung, Geschenk, Ehrengabe’
(HHand. 50)
(Hitt. ḫinkuar [sgNA], ḫinkuaš [sgG], ḫinkumuš [plA])
1. PIE *ɦɑingu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦingu̯or-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦingu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦingu̯ar-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦingu̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫingu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑingur-
Hitt. ḫingur-
(n.) ‘gift, offering’
(HIL. 315)
(Hitt. ḫé-en-gur, ḫi-in-ku-ua-ri [plN])
1. PIE *ɦɑingur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦingur-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦingur-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫingur-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√ɦɑinu-
(Melchert 1994:166)
PIE *ɦɑinu-
Hitt. ḫinu-
(vb.) ‘make bow’
(Melchert 1994:166)
(Hitt. ḫinuzi [3sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑinu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦinu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦinu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫinu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)


PIE √hɑl- (a.) SIG7 = ‘gelb, grün’ (sb.) ‘Grünzeug’
(IEW. 302)
(Pyysalo)
√hɑehɑel-
(Pyysalo)
(HW2 Ḫ: 3)
PIE *hɑehɑel-
Hitt. ḫaḫal-
(n.) ‘Grünzeug, Strauch, Busch, Gestrüpp, Unkraut’
(HEG 1:121-6)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-ḫal, ḫa-a-aḫ-ḫa-aḫ)
1. PIE *hɑehɑel-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑahɑal-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑal-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hahal-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hahal-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaḫal-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *Π·hɑéhɑelo-
Lith. at·óla-
(m.) ‘(junger) Gras, Öhmd, Grummet’
(LiEtWb. 22)
1. PIE *Π·hɑéhɑelo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·hɑéhɑalo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑéhɑalo-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *Π·hɑáhɑalo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
3. Π·hɑáhɑalo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·háhalo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. Π·háhalo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·áalo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·áalo-
*áa → ā́
Contraction of áa into ā́
RContractaa2A2 → *Π·ā́lo-
6. Π·ā́lo-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ā́la-
7. Π·ā́la-
*ā́ → ṓ
Change of ā́ into ṓ
RChangeA202 → *Π·ṓla-
8. Π·ṓla-
ṓ → ó
Orthographic change of ṓ into ó
R27b → Lith. Π·óla-
PIE *Π·hɑehɑelo
Latv. at·ãl-
(.) ‘(junger) Gras, Öhmd, Grummet’
(LiEtWb. 22)
1. PIE *Π·hɑehɑelo
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·hɑahɑalo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑahɑalo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hahalo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hahalo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·aalo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·aalo
*aa → ā
Contraction of aa into ā
R16a → *Π·ālo
5. Π·ālo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·āla
6. Π·āla
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final a
RLossFinala → Latv. Π·āl
PIE *hɑehɑelo·lo-
Hitt. ḫaḫala·la-
(MUNUSc.) ‘Funktionärin; luw. in heth. Kontext’
(HHand. 34)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-ḫa-la-al-e-eš [plN], HIL. 314)
1. PIE *hɑehɑelo·lo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑahɑalo·lo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑalo·lo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hahalo·lo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hahalo·lo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hahala·la-
(XX:XX)
4. hahala·la-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaḫala·la-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑehɑelont-
Hitt. ḫaḫalant-
(a.) ‘qualifiziert Gemüsepflanzen, Küchenkrauter’
(HHand. 34)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-ḫa-al-la-an-za [sgN], ḫa-aḫ-ḫal-la-an-te-eš [plN))
1. PIE *hɑehɑelont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑahɑalont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑalont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hahalont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hahalont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hahalant-
(XX:XX)
4. hahalant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaḫalant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑehɑelou̯ont-
Hitt. ḫaḫalau̯ant-
(pt.) ‘grün, gelb’
(HHand. 34-5)
1. PIE *hɑehɑelou̯ont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑahɑalou̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑalou̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hahalou̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hahalou̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hahalau̯ant-
(XX:XX)
4. hahalau̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaḫalau̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑehɑeli-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑehɑeli-
Hitt. ḫaḫali-
(n.) ’ Grünzeug, Strauch, Busch, Gestrüpp, Unkraut’
(HHand. 34)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-ḫal-li, ḫa-aḫ-ḫa-li)
1. PIE *hɑehɑeli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑahɑali-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑali-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hahali-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hahali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaḫali-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *Π·hɑehɑeli-
OPr. at·oli-
(.) ‘Grummet’
(LiEtWb. 22)
(Voc. 284)
1. PIE *Π·hɑehɑeli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·hɑahɑali-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑahɑali-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hahali-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hahali-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·aali-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·aali-
*aa → ā
Contraction of aa into ā
RContractaa2A1 → *Π·āli-
5. Π·āli-
*ā → ō
Change of ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → *Π·ōli-
6. Π·ōli-
*ō → o
Orthographic absence of quantity
ROrthogro2o → OPr. Π·oli-
PIE *hɑehɑelei̯o-
Hitt. ḫaḫalei̯a-
(URU.) (Im Bezirk von Paršananḫila)
(OGH. 62)
(Hitt. ḫa-ḫa-li-ia [Stf.])
1. PIE *hɑehɑelei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑahɑalei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑalei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hahalei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hahalei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hahalei̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. hahalei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaḫalei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑohɑeleiski̯e/o-
Hitt. ḫaḫaleiške/a-
(vb.) ‘gelb werden’
(HHand. 34)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-ḫa-li-eš-ke-et [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑohɑeleiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑohɑaleiski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑohɑaleiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hohaleiski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hohaleiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *hohaleisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. hohaleisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hahaleisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
5. hahaleisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *hahaleiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. hahaleiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hahaleiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. hahaleiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaḫaleiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑohɑeleiski̯e/o-
Hitt. ḫaḫaleiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘gelb werden’
(HHand. 35)
1. PIE *hɑohɑeleiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑohɑaleiski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑohɑaleiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hohaleiski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hohaleiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *hohaleisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. hohaleisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hahaleisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
5. hahaleisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *hahaleiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. hahaleiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hahaleiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. hahaleiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaḫaleiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑehɑelu-
PIE *hɑehɑelu̯on-
Kpd. ḫaḫalu̯an-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 239)
(Kpd. ḫa-ḫa-lu-(u)a-an)
1. PIE *hɑehɑelu̯on-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑahɑalu̯on-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑalu̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hahalu̯on-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hahalu̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hahalu̯an-
(XX:XX)
4. hahalu̯an-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Kpd. ḫaḫalu̯an-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑehɑelu̯ont-
CLu. ḫaḫalu̯ant-
(a.) ‘-(?)-, HHand. 34, HIL. 314’
(DLL 37-8)
(CLu. ḫa-aḫ-ḫa-lu-ua-an-ti [sgD])
1. PIE *hɑehɑelu̯ont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑahɑalu̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑalu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hahalu̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hahalu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hahalu̯ant-
(XX:XX)
4. hahalu̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫaḫalu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
√hɑehɑl-
PIE *hɑehɑlo·Σ-
Hitt. ḫaḫla·tarupašani-
(mc.) ‘‹with Hitt. dtarupašani-›’
(NOMS. 241)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-la-ta-ru-up-pa-ša-ni [abs.])
1. PIE *hɑehɑlo·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑahɑlo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑlo·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hahlo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hahlo·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hahla·Σ-
(XX:XX)
4. hahla·Σ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaḫla·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑehɑlohɑiski̯e/o-
Hitt. ḫaḫlaḫiške/a-
(vb.fakt.) ‘gelb machen’
(HIL. 314)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-la-aḫ-ḫi-iš-k[e-et])
1. PIE *hɑehɑlohɑiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑahɑlohɑiski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑlohɑiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hahlohiski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hahlohiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *hahlohisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. hahlohisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hahlahisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
5. hahlahisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *hahlahiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. hahlahiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hahlahiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. hahlahiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaḫlaḫiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑehɑloniski̯e/o-
Hitt. ḫaḫlaniške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘gelb machen’
(HHand. 35)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-la-n[i-eš-k]er)
1. PIE *hɑehɑloniski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑahɑloniski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑloniski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hahloniski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hahloniski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *hahlonisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. hahlonisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hahlanisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
5. hahlanisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *hahlaniske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. hahlaniske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hahlaniške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. hahlaniške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaḫlaniške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑehɑlou̯ont-
Hitt. ḫaḫlau̯ant-
(.) ‘grün, gelb’ (Sum. SIG7)
(HHand. 34-5)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-la-u-ua-an-da [plNA])
1. PIE *hɑehɑlou̯ont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑahɑlou̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑlou̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hahlou̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hahlou̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hahlau̯ant-
(XX:XX)
4. hahlau̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaḫlau̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑehɑli-
PIE *hɑehɑlei̯o-
Hitt. ḫaḫlei̯a-
(vb.fient.) ‘gelb machen’
(HHand. 34)
1. PIE *hɑehɑlei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑahɑlei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑlei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hahlei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hahlei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hahlei̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. hahlei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaḫlei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑehɑlimo-
Hitt. ḫaḫlima-
(c.) ‘gelbe Farbe’
(HHand. 34-5)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-li-im-ma-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑehɑlimo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑahɑlimo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑlimo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hahlimo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hahlimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hahlima-
(XX:XX)
4. hahlima-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaḫlima-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑehɑlisno-
Hitt. ḫaḫlišna-
(n.) ‘eine Droge (?)’
(HHand. 34-5)
1. PIE *hɑehɑlisno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑahɑlisno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑlisno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hahlisno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hahlisno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hahlisna-
(XX:XX)
4. hahlisna-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hahlišna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hahlišna-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaḫlišna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑehɑliu̯ont-
Hitt. ḫaḫliu̯ant-
(a.) ‘grün, gelb’; (ein Kraut)
(HHand. 34-5)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-li-u-ua-an-za [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑehɑliu̯ont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑahɑliu̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑliu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hahliu̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hahliu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hahliu̯ant-
(XX:XX)
4. hahliu̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaḫliu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑehɑlu-
PIE *hɑehɑlu̯ont-
CLu. ḫaḫlu̯ant-
(GKLa.) ‘grün, gelb : jaune, gelb, DLL 37-’
(HHand. 34-5)
(CLu. ḫa-aḫ-la-lu-ua-an-ti [sgD])
1. PIE *hɑehɑlu̯ont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑahɑlu̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑlu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hahlu̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hahlu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hahlu̯ant-
(XX:XX)
4. hahlu̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫaḫlu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)


PIE √hɑiki-, √ɦaigi- ‘aus, von (– her), ver- ; in, an, bei, nach’
(IEW 1044 [diff.])
(Pyysalo: Anat. + BSL)
√hɑiki-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑíki-
Lith. ìš
(prepG.) ‘aus, von, von — her’
(ALiEtWb. I:19-20)
1. PIE *hɑíki-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *híki-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. híki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *híć-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. híć-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis Li. ì
RAcc2 → *hìć-
4. hìć-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ìć-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ìć-
*ć → š
From Satem *ć to Lithuanian
RSatem2Lith1 → Lith. ìš-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
PIE *hɑiki-
OPr. is
(prepD.) ‘aus’
(ALiEtWb. I:19)
1. PIE *hɑiki-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hiki-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hiki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *hić-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. hić-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ić-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ić-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to Old Prussian
RSatem2OPr1 → OPr. is-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
PIE *hɑ́iki-
Russ. ís
(prepG.) ‘aus, von’
(REW 1:473)
(ALiEtWb. 19)
1. PIE *hɑ́iki-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1a → *híiki-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. híiki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *híić-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. híić-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *íić-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. íić-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *ī́ć-
5. ī́ć-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to Slavic
RSatem2Slav1 → *ī́s-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. ī́s-
*ī́ → í
Orthographic change of *ī́ into í
ROrthogrI2i2 → Russ. ís-
PIE *hɑiki·Σ-
Lyd. is·qasãn-
(vb.) ‘besitzen’ (?)
(LydWb. 135)
1. PIE *hɑiki·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hiki·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hiki·Σ-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *hić·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. hić·Σ-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to Lyd.
RSatem2Lyd1 → *his·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.9)
4. his·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Lyd. is·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *hɑiki·Σ-
Lyd. is·l-
(a.) ‘angefangen’ (?)
(LydWb. 135)
(Lyd. islλ [sgDL])
1. PIE *hɑiki·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hiki·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hiki·Σ-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *hić·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. hić·Σ-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to Lyd.
RSatem2Lyd1 → *his·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.9)
4. his·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Lyd. is·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *hɑiki·Σ-
Lyd. is·kubto-
(sb.) ‘nachkommenschaft’
(LydWb. 135)
(Lyd. iskubto)
1. PIE *hɑiki·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hiki·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hiki·Σ-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *hić·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. hić·Σ-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to Lyd.
RSatem2Lyd1 → *his·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.9)
4. his·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Lyd. is·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *hɑiki·Σ-
Lyd. is·t
(prep.) ‘in, an, bei’ (?) (= Aram. ‘l)
(LydWb. 135)
(Lyd. ist)
1. PIE *hɑiki·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hiki·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hiki·Σ-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *hić·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. hić·Σ-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to Lyd.
RSatem2Lyd1 → *his·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.9)
4. his·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Lyd. is·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√ɦɑigi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ɦɑigi·oi-
CLu. ḫiz·ai-
(vb.) ‘aushändigen, anvertrauen (?)’
(HHand. 51)
(CLu. ḫi-iz-za-in-du [3pl], Laroche DLL. 46)
1. PIE *ɦɑigi·oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦigi·oi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦigi·oi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *ɦij́·oi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ɦij́·oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦij́·ai-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦij́·ai-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to CLu.
RSatem2CLu4 → *ɦiz·ai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.9)
5. ɦiz·ai-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫiz·ai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *ɦɑigi·oi̯u-
CLu. ḫiz·au-
(vb.) ‘aushändigen, anvertrauen (?)’
(HHand. 51)
(Laroche DLL. 46, ḫi-iz-za-ú-un-du [3pl])
1. PIE *ɦɑigi·oi̯u-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦigi·oi̯u-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦigi·oi̯u-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *ɦij́·oi̯u-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ɦij́·oi̯u-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦij́·ai̯u-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦij́·ai̯u-
* ai̯u → au
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *u
RAnatGlide4 → *ɦij́·au-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
5. ɦij́·au-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to CLu.
RSatem2CLu4 → *ɦiz·au-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.9)
6. ɦiz·au-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫiz·au-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *ɦɑigi·Σ-
Lith. iž·noumo-
(vb.) ‘verpachten, in Pacht haben’
(LiEtWb. 512)
(Žem. ižnoumoti)
1. PIE *ɦɑigi·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦigi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦigi·Σ-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *ɦij́·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ɦij́·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ij́·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ij́·Σ-
*j́ → ž
From Satem *j́ to Lithuanian
RSatem2Lith4 → Lith. iž·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
PIE *ɦɑígi·Σ-
OLith. ìž·da-
(m.) ‘Schatz, Reichtum’
(ALiEtWb. I-23-24)
(Sadnik 317)
1. PIE *ɦɑígi·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦígi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦígi·Σ-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *ɦíj́·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ɦíj́·Σ-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis Li. ì
RAcc2 → *ɦìj́·Σ-
4. ɦìj́·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ìj́·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ìj́·Σ-
*j́ → ž
From Satem *j́ to Lithuanian
RSatem2Lith4 → OLith. ìž·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
PIE *ɦɑigi
Latv. iz
(prepG.) ‘aus’
(ALiEtWb. I-19)
1. PIE *ɦɑigi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦigi
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦigi
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *ɦij́
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ɦij́
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ij́
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ij́
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Latvian
RSatem2Latv4 → Latv. iz
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
PIE *ɦɑ́igi
OCS. iz
(prepG.) ‘aus, von’
(Sadnik 317)
1. PIE *ɦɑ́igi
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1a → *ɦíigi
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. ɦíigi
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *ɦíij́
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ɦíij́
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *íij́
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. íij́
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *ī́j́
5. ī́j́
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Slavic
RSatem2Slav3 → *ī́z
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. ī́z
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
ROrthogrI2i2 → OCS. iz
PIE *ɦɑ́igios
Russ. ízo
(prepG.) ‘aus, von’
(REW 1:473)
(ALiEtWb. I-19)
1. PIE *ɦɑ́igios
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1a → *ɦíigios
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. ɦíigios
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *ɦíij́os
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ɦíij́os
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦíij́as
4. ɦíij́as
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *íij́as
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. íij́as
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *ī́j́as
6. ī́j́as
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Slavic
RSatem2Slav3 → *ī́zas
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. ī́zas
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *ī́zos
8. ī́zos
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in -os (root final)
RLossFinaloS → *ī́zo
9. ī́zo
*ī́ → í
Orthographic change of *ī́ into í
ROrthogrI2i2 → Russ. ízo
PIE *ɦɑ́igi
Russ. íz
(prepG.) ‘aus, von’
(REW 1:473)
(ALiEtWb. I-19)
1. PIE *ɦɑ́igi
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1a → *ɦíigi
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. ɦíigi
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *ɦíij́
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ɦíij́
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *íij́
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. íij́
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *ī́j́
5. ī́j́
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Slavic
RSatem2Slav3 → *ī́z
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. ī́z
*ī́ → í
Orthographic change of *ī́ into í
ROrthogrI2i2 → Russ. íz
PIE *ɦɑ́igi
SCr. iz
(prepG.) ‘aus, von’
(REW 1:473)
(ALiEtWb. I:19)
1. PIE *ɦɑ́igi
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1a → *ɦíigi
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. ɦíigi
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *ɦíij́
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ɦíij́
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *íij́
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. íij́
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *ī́j́
5. ī́j́
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Slavic
RSatem2Slav3 → *ī́z
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. ī́z
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
ROrthogrI2i2 → SCr. iz
PIE *ɦɑ́igiōɑɦd
SCr. iza
(prepG.) ‘hinter, nach’
(REW 1:473)
(ALiEtWb. I:19)
1. PIE *ɦɑ́igiōɑɦd
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1a → *ɦíigiōɑɦd
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. ɦíigiōɑɦd
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦíigiōɦd
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦíigiōɦd
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *ɦíij́ōɦd
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. ɦíij́ōɦd
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *ɦíij́āɦd
5. ɦíij́āɦd
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *íij́ād
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. íij́ād
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *ī́j́ād
7. ī́j́ād
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Slavic
RSatem2Slav3 → *ī́zād
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
8. ī́zād
*-d → Ø
Loss of root-final -d
RLossFinald → *ī́zā
9. ī́zā
*ā → a
Orthographic change of *ā into a
ROrthogrA2a1 → *ī́za
10. ī́za
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
ROrthogrI2i2 → SCr. iza
PIE *ɦɑ́igi·Σ-
Lat. īg·nōscō
(vb.) ‘verzeihen, ein Einsehen haben, Nachsicht üben’
(WH 1:677)
1. PIE *ɦɑ́igi·Σ-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1a → *ɦíigi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. ɦíigi·Σ-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *ɦíiǵ·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ɦíiǵ·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *íiǵ·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. íiǵ·Σ-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractíi → *ī́ǵ·Σ-
5. ī́ǵ·Σ-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *ī́g·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. ī́g·Σ-
*ī́ → ī
Orthographic absence of accent
R42 → Lat. īg·Σ-
PIE *ɦɑigi·Σ-
Lat. ig·itur
(adv.) ‘dann, demnacht, folglich, also; Lit. *‘ausgehend von’’
(WH 1:675)
1. PIE *ɦɑigi·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦigi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦigi·Σ-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *ɦiǵ·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ɦiǵ·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *iǵ·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. iǵ·Σ-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → Lat. ig·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
PIE *ɦɑ́igi·Σ-
Lat. īg·nōminia
(f.) ‘Schimpf, Schande’
(WH 1:676)
1. PIE *ɦɑ́igi·Σ-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1a → *ɦíigi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. ɦíigi·Σ-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *ɦíiǵ·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ɦíiǵ·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *íiǵ·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. íiǵ·Σ-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractíi → *ī́ǵ·Σ-
5. ī́ǵ·Σ-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *ī́g·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. ī́g·Σ-
*ī́ → ī
Orthographic absence of accent
R42 → Lat. īg·Σ-
PIE *ɦɑoigi-
Latv. aiz
(.) ‘hinter, jenseits’
(IEW 452)
1. PIE *ɦɑoigi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦoigi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦoigi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *ɦoij́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ɦoij́-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *oij́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. oij́-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *aij́-
5. aij́-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Latvian
RSatem2Latv4 → Latv. aiz-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
PIE *ɦɑoigi·Σ-
Latv. aiz·mìrs-
(vb.) ‘vergessen’
(IEW. 738)
(Latv. aizmìrst)
1. PIE *ɦɑoigi·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦoigi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦoigi·Σ-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *ɦoij́·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ɦoij́·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *oij́·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. oij́·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *aij́·Σ-
5. aij́·Σ-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Latvian
RSatem2Latv4 → Latv. aiz·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)


PIE √hɑil-, √ɦɑil- (vb.) ‘treiben’ (sb.) ‘Einzäunung, Stall, Hof’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√hɑilo-
PIE *hɑilo-
Hitt. ḫila-
() ((É).) ‘Hof, Einzäunung, Viehhof’ (Sum. TÙR)
(ḪEG 2:241-)
(Hitt. ḫi-i-la-aš, ḫi-la-aš, ḫi-i-la-an, ḫi-e-la-aš [G], ḫi-li [DL])
1. PIE *hɑilo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hila-
(XX:XX)
3. hila-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫila-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑilo-
Hitt. ḫila-
(PÚ.) (Im Kontext der ON › Lawata)
(OGH. 528)
(Hitt. ḫi-la-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑilo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hila-
(XX:XX)
3. hila-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫila-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑilo·Σ-
CLu. ḫila·madu-
(mc.) ‹ of honey-sweet mouth ›
(NOMS. 352a)
(Hitt. ḫi-la-ma-ad-du(-un) [abs.]-[A])
1. PIE *hɑilo·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilo·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hila·Σ-
(XX:XX)
3. hila·Σ-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫila·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *hɑilo·ru̯odɑɦo-
CLu. ḫila·ru̯ada-
(mc.) (prince de Malatya-)
(NOMS. 355)
(in Urar. ḫi-la-ru-a-da)
1. PIE *hɑilo·ru̯odɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilo·ru̯odɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilo·ru̯odɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hila·ru̯adɦa-
(XX:XX)
3. hila·ru̯adɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *hila·ru̯ada-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hila·ru̯ada-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫila·ru̯ada-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *hɑilo·Σ-
Hitt. ḫila·dKAL-
(mc.) ‘‹yard-protector›’
(NOMS. 356)
(Hitt. ḫe-el-la-dKAL)
1. PIE *hɑilo·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilo·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hila·Σ-
(XX:XX)
3. hila·Σ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫila·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑilo·Σ-
Hitt. ḫila·ziba-
(d.) ‘‹genius of yard›
(OHP. 1:150)
(Hitt. ḫe-el-la-zi-pa [Abs], G hR. 281, 299, 611, A. Kammenhuber (1959 [RIA XVII/64]:53), RDH. 67)
1. PIE *hɑilo·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilo·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hila·Σ-
(XX:XX)
3. hila·Σ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫila·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑiloi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑiloi-
Hitt. ḫilai-
(vb.dn.) ‘Einen Hof (= ḫila-) haben’
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫi-la-iz-zi (Von Mond oder Sonne))
1. PIE *hɑiloi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hiloi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hiloi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hilai-
(XX:XX)
3. hilai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫilai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑ́iLei̯o-
OInd. īlaya-
(cs.) ‘in Bewegung setzen’
(KEWA III:96)
1. PIE *hɑ́iLei̯o-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1a → *híiLei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. híiLei̯o-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RChangelr4 → *híilei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
3. híilei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *híilei̯a-
4. híilei̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *íilei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. íilei̯a-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *ī́lei̯a-
6. ī́lei̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *ī́lai̯a-
7. ī́lai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → OInd. ī́laya-
√hɑili-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·hɑ́ili-
Lat. agn·īli-
(n.) ‘Schaf·stall’
(WH 1:23)
1. PIE *Π·hɑ́ili-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1a → *Π·híili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. Π·híili-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·íili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. Π·íili-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractíi → *Π·ī́li-
4. Π·ī́li-
*ī́ → ī
Orthographic absence of accent
R42 → Lat. Π·īli-
PIE *Π·hɑ́ili-
Lat. ou·īli-
(n.) ‘Schaf·stall’
(WH 2:229)
1. PIE *Π·hɑ́ili-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1a → *Π·híili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. Π·híili-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·íili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. Π·íili-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractíi → *Π·ī́li-
4. Π·ī́li-
*ī́ → ī
Orthographic absence of accent
R42 → Lat. Π·īli-
PIE *Π·hɑ́ili-
Lat. equ·īli-
(n.) ‘Pferde·stall’
(WH 1:412)
1. PIE *Π·hɑ́ili-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1a → *Π·híili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. Π·híili-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·íili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. Π·íili-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractíi → *Π·ī́li-
4. Π·ī́li-
*ī́ → ī
Orthographic absence of accent
R42 → Lat. Π·īli-
PIE *hɑilei̯o-
Hitt. ḫilei̯a-
(mc.) (scribe)
(NOMS. 357)
(Hitt. ḫi-li-ia-aš)
1. PIE *hɑilei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hilei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hilei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫilei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑilik-
PIE *hɑiliko-
Hitt. ḫilika-
(URU.) ‘› Naḫita’
(OGH. 108)
(Hitt. ḫi-li-iq-qa-za [Abl])
1. PIE *hɑiliko-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hiliko-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hiliko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hilika-
(XX:XX)
3. hilika-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫilika-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑilikei-
HLu. ḫilikei-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 2.15/2.5)
(HLu. hi?-li-ki-zi(URBS) [pl])
1. PIE *hɑilikei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilikei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilikei-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫilikei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
√hɑilomo-
PIE *hɑilomo-
Hitt. ḫilama-
(URU.) ‘= URUKI.LAM = Torbau’
(HEG 1:243-4)
(Hitt. ḫi-lam-ma-a [Stf.])
1. PIE *hɑilomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilomo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hilama-
(XX:XX)
3. hilama-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫilama-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑilomor-
Hitt. ḫilamar-
(n.) ‘Torbau, Säulenhalle, Portikus’ (KI.LAM)
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫi-lam-mar
1. PIE *hɑilomor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilomor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilomor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hilamar-
(XX:XX)
3. hilamar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫilamar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑilomo·tei̯o-
Hitt. ḫilama·tei̯a-
(URU.) ‘Torbau+treten (?)’
(OGH. 108)
(Hitt. ḫi-lam-ma-at-ti-ia [Stf.])
1. PIE *hɑilomo·tei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilomo·tei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilomo·tei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hilama·tei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hilama·tei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫilama·tei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑilomodɑɦ-
Hitt. ḫilamad-
(LÚc.) ‘Tempelangestellter, Pförtner’
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫi-lam-ma-ti-eš [plN], ḫi-lam-ma-at-ta-aš)
1. PIE *hɑilomodɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilomodɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilomodɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hilamadɦ-
(XX:XX)
3. hilamadɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *hilamad-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hilamad-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫilamad-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑilomn-
PIE *hɑilomn-
Hitt. ḫilamn-
(n.) ‘Torbau, Säulenhalle, Portikus’
(HIL. 399)
(Hitt. ḫi-lam-na-aš, ḫi-lam-ni, ḫi-lam-na)
1. PIE *hɑilomn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilomn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilomn-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hilamn-
(XX:XX)
3. hilamn-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫilamn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑilomnont-
Hitt. ḫilamnant-
(c.) ‘Torbau, Säulenhalle, Portikus’ (KI.LAM)
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫi-lam-na-an-za [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑilomnont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilomnont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilomnont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hilamnant-
(XX:XX)
3. hilamnant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫilamnant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑilomni-
Hitt. ḫilamni-
(c.) ‘courtier (?)’
(HIL. 399)
(Hitt. ḫi-lam-ni-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑilomni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilomni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilomni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hilamni-
(XX:XX)
3. hilamni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫilamni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑilomi-
PIE *hɑilomi-
Hitt. ḫilami-
(LÚc.) ‘Tempelangestellter, Pförtner’
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫi-lam-mi-iš [sgN], ḫi-lam-mi-e-eš [plN])
1. PIE *hɑilomi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilomi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilomi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hilami-
(XX:XX)
3. hilami-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫilami-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑilomili-
Hitt. ḫilamili
(adv.) ‘in der Art eines Pförtners’ (?)
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫi-lam-mi-li)
1. PIE *hɑilomili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilomili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilomili-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hilamili-
(XX:XX)
3. hilamili-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫilamili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑilomini-
Hitt. ḫilamini-
(c.) ‘courtier (?)’
(HIL. 399)
(Hitt. ḫi-lam-mi-in-ni-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑilomini-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilomini-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilomini-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hilamini-
(XX:XX)
3. hilamini-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫilamini-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑilon-
PIE *hɑilon-
Hitt. ḫilan-
(n.obl.) ‘yard’
(HIL. 399)
(Hitt. ḫi-l[a-a]n-na-aš [sgG])
1. PIE *hɑilon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hilan-
(XX:XX)
3. hilan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫilan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑilon·Σ-
Pal. ḫilan·ziba-
(d.) ‘‹genie of yard›’
(OHP. 1:150)
(Pal. ḫi-la-an-z[i-p]a-aš, ḫi-la-an-zi-pí, HHand. 49); (Pal. 32,53,75, DPal. 55)
1. PIE *hɑilon·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilon·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilon·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hilan·Σ-
(XX:XX)
3. hilan·Σ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Pal. ḫilan·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑilono·Σ-
CLu. ḫilana·[…
(.) ‘yard·[…’
(HHand. 49)
1. PIE *hɑilono·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilono·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilono·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hilana·Σ-
(XX:XX)
3. hilana·Σ-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫilana·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *hɑilono-
HLu. ḫilana-
(*.) ‘yard’
(CHLu. 1.1.63)
(in Hlu. PORTA-la-na)
1. PIE *hɑilono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hilana-
(XX:XX)
3. hilana-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫilana-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
√hɑiloni-
PIE *hɑiloni-
Hitt. ḫilani-
(mc.) (divers)
(NOMS. 353)
(Hitt. ḫi-la-ni-iš, ḫe-el-la-ni)
1. PIE *hɑiloni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hiloni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hiloni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hilani-
(XX:XX)
3. hilani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫilani-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑiloni-
Hitt. ḫilani-
(mc.) (autre)
(NOMS. 353)
(Hitt. ḫi-il-la-an-ni-iš)
1. PIE *hɑiloni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hiloni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hiloni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hilani-
(XX:XX)
3. hilani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫilani-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑilos-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·hɑ́ilos
CS. jagn·ilo-
(n.) ‘locus ubi oves ‹ jagn-› parturiunt’
(IEW 9)
1. PIE *Π·hɑ́ilos
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1a → *Π·híilos
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. Π·híilos
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·híilas
3. Π·híilas
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·íilas
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·íilas
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *Π·ī́las
5. Π·ī́las
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *Π·ī́los
6. Π·ī́los
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in -os (root final)
RLossFinalS → *Π·ī́lo
7. Π·ī́lo
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
ROrthogrI2i2 → CS. Π·ilo
PIE *hɑiloso-
CLu. ḫilaša-
(d.) ‘god of Hila-’
(OHP. 1:150-52)
(CLu. ḫi-la-aš-ša-an [D])
1. PIE *hɑiloso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hiloso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hiloso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hilasa-
(XX:XX)
3. hilasa-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → *ḫilasa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. ḫilasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. ḫilaša-
PIE *hɑilosi-
Hitt. ḫilaši-
(d.) ‘god of Hila-’
(OHP. 1:150-52)
(Hitt. ḫi-i-la-aš-ši, GhR. 133, 281-2, 613-4, V. Haas (1972-5 [RIA 4]:409-410), RDH. 69, REL 73, 1143-4)
1. PIE *hɑilosi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilosi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hilasi-
(XX:XX)
3. hilasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hilaši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hilaši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫilaši-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑilosidɑɦ-
CLu. ḫilašid-
(d.) ‘(CLuLex. 68)’
(OHP. 1:150-52)
(CLu. ḫi-la-aš-ši-ti [D], Laroche : Recherches 67f.; RHA XV (1957) 15ff.)
1. PIE *hɑilosidɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilosidɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilosidɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hilasidɦ-
(XX:XX)
3. hilasidɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *hilasid-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hilasid-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → *ḫilasid-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
5. ḫilasid-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. ḫilašid-
√hɑilosumi-
PIE *hɑilosumei̯o-
Hitt. ḫilašumei̯a-
(GIŠ.) ‘eine Pflanze mit verwertbarem Samen’
(HHand. 49)
1. PIE *hɑilosumei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilosumei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilosumei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hilasumei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hilasumei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hilašumei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hilašumei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫilašumei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑilosumei̯o-
Hitt. ḫilašumei̯a-
(GIŠ.) ‘- (?) -’
(HHand. 49)
1. PIE *hɑilosumei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilosumei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilosumei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hilasumei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hilasumei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hilašumei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hilašumei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫilašumei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑilodɑɦor-
PIE *hɑilodɑɦor-
Hitt. ḫiladar-
(n.) ‘Wirtschafshof (?)’
(HHand. 50)
1. PIE *hɑilodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilodɦor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hiladɦar-
(XX:XX)
3. hiladɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *hiladar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hiladar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫiladar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑil·ugɑɦi̯oni-
PIE *hɑil·ugɑɦi̯oni-
Hitt. ḫil·ugani-
(.) ‘carriage’
(HIL. 322)
(Hitt. ḫi-lu-kà-ni-im [sgG])
1. PIE *hɑil·ugɑɦi̯oni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hil·ugɦi̯oni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hil·ugɦi̯oni-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯
RCentum5 → *hil·uǵɦoni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. hil·uǵɦoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hil·uǵɦani-
(XX:XX)
4. hil·uǵɦani-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *hil·ugɦani-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. hil·ugɦani-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *hil·ugani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hil·ugani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫil·ugani-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)


PIE √hɑim-, √ɦɑim- ‘Feuer, Hitze, Rauch, Dampf, Starrheit, Fieber’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√hɑimo-
(HEG 1:123)
(HED H:8, HIL. –)
PIE *hɑehɑimo-
Hitt. ḫaḫima-
(c.) ‘eine Krankheit: Erstarrung, Starrheit (?)’
(HEG 1:123)
(HHand. 34, Hitt. ḫaḫima-)
1. PIE *hɑehɑimo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑahɑimo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑimo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hahimo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hahimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hahima-
(XX:XX)
4. hahima-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaḫima-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeimo
OIcl. eim-
(m.) ‘Feuer, Rauch, Dampf’
(ANEtWb. 96)
(OIcl. eimr [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑeimo
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaimo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaimo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haimo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haimo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aimo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. aimo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *aima
(XX:XX)
5. aima
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
RChangeai2ei → *eima
6. eima
-a → Ø
Loss of -a in root-final position
RLossFinala1 → OIcl. eim
PIE *hɑ́imo-
OIcl. īm-
(n.) ‘Staub’
(ANEtWb. 285)
(cf. ModNorw. īm ‘Geruch’)
1. PIE *hɑ́imo-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1a → *híimo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. híimo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *íimo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. íimo-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractíi → *ī́mo-
4. ī́mo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *ī́ma-
(XX:XX)
5. ī́ma-
ī́ → ī
Orthographic absence of accent
R27 → OIcl. īma-
PIE *hɑ́imo
Far. īm-
(.) ‘Russ auf einer Kessel’
(ANEtWb. 285)
1. PIE *hɑ́imo
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1a → *híimo
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. híimo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *íimo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. íimo
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractíi → *ī́mo
4. ī́mo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *ī́ma
(XX:XX)
5. ī́ma
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *ī́m
6. ī́m
ī́ → ī
Orthographic absence of accent
R27 → Far. īm
PIE *hɑ́imo-
ModIcl. īma-
(.) ‘Hitze’
(ANEtWb. 285)
1. PIE *hɑ́imo-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1a → *híimo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. híimo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *íimo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. íimo-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractíi → *ī́mo-
4. ī́mo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *ī́ma-
(XX:XX)
5. ī́ma-
ī́ → ī
Orthographic absence of accent
R27 → ModIcl. īma-
PIE *hɑ́imo-
OIcl. īma-
(vb.) ‘heftig werden’
(ANEtWb. 285)
(OIcl. īmast [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑ́imo-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1a → *híimo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. híimo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *íimo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. íimo-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractíi → *ī́mo-
4. ī́mo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *ī́ma-
(XX:XX)
5. ī́ma-
ī́ → ī
Orthographic absence of accent
R27 → OIcl. īma-
PIE *hɑeime·n-
OIcl. eimi·n-
(m.) ‘Rauch, Dampf, Feuer’
(ANEtWb. 96)
1. PIE *hɑeime·n-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaime·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaime·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haime·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haime·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aime·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. aime·n-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
RChangee2i → *aimi·n-
5. aimi·n-
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
RChangeai2ei → OIcl. eimi·n-
PIE *hɑ́imono
Norw. īmen
(pt.) ‘erzürnt’
(ANEtWb. 96)
1. PIE *hɑ́imono
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1a → *híimono
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. híimono
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *íimono
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. íimono
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractíi → *ī́mono
4. ī́mono
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *ī́mana
(XX:XX)
5. ī́mana
-a → Ø
Loss of -a in root-final position
RLossFinala1 → *ī́man
6. ī́man
*an → en
Rising of a into e before n-
RRisingan2en → *ī́men
7. ī́men
ī́ → ī
Orthographic absence of accent
R27 → Norw. īmen
PIE *hɑeim·hɑusii̯ó·n-
OIcl. eim·yrja·n-
(sw.f.) ‘glühende Asche’
(ANEtWb. 96)
1. PIE *hɑeim·hɑusii̯ó·n-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaim·hɑusii̯ó·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaim·hɑusii̯ó·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haim·husii̯ó·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haim·husii̯ó·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aim·usii̯ó·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. aim·usii̯ó·n-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeo2a2 → *aim·usii̯á·n-
(XX:XX)
5. aim·usii̯á·n-
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
RChangeai2ei → *eim·usii̯á·n-
6. eim·usii̯á·n-
*i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
R26 → OIcl. eim·usijá·n-
PIE *hɑeim·hɑusii̯ó·n-
OHG. eim·uria·n-
(sw.f.) ‘Aschenglut, Glut, heiße/glühende Asche’
(EWAdh 2:988, IEW. 347)
1. PIE *hɑeim·hɑusii̯ó·n-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaim·hɑusii̯ó·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaim·hɑusii̯ó·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haim·husii̯ó·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haim·husii̯ó·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aim·usii̯ó·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. aim·usii̯ó·n-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeo2a2 → *aim·usii̯á·n-
(XX:XX)
5. aim·usii̯á·n-
*ai → ei
Umlaut *ai → ei
RUmlautAI → *eim·usii̯á·n-
6. eim·usii̯á·n-
*i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
ROrthogrY2j → *eim·usijá·n-
7. eim·usijá·n-
*á → a
Absence of accent in OHG
R32 → OHG. eim·usija·n-


PIE √hɑin- ‘Wasser, Gewässer, Tropf’ (vb.) ‘schöpfen, nässen, abwaschen’
(IEW. 774)
(+ Pyysalo: Hitt. & CLu.)
√hɑin-
PIE *hɑin-
Hitt. ḫin-
(vb.) ‘schöpfen ‹see Hitt. hani- ‘id.’›’
(HIL. 329)
(Hitt. ḫi-e-ni-ir, ḫi-ni-ir)
1. PIE *hɑin-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hin-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hin-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫin-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑining-
PIE *hɑiningɑh-
Hitt. ḫining-
(vbM.) ‘nässen, abwaschen (?)’
(HHand. 50)
(Hitt. ḫé-u-uš ḫi-ni-ik-ta; ḫé-e-a-u-it ḫi-ni-ik-ta)
1. PIE *hɑiningɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hiningh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hiningh-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *hining-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hining-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫining-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑinori-
PIE *hɑinorei̯o-
Hitt. ḫinarei̯a-
(URU.) ‘Dorf im Land Kinara’
(OGH. 109)
(Hitt. ḫi-na-ri-ia-aš, [DUGUD-Eid])
1. PIE *hɑinorei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hinorei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hinorei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hinarei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hinarei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫinarei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑinori-
Hitt. ḫinari-
(.) ‘eine Gartenpflanze’
(HHand. 50)
(Hitt. ḫinari[(-))
1. PIE *hɑinori-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hinori-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hinori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hinari-
(XX:XX)
3. hinari-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫinari-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑinori-
Hitt. ḫinari-
(d.) ‘Hinari ‹cf. above and below›’
(OHP. 1:152)
(Hitt. ḫi-na-a-ri-iš [N])
1. PIE *hɑinori-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hinori-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hinori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hinari-
(XX:XX)
3. hinari-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫinari-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑinori·u̯onto-
Hitt. ḫinari·u̯anta-
() ((KUR)URU) “In kaškäischem Gebiet, › Tumana.”
(OGH. 109-10)
(Hitt. ḫi-na-ri-ua-an-da [Stf.], DKašg. 42, 95)
1. PIE *hɑinori·u̯onto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hinori·u̯onto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hinori·u̯onto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hinari·u̯anta-
(XX:XX)
3. hinari·u̯anta-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫinari·u̯anta-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑinoru-
PIE *hɑinoru-
CLu. ḫinaru-
(ua-a-tar.) ‘e. hydronymischer Begriff = (?)’
(OGH. 529)
(CLu. ḫi-in-na-ru-u-ua-aš [N])
1. PIE *hɑinoru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hinoru-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hinoru-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hinaru-
(XX:XX)
3. hinaru-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫinaru-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
√ɦɑind-
(IEW. 774)
(Pyysalo: Tocharian)
PIE *ɦɑindreɑh-
TochB. intra-
(.) ‘in a list of medical ingredients’
(DTochB. 64)
(TochB. intra(-))
1. PIE *ɦɑindreɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *ɦɑindraɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. ɦɑindraɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦindrah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦindrah-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *indrah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. indrah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *indra-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. indra-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
RDevoiced → TochB. intra-
PIE *ɦɑindrēɑh
OLatv. indra-
(ÍDf.) ‘Indra’
(IEW 774)
(LiEtWb. –)
1. PIE *ɦɑindrēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *ɦɑindrāɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. ɦɑindrāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦindrāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦindrāh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *indrāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. indrāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *indrā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. indrā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R28 → OLatv. indra
PIE *ɦɑindrikui̯ēɑh
OLatv. indrica-
(ÍDf.) ‘Indrica’
(IEW 774)
(LiEtWb. –)
1. PIE *ɦɑindrikui̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *ɦɑindrikui̯āɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. ɦɑindrikui̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦindrikui̯āh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦindrikui̯āh
PIE *kui̯ → čui̯
2nd palatalization of *ku̯
R2ndPalatKU → *ɦindričui̯āh
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. ɦindričui̯āh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *indričui̯āh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. indričui̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *indričui̯ā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. indričui̯ā
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *indriči̯ā
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
7. indriči̯ā
*č → c
From 2nd palatalization *č to Latvian
R2ndPalat2Latv1 → *indrici̯ā
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
8. indrici̯ā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R28 → *indrici̯a
9. indrici̯a
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
R30 → OLatv. indricja
PIE *ɦɑíndu-
RV. índu-
(m.) ‘lichter Tropfen, im RV. = Soma-’
(WbRV. 212)
1. PIE *ɦɑíndu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦíndu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦíndu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → RV. índu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *ɦɑindu-
Lith. indu-
(ÍDm.) ‘Indu’
(IEW 774)
(LiEtWb. –)
1. PIE *ɦɑindu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦindu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦindu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → Lith. indu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)


PIE √hɑiru- (sb.) ‘Bote, Schwur, Eid’
(IEW XX)
√hɑeiru-
PIE *hɑeiru-
Goth. airu-
(m.) ‘Bote’
(GoEtD. 19)
(Goth. airus [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑeiru-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑairu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑairu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hairu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hairu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Goth. airu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *mitro·hɑeíru-
RV. mitra·éru-
(m.pl.) ‘Verschworene’
(WbRV. 1041)
(RV. mitraírun [plA])
1. PIE *mitro·hɑeíru-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *mitro·hɑaíru-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. mitro·hɑaíru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *mitro·haíru-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. mitro·haíru-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *mitra·haíru-
4. mitra·haíru-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *mitra·aíru-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. mitra·aíru-
aí → ḗ
Monophthongization of *aí
RChangeAI2E2 → *mitra·ḗru-
6. mitra·ḗru-
ḗ → é
Orthographic change of ḗ into é
ROrthOIA5 → RV. mitra·éru-
√hɑirun-
PIE *hɑirun-
CLu. ḫirun-
(n.) ‘Schwur, Eid : serment, HHand. 50’
(DLL 45)
(CLu. ḫi(-i)-ru(-ú)-un [sgNA])
1. PIE *hɑirun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hirun-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hirun-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫirun-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
√hɑirudɑɦ
PIE *hɑirudɑɦo
CLu. ḫiruda-
(n.) ‘Schwur, Eid, HHand. 50’
(DLL. 45)
(CLu. ḫi-i-ru-ú-ta)
1. PIE *hɑirudɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hirudɦo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hirudɦo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hirudɦa
(XX:XX)
3. hirudɦa
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *hiruda
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hiruda
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫiruda
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *hɑirudɑɦo
Hitt. ḫiruda-
(n.) ‘Schwur, Eid’
(DLL. 45)
(Hitt. ḫi-ru-ta-za [Abl.])
1. PIE *hɑirudɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hirudɦo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hirudɦo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hirudɦa
(XX:XX)
3. hirudɦa
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *hiruda
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hiruda
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫiruda
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)


PIE √hɑis- √ɦɑis- (sb.) ‘Gott, Herr’ (vb.) ehren’ (a.) ‘beachtenswert, sacer, divinus’
(IEW 16)
(+ Pyysalo)
√hɑis-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑeis-
Marruc. ais-
(m.) ‘Gott’
(WbOU. 69)
(Marruc. aisos ‘dis’ [plD])
1. PIE *hɑeis-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑais-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑais-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hais-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hais-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Marruc. ais-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *hɑiso-
Lyd. iśa-
(c.) ‘Herr, Gusmani Sprache 17 (1971): 6’
(LydWb. 138)
(Lyd. iśa-)
1. PIE *hɑiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hiso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hiso-
PIE * s → ś
Orthographic change of *s into ś
R10 → *hiśo-
3. hiśo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hiśa-
(XX:XX)
4. hiśa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Lyd. iśa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *hɑeis·ono-
Umbr. ēs·ono-
(a.) ‘sacer, divinus’
(WbOU. 238)
(Umbr. esonu)
1. PIE *hɑeis·ono-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑais·ono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑais·ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hais·ono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hais·ono-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ais·ono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ais·ono-
*ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai into ē
RMonophtai2E → Umbr. ēs·ono-
PIE *hɑeis·Σ-
Uolsc. ēs·aristo-
(n.) ‘sacri·ficium’
(WbOU. 233)
(Volsc. esaristom)
1. PIE *hɑeis·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑais·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑais·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hais·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hais·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ais·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ais·Σ-
*ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai into ē
RMonophthai2E → Uolsc. ēs·Σ-
√hɑisolo-
PIE *hɑisolo-
Hitt. ḫišala-
(a.) viell. ‘beachtenswert, wichtig, erwähnenswert’
(HHand. 49)
1. PIE *hɑisolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hisolo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hisolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hisala-
(XX:XX)
3. hisala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hišala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hišala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫišala-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑisolo-
CLu. ḫišala-
(a.) viell. ‘beachtenswert, wichtig, erwähnenswert’
(DLL. 45)
(CLu. ḫi-iš-ša-al-la)
1. PIE *hɑisolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hisolo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hisolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hisala-
(XX:XX)
3. hisala-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → *ḫisala-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. ḫisala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. ḫišala-
PIE *hɑisolont-
Hitt. ḫišalant-
(a.) [Mg.] ‘beachtet, berücksichtig’
(HHand. 49)
1. PIE *hɑisolont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hisolont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hisolont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hisalant-
(XX:XX)
3. hisalant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hišalant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hišalant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫišalant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑisolont-
Hitt. ḫišalant-
(d.) ‘preceded by dirḫant-’
(OHP. 1:153-4)
(Hitt. ḫe-eš-ša-la-an-te-eš [plN], ḫi-iš-ša-al-la-an-du-uš [plA], G. McMahon (AS:247-8), REL. 93)
1. PIE *hɑisolont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hisolont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hisolont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hisalant-
(XX:XX)
3. hisalant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hišalant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hišalant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫišalant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑisu-
PIE *hɑeisu-
OGaul. aisu-
(m.) ‘G. des Kriegs’
(ACSS 1:54)
(OGaul. AESV)
1. PIE *hɑeisu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaisu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaisu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haisu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haisu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → OGaul. aisu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *ehɑisu-
OGaul. ēsu-
(m.) ‘Hauptgott der Gallier’
(WH 1:419)
(OGaul. esus, Lucan. 1,455 ē-)
1. PIE *ehɑisu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ehisu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ehisu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → OGaul. eisu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *ehɑisu·u̯io-
OGaul. ēsu·uio-
(PNm.) ‘‹Cf. OGaul. ·uio-›’
(ACSS. 1:1478)
(OGaul. esu·uius [sgN])
1. PIE *ehɑisu·u̯io-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ehisu·u̯io-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ehisu·u̯io-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *eisu·u̯io-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. eisu·u̯io-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → OGaul. eisu·uio-
PIE *ehɑisu·nerto-
OGaul. ēsu·nerto-
(PN.) ‘Kraft der Esus’
(LEIA N-10)
(OGaul. esunertus)
1. PIE *ehɑisu·nerto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ehisu·nerto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ehisu·nerto-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → OGaul. eisu·nerto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *hɑeisuso-
Osc. aisuso-
(sb.) ‘sacrificiis’
(WbOU. 68-70)
(Osc. aisusis [plAbl.])
1. PIE *hɑeisuso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaisuso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaisuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haisuso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haisuso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Osc. aisuso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)


PIE √hɑis- (sb.) ‘Deichsel’
(IEW XX)
√hɑiso-
PIE *hɑiso-
Hitt. ḫiša-
(GIŠc.) ‘Deichsel : carriage pole’
(HEG I:252)
(Hitt. ḫi-iš-ša-an, HHand. 50)
1. PIE *hɑiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hiso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hisa-
(XX:XX)
3. hisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hiša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hiša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫiša-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeíku̯ohɑiso-
RV. ékeṣa-
(a.) ‘eine [éka] Deichsel habend’
(WbRV. 297)
(RV. ékeṣam rátham)
1. PIE *hɑeíku̯ohɑiso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaíku̯ohɑiso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaíku̯ohɑiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haíku̯ohiso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haíku̯ohiso-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RRukiI → *haíku̯ohišo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
4. haíku̯ohišo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *haíku̯ahiša-
5. haíku̯ahiša-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aíku̯aiša-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. aíku̯aiša-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *aíkaiša-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
7. aíkaiša-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RChangeAI2E1 → *aíkēša-
8. aíkēša-
aí → ḗ
Monophthongization of *aí
RChangeAI2E2 → *ḗkēša-
9. ḗkēša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → *ḗkēṣa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
10. ḗkēṣa-
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthOIA4 → *ḗkeṣa-
11. ḗkeṣa-
ḗ → é
Orthographic change of ḗ into é
ROrthOIA5 → RV. ékeṣa-
√hɑisɑh-
PIE *hɑ́isḗɑh
RV. īṣā́-
(f.) ‘die Deichsel’
(WbRV. 238)
1. PIE *hɑ́isḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *hɑ́isā́ɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑ́isā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1a → *híisā́ɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
3. híisā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *híisā́h
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. híisā́h
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RRukiI → *híišā́h
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
5. híišā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *íišā́
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. íišā́
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *ī́šā́
7. ī́šā́
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → RV. ī́ṣā́
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)


PIE √hɑiu- (sb.) ‘Gewässer’ (vb.) ‘befeuchten’
(IEW –)
(Čop 1971a:141f.: Gr.; Pyysalo: OLith.)
√hɑeiu-
(Čop 1971)
PIE *hɑeiu̯o·néɑhi̯o-
Gr. αἰο·νάο-
(pr.) ‘befeuchten, bähen’
(GEW1:42-3)
(Gr. αἰο·νάω, Melchert 1994:102)
1. PIE *hɑeiu̯o·néɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaiu̯o·néɑhi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaiu̯o·néɑhi̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
Colouring rule for *éɑ
RColouring1d → *hɑaiu̯o·náɑhi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
3. hɑaiu̯o·náɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haiu̯o·náhi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. haiu̯o·náhi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aiu̯o·nái̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. aiu̯o·nái̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *aiu̯o·náo-
6. aiu̯o·náo-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *aio·náo-
7. aio·náo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀιο·νάο-
√hɑiou-
PIE *hɑi̯ou-
Hitt. ḫi̯au-
(c.) ‘Regen’
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫé-e-ia-ua-a, hé-e-ia-ue-es [plN])
1. PIE *hɑi̯ou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hi̯ou-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hi̯ou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hi̯au-
(XX:XX)
3. hi̯au-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫi̯au-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *o·hɑi̯ou̯o-
Hitt. a·ḫi̯au̯a-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 1-2)
(Hitt. aḫ-ḫi-ia-ua)
1. PIE *o·hɑi̯ou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *o·hi̯ou̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. o·hi̯ou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *a·hi̯au̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. a·hi̯au̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. a·ḫi̯au̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *o·hɑi̯ou̯oi̯o-
Hitt. a·ḫi̯au̯aa-
(KUR.URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 1-2)
(Hitt. aḫ-ḫi-ia-ua-a)
1. PIE *o·hɑi̯ou̯oi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *o·hi̯ou̯oi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. o·hi̯ou̯oi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *a·hi̯au̯ai̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. a·hi̯au̯ai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide1 → *a·hi̯au̯aa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
4. a·hi̯au̯aa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. a·ḫi̯au̯aa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑiuo-
PIE *hɑiu-
Hitt. ḫiu-
(c.) ‘Regen’
(HEG 1:238-)
(Hitt. ḫé-e-uš [sgN], ḫé-i-ú-un [A])
1. PIE *hɑiu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hiu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hiu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫiu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *o·hɑiu̯o-
Hitt. a·ḫiua-
(KUR.) ‘cf. above & below’
(OHG. 1-2)
(Hitt. aḫ-ḫi-ú-u[a])
1. PIE *o·hɑiu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *o·hiu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. o·hiu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *a·hiu̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. a·hiu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. a·ḫiu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑiu̯o·nei̯o-
Hitt. ḫiua·nei̯a-
(vb.) ‘to rain’
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *hɑiu̯o·nei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hiu̯o·nei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hiu̯o·nei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hiu̯a·nei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hiu̯a·nei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫiu̯a·nei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑiu̯ēɑh
OLith. iva-
(f.) ‘Insel’
(ALiEtWb. I-22)
1. PIE *hɑiu̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑiu̯āɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑiu̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hiu̯āh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hiu̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *iu̯ā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. iu̯ā
*ā → ō
Change of ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → *iu̯ō
5. iu̯ō
*-ō → -a
Change of ō into a in root-final
RFinalO2a1 → *iu̯a
6. iu̯a
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → OLith. iva


PIE √hɑku- √ɦɑgu- (sb.) ‘Wasser, Fluß, Öl, Salbe, usw.’
(IEW. 23 + IEW XX)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√hɑku-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑeku-
Hitt. ḫaku-
(?) ‹Ic.› ‘dignitaire de Šaiztawa-; ‹if ‘Aquarius’ ’
(NOMS. 248)
(Hitt. ḫa-ak-ku)
1. PIE *hɑeku-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaku-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaku-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haku-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haku-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaku-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeku·noi-
Hitt. ḫaku·nai-
(DUG?.) ‘Gefäß für Öl, ‹Ölgefäß›’
(HEG I:124-5)
(EHS 207)
1. PIE *hɑeku·noi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaku·noi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaku·noi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haku·noi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haku·noi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *haku·nai-
(XX:XX)
4. haku·nai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaku·nai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeku̯·elēha-
Lith. ak·elė-
(EN.dim.) ‘XX’
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *hɑeku̯·elēha-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaku̯·elēha-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaku̯·elēha-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haku̯·elēha-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haku̯·elēha-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aku̯·elēa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. aku̯·elēa-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *ak·elēa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. ak·elēa-
* ē -> ė
Orthographic change of *ē into ė
R28a → Lith. ak·elėa-
√hɑku̯ēah-
PIE *hɑeku̯ēɑh-
Lat. aquā-
(f.) ‘Wasser, Wasserleitung’
(WH 1:60)
1. PIE *hɑeku̯ēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaku̯ēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaku̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑaku̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑaku̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haku̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. haku̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aku̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. aku̯ā-
* ku/u̯ → q
Emergence of labiovelar q
RLabiovelarizationq → Lat. aqā-
PIE *hɑeku̯ēɑh
Goth. aƕa-
(f.) ‘Fluß, Gewässer’
(GoEtD.XX)
1. PIE *hɑeku̯ēɑh
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaku̯ēɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaku̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑaku̯āɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑaku̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haku̯āh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. haku̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aku̯ā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. aku̯ā
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
AffricateK → *axu̯ā
6. axu̯ā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → *axu̯ō
(XX:XX)
7. axu̯ō
-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
RChangeFinalo2a → *axu̯a
8. axu̯a
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
RGlottalicX2H → *ahu̯a
9. ahu̯a
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → Goth. ahwa
PIE *hɑeku̯ḗɑh-
Russ. oká-
(ID.) ‘Wasserleitung, Fluß, Gewässer’
(REW X:XX)
1. PIE *hɑeku̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaku̯ḗɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaku̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *hɑaku̯ā́ɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑaku̯ā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haku̯ā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. haku̯ā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aku̯ā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. aku̯ā́-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *akā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. akā́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *okā́-
7. okā́-
*ā́ → a
Orthographic change of *ā́ into a
ROrthogrA2a2 → Russ. oka-
√ɦɑgu-
PIE *hɑḗgu̯iɑHo-
RV. ā́jia-
(n.) ‘Opferschmalz, die geschmolzene Butter’
(WbRV. 173)
1. PIE *hɑḗgu̯iɑHo-
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Colouring rule for *ɑḗ
RColouring2c → *hɑā́gu̯iɑHo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑā́gu̯iɑHo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hā́gu̯iHo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hā́gu̯iHo-
PIE *gu̯ → ǰu̯
2nd palatalization of *gu̯
R2ndPalatGW → *hā́ǰu̯iHo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. hā́ǰu̯iHo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hā́ǰu̯iHa-
5. hā́ǰu̯iHa-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RVedicHiatus → *hā́ǰu̯i.a-
6. hā́ǰu̯i.a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ā́ǰu̯i.a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. ā́ǰu̯i.a-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ā́ǰi.a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
8. ā́ǰi.a-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA4 → RV. ā́ji.a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
PIE *hɑegutú-
RV. aktú-
(m.) [in Mg.] ‘Salbe’
(WbRV. 5)
1. PIE *hɑegutú-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑagutú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑagutú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hagutú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hagutú-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *agutú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. agutú-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → RV. agtú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)


PIE √hɑl-, √ɦɑl- ‘Hürde, Hof, Umrahmung’ (vb.) ‘eifassen, ausstatten’
(IEW 672)
(+ Pyysalo)
√hɑl-
(HEG 1:128-9)
PIE *hɑel-
Hitt. ḫal-
(n.) ‘Hürde für Großvieh, Viehhof, Mauer’
(HIL. 319)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-li [DL])
1. PIE *hɑel-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑal-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑal-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hal-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hal-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫal-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑli-
PIE *hɑeli-
Hitt. ḫali-
(n.) ‘Hürde für Großvieh, Viehhof, Mauer’
(HHand. 36)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-li [NA], ḫa-a-li-ia-aš, ḫa-al-li-ia)
1. PIE *hɑeli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑali-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑali-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hali-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫali-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑlis-
(HEG 1:132)
PIE *hɑeliso-
Hitt. ḫališa-
(.) ‘Einfassung, Umrahmung’ ?
(HHand. 36)
(Hitt. ḫališaz [sgAbl.], EHS 328)
1. PIE *hɑeliso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaliso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaliso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haliso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haliso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *halisa-
(XX:XX)
4. halisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hališa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hališa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫališa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑelisei̯o-
Hitt. ḫališei̯a-
(vb.) ‘einfassen, ausstatten, schmücken’
(HEG 1:132)
(in Hitt. ḫališei̯auar, cf. below)
1. PIE *hɑelisei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalisei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalisei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halisei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halisei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *halisei̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. halisei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hališei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hališei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫališei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑelisei̯ou̯or-
Hitt. ḫališei̯au̯ar-
(vn.) ‘= Akd. uḫḫuzzu ‘überzogen’
(EḪS 492n1.)
1. PIE *hɑelisei̯ou̯or-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalisei̯ou̯or-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalisei̯ou̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halisei̯ou̯or-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halisei̯ou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *halisei̯au̯ar-
(XX:XX)
4. halisei̯au̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hališei̯au̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hališei̯au̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫališei̯au̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑlisso-
PIE *hɑlisso-
IllyrG. λισσο-
(URU.m.) ‘cour, palais, forum’
(DLG. 204)
(Ill. λισσος)
1. PIE *hɑlisso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hlisso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hlisso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *lisso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. lisso-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → IllyrG. λισσο-
PIE *hɑlisso-
Illyr. lisso-
(URU.n.) ‘cour, palais, forum’
(DLG. 204)
(Ill. lissum)
1. PIE *hɑlisso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hlisso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hlisso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Illyr. lisso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *hɑlisso
OBret. liss-
(.) ‘cour’
(DLG. 204)
1. PIE *hɑlisso
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hlisso
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hlisso
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *lisso
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. lisso
*o- → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → OBret. liss
PIE *hɑlisso
Cymr. llys-
(.) ‘cour, palais, forum’
(DLG. 204)
1. PIE *hɑlisso
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hlisso
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hlisso
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *lisso
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. lisso
*o- → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → *liss
4. liss
*l- → ll-
Gemination of root-initial *l-
RInitiall2ll → *lliss
5. lliss
*i → y
Orthographic change of *i into y
RChangei2y → Cymr. llyss
PIE *hɑlisso
Bret. less-
(.) ‘cour, tribunal’
(DLG. 204)
(Bret. les)
1. PIE *hɑlisso
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hlisso
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hlisso
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *lisso
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. lisso
*iCo → eCo
Lowering of *i into e
RLoweeisso2esso → *lesso
4. lesso
*o- → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → Bret. less
PIE *hɑlisso
OIr. less-
(.) ‘court yard’
(DLG. 204)
1. PIE *hɑlisso
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hlisso
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hlisso
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *lisso
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. lisso
*iCo → eCo
Lowering of *i into e
RLoweeisso2esso → *lesso
4. lesso
*-o → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → OIr. less
√hɑlist-
(IEW. 672-3)
[WP. 2:405]
PIE *hɑleistēɑh·n-
OEng. līsta·n-
(f.) ‘list, hem, border, selvage’
(ASaxD. 643)
(OEng. líste, lístane)
1. PIE *hɑleistēɑh·n-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑleistāɑh·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑleistāɑh·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hleistāh·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hleistāh·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *leistā·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. leistā·n-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
ROsthoffa1 → *leista·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
5. leista·n-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → OEng. līsta·n-
PIE *hɑlistēɑh·n-
OIcl. lista·n-
(f.) ‘Rand, Leiste’
(ANEtWb. 358)
(Spät erzeugt, ‹OIcl. i !›)
1. PIE *hɑlistēɑh·n-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑlistāɑh·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑlistāɑh·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hlistāh·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hlistāh·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *listā·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. listā·n-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
ROsthoffa1 → OIcl. lista·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
PIE *hɑleistēɑh·n-
OHG. līsta·n-
(f.) ‘bandförmiger Streifen, Saum, Borte, Leiste, limbus, fimbria’
(ASaxD. 643)
1. PIE *hɑleistēɑh·n-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑleistāɑh·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑleistāɑh·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hleistāh·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hleistāh·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *leistā·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. leistā·n-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
ROsthoffa1 → *leista·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
5. leista·n-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → OHG. līsta·n-
PIE *hɑlistinēɑh
OGaul. listinā-
(URU.) ‘en Belgique’
(DLG. 204)
(OGaul. listinas, Lit. H2 240-42, US 247, DGVB 244, LEB 185, VKG 1, 367)
1. PIE *hɑlistinēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑlistināɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑlistināɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hlistināh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hlistināh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → OGaul. listinā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)


PIE √hɑl- √ɦal- (vb.) ‘wachen, sehen’ (sb.) ‘Wachter, Hüter’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√hɑele/o-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG 1:129)
PIE *hɑép.hɑelo-
Gr. ἄπ.αλο-
(pr.) Hes. = ‘ἀμελοῦντες’
(LSJ. 176)
(Hes. ἀπ·αλέντες [plN])
1. PIE *hɑép.hɑelo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑép.hɑalo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑép.hɑalo-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑáp.hɑalo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
3. hɑáp.hɑalo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *háp.halo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. háp.halo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *áp.alo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. áp.alo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἄπ.αλο-
PIE *hɑele·Σ-
Gr. ἀλε·βεβάο-
(vb.) ‘ἐρευνᾶν’
(LSJ. 61)
(Hes. ἀλεβεβᾶν · ἐρευνᾶν)
1. PIE *hɑele·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑale·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑale·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hale·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hale·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ale·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ale·Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀλε·Σ-
√hɑeleio-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑelei̯o-
Hitt. ḫalei̯a-
(c.) ‘Wache, Nachtwache’
(EHS 176)
1. PIE *hɑelei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *halei̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. halei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫalei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑélei̯o-
Gr. ἄλεο-
(vb.) ‘to guard’
(LSJ. 61)
(Gr. ἄλεε · φύλασσε)
1. PIE *hɑélei̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑálei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑálei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hálei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hálei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *álei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. álei̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *áleo-
5. áleo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἄλεο-
PIE *hɑep.hɑélei̯o-
Gr. ἀπ.άλεο-
(inf.) ‘Hes. = ἀμελεῖν’
(LSJ. 176)
(Gr. ἀπ·αλεῖν)
1. PIE *hɑep.hɑélei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑap.hɑélei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap.hɑélei̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑap.hɑálei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
3. hɑap.hɑálei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hap.hálei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hap.hálei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ap.álei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ap.álei̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *ap.áleo-
6. ap.áleo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀπ.άλεο-
PIE *hɑelei̯o·dɑɦolo-
Hitt. ḫalei̯a·dala-
(N.ag.c.) ‘Hüter, Wachter’
(HHand. 36)
1. PIE *hɑelei̯o·dɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalei̯o·dɑɦolo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalei̯o·dɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halei̯o·dɦolo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halei̯o·dɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *halei̯a·dɦala-
(XX:XX)
4. halei̯a·dɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *halei̯a·dala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. halei̯a·dala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫalei̯a·dala-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)


PIE √hɑl- (sb.) ‘Höhlung’ (a.) ‘tief’ (vb.) ‘niederknien, -fallen, sich prosternieren’
(IEW. 88)
(Pyysalo 2013:156-7)
√hɑl-
PIE *hɑēlo-
OInd. āra-
(m.) ‘Höhlung’
(EWA 3:23)
(KEWA 1:77)
1. PIE *hɑēlo-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *hɑālo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑālo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hālo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hālo-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
RChangelr1 → *hāro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
4. hāro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hāra-
5. hāra-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → OInd. āra-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *hɑēlḗɑh
Lith. olà-
(f.) ‘Höhle, Grube; ‹not ‹- MidLG. hol ‘Höhle, Grube’.’
(LiEtWb. 516)
1. PIE *hɑēlḗɑh
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *hɑālḗɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑālḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *hɑālā́ɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑālā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hālā́h
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hālā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ālā́
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ālā́
*ā → ō
Change of ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → *ōlā́
6. ōlā́
*ā́ → ṓ
Change of ā́ into ṓ
RChangeA202 → *ōlṓ
7. ōlṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
RFinalo2a2 → *ōlà
8. ōlà
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
R27a → Lith. olà
√hɑli-
PIE *hɑéli-
Gr. ἄλι-
(c.) ‘shallow vessel, saucer’
(LSJ. 66)
(Gr. ἄλιρ [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑéli-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑáli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *háli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. háli-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *áli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. áli-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἄλι-
PIE *hɑelí·Σ-
Gr. ἀλί·βατο-
(a.) ‘high, steep, deep, abysmal’
(LSJ. 768)
(Gr. ἀλίβατος)
1. PIE *hɑelí·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalí·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalí·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halí·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halí·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *alí·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. alí·Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀλί·Σ-
PIE *hɑelei̯o-
Hitt. ḫalei̯a-
(vb.) ‘niederknien, sich prosternieren, niederfallen’
(HEG I:130-1)
1. PIE *hɑelei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *halei̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. halei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫalei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑlu-
(Oettinger 1979:484-5)
Hitt. haleia- + Hitt. halu-
PIE *hɑelu-
Hitt. ḫalu-
(a.) ‘tief’ (sb.) ‘Höhlung’
(HEG 1:135-6)
1. PIE *hɑelu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫalu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑelu̯o-
Lat. aluo-
(f.) ‘Höhlung, Wölbung’
(WH 1:35)
(Lat. aluus [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑelu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *alu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. alu̯o-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → Lat. aluo-
PIE *hɑelu̯·Σ-
OInd. ·arvīṣa-
(.) ‘a hole from which vapours arise’
(Burrow 1976:33)
1. PIE *hɑelu̯·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalu̯·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halu̯·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halu̯·Σ-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
RChangelr1 → *haru̯·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
4. haru̯·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aru̯·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. aru̯·Σ-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → OInd. arv·Σ-


PIE √hɑl- √ɦɑl- (a.) ‘gläzend, weiß, heiß, rein’ (sb.) ‘Tag, Jahr, Zeit’
(IEW. 24 [diff.])
(Pyysalo)
√hɑli-
(Pyysalo 2013:128)
(HEG I:129-30)
PIE *hɑelei-
HLu. ḫali-
(sb.) ‘day’
(CHLu. 1.1.6)
(HLu. (“DIES‹”›)ha-lí-za)
1. PIE *hɑelei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halei-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫalei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *hɑelei-
CLu. ḫalei-
(sb.) ‘Tag’
(DLL. 38)
(CLu. ḫal-li-ia [sgD])
1. PIE *hɑelei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halei-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫalei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *hɑeli-
HLu. ḫali-
(.) ‘= Ḫattušili’
(CHLu. 6.2.17c)
(HLu. HÁLI-i-sa)
1. PIE *hɑeli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑali-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑali-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hali-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hali-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫali-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *hɑeli·Σ-
Hitt. ḫali·[…
(URU.) “In der Gegend von › Tuwanuwa ?”
(OGH. 69)
(Hitt. ḫal-li[)
1. PIE *hɑeli·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑali·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑali·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hali·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hali·Σ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫali·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑōli-
Lat. ōli-
(adv.bs.) ‘einmal, einst, zuweilen’
(WH 2:206-7)
(Lat. ōlim [adv.])
1. PIE *hɑōli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hōli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hōli-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Lat. ōli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *Π·hɑōli-
OInd. par·āri
(adv.) ‘in the year before last’
(MonWil. 589)
1. PIE *Π·hɑōli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hōli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·hōli-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
RChangelr1 → *Π·hōri-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
3. Π·hōri-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *Π·hāri-
4. Π·hāri-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → OInd. Π·āri-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *Π·hɑōli·tno-
OInd. par·āri·tna-
(a.) ‘belonging to the year before last’
(IEW. 24 [diff.])
1. PIE *Π·hɑōli·tno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hōli·tno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·hōli·tno-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
RChangelr1 → *Π·hōri·tno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
3. Π·hōri·tno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·hōri·tna-
4. Π·hōri·tna-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *Π·hāri·tna-
5. Π·hāri·tna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → OInd. Π·āri·tna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√hɑleio-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑelei̯o-
HLu. ḫalei̯a-
(sb.) ‘day’
(CHLu. 1.1.32)
(HLu. (“DIES”)ha-li-ia-za)
1. PIE *hɑelei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *halei̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. halei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫalei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *tintɑh·hɑeléi̯o-
Gr. τινθ·αλέο-
(a.) ‘kochend heiß’
(GEW 2:902)
1. PIE *tintɑh·hɑeléi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *tintɑh·hɑaléi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. tintɑh·hɑaléi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tinth·haléi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. tinth·haléi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *tinth·aléi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. tinth·aléi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *tinth·aléo-
5. tinth·aléo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. τινθ·αλέο-
PIE *hɑelei̯ot-
Hitt. ḫalei̯at-
(.) ‘Tag’
(HHand. 36)
1. PIE *hɑelei̯ot-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalei̯ot-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalei̯ot-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halei̯ot-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halei̯ot-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *halei̯at-
(XX:XX)
4. halei̯at-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫalei̯at-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑelei̯oto-
CLu. ḫalei̯ata-
(SISKUR.SISKUR.) ‘purification-offering (?)’
(DLL. 39)
(CLu. ḫal-li-ia-at-ta-an-za [plA])
1. PIE *hɑelei̯oto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalei̯oto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalei̯oto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halei̯oto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halei̯oto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *halei̯ata-
(XX:XX)
4. halei̯ata-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫalei̯ata-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
√hɑlis-
PIE *hɑeliso-
CLu. ḫališa-
(sb.) ‘pureté’
(DLL. 38)
(HLu. ḫa-li-iš-ša, ḫa-li-eš-ša)
1. PIE *hɑeliso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaliso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaliso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haliso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haliso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *halisa-
(XX:XX)
4. halisa-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → *ḫalisa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
5. ḫalisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. ḫališa-
PIE *hɑelisi-
HLu. ḫališi-
(.) ‘= Ḫattušili-’
(CHLu. 6.3.1)
(HLu. HÁ+LI-si-sá)
1. PIE *hɑelisi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalisi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalisi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halisi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halisi-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → *ḫalisi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. ḫalisi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. ḫališi-


PIE √hɑl- √ɦɑl- (a.) ‘vollständig, ganz, unversehrt’
(IEW XX)
√hɑlo-
PIE *hɑolo·Σ-
Goth. ala·mod-
(PNm.) ‘Alamod, a deacon’
(GoEtD. 25)
1. PIE *hɑolo·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *holo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. holo·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *olo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. olo·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → Goth. ala·Σ-
(XX:XX)
PIE *hɑolo·Σ-
Goth. ala·funs-
(PNm.) ‘Sp. alfonso = willig’
(GoEtD. 131)
1. PIE *hɑolo·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *holo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. holo·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *olo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. olo·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → Goth. ala·Σ-
(XX:XX)
PIE *hɑolo·Σ-
Goth. ala·mann-
(m.) ‘all people, humanity’
(GoEtD. 25)
1. PIE *hɑolo·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *holo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. holo·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *olo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. olo·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → Goth. ala·Σ-
(XX:XX)
√hɑli-
PIE *hɑoli̯o-
TochB. alya-
(a.) ‘entire, uncastrated (rams)’
(DTochB. 53)
(TochB. alyi yrim)
1. PIE *hɑoli̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *holi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. holi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hali̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hali̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ali̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ali̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → TochB. alya-
PIE *hɑoligɑɦu̯o-
Arm. ołǰ-
(a.) ‘whole, sound’
(ArmGr. XX)
1. PIE *hɑoligɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *holigɦu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. holigɦu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *oligɦu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. oligɦu̯o-
gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
ChangeGHW2JH → *oliǰɦo-
4. oliǰɦo-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspJh → Arm. oliǰo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
PIE *Π·hɑoligɑɦu̯o-
Arm. aṙ·ołǰ-
(a.) ‘gesund, vollständig, unversehrt’
(ArmGr. 1:416)
1. PIE *Π·hɑoligɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·holigɦu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·holigɦu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·oligɦu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. Π·oligɦu̯o-
gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
ChangeGHW2JH → *Π·oliǰɦo-
4. Π·oliǰɦo-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspJh → Arm. Π·oliǰo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
PIE *Π·hɑoligɑɦu̯o-
Arm. amb·ołǰ-
(a.) ‘vollständig, ganz, unversehrt’
(ArmGr. 1:416)
1. PIE *Π·hɑoligɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·holigɦu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·holigɦu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·oligɦu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. Π·oligɦu̯o-
gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
ChangeGHW2JH → *Π·oliǰɦo-
4. Π·oliǰɦo-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspJh → Arm. Π·oliǰo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
PIE *hɑolióɑhi
Lith. aliái
(adv.) ‘völlig’
(LiEtWb. XX)
1. PIE *hɑolióɑhi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *holióhi
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. holióhi
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *oliói
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. oliói
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *aliói
4. aliói
*ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → Lith. aliái
√hɑln-
PIE *hɑelno-
Osc. allo-
(a.f.) ‘ganz, gesamt’
(WbOU. 81)
(Osc. allo [f.sgN])
1. PIE *hɑelno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *alno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. alno-
*ln → ll
Assimilation of *ln into ll
RAssimLN → Osc. allo-
PIE *hɑeln·Σ-
Lat. all·ert-
(a.) ‘sollers, gelehrt, gebilded, geschickt’
(WH X:XX)
1. PIE *hɑeln·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaln·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaln·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haln·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haln·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aln·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. aln·Σ-
*ln → ll
Assimilation of *ln into ll
RAssimLN → Lat. all·Σ-
PIE *hɑelno
Goth. all-
(a.) ‘all, ganz, jeder’
(Goth. alls [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑelno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalno
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halno
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halno
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *alno
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. alno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *alna
(XX:XX)
5. alna
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → Goth. aln
PIE *hɑelno
OIcl. all-
(a.) ‘XX’
(ANEtWb. XX)
1. PIE *hɑelno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalno
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halno
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halno
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *alno
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. alno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *alna
(XX:XX)
5. alna
-a → Ø
Loss of -a in root-final position
RLossFinala1 → *aln
6. aln
*ln → ll
Assimilation of *ln into ll
RAssimLN → OIcl. all


PIE √hɑl- (sb.) ‘Wasser, Gewässer’
(IEW XX)
√hɑli-
PIE *hɑeligēɑɦ-
Russ. olĭga-
(f.) ‘morastiger Sumpf : morass’
(REW X:XX)
1. PIE *hɑeligēɑɦ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaligēɑɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaligēɑɦ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑaligāɑɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑaligāɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haligāɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. haligāɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *haligā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. haligā-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aligā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. aligā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *oligā-
7. oligā-
*ā → a
Orthographic change of *ā into a
ROrthogrA2a1 → *oliga-
8. oliga-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
ROrthogri2i → Russ. olĭga-
√hɑlin-
PIE *hɑeLin·Σ-
OInd. aliñ·jara-
(.) ‘Wassertopf’
(EWA III:16)
(KEWA I:55f.)
1. PIE *hɑeLin·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaLin·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaLin·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haLin·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haLin·Σ-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RChangelr4 → *halin·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
4. halin·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → OInd. alin·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *hɑelíno-
Gr. ἀλίνο-
(pr.) ‘XX’
(XX:XX)
(Gr. ἀλίνω)
1. PIE *hɑelíno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalíno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalíno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halíno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halíno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *alíno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. alíno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀλίνο-
√hɑlibɑɦ-
PIE *hɑeleíbɑɦo-
Gr. ἀλείφο-
(pr.) ‘XX’ (XX:XX)
(Gr. ἀλείφω)
1. PIE *hɑeleíbɑɦo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaleíbɑɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaleíbɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haleíbɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haleíbɦo-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *haleípho-
4. haleípho-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aleípho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. aleípho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀλείφο-
PIE *hɑelibɑɦ·Σ-
Arm. ałb·iur-
(sb.) ‘Quelle’
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *hɑelibɑɦ·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalibɑɦ·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalibɑɦ·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halibɦ·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halibɦ·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *alibɦ·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. alibɦ·Σ-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspbh → Arm. alib·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
PIE *hɑelibɑɦ·Σ-
Arm. ·ałbewr
(.) ‘spring, fountain, Persson Wz. 126’
(Hü. V.13)
(Arm. ałbewr; ałber [sgG])
1. PIE *hɑelibɑɦ·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalibɑɦ·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalibɑɦ·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halibɦ·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halibɦ·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *alibɦ·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. alibɦ·Σ-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspbh → Arm. alib·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
√hɑliu-
PIE *hɑeliu̯o·ni-
Hitt. ḫaliu̯a·ni-
(.) ‘Rhyton, Trinkhorn’
(HHand. 36)
1. PIE *hɑeliu̯o·ni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaliu̯o·ni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaliu̯o·ni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haliu̯o·ni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haliu̯o·ni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *haliu̯a·ni-
(XX:XX)
4. haliu̯a·ni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaliu̯a·ni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑlu-
PIE *hɑelu̯o·no-
Hitt. ḫalua·na-
(.) ‘Rhyton, Trinkhorn’
(HHand. 37)
1. PIE *hɑelu̯o·no-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalu̯o·no-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯o·no-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halu̯o·no-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halu̯o·no-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *halu̯a·na-
(XX:XX)
4. halu̯a·na-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫalu̯a·na-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑelu̯o·no-
Hitt. ḫalua·na-
(PÚc.) ‘S. > Aldanni.’
(OGH. 527)
(Hitt. ḫal-ua-an-na-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑelu̯o·no-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalu̯o·no-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯o·no-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halu̯o·no-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halu̯o·no-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *halu̯a·na-
(XX:XX)
4. halu̯a·na-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫalu̯a·na-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑelu̯o·no-
Hitt. ḫalua·na-
(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘Göttlicher Berg, verehrt in > Urišta.
(OGH. 74-5)
(Hitt. ḫal-ua-an-na-(an))
1. PIE *hɑelu̯o·no-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalu̯o·no-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯o·no-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halu̯o·no-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halu̯o·no-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *halu̯a·na-
(XX:XX)
4. halu̯a·na-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫalu̯a·na-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑelu̯o·ni-
Hitt. ḫalua·ni-
(c.) ‘Gefäss für Flüssigkeiten’
(HEG1:132, 138-9)
1. PIE *hɑelu̯o·ni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalu̯o·ni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯o·ni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halu̯o·ni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halu̯o·ni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *halu̯a·ni-
(XX:XX)
4. halu̯a·ni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫalu̯a·ni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑelu̯o·dɑɦolo-
Hitt. ḫalua·dala-
(DUG.) ‘ein Gefäß’
(XX:XX)
(Hitt. DUGḫaluatala-)
1. PIE *hɑelu̯o·dɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalu̯o·dɑɦolo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯o·dɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halu̯o·dɦolo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halu̯o·dɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *halu̯a·dɦala-
(XX:XX)
4. halu̯a·dɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *halu̯a·dala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. halu̯a·dala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫalu̯a·dala-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeludɑɦro
OIcl. ǫldr-
(n.) ‘Trinkgelage’
(ANEtWb. XX)
1. PIE *hɑeludɑɦro
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaludɑɦro
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaludɑɦro
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haludɦro
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haludɦro
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aludɦro
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. aludɦro
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *aludro
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. aludro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *aludra
(XX:XX)
6. aludra
-a → Ø
Loss of -a in root-final position
RLossFinala1 → *aludr
7. aludr
*a — u → ǫ — Ø
Umlaut for a — u
RUmlautalu → OIcl. ǫldr
PIE *hɑeluntḗɑh
Lith. aluntà-
(f.) ‘Flußname’
(LiEtWb. 8)
1. PIE *hɑeluntḗɑh
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaluntḗɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaluntḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *hɑaluntā́ɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑaluntā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haluntā́h
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. haluntā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aluntā́
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. aluntā́
*ā́ → ṓ
Change of ā́ into ṓ
RChangeA202 → *aluntṓ
6. aluntṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
RFinalo2a2 → Lith. aluntà


PIE √hɑl- (vb.) ‘zerstören, zertreten’
√hɑl-
PIE *hɑólehɑol-
Gr. ὄλωλ-
(pf.intr.) ‘verderben’
(GEW X:XX)
(Gr. ὄλωλα)
1. PIE *hɑólehɑol-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hólehol-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hólehol-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *óleol-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. óleol-
*eo → ō
Contraction of eo into ō
RContracteo2O → *ólōl-
4. ólōl-
*ōRC → oRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ōRC
ROsthoffo1 → *ólol-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
5. ólol-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὄλολ-
√hɑlo-
(HW2 H: 18)
(Puhvel HED 3: 13, Oettinger 1979a: 81, Melchert 1994a: 82)
PIE *hɑolo·nei̯o-
Hitt. ḫala·nei̯a-
(vbA.) ‘zertreten, zerstören’ (HHand. 35)
(EHS 561)
1. PIE *hɑolo·nei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *holo·nei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. holo·nei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hala·nei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hala·nei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫala·nei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑolo·nei̯o-
Hitt. ḫala·nei̯a-
(vbM.) ‘zertreten, zerstören ‹obj. ‘field’›’
(HHand. 35)
(Hitt. nu A.ŠÀ-aš-ti-iš ḫal-la-ni-ia-at-ta-ri)
1. PIE *hɑolo·nei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *holo·nei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. holo·nei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hala·nei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hala·nei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫala·nei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *Π·hɑolo·neiski̯e/o-
Hitt. arḫa ḫala·neiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘zerstören’
(HIL. 318)
1. PIE *Π·hɑolo·neiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·holo·neiski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·holo·neiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *Π·holo·neisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. Π·holo·neisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·hala·neisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
4. Π·hala·neisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *Π·hala·neiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. Π·hala·neiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *Π·hala·neiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. Π·hala·neiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. Π·ḫala·neiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑli-
(Adams: Toch. + Lat.)
PIE *Π·hɑolei̯o-
Lat. ab·oleo-
(pr.) ‘destroy, do away’
(WH 2:XX)
(Lat. ab·oleō)
1. PIE *Π·hɑolei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·holei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·holei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·olei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. Π·olei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
RLossY1 → Lat. Π·oleo-
PIE *hɑoli̯enti̯ōi
TochB. elyeñcai-
(a.) ‘doing ill (to someone)(?)’
(DTochB. 969)
1. PIE *hɑoli̯enti̯ōi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *holi̯enti̯ōi
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. holi̯enti̯ōi
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hali̯enti̯ōi
(XX:XX)
3. hali̯enti̯ōi
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *hali̯enti̯āi
(XX:XX)
4. hali̯enti̯āi
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
RChangee2Ya → *hali̯i̯anti̯āi
5. hali̯i̯anti̯āi
PIE *ti̯ → c
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
RDentAssib1a → *hali̯i̯ancāi
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
6. hali̯i̯ancāi
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ali̯i̯ancāi
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. ali̯i̯ancāi
*nc → ñc
Palatalization of *n before c
RPalatNC → *ali̯i̯añcāi
8. ali̯i̯añcāi
āi → ai
Orthographic change of āi into ai
ROrthOIA8 → *ali̯i̯añcai
9. ali̯i̯añcai
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → TochB. alyyañcai
√hɑlin-
PIE *hɑolino-
CLu. ḫalina-
(vb.?) ‘krank sein (?), HHand. 36’
(DLL. 39)
1. PIE *hɑolino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *holino-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. holino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *halina-
(XX:XX)
3. halina-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫalina-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *en·hɑelíno-
Gr. ἐν·αλίνο-
(pr.) ‘engrave, inscribe’
(XX:XX)
(Gr. ἐναλίνω)
1. PIE *en·hɑelíno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *en·hɑalíno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. en·hɑalíno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *en·halíno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. en·halíno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *en·alíno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. en·alíno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἐν·αλίνο-
√hɑlis-
PIE *hɑolis-
CLu. ḫališ-
(n.) ‘Krankheit (?)’
(HHand. 36)
1. PIE *hɑolis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *holis-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. holis-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *halis-
(XX:XX)
3. halis-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → *ḫalis-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. ḫalis-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. ḫališ-
PIE *hɑeloiseɑhi̯o-
Gr. ἀλοιάο-
(pr.) ‘thresh, bruise, crush, destroy’
(GEW 1:82)
(Gr. ἀλοιάω)
1. PIE *hɑeloiseɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaloiseɑhi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaloiseɑhi̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *hɑaloisaɑhi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
3. hɑaloisaɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haloisahi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. haloisahi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aloisai̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. aloisai̯o-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *aloihai̯o-
6. aloihai̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *aloihao-
7. aloihao-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *aloiao-
8. aloiao-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀλοιαο-
PIE *hɑep.hɑeloiseɑhi̯o-
Gr. ἀπ.άλοιάο-
(pr.) ‘thresh out, bruise, crush, destroy’
(LSJ. 176)
(Gr. ἀπάλοιάω)
1. PIE *hɑep.hɑeloiseɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑap.hɑaloiseɑhi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap.hɑaloiseɑhi̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *hɑap.hɑaloisaɑhi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
3. hɑap.hɑaloisaɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hap.haloisahi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hap.haloisahi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ap.aloisai̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ap.aloisai̯o-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *ap.aloihai̯o-
6. ap.aloihai̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *ap.aloihao-
7. ap.aloihao-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *ap.aloiao-
8. ap.aloiao-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀπ.αλοιαο-
PIE *in·hɑelhɑeliss-
Dor. ἰν·αλαλισ-
(pf.) ‘XX’
(LSJ. 553)
(Cypr. ἰν·αλαλισμένα)
1. PIE *in·hɑelhɑeliss-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *in·hɑalhɑaliss-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. in·hɑalhɑaliss-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *in·halhaliss-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. in·halhaliss-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *in·alaliss-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. in·alaliss-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Dor. ἰν·αλαλισσ-


PIE √hɑlu- ‘harm, injure, quarrel, enemity’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√hɑlu-
PIE *hɑélu-
Gr. ἄλυ-
(c.) ‘βλάβη’
(Hirt 1900:117)
(Gr. ἄλυς · βλάβη)
1. PIE *hɑélu-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑálu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑálu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hálu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hálu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *álu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. álu-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἄλυ-
√hɑluoi-
PIE *hɑolu̯oi-
Hitt. ḫalu̯ai-
(c.) ‘Streit, Zank, Feindschaft’
(HEG 1:137-8)
(Weitenberg 1984:435)
1. PIE *hɑolu̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *holu̯oi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. holu̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *halu̯ai-
(XX:XX)
3. halu̯ai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫalu̯ai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑolu̯oi-
Hitt. ḫalu̯ai-
(vb.) ‘streiten’
(HHand. 37)
1. PIE *hɑolu̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *holu̯oi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. holu̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *halu̯ai-
(XX:XX)
3. halu̯ai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫalu̯ai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑluki-
PIE *hɑolukii̯eú-
Att. ὀλυττεύ-
(m.) ‘Odysseus’
(HiIdgGr. 208)
(Gr. ὀλυττευς · ὀδυσσεύς)
1. PIE *hɑolukii̯eú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *holukii̯eú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. holukii̯eú-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *holuḱi̯eú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. holuḱi̯eú-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *oluḱi̯eú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. oluḱi̯eú-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *oluki̯eú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. oluki̯eú-
*ki̯ → tt
Assibilation of *ki̯ into tt
RChangeky2ss → *olutteú-
6. olutteú-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Att. ὀλυττεύ-


PIE √hɑn-, √ɦɑn- ‘entscheiden, richten, urteilen’
(IEW 615-6+1084-5)
(+ Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√hɑn-
(HEG I:146-8)
(HIL. 330-33, HW2 H: 135f., Puhvel HED 3: 82-3)
PIE *hɑen-
Hitt. ḫan-
(vb2.) ‘entscheiden, richten, urteilen’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-na-an-zi, ḫa-an-na-ri, Kimball (1999:414)
1. PIE *hɑen-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *han-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. han-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *sohɑumóHɑen-
RV. somá.an-
(m.) ‘Somabringer, Somabereiter’
(WbRV. 1580)
(RV. somáanam suáraṇam kr̥ṇuhí [2sg])
1. PIE *sohɑumóHɑen-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *sohɑumóHɑan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. sohɑumóHɑan-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sohumóHan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. sohumóHan-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sahumóHan-
4. sahumóHan-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *sahumáHan-
5. sahumáHan-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RVedicHiatus → *sahumá.an-
6. sahumá.an-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *saumá.an-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. saumá.an-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RChangeAU2O1 → *sōmá.an-
8. sōmá.an-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthOIA6 → RV. somá.an-
√hɑno-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑeno-
Hitt. ḫana-
(vb2.) ‘entscheiden, richten, urteilen’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-na-ḫi, ḫa-an-na-i, Oettinger 1979:361fn213)
1. PIE *hɑeno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑano-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑano-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hano-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hano-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hana-
(XX:XX)
4. hana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫana-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *Π·hɑeno-
Gr. κοίρ·ανο-
(m.) ‘commander, ruler’
(GEW 1:894)
(Hom. κοίρανε λαων [Il.7.234])
1. PIE *Π·hɑeno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·hɑano-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑano-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hano-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hano-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·ano-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·ano-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·ανο-
PIE *Π·hɑeno
Goth. þiud·an-
(m.) ‘king : König’
(GoEtD. 361)
(Goth. þiudans [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·hɑeno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·hɑano
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑano
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hano
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hano
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·ano
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·ano
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *Π·ana
(XX:XX)
5. Π·ana
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → Goth. Π·an
PIE *Π·hɑeno
OIcl. þjōd·an-
(m.) ‘Fürst, König’
(ANEtWb. 613)
(OIcl. þjōðann [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·hɑeno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·hɑano
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑano
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hano
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hano
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·ano
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·ano
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *Π·ana
(XX:XX)
5. Π·ana
-a → Ø
Loss of -a in root-final position
RLossFinala1 → OIcl. Π·an
PIE *Π·hɑeno
OIcl. herj·an-
(.) ‘BN. Odins, Führer des Heeres’
(ANEtWb. 223)
(Oicl. herjann [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·hɑeno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·hɑano
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑano
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hano
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hano
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·ano
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·ano
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *Π·ana
(XX:XX)
5. Π·ana
-a → Ø
Loss of -a in root-final position
RLossFinala1 → OIcl. Π·an
PIE *Π·hɑeno
OEng. þeōd·en-
(m.) ‘the chief of a þeōd, a prince, king’
(ASaxD. 1048)
(OEng. þeōden)
1. PIE *Π·hɑeno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·hɑano
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑano
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hano
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hano
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·ano
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·ano
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *Π·ana
(XX:XX)
5. Π·ana
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *Π·an
6. Π·an
*an → en
Rising of a into e before n-
RRisingan2en → OEng. Π·en
PIE *Π·hɑono·Σ-
OBret. cori·ono·tota-
(m.) ‘chef du peuple en armes’
(DLG 126)
(OBret. corionotota)
1. PIE *Π·hɑono·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hono·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·hono·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → OBret. Π·ono·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√hɑnɑh-
PIE *hɑenēɑh-
Mess. anā-
(f.) ‘πότνια’
(Krahe IF 46:183f.)
(Mess. ana)
1. PIE *hɑenēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑanāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑanāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hanāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Mess. anā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *hɑenēɑh-
Illyr. anā-
(f.) ‘πότνια’
(W. Schulze KZ 43:276)
(Illyr. ana)
1. PIE *hɑenēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑanāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑanāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hanāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Illyr. anā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *hɑénēɑh-
IllyrG. ἄνᾱ-
(PN.f.) ‘πότνια’
(W. Schulze KZ 43:276)
1. PIE *hɑénēɑh-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑánēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑánēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑánāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑánāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hánāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hánāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ánā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ánā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → IllyrG. ἄνᾱ-
PIE *tɑheutɑh·hɑenēɑh-
Illyr. teut·anā-
(f.) ‘regina’
(DLG. 126)
1. PIE *tɑheutɑh·hɑenēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *tɑheutɑh·hɑanēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. tɑheutɑh·hɑanēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *tɑheutɑh·hɑanāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. tɑheutɑh·hɑanāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *theuth·hanāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. theuth·hanāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *theuth·anā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. theuth·anā-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
RDeaspth → Illyr. teut·anā-
PIE *Π·hɑenēɑh-
Goth. þiud·ano-
(vb.) ‘be king, rule’
(GoEtD. 361)
(Goth. þiudanon)
1. PIE *Π·hɑenēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·hɑanēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑanēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·hɑanāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. Π·hɑanāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hanāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. Π·hanāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·anā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·anā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → *Π·anō-
(XX:XX)
6. Π·anō-
*ō → o
Orthographic change of *ō into o
ROrthogrO2o → Goth. Π·ano-
√hɑni-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑenoi̯o-
CLu. ḫanaa-
(?) [vb.] ‘entscheiden, richten ’
(DLL. 39)
(CLu. ḫa-an-na-a [2sgIpv.])
1. PIE *hɑenoi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanoi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanoi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanoi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hanoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hanai̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. hanai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide1 → *hanaa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
5. hanaa-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫanaa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *hɑeni-
Hitt. ḫani-
(vb.) ‘entscheiden, richten’
(HIL. 330)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ni [2sg])
1. PIE *hɑeni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑani-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑani-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hani-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫani-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑenis-
Hitt. ḫaniš-
(vbA.) ‘entscheiden, richten’
(HIL. 330)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ni-iš-[ta], ḫan-ni-eš-tén)
1. PIE *hɑenis-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanis-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanis-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hanis-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *haniš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haniš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaniš-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeniski̯e/o-
Hitt. ḫaniške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘entscheiden, richten’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ni-iš-ke/a-, ḫa-an-ne-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑeniski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaniski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaniski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haniski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haniski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *hanisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. hanisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hanisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
5. hanisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *haniske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. haniske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *haniške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. haniške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaniške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑenisor-
Hitt. ḫanišar-
(n.N.act.) ‘Recht(ssache), Gericht’ (DI-eš-šar)
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ne-eš-šar)
1. PIE *hɑenisor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanisor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanisor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanisor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hanisor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hanisar-
(XX:XX)
4. hanisar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hanišar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hanišar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫanišar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑenisn-
Hitt. ḫanišn-
(n.N.act.) ‘Recht(ssache), Gericht’ (DI-eš-šar)
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ni-eš-na)
1. PIE *hɑenisn-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanisn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanisn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanisn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hanisn-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hanišn-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hanišn-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫanišn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑenisnon-
Hitt. ḫanišnan-
(n.) ‘jurisdiction’
(HIL. 331)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ni-eš-na-an-ni)
1. PIE *hɑenisnon-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanisnon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanisnon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanisnon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hanisnon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hanisnan-
(XX:XX)
4. hanisnan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hanišnan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hanišnan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫanišnan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑenisnont-
Hitt. ḫanišnant-
(c.) ‘Urteil’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ni-iš-na-an-za)
1. PIE *hɑenisnont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanisnont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanisnont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanisnont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hanisnont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hanisnant-
(XX:XX)
4. hanisnant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hanišnant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hanišnant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫanišnant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑenisnotor-
Hitt. ḫanišnatar-
(n.) ‘Rechtswesen’
(HHand. 38)
1. PIE *hɑenisnotor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanisnotor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanisnotor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanisnotor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hanisnotor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hanisnatar-
(XX:XX)
4. hanisnatar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hanišnatar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hanišnatar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫanišnatar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√ɦɑnidɑɦoluo-
PIE *hɑenidɑɦolu̯o-
Hitt. ḫanidalu̯a-
(c.) ‘Gerichtsgegner’
(HHand. 38)
1. PIE *hɑenidɑɦolu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanidɑɦolu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanidɑɦolu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanidɦolu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hanidɦolu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hanidɦalu̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. hanidɦalu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *hanidalu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hanidalu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫanidalu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑenidɑɦolu̯ono-
Hitt. ḫanidalu̯ana-
(c.) ‘Gerichtsgegner’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ni-tal-ua-na-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑenidɑɦolu̯ono-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanidɑɦolu̯ono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanidɑɦolu̯ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanidɦolu̯ono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hanidɦolu̯ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hanidɦalu̯ana-
(XX:XX)
4. hanidɦalu̯ana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *hanidalu̯ana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hanidalu̯ana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫanidalu̯ana-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑenidɑɦolu̯ois-
Hitt. ḫanidalu̯aiš-
(vb2.) ‘Prozeßgegner werden’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ni-tal-ua-eš-šer [3pl])
1. PIE *hɑenidɑɦolu̯ois-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanidɑɦolu̯ois-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanidɑɦolu̯ois-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanidɦolu̯ois-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hanidɦolu̯ois-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hanidɦalu̯ais-
(XX:XX)
4. hanidɦalu̯ais-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *hanidalu̯ais-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hanidalu̯ais-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hanidalu̯aiš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hanidalu̯aiš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫanidalu̯aiš-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑnon-
PIE *hɑenon-
Hitt. ḫanan-
(vb.) ‘entscheiden, richten’
(HIL. 330)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-na-nu-un [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑenon-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hanon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hanan-
(XX:XX)
4. hanan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫanan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑenont-
Hitt. ḫanant-
(pt.n.) ‘XX’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-na-an)
1. PIE *hɑenont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hanont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hanant-
(XX:XX)
4. hanant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫanant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑnos-
PIE *hɑenoski̯e/o-
Hitt. ḫanaške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘entscheiden, richten’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-na-aš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑenoski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanoski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanoski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanoski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hanoski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *hanosḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. hanosḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hanasḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
5. hanasḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *hanaske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. hanaske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hanaške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. hanaške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫanaške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑenosor-
Hitt. ḫanašar-
(n.N.act.) ‘Recht(ssache), Gericht’
(HHand. 38)
1. PIE *hɑenosor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanosor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanosor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanosor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hanosor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hanasar-
(XX:XX)
4. hanasar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hanašar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hanašar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫanašar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√ɦɑndɑɦ-
(HW2 Ḫ: 163f.)
(Oettinger 1979:30, 367, HED 3: 96f., HIL. 338-340)
PIE *ɦɑendɑɦi̯en
Lyd. ãnτẽ
(vb.) ‘verordnen, bestimmen’
(LydWb. 73)
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦi̯en
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑandɑɦi̯en
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦi̯en
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦandɦi̯en
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦi̯en
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *ɦanτen
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. ɦanτen
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *anτen
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. anτen
*aN → ãN
Emergence of nasal vowel ã
R15a → *ãnτen
6. ãnτen
*eN → ẽN
Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ
R15b → Lyd. ãnτẽn
PIE *ɦɑendɑɦoi-
Hitt. ḫandai-
(vb1.) ‘richtig machen, (an)ordnen, fügen’
(HEG I:153-154)
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑandɑɦoi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦandɦoi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦandɦai-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦandɦai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ɦandai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦandai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫandai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑendɑɦei-
Hitt. ḫandei-
(vb1.) ‘richtig machen, ordnen, fügen’
(HEG I:153-154)
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑandɑɦei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦandɦei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ɦandei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦandei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫandei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑendɑɦondɑɦo-
Hitt. ḫandanda-
(vb.) ‘walten, gnädig sein’
(HEG I:155)
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦondɑɦo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑandɑɦondɑɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦondɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦandɦondɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦondɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦandɦandɦa-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦandɦandɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ɦandanda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦandanda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫandanda-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑendɑɦodɑɦor-
Hitt. ḫandadar-
(n.) ‘göttliche Gerechtigkeit’
(HEG I:155
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑandɑɦodɑɦor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦandɦodɦor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦandɦadɦar-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦandɦadɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ɦandadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦandadar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫandadar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑendɑɦou̯or-
Hitt. ḫandau̯a-
(vn.bs.) ‘zu anordnen, usw.’
(HIL. 339)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-da-u-ar)
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦou̯or-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑandɑɦou̯or-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦou̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦandɦou̯or-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦandɦau̯ar-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦandɦau̯ar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ɦandau̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦandau̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫandau̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑendɑɦou̯o-
Hitt. ḫandau̯a-
(URU.) “Im Lande Tarḫuntaša.”
(OGHErg. 26)
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦou̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑandɑɦou̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦandɦou̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦandɦau̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦandɦau̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ɦandau̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦandau̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫandau̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑendɑɦou̯odɑɦi-
CLu. ḫandau̯adi-
(c.) ‘Anführer, Kommandant, DLL. 40’
(HHand. 39)
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦou̯odɑɦi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑandɑɦou̯odɑɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦou̯odɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦandɦou̯odɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦou̯odɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦandɦau̯adɦi-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦandɦau̯adɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ɦandau̯adi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦandau̯adi-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫandau̯adi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
√hɑnu-
PIE *hɑenu̯o-
Hitt. ḫanu̯a-
(inf.bs.) ‘zu anordnen, usw.’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-nu-ua-an [sup], [ḫ]a-an-nu-ua-an-zi [2.inf.])
1. PIE *hɑenu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hanu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hanu̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. hanu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫanu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)


PIE √hɑn-, √ɦɑn- (a.) ‘böse, OIcl. ill- ‘id.’’ (vb.) ‘schelten, tadeln, OIcl. illa- ‘id.’ (sb.) ‘Bösheit, Kränkung, usw.’
(IEW. 799)
(Pyysalo 2013:157)
√hɑn-
PIE *hɑen·hɑenei̯o-
CLu. ḫan·ḫanei̯a-
(GKLvb.) ‘tadeln, HHand. 38, HIL. 332’
(DLL. 39)
(CLu. ḫa-an-ḫa-ni-ia-i, Melchert 1993b:51, KLuN. 387)
1. PIE *hɑen·hɑenei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑan·hɑanei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan·hɑanei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *han·hanei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. han·hanei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *han·hanei̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. han·hanei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫan·ḫanei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *hɑen·hɑeniu̯o-
HLu. ḫan·ḫaniu̯a-
(sb.) ‘wickedness’
(CHLu. 3.6.20)
(HLu. (“MALUS2”)ha-ha-ní-wa/i-z[a-‘])
1. PIE *hɑen·hɑeniu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑan·hɑaniu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan·hɑaniu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *han·haniu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. han·haniu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *han·haniu̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. han·haniu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫan·ḫaniu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
√hɑno-
PIE *hɑóno-
Gr. ὄνο-
(pr.) ‘schelten, tadeln, schimpfen’
(GEW 2:397)
(Gr. ὄνομαι [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑóno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hóno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hóno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *óno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. óno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὄνο-
PIE *hɑono
MidIr. on-
(n.) ‘blot, stain, disgrace, discrace, dishonor, etc.’
(DIL 490)
(OIr. on [pl])
1. PIE *hɑono
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hono
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hono
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ono
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. ono
*o- → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → MidIr. on
√hɑnɑh-
PIE *hɑóneɑh-
Gr. ὄνα-
(pr.) ‘ἀτιμάζω, μέμφομαι : treat scornfully, blame’
(GEW 2:397)
(Hes. ὄναται [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑóneɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *hɑónaɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. hɑónaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hónah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hónah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *óna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. óna-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὄνα-
PIE *hɑeneɑh-
MidIr. ana-
(vb.) ‘blemish’
(DIL. 41)
(MidIr. anaid [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑeneɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaneɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaneɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *hɑanaɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
3. hɑanaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hanah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → MidIr. ana-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *hɑenɑhomon-
CLu. ḫanḫaman-
(GKLn.) ‘-(?)-, HHand. 38)
(DLL. 39)
(CLu. ḫa-an-ḫa-ma-an [sgNA])
1. PIE *hɑenɑhomon-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanɑhomon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanɑhomon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanhomon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hanhomon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hanhaman-
(XX:XX)
4. hanhaman-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫanḫaman-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *hɑeneɑhmou̯o
OCymr. anamou-
(sb.) ‘mendae’
(IEW. 799)
1. PIE *hɑeneɑhmou̯o
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaneɑhmou̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaneɑhmou̯o
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *hɑanaɑhmou̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
3. hɑanaɑhmou̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanahmou̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hanahmou̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *anamou̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. anamou̯o
*o- → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → OCymr. anamou̯
PIE *hɑeneɑhmou̯o
MidBret. anaff
(sb.) ‘Makel, Fehler’
(IEW. 779)
1. PIE *hɑeneɑhmou̯o
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaneɑhmou̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaneɑhmou̯o
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *hɑanaɑhmou̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
3. hɑanaɑhmou̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanahmou̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hanahmou̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *anamou̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. anamou̯o
*o- → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → *anamou̯
6. anamou̯
*m → ff
Change of *m into ff
RChangem2ff → MidBret. anaffou̯
√hɑnio-
PIE *hɑen·hɑenei̯o-
CLu. ḫan·ḫanei̯a-
(GKLvb.) ‘tadeln, HHand. 38, HIL. 332’
(DLL. 39)
(CLu. ḫa-an-ḫa-ni-ia-i, Melchert 1993b:51, KLuN. 387)
1. PIE *hɑen·hɑenei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑan·hɑanei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan·hɑanei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *han·hanei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. han·hanei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *han·hanei̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. han·hanei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫan·ḫanei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *hɑenei̯o-
CLu. ḫanei̯a-
(a.) ‘malum’
(HHand. 38)
(CLu. ḫaniati [sgI?], HIL. 332)
1. PIE *hɑenei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hanei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hanei̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. hanei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫanei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *hɑenei̯oto-
HLu. ḫanei̯ata-
(a.) ‘evil, bad’
(CHLu. 1.1.12)
(HLu. (“MALUS2”)ha-ní-ia-ta)
1. PIE *hɑenei̯oto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanei̯oto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanei̯oto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanei̯oto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hanei̯oto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hanei̯ata-
(XX:XX)
4. hanei̯ata-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫanei̯ata-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *hɑenei̯otostor-
HLu. ḫanei̯ataštar-
(n.) ‘evil, vel sim.’
(HIL. 332)
(HLu. (“MALUS2”)ha-ní-ia-ta-sa-tara/i-ti [sgI])
1. PIE *hɑenei̯otostor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanei̯otostor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanei̯otostor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanei̯otostor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hanei̯otostor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hanei̯atastar-
(XX:XX)
4. hanei̯atastar-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → *ḫanei̯atastar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
5. ḫanei̯atastar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. ḫanei̯ataštar-
√hɑniu-
PIE *hɑen·hɑeniu̯o-
HLu. ḫan·ḫaniu̯a-
(.) ‘wickedness’
(CHLu. 3.6.20)
(HLu. (“MALUS2”)ha-ha-ní-wa/i-z[a-‘])
1. PIE *hɑen·hɑeniu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑan·hɑaniu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan·hɑaniu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *han·haniu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. han·haniu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *han·haniu̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. han·haniu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫan·ḫaniu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)


PIE √hɑn- √ɦɑn- (sb.) ‘Atem, Seele, Leben’
(IEW. 38-39)
√hɑn-
PIE *Π·hɑēn-
RV. sám (...) ān-
(pf.) ‘leben, atmen’ ‹or *hɑehɑon- (?)›
(WbRV. 50)
(RV. sám (...) āna [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·hɑēn-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *Π·hɑān-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑān-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hān-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hān-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. Π·ān-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *Π·hɑēn
Goth. uz·on-
(pret.) ‘aus-atmen’
(GoEtD. 385)
(Goth. uzōn [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·hɑēn
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *Π·hɑān
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑān
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hān
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hān
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·ān
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·ān
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → *Π·ōn
(XX:XX)
5. Π·ōn
*ō → o
Orthographic change of *ō into o
ROrthogrO2o → Goth. Π·on
√ɦɑondɑɦ-
PIE *ɦɑondɑɦēɑh-
OIcl. ǫnd-
(f.) ‘Seele, Atem’
(ANEtWb. 687)
(OIcl. ǫnd [sgN.], andar, andi [G]
1. PIE *ɦɑondɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *ɦɑondɑɦāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. ɦɑondɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦondɦāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦondɦāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ondɦāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ondɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ondɦā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ondɦā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *ondā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. ondā-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *andā-
(XX:XX)
7. andā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → OIcl. andō-
(XX:XX)
PIE *ɦɑondɑɦoro-
HLu. ḫandara-
(c.) ‘life : Phoen. ḥym’
(CHLu. 1.1.49)
(HLu. ha-tà+ra/i-ti-i , ha-IUDEX+RA/I, ha-IUDEX+RA/I-na)
1. PIE *ɦɑondɑɦoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦondɦoro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦondɦoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦandɦara-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦandɦara-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ɦandara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦandara-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫandara-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)


PIE √hɑnt- √ɦɑnd- (sb.) ‘Kleidung, Kette’ (sb.) ‘binden, bekleiden’
(IEW 322)
(+ Pyysalo: PIE √ɦɑnd-)
√hɑnt-
PIE *hɑentēɑhko
OIr. ētach-
(sb.) ‘Kleidung’
(DIL 283)
1. PIE *hɑentēɑhko
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑantēɑhko
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑantēɑhko
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑantāɑhko
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑantāɑhko
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hantāhko
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hantāhko
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *antāko
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. antāko
*ant/ent → ēt
Change of *ant/ent into ēt
RChangeant2Et → *ētāko
6. ētāko
VkV → VkhV
Lenition of voiceless stop *k
RLenitionK → *ētākho
7. ētākho
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RShortA2a → *ētakho
8. ētakho
*-o → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → *ētakh
9. ētakh
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → OIr. ētach
PIE *hɑenti-
OIr. ēti-
(vb.) ‘bekleiden’
(DIL. 287)
1. PIE *hɑenti-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hanti-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *anti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. anti-
*ant/ent → ēt
Change of *ant/ent into ēt
RChangeant2Et → OIr. ēti-
PIE *hɑenti·Σ-
OIr. ·ētiud
(.) ‘Kleidung’
(DIL. 288)
1. PIE *hɑenti·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanti·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanti·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanti·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hanti·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *anti·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. anti·Σ-
*ant/ent → ēt
Change of *ant/ent into ēt
RChangeant2Et → OIr. ēti·Σ-
PIE *hɑénteɑhr-
Gr. ἄνταρ-
(sb.) ‘Kettenfaden : warp’
(LSJ. 150)
(Hes. ἄνταρ · δίασμα)
1. PIE *hɑénteɑhr-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑánteɑhr-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑánteɑhr-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *hɑántaɑhr-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
3. hɑántaɑhr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hántahr-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hántahr-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ántar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ántar-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἄνταρ-
PIE *hɑentḗɑhrii̯o-
Ion.-Att. ἀντήριο-
(m.) ‘Kettenfaden’
(GEW 1:113)
1. PIE *hɑentḗɑhrii̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑantḗɑhrii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑantḗɑhrii̯o-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *hɑantā́ɑhrii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑantā́ɑhrii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hantā́hrii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hantā́hrii̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *antā́rii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. antā́rii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *antā́rio-
6. antā́rio-
*ā́ → ḗ
Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ
RChangeA2E2 → *antḗrio-
7. antḗrio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Ion.-Att. ἀντήριο-
√ɦɑnd-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ɦɑendi̯ono-
Hitt. ḫanzana-
(c.) ‘strand, thread, yarn, web’
(HEDict. H-112)
(Hitt. a-u-ua-ua-aš ḫa-an-za-na-aš = QÙ-U ET-T[Ù-TI] ‘spider’s web’, HIL. 342)
1. PIE *ɦɑendi̯ono-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑandi̯ono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandi̯ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦandi̯ono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦandi̯ono-
PIE *di̯ → z
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
RDentAssib3a → *ɦanzono-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. ɦanzono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦanzana-
(XX:XX)
5. ɦanzana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫanzana-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑendolo-
Hitt. ḫandala-
(SÍG.) ‘(leinen)Verband’
(HEG I:154 [oE])
1. PIE *ɦɑendolo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑandolo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦandolo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦandolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦandala-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦandala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫandala-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑendrómei̯o-
Gr. ἀνδρόμεο-
(n.) Hes. = ‘ἱμάτιον’ (Cret.)
(LSJ. 129)
1. PIE *ɦɑendrómei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑandrómei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandrómei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦandrómei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦandrómei̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *andrómei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. andrómei̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *andrómeo-
5. andrómeo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀνδρόμεο-
PIE *ɦɑendu-
Pā. andu-
(sb.) ‘Kette, Fessel, u.a.’
(EWA 3:11)
1. PIE *ɦɑendu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑandu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦandu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦandu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → Pā. andu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *ɦɑenduɑ́h-
OInd. andū-
(f.) ‘Fußkette’
(EWA 3:11)
1. PIE *ɦɑenduɑ́h-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑanduɑ́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑanduɑ́h-
PIE *uɑ́ → uú
Assimilation of *u and *ɑ́
RAssimilation2b → *ɦɑanduúh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
3. ɦɑanduúh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦanduúh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. ɦanduúh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *anduúh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. anduúh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *anduú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. anduú-
*uú → ū́
Contraction of u and ú
RContractuU → OInd. andū́-
PIE *ɦɑenduko-
OInd. anduka-
(m.) ‘Fußkette’
(EWA 3:11)
1. PIE *ɦɑenduko-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑanduko-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑanduko-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦanduko-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦanduko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦanduka-
4. ɦanduka-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → OInd. anduka-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)


PIE √hɑnt- (vb.) ‘graben’ (sb.) ‘Grube, Loch’
(IEW XX)
√hɑnt-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑento-
Hitt. ḫanta-
(vb.) ‘graben : dig’
(Kimball 1999:319)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-da-an-da [3pl])
1. PIE *hɑento-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hanto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hanta-
(XX:XX)
4. hanta-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫanta-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑentesor-
Hitt. ḫantešar-
(n.) ‘Grube, Loch, Höhle’
(HEG I:155)
(Hi. ḫanteššar; not for ‘hatessar’ vs. Melchert (1994:172)
1. PIE *hɑentesor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑantesor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑantesor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hantesor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hantesor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hantesar-
(XX:XX)
4. hantesar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hantešar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hantešar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫantešar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑentesn-
Hitt. ḫantešn-
(n.obl.) ‘Loch, Grube’
(HEG 1:222)
(EHS §62.5)
1. PIE *hɑentesn-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑantesn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑantesn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hantesn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hantesn-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hantešn-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hantešn-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫantešn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑéntro-
Gr. ἄντρο-
(n.) ‘Höhle’
(GrGr. 1:532)
1. PIE *hɑéntro-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑántro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑántro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hántro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hántro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ántro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ántro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἄντρο-


PIE √hɑnt- (vb.) ‘wagen’
√hɑnto-
PIE *hɑento·lei̯o-
Hitt. ḫanta·lei̯a-
(vb1.) ‘wagen ‹suffix = (?!)›’
(HEG 1:154)
1. PIE *hɑento·lei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanto·lei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanto·lei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanto·lei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hanto·lei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hanta·lei̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. hanta·lei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫanta·lei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑntio-
PIE *hɑeneɑh·hɑnhɑenti̯o-
Goth. ana·nanþja-
(pr.) ‘ἀποτολμᾶν, τολμᾶν: audax esse, audere’
(GoEtD. A149)
(Goth. ana·nanþeiþ Rom 10,20 A, 2Kr 11,21 B, Feist2: 31)
1. PIE *hɑeneɑh·hɑnhɑenti̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaneɑh·hɑnhɑanti̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaneɑh·hɑnhɑanti̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *hɑanaɑh·hɑnhɑanti̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
3. hɑanaɑh·hɑnhɑanti̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanah·hnhanti̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hanah·hnhanti̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ana·nanti̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ana·nanti̯o-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
AffricateT → *ana·nanþi̯o-
6. ana·nanþi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *ana·nanþi̯a-
(XX:XX)
7. ana·nanþi̯a-
*i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
ROrthogrY2j → Goth. ana·nanþja-


PIE √hɑp-, √ɦɑb- ‘Glanz : glänzen’
(IEW –)
(+ Tischler + Pyysalo)
√hɑp-
(HEG I:165)
(HW2 Ḫ:229-30, HED H: 121-2, HIL. 348f.)
PIE *hɑep-
Hitt. ḫap-
(sb.) ‘‹ = campfire, fire (?), cf. Hitt. paḫur- ‘id.’›’
(KUB 31.74 ii 9)
(Hitt. ḫa-ap-pa an-da še-eš-te-en... ‹‘Sleep in (camp)fire’]›)
1. PIE *hɑep-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑap-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hap-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hap-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫap-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑpon-
PIE *hɑepon-
Hitt. ḫapan-
(c/n?.) ‘Herdfeuer : baking kiln, fire pit, oven’
(HIL. 348)
(Hitt. ḫa-ap-pa-na-aš [KBo 25,171 v 6; cf. HW2 Ḫ:229-30])
1. PIE *hɑepon-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑapon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hapon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hapon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hapan-
(XX:XX)
4. hapan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫapan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑpen-
PIE *hɑepen-
Hitt. ḫapen-
(c/n?.) ‘offene Flamme’
(HHand. 40)
(Hitt. ḫa-ap-pé-(e)-ni, ḫa-ap-pe-na, ḫa-ap-pé-ni-it)
1. PIE *hɑepen-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑapen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hapen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hapen-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫapen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑepeno-
Hitt. ḫapena-
(c.) ‘offene Flamme’
(ḪEG1:165)
(Hitt. ḫa-ap-e-na-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑepeno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑapeno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapeno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hapeno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hapeno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hapena-
(XX:XX)
4. hapena-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫapena-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑepr-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑepr·Σ-
Gr. ἀπρ·οξίδ-
(f.) ‘burning bush : dictamnus albus’
(LSJ. 230)
1. PIE *hɑepr·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑapr·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapr·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hapr·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hapr·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *apr·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. apr·Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀπρ·Σ-
PIE *hɑepreiki̯o-
Lat. aprīco-
(a.) ‘sonnseitig, besonnt, sonnig warm’
(WH 1:59)
(Lat. aprīcus [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑepreiki̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑapreiki̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapreiki̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hapreiki̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hapreiki̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *hapreiḱo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. hapreiḱo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *apreiḱo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. apreiḱo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *apreiko-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. apreiko-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → *aprīko-
7. aprīko-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → Lat. aprīco-
PIE *hɑepreiki̯ēɑh-
Lat. aprīcā-
(pr1M.) ‘sich sonnen’
(WH 1:59)
1. PIE *hɑepreiki̯ēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑapreiki̯ēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapreiki̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑapreiki̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑapreiki̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hapreiki̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hapreiki̯āh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *hapreiḱāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. hapreiḱāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *apreiḱā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. apreiḱā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *apreikā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. apreikā-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → *aprīkā-
8. aprīkā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → Lat. aprīcā-
PIE *hɑepreiki̯ēɑhtiō·n
Lat. aprīcātiō·n-
(f.) ‘sitting in the sun, basking’
(OxLatD. 154)
1. PIE *hɑepreiki̯ēɑhtiō·n
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑapreiki̯ēɑhtiō·n
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapreiki̯ēɑhtiō·n
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑapreiki̯āɑhtiō·n
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑapreiki̯āɑhtiō·n
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hapreiki̯āhtiō·n
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hapreiki̯āhtiō·n
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *hapreiḱāhtiō·n
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. hapreiḱāhtiō·n
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *apreiḱātiō·n
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. apreiḱātiō·n
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *apreikātiō·n
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. apreikātiō·n
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → *aprīkātiō·n
8. aprīkātiō·n
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → Lat. aprīcātiō·n
PIE *hɑepreiki̯itēɑht-
Lat. aprīcitāt-
(f.) ‘sunniness’
(OxLatD. 154)
1. PIE *hɑepreiki̯itēɑht-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑapreiki̯itēɑht-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapreiki̯itēɑht-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑapreiki̯itāɑht-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑapreiki̯itāɑht-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hapreiki̯itāht-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hapreiki̯itāht-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *hapreiḱitāht-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. hapreiḱitāht-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *apreiḱitāt-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. apreiḱitāt-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *apreikitāt-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. apreikitāt-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → *aprīkitāt-
8. aprīkitāt-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → Lat. aprīcitāt-
PIE *hɑepreili-
Lat. aprīli-
(m.) ‘April, der zweite Monat’
(WH 1:59)
(Lat. aprīlis [sgN]. ‹suffix unclear, reconstruction the simplest quess)
1. PIE *hɑepreili-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑapreili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapreili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hapreili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hapreili-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *apreili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. apreili-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → Lat. aprīli-
√hɑpornuo-
(HEG 1:162)
PIE *hɑepornu̯osɑho-
Hitt. ḫaparnu̯ašḫa-
(c.) ‘Sonnenstrahl?’, Komentenscheif?’
(HHand. 40)
(Hitt. ḫaparnuašḫa-)
1. PIE *hɑepornu̯osɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑapornu̯osɑho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapornu̯osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hapornu̯osho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hapornu̯osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *haparnu̯asha-
(XX:XX)
4. haparnu̯asha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *haparnu̯ašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haparnu̯ašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaparnu̯ašḫa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑepornu̯otor-
Hitt. ḫaparnu̯atar-
(n.) ‘Strahlenkranz, ḪEG1:162’
(EHS 282, 293)
(Hitt. ḫaparnuatar)
1. PIE *hɑepornu̯otor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑapornu̯otor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapornu̯otor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hapornu̯otor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hapornu̯otor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *haparnu̯atar-
(XX:XX)
4. haparnu̯atar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaparnu̯atar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑpt-
(HED 3: 121-2)
(+ Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑepto·u̯eku̯ós-
Gr. ἀπτο·επόσ-
(a.) ‘of ἀπτο-ed words (Hēra)’
(GEW 2:127)
(Gr. ἀπτο·(ϝ)επές [sgV], if not with psilosis!)
1. PIE *hɑepto·u̯eku̯ós-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑapto·u̯eku̯ós-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapto·u̯eku̯ós-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hapto·u̯eku̯ós-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hapto·u̯eku̯ós-
*ku/u̯ → p
Bilabialization of labiovelar *ku/u̯
RBilabializationKW → *hapto·u̯epós-
4. hapto·u̯epós-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *apto·u̯epós-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. apto·u̯epós-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *apto·u̯epóh-
6. apto·u̯epóh-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *apto·epóh-
7. apto·epóh-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *apto·epó-
8. apto·epó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀπτο·επό-
PIE *hɑoptó-
Gr. ὀπτό-
(pt.) ‘gebraten, geröstet, gebacken’
(GEW 2:406)
(Gr. ὀπτός [sgN], HED 2:121-2)
1. PIE *hɑoptó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hoptó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hoptó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *optó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. optó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὀπτό-
PIE *hɑoptéɑhi̯o-
Gr. ὀπτάο-
(pr.) ‘braten, rösten, backen’
(GEW 2:406)
(Gr. ὀπτάω [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑoptéɑhi̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
Colouring rule for *éɑ
RColouring1d → *hɑoptáɑhi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. hɑoptáɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hoptáhi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hoptáhi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *optái̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. optái̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *optáo-
5. optáo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὀπτάο-
√hɑpu-
PIE *hɑēpú-
Lith. opù-
(a.) ‘brennend’
(LiEtWb. 517)
(Lith. opùs [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑēpú-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *hɑāpú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑāpú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hāpú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hāpú-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis Li. ù
RAcc3 → *hāpù-
4. hāpù-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *āpù-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. āpù-
*ā → ō
Change of ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → *ōpù-
6. ōpù-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
R27a → Lith. opù-


PIE √hɑp- (sb.) ‘Hand, Handel’ (vb.) ‘vorhanden sein, Handel treiben’
(IEW. 52+780)
√hɑp-
(Szemerényi Glotta 33:275f.])
PIE *hɑep-
Hitt. ḫap-
(vb1.) ‘reichlich vorhanden sein’
(HHand. 40)
(HEG 1:157f., ḫapzi [3sg], Laroche BSL 58:71f.)
1. PIE *hɑep-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑap-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hap-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hap-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫap-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑop-
Lat. op-
(f.) ‘Macht, Vermögen, Reichtum’
(WH 2:215)
(Lat. ops, opis)
1. PIE *hɑop-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hop-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hop-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Lat. op-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√hɑpir-
(HEG 1:157f.)
PIE *hɑopir-
Hitt. ḫapir-
(n.) ‘business, trade, payment, price’
(HIL. 345)
1. PIE *hɑopir-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hopir-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hopir-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hapir-
(XX:XX)
3. hapir-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫapir-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑopiro-
Hitt. ḫapira-
(vb.) ‘verkaufen, Handel treiben’
(HIL. 345)
1. PIE *hɑopiro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hopiro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hopiro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hapira-
(XX:XX)
3. hapira-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫapira-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ehɑpirii̯e-
LycA. epirije-
(vb.) ‘sell’
(DLycLg. 15)
(LycA. epirijeti
1. PIE *ehɑpirii̯e-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ehpirii̯e-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ehpirii̯e-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *epirii̯e-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. epirii̯e-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
R21 → LycA. epirije-
√hɑpn-
(Pyysalo 2013:157)
(WP 1:175)
PIE *hɑepno·Σ-
RV. apna·rā́j-
(a.) ‘über Reichtum gebietend’
(WbRV. 78)
1. PIE *hɑepno·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑapno·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapno·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hapno·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hapno·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hapna·Σ-
4. hapna·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. apna·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *hɑépno·Σ-
RV. ápna·vāna-
(pt.ENm.) ‘mit den Bhr̥gu in Zusammenhang’
(WbRV. 78)
1. PIE *hɑépno·Σ-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑápno·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑápno·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hápno·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hápno·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hápna·Σ-
4. hápna·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. ápna·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *hɑepneɑhu̯o
OIr. anau-
(m.pl.) ‘wealth, richness, property’
(DIL 40)
(OIr. anai, anae)
1. PIE *hɑepneɑhu̯o
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑapneɑhu̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapneɑhu̯o
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *hɑapnaɑhu̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
3. hɑapnaɑhu̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hapnahu̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hapnahu̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *apnau̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. apnau̯o
*p → h
Change of *p into h
RChangep2h → *ahnau̯o
6. ahnau̯o
*h → Ø
Loss of h
RLossofh → *anau̯o
7. anau̯o
*-o → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → *anau̯
8. anau̯
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → OIr. anau
PIE *hɑepneɑhu̯o-
Cymr. anaw
(.) ‘richesse’
(VKG II:585)
1. PIE *hɑepneɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑapneɑhu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapneɑhu̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *hɑapnaɑhu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
3. hɑapnaɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hapnahu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hapnahu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *apnau̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. apnau̯o-
*p → h
Change of *p into h
RChangep2h → *ahnau̯o-
6. ahnau̯o-
*h → Ø
Loss of h
RLossofh → *anau̯o-
7. anau̯o-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
RChangeW2w → Cymr. anawo-
PIE *hɑepn·Σ-
OIr. an·oīb-
(sb.) ‘great prosperity’
(DIL. 40)
1. PIE *hɑepn·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑapn·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapn·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hapn·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hapn·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *apn·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. apn·Σ-
*p → h
Change of *p into h
RChangep2h → *ahn·Σ-
5. ahn·Σ-
*h → Ø
Loss of h
RLossofh → OIr. an·Σ-
√hɑpnos-
PIE *hɑépnos-
RV. ápnas-
(n.) ‘Besitz, Habe, Reichtum’
(WbRV. 78)
(RV. ápnas-)
1. PIE *hɑépnos-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑápnos-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑápnos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hápnos-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hápnos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hápnas-
4. hápnas-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. ápnas-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *hɑépnos-
RV. ápnas-
(n.) ‘Werk’ (a.) ‘emsig, tätig’
(WbRV. 78)
1. PIE *hɑépnos-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑápnos-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑápnos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hápnos-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hápnos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hápnas-
4. hápnas-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. ápnas-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *hɑepnos·stɑhó-
RV. apnaḥ·sthá-
(m.) ‘Gutsherr’
(WbRV. 78)
1. PIE *hɑepnos·stɑhó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑapnos·stɑhó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapnos·stɑhó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hapnos·sthó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hapnos·sthó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hapnas·sthó-
4. hapnas·sthó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *hapnas·sthá-
5. hapnas·sthá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *apnas·sthá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. apnas·sthá-
PIE *ss → ḥs
Change of s into ḥ before s
R32e → RV. apnaḥ·sthá-
PIE *hɑépnos·u̯ent-
RV. ápnas·vant-
(a.) ‘einträglich, ertragreich’
(WbRV. 78)
1. PIE *hɑépnos·u̯ent-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑápnos·u̯ent-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑápnos·u̯ent-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hápnos·u̯ent-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hápnos·u̯ent-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hápnas·u̯ent-
4. hápnas·u̯ent-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ápnas·u̯ent-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ápnas·u̯ent-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *ápnas·u̯ant-
6. ápnas·u̯ant-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → RV. ápnas·vant-


PIE √hɑp- √ɦɑb- (sb.) ‘Wasser, Gewässer, Nass, Saft’
(IEW. 51-2 + IEW. 1-2)
√hɑep-
PIE *hɑep-
RV. ap-
(f.) ‘Wasser, Gewässer’
(WbRV. 70-1)
(RV. apā́ [I], apás [G], apás [A], apáām, apā́m [G], apsú [L])
1. PIE *hɑep-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑap-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hap-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hap-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. ap-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *hɑep-
gAv. ap-
(f.) ‘Wasser’
(AIWb. 325-9)
(LAv. apǝmčit [A], apa [I], ape [D], apa [sgD], apat [Abl], gAv. apasčā [plA], apąm [G])
1. PIE *hɑep-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑap-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hap-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hap-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → gAv. ap-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *hɑep·Σ-
Gr. ἀπ·ῑπόω
(vb.) ‘press the juice from anything’ [Gr. ī]
(LSJ. 189)
1. PIE *hɑep·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑap·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hap·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hap·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ap·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ap·Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀπ·Σ-
PIE *hɑep-
TochB. ap-
(f.) ‘water, river’
(DTochB. 44)
(TochB. a[päṃ] [plObl/A])
1. PIE *hɑep-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑap-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hap-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hap-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → TochB. ap-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *hɑep·sḗɑh-
RV. ap·sā́-
(a.) Nass spendend, erquickend, stärkend’
(WbRV. 80)
1. PIE *hɑep·sḗɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑap·sḗɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap·sḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *hɑap·sā́ɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑap·sā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hap·sā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hap·sā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. ap·sā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *hɑep·Σ-
RV. ap·savá-
(a.) ‘Wasser spendend’
(WbRV. 80)
1. PIE *hɑep·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑap·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hap·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hap·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. ap·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√hɑēp-
PIE *hɑēp-
LAv. āp-
(f.) ‘Wasser, Gewässer’
(AIWb. 325-9)
(LAv. āfš [sgN], āpǝm [A], āpō [G], āpe [D], āpa [duNAV], āpō [plN], āpō [plA])
1. PIE *hɑēp-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *hɑāp-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑāp-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hāp-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hāp-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → LAv. āp-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *hɑḗp-
RV. ā́p-
(f.) ‘Wasser, Gewässer’
(WbRV. 70-1)
(RV. ā́pas [plN], ā́pas [plA], āpas [plV], āpā́m [plG])
1. PIE *hɑḗp-
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Colouring rule for *ɑḗ
RColouring2c → *hɑā́p-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑā́p-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hā́p-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hā́p-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. ā́p-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *hɑēp-
TochB. āp-
(f.) ‘water, river, MA 636’
(DTochB. 44)
(TochB. āp [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑēp-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *hɑāp-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑāp-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hāp-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hāp-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → TochB. āp-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *hɑēp-
TochA. āp-
(f.) ‘eau, rivière, fleuve, LeTokh1:166’
(Poucha XX)
(TochA. āpaṃ [sgL], āpäṣ [sgAb])
1. PIE *hɑēp-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *hɑāp-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑāp-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hāp-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hāp-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → TochA. āp-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *Π·hɑēp-
RV. rītíāp·-
(a.) ‘strömende Wasser habend’
(WbRV. 1169)
(RV. rītíāpā [du])
1. PIE *Π·hɑēp-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *Π·hɑāp-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑāp-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hāp-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hāp-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. Π·āp-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *Π·hɑēp-
LAv. urvāp·-
(a.) ‘des Wasser sich weit ausdehnt’
(AIWb. 404)
1. PIE *Π·hɑēp-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *Π·hɑāp-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑāp-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hāp-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hāp-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → LAv. Π·āp-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *Π·hɑep-
LAv. tači.ap·-
(f.?) ‘fließendes Wasser (enthaltend)’
(AIWb. 629)
(LAv. tači.apaya [sgL])
1. PIE *Π·hɑep-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·hɑap-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑap-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hap-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hap-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → LAv. Π·ap-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *Π·hɑēp-
LAv. frat.āp·-
(a.) ‘die Wasser, Gewässer füllend’
(AIWb. 984)
(LAv. fra.āpǝm)
1. PIE *Π·hɑēp-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *Π·hɑāp-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑāp-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hāp-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hāp-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → LAv. Π·āp-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√hɑpo-
PIE *Π·hɑōpo-
LAv. up·āpa-
(a.) ‘im Wasser befindlich/lebend/hausend’
(AIWb. 398)
1. PIE *Π·hɑōpo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hōpo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·hōpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·hōpa-
3. Π·hōpa-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *Π·hāpa-
4. Π·hāpa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → LAv. Π·āpa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *hɑōpo-
LAv. āpa-
(m.) ‘Wasser, Gewässer’
(AIWb. 325)
1. PIE *hɑōpo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hōpo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hōpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hōpa-
3. hōpa-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *hāpa-
4. hāpa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → LAv. āpa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *Π·hɑōpo-
Gr. ἰν·ωπό-
(IDm.) ‘XX’ (Gr. ἰνόω) [Fick [BB22]:61-2]
(IEW. 51)
1. PIE *Π·hɑōpo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hōpo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·hōpo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·ōpo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. Π·ōpo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·ωπο-
PIE *Π·hɑōpo-
Gr. ἀσ·ωπό-
(IDm.) ‘XX’ (Gr. ἄσις) [Fick [BB22]:61-2]
(IEW. 51)
1. PIE *Π·hɑōpo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hōpo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·hōpo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·ōpo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. Π·ōpo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·ωπο-
PIE *Π·hɑōpo-
LAv. an·āpa-
(a.) ‘wo kein Wasser ist’
(AIWb. 123)
1. PIE *Π·hɑōpo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hōpo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·hōpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·hōpa-
3. Π·hōpa-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *Π·hāpa-
4. Π·hāpa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → LAv. Π·āpa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *hɑopó-
Gr. ὀπό-
(m.) ‘(Pflanzen)saft’
(LSJ. 1241)
1. PIE *hɑopó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hopó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hopó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *opó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. opó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὀπό-
PIE *Π·hɑōpo-
LAv. vīš·āpa-
(a.) ‘des Säfte Gift sind’
(AIWb. 1473)
1. PIE *Π·hɑōpo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hōpo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·hōpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·hōpa-
3. Π·hōpa-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *Π·hāpa-
4. Π·hāpa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → LAv. Π·āpa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√hɑpɑh-
PIE *hɑēpēɑh
LAv. āpā-
(f.) ‘Gewässer’
(AIWb. 328)
(LAv. arǝdvī nąma āpa [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑēpēɑh
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *hɑāpēɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑāpēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑāpāɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑāpāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hāpāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hāpāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → LAv. āpā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *hɑēpēɑh
Umbr. āpā-
(f.) ‘(Leistungs-)Wasser’ oder ‘Wasserleitung’
(WbOU. 42-43)
(Umbr. aapam [sgA])
1. PIE *hɑēpēɑh
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *hɑāpēɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑāpēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑāpāɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑāpāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hāpāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hāpāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Umbr. āpā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *hɑēpḗɑh·Σ-
RV. āpā́·yā-
(f.) ‘N eines Flusses’
(WbRV. 179)
1. PIE *hɑēpḗɑh·Σ-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *hɑāpḗɑh·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑāpḗɑh·Σ-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *hɑāpā́ɑh·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑāpā́ɑh·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hāpā́h·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hāpā́h·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. āpā́·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *hɑēpeɑh·Σ-
RV. ·apáām napāt
(m.) ‘Son d. W’
(WbRV. 71)
1. PIE *hɑēpeɑh·Σ-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *hɑēpaɑh·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. hɑēpaɑh·Σ-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *hɑāpaɑh·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑāpaɑh·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hāpah·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hāpah·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. āpa·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *hɑepeɑhi̯-
LAv. apay-
(f.obl.) ‘Wasser, Gewässer’
(AIWb. 326)
(LAv. apaya [sgI])
1. PIE *hɑepeɑhi̯-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑapeɑhi̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapeɑhi̯-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *hɑapaɑhi̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
3. hɑapaɑhi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hapahi̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hapahi̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *apai̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. apai̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → LAv. apay-
PIE *hɑēpɑhont-
LAv. āfǝnt-
(a.) ‘wasserreich’
(AIWb. 330)
(LAv. āfǝntō, āfǝntǝm)
1. PIE *hɑēpɑhont-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *hɑāpɑhont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑāpɑhont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hāphont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hāphont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hāphant-
4. hāphant-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *āphant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. āphant-
*p h → f
Affricativization of *ph
RAffricatePH → LAv. āfant-
√ɦɑb-
PIE *Π·ɦɑeb·Σ-
OSax. ··apa-
(ON.) ‘-fluß’
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑeb·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·ɦɑab·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·ɦɑab·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ɦab·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·ɦab·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·ab·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·ab·Σ-
*b → p
Loss of voice of media *b
RDevoiceb → OSax. Π·ap·Σ-
PIE *Π·ɦɑeb·Σ-
OHG. ··affa-
(ON.) ‘-fluß’
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑeb·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·ɦɑab·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·ɦɑab·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ɦab·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·ɦab·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·ab·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·ab·Σ-
*b → p
Loss of voice of media *b
RDevoiceb → OHG. Π·ap·Σ-
√ɦɑbd-
PIE *ɦɑébdo-
OInd. ábda-
(m.) [in Mg.] ‘Wolke’
(EWA1:90-1)
1. PIE *ɦɑébdo-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *ɦɑábdo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑábdo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦábdo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦábdo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦábda-
4. ɦábda-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → OInd. ábda-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *ɦɑebdoi̯ḗ
RV. abdayā́
(adv.) ‘mit Wasserschwall’
(EWA1:90-1)
(WbRV. 81)
1. PIE *ɦɑebdoi̯ḗ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑabdoi̯ḗ
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabdoi̯ḗ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦabdoi̯ḗ
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦabdoi̯ḗ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦabdai̯ḗ
4. ɦabdai̯ḗ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *abdai̯ḗ
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. abdai̯ḗ
PIE *ḗ → ā́
Aryan change of *ḗ into ā́
RAryanE2A4 → *abdai̯ā́
6. abdai̯ā́
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. abdayā́
PIE *ɦɑébdimont-
RV. ábdimant-
(a.) ‘mit Wolkenmaßen, wolkenreich’
(WbRV. 81)
1. PIE *ɦɑébdimont-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *ɦɑábdimont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑábdimont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦábdimont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦábdimont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦábdimant-
4. ɦábdimant-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → RV. ábdimant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√ɦɑbɑɦ-
(IEW. 1-2)
PIE *ɦeɑbɑɦ-
Hitt. ḫab-
(c.) ‘Fluß : Sum. ÍD, HHand. 40’
(HEG I:159-160)
(Hitt. ḫa-ap-pa, ÍD-aš, ÍD-an, ḫa-ap-aš [D], [Í]D-pí [L])
1. PIE *ɦeɑbɑɦ-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *ɦaɑbɑɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. ɦaɑbɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦabɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ɦab-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦab-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫab-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
ɦeɑbɑɦo-
PIE *ɦeɑbɑɦo-
Hitt. ḫaba-
(c.) ‘Fluß : Sum. ÍD, HHand. 40’
(HEG I:159-160)
(Hitt. ḫa-pa-a, ÍD-aš, ÍD-an, ḫa-pa-a)
1. PIE *ɦeɑbɑɦo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *ɦaɑbɑɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. ɦaɑbɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦabɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦabɦa-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦabɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ɦaba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦaba-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaba-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦeɑbɑɦo-
CLu. ḫaba-
(c.) ‘Fluß, Strom’
(DLL. 40, HHand. 40)
(KLu. ḫa-pa-a)
1. PIE *ɦeɑbɑɦo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *ɦaɑbɑɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. ɦaɑbɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦabɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦabɦa-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦabɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ɦaba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦaba-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫaba-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *ɦeɑbɑɦo-
CLu. ḫaba-
(c.) ‘Fluß, Strom (in Hitt. context)’
(HIL. 344)
(KLu. ḫa-pa-an-zi [plN], ÍDMEŠ-an-za)
1. PIE *ɦeɑbɑɦo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *ɦaɑbɑɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. ɦaɑbɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦabɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦabɦa-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦabɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ɦaba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦaba-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫaba-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *ɦeɑbɑɦo·Σ-
Hitt. ḫaba·LÚ-
(mc.) ‘Aquarius’
(NOMS. 285)
(Ḫi. ḫa-pa-LÚ [abs])
1. PIE *ɦeɑbɑɦo·Σ-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *ɦaɑbɑɦo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. ɦaɑbɑɦo·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦabɦo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦo·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦabɦa·Σ-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦabɦa·Σ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ɦaba·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦaba·Σ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaba·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦeɑbɑɦo·Σ-
CLu. ḫaba·ziti-
(Ic.) ‘Aquarius’
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *ɦeɑbɑɦo·Σ-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *ɦaɑbɑɦo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. ɦaɑbɑɦo·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦabɦo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦo·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦabɦa·Σ-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦabɦa·Σ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ɦaba·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦaba·Σ-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫaba·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *ɦeɑbɑɦo·Σ-
Gr. ἀφό·νιτρο-
(n.) ‘=ἀφρό·νιτρο-’
(KVG. 40)
(Gr. ἀφόνιτρον)
1. PIE *ɦeɑbɑɦo·Σ-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *ɦaɑbɑɦo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. ɦaɑbɑɦo·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦabɦo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦo·Σ-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *ɦapho·Σ-
4. ɦapho·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *apho·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. apho·Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀφο·Σ-
PIE *ɦeɑbɑɦo-
OGaulG. αβο-
(.) ‘name of Humber in Ptolemy’s Geography’
(XX:XX)
(OBrit. αβος)
1. PIE *ɦeɑbɑɦo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *ɦaɑbɑɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. ɦaɑbɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦabɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *abɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. abɦo-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspbh → *abo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. abo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → OGaulG. ἀβο-
PIE *ɦɑébɑɦo-
OGaulG. ἄβο-
(m.) ‘Fluß’
(AKS 5-6)
(Gaul. ἄβος [sgN])
1. PIE *ɦɑébɑɦo-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *ɦɑábɑɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑábɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦábɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦábɦo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ábɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ábɦo-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspbh → *ábo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. ábo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → OGaulG. ἄβο-


PIE √hɑp- ‘stoßen, schlagen, verletzen’
(IEW. 801-2)
(+ Pyysalo)
√hɑpɑh-
PIE *hɑēpḗɑh
Lith. opà-
(f.) ‘eiternde Wunde, Geschwur’
(LiEtWb. 517)
1. PIE *hɑēpḗɑh
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *hɑāpḗɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑāpḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *hɑāpā́ɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑāpā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hāpā́h
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hāpā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *āpā́
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. āpā́
*ā → ō
Change of ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → *ōpā́
6. ōpā́
*ā́ → ṓ
Change of ā́ into ṓ
RChangeA202 → *ōpṓ
7. ōpṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
RFinalo2a2 → *ōpà
8. ōpà
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
R27a → Lith. opà
√hɑepe/olos-
(Pyysalo 2013:113-4)
PIE *hɑépelos-
Gr. ἄπελοσ-
(n.) ‘Wunde’
(GEW 1:120)
(Gr. ἄπελος [sgNA])
1. PIE *hɑépelos-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑápelos-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑápelos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hápelos-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hápelos-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ápelos-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ápelos-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *ápeloh-
5. ápeloh-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *ápelo-
6. ápelo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἄπελο-
PIE *hɑepolosoi-
Hitt. ḫapalašai-
(vb1.) ‘verletzten’
(HEG 1:160)
(EHS 480, 555)
1. PIE *hɑepolosoi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑapolosoi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapolosoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hapolosoi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hapolosoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hapalasai-
(XX:XX)
4. hapalasai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hapalašai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hapalašai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫapalašai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑpedeɑhno-
PIE *hɑēpedeɑhnó-
Dor. ἀ̄πεδανό-
(a.) ‘= ἠπεδανό- ‘schwach, gebrechlich’
(LSJ. 182)
(Hes. ἀπεδανο- = ἠπεδανό-)
1. PIE *hɑēpedeɑhnó-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *hɑēpedaɑhnó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. hɑēpedaɑhnó-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *hɑāpedaɑhnó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑāpedaɑhnó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hāpedahnó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hāpedahnó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *āpedanó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. āpedanó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Dor. ᾱπεδανό-
PIE *hɑēpedeɑhnó-
Att. ἠπεδανό-
(a.) ‘schwach, gebrechlich’
(GEW 1:639-40)
1. PIE *hɑēpedeɑhnó-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *hɑēpedaɑhnó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. hɑēpedaɑhnó-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *hɑāpedaɑhnó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑāpedaɑhnó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hāpedahnó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hāpedahnó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *āpedanó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. āpedanó-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
RChangeA2E1 → *ēpedanó-
6. ēpedanó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Att. ἠπεδανό-
√hɑpodi-
(Pyysalo 2013:31)
PIE *hɑepodei̯o-
Hitt. ḫapadei̯a-
(vb.) ‘schlagen, verletzen, töten’
(HHand. 40)
(HEG 1:164-65)
1. PIE *hɑepodei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑapodei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapodei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hapodei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hapodei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hapadei̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. hapadei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫapadei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑepodi̯onu̯o-
HLu. ḫapazanu̯a-
(sb.cs.) ‘destructive action’
(CHLu. 10.9.10)
(HLu. ha-pa-za-nu-wa/i-tu-u [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑepodi̯onu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑapodi̯onu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapodi̯onu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hapodi̯onu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hapodi̯onu̯o-
PIE *di̯ → z
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
RDentAssib3a → *hapozonu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. hapozonu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hapazanu̯a-
(XX:XX)
5. hapazanu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫapazanu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)


PIE √hɑr- (sb.) ‘Weg, Pfad, Straße’ (vb.intr.) ‘fahren’ (vb.tr.) ‘senden’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√hɑrɑh-
PIE *hɑérēɑh.pédi-
Arm. ara.het-
(sb.) ‘road, path; ‹Arm. het- ‘track’›’
(EtDiArm. 125-6)
(Arm. arahet [sgN], araheti-w-k‘ [plI])
1. PIE *hɑérēɑh.pédi-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑárēɑh.pédi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑárēɑh.pédi-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑárāɑh.pédi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑárāɑh.pédi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hárāh.pédi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hárāh.pédi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *árā.pédi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. árā.pédi-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
RDevoiced → *árā.péti-
6. árā.péti-
*p- → h-
Change of *p- into h-
RChangep2h → *árā.héti-
7. árā.héti-
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RChangeA2a1 → *ára.héti-
8. ára.héti-
*á → a
Unmarkedness of accent
R23a → *ara.héti-
9. ara.héti-
*é → e
Unmarkedness of accent
R23d → Arm. ara.heti-
√hɑri-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑeri-
Hitt. ḫari-
(sb.) ‘route : Weg’
(HHand. 42)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-ri-ia [sgD])
1. PIE *hɑeri-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑari-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑari-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hari-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hari-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫari-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *rotɑh·hɑeri̯ó-
RV. rath·aryá-
(vb.) ‘im Wagen ‹rath-› fahren ‹aryá-›’
(WbRV. 1139)
(RV. ratharyá-)
1. PIE *rotɑh·hɑeri̯ó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *rotɑh·hɑari̯ó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. rotɑh·hɑari̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *roth·hari̯ó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. roth·hari̯ó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *rath·hari̯ó-
4. rath·hari̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *rath·hari̯á-
5. rath·hari̯á-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *rath·ari̯á-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. rath·ari̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. rath·aryá-
√hɑru-
PIE *hɑeru̯o-
CLu. ḫaru̯a-
(vb.) ‘auf den Weg bringen, schicken’
(HHand. 45)
(CLu. ḫar-ua-an-du, HED 3: 203)
1. PIE *hɑeru̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaru̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haru̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *haru̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. haru̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫaru̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *hɑeru̯o-
Hitt. ḫaru̯a-
(c.) ‘road, path’
(HIL. 370)
(Hitt. ḫa-ru-ua-az [KBo 24.45 rev 23])
1. PIE *hɑeru̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaru̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haru̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *haru̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. haru̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaru̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeru̯o-
CLu. ḫaru̯a-
(c.) ‘Straße, Weg : road’
(HHand. 45)
(CLu. ḫa-ru-ua-aš, KASKAL-an)
1. PIE *hɑeru̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaru̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haru̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *haru̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. haru̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫaru̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *hɑeru̯o-
HLu. ḫaru̯a-
(n.*) ‘Weg’ (Log. VIA)
(CorpHLu. 626)
(HLu. VIA-wa/i-na, VIA-na)
1. PIE *hɑeru̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaru̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haru̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *haru̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. haru̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫaru̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *hɑeru̯o·u̯osɑho-
Hitt. ḫaru̯a·u̯ašḫa-
(fc.) –
(NOMS. 316)
(Hitt. ḫar-ua-ú-ua-aš-ḫa-aš)
1. PIE *hɑeru̯o·u̯osɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaru̯o·u̯osɑho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯o·u̯osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haru̯o·u̯osho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haru̯o·u̯osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *haru̯a·u̯asha-
(XX:XX)
4. haru̯a·u̯asha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *haru̯a·u̯ašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haru̯a·u̯ašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaru̯a·u̯ašḫa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeru̯o·Σ-
CLu. ḫaru̯a·zidi-
(Ic.*) (prêtre)
(NOMS. 317)
(in Hitt. ḫar-ua-LÚ-ti-iš)
1. PIE *hɑeru̯o·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaru̯o·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯o·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haru̯o·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haru̯o·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *haru̯a·Σ-
(XX:XX)
4. haru̯a·Σ-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫaru̯a·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
√hɑruoni-
PIE *hɑeru̯oni-
CLu. ḫaru̯ani-
(c.) ‘kleiner Weg, Pfad’
(HHand. 45)
(CLu. ḫa-r[u-ua-an-ni-in-za] [plA])
1. PIE *hɑeru̯oni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaru̯oni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯oni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haru̯oni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haru̯oni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *haru̯ani-
(XX:XX)
4. haru̯ani-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫaru̯ani-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *hɑeru̯oni-
HLu. ḫaru̯ani-
(vb.) ‘senden : send’
(CHLu. 11.1.d6)
(HLu. (VIA)hara/i-wa/i-ni [2sgIpv])
1. PIE *hɑeru̯oni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaru̯oni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯oni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haru̯oni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haru̯oni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *haru̯ani-
(XX:XX)
4. haru̯ani-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫaru̯ani-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *hɑeru̯oni-
CLu. ḫaru̯ani-
(vb.) ‘auf den Weg bringen, schicken’ (HHand. 45)
(DLL. 43)
(CLu. ḫar-ua-an-ni-it-ta [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑeru̯oni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaru̯oni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯oni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haru̯oni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haru̯oni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *haru̯ani-
(XX:XX)
4. haru̯ani-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫaru̯ani-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
√hɑruoto-
PIE *hɑeru̯oto-
HLu. ḫaru̯ata-
(*.) ‘road’ ‹ HLu. uia = ḪAR ›
(CHLu. 7.2/2.fr7)
(HLu. VIA-wa/i-ta-za)
1. PIE *hɑeru̯oto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaru̯oto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯oto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haru̯oto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haru̯oto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *haru̯ata-
(XX:XX)
4. haru̯ata-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫaru̯ata-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *hɑeru̯oto·ɦɑido-
HLu. ḫaru̯ata·ḫida-
(.) ‘wayfaring’
(CHLu. 2.24.21)
(HLu. (‘VIA’)ḫa+ra/i-wa/i-ta-ḫi-ta5-ti-i)
1. PIE *hɑeru̯oto·ɦɑido-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaru̯oto·ɦɑido-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯oto·ɦɑido-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haru̯oto·ɦido-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haru̯oto·ɦido-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *haru̯ata·ɦida-
(XX:XX)
4. haru̯ata·ɦida-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫaru̯ata·ḫida-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
√hɑruoti-
PIE *hɑeru̯oti-
HLu. ḫaru̯ati-
(URU.) ‘‹Weg+TI›’
(CHLu. 10.36.33)
(HLu. ha-ru-wa/i-ti(URBS))
1. PIE *hɑeru̯oti-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaru̯oti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯oti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haru̯oti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haru̯oti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *haru̯ati-
(XX:XX)
4. haru̯ati-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫaru̯ati-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)


PIE √hɑr- √ɦɑr- (vb.) ‘schlagen, vergraben’ (sb.) ‘Grab; Schlucht, Tal, malleus ’
(IEW 62)
(HEG 1:172-3)
√hɑri-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *mɦɑegi.hɑerí-
Gr. μαγ.αρί-
(sb.) ‘μικρὰ σπάθη; ‹with Lith. màž- ‘klein’›
(GEW 2:154)
(Gr. μαγαρίς [sgN])
1. PIE *mɦɑegi.hɑerí-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *mɦɑagi.hɑarí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. mɦɑagi.hɑarí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *mɦagi.harí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. mɦagi.harí-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *mɦaǵ.harí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. mɦaǵ.harí-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *maǵ.harí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. maǵ.harí-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *maǵ.arí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. maǵ.arí-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *mag.arí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. mag.arí-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. μαγ.αρί-
PIE *hɑeri-
Hitt. ḫari-
(c.) ‘Schlucht, Tal’
(HHand. 42)
(HEG 1:172-3, Kimball 1999:141)
1. PIE *hɑeri-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑari-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑari-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hari-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hari-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫari-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeri̯o-
Hitt. ḫari̯a-
(vb1.) ‘vergraben : bury’
(EḪS 492)
(HHand. 42)
1. PIE *hɑeri̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑari̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑari̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hari̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hari̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hari̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. hari̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫari̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑériɦɑdi̯o-
Gr. ἄριζο-
(m.) ‘Grab’
(LSJ. 239)
(Hes. ἄριζος : τάφος)
1. PIE *hɑériɦɑdi̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑáriɦɑdi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáriɦɑdi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *háriɦdi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. háriɦdi̯o-
*di̯ → z
Palatalization of *di̯
RDentAssib1c → *háriɦzo-
4. háriɦzo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *hárizo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. hárizo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *árizo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. árizo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἄριζο-
√ɦɑrd-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ɦɑordo·Σ-
OGaul. ordo·uic-
(VN.) ‘combattan(s) au marteau’
(DLG. 243-4)
OGaul. ordouices [plN])
1. PIE *ɦɑordo·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦordo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦordo·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → OGaul. ordo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *ɦɑordo
OIr. ord-
(m-*o) ‘gl. malleus : hammer’
(EtDiPC. 300)
[LEIA O-29]
1. PIE *ɦɑordo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦordo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦordo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ordo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. ordo
*-o → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → OIr. ord
PIE *ɦɑordo
OBret. ord-
(sb.) ‘gl. malleus’
(EtDiPC. 300)
1. PIE *ɦɑordo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦordo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦordo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ordo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. ordo
*o- → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → OBret. ord
PIE *ɦɑordēɑh
MidBret. ord-
(f.) ‘hammer’
(EtDiPC. 300)
1. PIE *ɦɑordēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *ɦɑordāɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. ɦɑordāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦordāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦordāh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ordāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ordāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ordā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ordā
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RShortA2a → *orda
6. orda
*a- → Ø-
Loss of root-final *a
RLossFinala → MidBret. ord
PIE *ɦɑordéi̯o-
RV. ardáya-
(cs.) ‘töten, vernichten’
(WbRV. 114)
(RV. árdayas [2sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑordéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦordéi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦordéi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦardéi̯a-
3. ɦardéi̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ardéi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ardéi̯a-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *ardái̯a-
5. ardái̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. ardáya-
PIE *Π·ɦɑordéi̯o-
RV. ví (...) ardáya-
(cs.) ‘zerstieben machen, vernichten’
(WbRV. 114)
(RV. árdayas [2sg])
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑordéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ɦordéi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦordéi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ɦardéi̯a-
3. Π·ɦardéi̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·ardéi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·ardéi̯a-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *Π·ardái̯a-
5. Π·ardái̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. Π·ardáya-
PIE *ɦɑordus-
LAv. arǝduš-
(n.) ‘Verletzung, Hieb’
(AIWb 194)
(LAv. arǝduš-)
1. PIE *ɦɑordus-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦordus-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦordus-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *ɦorduš-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. ɦorduš-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦarduš-
4. ɦarduš-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *arduš-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. arduš-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
R19b → *arǝduš-
6. arǝduš-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
R40c → LAv. arǝδuš-
PIE *ɦɑordilo-
OGaul. ordilo-
(PN,.) ‘au (petit?) marteau’
(DLG. 243-4)
OGaul. ordouices [plN])
1. PIE *ɦɑordilo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦordilo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦordilo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → OGaul. ordilo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *ɦɑorduto-
HLu. ḫarduta-
(adv.) ‘evil(ly)’
(CHLu. 2.42.5.)
(HLu. (‘MALUS’)ha+ra/i-tú-tá, vgl. hiputa-)
1. PIE *ɦɑorduto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦorduto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦorduto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦarduta-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦarduta-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫarduta-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)


PIE √hɑr- ‘Wasser, Strom, usw.’ (vb.) ‘benetzen, verunreinigen, beschmutzen’ (a.) ‘feucht, nass, wogend’
(IEW. 334)
(+ Pyysalo)
√hɑr-
(Pyysalo 2013:375)
PIE *nékit.hɑer-
Gr. νέκτ.αρ-
(n.) ‘Göttertränk’
(GEW 2:300)
(Gr. νέκταρ, νέκταρος)
1. PIE *nékit.hɑer-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *nékit.hɑar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. nékit.hɑar-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *nékit.har-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. nékit.har-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *néḱt.har-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. néḱt.har-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *néḱt.ar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. néḱt.ar-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *nékt.ar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. nékt.ar-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. νέκτ.αρ-
PIE *hɑero-
Hitt. ḫara-
(vb.) ‘verunreinigen’
(HEG. 1:169)
(HHand. 41, Hitt. harra-)
1. PIE *hɑero-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hara-
(XX:XX)
4. hara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫara-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑéro-
Gr. ἄρο-
(m.) ‘τὰ λιβάδια’
(LSJ. 245)
(Gr. ἄρους · τὰ λιβάδια)
1. PIE *hɑéro-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑáro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *háro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. háro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *áro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. áro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἄρο-
√hɑri
PIE *nekit.hɑérei̯o-
Gr. νεκτ.άρεο-
(a.) ‘aus N., wie N. duftend’
(GEW 2:300)
(Gr. νεκτάρεος)
1. PIE *nekit.hɑérei̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *nekit.hɑárei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. nekit.hɑárei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *nekit.hárei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. nekit.hárei̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *neḱt.hárei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. neḱt.hárei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *neḱt.árei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. neḱt.árei̯o-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *nekt.árei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. nekt.árei̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *nekt.áreo-
7. nekt.áreo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. νεκτ.άρεο-
PIE *nekit.hɑérii̯o-
Gr. νεκτ.άριο-
(n.) ‘Pflanzenname, ἑλέενιον’
(GEW 2:300-1)
(Gr. νεκτάριον)
1. PIE *nekit.hɑérii̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *nekit.hɑárii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. nekit.hɑárii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *nekit.hárii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. nekit.hárii̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *neḱt.hárii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. neḱt.hárii̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *neḱt.árii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. neḱt.árii̯o-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *nekt.árii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. nekt.árii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *nekt.ário-
7. nekt.ário-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. νεκτ.άριο-
√hɑrn-
PIE *hɑerno-
Hitt. ḫarna-
(vb.dn.) ‘besprengen, befeuchten’
(HEG 1:57)
1. PIE *hɑerno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑarno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *harno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. harno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *harna-
(XX:XX)
4. harna-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫarna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑérno-
RV. árṇa-
(m.) ‘das Woge, Flut’
(WbRV. 113)
1. PIE *hɑérno-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑárno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑárno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hárno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hárno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hárna-
4. hárna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *árna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. árna-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
RRetrofl1 → RV. árṇa-
PIE *hɑerno-
Lat. arno-
(m.) ‘a river in Etruria, the Arno’
(OxLatD. 173)
1. PIE *hɑerno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑarno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *harno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. harno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Lat. arno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *hɑérnēhɑ-
Dor. ἄρνη-
(ON.) ‘Quellname’
(HEG 1:57)
(Arc. ἄρνη-)
1. PIE *hɑérnēhɑ-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑárnēhɑ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑárnēhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hárnēh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hárnēh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *árnē-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. árnē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Dor. ἄρνη-
√hɑrs-
PIE *hɑers·ogɑɦe-
Arm. aṙ·oge-
(pr.) ‘benetzen’
(Beekes 1969:21)
(Arm. arogel [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑers·ogɑɦe-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑars·ogɑɦe-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑars·ogɑɦe-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hars·ogɦe-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hars·ogɦe-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ars·ogɦe-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ars·ogɦe-
*rs → ṙ
Change of *rs into ṙ
RChangers2S → *aṙ·ogɦe-
5. aṙ·ogɦe-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → Arm. aṙ·oge-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
PIE *hɑors·ogɑɦe-
Arm. oṙ·oge-
(pr.) ‘irrigate’
(Godel 1975:71)
(Arm. oṙogel [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑors·ogɑɦe-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hors·ogɦe-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hors·ogɦe-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ors·ogɦe-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. ors·ogɦe-
*rs → ṙ
Change of *rs into ṙ
RChangers2S → *oṙ·ogɦe-
4. oṙ·ogɦe-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → Arm. oṙ·oge-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
√hɑrsu-
(Pyysalo 2013:158)
(IEW. 1003)
PIE *hɑersu-
Arm. aṙu-
(sb.) ‘Canal, Bach, Strom’
(ArmGr. 1:420-1)
(Arm. aṙu ‹stem ?›)
1. PIE *hɑersu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑarsu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *harsu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. harsu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *arsu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. arsu-
*rs → ṙ
Change of *rs into ṙ
RChangers2S → Arm. aṙu-
PIE *hɑersumno-
Hitt. ḫaršumna-
(n.) ‘Quellgebiet’
(HEG 1:187-8)
(Hitt. ḫaršumna [plNA], Rieken (1999:311)
1. PIE *hɑersumno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑarsumno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsumno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *harsumno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. harsumno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *harsumna-
(XX:XX)
4. harsumna-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *haršumna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haršumna-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaršumna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√ɦɑrd-
PIE *hɑérdeɑh-
Gr. ἄρδα-
(f.) ‘Schmutz’
(GEW 1:134)
(Gr. ἄρδα [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑérdeɑh-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑárdeɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑárdeɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *hɑárdaɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
3. hɑárdaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hárdah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hárdah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *árda-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. árda-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἄρδα-
PIE *hɑerdeɑhlói̯o-
Gr. ἀρδαλόο-
(vb.) ‘beschmutzen’
(GEW 1:134)
(Gr. ἀρδαλόω)
1. PIE *hɑerdeɑhlói̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑardeɑhlói̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑardeɑhlói̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *hɑardaɑhlói̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
3. hɑardaɑhlói̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hardahlói̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hardahlói̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ardalói̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ardalói̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *ardalóo-
6. ardalóo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀρδαλόο-
PIE *hɑērdló-
RV. ārdrá-
(a.) ‘feucht, naß, wogend’
(EWA 1:117-8)
1. PIE *hɑērdló-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *hɑārdló-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑārdló-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hārdló-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hārdló-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
RChangelr1 → *hārdró-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
4. hārdró-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *hārdrá-
5. hārdrá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. ārdrá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)


PIE √hɑr- √ɦɑr- (sb.) ‘Geburt, Sohn, Nachkommenschaf, Mutter(leib)’
(IEW 382)
(+ Weitenberg)
√hɑrnu-
PIE *hɑornou-
Hitt. ḫarnau-
(.) ‘Gebärgestell’
(HEG I:178-9)
(HIL. 362, HW2 Ï: 321f.)
1. PIE *hɑornou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hornou-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hornou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *harnau-
(XX:XX)
3. harnau-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫarnau-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑornu-
Hitt. ḫarnu-
(.) ‘Gebärgestell’
(HEG I:178-9)
(HIL. 362, HW2 Ï: 321f.)
1. PIE *hɑornu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hornu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hornu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *harnu-
(XX:XX)
3. harnu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫarnu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑrtu-
(HEG 1:189)
(Weitenberg 1984: 266, HIL 370, HED H-202, HW2 Ï: 379f.)
PIE *hɑortu-
Hitt. ḫartu-
(c.) ‘Urenkel, Nachkomme’
(HHand. 45)
1. PIE *hɑortu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hortu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hortu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hartu-
(XX:XX)
3. hartu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫartu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑortu-
HLu. ḫartu-
(INFANSc.) ‘descendant’
(CHLu. 4.4.1)
(HLu. (INFANS)hara/i-tu-sá)
1. PIE *hɑortu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hortu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hortu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hartu-
(XX:XX)
3. hartu-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫartu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *hɑórtu-
Arm. ortʼ-
(sb.) ‘Kalb (des Rindes oder Hirsches)’
(ArmGr. 1:483)
1. PIE *hɑórtu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hórtu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hórtu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *órtu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. órtu-
*t → tʼ
Glottalization of *t
RGlottalicizeT → *órtʼu-
4. órtʼu-
*ó → o
Unmarkedness of accent
R23c → Arm. ortʼu-
PIE *hɑortu̯o-
CLu. ḫartu̯a-
(c.) ‘Nachkommenschaft’
(HHand. 45)
1. PIE *hɑortu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hortu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hortu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hartu̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hartu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫartu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *hɑortu̯o·hɑortu̯o-
CLu. ḫartu̯a·ḫartu̯a-
(.) ‘arrière-descendance’
(DLL. 43)
1. PIE *hɑortu̯o·hɑortu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hortu̯o·hortu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hortu̯o·hortu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hartu̯a·hartu̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hartu̯a·hartu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫartu̯a·ḫartu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *hɑortou-
Lat. ortū-
(m.) ‘Aufgang, Geburt, Abstammung’
(WH 2:222)
1. PIE *hɑortou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hortou-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hortou-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ortou-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. ortou-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → Lat. ortū-
√ɦɑrdɑɦi-
PIE *ɦɑordɑɦi̯ò
Arm. ordi-
(sb.) ‘son, daughter, offspring, generation’
(Arm. 536)
1. PIE *ɦɑordɑɦi̯ò
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦordɦi̯ò
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦordɦi̯ò
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ordɦi̯ò
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. ordɦi̯ò
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *ordi̯ò
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. ordi̯ò
*o → Ø
Loss of unaccented *o
R22c → *ordi̯
5. ordi̯
*i̯ → i
Change of root-final i̯ into i
RFinalY2i → Arm. ordi
√hɑru-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑorou·ni-
Hitt. ḫarau·ni-
(c.n.) ‘Gebärgestell’
(HHand. 42)
1. PIE *hɑorou·ni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *horou·ni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. horou·ni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *harau·ni-
(XX:XX)
3. harau·ni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫarau·ni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)


PIE √hɑr- √ɦɑr (sb.) ‘Adler, Vogel’
(IEW. 325-6 +854-5)
(Pyysalo 2013:255)
√ɦɑr-
(HEG 1:170f.)
(HW2 Ï: 265f.)
PIE *hɑoro-
Hitt. ḫara-
(m.) ‘Adler’
(HHand. 41)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-ra-aš [sgN], ḫa-ra-aš, ḫa-ra-an)
1. PIE *hɑoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *horo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. horo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hara-
(XX:XX)
3. hara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫara-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑoro-
Pal. ḫara-
(m.) ‘Adler’
(HIL. 352)
(Pal. ḫa-ra-a-aš(-ku-ua-ar-zi) [sgN], Pal. 50, 74; DPal. 54)
1. PIE *hɑoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *horo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. horo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hara-
(XX:XX)
3. hara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Pal. ḫara-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑóro-
Lith. ãra-
(m.) ‘Adler’
(LiEtWb. 122)
(Lith. ãras [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑóro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hóro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hóro-
ó → ò
Emergence of gravis Li. ò
RAcc5 → *hòro-
3. hòro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *òro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. òro-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *òra-
5. òra-
*ò → à
Change of *ò into à
RChangeO2A3 → Lith. àra-
√ɦɑri-
PIE *hɑoroi-
Hitt. ḫarai-
(c.) ‘Adler’
(HIL. 352)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-ra-e-eš [KUB 50.1. ii 12])
1. PIE *hɑoroi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *horoi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. horoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *harai-
(XX:XX)
3. harai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫarai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√ɦɑrgii-
(IEW. 854-5)
PIE *hɑrgi̯i·pi̯o-
LAv. ǝrǝzi·fya-
(m.) ‘Adler’ (m.) Name eines Bergs oder Gebirgs’
(AIWb. 354)
1. PIE *hɑrgi̯i·pi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hrgi̯i·pi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hrgi̯i·pi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *hrj́i·pi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. hrj́i·pi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hrj́i·pi̯a-
4. hrj́i·pi̯a-
PIE *r → r̥
Emergence of secondary *r̥ from *r
R18 → *hr̥j́i·pi̯a-
5. hr̥j́i·pi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *r̥j́i·pi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. r̥j́i·pi̯a-
*r̥ → ǝr
Change of *r̥ into ǝr
R19a → *ǝrj́i·pi̯a-
7. ǝrj́i·pi̯a-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
R19b → *ǝrǝj́i·pi̯a-
8. ǝrǝj́i·pi̯a-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Avestan
RSatem2Av3 → *ǝrǝzi·pi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
9. ǝrǝzi·pi̯a-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
R33a → *ǝrǝzi·fi̯a-
10. ǝrǝzi·fi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → LAv. ǝrǝzi·fya-
PIE *hɑrgi̯i·pi̯o.perno-
LAv. ǝrǝzi·fyō.parǝna-
(a.) ‘mit Adlerfedern besetzt’
(AIWb. 354)
1. PIE *hɑrgi̯i·pi̯o.perno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hrgi̯i·pi̯o.perno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hrgi̯i·pi̯o.perno-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *hrj́i·pi̯o.perno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. hrj́i·pi̯o.perno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hrj́i·pi̯a.perna-
4. hrj́i·pi̯a.perna-
PIE *r → r̥
Emergence of secondary *r̥ from *r
R18 → *hr̥j́i·pi̯a.perna-
5. hr̥j́i·pi̯a.perna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *r̥j́i·pi̯a.perna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. r̥j́i·pi̯a.perna-
*r̥ → ǝr
Change of *r̥ into ǝr
R19a → *ǝrj́i·pi̯a.perna-
7. ǝrj́i·pi̯a.perna-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
R19b → *ǝrǝj́i·pi̯a.perǝna-
8. ǝrǝj́i·pi̯a.perǝna-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Avestan
RSatem2Av3 → *ǝrǝzi·pi̯a.perǝna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
9. ǝrǝzi·pi̯a.perǝna-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *ǝrǝzi·pi̯a.parǝna-
10. ǝrǝzi·pi̯a.parǝna-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
R33a → *ǝrǝzi·fi̯a.parǝna-
11. ǝrǝzi·fi̯a.parǝna-
a. → ō.
Change of a into ō before morpheme border
R39 → *ǝrǝzi·fi̯ō.parǝna-
12. ǝrǝzi·fi̯ō.parǝna-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → LAv. ǝrǝzi·fyō.parǝna-
PIE *hɑrgi̯i·pi̯ó-
RV. r̥ji·pyá-
(a.) ‘epith. of śyená-; going straight upwards’
(MonWil. 225)
1. PIE *hɑrgi̯i·pi̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hrgi̯i·pi̯ó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hrgi̯i·pi̯ó-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *hrj́i·pi̯ó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. hrj́i·pi̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *hrj́i·pi̯á-
4. hrj́i·pi̯á-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *rj́i·pi̯á-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. rj́i·pi̯á-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to OIA
RSatem2OIA4 → *rji·pi̯á-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. rji·pi̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. rji·pyá-
PIE *hɑérgi̯i·pì-
Arm. arci·v-
(.) ‘Adler’
(ArmGr. 1:424)
1. PIE *hɑérgi̯i·pì-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑárgi̯i·pì-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑárgi̯i·pì-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hárgi̯i·pì-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hárgi̯i·pì-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *hárj́i·pì-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. hárj́i·pì-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *árj́i·pì-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. árj́i·pì-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to Armenian
RSatem2Arm3 → *árji·pì-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. árji·pì-
*j → c
Loss of voice of media *j
RDevoicej → *árci·pì-
7. árci·pì-
ipì -> ivì
Affricativization of p between i _ i
RChangeipI2ivi → *árci·vì-
8. árci·vì-
*i → Ø
Loss of unaccented *i
R22b → *árci·v-
9. árci·v-
*á → a
Unmarkedness of accent
R23a → Arm. arci·v-
PIE *hɑergi̯ió·poud-
Maced. ἀργιό·πουδ-
(.) = ‘Gr. ἀετός’
(LSJ 235)
(Maced. ἀργιό·πους)
1. PIE *hɑergi̯ió·poud-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑargi̯ió·poud-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑargi̯ió·poud-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hargi̯ió·poud-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hargi̯ió·poud-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *harǵió·poud-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. harǵió·poud-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *arǵió·poud-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. arǵió·poud-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *argió·poud-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. argió·poud-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Maced. ἀργιό·πουδ-
√ɦɑrn-
(IEW. 325-6)
(Mudge (1931 apud HIL. 352-, Kimball (1999:385)
PIE *hɑoron-
(c.obl.) Adler
(ḪEG 1:170f.)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-ra-na-an [sgA.], ḫa-ra-na-aš [sgG], ḫa-ra-a-ni)
Language not found or error while translating!
PIE *hɑoron-
Pal. ḫaran-
(c.) ‘Adler’ (Pal. 50, 74)
(DPal. 54)
(Pal. [ḫa]-a-ra-na-aš [G])
1. PIE *hɑoron-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *horon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. horon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *haran-
(XX:XX)
3. haran-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Pal. ḫaran-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑoron-
Goth. aran-
(m.) ‘Aar, Adler’
(GoEtD. 40)
(Goth. arans [plN])
1. PIE *hɑoron-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *horon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. horon-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *oron-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. oron-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → Goth. aran-
(XX:XX)
PIE *hɑorn-
OHG. arn
(m.) ‘Adler’
(ASaxD. 234)
(OHG. arn [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑorn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *horn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. horn-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *orn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. orn-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → OHG. arn-
(XX:XX)
PIE *hɑorn-
OEng. earn
(m.) ‘aquila : eagle’
(ASaxD. 234)
(OEng. earn, earnes)
1. PIE *hɑorn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *horn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. horn-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *orn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. orn-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *arn-
(XX:XX)
4. arn-
*a → ea
Change of *a into ea
RInitiala2ea → OEng. earn-
√ɦɑrni-
PIE *hɑoroni-
Hitt. ḫarani-
(.) ‘Adler’
(HIL. 352)
(Hitt. ḫa-ra-ni-ia-aš [KUB 41.32 obv 12])
1. PIE *hɑoroni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *horoni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. horoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *harani-
(XX:XX)
3. harani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫarani-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑoroni-
CLu. ḫarani-
(c.) a bird’
(HIL. 352)
(CLu. ḫar-ra-ni-en-za)
1. PIE *hɑoroni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *horoni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. horoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *harani-
(XX:XX)
3. harani-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫarani-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *hɑoroni-
Hitt. ḫarani-
(c.) ‘ein Orakelvogel’
(EHS 222)
(HHand. 41, Hitt. ḫar-ra-ni-iš, ḫar-ra-ni-in, [ḫar-r]a-ni-uš!)
1. PIE *hɑoroni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *horoni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. horoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *harani-
(XX:XX)
3. harani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫarani-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑoronili-
Hitt. ḫaranili
(adv.) ‘nach Art eines Adlers, nach Adlerart’
(HHand. 41)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-ra-ni-li)
1. PIE *hɑoronili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *horonili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. horonili-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *haranili-
(XX:XX)
3. haranili-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaranili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑórnei̯o-
Gr. ὄρνεο-
(n.) ‘Vogel’
(GEW 2:421-2)
(Gr. ὄρνεον)
1. PIE *hɑórnei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hórnei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hórnei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *órnei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. órnei̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *órneo-
4. órneo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὄρνεο-
√ɦɑru-
PIE *hɑoru
OHG. aro-
(m.) ‘Adler’
(ASaxD. 234)
(OHG. aro [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑoru
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *horu
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. horu
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *oru
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. oru
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *aru
(XX:XX)
4. aru
*-u → -o
Change of root-final -u into -o
RChangeFinalu2o → OHG. aro
PIE *hɑoruno
OIcl. ǫrn-
(m.) ‘Adler’
(ANEtWb. 688)
1. PIE *hɑoruno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *horuno
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. horuno
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *oruno
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. oruno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *aruna
(XX:XX)
4. aruna
-a → Ø
Loss of -a in root-final position
RLossFinala1 → *arun
5. arun
*a — u → ǫ — Ø
Umlaut for a — u
RUmlautaru → OIcl. ǫrn


PIE √hɑr- ‘sprechen, rufen’
(IEW. 781)
(Pyysalo: HLu.)
√hɑri-
(Pyysalo ?)
PIE *hɑeri-
HLu. ḫari-
(vb.) ‘speak’
(CHLu. 11.1a.1)
(“LOQUI”)ha-ri-i-ti-i)
1. PIE *hɑeri-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑari-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑari-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hari-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hari-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫari-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *hɑeri-
Hitt. ḫari
(.) ‘ein Zuruf im Ritual’
(HHand. 42)
1. PIE *hɑeri-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑari-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑari-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hari-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hari-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫari-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeriɑ́h
Serb. ori-
(vb.refl.) ‘widerhallen’
(IEW. 781)
(Serb. oriti se)
1. PIE *hɑeriɑ́h
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑariɑ́h
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑariɑ́h
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1b → *hɑariíh
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
3. hɑariíh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hariíh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hariíh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *arií
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. arií
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → *arī́
6. arī́
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *orī́
7. orī́
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
ROrthogrI2i2 → Serb. ori
√hɑrn
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑérneɑh-
Gr. ἄρνα-
(f.) Hes. ‘ἄρναν · τὸν ὅρκον’
(LSJ. 244)
1. PIE *hɑérneɑh-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑárneɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑárneɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *hɑárnaɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
3. hɑárnaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hárnah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hárnah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *árna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. árna-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἄρνα-
PIE *hɑer·nu̯o-
HLu. ḫar·nu̯a-
(cs.) ‘cause to say’
(CHLu. 2.22.21)
(HLu. (LOQUI)ha+ra/i-nu-wa/i-i)
1. PIE *hɑer·nu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑar·nu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑar·nu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *har·nu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. har·nu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *har·nu̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. har·nu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫar·nu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)


PIE √hɑrki- √ɦɑrgi- (vb.) ‘strecken, eilen’
√hɑrki-
PIE *hɑorki̯ēɑh-
Arm. orsa-
(pr.) ‘jagen : hunt’
(ArmGr. I:XX)
(Arm. orsam [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑorki̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑorki̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑorki̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *horki̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. horki̯āh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *horćāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. horćāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *orćā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. orćā-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to Armenian
RSatem2Arm1 → *orsā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. orsā-
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RChangeA2a1 → Arm. orsa-
PIE *hɑorki̯ēɑhski-
Arm. orsacʼ-
(ao.) ‘jagen’
(ArmGr. 1:XX)
(Arm. orsacʼi [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑorki̯ēɑhski-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑorki̯āɑhski-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑorki̯āɑhski-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *horki̯āhski-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. horki̯āhski-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *horćāhsć-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. horćāhsć-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *orćāsć-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. orćāsć-
*sć → cʼ
Change of sć into cʼ
RChangeSK2Arm → *orćācʼ-
6. orćācʼ-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to Armenian
RSatem2Arm1 → *orsācʼ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. orsācʼ-
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RChangeA2a1 → Arm. orsacʼ-
PIE *hɑerki̯ḗs-
Gr. ἀρκήσ-
(a.) Hes. = ‘ταχύς’
(LSJ. 242)
1. PIE *hɑerki̯ḗs-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑarki̯ḗs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarki̯ḗs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *harki̯ḗs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. harki̯ḗs-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *harḱḗs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. harḱḗs-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *arḱḗs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. arḱḗs-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *arkḗs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. arkḗs-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *arkḗh-
7. arkḗh-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *arkḗ-
8. arkḗ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀρκή-
PIE *pod.hɑérki̯ēs-
Gr. ποδ.άρκησ-
(a.) ‘having swift feet (Achilleus)’
(Iliad 1:121)
Gr. ποδ·άρκησ-
1. PIE *pod.hɑérki̯ēs-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *pod.hɑárki̯ēs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. pod.hɑárki̯ēs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pod.hárki̯ēs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pod.hárki̯ēs-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *pod.hárḱēs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. pod.hárḱēs-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pod.árḱēs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. pod.árḱēs-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *pod.árkēs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. pod.árkēs-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *pod.árkēh-
7. pod.árkēh-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *pod.árkē-
8. pod.árkē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ποδ.άρκη-
PIE *hɑerki̯ú-
Lith. aršù-
(a.) [in Mg.] ‘celer, agilis’
(LiEtWb. 15-16)
(Li. aršùs [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑerki̯ú-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑarki̯ú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarki̯ú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *harki̯ú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. harki̯ú-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *harćú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. harćú-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis Li. ù
RAcc3 → *harćù-
5. harćù-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *arćù-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. arćù-
*ć → š
From Satem *ć to Lithuanian
RSatem2Lith1 → Lith. aršù-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
√ɦɑrgi-
(IEW. 854-7)
PIE *ɦɑergi̯ó-
Gr. ἀργό-
(a.) [mg] ‘schnell beweglich : swift’
(GEW 1:132)
(Gr. ἀργός)
1. PIE *ɦɑergi̯ó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑargi̯ó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑargi̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦargi̯ó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦargi̯ó-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *ɦarǵó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. ɦarǵó-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *arǵó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. arǵó-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *argó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. argó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀργό-
PIE *pód.ɦɑergi̯o-
Gr. πόδ.αργο-
(PNm.) ‘fuß-schnell (name of a horse)’
(IEW. 64)
1. PIE *pód.ɦɑergi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *pód.ɦɑargi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. pód.ɦɑargi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pód.ɦargi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pód.ɦargi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *pód.ɦarǵo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. pód.ɦarǵo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *pód.arǵo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. pód.arǵo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *pód.argo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. pód.argo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. πόδ.αργο-
PIE *ɦɑrgi̯·Σ-
RV. r̥j·īṣá-
(a.) ‘vorvärtsdringend, gerade darauf los eilend’
(WbRV. 279)
1. PIE *ɦɑrgi̯·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦrgi̯·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦrgi̯·Σ-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *ɦrj́·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ɦrj́·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *rj́·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. rj́·Σ-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to OIA
RSatem2OIA4 → RV. rj·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
PIE *ɦɑergi̯o·nou-
Hitt. ḫarga·nau-
(n.) ‘Sohle, Ferse?’
(HHand. 42)
(Hitt. ḫar-ga-na-ú [sgN])
1. PIE *ɦɑergi̯o·nou-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑargi̯o·nou-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑargi̯o·nou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦargi̯o·nou-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦargi̯o·nou-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *ɦarǵo·nou-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. ɦarǵo·nou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦarǵa·nau-
(XX:XX)
5. ɦarǵa·nau-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *ɦarga·nau-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. ɦarga·nau-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫarga·nau-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑergi̯o·nou̯i-
Hitt. ḫarga·naui-
(n.) ‘Sohle?, Ferse?’
(HHand. 42)
(Hitt. ḫar-ga-na-ú-i)
1. PIE *ɦɑergi̯o·nou̯i-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑargi̯o·nou̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑargi̯o·nou̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦargi̯o·nou̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦargi̯o·nou̯i-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *ɦarǵo·nou̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. ɦarǵo·nou̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦarǵa·nau̯i-
(XX:XX)
5. ɦarǵa·nau̯i-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *ɦarga·nau̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. ɦarga·nau̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫarga·nau̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑergi̯o·nou̯ont-
Hitt. ḫarga·nauant-
(c.) ‘Sohle?, Ferse?’
(HHand. 42)
1. PIE *ɦɑergi̯o·nou̯ont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑargi̯o·nou̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑargi̯o·nou̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦargi̯o·nou̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦargi̯o·nou̯ont-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *ɦarǵo·nou̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. ɦarǵo·nou̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦarǵa·nau̯ant-
(XX:XX)
5. ɦarǵa·nau̯ant-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *ɦarga·nau̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. ɦarga·nau̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫarga·nau̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√ɦɑoregi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ɦɑorégi̯o-
Gr. ὀρέγο-
(pr.) ‘stretch out (hand or foot)’
(GEW 2:XX)
(Gr. ὀρέγω [1sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑorégi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦorégi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦorégi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *ɦoréǵo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ɦoréǵo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *oréǵo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. oréǵo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *orégo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. orégo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὀρέγο-
PIE *ɦɑoréginu-
Gr. ὀρέγνυ-
(cs.) ‘XX’
(GEW 2:XX)
1. PIE *ɦɑoréginu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦoréginu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦoréginu-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *ɦoréǵnu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ɦoréǵnu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *oréǵnu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. oréǵnu-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *orégnu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. orégnu-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὀρέγνυ-
PIE *ɦɑorogi̯usieɑh-
Gr. ὀρόγυια-
(√pf.pt.f.) ‘Klafter’
(GEW 2:412)
1. PIE *ɦɑorogi̯usieɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *ɦɑorogi̯usiaɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. ɦɑorogi̯usiaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦorogi̯usiah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦorogi̯usiah-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *ɦoroǵusiah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. ɦoroǵusiah-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *oroǵusiah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. oroǵusiah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *oroǵusia-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. oroǵusia-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *orogusia-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. orogusia-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *oroguhia-
8. oroguhia-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *oroguia-
9. oroguia-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὀρογυια-


PIE √hɑrn- (vb.tr.) ‘erheben, gären’ (intr.) ‘sich erheben’
(HEG I:178)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Arm.)
√hɑrn-
(HW2 H:315f.)
HED 3: 402f.; Oettinger 1979:307f., HIL. 360-2)
PIE *hɑerno-
Hitt. ḫarna-
(vb1.) ‘gären (?)’
(HEG 1:178)
(Hitt. ḫar-na-mi)
1. PIE *hɑerno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑarno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *harno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. harno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *harna-
(XX:XX)
4. harna-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫarna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *Π·hɑerne-
Arm. y·aṙne-
(vb.) ‘sich erheben’
(XX:XX)
(Arm. yaṙnel [inf])
1. PIE *Π·hɑerne-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·hɑarne-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑarne-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·harne-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·harne-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Arm. Π·arne-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *Π·hɑernēɑh-
Arm. amb·aṙna-
(vb.) ‘erheben’
(IEW. 39)
1. PIE *Π·hɑernēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·hɑarnēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑarnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·hɑarnāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. Π·hɑarnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·harnāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. Π·harnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·arnā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·arnā-
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RChangeA2a1 → Arm. Π·arna-
PIE *hɑerni-
Hitt. ḫarni-
(vb.) ‘stir, churn, ferment, foment’
(HIL. 361)
(Hitt. ḫar-ni-et [KBo 40.272, 9])
1. PIE *hɑerni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑarni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *harni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. harni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫarni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑernei̯a-
Hitt. ḫarnei̯a-
(cs.) ‘stir, churn, ferment, foment’
(Neu 1983: 552n61)
(Hitt. ha-ar-ni-ia-ad-du -› har vs. †hur!)
1. PIE *hɑernei̯a-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑarnei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarnei̯a-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *harnei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. harnei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫarnei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)


PIE √hɑrs- (sb.) ‘Gewitter, Feuer, Blitz, Gewitter, Arsenik’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√hɑrsi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑersi·hɑersi
Hitt. ḫarši·ḫarši-
(n.) ‘Gewitter, Unwetter, Sum. HITT.ḪI’
(HHand. 44)
(HIL. 367, 369)
1. PIE *hɑersi·hɑersi
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑarsi·hɑarsi
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsi·hɑarsi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *harsi·harsi
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. harsi·harsi
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *harši·harši
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. harši·harši
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫarši·ḫarši
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑersi
OLat. arsi-
(n.) ‘ignis’ (PFest.)
(WH 1:70)
(OLat. arse uerse ‘averte ignem’)
1. PIE *hɑersi
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑarsi
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *harsi
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. harsi
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → OLat. arsi
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√hɑrson-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑersono-
Hitt. ḫaršana-
(n.) ‘Gewitter, Blitz’
(HHand. 44)
1. PIE *hɑersono-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑarsono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *harsono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. harsono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *harsana-
(XX:XX)
4. harsana-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *haršana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haršana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaršana-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑersonosi-
Hitt. ḫaršanaši-
(a.gen.) ‘Epith. des Wettergottes’
(HHand. 44)
1. PIE *hɑersonosi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑarsonosi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsonosi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *harsonosi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. harsonosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *harsanasi-
(XX:XX)
4. harsanasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *haršanaši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haršanaši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaršanaši-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑersenikó-
Gr. ἀρσενικό-
(n.) ‘Arsenik’
(GEW1:152)
(The meaning ‘Arsenik’ from the yellow substance)
1. PIE *hɑersenikó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑarsenikó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsenikó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *harsenikó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. harsenikó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *arsenikó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. arsenikó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀρσενικό-


PIE √hɑs- (vb.) ‘zeugen, gebären’ (sb) Familie, Sippe, Enkel’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo 2013:158)
√hɑs-
(HEG I:191-4)
(HW2 Ḫ: 391f., HIL 372-4, HED 3:217ff.)
PIE *hɑes-
Hitt. ḫaš-
(vb1&2.) ‘zeugen, gebären’
(HEG I:191f.)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-ta, ḫa-a-ši, ḫa-aš-ši, ḫa-aš-ša-an-zi, ḫa-a-šu-un, Melchert AHPh 163)
1. PIE *hɑes-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑas-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑas-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *has-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. has-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *haš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaš-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑes-
HLu. ḫaš-
(vb.) ‘to beget’ (HED 3:217)
(CHLu. 1.1.56)
(HLu. ha-sá-tu, ha-sá-tu-‘ [3pers])
1. PIE *hɑes-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑas-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑas-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *has-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. has-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → *ḫas-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. ḫas-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. ḫaš-
√hɑso-
PIE *hɑeso-
Hitt. ḫaša-
(c.) ‘Enkel(in)’ (VLFH 222)
(HHand. 45)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-ša-aš, ḫa-a-aš-ši, ḫa-aš-še-eš)
1. PIE *hɑeso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasa-
(XX:XX)
4. hasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *haša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaša-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑesodɑhor-
Hitt. ḫašadar-
(n.) ‘Zeugung(skraft), Familie, Sippe’
(HHand. 45)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-ša-tar, ḫa-ša-a-tar)
1. PIE *hɑesodɑhor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑasodɑhor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasodɑhor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hasodhor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hasodhor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasadhar-
(XX:XX)
4. hasadhar-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *hasadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hasadar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hašadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hašadar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫašadar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑson-
PIE *hɑeson-
Hitt. ḫašan-
(n.obl.) ‘Zeugung(skraft), Familie, Sippe’
(HHand. 45)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-ša-an-na-aš, ḫa-aš-ša-an-na-i)
1. PIE *hɑeson-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑason-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑason-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hason-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hason-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasan-
(XX:XX)
4. hasan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hašan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫašan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑesono-
Hitt. ḫašana-
(a.) ‘zur Familie gehörig’
(HHand. 45)
1. PIE *hɑesono-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑasono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hasono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hasono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasana-
(XX:XX)
4. hasana-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hašana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫašana-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑsori-
PIE *hɑōsoriɑ́h-
LAv. åŋhairī-
(f.) ‘Gebärerin’ (pl.) ‘Bez. myst.-teol. Gestalten’
(AIWb. 358)
(LAv. åŋhairyō [plN])
1. PIE *hɑōsoriɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1b → *hɑōsoriíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. hɑōsoriíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hōsoriíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hōsoriíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hōsariíh-
4. hōsariíh-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *hāsariíh-
5. hāsariíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *āsarií-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. āsarií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → *āsarī́-
7. āsarī́-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *āharī́-
8. āharī́-
*ari → airi
Anaptyxis of *i
RAnaptyxARI → *āhairī́-
9. āhairī́-
āhA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
R37d → *āŋhairī́-
10. āŋhairī́-
āŋhA → åŋhA
Change of āŋh into åŋh
R37e → *åŋhairī́-
11. åŋhairī́-
* ī̯́ → ī
Absence of accentuation
R41c → LAv. åŋhairī-
PIE *hɑōsoriɑ́h-
LAv. åŋhairī-
(f.) ‘von den å- stammend, zu ihnen Gehörig’
(AIWb. 358)
(LAv. åŋhairyō [plN])
1. PIE *hɑōsoriɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1b → *hɑōsoriíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. hɑōsoriíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hōsoriíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hōsoriíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hōsariíh-
4. hōsariíh-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *hāsariíh-
5. hāsariíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *āsarií-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. āsarií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → *āsarī́-
7. āsarī́-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *āharī́-
8. āharī́-
*ari → airi
Anaptyxis of *i
RAnaptyxARI → *āhairī́-
9. āhairī́-
āhA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
R37d → *āŋhairī́-
10. āŋhairī́-
āŋhA → åŋhA
Change of āŋh into åŋh
R37e → *åŋhairī́-
11. åŋhairī́-
* ī̯́ → ī
Absence of accentuation
R41c → LAv. åŋhairī-
√hɑski-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑoski̯o-
Hitt. ḫaška-
(vb.iter.) ‘zeugen, gebären’
(HHand. 45)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑoski̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hoski̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hoski̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *hosḱo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. hosḱo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasḱa-
(XX:XX)
4. hasḱa-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *haska-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. haska-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *haška-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. haška-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaška-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑṓhɑskiu̯i-
OLith. úošvi-
(m.) ‘Schwiegervater’
(LiEtWb. 1168)
1. PIE *hɑṓhɑskiu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hṓhskiu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hṓhskiu̯i-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *hṓhsću̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. hṓhsću̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ṓsću̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ṓsću̯i-
*sć → ć
Change of *sć into ć
R15 → *ṓću̯i-
5. ṓću̯i-
*ć → š
From Satem *ć to Lithuanian
RSatem2Lith1 → *ṓšu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. ṓšu̯i-
*ṓ → úo
Change of ṓ into úo
RChangeO2uo2 → *úošu̯i-
7. úošu̯i-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → OLith. úošvi-
PIE *hɑṓhɑskiu̯i-
Latv. uôsvi-
(m.) ‘Schwiegervater’
(LiEtWb. 1168)
1. PIE *hɑṓhɑskiu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hṓhskiu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hṓhskiu̯i-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *hṓhsću̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. hṓhsću̯i-
*ṓh/ɦ → ôh/ɦ
Latv. broken tone rule for ṓh/ɦ
RAcc7 → *hôhsću̯i-
4. hôhsću̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ôsću̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ôsću̯i-
*sć → ć
Change of *sć into ć
R18 → *ôću̯i-
6. ôću̯i-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to Latvian
RSatem2Latv1 → *ôsu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. ôsu̯i-
*ô → uô
Change of ô into uô
RChangeO2uo2 → *uôsu̯i-
8. uôsu̯i-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → Latv. uôsvi-
PIE *hɑṓhɑskiu̯ēhɑ-
OLith. úošvė-
(f.) ‘Schwiegermutter’
(ALiEtWb. U-14)
1. PIE *hɑṓhɑskiu̯ēhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hṓhskiu̯ēh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hṓhskiu̯ēh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *hṓhsću̯ēh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. hṓhsću̯ēh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ṓsću̯ē-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ṓsću̯ē-
*sć → ć
Change of *sć into ć
R15 → *ṓću̯ē-
5. ṓću̯ē-
*ć → š
From Satem *ć to Lithuanian
RSatem2Lith1 → *ṓšu̯ē-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. ṓšu̯ē-
*ṓ → úo
Change of ṓ into úo
RChangeO2uo2 → *úošu̯ē-
7. úošu̯ē-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *úošvē-
8. úošvē-
* ē -> ė
Orthographic change of *ē into ė
R28a → OLith. úošvė-
√hɑst-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑéste-
Arm. aste-
(vb.) ‘to look for a bride, as in marriage’
(EtDiArm. 119)
(Arm. astem)
1. PIE *hɑéste-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑáste-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáste-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *háste-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. háste-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *áste-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. áste-
*t → tʼ
Glottalization of *t
RGlottalicizeT → *ástʼe-
5. ástʼe-
*á → a
Unmarkedness of accent
R23a → Arm. astʼe-
PIE *Π·hɑōstéɑh-
Gr. χηρ·ωστά-
(fpl.) ‘kinsmen, who divide the property of one who dies without heirs’
(LSJ. 1990)
(Gr. χηρ·ωσταί [plN])
1. PIE *Π·hɑōstéɑh-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
Colouring rule for *éɑ
RColouring1d → *Π·hɑōstáɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. Π·hɑōstáɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hōstáh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hōstáh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·ōstá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·ōstá-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·ωστά-
PIE *pro·hɑsti-
Goth. fra·sti-
(.) ‘Kind : child : téknon : filius’
(GoEtD. 125)
(Goth. frastim [plD])
1. PIE *pro·hɑsti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pro·hsti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. pro·hsti-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pro·sti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. pro·sti-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → *fro·sti-
4. fro·sti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → Goth. fra·sti-
(XX:XX)
PIE *pro·hɑsti·Σ-
Goth. fra·sti·sibjo-
(f.) ‘Kindschaft’
(GoEtD. 125)
1. PIE *pro·hɑsti·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pro·hsti·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. pro·hsti·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pro·sti·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. pro·sti·Σ-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → *fro·sti·Σ-
4. fro·sti·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → Goth. fra·sti·Σ-
(XX:XX)
√hɑsu-
PIE *hɑosu-
HLu. ḫašu-
(n.?) ‘birth, family, HEDict.3:218-221)
(CHLu. 1.1.15)
(HLu. ha-su-‘ [sgD])
1. PIE *hɑosu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hosu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hosu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasu-
(XX:XX)
3. hasu-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → *ḫasu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. ḫasu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. ḫašu-
PIE *hɑosu̯o-
Hitt. ḫašu̯a-
(URU.) = URUḪaši ‹ = URUNachkommeschaft (?) ›
(OGH. 97-99)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-šu-i, ḫa-a-aš-šu-ua “vgl. › Ḫaḫa.”)
1. PIE *hɑosu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hosu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hosu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasu̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hasu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hašu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hašu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫašu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑosu̯o-
Kpd. ḫašu̯a-
(Ic.) ‹ cf. above ›
(NOMS. 331)
(Kpd. ḫa-šu-ua, ḫa-šu-e/i)
1. PIE *hɑosu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hosu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hosu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasu̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hasu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hašu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hašu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Kpd. ḫašu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑosu̯o·su-
Hitt. ḫašu̯a·šu-
(mc.) (whose “offspring’s+good”
(NOMS. 332)
(in Akd. ḫa-aš-šu-ua-aš-[šu?])
1. PIE *hɑosu̯o·su-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hosu̯o·su-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hosu̯o·su-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasu̯a·su-
(XX:XX)
3. hasu̯a·su-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hašu̯a·šu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hašu̯a·šu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫašu̯a·šu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑsuel-
PIE *hɑsu̯elo
OIcl. svil-
(m.) ‘Schwäger, deren Frauen Schwestern sind’
(ANEtWb. 569)
(OIcl. svilar [plN])
1. PIE *hɑsu̯elo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hsu̯elo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hsu̯elo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *su̯elo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. su̯elo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *su̯ela
(XX:XX)
4. su̯ela
*e → i
Change of *e into i
RChangee2i → *su̯ila
5. su̯ila
-a → Ø
Loss of -a in root-final position
RLossFinala1 → *su̯il
6. su̯il
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → OIcl. svil
PIE *hɑesu̯eli-
Hitt. ḫašu̯eli-
(mc.*) (père de Zidanta)
(NOMS. 326)
(in Hitt. ḫa-aš-šu-DINGIRLIM)
1. PIE *hɑesu̯eli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑasu̯eli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasu̯eli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hasu̯eli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hasu̯eli-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hašu̯eli-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hašu̯eli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫašu̯eli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑesu̯élii̯o-
Gr. ἀέλιο-
(m.) ‘hoi adelfàs gynaîkas esxeekótes’
(GEW1:24)
(Gr. ἀέλιοι [plN], Wyatt 1972:60)
1. PIE *hɑesu̯élii̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑasu̯élii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasu̯élii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hasu̯élii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hasu̯élii̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *asu̯élii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. asu̯élii̯o-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *ahu̯élii̯o-
5. ahu̯élii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *ahu̯élio-
6. ahu̯élio-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *ahélio-
7. ahélio-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *aélio-
8. aélio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀέλιο-


PIE √hɑs- (sb.) ‘Frucht, Obst, Ähre, Herbst, Erntezeit’ (vb.) ‘ernten’
(IEW. 343)
√hɑsen-
PIE *hɑéseni-
Russ. ósenĭ-
(.) ‘Herbst : fall, harvest time’
(GoEtD. 44)
1. PIE *hɑéseni-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑáseni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáseni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *háseni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. háseni-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *áseni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. áseni-
*á → ó
Change of *á into ó
RChangea2o2 → *óseni-
5. óseni-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
ROrthogri2i → Russ. ósenĭ-
PIE *hɑesenu̯o-
Hitt. ḫašenu̯a-
(URU.) ‘Erntefest EZEN EBUR für Pirwa von Ḫ.’
(OGH. 94)
(Hitt. ḫa-še?-nu?-ua [Stf.]),
1. PIE *hɑesenu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑasenu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasenu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hasenu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hasenu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasenu̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. hasenu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hašenu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašenu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫašenu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑson-
PIE *hɑesoni-
OPr. asani-
(f.) ‘herbist, i.e. Herbst’
(APrS. 304)
1. PIE *hɑesoni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑasoni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hasoni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hasoni-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *asoni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. asoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → OPr. asani-
PIE *hɑesoni-
Goth. asan-
(f.) ‘Ernte(zeit), Sommer’
(GoEtD. 44)
1. PIE *hɑesoni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑasoni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hasoni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hasoni-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *asoni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. asoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → Goth. asani-
(XX:XX)
√hɑsr-
PIE *Π·hɑḗsrēɑh-
Dor. ὀπ·ᾱ́ρᾱ-
(f.) ‘Sommersende, Erntezeit’
(GEW 2:408)
(Alkm. ὀπάρᾱ-)
1. PIE *Π·hɑḗsrēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·hɑḗsrāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑḗsrāɑh-
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Colouring rule for *ɑḗ
RColouring2c → *Π·hɑā́srāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. Π·hɑā́srāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hā́srāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. Π·hā́srāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·ā́srā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·ā́srā-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *Π·ā́hrā-
6. Π·ā́hrā-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *Π·ā́rā-
7. Π·ā́rā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Dor. Π·ᾱ́ρᾱ-
PIE *Π·hɑṓsrēɑh-
Gr. ὀπ·ώρᾱ-
(f.) ‘Frühherbst, Enteertrag, Frucht, Obst’
(GEW 2:408)
(Gr. ὀπώρᾱ-)
1. PIE *Π·hɑṓsrēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·hɑṓsrāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑṓsrāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hṓsrāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hṓsrāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·ṓsrā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·ṓsrā-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *Π·ṓhrā-
5. Π·ṓhrā-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *Π·ṓrā-
6. Π·ṓrā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·ώρā-


PIE √hɑs- (sb.) ‘Stich, Dolch, Schwert, Geschoß’ (vb.) ‘zerstücken, schießen’ (vb.int.) ‘abschaben, -kratzen’
(IEW 771)
(Pyysalo 2013:305)
√hɑs-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑes·hɑes-
Hitt. ḫašḫaš-
(pr1) ‘abschaben, -kratzen, HHand. 46’
(HEG 1:199)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-du-ir te-pu ḫa-aš-ḫa-aš-ša-an [pt.])
1. PIE *hɑes·hɑes-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑas·hɑas-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑas·hɑas-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *has·has-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. has·has-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *haš·haš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haš·haš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaš·ḫaš-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *Π·hɑes-
RV. ví (…) as·-
(ao.) ‘zersprengen, zerstücken’ (EWA 1:144-5)
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. ví (...) asan [3pl] [obj. ádrim])
1. PIE *Π·hɑes-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·hɑas-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑas-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·has-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·has-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. Π·as-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *Π·hɑḗs-
RV. parā (…) ā́s·-
(pfA.) ‘verstoßen, aussetzen’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. parā (...) ā́sa [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·hɑḗs-
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Colouring rule for *ɑḗ
RColouring2c → *Π·hɑā́s-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑā́s-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hā́s-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hā́s-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. Π·ā́s-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *Π·hɑēs-
RV. ví (…) ās·-
(pfM.) ‘zersprengen, auseinandertreiben’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. ví (...) āse [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·hɑēs-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *Π·hɑās-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑās-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hās-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hās-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. Π·ās-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *gi̯ɑhr̥dsuHɑés-
RV. hr̥tsu.ás-
(a.) ‘in die Herzen treffend’
(WbRV. 1678)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑhr̥dsuHɑés-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *gi̯ɑhr̥dsuHɑás-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. gi̯ɑhr̥dsuHɑás-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gi̯hr̥dsuHás-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gi̯hr̥dsuHás-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *j́hr̥dsuHás-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. j́hr̥dsuHás-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RVedicHiatus → *j́hr̥dsu.ás-
5. j́hr̥dsu.ás-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to OIA
RSatem2OIA4 → *jhr̥dsu.ás-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. jhr̥dsu.ás-
*ds → ts
Devoicing of d before s
RChangeDS2TS → RV. jhr̥tsu.ás-
√hɑso-
PIE *hɑeso-
LAv. aŋha-
(vb.) ‘werfen (eine Waffe), schießen’
(AIWb. 279)
(LAv. aŋha [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑeso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasa-
4. hasa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *asa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. asa-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *aha-
6. aha-
ahA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
R37b → LAv. aŋha-
PIE *Π·hɑeso-
RV. ví (…) asa·-
(pr.) ‘zersprengen, zerstücken’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. ví asan [inj.3pl.] ádrim)
1. PIE *Π·hɑeso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·hɑaso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑaso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·haso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·haso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·hasa-
4. Π·hasa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. Π·asa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *hɑeso-
Khot. aha-
(vb.) ‘werfen, schießen’ (Bai, Dict. 13b)
(EWA 1:145)
1. PIE *hɑeso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasa-
4. hasa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *asa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. asa-
*s → h
Change of segmental *s into h
RChangeS2H → Khot. aha-
PIE *Π·hɑēso-
LAv. uz·åŋha-
(vb.) ‘hinaus-, hinaufschicken’
(AIWb. 279)
(LAv. uzåŋha [3sg] aŋro mainyuš)
1. PIE *Π·hɑēso-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *Π·hɑāso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑāso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hāso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hāso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·hāsa-
4. Π·hāsa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·āsa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·āsa-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *Π·āha-
6. Π·āha-
āhA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
R37d → *Π·āŋha-
7. Π·āŋha-
āŋhA → åŋhA
Change of āŋh into åŋh
R37e → LAv. Π·åŋha-
√hɑsɑh-
PIE *peɑhrēɑhhɑēsēɑh-
LAv. paråŋhā-
(pret.) ‘umwerfen, umschütten’
(AIWb. 279)
(LAv. paråŋhāt [3sg])
1. PIE *peɑhrēɑhhɑēsēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *paɑhrēɑhhɑēsēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. paɑhrēɑhhɑēsēɑh-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *paɑhrēɑhhɑāsēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. paɑhrēɑhhɑāsēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *paɑhrāɑhhɑāsāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
4. paɑhrāɑhhɑāsāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pahrāhhāsāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
5. pahrāhhāsāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *parāāsā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. parāāsā-
*āā → ā
Contraction of ā and ā
R20a → *parāsā-
7. parāsā-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *parāhā-
8. parāhā-
āhA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
R37d → *parāŋhā-
9. parāŋhā-
āŋhA → åŋhA
Change of āŋh into åŋh
R37e → LAv. paråŋhā-
√hɑsi-
(IEW. 771)
(Grundr2 1:407)
PIE *hɑosei̯o-
LAv. aŋhaya-
(pr.) ‘werfen, eine Waffe schiessen’
(AIWb. 279)
(LAv. aŋhayeiti [3sg, so NA])
1. PIE *hɑosei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hosei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hosei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasei̯a-
3. hasei̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *asei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. asei̯a-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *ahei̯a-
5. ahei̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *ahai̯a-
6. ahai̯a-
ahA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
R37b → *aŋhai̯a-
7. aŋhai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → LAv. aŋhaya-
PIE *hɑosí-
RV. así-
(m.) ‘das Schwert’ (EWA 2:145), [WP I:134f.]
(WbRV. 154)
(RV. asís [sgN], asím [sgA])
1. PIE *hɑosí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hosí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hosí-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasí-
3. hasí-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. así-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *hɑesi·meno-
LAv. aŋhi·mana-
(ptM.) ‘werfend’
(AIWb. 110)
(LAv. aŋhimanayå [G])
1. PIE *hɑesi·meno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑasi·meno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasi·meno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hasi·meno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hasi·meno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasi·mena-
4. hasi·mena-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *asi·mena-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. asi·mena-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *ahi·mena-
6. ahi·mena-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *ahi·mana-
7. ahi·mana-
ahI → aŋhI
Change of h into ŋh
R37a → LAv. aŋhi·mana-
PIE *hɑési̯o-
RV. ásya-
(prA.) ‘schleudern, schießen, werfen’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. ásyati)
1. PIE *hɑési̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑási̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑási̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hási̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hási̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hási̯a-
4. hási̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ási̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ási̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. ásya-
PIE *hɑesi̯o-
AV. asya-
(pr.P.) ‘geworfen werden’
(EWA 1:144)
(AV. asyate [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑesi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑasi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hasi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hasi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasi̯a-
4. hasi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *asi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. asi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → AV. asya-
PIE *hɑesi̯o-
LAv. aŋhya-
(vb.) ‘werfen, (eine Waffe), schießen’
(AIWb. 279)
(LAv. aŋhyeiti [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑesi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑasi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hasi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hasi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasi̯a-
4. hasi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *asi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. asi̯a-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *ahi̯a-
6. ahi̯a-
ahI → aŋhI
Change of h into ŋh
R37a → *aŋhi̯a-
7. aŋhi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → LAv. aŋhya-
PIE *Π·hɑesi̯o-
LAv. ava·aŋhya-
(vb.) ‘herabwerfen’
(AIWb. 279)
(LAv. avåŋhyeiti [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·hɑesi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·hɑasi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑasi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hasi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hasi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·hasi̯a-
4. Π·hasi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·asi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·asi̯a-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *Π·ahi̯a-
6. Π·ahi̯a-
ahI → aŋhI
Change of h into ŋh
R37a → *Π·aŋhi̯a-
7. Π·aŋhi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → LAv. Π·aŋhya-
PIE *hɑesi̯o-
OPers. ahya-
(prP.) ‘to be(come) thrown’
(OldP. 174)
(OPers. [ā]h[yat]ā [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑesi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑasi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hasi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hasi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasi̯a-
4. hasi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *asi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. asi̯a-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *ahi̯a-
6. ahi̯a-
*i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R29a → OPers. ahya-
PIE *Π·hɑési̯o-
RV. prá (…) ásya·-
(prA.) ‘vorwärtssenden, hinsenden’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. prá (...) ásyasi [obj. perúm])
1. PIE *Π·hɑési̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *Π·hɑási̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑási̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hási̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hási̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·hási̯a-
4. Π·hási̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·ási̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·ási̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. Π·ásya-
PIE *Π·hɑési̯o-
RV. pra (…) ásya·
(absol.) ‘fortschleudern’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. pra ásya)
1. PIE *Π·hɑési̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *Π·hɑási̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑási̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hási̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hási̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·hási̯a-
4. Π·hási̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·ási̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·ási̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. Π·ásya-
PIE *Π·hɑesi̯o-
RV. ápa (…) asya·-
(prA.) ‘fortstoßen, wegjagen’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. ápa (...) asya [2sg])
1. PIE *Π·hɑesi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·hɑasi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑasi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hasi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hasi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·hasi̯a-
4. Π·hasi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·asi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·asi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. Π·asya-
PIE *Π·hɑesi̯o-
RV. ā́ (…) asya·-
(prA.) ‘hingießen, hineingießen [A]’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. ā́ (...) asya [2sg])
1. PIE *Π·hɑesi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·hɑasi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑasi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hasi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hasi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·hasi̯a-
4. Π·hasi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·asi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·asi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. Π·asya-
PIE *hɑési̯ont-
RV. ásyant-
(pt.) ‘schleudern, schießen, werfen, aufwirbeln’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. ásyan [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑési̯ont-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑási̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑási̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hási̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hási̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hási̯ant-
4. hási̯ant-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ási̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ási̯ant-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. ásyant-
√hɑsin-
PIE *hɑesín-
RV. asín-
(m.) ‘das Schwert’
(WbRV. 154)
(RV. asínā [sgI])
1. PIE *hɑesín-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑasín-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasín-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hasín-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hasín-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. asín-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√hɑsir-
(Eichner 1980:127fn30)
PIE *hɑesiro-
Pal. ḫašira-
(c.) ‘Dolch’ (dupl. GÍR-an(-pat)) (HHand. 46)
(DPal. 55)
(Pal. ḫa-ši-i-ra-am(-pi) [sgA] = GÌRanpat, PTGL 55)
1. PIE *hɑesiro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑasiro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasiro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hasiro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hasiro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasira-
(XX:XX)
4. hasira-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hašira-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašira-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Pal. ḫašira-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑésiro-
RV. ásira-
(m.) ‘Strahlengeschoss’, ‘Geschoss’ (KEWA I:64)
(WbRV. 154)
(RV. ásirena [sgI])
1. PIE *hɑésiro-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑásiro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑásiro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hásiro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hásiro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hásira-
4. hásira-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. ásira-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *hɑésiro-
RV. ásira-
(m.) ‘Strahlengeschoss (der Sonne)’
(WbRV. 155)
1. PIE *hɑésiro-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑásiro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑásiro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hásiro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hásiro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hásira-
4. hásira-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. ásira-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√hɑsis-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑesisi̯ó-
RV. asiṣyá-
(fut.) ‘schleudern, schiessen, werfen’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. asiṣyán [pt.] ástā ivā)
1. PIE *hɑesisi̯ó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑasisi̯ó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasisi̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hasisi̯ó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hasisi̯ó-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RRukiI → *hasiši̯ó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
4. hasiši̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *hasiši̯á-
5. hasiši̯á-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *asiši̯á-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. asiši̯á-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → *asiṣi̯á-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
7. asiṣi̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. asiṣyá-
PIE *hɑosistó-
Gr. ὀιστό-
(m.) ‘Pfeil : arrow’
(GEW 2:369)
(Gr. ὀϊστός, Att. οἰστός)
1. PIE *hɑosistó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hosistó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hosistó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *osistó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. osistó-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *ohistó-
4. ohistó-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *oistó-
5. oistó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὀιστό-
PIE *hɑosístro-
Gr. οἴστρο-
(m.) ‘Bremse, Stich, Stachel, Heftige Trieb/Begier’
(GEW 2:369)
(Gr. οἶστρο-, IEW. 300 [diff.])
1. PIE *hɑosístro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hosístro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hosístro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *osístro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. osístro-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *ohístro-
4. ohístro-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *oístro-
5. oístro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὀίστρο-
√hɑsiɦɑdo-
PIE *hɑesihɑdo-
OInd. asida-
(m.) ‘Sichel : sickle’
(EWA1:146 [diff.])
1. PIE *hɑesihɑdo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑasihɑdo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasihɑdo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hasihdo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hasihdo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasihda-
4. hasihda-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → OInd. asida-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√hɑski-
PIE *hɑeski̯o-
OInd. acha-
(m.) ‘a bear’ ‹ not corrupt. for r̥kṣa- ! ›
(MonWil. 9)
(EWA 3:6)
1. PIE *hɑeski̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaski̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaski̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haski̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haski̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *hasćo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. hasćo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasća-
5. hasća-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *asća-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. asća-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to OIA
RSatem2OIA1 → *asśa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. asśa-
*sś → ch
Change of sś to ch
RSk-ruleOIA → OInd. acha-
PIE *peɑhro·hɑeski̯o
MidIr. ar·asc-
(sb.) ‘abgehauener Hals-Stumpf’
1. PIE *peɑhro·hɑeski̯o
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *peɑhro·hɑaski̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. peɑhro·hɑaski̯o
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *paɑhro·hɑaski̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
3. paɑhro·hɑaski̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pahro·haski̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. pahro·haski̯o
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *pahro·hasḱo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. pahro·hasḱo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *paro·asḱo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. paro·asḱo
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *paro·asko
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. paro·asko
*p → h
Change of *p into h
RChangep2h → *haro·asko
8. haro·asko
*h → Ø
Loss of h
RLossofh → *aro·asko
9. aro·asko
*o- → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → *aro·ask
10. aro·ask
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → MidIr. aro·asc
PIE *hɑeski̯ēɑh
OBret. ask-
(.) ‘cornière, incision. emtaille’
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *hɑeski̯ēɑh
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaski̯ēɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaski̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑaski̯āɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑaski̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haski̯āh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. haski̯āh
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *hasḱāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. hasḱāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *asḱā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. asḱā
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *askā
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. askā
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RShortA2a → *aska
8. aska
*a- → Ø-
Loss of root-final *a
RLossFinala → OBret. ask
PIE *hɑeski̯ēɑh
Cymr. asg-
(f.) ‘a piece split off, splinter, shiver’
(XX:XX)
(Cymr. asg, asgau)
1. PIE *hɑeski̯ēɑh
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaski̯ēɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaski̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑaski̯āɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑaski̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haski̯āh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. haski̯āh
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *hasḱāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. hasḱāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *asḱā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. asḱā
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *askā
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. askā
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RShortA2a → *aska
8. aska
*a- → Ø-
Loss of root-final *a
RLossFinala → *ask
9. ask
*sk → sg
Change of sk to sg
RChangek2g → Cymr. asg
PIE *hɑeskii̯ēɑh
Lat. asciā-
(f.) ‘Axt der Zimmerleute’
(WH 1:71)
(Lat. ascia [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑeskii̯ēɑh
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaskii̯ēɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaskii̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑaskii̯āɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑaskii̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haskii̯āh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. haskii̯āh
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *hasḱi̯āh
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. hasḱi̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *asḱi̯ā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. asḱi̯ā
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *aski̯ā
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. aski̯ā
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → *asci̯ā
8. asci̯ā
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
ROrthogrY2i → Lat. asciā
PIE *hɑeskii̯olēɑh
Lat. asciolā-
(f.dim.) ‘small axe’
(WH 1:71)
1. PIE *hɑeskii̯olēɑh
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaskii̯olēɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaskii̯olēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑaskii̯olāɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑaskii̯olāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haskii̯olāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. haskii̯olāh
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *hasḱi̯olāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. hasḱi̯olāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *asḱi̯olā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. asḱi̯olā
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *aski̯olā
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. aski̯olā
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → *asci̯olā
8. asci̯olā
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
ROrthogrY2i → Lat. asciolā
√hɑson-
PIE *hɑésono-
RV. ásana-
(n.) ‘das Schleudern, Schiessen’
(WbRV. 153)
(RV. ásanāya [sgD])
1. PIE *hɑésono-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑásono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑásono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hásono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hásono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hásana-
4. hásana-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. ásana-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *hɑesonḗɑh-
RV. asanā́-
(f.) ‘Geschoss, Pfeil, Wurfgeschoss’
(WbRV. 153)
(RV. asanā́ [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑesonḗɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑasonḗɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasonḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *hɑasonā́ɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑasonā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hasonā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hasonā́h-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasanā́h-
5. hasanā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. asanā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *hɑeshɑesont-
Hitt. ḫašḫašant-
(pr1) ‘abschaben, -kratzen, HHand. 46’
(HEG 1:199)
1. PIE *hɑeshɑesont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑashɑasont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑashɑasont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hashasont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hashasont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hashasant-
(XX:XX)
4. hashasant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hašhašant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašhašant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫašḫašant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑsn-
PIE *hɑesno
Latv. asn-
(.) ‘hervorbrechender Keim’
(LiEtWb. 18)
1. PIE *hɑesno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑasno
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hasno
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hasno
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *asno
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. asno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *asna
5. asna
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final a
RLossFinala → Latv. asn
PIE *hɑesno
Russ. osn-
(m.) ‘Spitze, Stachel’
(REW 2:284)
(LiEtWb. 18)
1. PIE *hɑesno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑasno
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hasno
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hasno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasna
4. hasna
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *asna
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. asna
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *osno
6. osno
*-o → -u
Change of -o into -u
RChangeO2U → *osnu
7. osnu
*u- → Ø
Loss of root-final -u
RLossFinalu → Russ. osn
PIE *hɑesní-
Lith. asnì-
(.) ‘Schneide, Schärfe der Sense, Roggenschösslinge’
(LiEtWb. 18)
(auch ‘hervorstehende Haare’)
1. PIE *hɑesní-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑasní-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasní-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hasní-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hasní-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis Li. ì
RAcc2 → *hasnì-
4. hasnì-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Lith. asnì-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√hɑsp-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑesp-
Hitt. ḫašp-
(vb1.) ‘völlig vernichten, zerschmettern, zerstören’
(HEG I:201-2)
(Hitt. ḫašpun [1sg], Oettinger 1979:194)
1. PIE *hɑesp-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑasp-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasp-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hasp-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hasp-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hašp-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hašp-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫašp-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑespo-
CLu. ḫašpa-
(GKL.) ‘détruire, piller’
(DLL. 44)
(CLu. (arḫa) ḫa-aš-pa-ti, ḫa-aš-pa-ḫa [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑespo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaspo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaspo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haspo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haspo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *haspa-
(XX:XX)
4. haspa-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → *ḫaspa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
5. ḫaspa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. ḫašpa-
PIE *hɑespont-
Hitt. ḫašpant-
(pt.) ‘vernichtet’
(HHand. 46)
1. PIE *hɑespont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaspont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaspont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haspont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haspont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *haspant-
(XX:XX)
4. haspant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hašpant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašpant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫašpant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑespíɦɑd-
Gr. ἀσπίδ-
(f.) ‘N. der ägyptischen Kobra’ (Coluber haie)’
(GEW. 1:169)
1. PIE *hɑespíɦɑd-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaspíɦɑd-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaspíɦɑd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haspíɦd-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haspíɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *haspíd-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. haspíd-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aspíd-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. aspíd-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀσπίδ-
PIE *hɑ́spēɑhnēɑhne-
Arm. ǝspanane-
(vb.) ‘kill’
(Arm. XX)
(Arm. ǝspananem [1sg], ‹ Arm. preserves sp ›)
1. PIE *hɑ́spēɑhnēɑhne-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑ́spāɑhnāɑhne-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑ́spāɑhnāɑhne-
PIE *ɑ́ → ǝ
Change of *ɑ́ into ǝ
R7Frontinga2Schwa → *hǝspāɑhnāɑhne-
(Pyysalo, forthc. XX)
3. hǝspāɑhnāɑhne-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hǝspāhnāhne-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hǝspāhnāhne-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ǝspānāne-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ǝspānāne-
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RChangeA2a1 → Arm. ǝspanane-
√hɑspr-
PIE *hɑesper-
Lat. asper-
(a.) ‘rauh, herb, holperig, struppig, beißend, barsch’
(WH 1:73)
1. PIE *hɑesper-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑasper-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasper-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hasper-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hasper-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Lat. asper-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *Π·hɑspr̥nu-
RV. apa (...) spr̥ṇu-
(pr.) ‘abwehren’
(KEWA 3:538)
(OInd. spr̥ṇoti [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·hɑspr̥nu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hspr̥nu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·hspr̥nu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·spr̥nu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. Π·spr̥nu-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
RRetrofl1 → RV. Π·spr̥ṇu-
PIE *hɑespernēɑh-
Lat. aspernā-
(pr1.) ‘abweisen, repellere’
(WH 1:73)
(Lat. aspernor, aspernāri [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑespernēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaspernēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaspernēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑaspernāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑaspernāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haspernāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. haspernāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Lat. aspernā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√hɑst-
PIE *hɑesto-
LAv. asta-
(pf.pt.) ‘geworfen, geschossen’
(AIWb. 279)
(LAv. asta [sgI?])
1. PIE *hɑesto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑasto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hasto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hasto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasta-
4. hasta-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → LAv. asta-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *víHɑesto-
RV. ví.asta-
(pp.) ‘zersprengen, zerstücken’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. víastas vr̥trás)
1. PIE *víHɑesto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *víHɑasto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. víHɑasto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *víHasto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. víHasto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *víHasta-
4. víHasta-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RVedicHiatus → RV. ví.asta-
PIE *su·hɑesto-
LAv. hvasta-
(pf.pt.a.) ‘gut geworfen, geschossen’
(AIWb. 1852)
1. PIE *su·hɑesto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *su·hɑasto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. su·hɑasto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *su·hasto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. su·hasto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *su·hasta-
4. su·hasta-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *su·asta-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. su·asta-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *hu·asta-
6. hu·asta-
*ua → u̯a
Loss of hiatus in ua
R32a → *hu̯·asta-
7. hu̯·asta-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → LAv. hv·asta-
PIE *su·hɑebɑɦi·hɑēstēɑh-
LAv. hvaiwy·āstā-
(pf.pt.a.f.) ‘gut geworfen, geschossen’
(AIWb. 1847)
1. PIE *su·hɑebɑɦi·hɑēstēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *su·hɑabɑɦi·hɑēstēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. su·hɑabɑɦi·hɑēstēɑh-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *su·hɑabɑɦi·hɑāstēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. su·hɑabɑɦi·hɑāstēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *su·hɑabɑɦi·hɑāstāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
4. su·hɑabɑɦi·hɑāstāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *su·habɦi·hāstāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
5. su·habɦi·hāstāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *su·abɦi·āstā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. su·abɦi·āstā-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *hu·abɦi·āstā-
7. hu·abɦi·āstā-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspbh → *hu·abi·āstā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
8. hu·abi·āstā-
*ua → u̯a
Loss of hiatus in ua
R32a → *hu̯·abi·āstā-
9. hu̯·abi·āstā-
*ia/ā → i̯a/ā
Loss of hiatus in Ia
R32b → *hu̯·abi̯·āstā-
10. hu̯·abi̯·āstā-
*abi → aibi
Anaptyxis of *i
RAnaptyxABI → *hu̯·aibi̯·āstā-
11. hu̯·aibi̯·āstā-
b → w
Change of *b into w
R40b → *hu̯·aiwi̯·āstā-
12. hu̯·aiwi̯·āstā-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → *hu̯·aiwy·āstā-
13. hu̯·aiwy·āstā-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → LAv. hv·aiwy·āstā-
PIE *su·hɑesto-
LAv. hvasta-
(absol.) ‘mit gutem Werfen’
(AIWb. 1852)
(LAv. hvastǝm)
1. PIE *su·hɑesto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *su·hɑasto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. su·hɑasto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *su·hasto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. su·hasto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *su·hasta-
4. su·hasta-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *su·asta-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. su·asta-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *hu·asta-
6. hu·asta-
*ua → u̯a
Loss of hiatus in ua
R32a → *hu̯·asta-
7. hu̯·asta-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → LAv. hv·asta-
√hɑsti-
PIE *Π·hɑēstiɑ́h-
gAv. paity·āstī-
(f.) ‘Einschärfen durch Wiederholung, Einschärfer’
1. PIE *Π·hɑēstiɑ́h-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *Π·hɑāstiɑ́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑāstiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1b → *Π·hɑāstiíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
3. Π·hɑāstiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hāstiíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. Π·hāstiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·āstií-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·āstií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → *Π·āstī́-
6. Π·āstī́-
* ī̯́ → ī
Absence of accent
R41c → gAv. Π·āstī-
PIE *Π·hɑēstei̯o-
LAv. paity·āstaya-
(inf.) ‘zu wiederholen’
(AIWb. 841)
(LAv. paityāstayaēča)
1. PIE *Π·hɑēstei̯o-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *Π·hɑāstei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑāstei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hāstei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hāstei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·hāstei̯a-
4. Π·hāstei̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·āstei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·āstei̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *Π·āstai̯a-
6. Π·āstai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → LAv. Π·āstaya-
√hɑstr-
PIE *hɑéstor-
RV. ástar-
(m.) ‘Schleuderer : thrower’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. ástā [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑéstor-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑástor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑástor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hástor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hástor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hástar-
4. hástar-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. ástar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *hɑestór-
RV. astár-
(m.) ‘Schleuderer, Schütze’
(WbRV. 158)
1. PIE *hɑestór-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑastór-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastór-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hastór-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hastór-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *hastár-
4. hastár-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. astár-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *hɑestor-
LAv. astar-
(m.) ‘Schleuderer, Schütze’
(AIWb. 214)
1. PIE *hɑestor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑastor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hastor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hastor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hastar-
4. hastar-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → LAv. astar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *Π·hɑēstōr-
gAv. paity·āstār-
(m.) ‘der Wiederholt, durch W-holung einschärft’
(AIWb. 841)
(gAv. paityāstārǝm)
1. PIE *Π·hɑēstōr-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *Π·hɑāstōr-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑāstōr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hāstōr-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hāstōr-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *Π·hāstār-
4. Π·hāstār-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → gAv. Π·āstār-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *hɑēstro·Σ-
RV. āstra·budhná-
(m.) (Eigenname eines Mannes)
(WbRV. 191)
1. PIE *hɑēstro·Σ-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *hɑāstro·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑāstro·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hāstro·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hāstro·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hāstra·Σ-
4. hāstra·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. āstra·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *hɑestró-
AV. astrá-
(n.) ‘Wurfwaffe, Geschoß’
(EWA 1:144)
(AV. astrá- [AV 11.10.16])
1. PIE *hɑestró-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑastró-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hastró-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hastró-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *hastrá-
4. hastrá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → AV. astrá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *hɑēstro-
TochB. āsträ-
(sb.) ‘bolt, arrow (Māra’s weapon)’
(DTochB. 59)
(‹ TochB -ä -› a loanword (?)›)
1. PIE *hɑēstro-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *hɑāstro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑāstro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hāstro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hāstro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hāstra-
(XX:XX)
4. hāstra-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → TochB. āstra-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√hɑstu-
PIE *hɑéstou̯-
OInd. ástav-
(inf.bs.) ‘werfen’
(EWA 1:144)
(Br. ástave, ástavaí)
1. PIE *hɑéstou̯-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑástou̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑástou̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hástou̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hástou̯-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hástau̯-
4. hástau̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ástau̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ástau̯-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → OInd. ástav-
√hɑsu-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *pi̯·hɑesu-
LAv. fy·aŋhu-
(m.) ‘Hagel’
(AIWb. 973)
(LAv fyaŋhum [sgA])
1. PIE *pi̯·hɑesu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *pi̯·hɑasu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. pi̯·hɑasu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pi̯·hasu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pi̯·hasu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pi̯·asu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. pi̯·asu-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *pi̯·ahu-
5. pi̯·ahu-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
R33a → *fi̯·ahu-
6. fi̯·ahu-
ahU → aŋhU
Change of h into ŋh
R37c → *fi̯·aŋhu-
7. fi̯·aŋhu-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → LAv. fy·aŋhu-
PIE *pi̯·hɑesu-
LAv. fy·aŋhu-
(pr.) ‘hageln’
(AIWb. 973)
(LAv. fyaŋhuntaeča)
1. PIE *pi̯·hɑesu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *pi̯·hɑasu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. pi̯·hɑasu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pi̯·hasu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pi̯·hasu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pi̯·asu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. pi̯·asu-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *pi̯·ahu-
5. pi̯·ahu-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
R33a → *fi̯·ahu-
6. fi̯·ahu-
ahU → aŋhU
Change of h into ŋh
R37c → *fi̯·aŋhu-
7. fi̯·aŋhu-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → LAv. fy·aŋhu-
PIE *pi̯·hɑesu̯etiɑ́h-
LAv. fy·aŋhvatī-
(pt.f.) ‘hagelnd, wenn es hagelt’
(AIWb. 973)
(LAv. fyaŋhvaityå)
1. PIE *pi̯·hɑesu̯etiɑ́h-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *pi̯·hɑasu̯etiɑ́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. pi̯·hɑasu̯etiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1b → *pi̯·hɑasu̯etiíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
3. pi̯·hɑasu̯etiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pi̯·hasu̯etiíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. pi̯·hasu̯etiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pi̯·asu̯etií-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. pi̯·asu̯etií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → *pi̯·asu̯etī́-
6. pi̯·asu̯etī́-
*s → h
Change of segmental *s into h)
R26 → *pi̯·axu̯etī́-
7. pi̯·axu̯etī́-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *pi̯·axu̯atī́-
8. pi̯·axu̯atī́-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
R33a → *fi̯·axu̯atī́-
9. fi̯·axu̯atī́-
*ati → aiti
Anaptyxis of *i
RAnaptyxATI → *fi̯·axu̯aitī́-
10. fi̯·axu̯aitī́-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → *fy·axu̯aitī́-
11. fy·axu̯aitī́-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → *fy·axvaitī́-
12. fy·axvaitī́-
* ī̯́ → ī
Absence of accentuation
R41c → LAv. fy·axvaitī-
√hɑsuiɑh-
(IEW. 771 [diff.])
[WP 1:324, WH 2:406]
PIE *hɑosui̯ēɑh-
LAv. aŋhuyā-
(f.) ‘Schwert’
(AIWb 110 [wL.])
(Av. ϑaxtayāt parō aŋhuyā)
1. PIE *hɑosui̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑosui̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑosui̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hosui̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hosui̯āh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasui̯āh-
4. hasui̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *asui̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. asui̯ā-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *ahui̯ā-
6. ahui̯ā-
ahU → aŋhU
Change of h into ŋh
R37c → *aŋhui̯ā-
7. aŋhui̯ā-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → LAv. aŋhuyā-
√hɑsuor-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑes·hɑesu̯or-
Hitt. ḫašḫašu̯ar-
(N.act.) ‘abschaben, abkratzen’
(HHand. 46)
1. PIE *hɑes·hɑesu̯or-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑas·hɑasu̯or-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑas·hɑasu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *has·hasu̯or-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. has·hasu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *has·hasu̯ar-
(XX:XX)
4. has·hasu̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *haš·hašu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haš·hašu̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaš·ḫašu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *Π·hɑesuro-
LAv. vy·aŋura-
(m.) ‘N eines insekts, das sich auf Hunden findet’
(AIWb 1476)
(Hardly “‘mit unförmlichen Gliedmassen’; vgl. ai. vyànga-” vs. AIWb 1476)
1. PIE *Π·hɑesuro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·hɑasuro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑasuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hasuro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hasuro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·hasura-
4. Π·hasura-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·asura-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·asura-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *Π·ahura-
6. Π·ahura-
ahU → aŋhU
Change of h into ŋh
R37c → LAv. Π·aŋhura-


PIE √hɑs- ‘fill, satiate’
(IEW 876)
(Pyysalo 2013:85)
√hɑs-
(Pyysalo)
(HIL. 379f.; HW2 Ï: 421f.)
PIE *hɑes-
Pal. ḫaš-
(pr.) ‘sich satt trinken/essen; satiate’
(DPal. 46)
(Pal. ḫa-ša-an-ti [3pl])
1. PIE *hɑes-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑas-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑas-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *has-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. has-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *haš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Pal. ḫaš-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *Π·hɑēs-
LAv. upa (…) āh·-
(prM.) ‘erfüllen’
(AIWb. 345)
(LAv. upa āhīša [opt2sg.])
1. PIE *Π·hɑēs-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *Π·hɑās-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑās-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hās-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hās-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·ās-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·ās-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → LAv. Π·āh-
√hɑso-
PIE *hɑés
Gr. ἄ-
(ao.) ‘sich sättigen’
(GEW 1:159)
(Gr. ἄμεναι [inf.]; ‹without initial *h- !›)
1. PIE *hɑés
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑás
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑás
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hás
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hás
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ás
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ás
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *áh
5. áh
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *á
6. á
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἄ
PIE *hɑéso-
Gr. ἄο-
(pr.) ‘sich sättigen’
(GEW 1:159)
(Gr. ἄεται [3sg] ; ‹without initial *h- !›)
1. PIE *hɑéso-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑáso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *háso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. háso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *áso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. áso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *áho-
5. áho-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *áo-
6. áo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἄο-
√hɑsiK-
PIE *hɑesik-
Hitt. ḫašik-
(vb1.) ‘sich sättigen, sich satt trinken’
(HEG 1:200)
(HED H:230-2)
1. PIE *hɑesik-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑasik-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasik-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hasik-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hasik-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hašik-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hašik-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫašik-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑesiko-
Hitt. ḫašika-
(GIŠn.) ‘ein Obstbaum und seine Frucht’
(HHand. 46)
(Hitt. ḫa-ši-ig-ga-
1. PIE *hɑesiko-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑasiko-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasiko-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hasiko-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hasiko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasika-
(XX:XX)
4. hasika-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hašika-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašika-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫašika-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)


PIE √hɑtɑh- (vb.) ‘denken’ (sb.) ‘Weisheit, Verstand’ (a.) ‘weise, verständig, klug’
(IEW 705)
(Pyysalo 2013:359)
√hɑetɑho-
(HEG I:214-7+9)
(HIL. 388, HED 3: 260f.)
PIE *hɑetɑho-
Hitt. ḫata-
(vb.) ‘denken’
(HHand. 47)
(in Hitt. ḫa-at-ta-an-za [pt.])
1. PIE *hɑetɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hatho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hatho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hatha-
(XX:XX)
4. hatha-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *hata-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hata-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫata-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑetɑho-
Hitt. ḫata-
(URU.) ‘20 Schuhe von URUḪata-’
(OGH. 99)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-ta [Stf.])
1. PIE *hɑetɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hatho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hatho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hatha-
(XX:XX)
4. hatha-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *hata-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hata-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫata-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑetɑheɑh-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑetɑhēɑh-
Hitt. ḫatāḫ-
(vb2.) ‘verständig machen’
(HHand. 47)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-ta-aḫ [2sgIpv])
1. PIE *hɑetɑhēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑhēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑatɑhāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑatɑhāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hathāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hathāh-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *hatāh-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatāh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫatāḫ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑetɑheɑhiski̯e/o-
Hitt. ḫataḫiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘-(?)-’
(HHand. 47)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-ta-ḫi-iš-ke-te-en [2pl])
1. PIE *hɑetɑheɑhiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑheɑhiski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑheɑhiski̯e/o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *hɑatɑhaɑhiski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
3. hɑatɑhaɑhiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hathahiski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hathahiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *hathahisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. hathahisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hathahisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
6. hathahisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *hathahiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. hathahiske/a-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *hatahiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
8. hatahiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hatahiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
9. hatahiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫataḫiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑetɑhḗɑhnēɑh-
Dor. ἀθᾱ́νᾱ-
(df.) ‘Athene’
(GEW1:28)
(Dor. ἀθάνα)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhḗɑhnēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑhḗɑhnēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhḗɑhnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑatɑhḗɑhnāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑatɑhḗɑhnāɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *hɑatɑhā́ɑhnāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
4. hɑatɑhā́ɑhnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hathā́hnāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
5. hathā́hnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *athā́nā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. athā́nā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Dor. ἀθᾱ́νᾱ-
PIE *hɑetɑhḗɑhnēɑh-
Att. ἀθήνη-
(df.) ‘Athene’
(GEW1:28
(Att. ἀθήνη)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhḗɑhnēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑhḗɑhnēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhḗɑhnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑatɑhḗɑhnāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑatɑhḗɑhnāɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *hɑatɑhā́ɑhnāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
4. hɑatɑhā́ɑhnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hathā́hnāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
5. hathā́hnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *athā́nā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. athā́nā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
RChangeA2E1 → *athā́nē-
7. athā́nē-
*ā́ → ḗ
Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ
RChangeA2E2 → *athḗnē-
8. athḗnē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Att. ἀθήνη-
√hɑtɑhon-
PIE *hɑetɑhon-
Hitt. ḫatan-
(n.) ‘intelligence, council, wisdom’
(HIL. 388)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-ta-an-na-aš [sgG])
1. PIE *hɑetɑhon-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑhon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hathon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hathon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hathan-
(XX:XX)
4. hathan-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *hatan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫatan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑetɑhono-
Hitt. ḫatana-
(n.) ‘intelligence, council, wisdom’
(HIL. 388)
(Hitt. ḫa-ad-da-na-za [sgAbl])
1. PIE *hɑetɑhono-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑhono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hathono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hathono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hathana-
(XX:XX)
4. hathana-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *hatana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫatana-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑetɑhont-
Hitt. ḫatant-
(pt.) ‘verständigt, weise, klug’
(HHand. 47)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-ta-an-za, ḫa-at-ta-an-ta-an)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑhont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hathont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hathont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hathant-
(XX:XX)
4. hathant-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *hatant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫatant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑtɑhoso-
PIE *hɑetɑho·Σ-
HLu. ḫata·šatarama-
(.) ‘wisdom (?)’
(CHLu. 10.45.6)
(HLu. ha-tà-sà-tara/i-ma-ti)
1. PIE *hɑetɑho·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑho·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑho·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hatho·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hatho·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hatha·Σ-
(XX:XX)
4. hatha·Σ-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *hata·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hata·Σ-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫata·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *hɑetɑho·si-
Hitt. ḫata·ši-
(ø.) ‘of ḪATA’
(OHP. 1:109)
(Hitt. ḫ]a-ad-da-aš-ši-iš [sgN?])
1. PIE *hɑetɑho·si-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑho·si-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑho·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hatho·si-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hatho·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hatha·si-
(XX:XX)
4. hatha·si-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *hata·si-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hata·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hata·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hata·ši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫata·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑtɑhodɑho-
PIE *hɑetɑhodɑɦo-
Hitt. ḫatada-
(n.) ‘Weisheit, Verstand’
(HIL. 388)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-ta-ta, ḫa-at-ta-a-da)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhodɑɦo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑhodɑɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhodɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hathodɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hathodɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hathadɦa-
(XX:XX)
4. hathadɦa-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *hatadɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatadɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *hatada-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hatada-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫatada-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑetɑhodɑɦo-
HLu. ḫatada-
(URU.) ‘‹= Athens (?)›
(CHLu. 3.10.2)
(HLu. ha-ta-ta-na(URBS))
1. PIE *hɑetɑhodɑɦo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑhodɑɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhodɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hathodɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hathodɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hathadɦa-
(XX:XX)
4. hathadɦa-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *hatadɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatadɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *hatada-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hatada-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫatada-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *hɑetɑhodɑɦor-
Hitt. ḫatadar-
(n.) ‘Weisheit, Verstand’ (Sum. GALGA-tar)
(HHand. 47)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-ta-tar, ḫa-at-ta-a-tar)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑhodɑɦor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hathodɦor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hathodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hathadɦar-
(XX:XX)
4. hathadɦar-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *hatadɦar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatadɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *hatadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hatadar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫatadar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑetɑhdɑɦ-
PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦḗ
RV. addhā́
(adv.) ‘fürwahr’ ; ‘certainly, truly’ (KEWA I:29)
(WbRV. 38)
(RV. addhā́ [adv.])
1. PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦḗ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑhdɑɦḗ
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhdɑɦḗ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hathdɦḗ
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hathdɦḗ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *athdɦḗ
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. athdɦḗ
*thdɦ → ddɦ
Bartholomae’s Law
RBarthII2 → *addɦḗ
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.5.)
5. addɦḗ
PIE *ḗ → ā́
Aryan change of *ḗ into ā́
RAryanE2A4 → *addɦā́
6. addɦā́
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. addhā́
PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦē·tí-
RV. addhā·tí-
(m.) ‘der die Wahrheit erkannt hat, ein Weiser’
(WbRV. 38)
(RV. addhātí-)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦē·tí-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑhdɑɦē·tí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhdɑɦē·tí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hathdɦē·tí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hathdɦē·tí-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *athdɦē·tí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. athdɦē·tí-
*thdɦ → ddɦ
Bartholomae’s Law
RBarthII2 → *addɦē·tí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.5.)
5. addɦē·tí-
PIE *ē → ā
Aryan change of *ē into ā
RAryanE2A3 → *addɦā·tí-
6. addɦā·tí-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. addhā·tí-
PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦē
gAv. azdā
(adv.) ‘kund, gewiss’
(AIWb. 228-9)
(gAv. azdā [fsgI. = Adv.])
1. PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦē
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑhdɑɦē
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhdɑɦē
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hathdɦē
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hathdɦē
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *athdɦē
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. athdɦē
*thdɦ → zdɦ
Bartholomae’s Law
RBarthII1b → *azdɦē
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.5.)
5. azdɦē
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *azdē
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. azdē
PIE *ē → ā
Aryan change of *ē into ā
RAryanE2A3 → gAv. azdā
PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦē
OPers. azdā
(adv.) ‘kund, gewiss’
(AIWb. 228-9)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦē
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑhdɑɦē
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhdɑɦē
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hathdɦē
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hathdɦē
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *athdɦē
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. athdɦē
*thdɦ → zdɦ
Bartholomae’s Law
RBarthII1b → *azdɦē
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.5.)
5. azdɦē
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *azdē
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. azdē
PIE *ē → ā
Aryan change of *ē into ā
RAryanE2A3 → OPers. azdā
PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦē
Pahl. azd
(adv.) ‘kund, gewiss’
(AIWb. 228-9)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦē
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑhdɑɦē
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhdɑɦē
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hathdɦē
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hathdɦē
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *athdɦē
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. athdɦē
*thdɦ → zdɦ
Bartholomae’s Law
RBarthII1b → *azdɦē
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.5.)
5. azdɦē
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *azdē
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. azdē
PIE *ē → ā
Aryan change of *ē into ā
RAryanE2A3 → Pahl. azdā
√hɑedɑɦi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦi
TochB. ats
(adv.) ‘indeed, verily’
(DTochB. 34)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦi
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑhdɑɦi
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhdɑɦi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hathdɦi
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hathdɦi
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4b → *hathjɦi
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. hathjɦi
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *hathji
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. hathji
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *athji
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. athji
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenues aspiratae
RDeaspth → *atji
7. atji
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
RDevoicej → TochB. attsi
PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦi
TochA. ats
(encl.adv.) ‘Skt. eva : autem, vero : indeed, verily’
(THED 51-2)
(Poucha 13)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦi
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑhdɑɦi
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhdɑɦi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hathdɦi
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hathdɦi
PIE *dɦi → zɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4b → *hathjɦi
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. hathjɦi
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *hathji
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. hathji
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *athji
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. athji
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenues aspiratae
RDeaspth → *atji
7. atji
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
RDevoicej → *attsi
8. attsi
attsi → aśśi
Palatalization of *attsi ti aśśi
RPalatalattsi2aSSi → TochA. aśśi
PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦi·Σ-
TochB. ats·aik
(adv.) ‘completely, only’
(DTochB. 10)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦi·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑhdɑɦi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhdɑɦi·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hathdɦi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hathdɦi·Σ-
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4b → *hathjɦi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. hathjɦi·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *hathji·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. hathji·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *athji·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. athji·Σ-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenues aspiratae
RDeaspth → *atji·Σ-
7. atji·Σ-
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
RDevoicej → TochB. attsi·Σ-
PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦi·Σ-
TochA. ats·ek
(ptcl.) ‘autem, vero’
(Poucha 14)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦi·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑhdɑɦi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhdɑɦi·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hathdɦi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hathdɦi·Σ-
PIE *dɦi → zɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4b → *hathjɦi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. hathjɦi·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *hathji·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. hathji·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *athji·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. athji·Σ-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenues aspiratae
RDeaspth → *atji·Σ-
7. atji·Σ-
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
RDevoicej → *attsi·Σ-
8. attsi·Σ-
attsi → aśśi
Palatalization of *attsi ti aśśi
RPalatalattsi2aSSi → TochA. aśśi·Σ-
PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦi·Σ-
TochA. ats·aṃ
(ptcl.) ‘autem, vero’
(Poucha 14)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦi·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑhdɑɦi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhdɑɦi·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hathdɦi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hathdɦi·Σ-
PIE *dɦi → zɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4b → *hathjɦi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. hathjɦi·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *hathji·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. hathji·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *athji·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. athji·Σ-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenues aspiratae
RDeaspth → *atji·Σ-
7. atji·Σ-
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
RDevoicej → *attsi·Σ-
8. attsi·Σ-
attsi → aśśi
Palatalization of *attsi ti aśśi
RPalatalattsi2aSSi → TochA. aśśi·Σ-
√hɑedɑɦdɑɦi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑedɑɦdɑɦi̯o
OIr. adde
(adv.) ‘en verité, certes’
(LEIA A-99)
(OIr. adde)
1. PIE *hɑedɑɦdɑɦi̯o
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑadɑɦdɑɦi̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑadɑɦdɑɦi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hadɦdɦi̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hadɦdɦi̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *adɦdɦi̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. adɦdɦi̯o
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *addi̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. addi̯o
*-o → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → *addi̯
6. addi̯
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
ROrthogrY2i → OIr. addi
PIE *hɑetɑhtɑhi̯o
OIr. ate
(adv.) ‘en verité, certes’
(LEIA A-99)
(OIr. ate, cf. Pedersen VGK 2:261f. and Thurneysen (GOI. 541-2)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhtɑhi̯o
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑhtɑhi̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhtɑhi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haththi̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haththi̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aththi̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. aththi̯o
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
RDeaspth → *atti̯o
5. atti̯o
*-o → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → *atti̯
6. atti̯
tt → t
Degemination of *tt
RDegemintt2t → *ati̯
7. ati̯
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
ROrthogrY2i → OIr. ati
PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦi·Σ-
TochB. atts·aik-
(adv.) ‘verily, indeed’
(THED 51-2)
(DTochB. 10 ‘completely, only’)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦi·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑhdɑɦi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhdɑɦi·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hathdɦi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hathdɦi·Σ-
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4b → *hathjɦi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. hathjɦi·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *hathji·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. hathji·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *athji·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. athji·Σ-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenues aspiratae
RDeaspth → *atji·Σ-
7. atji·Σ-
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
RDevoicej → TochB. attsi·Σ-
PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦi·Σ-
TochA. atts·ek
(adv.) ‘verily, indeed’
(THED 51-2)
(Poucha XX)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦi·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑhdɑɦi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhdɑɦi·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hathdɦi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hathdɦi·Σ-
PIE *dɦi → zɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4b → *hathjɦi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. hathjɦi·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *hathji·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. hathji·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *athji·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. athji·Σ-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenues aspiratae
RDeaspth → *atji·Σ-
7. atji·Σ-
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
RDevoicej → *attsi·Σ-
8. attsi·Σ-
attsi → aśśi
Palatalization of *attsi ti aśśi
RPalatalattsi2aSSi → TochA. aśśi·Σ-
PIE *hɑētɑhdɑɦi·Σ-
TochA. ātts·ek
(adv.) ‘XX’
(THED 51-2-3)
((TochA. āttsek)
1. PIE *hɑētɑhdɑɦi·Σ-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *hɑātɑhdɑɦi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑātɑhdɑɦi·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hāthdɦi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hāthdɦi·Σ-
PIE *dɦi → zɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4b → *hāthjɦi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. hāthjɦi·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *hāthji·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. hāthji·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *āthji·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. āthji·Σ-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenues aspiratae
RDeaspth → *ātji·Σ-
7. ātji·Σ-
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
RDevoicej → TochA. āttsi·Σ-
PIE *hɑētɑhdɑɦi·Σ-
TochB. ātts·aik
(Adv.) ‘verily’
(THED 51-2-3)
(TochB. āttsaik)
1. PIE *hɑētɑhdɑɦi·Σ-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *hɑātɑhdɑɦi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑātɑhdɑɦi·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hāthdɦi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hāthdɦi·Σ-
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4b → *hāthjɦi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. hāthjɦi·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *hāthji·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. hāthji·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *āthji·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. āthji·Σ-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenues aspiratae
RDeaspth → *ātji·Σ-
7. ātji·Σ-
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
RDevoicej → TochB. āttsi·Σ-
√hɑedɑɦdɑɦi̯i-
PIE *hɑedɑɦdɑɦi̯i
TochA. aśśi
(encl.adv.) ‘indeed : Skt. eva’
(THED. 49)
1. PIE *hɑedɑɦdɑɦi̯i
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑadɑɦdɑɦi̯i
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑadɑɦdɑɦi̯i
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hadɦdɦi̯i
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hadɦdɦi̯i
PIE *dɦi̯ → zɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *hadɦjɦi
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. hadɦjɦi
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *hadɦji
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. hadɦji
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *adɦji
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. adɦji
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *adji
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. adji
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
RDevoiced → *atji
8. atji
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
RDevoicej → *attsi
9. attsi
attsi → aśśi
Palatalization of *attsi ti aśśi
RPalatalattsi2aSSi → TochA. aśśi


PIE √hɑu- (vb.) ‘sehen, bemerken, wahrnehmen’ (sb.) ‘Sicht’ (adv.) ‘offenbar, vor Augen’ (a.) ‘offenkundig’
(IEW 78)
(+Pyysalo CLu. & Hitt.)
√hɑuo-
PIE *ɦɑud.hɑeu̯o-
OInd. ud.ava-
(pr1.) ‘beachten, bemerken’
(KEWA 1:57)
(OInd. udavati [3sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑud.hɑeu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑud.hɑau̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑud.hɑau̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦud.hau̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦud.hau̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦud.hau̯a-
4. ɦud.hau̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ud.hau̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ud.hau̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ud.au̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. ud.au̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → OInd. ud.ava-
√hɑui-
PIE *hɑeu̯i·Σ-
OHG. awi·zoraht-
(a.) ‘manifestus :augenscheinlich’
(IEW 776)
1. PIE *hɑeu̯i·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑau̯i·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯i·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hau̯i·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hau̯i·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *au̯i·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. au̯i·Σ-
*awi → ewi
Umlaut of *au̯i into eu̯i
RUmlautAWI → *eu̯i·Σ-
5. eu̯i·Σ-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → OHG. ewi·Σ-
PIE *hɑēu̯iɑ́h-
OCS. avi-
(vb.) ‘zeigen, offenbaren’; ‘sich (sę) erscheinen’
(Sadnik √12A)
(OCS. aviti [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑēu̯iɑ́h-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *hɑāu̯iɑ́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑāu̯iɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1b → *hɑāu̯iíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
3. hɑāu̯iíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hāu̯iíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hāu̯iíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *āu̯ií-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. āu̯ií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → *āu̯ī́-
6. āu̯ī́-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *āvī́-
7. āvī́-
*ā → a
Orthographic change of *ā into a
ROrthogrA2a1 → *avī́-
8. avī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
ROrthogrI2i2 → OCS. avi-
√hɑuoi-
PIE *hɑēu̯oi-
OCS. avĕ
(adv.) ‘kund, deutlich, offenbar’
(WP I:17)
1. PIE *hɑēu̯oi-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *hɑāu̯oi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑāu̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hāu̯oi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hāu̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hāu̯ai-
4. hāu̯ai-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *āu̯ai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. āu̯ai-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *āu̯oi-
6. āu̯oi-
*oi → ē
Monophthongization of *oi into ē
R23c → *āu̯ē-
7. āu̯ē-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *āvē-
8. āvē-
*ā → a
Orthographic change of *ā into a
ROrthogrA2a1 → *avē-
9. avē-
*ē → ĕ
Orthographic change of *ē into ĕ
ROrthogrE2e → OCS. avĕ-
PIE *hɑu̯oi·olo-
CLu. ḫu̯ai·ala-
(a.) ‘épith. du Soleil, dupl. ‘témoin .i. kutrui’
(DLL. 49)
(CLu. ḫu-u-ua-ia-al-li [sgD], For ‘Zeuge’, see HEG I:683)
1. PIE *hɑu̯oi·olo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯oi·olo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯oi·olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯ai·ala-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯ai·ala-
* a i a → a i i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide3 → *hu̯ai̯·ala-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
4. hu̯ai̯·ala-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫu̯ai̯·ala-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
√hɑuis-
(HEG 1:96-7)
PIE *hɑēu̯ís
RV. āvíṣ
(s-adv.) ‘sichtbar, vor Augen, offenbar’
(WbRV. 186)
(RV. āvíṣ)
1. PIE *hɑēu̯ís
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *hɑāu̯ís
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑāu̯ís
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hāu̯ís
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hāu̯ís
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RRukiI → *hāu̯íš
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
4. hāu̯íš
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *āu̯íš
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. āu̯íš
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *āvíš
6. āvíš
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → RV. āvíṣ
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
PIE *hɑēu̯is
gAv. āviš
(adv.) ‘offenbar, vor Augen’
(AIWb. 334)
(gAv. āviš, LAv. āviš)
1. PIE *hɑēu̯is
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *hɑāu̯is
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑāu̯is
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hāu̯is
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hāu̯is
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RRukiI → *hāu̯iš
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
4. hāu̯iš
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *āu̯iš
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. āu̯iš
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → gAv. āviš
PIE *hɑéu̯iso-
Gr. ἄιο-
(pr.) ‘wahrnehmen, hören’
(GEW 1:48)
(in Gr. ἄϊον)
1. PIE *hɑéu̯iso-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑáu̯iso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáu̯iso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *háu̯iso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. háu̯iso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *áu̯iso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. áu̯iso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *áu̯iho-
5. áu̯iho-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *áiho-
6. áiho-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *áio-
7. áio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἄιο-
PIE *Π·hɑeu̯íso-
Gr. εἰσ·αίο-
(vb.) ‘hear, listen, perceive’ (Gr. ă)
(LSJ. 493)
(Gr. εἰσ·αΐο-)
1. PIE *Π·hɑeu̯íso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·hɑau̯íso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑau̯íso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hau̯íso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hau̯íso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·au̯íso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·au̯íso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *Π·au̯ího-
5. Π·au̯ího-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *Π·aího-
6. Π·aího-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *Π·aío-
7. Π·aío-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·αίο-
PIE *hɑou̯íso-
Gr. οἴο-
(pr.) ‘ahnen, erwarten, vermuten, glauben, meinen’
(GEW 1:366)
(in Gr. οἴομαι [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑou̯íso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hou̯íso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hou̯íso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ou̯íso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. ou̯íso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *ou̯ího-
4. ou̯ího-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *oího-
5. oího-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *oío-
6. oío-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὀίο-
PIE *hɑēu̯isi̯o-
gAv. āvišya-
(a.) ‘offenkundig : visible, obvious’
(AIWb. 334)
(gAv. āvišyā [sgI.])
1. PIE *hɑēu̯isi̯o-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *hɑāu̯isi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑāu̯isi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hāu̯isi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hāu̯isi̯o-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RRukiI → *hāu̯iši̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
4. hāu̯iši̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hāu̯iši̯a-
5. hāu̯iši̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *āu̯iši̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. āu̯iši̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → *āu̯išya-
7. āu̯išya-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → gAv. āvišya-
√hɑus-
(HEG T:421)
(Oettinger 1979:29)
PIE *dɑɦu·hɑusei̯o-
Hitt. du·ḫušei̯a-
(vb.) ‘untätig zusehen, abwarten, gewähren lassen’
(HHand. 159)
(Hitt. tu-u-ḫu-uš-ši-ia- ‘ruhig zusehen’, Kimball 1999:112)
1. PIE *dɑɦu·hɑusei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦu·husei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦu·husei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦu·husei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦu·husei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *du·husei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. du·husei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *du·hušei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. du·hušei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. du·ḫušei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑuski-
(HEG I:315f.)
(HIL. 425; HED 3:410)
PIE *hɑuski̯e/o-
Hitt. ḫuške/a-
(vb.) ‘warten, erwarten, abwarten : wait for, linger’
(HHand. 57)
(Hitt. ḫu-uš-ki, ḫu-uš-ki-it, ḫu-uš-kán-zi)
1. PIE *hɑuski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *huski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. huski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *husḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. husḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *husḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
4. husḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *huske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. huske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *huške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. huške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫuške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑuski̯eu̯ont-
Hitt. ḫuškeu̯ant-
(a.) ‘zaudernd’
(HHand. 57)
(Hitt. ḫu-uš-ke-ua-an-te-eš)
1. PIE *hɑuski̯eu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *huski̯eu̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. huski̯eu̯ont-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *husḱeu̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. husḱeu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *husḱeu̯ant-
(XX:XX)
4. husḱeu̯ant-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *huskeu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. huskeu̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *huškeu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. huškeu̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫuškeu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)


PIE √hɑu- (vb.) ‘eilen, laufen, fliegen’ (sb.) ‘Vogel’
(IEW 86+784)
(+ XX: Ital. + Pyysalo: Gr.)
√hɑu-
PIE *hɑu·hɑu̯ei̯o-
CLu. ḫu·ḫu̯ei̯a-
(vb.) ‘courir, fuir’
(DLL. 46)
(CLu. ḫu-u-ḫu-i-ia-an-da [3pl])
1. PIE *hɑu·hɑu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu·hu̯ei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu·hu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu·hu̯ei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hu·hu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫu·ḫu̯ei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *ehɑu-
Hitt. eḫu-
(vbA.) ‘kommen’ (with Hitt. e· ‘here’)
(HHand. 30)
(Hitt. e-ḫu [2sg])
1. PIE *ehɑu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ehu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ehu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. eḫu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ehɑu·Σ-
CLu. eḫu·ziba-
(.) ‘-(?)-; with zipa- ‘genie’, DLL –’
(HHand. 30)
(if in CLu. eḫu-zipaš [sgN])
1. PIE *ehɑu·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ehu·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ehu·Σ-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. eḫu·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
√hɑuo-
(HEG H:321)
(HIL. 426f.; HED 3: 419f., 428)
PIE *hɑu̯o-
Hitt. ḫu̯a-
(vb2.) ‘run, hurry, spread (of vegetation), escape’
(HIL. 426)
(Hitt. ḫu-ua-i, ḫu-u-ua-i, ḫu-ua-a-i, ḫu-ua-aš [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑoui-
PIE *hɑou̯i·Σ-
Gr. ὀι·ωνό-
(m.) ‘Raubvogel. der vom Vogelschauer beobachtet wurde’
(GEW 2:372)
(Lindeman 1997:69)
1. PIE *hɑou̯i·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hou̯i·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hou̯i·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ou̯i·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. ou̯i·Σ-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *oi·Σ-
4. oi·Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὀι·Σ-
√hɑeui-
PIE *hɑeu̯i-
Lat. aui-
(f.) ‘Vogel, spez. Weissagevogel’
(WH 1:84)
(Lat. auis, auis)
1. PIE *hɑeu̯i-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑau̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hau̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hau̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *au̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. au̯i-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → Lat. aui-
PIE *hɑeu̯i-
Umbr. aui-
(f.) ‘Vogel’ (als Object der Auspizien)
(WbOU. 140-1)
(Umbr. auif [plA])
1. PIE *hɑeu̯i-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑau̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hau̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hau̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *au̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. au̯i-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → Umbr. aui-
PIE *hɑeu̯i·Σ-
Umbr. aui·eka-
(vb.) ‘Lat. augur’
(WbOU. 139)
1. PIE *hɑeu̯i·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑau̯i·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯i·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hau̯i·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hau̯i·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *au̯i·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. au̯i·Σ-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → Umbr. aui·Σ-
PIE *hɑeu̯i·Σ-
Umbr. aui·ekla-
(af.) ‘für die vogelschau bestimmt’
(WbOU. 139-40)
1. PIE *hɑeu̯i·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑau̯i·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯i·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hau̯i·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hau̯i·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *au̯i·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. au̯i·Σ-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → Umbr. aui·Σ-
√hɑuoi-
PIE *hɑu̯oi-
Hitt. ḫu̯ai-
(GKLvb.) ‘courir, fuir’
(DLL. 46)
(Hitt. (piran) ḫu-ua-iš, ḫu-u-ua-iz-zi, ḫu-ua-i[t])
1. PIE *hɑu̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯oi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯ai-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯ai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯ai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯ói̯-
RV. váy-
(m.) ‘Vogel, fliegende Rosse’
(WbRV. 1265-6)
(RV. véṣ [N], véṣ [G], váyas)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ói̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯ói̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯ói̯-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *hu̯ái̯-
3. hu̯ái̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯ái̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. u̯ái̯-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *vái̯-
5. vái̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. váy-
PIE *hɑu̯oi̯-
LAv. vay-
(m.) ‘Vogel’ (im Allgemeinen)
(AIWb. 1356)
(LAv. vayąm [plG])
1. PIE *hɑu̯oi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯oi̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯oi̯-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯ai̯-
3. hu̯ai̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯ai̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. u̯ai̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → *u̯ay-
5. u̯ay-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → LAv. vay-
PIE *hɑu̯oiski̯e/o-
Hitt. ḫu̯aiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘eilen, laufen’
(HIL. 426)
(Hitt. ḫu-ua-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑu̯oiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯oiski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯oiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *hu̯oisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. hu̯oisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯aisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
4. hu̯aisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *hu̯aiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. hu̯aiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hu̯aiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hu̯aiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯aiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑui-
PIE *hɑu̯ei-
Hitt. ḫu̯ei-
(pr.) ‘run, hurry, spread (of vegetation), escape’
(HIL. 426)
(Hitt. ḫu-i-iḫ-ḫi [1sg], ḫu-e-eḫ-ḫu-un, Oettinger 1979:480, pi-e-ra-an hu-e-ir)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯ei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯ei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯ei-
CLu. ḫu̯ei-
(vb.) ‘laufen, eilen’
(HHand. 53)
(CLu. ḫu-u-i-un-ni [1pl])
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯ei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫu̯ei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *Π·hɑu̯ei-
HLu. anta hu̯ei·-
(vb.) ‘run in’
(CHLu. 7.6.1)
(HLu. a-ta HWI-ha)
1. PIE *Π·hɑu̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hu̯ei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·hu̯ei-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. Π·ḫu̯ei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *hɑu̯i·hɑu̯i-
HLu. ḫu̯i·ḫu̯i-
(vb.) eilen, laufen (?) : run’
(CHLu. 2.22.9)
(HLu. (“PES2”)HWI-HWI-ta )
1. PIE *hɑu̯i·hɑu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯i·hu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯i·hu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫu̯i·ḫu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *hɑu̯í-
RV. ví-
(m.) ‘Vogel, fliegende Rosse’
(WbRV. 1265-6)
(RV. víṣ [N], vím [A], víbhiṣ [plI])
1. PIE *hɑu̯í-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯í-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯í-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯í-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. u̯í-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → RV. ví-
√hɑuoi-
PIE *hɑu̯ei·hɑu̯iɑ́hi̯o-
RV. vevīya-
(vb.M.int.) ‘fly’
(WbRV. 1314)
(RV. vér ná vevīyate matiḥ [RV 10.33.2])
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei·hɑu̯iɑ́hi̯o-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1b → *hɑu̯ei·hɑu̯iíhi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. hɑu̯ei·hɑu̯iíhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯ei·hu̯iíhi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hu̯ei·hu̯iíhi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯ei·hu̯iíhi̯a-
4. hu̯ei·hu̯iíhi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯ei·u̯iíi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. u̯ei·u̯iíi̯a-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → *u̯ei·u̯ī́i̯a-
6. u̯ei·u̯ī́i̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *u̯ai·u̯ī́i̯a-
7. u̯ai·u̯ī́i̯a-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RChangeAI2E1 → *u̯ē·u̯ī́i̯a-
8. u̯ē·u̯ī́i̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *vē·vī́i̯a-
9. vē·vī́i̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → *vē·vī́ya-
10. vē·vī́ya-
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthOIA4 → RV. ve·vī́ya-
PIE *Π·hɑu̯ei̯o-
LAv. ā·vaya-
(pr.) ‘heranfliegen’ (Götter)
(AIWb. 1356)
(LAv. āvayatąm, āvayeinti)
1. PIE *Π·hɑu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hu̯ei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·hu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·hu̯ei̯a-
3. Π·hu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·u̯ei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·u̯ei̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *Π·u̯ai̯a-
5. Π·u̯ai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → *Π·u̯aya-
6. Π·u̯aya-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → LAv. Π·vaya-
PIE *hɑu̯oii̯ont-
Hitt. ḫu̯ai̯ant-
(pt.) ‘eilend, laufend’
(HIL. 426)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-ua-ia-an-t-)
1. PIE *hɑu̯oii̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯oii̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯oii̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯aii̯ant-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯aii̯ant-
* aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
RAnatGlide2 → *hu̯aiant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
4. hu̯aiant-
* a i a → a i i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide3 → *hu̯ai̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
5. hu̯ai̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯ai̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯ei̯o-
CLu. ḫu̯ei̯a-
(vb.) ‘eilen, laufen’
(DLL. 46)
(CLu. ḫu-u-ia-ad-da [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯ei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯ei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫu̯ei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *hɑu̯ei̯o-
HLu. ḫu̯ei̯a-
(vb.) ‘to march’
(2.11.11)
(HLu. PRAE-na (PES3)HWI-ia-ta)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯ei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯ei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫu̯ei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *hɑu̯ei̯o-
Pal. ḫu̯eia-
(GKLvb.) ‘courir, fuir’
(HHand. 57-8)
(GKL. (piran) ḫu-u-i-ia-mi [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯ei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯ei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Pal. ḫu̯ei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯ei̯o-
Pal. ḫu̯ei̯a-
(vb.) ‘laufen lassen (?)’
(HHand. 53)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯ei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯ei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Pal. ḫu̯ei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯ei̯o-
Hitt. ḫu̯ei̯a-
(vb.) ‘run, hurry, spread (of vegetation), escape’
(HIL. 426)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-e-ia-ši, ḫu-u-ia-zi, ḫu-u-i-ia-u-e-ni, ḫu-ia-an-zi)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯ei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯ei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯ei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯ei̯o-
Hitt. ḫu̯ei̯a-
(LÚc.) ‘Renner (?)’
(NOMS. 386)
(Hitt. ḫu-u(-i)-ia-aš, -an)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯ei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯ei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯ei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯i·hɑu̯ei̯o-
CLu. ḫu̯i·ḫu̯ei̯a-
(vb.) ‘courir, fuir’
(DLL. 46)
(CLu. ḫu-i-ḫu-i-ia [2sgIpv.])
1. PIE *hɑu̯i·hɑu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯i·hu̯ei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯i·hu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯i·hu̯ei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯i·hu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫu̯i·ḫu̯ei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *hɑu·hɑu̯ei̯o-
CLu. ḫu·ḫu̯ei̯a-
(vb.) ‘courir, fuir’
(DLL. 46)
(CLu. ḫu-u-ḫu-i-ia-an-da)
1. PIE *hɑu·hɑu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu·hu̯ei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu·hu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu·hu̯ei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hu·hu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫu·ḫu̯ei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *hɑu̯ei̯on-
Hitt. ḫu̯ei̯an-
(vb.) ‘run, hurry’
(HIL. 426)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-i-ia-nu-un, ḫu-ia-nu-un)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯ei̯on-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯ei̯an-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯ei̯an-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯ei̯an-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯i·hɑu̯ei̯on…
CLu. ḫu̯i·ḫu̯ei̯an…
(.) ‘-(?)-’
(HIL. 426)
(CLu. ḫu-i-ḫu-ia-a[n...])
1. PIE *hɑu̯i·hɑu̯ei̯on…
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯i·hu̯ei̯on…
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯i·hu̯ei̯on…
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯i·hu̯ei̯an…
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯i·hu̯ei̯an…
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫu̯i·ḫu̯ei̯an…
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *hɑu̯ei̯ont-
Hitt. ḫu̯ei̯ant-
(pt.) ‘eilend, laufend’
(HIL. 426)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-ia-an-t-, ḫu-u-i-ia-an-t-)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯ei̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯ei̯ant-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯ei̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯ei̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯ei̯odɑɦolo-
Hitt. ḫu̯ei̯adala-
(c.) ‘Führer’
(HEG H: 325)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei̯odɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯ei̯odɦolo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei̯odɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯ei̯adɦala-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯ei̯adɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *hu̯ei̯adala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯ei̯adala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯ei̯adala-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *Π·hɑu̯ei̯odɑɦolo-
Hitt. piran (…) ḫu̯ei̯adala·-
(c.) ‘head marcher, helper’
(HIL. 427)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-i-ia-tal-la-aš, ḫu-u-i-ia-at-tal-lu-uš)
1. PIE *Π·hɑu̯ei̯odɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hu̯ei̯odɦolo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·hu̯ei̯odɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·hu̯ei̯adɦala-
(XX:XX)
3. Π·hu̯ei̯adɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *Π·hu̯ei̯adala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·hu̯ei̯adala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. Π·ḫu̯ei̯adala-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√ḫɑuimo-
PIE *hɑu̯imo-
Hitt. ḫu̯ima-
(vn.bs.) ‘laufen, eilen’
(HIL. 427)
(Hitt. ḫu-i-ma-an-zi [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑu̯imo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯imo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯imo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯ima-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯ima-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯ima-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯imo-
Hitt. ḫu̯ima-
() ((GIŠ)c.) ‘Fußboden?’ (Hölzerner Gebäudeteil)
(HHand. 52)
1. PIE *hɑu̯imo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯imo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯imo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯ima-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯ima-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯ima-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯impo-
Hitt. ḫu̯impa-
() ((GIŠ)c.) ‘Fußboden?’ (Hölzerner Gebäudeteil)
(HHand. 52)
1. PIE *hɑu̯impo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯impo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯impo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯impa-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯impa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯impa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑuino-
PIE *hɑu̯ino-
Pal. ḫu̯ina-
(vb.) ‘gehen’
(HHand. 52)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯ino-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯ino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯ina-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯ina-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Pal. ḫu̯ina-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑuinu-
PIE *hɑu̯inu-
Hitt. ḫu̯inu-
(cs.) ‘zum Laufen veranlassen’
(HHand. 51)
(Hitt. ḫu-i-nu-mi, ḫu-i-nu-zi, ḫu-u-e-nu-uz-zi, ḫu-i-nu-ua-an-zi)
1. PIE *hɑu̯inu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯inu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯inu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯inu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯inu̯o-
CLu. ḫu̯inu̯a-
(cs.) ‘antreiben, laufen lassen’ (‘faire fuir’)
(DLL. 46)
(CLu. ḫu-i-nu-ua-aḫ-ḫa [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑu̯inu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯inu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯inu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯inu̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯inu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫu̯inu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *hɑu̯inu̯o-
HLu. ḫu̯inu̯a-
(cs.) ‘make run’
(CHLu. 3.3.4)
(HLu. HWI-nu-wa/i-tá)
1. PIE *hɑu̯inu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯inu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯inu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯inu̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯inu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫu̯inu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *hɑu̯inum-
Hitt. ḫu̯inum-
(n.N.act.) ‘the act of making run’
(HIL. 427)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-e-nu-ma-aš)
1. PIE *hɑu̯inum-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯inum-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯inum-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯inum-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯inuski̯e/o-
Hitt. ḫu̯inuške/a-
(vb.) ‘eilen, laufen’
(HIL. 427)
(Hitt. ḫu-i-nu-uš-ke/a-, ḫu-u-i-nu-uš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑu̯inuski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯inuski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯inuski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *hu̯inusḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. hu̯inusḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯inusḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
4. hu̯inusḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *hu̯inuske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. hu̯inuske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hu̯inuške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hu̯inuške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯inuške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑuis-
PIE *hɑu̯éi̯os-
RV. váyas-
(n.) ‘das Geflügel (collectiv)’, ‘Vogel’
(WbRV. 1214)
1. PIE *hɑu̯éi̯os-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯éi̯os-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯éi̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯éi̯as-
3. hu̯éi̯as-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯éi̯as-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. u̯éi̯as-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *u̯ái̯as-
5. u̯ái̯as-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *vái̯as-
6. vái̯as-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. váyas-
PIE *hɑu̯ihɑu̯iso-
HLu. ḫu̯iḫuiša-
(vb.) ‘march’
(CHLu. 2.11.11)
(HLu. HWI-HWI-sá-ta-si [3pl??])
1. PIE *hɑu̯ihɑu̯iso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯ihu̯iso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯ihu̯iso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯ihu̯isa-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯ihu̯isa-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → *ḫu̯iḫu̯isa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. ḫu̯iḫu̯isa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. ḫu̯iḫu̯iša-
PIE *hɑu̯ōi̯osó-
RV. vāyasá-
(m.) ‘ein grösserer Vogel’
(WbRV. 1259)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ōi̯osó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯ōi̯osó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯ōi̯osó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯ōi̯asó-
3. hu̯ōi̯asó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *hu̯ōi̯asá-
4. hu̯ōi̯asá-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *hu̯āi̯asá-
5. hu̯āi̯asá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯āi̯asá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. u̯āi̯asá-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *vāi̯asá-
7. vāi̯asá-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. vāyasá-
PIE *hɑu̯eiski̯e/o-
Hitt. ḫu̯eiške/a-
(vb.) ‘eilen, laufen’
(HIL. 426)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-e-eš-ke/a-, ḫu-eš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑu̯eiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯eiski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯eiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *hu̯eisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. hu̯eisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯eisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
4. hu̯eisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *hu̯eiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. hu̯eiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hu̯eiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hu̯eiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯eiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑuont-
PIE *hɑu̯ont-
Hitt. ḫu̯ant-
(pt.) ‘eilend’
(HIL. 426)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-ua-an-t-)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯ant-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑun-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑóuno-
Gr. οὔνο-
(n.) ‘Lauf’
(LSJ. 1272)
(Hes. οὖνον · δρόμον)
1. PIE *hɑóuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hóuno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hóuno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *óuno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. óuno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὄυνο-
PIE *hɑounéi̯o-
Gr. οὐνέο-
(vb.) ‘laufen’
(LSJ. 1272)
(Hes. οὔνει · δράμε)
1. PIE *hɑounéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hounéi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hounéi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ounéi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. ounéi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *ounéo-
4. ounéo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὀυνέο-
PIE *hɑunebɑɦi-
Hitt. ḫunebi-
(LÚc.) (ein Funktionär)
(HHand. 54, HEG –)
1. PIE *hɑunebɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hunebɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hunebɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *hunebi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hunebi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫunebi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑunebɑɦiso-
Hitt. ḫunebi·ša-
(.) ‘ein Transportmittel (?)’
(HHand. 54)
Hitt. ḫunebiša
1. PIE *hɑunebɑɦiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hunebɦiso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hunebɦiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hunebɦisa-
(XX:XX)
3. hunebɦisa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *hunebisa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hunebisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hunebiša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hunebiša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫunebiša-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑunu-
Hitt. ḫunu-
(cs.) ‘laufen lassen’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-nu-ut, ḫu-nu-ut)
1. PIE *hɑunu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hunu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hunu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫunu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑeur-
PIE *hɑeuró-
Gr. αὐρό-
(m.) ‘λαγοί’
(GEW 1:190)
(Gr. αὐροί λαγοί)
1. PIE *hɑeuró-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑauró-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑauró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hauró-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hauró-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *auró-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. auró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀυρό-
PIE *hɑéuri-
Gr. αὔρι
(adv.) ‘schnell’
(GEW 1:189)
(Hes. αὖρι · ταχεως)
1. PIE *hɑéuri-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑáuri-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáuri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *háuri-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. háuri-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *áuri-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. áuri-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἄυρι-
PIE *hɑeuri·Σ-
Gr. αὐρι·βάταντ-
(a.) ‘schnellschreitend’
(GEW 1:189)
(Gr. αὐριβάτας)
1. PIE *hɑeuri·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑauri·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑauri·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hauri·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hauri·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *auri·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. auri·Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀυρι·Σ-
√hɑus-
PIE *hɑousó-
RV. oṣá-
(a.) ‘schnell, eifrig’
(WbRV. 306)
1. PIE *hɑousó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *housó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. housó-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *houšó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. houšó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *haušó-
4. haušó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *haušá-
5. haušá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aušá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. aušá-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RChangeAU2O1 → *ōšá-
7. ōšá-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → *ōṣá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
8. ōṣá-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthOIA6 → RV. oṣá-
√ɦɑuD-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *e·ɦɑud
OHitt. eḫud-
(vb.) ‘kommen; ‹hier+eilen›’
(HEG1:101)
(OHitt. eḫut [Ipv2sg])
1. PIE *e·ɦɑud
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *e·ɦud
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. e·ɦud
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → OHitt. e·ḫud
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑudo-
Hitt. ḫuda-
(c.) ‘Eile’
(HEG 1:318-9)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-da-aš, ḫu-u-ta-aš [sgN], (HIL. 425-6, HED 3: 414f.)
1. PIE *ɦɑudo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦudo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦudo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦuda-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦuda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫuda-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑudo-
Hitt. ḫuda-
(n.) ‘Eile’
(HEG 1:318-9)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-da [plNA], Starke 1990: 359-65)
1. PIE *ɦɑudo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦudo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦudo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦuda-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦuda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫuda-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑudok
Hitt. ḫudak
(adv.) ‘eilends’ (: ‘suddenly, immediately’)
(HHand. 57)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-da-ak, ḫu-u-ta-ak-, ḫu-u-ta-a-ak)
1. PIE *ɦɑudok
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦudok
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦudok
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦudak
(XX:XX)
3. ɦudak
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫudak
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑeudeniskui-
Latv. audeniski
(adv.) ‘schnell : rapidly’
(IEW. XX)
1. PIE *ɦɑeudeniskui-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑaudeniskui-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaudeniskui-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦaudeniskui-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦaudeniskui-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *audeniskui-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. audeniskui-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → Latv. audeniski-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
PIE *ɦɑeudoli̯ēɑh
Latv. audaļa-
(m.) ‘ein eifriger, energischer Arbeiter’
(LiEtWb. 64)
1. PIE *ɦɑeudoli̯ēɑh
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑaudoli̯ēɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaudoli̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *ɦɑaudoli̯āɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. ɦɑaudoli̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦaudoli̯āh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. ɦaudoli̯āh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *audoli̯āh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. audoli̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *audoli̯ā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. audoli̯ā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *audali̯ā
7. audali̯ā
*li̯ → ļ
Emergence of palatolateral
RPalatly2lj → *audaļā
8. audaļā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R28 → Latv. audaļa
PIE *ɦɑeúdrumo
Latv. aũdrum-
(m.) ‘ein wildes, unbändiges Kind’
(ALiEtWb. 62)
1. PIE *ɦɑeúdrumo
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑaúdrumo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaúdrumo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦaúdrumo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦaúdrumo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *aúdrumo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. aúdrumo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *aúdruma
5. aúdruma
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final a
RLossFinala → Latv. aúdrum
√ɦɑuDorl-
PIE *ɦɑud·orlo-
Hitt. ḫud·arla-
(c.) ‘ARAD = Diener, Knecht, Sklave’
(HHand. 57)
(Hitt. ḫu-ta XX, Gr. ἀμφί·πολο- ‘Diener’)
1. PIE *ɦɑud·orlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦud·orlo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦud·orlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦud·arla-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦud·arla-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫud·arla-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑud·orlo-
Kpd. ḫud·arla-
(Ic.) ‘Diener, Knecht, Sklave’
(NOMS. 411.1A)
(Kpd. ḫu-da-ar-lá)
1. PIE *ɦɑud·orlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦud·orlo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦud·orlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦud·arla-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦud·arla-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Kpd. ḫud·arla-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑud·orli-
Hitt. ḫud·arli-
(c.) ‘Diener, Knecht, Sklave’ (Sum. ARAD/ÍR)
(HHand. 57)
1. PIE *ɦɑud·orli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦud·orli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦud·orli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦud·arli-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦud·arli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫud·arli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑud·orli-
Hitt. ḫud·arli-
(mc.) (prêtre)
(NOMS. 411.2.)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-tar-li [abs.])
1. PIE *ɦɑud·orli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦud·orli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦud·orli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦud·arli-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦud·arli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫud·arli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ormo·ɦɑud·orli-
CLu. arma·ḫud·arli-
(fdc.*) ‘servant of moon-god’
(NOMS. 132)
(in Hitt. fdSIN-ÍR-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *ormo·ɦɑud·orli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ormo·ɦud·orli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ormo·ɦud·orli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *arma·ɦud·arli-
(XX:XX)
3. arma·ɦud·arli-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. arma·ḫud·arli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *mosono·ɦɑud·orli-
CLu. mašana·ḫud·arli-
(Ic.*) (fille de Muršili II, épouse de Masturi)
(NOMS. 775)
(Hitt. DINGIRMEšÍR-in)
1. PIE *mosono·ɦɑud·orli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *mosono·ɦud·orli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. mosono·ɦud·orli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *masana·ɦud·arli-
(XX:XX)
3. masana·ɦud·arli-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → *masana·ḫud·arli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. masana·ḫud·arli-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. mašana·ḫud·arli-
PIE *ɦɑud·orlei̯o-
CLu. ḫud·arlei̯a-
(a.) ‘sklavisch’
(HHand. 57)
(DLL. 49, CLu. ḫu-tar-li-ia-an [sgA] = ÌRan [dup.])
1. PIE *ɦɑud·orlei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦud·orlei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦud·orlei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦud·arlei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦud·arlei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫud·arlei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *ɦɑud·orloi̯o-
CLu. ḫud·arlaa-
(c.) ‘Sklave, Diener’ (‘serviteur’)
(DLL. 49)
(CLu. ḫu-tar-la-a-an [sgA])
1. PIE *ɦɑud·orloi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦud·orloi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦud·orloi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦud·arlai̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦud·arlai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide1 → *ɦud·arlaa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
4. ɦud·arlaa-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫud·arlaa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)


PIE √hɑu- √ɦɑu- ‘lead, bring, conduct’
(IEW XX)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.+Gr.)
√ɦɑui-
(CHD P: 257f.)
PIE *Π·ɦɑu̯i-
Hitt. pi·ḫu̯i-
(vb.) ‘hinschaffen, hinführen, bewerkstelligen’
(HIL. 767f.)
(Hitt. pí-e-hu-it-ta-ni [2pl]; Not: “pé-e-hu-‹te-›et-ta-ni” vs. Kloekhorst!)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ɦu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. Π·ḫu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√ɦɑud-
(CHD P: 257f.)
(Watkins IdgGr. III/1:69, Eichner 1973:55, Oettinger 1979:37,122,125, Melchert 1994:133)
PIE *Π·ɦɑudont-
Hitt. pi·ḫudant-
(pt.) ‘hinschaffen, hinführen, bewerkstelligen’
(HHand. 129)
(Hitt. piḫudant- [pt.])
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑudont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ɦudont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦudont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ɦudant-
(XX:XX)
3. Π·ɦudant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. Π·ḫudant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *Π·ɦɑudei-
Hitt. pi·ḫudei-
(vb.) ‘hinschaffen, hinführen, bewerkstelligen’
(HHand. 129)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑudei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ɦudei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦudei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. Π·ḫudei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *Π·ɦɑudeiski̯e/o-
Hitt. pi·ḫudeiške/a-
(vb.iter) ‘hinschaffen, hinführen, bewerkstelligen’
(HHand. 129)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑudeiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ɦudeiski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦudeiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *Π·ɦudeisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. Π·ɦudeisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ɦudeisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
4. Π·ɦudeisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *Π·ɦudeiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. Π·ɦudeiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *Π·ɦudeiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. Π·ɦudeiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. Π·ḫudeiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√ɦɑu̯ed
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·ɦɑéu̯edno-
Gr. ἀν·άεδνο-
(a.) ‘having no wedding present’
(XX:XX)
(Hom. ἀνάεδνος)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑéu̯edno-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *Π·ɦɑáu̯edno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·ɦɑáu̯edno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ɦáu̯edno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·ɦáu̯edno-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·áu̯edno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·áu̯edno-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *Π·áedno-
5. Π·áedno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·άεδνο-


PIE √hɑu- √ɦɑu- (vb.) ‘leben’
(IEW 1171)
(Pyysalo)
√hɑui-
(HEG I:268-71)
(HHand. 52, HED H:352-355, Melchert 1994:273)
PIE *hɑu̯i·hɑu̯isu̯oli-
CLu. ḫu̯i·ḫu̯išu̯ali-
(a.) ‘leiblich’ ‹RV. kravya· ‘Leichname’›
(HEG Š:699)
(CLu. ḫu-u-i-ḫu-iš-šu-u̯a-li-iš, DLL 84)
1. PIE *hɑu̯i·hɑu̯isu̯oli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯i·hu̯isu̯oli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯i·hu̯isu̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯i·hu̯isu̯ali-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯i·hu̯isu̯ali-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → *ḫu̯i·ḫu̯isu̯ali-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. ḫu̯i·ḫu̯isu̯ali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. ḫu̯i·ḫu̯išu̯ali-
√hɑuis-
(HEG I:264-)
)Weitenberg 1984: 108f, 275, HED 3: 332f. Kimball 1999:438, Kloekhorst HIL. 412-3),
PIE *hɑu̯is-
Hitt. ḫu̯iš-
(vb.) ‘leben, am Leben bleiben’ (Sum. TI)
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-iš-zi, ḫu-i-iš-zi, ḫu-i-iš-te-ni)
1. PIE *hɑu̯is-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯is-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯is-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hu̯iš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hu̯iš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯iš-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯isont-
Hitt. ḫu̯išant-
(pt.) ‘lebend’ ‹ Lith. at·krũsti ‘wiederauf·leben’›
(HIL. 412)
(Hitt. TI-eš-ša-an-t-)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯isont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯isont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯isant-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯isant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hu̯išant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯išant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯išant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑuiski-
PIE *hɑu̯iski̯os-
Lat. uiscos-
(n.sg.) ‘alles unter der Haut liegende Fleischige’
(WH 2:802)
(Lat. uiscos [sgNA], ‹cf. LAv. xrū- ‘blutiges Fleisch’›)
1. PIE *hɑu̯iski̯os-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯iski̯os-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯iski̯os-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *hu̯isḱos-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. hu̯isḱos-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯isḱos-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. u̯isḱos-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *u̯iskos-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. u̯iskos-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → *u̯iscos-
6. u̯iscos-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → Lat. uiscos-
PIE *hɑu̯iski̯esēɑh
Lat. uiscerā-
(n.pl.) ‘the organs in the cavities of the body’
(WH 2:802)
(Lat. uiscera [plNA])
1. PIE *hɑu̯iski̯esēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑu̯iski̯esāɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑu̯iski̯esāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯iski̯esāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hu̯iski̯esāh
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *hu̯isḱesāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. hu̯isḱesāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯isḱesā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. u̯isḱesā
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *u̯iskesā
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. u̯iskesā
*VsV → VrV
Rhotacism of *s between vowels
RRhotacism → *u̯iskerā
7. u̯iskerā
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → *u̯iscerā
8. u̯iscerā
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → Lat. uiscerā
√hɑuisn-
PIE *hɑu̯isonomi-
HLu. ḫu̯išanami-
(BESTIAc.) ‘wild animal’
(CHLu. 7.2/2.fr3)
(in HLu. BESTIA-sa-na-mi-zi [pl.])
1. PIE *hɑu̯isonomi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯isonomi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯isonomi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯isanami-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯isanami-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → *ḫu̯isanami-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. ḫu̯isanami-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. ḫu̯išanami-
PIE *hɑu̯isonomoi-
HLu. ḫu̯išanamai-
(BESTIA.) ‘wild animal’
(CHLu. 11.1.a10)
(HLu. (BESTIA)HWI-sá-na-ma-ia)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isonomoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯isonomoi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯isonomoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯isanamai-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯isanamai-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → *ḫu̯isanamai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. ḫu̯isanamai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. ḫu̯išanamai-
PIE *hɑu̯isnu-
Hitt. ḫu̯išnu-
(cs.) ‘am Leben erhalten, lebendig machen’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-iš-nu-zi, ḫu-iš-nu-mé-ni, ḫu-iš-nu-an-zi)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isnu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯isnu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯isnu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hu̯išnu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hu̯išnu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯išnu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯isnuski̯e/o-
Hitt. ḫu̯išnuške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘am Leben erhalten’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-iš-nu-uš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isnuski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯isnuski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯isnuski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *hu̯isnusḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. hu̯isnusḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯isnusḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
4. hu̯isnusḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *hu̯isnuske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. hu̯isnuske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hu̯išnuške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hu̯išnuške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯išnuške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯isnu̯or-
Hitt. ḫu̯išnu̯ar-
(*N.act.)
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. TI-nu-an-t-)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isnu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯isnu̯or-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯isnu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯isnu̯ar-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯isnu̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hu̯išnu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯išnu̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯išnu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑuisr-
PIE *hɑu̯isoro-
HLu. ḫu̯išara-
(BESTIAn.) ‘wild animal(s), game’
(CHLu. 10.45.7)
(HLu. (BESTIA)HWI-sa5+ra/i-’, Melchert 1994:273)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯isoro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯isoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯isara-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯isara-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → *ḫu̯isara-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. ḫu̯isara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. ḫu̯išara-
PIE *hɑu̯isoro-
HLu. ḫu̯išara-
(n.) ‘wild animal’
(CHLu. 10.17.5)
(HLu. (“ANIMAL.BESTIA”)HWI-sa+ra/i)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯isoro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯isoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯isara-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯isara-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → *ḫu̯isara-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. ḫu̯isara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. ḫu̯išara-
√hɑuisu-
PIE *hɑu̯isou-
Hitt. ḫu̯išau-
(a.) ‘lebendig : fresh, raw’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-i-ša-u-ua-az)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯isou-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯isou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯isau-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯isau-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hu̯išau-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯išau-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯išau-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯isu-
Hitt. ḫu̯išu-
(a.) ‘lebendig : ‘fresh, raw; ‹OEng. hreāw ‘raw’›’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-e-šu, ḫu-i-šu)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯isu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯isu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hu̯išu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hu̯išu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯išu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯isu̯oi-
Hitt. ḫu̯išu̯ai-
(vb.) ‘to stay alive, to be alive, survive’
(HIL. 412)
(Hitt. ḫu-iš-ua-it, ḫu-iš-ua-a-iš)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isu̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯isu̯oi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯isu̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯isu̯ai-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯isu̯ai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hu̯išu̯ai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯išu̯ai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯išu̯ai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯isu̯o-
Hitt. ḫu̯išu̯a-
(vn.bs.) ‘= Sum. TI-an-’
(HIL. 412)
(Hitt. ḫu-iš-ua-an-ni, TI-an-ni-it)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯isu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯isu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯isu̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯isu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hu̯išu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯išu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯išu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯isu̯i-
Hitt. ḫu̯išu̯i-
(vb.) ‘leben, am Leben sein’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-iš-ú-e-ez-zi, ḫu-iš-ú-e-te-en)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯isu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯isu̯i-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hu̯išu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hu̯išu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯išu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯i·hɑu̯isu̯oli-
CLu. ḫu̯i·ḫu̯išu̯ali-
(a.) ‘leiblich’ (HEG Š:699)
(DLL 84)
(CLu. ḫu-u-i-ḫu-iš-šu-u̯a-li-iš)
1. PIE *hɑu̯i·hɑu̯isu̯oli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯i·hu̯isu̯oli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯i·hu̯isu̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯i·hu̯isu̯ali-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯i·hu̯isu̯ali-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → *ḫu̯i·ḫu̯isu̯ali-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. ḫu̯i·ḫu̯isu̯ali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. ḫu̯i·ḫu̯išu̯ali-
PIE *hɑu̯isu̯ont-
Hitt. ḫu̯išu̯ant-
(pt.a.) ‘lebend’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-iš-ua-an-t-, ḫu-i-šu-ua-an-t-)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯isu̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯isu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯isu̯ant-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯isu̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hu̯išu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯išu̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯išu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯isu̯odɑhor-
Hitt. ḫu̯išu̯adar-
(vn.n.) ‘Leben’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-iš-ua-tar, ḫu-u-iš-ua-tar)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isu̯odɑhor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯isu̯odhor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯isu̯odhor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯isu̯adhar-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯isu̯adhar-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *hu̯isu̯adar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯isu̯adar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hu̯išu̯adar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hu̯išu̯adar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯išu̯adar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑuit-
PIE *hɑu̯it-
Hitt. ḫu̯it-
(n.) ‘Tier(welt), Getier’ (Sum. MÁŠ.ANŠE)
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-it-ta-aš [sgG])
1. PIE *hɑu̯it-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯it-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯it-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯it-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯it·Σ
Hitt. ḫu̯it·Σ
(URU.) ‘› Parkantia.’
(OGH. 114)
(Hitt. ḫu-i[t-)
1. PIE *hɑu̯it·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯it·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯it·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯it·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√ɦɑuidn-
PIE *ɦɑu̯idn-
Hitt. ḫu̯idn-
(n.) ‘Tier(welt), Getier’ (Sum. MÁŠ.ANŠE)
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-it-na-aš, ḫu-u-it-ni-it)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦu̯idn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idn-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯idn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑu̯idnont-
Hitt. ḫu̯idnant-
(c.) ‘Tier(welt), Getier’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-it-na-an-za)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idnont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦu̯idnont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idnont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦu̯idnant-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦu̯idnant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯idnant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑu̯idonei̯o-
HLu. ḫu̯idnei̯a-
(a.) ‘(of) wild beasts’
(CHLu. 5.19.4)
(HLu. HWI-tà-ni-ia-za)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idonei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦu̯idonei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idonei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦu̯idanei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦu̯idanei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫu̯idanei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *ɦɑu̯idni-
OIcl. vitni-
(m.) ‘creature’
(HED 3:355)
(OIcl. vitnir [pl])
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦu̯idni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idni-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *u̯idni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. u̯idni-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
RDevoiced → *u̯itni-
4. u̯itni-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → OIcl. vitni-
PIE *ɦɑu̯idnoimo-
CLu. ḫu̯idnaima-
(pt.) ‘- (?) -’ (ein jagdbares Tier?)
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-i-it-na-i-ma-aš)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idnoimo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦu̯idnoimo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idnoimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦu̯idnaima-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦu̯idnaima-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫu̯idnaima-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
√ɦɑuidor-
(HEG I:269-71)
PIE *ɦɑu̯idor-
Hitt. ḫu̯idar-
(n.) ‘Tier(welt), Getier, Sum. MÁŠ.ANŠE’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-i-ta-ar, ḫu-u-i-tar)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦu̯idor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦu̯idar-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦu̯idar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯idar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑu̯idor-
HLu. ḫu̯idar-
(BESTIAn.) ‘(wild) beast’
(CHLu. 4.4.11)
(HLu. (BESTIA)HWI-tara/i-)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦu̯idor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦu̯idar-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦu̯idar-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫu̯idar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *ɦɑu̯idorso-
CLu. ḫu̯idarša-
(n.) ‘Tier(welt), Getier’
(HHand. 52)
(CLu. ḫu-u-i-tar-ša)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idorso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦu̯idorso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idorso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦu̯idarsa-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦu̯idarsa-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → *ḫu̯idarsa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. ḫu̯idarsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. ḫu̯idarša-
√ɦɑuiduol-
PIE *ɦɑu̯idu̯oli-
CLu. ḫu̯idu̯ali-
(a.) ‘lebend, lebendig : vivant’
(DLL. 47)
(CLu. ḫu-i-du-ua-li-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idu̯oli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦu̯idu̯oli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idu̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦu̯idu̯ali-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦu̯idu̯ali-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫu̯idu̯ali-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *ɦɑu̯idu̯olei̯o-
CLu. ḫu̯idu̯alei̯a-
(a.) ‘vivant : lebend’
(DLL. 47)
(CLu. ḫu-u-it-ua-li-ia-an [sgA])
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idu̯olei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦu̯idu̯olei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idu̯olei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦu̯idu̯alei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦu̯idu̯alei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫu̯idu̯alei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *ɦɑu̯idu̯olo·ɦɑiso-
CLu. ḫu̯idu̯ala·ḫiša-
(n.) ‘vie : Leben’
(DLL. 47)
(CLu. ḫu-u-it-ua-la-a-ḫi-ša(-ḫa)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idu̯olo·ɦɑiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦu̯idu̯olo·ɦiso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idu̯olo·ɦiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦu̯idu̯ala·ɦisa-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦu̯idu̯ala·ɦisa-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → *ḫu̯idu̯ala·ḫisa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. ḫu̯idu̯ala·ḫisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. ḫu̯idu̯ala·ḫiša-
PIE *ɦɑu̯idu̯olo·ɦɑid-
CLu. ḫu̯idu̯ala·ḫid-
(n.) ‘Leben : vie’
(DLL. 47)
(CLu. ḫu-it-ua-la-ḫi-ti [D], ḫu-i-du-ua-la-a-ḫi-ta-ti [I])
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idu̯olo·ɦɑid-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦu̯idu̯olo·ɦid-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idu̯olo·ɦid-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦu̯idu̯ala·ɦid-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦu̯idu̯ala·ɦid-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫu̯idu̯ala·ḫid-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *ɦɑu̯idu̯olu̯oro-
CLu. ḫu̯idu̯alu̯ara-
(adv.) ‘zu Lebzeiten?, froh?, HHand. 53’
(DLL. 47)
(CLu. ḫu-u-i-du-u-ua-lu-ua-ra [adv.])
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idu̯olu̯oro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦu̯idu̯olu̯oro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idu̯olu̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦu̯idu̯alu̯ara-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦu̯idu̯alu̯ara-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫu̯idu̯alu̯ara-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
√ɦɑuidumn-
PIE *ɦɑu̯idumno·ɦɑid-
CLu. ḫu̯idumna·ḫid-
(n.) ‘Lebenskraft : vitalité (?)’
(DLL. 47)
(CLu. ḫu-i-tum-na-(a-)ḫi-ta-ti)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idumno·ɦɑid-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦu̯idumno·ɦid-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idumno·ɦid-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦu̯idumna·ɦid-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦu̯idumna·ɦid-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫu̯idumna·ḫid-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *ɦɑu̯idumono·ɦɑid-
CLu. ḫu̯idumana·ḫid-
(.) ‘vitalité (?)’
(DLL. 47)
(CLu. ḫu-i-tum-ma-na-(a-)ḫi-ta-ti)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idumono·ɦɑid-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦu̯idumono·ɦid-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idumono·ɦid-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦu̯idumana·ɦid-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦu̯idumana·ɦid-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫu̯idumana·ḫid-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *ɦɑu̯idumorso-
Pal. ḫu̯idumarša-
(n.) ‘Leben, Lebewesen’ (HHand. 52)
(DPal. 56)
(Pal. [ḫu-i]tu-mar-ša [plNA])
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idumorso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦu̯idumorso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idumorso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦu̯idumarsa-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦu̯idumarsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *ɦu̯idumarša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦu̯idumarša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Pal. ḫu̯idumarša-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑues-
PIE *hɑu̯es-
Hitt. ḫu̯eš-
(vb.) ‘leben, am Leben bleiben’
(HEG I:264-)
(Hitt. ḫu-e-eš [2sg], TI-eš-zi [3sg]
1. PIE *hɑu̯es-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯es-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯es-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hu̯eš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hu̯eš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯eš-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑuso-
PIE *hɑuso-
HLu. ḫuša-
(.) ‘life (?)’
(CHLu. 2.27.28)
(HLu. *185(-)hu-sa-za [n.sgA?]
1. PIE *hɑuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *huso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. huso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *husa-
(XX:XX)
3. husa-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → *ḫusa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. ḫusa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. ḫuša-
√hɑusnu-
PIE *hɑusnu-
Hitt. ḫušnu-
(cs.) ‘am Leben erhalten, lebendig machen’
(HHand. 57)
1. PIE *hɑusnu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *husnu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. husnu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hušnu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hušnu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫušnu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑusro-
(Pyysalo)
[EIEC 109, LIV 432, LP 26]
PIE *hɑ́usro
MidIr. ūr-
(a.) ‘fresh, fair, bright, green : frisch, usw.’
(EtDiPC 143)
(MidIr. úr, LEIA U-26, IEW. 827)
1. PIE *hɑ́usro
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2a → *húusro
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. húusro
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *úusro
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. úusro
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractúu → *ū́sro
4. ū́sro
*sr → r
Loss of *s before r
RLossSinSR → *ū́ro
5. ū́ro
*o- → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → *ū́r
6. ū́r
*ó → ū
Unmarkedness of accent in OIr.
R28d → MidIr. ūr
PIE *hɑ́usro
MidCymr. ir-
(a.) ‘verdant, green, sappy’
(EtDiPC 143)
(MidCymr. ir)
1. PIE *hɑ́usro
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2a → *húusro
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. húusro
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *úusro
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. úusro
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractúu → *ū́sro
4. ū́sro
* ū́ → ī́
Change of *ū́ into ī́
RChangeU2I → *ī́sro
5. ī́sro
*o- → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → *ī́sr
6. ī́sr
*ī́ → ī
Unmarkedness of accent
RChangeI2i1 → *īsr
7. īsr
*ī → i
Orthographic change of *ī into i
RChangeI2i2 → MidCymr. isr
√hɑusto-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑusto-
Lyd. wśta-
(a.) ‘alive’
(Melchert 1994:330)
(but Gusmani LydWb. 288 translates “Erbe” !)
1. PIE *hɑusto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *husto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. husto-
PIE * s → ś
Orthographic change of *s into ś
R10 → *huśto-
3. huśto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *huśta-
(XX:XX)
4. huśta-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *uśta-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. uśta-
PIE *uC → u̯C
Change of PIE *u into u̯ in root-initial
RChangeU2W → *u̯śta-
6. u̯śta-
PIE *u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
R22 → Lyd. wśta-
√hɑus·tɑhn-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑus·teɑhno-
gAv. uštana-
(m.n.) ‘Lebenskraft’
(AIWb. 418-9)
(gAv. astvantǝm dadå uštanǝm [sgA])
1. PIE *hɑus·teɑhno-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *hɑus·taɑhno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. hɑus·taɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hus·tahno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hus·tahno-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *huš·tahno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
4. huš·tahno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *huš·tahna-
5. huš·tahna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → gAv. uš·tana-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *hɑus·toɑhno-
gAv. uštāna-
(m.n.) ‘Lebenskraft, Leben’
(AIWb. 418-9)
(gAv. astvaitē uštānāi [sgD] dātā)
1. PIE *hɑus·toɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hus·tohno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hus·tohno-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *huš·tohno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. huš·tohno-
PIE *ohCV → āhCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RBrugmII1 → *huš·tāhno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.3.7)
4. huš·tāhno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *huš·tāhna-
5. huš·tāhna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → gAv. uš·tāna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *hɑus·toɑhno-
gAv. uštāna-
(a.) ‘mit Lebenskraft begabt’
(AIWb. 420)
1. PIE *hɑus·toɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hus·tohno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hus·tohno-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *huš·tohno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. huš·tohno-
PIE *ohCV → āhCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RBrugmII1 → *huš·tāhno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.3.7)
4. huš·tāhno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *huš·tāhna-
5. huš·tāhna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → gAv. uš·tāna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *Π·hɑus·toɑhno-
LAv. činvat·uštāna-
(.) ‘Verlangen tragen nach’
(AIWb. 437)
(LAv. činvat.uštāna-)
1. PIE *Π·hɑus·toɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hus·tohno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·hus·tohno-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *Π·huš·tohno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. Π·huš·tohno-
PIE *ohCV → āhCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RBrugmII1 → *Π·huš·tāhno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.3.7)
4. Π·huš·tāhno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·huš·tāhna-
5. Π·huš·tāhna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → LAv. Π·uš·tāna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *Π·hɑus·toɑhno-
LAv. uz·uštāna-
(a.) ‘leblos’
(AIWb. 411)
(LAv. uz-uštanå ... uštanavaitīš [plA])
1. PIE *Π·hɑus·toɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hus·tohno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·hus·tohno-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *Π·huš·tohno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. Π·huš·tohno-
PIE *ohCV → āhCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RBrugmII1 → *Π·huš·tāhno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.3.7)
4. Π·huš·tāhno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·huš·tāhna-
5. Π·huš·tāhna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → LAv. Π·uš·tāna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *Π·hɑus·toɑhno-
LAv. vīkǝrǝt·uštāna-
(a.) ‘das Leben, die Lebenskraft zerstörend’
(AIWb. 1436)
(LAv. vīkǝrǝt.uštāna-)
1. PIE *Π·hɑus·toɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hus·tohno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·hus·tohno-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *Π·huš·tohno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. Π·huš·tohno-
PIE *ohCV → āhCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RBrugmII1 → *Π·huš·tāhno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.3.7)
4. Π·huš·tāhno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·huš·tāhna-
5. Π·huš·tāhna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → LAv. Π·uš·tāna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *hɑus·teɑhnou̯o-
LAv. uštanava-
(a.) ‘leibhaftig’
(AIWb. 419)
(LAv. astvå hąm uštanavå [n.plNA])
1. PIE *hɑus·teɑhnou̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *hɑus·taɑhnou̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. hɑus·taɑhnou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hus·tahnou̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hus·tahnou̯o-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *huš·tahnou̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
4. huš·tahnou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *huš·tahnau̯a-
5. huš·tahnau̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *uš·tanau̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. uš·tanau̯a-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → LAv. uš·tanava-
PIE *hɑus·teɑhnou̯etiɑ́h-
LAv. uštanavatī-
(pt.a.) ‘lebendig, lebend’
(AIWb. 419)
(LAv. uz-uštanå ... uštanavaitīš [plA])
1. PIE *hɑus·teɑhnou̯etiɑ́h-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *hɑus·taɑhnou̯etiɑ́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. hɑus·taɑhnou̯etiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1b → *hɑus·taɑhnou̯etiíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
3. hɑus·taɑhnou̯etiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hus·tahnou̯etiíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hus·tahnou̯etiíh-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *huš·tahnou̯etiíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
5. huš·tahnou̯etiíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *huš·tahnau̯etiíh-
6. huš·tahnau̯etiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *uš·tanau̯etií-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. uš·tanau̯etií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → *uš·tanau̯etī́-
8. uš·tanau̯etī́-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *uš·tanau̯atī́-
9. uš·tanau̯atī́-
*ati → aiti
Anaptyxis of *i
RAnaptyxATI → *uš·tanau̯aitī́-
10. uš·tanau̯aitī́-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → *uš·tanavaitī́-
11. uš·tanavaitī́-
* ī̯́ → ī
Absence of accentuation
R41c → LAv. uš·tanavaitī-
PIE *hɑus·toɑhnou̯ont-
gAv. uštānavant-
(a.) ‘mit Leben, Lebenskraft, lebenskräftig’
(AIWb. 419)
1. PIE *hɑus·toɑhnou̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hus·tohnou̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hus·tohnou̯ont-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *huš·tohnou̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. huš·tohnou̯ont-
PIE *ohCV → āhCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RBrugmII1 → *huš·tāhnou̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.3.7)
4. huš·tāhnou̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *huš·tāhnau̯ant-
5. huš·tāhnau̯ant-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *uš·tānau̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. uš·tānau̯ant-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → gAv. uš·tānavant-
√hɑuesu-
PIE *hɑu̯esou-
Hitt. ḫu̯ešau-
(a.) ‘fresh, raw’
(HIL. 412)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-e-ša-u-e-es [N], ḫu-e-ša-ua-az)
1. PIE *hɑu̯esou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯esou-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯esou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯esau-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯esau-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hu̯ešau-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯ešau-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯ešau-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯eski̯e/o-
Hitt. ḫu̯eške/a-
(vb.) ‘leben’
(HIL. 412)
(Hitt. ḫu-eš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑu̯eski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯eski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯eski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *hu̯esḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. hu̯esḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯esḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
4. hu̯esḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *hu̯eske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. hu̯eske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hu̯eške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hu̯eške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯eške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯esu
Hitt. ḫu̯ešu-
(a.) ‘fresh, raw’
(HIL. 412)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-e-šu, hu-e-šu [NA])
1. PIE *hɑu̯esu
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯esu
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯esu
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hu̯ešu
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hu̯ešu
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯ešu
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯esu̯o-
Hitt. ḫu̯ešu̯a-
(a.) ‘fresh, raw’
(HIL. 412)
(Hitt. ḫu-e-šu-ua-za [sgAbl])
1. PIE *hɑu̯esu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯esu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯esu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯esu̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯esu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hu̯ešu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯ešu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯ešu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯esu̯o-
Lyd. weśfa-
(a.) ‘living’
(Melchert 1994:335)
1. PIE *hɑu̯esu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯esu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯esu̯o-
PIE * s → ś
Orthographic change of *s into ś
R10 → *hu̯eśu̯o-
3. hu̯eśu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯eśu̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. hu̯eśu̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯eśu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. u̯eśu̯a-
PIE *śu̯ → śb
Bilabialization of *u̯ after ś
R17 → *u̯eśba-
6. u̯eśba-
PIE *b → f
Orthographic change of *b into f
R20 → *u̯eśfa-
7. u̯eśfa-
PIE *u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
R22 → Lyd. weśfa-
PIE *hɑu̯esu̯on-
Hitt. ḫu̯ešu̯an-
(vn.) ‘Leben’
(HIL. 412)
(Hitt. ḫu-e-eš-ua-an-na-as [sgG])
1. PIE *hɑu̯esu̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯esu̯on-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯esu̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯esu̯an-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯esu̯an-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hu̯ešu̯an-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯ešu̯an-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯ešu̯an-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑusu-
PIE *hɑusu-
Hitt. ḫušu-
(a.) ‘lebendig’ (: ‘fresh, raw’)
(HIL. 412)
(Hitt. ḫu-šu)
1. PIE *hɑusu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *husu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. husu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hušu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hušu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫušu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑusu̯o-
Hitt. ḫušu̯a-
(a.) ‘lebendig’ (: ‘fresh, raw’)
(HIL. 412)
(Hitt. ḫu-šu-ua-za)
1. PIE *hɑusu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *husu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. husu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *husu̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. husu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hušu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hušu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫušu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑusu̯ont-
Hitt. ḫušu̯ant-
(pt.a.) ‘lebend’
(HHand. 57)
(Hitt. ḫu-šu-ua-an-t-, ḫu-uš-ua-an-t-)
1. PIE *hɑusu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *husu̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. husu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *husu̯ant-
(XX:XX)
3. husu̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hušu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hušu̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫušu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑusu̯i-
Hitt. ḫušu̯i-
(vb.) ‘to stay alive, to be alive, survive’
(HIL. 412)
(Hitt. [ḫ]u-šu-e-ua-ni, ḫu-šu-e-er)
1. PIE *hɑusu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *husu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. husu̯i-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hušu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hušu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫušu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√ɦɑudo
PIE *én·ɦɑeudo-
Gr. ἔν·αυδο-
(a.) ‘living’
(LSJ. 557)
(Hesykhius)
1. PIE *én·ɦɑeudo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *én·ɦɑaudo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. én·ɦɑaudo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *én·ɦaudo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. én·ɦaudo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *én·audo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. én·audo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἔν·αυδο-
√ɦɑuedor-
PIE *ɦɑu̯edor-
Hitt. ḫu̯edar-
(n.) ‘Tier(welt), Getier, Sum. MÁŠ.ANŠE’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-e-da-ar [sgNA])
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯edor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦu̯edor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯edor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦu̯edar-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦu̯edar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯edar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑudumono-
Hitt. ḫudumana-
(d.) ‘-(?)-, RDH. 50’
(OHP. 1:168)
(Hitt. ḫu-tu-ma-na, ḫu-tu-ma-an-na)
1. PIE *ɦɑudumono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦudumono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦudumono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦudumana-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦudumana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫudumana-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑudumnoɦɑido-
CLu. ḫudumnaḫida-
(.) ‘vitalité (?)’
(DLL. 47)
(CLu. [ḫ]u-u-tumum-na-ḫi-ta-ti)
1. PIE *ɦɑudumnoɦɑido-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦudumnoɦido-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦudumnoɦido-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦudumnaɦida-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦudumnaɦida-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫudumnaḫida-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)


PIE √hɑu- (sb.) ‘Schaf, Widder’
(IEW. 784)
√hɑu-
PIE *hɑu·Σ-
OIr. u·gaire
(m.) ‘shepherd’
(DIL 485)
(OIr. ugaire, DIL sub ‘oegaire’)
1. PIE *hɑu·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → OIr. u·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *hɑou̯·éhɑinēɑh
Lith. av·íena-
(f.) ‘Schaffleisch, Hammelfleisch’
(LiEtWb. 28)
1. PIE *hɑou̯·éhɑinēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑou̯·éhɑināɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑou̯·éhɑināɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hou̯·éhināh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hou̯·éhināh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ou̯·éinā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ou̯·éinā
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *au̯·éinā
5. au̯·éinā
*ā → ō
Change of ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → *au̯·éinō
6. au̯·éinō
*-ō → -a
Change of ō into a in root-final
RFinalO2a1 → *au̯·éina
7. au̯·éina
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *av·éina
8. av·éina
RChangeEi2Ie → Lith. av·íena
PIE *hɑou̯·ehɑinēɑh-
Lat. ou·īnā-
(f.) ‘Schaffleisch’
(WH 2:229)
1. PIE *hɑou̯·ehɑinēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑou̯·ehɑināɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑou̯·ehɑināɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hou̯·ehināh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hou̯·ehināh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ou̯·einā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ou̯·einā-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → *ou̯·īnā-
5. ou̯·īnā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → Lat. ou·īnā-
PIE *hɑou̯·hɑ́ili-
Lat. ou·īli-
(n.) ‘Schaf-stall’
(WH 2:229)
(Lat. ouīle [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑou̯·hɑ́ili-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1a → *hɑou̯·híili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. hɑou̯·híili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hou̯·híili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hou̯·híili-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ou̯·íili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ou̯·íili-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractíi → *ou̯·ī́li-
5. ou̯·ī́li-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → *ou·ī́li-
6. ou·ī́li-
*ī́ → ī
Orthographic absence of accent
R42 → Lat. ou·īli-
PIE *hɑou·Σ-
Lat. ū·piliō(n)-
(m.) ‘Schafhirt’
(WH 2:211)
1. PIE *hɑou·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hou·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hou·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ou·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. ou·Σ-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → Lat. ū·Σ-
√hɑuo-
(Pyysalo 2013:207)
PIE *hɑou̯o-
HLu. ḫau̯a-
(c.) ‘sheep’
(CHLu. 10.37.1)
(OVIS)ha-wa/i-na [sgA])
1. PIE *hɑou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hou̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hau̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hau̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫau̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *hɑou̯o-
Hitt. ḫau̯a-
(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 105)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-ua-aš)
1. PIE *hɑou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hou̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hau̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hau̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫau̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑóhɑu̯o-
Lith. áva-
(m.) ‘Widder’
(APrS. 309)
(Lith. ávas [Jušk. I,179])
1. PIE *hɑóhɑu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hóhu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hóhu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *óu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. óu̯o-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *óu̯a-
4. óu̯a-
*ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *áu̯a-
5. áu̯a-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → Lith. áva-
√hɑui-
(HEG H:230-1)
PIE *hɑou̯i-
CLu. ḫau̯i-
(c.) ‘Schaf’
(KLuN 70)
(DLL 45, Laroche BSL 62, HIL. 393)
1. PIE *hɑou̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hou̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hou̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hau̯i-
(XX:XX)
3. hau̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫau̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *hɑóu̯i-
ODor. ὄϝι-
(c.) ‘Schaf’
(GEW 2:367)
(Arg. ὄϝινς [plA]
1. PIE *hɑóu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hóu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hóu̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *óu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. óu̯i-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → ODor. ὄϝι-
PIE *triHɑóu̯i-
RV. tri.ávi-
(a.) ‘drei Lammzeiten zählend’
(WbRV. 561)
1. PIE *triHɑóu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *triHóu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. triHóu̯i-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *triHáu̯i-
3. triHáu̯i-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RVedicHiatus → *tri.áu̯i-
4. tri.áu̯i-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → RV. tri.ávi-
PIE *hɑou̯í-
Lith. avì-
(4f.) ‘Schaf’
(LiEtWb. 28)
(Lith. avis [N], aviẽs [G])
1. PIE *hɑou̯í-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hou̯í-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hou̯í-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis Li. ì
RAcc2 → *hou̯ì-
3. hou̯ì-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ou̯ì-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ou̯ì-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *au̯ì-
5. au̯ì-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → Lith. avì-
PIE *hɑeu̯inlo-
OLat. auillo-
(m.) ‘agnus recentis partus’
(WH 1:84)
(Lat. auillus)
1. PIE *hɑeu̯inlo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑau̯inlo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯inlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hau̯inlo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hau̯inlo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *au̯inlo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. au̯inlo-
*nl → ll
Assimilation of *nl into *ll
RAssimNL → *au̯illo-
5. au̯illo-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → OLat. auillo-
PIE *hɑou̯inlo-
Lat. ouillo-
(a.) ‘Schaf-’
(WH 2:229)
(Lat. ouillus, ouilla, ouillum)
1. PIE *hɑou̯inlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hou̯inlo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hou̯inlo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ou̯inlo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. ou̯inlo-
*nl → ll
Assimilation of *nl into *ll
RAssimNL → *ou̯illo-
4. ou̯illo-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → Lat. ouillo-


PIE √hɑu- (vb.) ‘trinken, überschwemmen, benetzen, waschen’ (sb.) ‘Wässer, Woge, Flut’
(IEW. 78-81)
√hɑu-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ohɑu-
Pal. aḫu-
(vb1.) ‘trinken’
(Pal.37; DPal. 49)
(Pal. a-ḫu-ua-(a)-an-nti, a-ḫu-u-na)
1. PIE *ohɑu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ohu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ohu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ahu-
(XX:XX)
3. ahu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Pal. aḫu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯hɑu-
Umbr. uu-
(vb.) ‘lavare’
(IEW 692 [diff.])
(Umbr. vutu [Ipv3sg])
1. PIE *hɑu̯hɑu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯hu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯hu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯u-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. u̯u-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → Umbr. uu-
PIE *ohɑu̯ohɑu̯o-
CLu. aḫu̯aḫu̯a-
(vb.) ‘überschwemmen, HEG I:286-7’
(DLL. 23)
(CLu. aḫuaḫuami)
1. PIE *ohɑu̯ohɑu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ohu̯ohu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ohu̯ohu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ahu̯ahu̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. ahu̯ahu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. aḫu̯aḫu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *hɑu̯o·hɑu̯esor-
Hitt. ḫu̯a·ḫu̯ešar-
(n.) ‘Flut, Woge’
(HHand. 54)
1. PIE *hɑu̯o·hɑu̯esor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯o·hu̯esor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯o·hu̯esor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯a·hu̯esar-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯a·hu̯esar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hu̯a·hu̯ešar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯a·hu̯ešar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯a·ḫu̯ešar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑuon-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑeu̯ṓn
Gr. ἀών-
(m.) ‘a kind of fish’
(LSJ. 299)
(Gr. ἀών, ἀόνος
1. PIE *hɑeu̯ṓn
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑau̯ṓn
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯ṓn
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hau̯ṓn
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hau̯ṓn
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *au̯ṓn
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. au̯ṓn
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *aṓn
5. aṓn
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀών
PIE *hɑu̯on·hɑu̯esor-
Hitt. ḫu̯an·ḫu̯ešar-
(n.) ‘Flut, Woge’
(HHand. 54)
1. PIE *hɑu̯on·hɑu̯esor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯on·hu̯esor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯on·hu̯esor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯an·hu̯esar-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯an·hu̯esar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hu̯an·hu̯ešar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯an·hu̯ešar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯an·ḫu̯ešar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑun-
(HEG I:286-7)
(+ Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·hɑun-
RV. ví (…) un·-
(pr.) ‘[A] mit [I] benetzen, durchtränken’
(WbRV. 251)
(RV. ví (...) undhi [2sg]; ‹if not from *undh·dhi)
1. PIE *Π·hɑun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hun-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·hun-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. Π·un-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *hɑuno-
Umbr. uno-
(.) ‘Wasser’
(WbOU. 815)
(WH 2:817, Umbr. une [Abl.])
1. PIE *hɑuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *huno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. huno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Umbr. uno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *hɑunhɑu̯on-
Hitt. ḫun·ḫu̯an-
(?.) ‘Flut, Woge’
(HHand. 54)
1. PIE *hɑunhɑu̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hunhu̯on-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hunhu̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hunhu̯an-
(XX:XX)
3. hunhu̯an-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫunḫu̯an-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑunhɑumodɑɦi-
Hitt. ḫun·ḫumazi-
(n.) ‘Flut, Woge’ (?)
(HHand. 54)
1. PIE *hɑunhɑumodɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hunhumodɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hunhumodɦi-
PIE *dɦi → zi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4b → *hunhumozi-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. hunhumozi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hunhumazi-
(XX:XX)
4. hunhumazi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫunḫumazi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑunhɑunesor-
Hitt. ḫun·ḫunešar-
(n.) ‘Flut, Woge’
(HHand. 54)
1. PIE *hɑunhɑunesor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hunhunesor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hunhunesor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hunhunesar-
(XX:XX)
3. hunhunesar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hunhunešar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hunhunešar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫunḫunešar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑunhɑu̯esno-
Hitt. ḫun·ḫu̯ešna-
(c.) ‘Woge (?)’
(HHand. 54)
1. PIE *hɑunhɑu̯esno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hunhu̯esno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hunhu̯esno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hunhu̯esna-
(XX:XX)
3. hunhu̯esna-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hunhu̯ešna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hunhu̯ešna-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫunḫu̯ešna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)


PIE √hɑu- (sb.) ‘Ohr’ (vb.) ‘hören’
(IEW 78)
(Pyysalo + Sturtevant)
√hɑu-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑohɑu-
Hitt. ḫaḫu-
(n.) ‘‹ear (?); with Ḫi. ištamaš- ‘hören’
(HEG 1:125)
1. PIE *hɑohɑu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hohu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hohu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hahu-
(XX:XX)
3. hahu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaḫu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑehɑu-
Hitt. ḫaḫu-
(vb.) ‘‹hear (?)›’
(XX:XX)
(“come to Nerik (to) ḫaḫuu̯anzi” [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑehɑu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑahɑu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hahu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hahu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaḫu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑéu̯o-
Gr. ἄο-
(pr.) ‘hear : hören’
(XX:XX)
(Hes. ἄει · ἀκούει, ἄετε · ἀκούσατε)
1. PIE *hɑéu̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑáu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *háu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. háu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *áu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. áu̯o-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *áo-
5. áo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἄο-
√hɑur-
(Sturtevant IHL 47)
PIE *e·hɑurotɑhei-
Hitt. eḫura·tei-
(vb2.) ‘vollstopfen, auffüllen’
(HEG 1:102)
1. PIE *e·hɑurotɑhei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *e·hurothei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. e·hurothei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *e·hurathei-
(XX:XX)
3. e·hurathei-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *e·huratei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. e·huratei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. e·ḫuratei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *e·hɑurotɑhoi-
Hitt. eḫura·tai-
(vb2.) ‘Ohren mit Wolle vollstopfen, auffüllen’
(HHand. 30)
(EHS 476)
1. PIE *e·hɑurotɑhoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *e·hurothoi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. e·hurothoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *e·hurathai-
(XX:XX)
3. e·hurathai-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *e·huratai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. e·huratai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. e·ḫuratai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)


PIE √hɑu- √ɦɑu- (vb.) ‘ziehen, binden, weben’
(IEW: 346; MA 522)
(Pyysalo: CLu.)
√hɑeu-
PIE *hɑeú-
Lith. aũ-
(vb.) ‘Fußbekleidung an-/ausziehen’
(LiEtWb. 27-8)
(Lith. aũti [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑeú-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haú-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis Li. ù
RAcc3 → *haù-
4. haù-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Lith. aù-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *Π·hɑou-
Lat. ex·ū-
(pf.) ‘ausziehen’
(WH I:434f.)
(Lat. exuit)
1. PIE *Π·hɑou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hou-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·hou-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·ou-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. Π·ou-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → Lat. Π·ū-
√hɑui-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ehɑu̯i-
CLu. eḫu̯i-
(vb.) ‘binden/ziehen (obj: "basket" or "goat"?)’
(Melchert 1994:271)
(CLu. e-er-ua-an e-eḫ-ḫu-id-du)
1. PIE *ehɑu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ehu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ehu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. eḫu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *Π·ohɑui̯o-
OCS. ob·ujo-
(pr.) ‘Fußbekleidung anziehen’
(Sadnik √1035)
(OCS. obujǫ [1sg])
1. PIE *Π·ohɑui̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ohui̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·ohui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ahui̯a-
3. Π·ahui̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·aui̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·aui̯a-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *Π·oui̯o-
5. Π·oui̯o-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *Π·ūi̯o-
6. Π·ūi̯o-
* i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
ROrthogrY2j → *Π·ūjo-
7. Π·ūjo-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
ROrthogrU2u → OCS. Π·ujo-
PIE *Π·ohɑui̯o-
Lat. ind·uuio-
(n.) ‘Baumrinde’
(WH 1:695)
1. PIE *Π·ohɑui̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ohui̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·ohui̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·oui̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. Π·oui̯o-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *Π·ūi̯o-
4. Π·ūi̯o-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
ROrthogrY2i → Lat. Π·ūio-


PIE √hɑul- (vb.) ‘schlagen’ (sb.) ‘Hammer, Furche’
(IEW. 1144 + Tischler OPr.)
(Pyysalo: HLu.)
√hɑul-
(HEG 1:273-6: OPr.)
HIL. 417-9, HED 3: 363f.)
PIE *hɑulo-
Hitt. ḫula-
(vb.) ‘(nieder)schlagen, bekämpfen’
(HEG 1:275)
(Hitt. ḫu-ul-la-i, ḫu-ul-la-a-i [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑulo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hulo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hula-
(XX:XX)
3. hula-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫula-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *o·hɑuli-
HLu. a·ḫuli-
(c.) ‘hammer’
(CHLu. 12.1.4)
1. PIE *o·hɑuli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *o·huli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. o·huli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *a·huli-
(XX:XX)
3. a·huli-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. a·ḫuli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *hɑulin-
OPr. ulin-
(cs.) ‘kämpfen’
(APrS. 453)
1. PIE *hɑulin-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hulin-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hulin-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → OPr. ulin-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *hɑeúl·Σ-
Gr. αὖλ·ακ-
(.) ‘Furche’
(GEW 1:77)
(Hes. αὖλαξ, αὖλακες)
1. PIE *hɑeúl·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaúl·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaúl·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haúl·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haúl·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aúl·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. aúl·Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀύλ·Σ-


PIE √hɑum- (sb.) ‘Kraft, Gewalt’ (adv.) ‘ungestüm’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√hɑumo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑ́umo·Σ-
Latv. ũma·kãm
(adv.) ‘mit Gewalt, ungestüm’
(ALiEtWb. U-6)
1. PIE *hɑ́umo·Σ-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2a → *húumo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. húumo·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *úumo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. úumo·Σ-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractUu → *ū́mo·Σ-
4. ū́mo·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Latv. ū́ma·Σ-
PIE *hɑumo·dɑɦosu-
Kpd. ḫuma·dašu-
(Ic.) ‘Kraft·stark, Kraftvoll’
(NOMS. 397)
(Kpd. ḫu-ma-da-šu)
1. PIE *hɑumo·dɑɦosu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *humo·dɦosu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. humo·dɦosu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *huma·dɦasu-
(XX:XX)
3. huma·dɦasu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *huma·dasu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. huma·dasu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *huma·dašu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. huma·dašu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Kpd. ḫuma·dašu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑumi-
PIE *hɑumir-
HLu. ḫumir-
(BRACCHIUM.) ‘-(?)-’
(XX:XX)
(HLu. (BRACCHIUM)hu-mi+ra/i-ha, BRACCHIUM-mi+ra/i-i-i [sgD?])
1. PIE *hɑumir-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *humir-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. humir-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫumir-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *hɑumidaɦo-
CLu. ḫumida-
(c/n?.) ‘(Armes-)Kraft (?), HHand. 54)
(DLL. 48)
(CLu. ḫu-u-mi-ta-ti [sgI] ti-i-ta [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *hɑumidaɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *humidaɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. humidaɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *humidaɦa-
(XX:XX)
3. humidaɦa-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫumidaḫa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)


√hɑur- √hɑuor- √hɑuer- (vb.) ‘schmücken, hängen’ (sb.) ‘Schmück, Gehänge’
(IEW XX)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.+Av.)
√hɑuoro-
(Pyysalo 2013:122)
PIE *hɑu̯oro-
Hitt. ḫu̯ara-
(vb1.) ‘schmücken’
(HEG 1:332)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-ua-ra-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *hɑu̯oro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯oro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯ara-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯ara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯ara-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *gɦɑousohɑu̯oro-
LAv. gaošāvara-
(m.) ‘Ohrschmück, Ohrgehänge’
(AIWb. 486)
(Not to OInd. ā·bharaṇa- ‘Schmück’ (vs. AIWb. 486): Av. v ≠ OInd. bh.)
1. PIE *gɦɑousohɑu̯oro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦousohu̯oro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦousohu̯oro-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *gɦoušohu̯oro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. gɦoušohu̯oro-
PIE *ohCV → āhCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RBrugmII1 → *gɦoušāhu̯oro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.3.7)
4. gɦoušāhu̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦaušāhu̯ara-
5. gɦaušāhu̯ara-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦaušāu̯ara-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. gɦaušāu̯ara-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gaušāu̯ara-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. gaušāu̯ara-
*au → ao
Opening of *au
ROpeningAU → *gaošāu̯ara-
8. gaošāu̯ara-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
R40a → *γaošāu̯ara-
9. γaošāu̯ara-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → LAv. γaošāvara-
√hɑuro-
PIE *Π·hɑuro-
Hitt. ištama·ḫura-
(c.) ‘Ohrring, Ohrschmück (?)’
(HEG 1:423-4)
1. PIE *Π·hɑuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·huro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·huro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·hura-
(XX:XX)
3. Π·hura-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. Π·ḫura-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑuro-
Hitt. ḫura-
(vb1.) ‘schmücken’
(HEG 1:229f.)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-ra-i-ir [3pl])
1. PIE *hɑuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *huro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. huro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hura-
(XX:XX)
3. hura-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫura-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)


PIE √hɑur- ‘Feuchtigkeit, Regen, Strom’ (vb.) ‘besprengen’
(IEW 80)
(Pyysalo 2013:208)
√hɑuro-
PIE *hɑ́uro-
OIcl. ūr-
(n.) ‘Feuchtigkeit, feiner Regen’
(ANEtWb. 635)
1. PIE *hɑ́uro-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2a → *húuro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. húuro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *úuro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. úuro-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractúu → *ū́ro-
4. ū́ro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *ū́ra-
(XX:XX)
5. ū́ra-
ū́ → ū
Orthographic absence of accent
R28 → OIcl. ūra-
PIE *Π·hɑeuro-
Gr. ἄν·αυρο-
(a.) ‘Gießbach, Strom’
(GEW 1:103)
(Gr. ἄναυρος)
1. PIE *Π·hɑeuro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·hɑauro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑauro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hauro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hauro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·auro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·auro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·αυρο-
PIE *hɑeurēɑh-
Thrac. αὔρᾱ-
(m.) (a river)
(Lindeman 1997:60)
(Thrac. αὔρας [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑeurēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaurēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaurēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑaurāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑaurāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haurāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. haurāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aurā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. aurā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Thrac. ἀυρᾱ-
√hɑuri-
PIE *hɑuri-
HLu. ḫuri-
(c.) ‘vessel of libation’
(CHLu. 2.25a)
(HLu. (*522)hu-ri+i-na)
1. PIE *hɑuri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *huri-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. huri-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫuri-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *hɑurei̯o-
Hitt. ḫurei̯a-
(c.) ‘ein Reinigungssubstanz’
(HHand. 55)
1. PIE *hɑurei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hurei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hurei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hurei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hurei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫurei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑuorn-
PIE *hɑu̯orno-
Pal. ḫu̯arna-
(.) ‘- (?) -’
(HHand. 58)
(Pal. ḫ]u-ua-ar-na-aš(-)x[...)
1. PIE *hɑu̯orno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯orno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯orno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯arna-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯arna-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Pal. ḫu̯arna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯ornino-
Pal. ḫu̯arnina-
(vb.) ‘besprengen’ (?)
(HHand. 58)
(DPal. 56, Pal. ḫu-ua-ar-ni-na-i [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑu̯ornino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯ornino-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯ornino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯arnina-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯arnina-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Pal. ḫu̯arnina-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑuersɑh-
PIE *hɑeu̯érsēɑh-
Dor. ἀέρσᾱ-
(f.) ‘Tau : dew’
(GEW 1:566-7)
(Cret. ἀέρσα)
1. PIE *hɑeu̯érsēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑau̯érsēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯érsēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑau̯érsāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑau̯érsāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hau̯érsāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hau̯érsāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *au̯érsā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. au̯érsā-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *aérsā-
6. aérsā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Dor. ἀέρσᾱ-
PIE *hɑeu̯érsēɑh-
Ion. ἀέρση-
(f.) ‘Tau : dew’
(GEW 1:566-7)
(Gr. ἀέρση [Hellenistic])
1. PIE *hɑeu̯érsēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑau̯érsēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯érsēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑau̯érsāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑau̯érsāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hau̯érsāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hau̯érsāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *au̯érsā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. au̯érsā-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *aérsā-
6. aérsā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
RChangeA2E1 → *aérsē-
7. aérsē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Ion. ἀέρση-


PIE √hɑur-, √ɦɑur- ‘verleumden, verflüchen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√hɑur-
(HEG I:308-12)
(HIL. 433-434, Puhvel HED 3: 433f.)
PIE *hɑu̯er-
Pal. ḫu̯er-
(vb2.) ‘verleumden, verflüchen’
(HHand. 51)
(PTGL 56, ḫu-e-ri [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑu̯er-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯er-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯er-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Pal. ḫu̯er-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeur·Σ-
Arm. awr·era-
(sb.obl.) ‘curse, taunt, insult, disgrace’
(IHArm. 156)
1. PIE *hɑeur·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaur·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaur·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haur·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haur·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aur·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. aur·Σ-
*au → aw
Change of *au into aw
RChangeau2aw → Arm. awr·Σ-
PIE *hɑ́urḗhɑ-
Lith. ūrė́-
(vb.) ‘gegen jmd. donnern, ihn heftig ausschelten’
(LiEtWb. 1170)
1. PIE *hɑ́urḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2a → *húurḗhɑ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. húurḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *húurḗh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. húurḗh-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis Li. ù
RAcc3 → *hùurḗh-
4. hùurḗh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ùurḗ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ùurḗ-
*ḗ -> ė́
Orthographic change of *ḗ -> ė́
R28c → Lith. ùurė́-
√ɦɑurdɑɦ-
PIE *ɦɑu̯ordɑɦo-
Hitt. ḫu̯arda-
(vb2.) ‘verfluchen’
(HHand. 56)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-ua-ar-ta-aḫ-ḫi, HIL 434-5, HED H:433f.)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯ordɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦu̯ordɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯ordɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦu̯ardɦa-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦu̯ardɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ɦu̯arda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦu̯arda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯arda-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑu̯ordɑɦo-
CLu. ḫu̯arda-
(vb.) ‘verflüchen’
(HHand. 433)
(CLu. ḫu-ua-ar-ta-aš [3sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯ordɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦu̯ordɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯ordɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦu̯ardɦa-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦu̯ardɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ɦu̯arda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦu̯arda-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫu̯arda-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *ɦɑurdɑɦo-
Hitt. ḫurda-
(vb2.) ‘verfluchen’
(HHand. 56)
(Hitt. ḫur-da-a-i [3sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑurdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦurdɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦurdɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦurdɦa-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦurdɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ɦurda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦurda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫurda-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑurdɑɦo-
Hitt. ḫurda-
(c.) ‘Fluch, Verwünschung’
(HIL. 434)
(Hitt. ḫur-ta-uš [plA])
1. PIE *ɦɑurdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦurdɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦurdɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦurdɦa-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦurdɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ɦurda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦurda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫurda-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)


PIE √hɑu-, √ɦɑu- ‘Gott’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√ɦɑu-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *tr̥·ɦɑ́u-
Hitt. tr̥·ḫu-
(a.) ‘Benennung des Wettergottes, der Mächtige’
(HHand. 167)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑ́u-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2a → *tr̥·ɦúu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)´
2. tr̥·ɦúu-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractúu → *tr̥·ɦū́-
3. tr̥·ɦū́-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → *tr̥·ḫū́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
4. tr̥·ḫū́-
PIE *ū́ → u
Absence of accent and quantity in OAnat.
R17 → Hitt. tr̥·ḫu-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
PIE *tr̥·ɦɑ́u-
HLu. tr̥·ḫu-
(d.) ‘Wettergott, Tonitrus’
(CHLu. 13.4.1)
(HLu. (DEUS)TONITRUS-hu)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑ́u-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2a → *tr̥·ɦúu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. tr̥·ɦúu-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractúu → *tr̥·ɦū́-
3. tr̥·ɦū́-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → *tr̥·ḫū́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. tr̥·ḫū́-
PIE *ū́ → u
R20 → HLu. tr̥·ḫu-
Absence of accent and quantity in OAnat. (Pyysalo 2013: XX)
PIE *toni·tr̥ɦɑ́u-
Lat. toni·trū-
(m.) ‘Donner(gott)’
(WH 2:532)
(Lat. tonitrūs [sgN])
1. PIE *toni·tr̥ɦɑ́u-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2a → *toni·tr̥ɦúu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. toni·tr̥ɦúu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *toni·tr̥úu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. toni·tr̥úu-
PIE *r̥ → r
Desyllafibication of r̥ after loss of h/ɦ
RDesyllR → *toni·trúu-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. toni·trúu-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractúu → *toni·trū́-
5. toni·trū́-
*ū́ → ū
Orthographic absence of accent
R43 → Lat. toni·trū-
PIE *troɦɑu·Σ-
Hitt. traḫu·Σ-
(Ic.) ‘cf. below’
(NOMS. Fr. 54)
(Hitt. taraḫu[…
1. PIE *troɦɑu·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *troɦu·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. troɦu·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *traɦu·Σ-
(XX:XX)
3. traɦu·Σ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. traḫu·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *troɦɑu̯o
OIcl. þrō-
(m.) ‘name von Odin’
(ANEtWb. 623)
(OIcl. þrór [sgN])
1. PIE *troɦɑu̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *troɦu̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. troɦu̯o
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *trou̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. trou̯o
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
AffricateT → *þrou̯o
4. þrou̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *þrau̯a
(XX:XX)
5. þrau̯a
-a → Ø
Loss of -a in root-final position
RLossFinala1 → *þrau̯
6. þrau̯
*au̯ → ō
Change of *- au̯ into -ō
R19 → OIcl. þrō
√ɦɑui-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu̯i-
Hitt. tr̥·ḫu̯i-
(vb1.) ‘mächtig sein, können’
(HHand. 167)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tr̥·ɦu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. tr̥·ḫu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu̯i-
Hitt. tr̥·ḫu̯i-
(vb1.+za) ‘besiegen, bezwingen, überwinden’
(HHand. 167)
(GÉŠPU-aḫḫ-).
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tr̥·ɦu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. tr̥·ḫu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *proɦɑui̯o
OIcl. frey-
(dm.) ‘Name eines Gottes’
(ANEtWb. 142)
(prohauio-s)
1. PIE *proɦɑui̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *proɦui̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. proɦui̯o
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *proui̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. proui̯o
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → *froui̯o
4. froui̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *fraui̯a
(XX:XX)
5. fraui̯a
-a → Ø
Loss of -a in root-final position
RLossFinala1 → *fraui̯
6. fraui̯
*i̯ → i
Change of root-final i̯ into i
RChangeFinaly2i → OIcl. fraui
PIE *pro·ɦɑui̯o·n-
Goth. fra·uja·n-
(m.) ‘Herr’ (‘κύριος, δεσποτής’)
(GoEtD. 126)
(Goth. frauja)
1. PIE *pro·ɦɑui̯o·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pro·ɦui̯o·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. pro·ɦui̯o·n-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *pro·ui̯o·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. pro·ui̯o·n-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → *fro·ui̯o·n-
4. fro·ui̯o·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *fra·ui̯a·n-
(XX:XX)
5. fra·ui̯a·n-
*i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
ROrthogrY2j → Goth. fra·uja·n-
PIE *pro·ɦɑu̯ilo-
Goth. fra·wila-
(PN.) ‘Fravila (a Gothic general)’
(WbAGerm. )
(Goth. fravila-)
1. PIE *pro·ɦɑu̯ilo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pro·ɦu̯ilo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. pro·ɦu̯ilo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *pro·u̯ilo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. pro·u̯ilo-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → *fro·u̯ilo-
4. fro·u̯ilo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *fra·u̯ila-
(XX:XX)
5. fra·u̯ila-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → Goth. fra·wila-
PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu̯ilo·dɑɦor-
Hitt. tr̥·ḫu̯ila·dar-
(n.) ‘Helden-mut’
(HHand. 167)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu̯ilo·dɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tr̥·ɦu̯ilo·dɦor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦu̯ilo·dɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tr̥·ɦu̯ila·dɦar-
(XX:XX)
3. tr̥·ɦu̯ila·dɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *tr̥·ɦu̯ila·dar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tr̥·ɦu̯ila·dar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. tr̥·ḫu̯ila·dar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *prō·ɦɑu̯in·kii̯ēɑh-
Lat. prō·uin·ciā-
(f.) ‘Herrschaft·bereich, Provinz’
(WH 2:337)
1. PIE *prō·ɦɑu̯in·kii̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *prō·ɦɑu̯in·kii̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. prō·ɦɑu̯in·kii̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *prō·ɦu̯in·kii̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. prō·ɦu̯in·kii̯āh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *prō·ɦu̯in·ḱi̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. prō·ɦu̯in·ḱi̯āh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *prō·u̯in·ḱi̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. prō·u̯in·ḱi̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *prō·u̯in·ḱi̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. prō·u̯in·ḱi̯ā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *prō·u̯in·ki̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. prō·u̯in·ki̯ā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → *prō·u̯in·ci̯ā-
8. prō·u̯in·ci̯ā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
ROrthogrY2i → *prō·u̯in·ciā-
9. prō·u̯in·ciā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → Lat. prō·uin·ciā-
√ɦɑuon-
PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu̯on-
Hitt. tr̥·ḫu̯an-
(a.) ‘Benennung des Wettergottes, der Mächtige’
(HHand. 167)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tr̥·ɦu̯on-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦu̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tr̥·ɦu̯an-
(XX:XX)
3. tr̥·ɦu̯an-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. tr̥·ḫu̯an-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu̯on-
Kpd. tr̥·ḫu̯an-
() ((f)c.) –
(NOMS. 1256)
(Kpd. tár-ḫu-a-an)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tr̥·ɦu̯on-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦu̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tr̥·ɦu̯an-
(XX:XX)
3. tr̥·ɦu̯an-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Kpd. tr̥·ḫu̯an-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√ɦɑuno-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *peroɦɑuno
ORuss. perunŭ-
(m.) Donner-gott: Thunder-god’
(REW 2:345)
(ORuss. perunŭ [sgN])
1. PIE *peroɦɑuno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *peroɦuno
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. peroɦuno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *peraɦuna
3. peraɦuna
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *perauna
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. perauna
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *perouno
5. perouno
*-o → -u
Change of -o into -u
RChangeO2U → *perounu
6. perounu
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *perūnu
7. perūnu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
ROrthogru2u1 → *perūnŭ
8. perūnŭ
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
ROrthogrU2u → ORuss. perunŭ
PIE *peroɦɑuno
OCzech. perunŭ-
(PNm.) Donner-gott: Thunder-god’
(REW X:345)
(ORuss. perunŭ [sgN])
1. PIE *peroɦɑuno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *peroɦuno
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. peroɦuno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *peraɦuna
3. peraɦuna
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *perauna
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. perauna
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *perouno
5. perouno
*-o → -u
Change of -o into -u
RChangeO2U → *perounu
6. perounu
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *perūnu
7. perūnu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
ROrthogru2u1 → *perūnŭ
8. perūnŭ
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
ROrthogrU2u → OCzech. perunŭ
PIE *peróɦɑuno
Russ. per·ún-
(m.) ‘heidnischer Gott der Russen’
(REW 2:345)
(Russ. perun [sgN])
1. PIE *peróɦɑuno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *peróɦuno
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. peróɦuno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *peróɦuna
3. peróɦuna
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *peráɦuna
4. peráɦuna
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *peráuna
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. peráuna
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *peráuno
6. peráuno
*á → ó
Change of *á into ó
RChangea2o2 → *peróuno
7. peróuno
*-o → -u
Change of -o into -u
RChangeO2U → *peróunu
8. peróunu
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *óu into ū́
RMonophthOu2U → *perū́nu
9. perū́nu
*u- → Ø
Loss of root-final -u
RLossFinalu → *perū́n
10. perū́n
*ū́ → ú
Orthographic change of *ū́ into ú
ROrthogrU2U → Russ. perún
PIE *tr̥·ɦɑuno-
Hitt. tr̥·ḫuna-
(a.) ‘Benennung des Wettergottes’
(HHand. 167)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tr̥·ɦuno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tr̥·ɦuna-
(XX:XX)
3. tr̥·ɦuna-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. tr̥·ḫuna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *nept·oɦɑuno-
Lat. nept·ūno-
(dm.) ‘G. der Quellen, Flüsse, der Seen und Meere’
(WH 2:162)
(Lat. neptūnus)
1. PIE *nept·oɦɑuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *nept·oɦuno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. nept·oɦuno-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *nept·ouno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. nept·ouno-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → Lat. nept·ūno-
PIE *port·oɦɑuno-
Lat. port·ūno-
(dm.) ‘G. der Häfen und Türen’
(WH 2:342)
1. PIE *port·oɦɑuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *port·oɦuno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. port·oɦuno-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *port·ouno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. port·ouno-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → Lat. port·ūno-
PIE *Π·oɦɑuno-
Lat. trib·ūno-
(m.) ‘Gauvorsteher, Tribun, Zahlmeister’
(WH 2:704)
1. PIE *Π·oɦɑuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·oɦuno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·oɦuno-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·ouno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. Π·ouno-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → Lat. Π·ūno-
PIE *nomɦɑ́unohɑíti-
Lith. namūnaĩti-
(m.) ‘Sohn eines Hauswirts’
(Meid 1958 [IF 63]:151-162)
1. PIE *nomɦɑ́unohɑíti-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2a → *nomɦúunohɑíti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. nomɦúunohɑíti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *nomɦúunohíti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. nomɦúunohíti-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis Li. ì
RAcc2 → *nomɦúunohìti-
4. nomɦúunohìti-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis Li. ù
RAcc3 → *nomɦùunohìti-
5. nomɦùunohìti-
ohì → ohĩ
Circumflex intonation for ohì
RAcc15 → *nomɦùunohĩti-
6. nomɦùunohĩti-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *nomùunohĩti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. nomùunohĩti-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *nomùunoĩti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
8. nomùunoĩti-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Lith. namùunaĩti-
√ɦɑunɑh-
PIE *bɑɦort·oɦɑunēɑh-
Lat. fort·ūnā-
(f.) ‘Zufall, Glück, Fortuna’ (dpl.) ‘Glücksgüter’
(WH 1:534)
(Lat. fortūna [sgN])
1. PIE *bɑɦort·oɦɑunēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *bɑɦort·oɦɑunāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. bɑɦort·oɦɑunāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦort·oɦunāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. bɦort·oɦunāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *bɦort·ounāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. bɦort·ounāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *bɦort·ounā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. bɦort·ounā-
*bɦ → f
Affricativization of labial *bɦ
RAffricatBH2f → *fort·ounā-
6. fort·ounā-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → Lat. fort·ūnā-
PIE *bɑɦort·oɦɑunēɑh-
Praen. fort·ūnā-
(df.) ‘Zufall, Glück, Fortuna’
(WH 1:534)
(Praen. fortūna [sgN])
1. PIE *bɑɦort·oɦɑunēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *bɑɦort·oɦɑunāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. bɑɦort·oɦɑunāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦort·oɦunāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. bɦort·oɦunāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *bɦort·ounāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. bɦort·ounāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *bɦort·ounā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. bɦort·ounā-
*bɦ → f
Affricativization of labial *bɦ
RAffricatBH2f → *fort·ounā-
6. fort·ounā-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → Praen. fort·ūnā-
PIE *Π·oɦɑun·hɑēl
Lat. trib·ūn·āl-
(n.pl.) ‘Hochsitz der Tribunen
(WH 2:342)
1. PIE *Π·oɦɑun·hɑēl
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *Π·oɦɑun·hɑāl
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·oɦɑun·hɑāl
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·oɦun·hāl
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·oɦun·hāl
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·oun·hāl
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·oun·hāl
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·oun·āl
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·oun·āl
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → Lat. Π·ūn·āl
PIE *nept·oɦɑunēɑhliēɑh-
Lat. nept·ūnāliā-
(n.pl.) ‘Fest des N. am 23. Juli’
(WH 2:162)
1. PIE *nept·oɦɑunēɑhliēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *nept·oɦɑunāɑhliāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. nept·oɦɑunāɑhliāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *nept·oɦunāhliāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. nept·oɦunāhliāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *nept·ounāhliāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. nept·ounāhliāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *nept·ounāliā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. nept·ounāliā-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → Lat. nept·ūnāliā-
PIE *port·oɦɑunēɑhliēɑh-
Lat. port·ūnāliā-
(n.pl.) ‘Fest des Portunus’
(WH 2:342)
1. PIE *port·oɦɑunēɑhliēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *port·oɦɑunāɑhliāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. port·oɦɑunāɑhliāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *port·oɦunāhliāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. port·oɦunāhliāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *port·ounāhliāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. port·ounāhliāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *port·ounāliā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. port·ounāliā-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → Lat. port·ūnāliā-
√ɦɑuni-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *tr̥ɦɑuni-
Hitt. tr̥ḫuni
(mc.) –
(NOMS. 1266)
(Hitt. mdU-ni)
1. PIE *tr̥ɦɑuni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tr̥ɦuni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tr̥ɦuni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. tr̥ḫuni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *peroɦɑuni-
ORuss. perunĭ-
(ON.) ‘bei Novgorod’
(REW 2:346)
1. PIE *peroɦɑuni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *peroɦuni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. peroɦuni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *peraɦuni-
3. peraɦuni-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *perauni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. perauni-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *perouni-
5. perouni-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *perūni-
6. perūni-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
ROrthogri2i → *perūnĭ-
7. perūnĭ-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
ROrthogrU2u → ORuss. perunĭ-
PIE *neptoɦɑunii̯o-
Lat. neptūnio-
(a.) ‘of Neptunus’
(WH 2:162)
1. PIE *neptoɦɑunii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *neptoɦunii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. neptoɦunii̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *neptounii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. neptounii̯o-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *neptūnii̯o-
4. neptūnii̯o-
*ii̯o → io
Loss *i̯ between i and o
RLossY2 → Lat. neptūnio-
PIE *tr̥ɦɑuni̯o-
Kpd. tr̥ḫuni̯a-
(Ic.) –
(NOMS. 1266)
(Kpd. tar-ḫu-ni-a)
1. PIE *tr̥ɦɑuni̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tr̥ɦuni̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tr̥ɦuni̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tr̥ɦuni̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. tr̥ɦuni̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Kpd. tr̥ḫuni̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *peroɦɑuni̯ēɑh-
Sloven. perunja-
(ON.f.) ‘Thundergod town’
(REW 2:346)
1. PIE *peroɦɑuni̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *peroɦɑuni̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. peroɦɑuni̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *peroɦuni̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. peroɦuni̯āh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *peraɦuni̯āh-
4. peraɦuni̯āh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *perauni̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. perauni̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *perauni̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. perauni̯ā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *perouni̯ā-
7. perouni̯ā-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *perūni̯ā-
8. perūni̯ā-
* i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
ROrthogrY2j → *perūnjā-
9. perūnjā-
*ā → a
Orthographic change of *ā into a
ROrthogrA2a1 → *perūnja-
10. perūnja-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
ROrthogrU2u → Sloven. perunja-
PIE *Π·ɦɑunei̯ēɑh·n-
OIcl. ās·ynja-
(f.) ‘Asengöttin; ‹ OIcl. ās ‘Gott, Ase’›
(ANEtWb. 16)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑunei̯ēɑh·n-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·ɦɑunei̯āɑh·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·ɦɑunei̯āɑh·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ɦunei̯āh·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·ɦunei̯āh·n-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·unei̯āh·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·unei̯āh·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·unei̯ā·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·unei̯ā·n-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
ROsthoffa1 → *Π·unei̯a·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
6. Π·unei̯a·n-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
RChangee2i → *Π·unii̯a·n-
7. Π·unii̯a·n-
*u – i̯i → y – i̯
Umlaut for *u – ii̯
RUmlautunij → *Π·yni̯a·n-
8. Π·yni̯a·n-
*i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
R26 → OIcl. Π·ynja·n-
√ɦɑunos-
PIE *déhɑm·ɦɑ́unos-
RV. dám·ūnas-
(m) ‘Hausherr, Gebieter’
(EWA1:698)
(Pinault 2000, BSL 95:61–118)
1. PIE *déhɑm·ɦɑ́unos-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2a → *déhɑm·ɦúunos-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. déhɑm·ɦúunos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *déhm·ɦúunos-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. déhm·ɦúunos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *déhm·ɦúunas-
4. déhm·ɦúunas-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *déhm·úunas-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. déhm·úunas-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *dém·úunas-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. dém·úunas-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractUu → *dém·ū́nas-
7. dém·ū́nas-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → RV. dám·ū́nas-
√ɦɑundɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *tr̥ɦɑundɑh-
Hitt. tr̥ḫund-
(a.) ‘Benennung des Wettergottes, der Mächtige’
(HHand. 167)
(GhR. 308-9, RDH. 89, E. Neu (StBoT 18:118 with n. 277)
1. PIE *tr̥ɦɑundɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tr̥ɦundh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tr̥ɦundh-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *tr̥ɦund-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. tr̥ɦund-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. tr̥ḫund-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *tr̥ɦɑundɑh-
CLu. tr̥ḫund-
(a.) ‘Benennung des Wettergottes, der Mächtige’
(HHand. 167)
(REL. 69, 91, 166-8, 173, WbMyth. 208-214)
1. PIE *tr̥ɦɑundɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tr̥ɦundh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tr̥ɦundh-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *tr̥ɦund-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. tr̥ɦund-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. tr̥ḫund-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *tr̥ɦɑundɑɦ-
CLu. tr̥ḫund-
(d.) ‘Tarhunt, Wettergott, Tonitrus’
(OHP. 1:446-)
(CLu. tar-ḫu-un-za [sgN], KLuN. 142-5, CLuLex. 212)
1. PIE *tr̥ɦɑundɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tr̥ɦundɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tr̥ɦundɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *tr̥ɦund-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. tr̥ɦund-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. tr̥ḫund-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *tr̥ɦɑundɑɦo
OIcl. þrund-
(m.) ‘Odinsname (þula)’
(ANEtWb. 624)
(OIcl. þrundr [sgN])
1. PIE *tr̥ɦɑundɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tr̥ɦundɦo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tr̥ɦundɦo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *tr̥undɦo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. tr̥undɦo
PIE *r̥ → r
Desyllafibication of r̥ after loss of h/ɦ
RDesyllR → *trundɦo
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. trundɦo
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
AffricateT → *þrundɦo
5. þrundɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *þrundo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. þrundo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *þrunda
(XX:XX)
7. þrunda
-a → Ø
Loss of -a in root-final position
RLossFinala1 → OIcl. þrund
√hɑut-


PIE √hɑus- (sb.) ‘Mineral, Salz’ (a.) ‘herb, streng‘
(IEW 881)
(Pyysalo)
√ɦɑus-
PIE *hɑ́uso-
OInd. ū́ṣa-
(m.) ‘Steppensalz, salzige Erde’
(EWA 1:46)
1. PIE *hɑ́uso-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2a → *húuso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. húuso-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *húušo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. húušo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *húuša-
4. húuša-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *úuša-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. úuša-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractUu → *ū́ša-
6. ū́ša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → OInd. ū́ṣa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
PIE *hɑuso-
OInd. uṣa-
(m.) ‘Steppensalz, salzige Erde’
(EWA 1:46)
1. PIE *hɑuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *huso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. huso-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *hušo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. hušo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *huša-
4. huša-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *uša-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. uša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → OInd. uṣa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
PIE *hɑ́usero-
OInd. ūṣ·ara-
(a.) ‘salzhaltig’ (vom Boden), salzig’
(EWA 1:46)
1. PIE *hɑ́usero-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2a → *húusero-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. húusero-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *húušero-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. húušero-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *húušera-
4. húušera-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *úušera-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. úušera-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractUu → *ū́šera-
6. ū́šera-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *ū́šara-
7. ū́šara-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → OInd. ū́ṣara-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
√ɦɑust-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑust-
Hitt. ḫušt-
() ((NA4)c.) ‘eine mineralische Substanz, ‘Bernstein’?’
(HHand. 57)
(HEG I:317: Hitt. NA4ḫušt-)
1. PIE *hɑust-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hust-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hust-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hušt-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hušt-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫušt-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑusto-
Hitt. ḫušta-
() ((NA4)c.) ‘eine mineralische Substanz, ‘Bernstein’?’
(HHand. 57)
1. PIE *hɑusto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *husto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. husto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *husta-
(XX:XX)
3. husta-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hušta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hušta-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫušta-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑustei-
Hitt. ḫuštei-
() ((NA4)c.) ‘eine mineralische Substanz, ‘Bernstein’?’
(HHand. 57)
1. PIE *hɑustei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hustei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hustei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *huštei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. huštei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫuštei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeustēró-
Gr. αὐστηρό-
(a.) ‘herb, streng’
(GEW1:189)
1. PIE *hɑeustēró-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaustēró-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaustēró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haustēró-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haustēró-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *austēró-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. austēró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀυστηρό-


PIE √hɑus- ‘Lehmgrube, Grotte, Hürde, Landhaus’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√hɑuseli-
PIE *hɑuseli-
Hitt. ḫušeli-
(.) ‘Lehmgrube, Grube, Abort’
(ḪEG I:315)
(Hitt. ḫušeli, HED 3:409-10)
1. PIE *hɑuseli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *huseli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. huseli-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hušeli-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hušeli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫušeli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑusili-
PIE *hɑusili-
Hitt. ḫušili-
(.) ‘Lehmgrube, Grube, Abort : pit, dump’
(HEG I:315)
(Hitt. ḫušili)
1. PIE *hɑusili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *husili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. husili-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hušili-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hušili-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫušili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑusili·umon-
Kpd. ḫušili·uman-
(Ic.) ‘of/from ḫušili-’
(HEG I:315)
1. PIE *hɑusili·umon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *husili·umon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. husili·umon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *husili·uman-
(XX:XX)
3. husili·uman-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hušili·uman-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hušili·uman-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Kpd. ḫušili·uman-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑusli-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑúslēɑh-
Ion.-Att. ὕλη-
(f.) ‘Bodensatz, Schlamm, Schleim’
(GEW 1:962-3)
1. PIE *hɑúslēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑúslāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑúslāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *húslāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. húslāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *úslā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. úslā-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *úhlā-
5. úhlā-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *úlā-
6. úlā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
RChangeA2E1 → *úlē-
7. úlē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Ion.-Att. ὕλη-
PIE *hɑeúslii̯o-
Gr. αὔλιο-
(n.) ‘Grotte, Hürde, Landhaus’
(GEW1:186)
1. PIE *hɑeúslii̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaúslii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaúslii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haúslii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haúslii̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aúslii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. aúslii̯o-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *aúhlii̯o-
5. aúhlii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *aúhlio-
6. aúhlio-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *aúlio-
7. aúlio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀύλιο-
PIE *hɑ́usli-
Gr. ὕλι-
(f.) ‘Schlamm’
(GEW 2:963)
(Gr. ὗλις [sgN], LSJ. 1848)
1. PIE *hɑ́usli-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2a → *húusli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. húusli-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *úusli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. úusli-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractúu → *ū́sli-
4. ū́sli-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *ū́hli-
5. ū́hli-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *ū́li-
6. ū́li-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ū́λι-
√hɑusuli-
PIE *hɑusuli-
Hitt. ḫušuli-
(?.) ‘Lehmgrube, Abort’
(HEG I:315)
(Hitt. ḫušuli)
1. PIE *hɑusuli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *husuli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. husuli-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hušuli-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hušuli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫušuli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)


PIE √hɑus- (vb.) ‘Speer(spitze), Spindel’ (a.)
(IEW –)
√hɑueso-
PIE *ɦɑu̯eso-
Hitt. ḫu̯eša-
(c.) ‘Spindel; ‹cf. Hitt. šitar- ‘id’ ›’
(HEG 2:268-9)
(Hitt. ḫueša, ḫuiša)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯eso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦu̯eso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯eso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦu̯esa-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦu̯esa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *ɦu̯eša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦu̯eša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯eša-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑuso-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ɦɑuso-
OHitt. ḫuša-
(c.) ‘Spindel’
(HEG 2:268-9)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-šu-uš [plA])
1. PIE *ɦɑuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦuso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦuso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦusa-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦusa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *ɦuša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦuša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → OHitt. ḫuša-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑusso-
PIE *ɦɑussó-
Gr. ὑσσό-
(.) ‘Wurfspieß, ‹cf. Hitt. šitar- ‘Speerspitze’ ›’
(GEW 2:975)
1. PIE *ɦɑussó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦussó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦussó-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ussó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. ussó-
*ss → s
Degemination of *ss
RDegeminss2s → *usó-
4. usó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὑσό-
PIE *ɦɑussōlu-
Car. ὑσσωλο-
(PN.) ‘Speermann (?)’
(GEW 2:975)
1. PIE *ɦɑussōlu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦussōlu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦussōlu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ussōlu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. ussōlu-
PIE *u → o
Orthographic change of *u into o
R20 → *ossōlo-
4. ossōlo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Car. ὀσσωλο-


√ɦɑud- (vb.) ‘XX’
(IEW. 773)
(Pyysalo: Gr. + HLu.)
√ɦɑud-
PIE *ɦɑoudiɑ́h-
SCr. udi-
(vb.) ‘to harm’
(IEW. 773)
(SCr. uditi)
1. PIE *ɦɑoudiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1b → *ɦɑoudiíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. ɦɑoudiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦoudiíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦoudiíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦaudiíh-
4. ɦaudiíh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *audiíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. audiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *audií-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. audií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → *audī́-
7. audī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *oudī́-
8. oudī́-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *ūdī́-
9. ūdī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
ROrthogrI2i2 → *ūdi-
10. ūdi-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
ROrthogrU2u → SCr. udi-
PIE *ɦɑoudúso-
Gr. οὐδύο-
(vb.) ‘quarrel’
(XX:XX)
(in Hes. οὐδύεται · ἐρίζεται)
1. PIE *ɦɑoudúso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦoudúso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦoudúso-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *oudúso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. oudúso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *oudúho-
4. oudúho-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *oudúo-
5. oudúo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὀυδύο-
PIE *ɦɑudoili-
HLu. ḫudaili-
(273vb.) ‘brechen : strike’
(XX:XX)
(HLu. (*273)hu-ta-i-li-ta-‘)
1. PIE *ɦɑudoili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦudoili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦudoili-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦudaili-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦudaili-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫudaili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)


PIE √ɦɑld- (vb.) ‘cry, appeal, call’
(or PIE √ɦɑldɑɦ- (?))
√ɦɑldo
PIE *ɦɑeldo-
CLu. ḫalda-
(vb1.) ‘appeler call, appeal’
(DLL 39)
(CLu. ḫal-ta-at-ti [3sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑeldo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑaldo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaldo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦaldo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦaldo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦalda-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦalda-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫalda-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *ɦɑeldḗhɑ-
Lith. aldė-
(vb.) ‘lärmen’
(LiEtWb. 6)
(Lith. aldti [inf.])
1. PIE *ɦɑeldḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑaldḗhɑ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaldḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦaldḗh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦaldḗh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *aldḗh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. aldḗh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aldḗ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. aldḗ-
*ḗ -> ė́
Orthographic change of *ḗ -> ė́
R28c → Lith. aldė́-
PIE *nu·ɦɑeldḗhɑ-
Lith. nu·aldė-
(vb.) ‘erschallen’
(LiEtWb. 6)
(Lith. nu·aldti [inf.])
1. PIE *nu·ɦɑeldḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *nu·ɦɑaldḗhɑ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. nu·ɦɑaldḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *nu·ɦaldḗh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. nu·ɦaldḗh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *nu·aldḗh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. nu·aldḗh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *nu·aldḗ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. nu·aldḗ-
*ḗ -> ė́
Orthographic change of *ḗ -> ė́
R28c → Lith. nu·aldė́-
PIE *ɦɑeldi-
CLu. ḫaldi-
(vbM.) ‘appeler’
(DLL 39)
(CLu. ḫal-ti-it-ta-ri [3sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑeldi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑaldi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaldi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦaldi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦaldi-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫaldi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *ɦɑeldi̯o-
Hitt. ḫalza-
(vb2.) ‘rufen, nennen’
(HEG I:139f.)
(Hitt. ḫal-za-i [3sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑeldi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑaldi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaldi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦaldi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦaldi̯o-
PIE *di̯ → z
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
RDentAssib3a → *ɦalzo-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. ɦalzo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦalza-
(XX:XX)
5. ɦalza-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫalza-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑéɦɑldro-
Lith. áldra-
(m.) ‘Lärm, Geschrei’
(LiEtWb. 6)
(Lith. áldrai [plN])
1. PIE *ɦɑéɦɑldro-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *ɦɑáɦɑldro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑáɦɑldro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦáɦldro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦáɦldro-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *áldro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. áldro-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Lith. áldra-


√ɦɑbus- (sb.) ‘Stiel, Stengel, Schaft, Penis’
(IEW 485 [Celt.])
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Celt.; or PIE √ɦɑbɑɦus- (?))
√ɦɑbus-
(HEG1:168)
PIE *ɦɑobuso-
Hitt. ḫabuša-
(n.) ‘Stiel, Stengel, Schaft, Penis’
(HHand. 41)
(Hitt. [ḫa-]a-pu-ú-ša-kán, ḫa-a-pu-ú-ša-aš, ḫa-pu-ša-ši›
1. PIE *ɦɑobuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦobuso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦobuso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦabusa-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦabusa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *ɦabuša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦabuša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫabuša-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑobusont-
Hitt. ḫabušant-
(c.) ‘Stiel, Stengel, Schaft, Penis’
(HHand. 41)
(Hitt. [ḫa-a-p]u-ša-an-za)
1. PIE *ɦɑobusont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦobusont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦobusont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦabusant-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦabusant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *ɦabušant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦabušant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫabušant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑobusoso-
Hitt. ḫabušaša-
(n.) ‘Stiel, Stengel, Schaft, Penis’
(HHand. 41)
(Hitt. ḫa-pu-ša-aš-ša, ḫa-a-pu-ša-aš-ša)
1. PIE *ɦɑobusoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦobusoso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦobusoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦabusasa-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦabusasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *ɦabušaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦabušaša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫabušaša-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑobusosont-
Hitt. ḫabušašant-
(c.) ‘Stiel, Stengel, Schaft, Penis’
(HHand. 41)
(Hitt. ḫa-pu-ša-aš-ša-an-za)
1. PIE *ɦɑobusosont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦobusosont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦobusosont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦabusasant-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦabusasant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *ɦabušašant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦabušašant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫabušašant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑobusesor-
Hitt. ḫabušešar-
(n.) ‘Stiel, Stengel, Schaft, Penis’
(HHand. 41)
(Hitt. ḫa-pu-ú-še-eš-šar)
1. PIE *ɦɑobusesor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦobusesor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦobusesor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦabusesar-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦabusesar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *ɦabušešar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦabušešar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫabušešar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√ɦɑbusdɑɦ-
PIE *ɦɑbusdɑɦo
MidIr. bot-
(m.*o-) ‘penis, tail; PCelt. *buzdo-’
(LEIA B-73)
1. PIE *ɦɑbusdɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦbusdɦo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦbusdɦo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *busdɦo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. busdɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *busdo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. busdo
*o- → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → MidIr. busd
PIE *ɦɑbusdɑɦēɑh
MidCymr. both-
(f.) ‘ombo, nave, boss of shield’
(EtDiPC. 85-6)
1. PIE *ɦɑbusdɑɦēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *ɦɑbusdɑɦāɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. ɦɑbusdɑɦāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦbusdɦāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦbusdɦāh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *busdɦāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. busdɦāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *busdɦā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. busdɦā
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *busdā
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. busdā
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RShortA2a → *busda
7. busda
*a- → Ø-
Loss of root-final *a
RLossFinala → MidCymr. busd
PIE *ɦɑbusdɑɦ·Σ-
OGaul. buðð·utto-
(m/n?.) ‘penis (?)’
(EtDiPC. 85-6)
moni gnatha gabi buððutton imon ‘come, girl, take penis which (is) mine’
1. PIE *ɦɑbusdɑɦ·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦbusdɦ·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦbusdɦ·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *busdɦ·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. busdɦ·Σ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → OGaul. busd·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)


PIE ɦɑd- ‘zu’
(IEW 3)
(Pyysalo: IIr. + Hitt.)
√ɦɑed
PIE *ɦɑed
Lat. ad
(prepA.) ‘zu, bei, an’
(WH 1:11ff.)
1. PIE *ɦɑed
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑad
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑad
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦad
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦad
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → Lat. ad
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *ɦɑed
Umbr. ař·
(pref.) ‘zu, bei, an’
(WH 1:11)
1. PIE *ɦɑed
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑad
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑad
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦad
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦad
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → Umbr. ad
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *Π·ɦɑed
Umbr. ·ař
(postp.A) ‘zu, bei, an’
(WH 1:11)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑed
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·ɦɑad
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·ɦɑad
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ɦad
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·ɦad
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → Umbr. Π·ad
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *Π·ɦɑéd
RV. tr̥p·ád
(adv.) ‘zur genüge, bis zur sättigung’
(WbRV. 549)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑéd
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *Π·ɦɑád
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·ɦɑád
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ɦád
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·ɦád
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → RV. Π·ád
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *sm·ɦɑéd
RV. sm·ád
(prepI) ‘zugleich, zusammen’
(WbRV. 1613)
1. PIE *sm·ɦɑéd
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *sm·ɦɑád
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. sm·ɦɑád
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sm·ɦád
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. sm·ɦád
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → RV. sm·ád
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *sm·ɦɑed
gAv. m·ad
(prep.postp.) ‘zusammen mit –, sammt’
(AIWb. 1119)
1. PIE *sm·ɦɑed
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *sm·ɦɑad
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. sm·ɦɑad
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sm·ɦad
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. sm·ɦad
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *sm·ad
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. sm·ad
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → gAv. hm·ad
PIE *sum·haéd
RV. sum·ád
(adv.) ‘zusammen, zugleich’
(WbRV. 1545)
1. PIE *sum·haéd
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *sum·aéd
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
2. sum·aéd
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → RV. sum·aád
PIE *meno·haedo
Hitt. mena·ḫada
(.) ‘opposite’
(Kimball 1999:318)
(Hitt. me-na-aḫ-ḫa-ta)
1. PIE *meno·haedo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *mena·haeda
(XX:XX)
2. mena·haeda
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. mena·ḫaeda
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)


PIE √ɦɑrd- (vb.) ‘schlagen’ (adv.) ‘evil(ly)’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√ɦɑrd-
PIE *ɦɑordéi̯o-
RV. ardáya-
(cs.) ‘töten, vernichten’
(WbRV. 114)
(RV. árdayas [2sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑordéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦordéi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦordéi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦardéi̯a-
3. ɦardéi̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ardéi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ardéi̯a-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *ardái̯a-
5. ardái̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. ardáya-
PIE *Π·ɦɑordéi̯o-
RV. ví (…) ardáya·-
(cs.) ‘zerstieben machen, vernichten’
(WbRV. 114)
(RV. ví (...) ardáya-)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑordéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ɦordéi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦordéi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ɦardéi̯a-
3. Π·ɦardéi̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·ardéi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·ardéi̯a-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *Π·ardái̯a-
5. Π·ardái̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. Π·ardáya-
PIE *ɦɑerdus-
LAv. arǝduš-
(n.) ‘Verletzung, Hieb’
(AIWb 194)
(LAv. arǝduš-)
1. PIE *ɦɑerdus-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑardus-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑardus-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦardus-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦardus-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *ɦarduš-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
4. ɦarduš-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *arduš-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. arduš-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
R19b → *arǝduš-
6. arǝduš-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
R40c → LAv. arǝδuš-
PIE *ɦɑerduto
HLu. ḫarduta-
(adv.) ‘malus, malum : evil(ly)’
(CHLu. 2.41.5)
(HLu. (‘MALUS’)ha+ra/i-tú-tá, For suffix, cf. HLu. hiputa-, HLu. arzuta-, Weitenberg (1984:396)
1. PIE *ɦɑerduto
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑarduto
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑarduto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦarduto
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦarduto
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦarduta
(XX:XX)
4. ɦarduta
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫarduta
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)


PIE √ɦɑsi- ‘Esche, Pappel’
(IEW 416, 782)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√ɦɑɦɑsi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ɦɑóɦɑosi-
Latv. uôsi-
(m.) ‘Esche : ash’
(ALiEtWb. 13)
(Latv. uôsis [sgN])
1. PIE *ɦɑóɦɑosi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦóɦosi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦóɦosi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *óosi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. óosi-
*óo → ô
Contraction of óo into ô
R15b → *ôsi-
4. ôsi-
*ô → uô
Change of ô into uô
RChangeO2uo2 → Latv. uôsi-
PIE *ɦɑóɦɑosi-
Lith. úosi-
(m.) ‘Esche’
(ALiEtWb. 13)
(Lith. uósis [sgN])
1. PIE *ɦɑóɦɑosi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦóɦosi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦóɦosi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *óosi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. óosi-
*óo → ṓ
Contraction of óo into ṓ
RContractoo2O2 → *ṓsi-
4. ṓsi-
*ṓ → úo
Change of ṓ into úo
RChangeO2uo2 → Lith. úosi-
PIE *Π·ɦɑoɦɑosíd-
Gr. ἀχερ·ωίδ-
(f.) ‘Weißpappel’
(GEW 1: 199-200)
(ἀχερ·ωΐδ-, For Gr. ἀχερ- ‘weiß’ cf. RV. áhar- (n.) ‘Tag’, WbRV. 163, IEW 7)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑoɦɑosíd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ɦoɦosíd-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦoɦosíd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·oosíd-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. Π·oosíd-
*oo → ō
Contraction of oo into ō
RContractoo2O → *Π·ōsíd-
4. Π·ōsíd-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *Π·ōhíd-
5. Π·ōhíd-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *Π·ōíd-
6. Π·ōíd-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·ωίδ-
PIE *ɦɑoɦɑosidei-
Hitt. ḫaḫašidei-
(c.) ‘eine Pflanze, HHand. 34’
(HEG I:123)
(Hitt. ḫarau- (GIŠn.) ‘Pappel’ (HHand. 42, HEG1:172)
1. PIE *ɦɑoɦɑosidei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦoɦosidei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦoɦosidei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦaɦasidei-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦaɦasidei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *ɦaɦašidei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦaɦašidei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaḫašidei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)


PIE √ɦɑd- (sb.) ‘Schatz’ (a.) ‘reich’ (vb.) ‘inventarisieren’
(IEW. 185 [diff.])
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Gr.)
√ɦɑdeit-
PIE *ɦɑdeit-
Lat. dīt-
(a.) ‘reich, reich fließend, kostbar’
(WH 1:358)
1. PIE *ɦɑdeit-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦdeit-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦdeit-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *deit-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. deit-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → Lat. dīt-
√ɦɑdeiu̯i-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ɦɑedeiu̯i-
Hitt. ḫadeiu̯i-
(c.) ‘Inventar’
(HEG I:224-225)
(Hitt. ḫadeiu̯iš [sgN])
1. PIE *ɦɑedeiu̯i-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑadeiu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadeiu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦadeiu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦadeiu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫadeiu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑdeiu̯it-
Lat. dīuit-
(a.) ‘reich’
(WH 1:XX)
1. PIE *ɦɑdeiu̯it-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦdeiu̯it-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦdeiu̯it-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *deiu̯it-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. deiu̯it-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → *dīu̯it-
4. dīu̯it-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → Lat. dīuit-
PIE *ɦɑedeiu̯ito-
Hitt. ḫadeiuita-
(vb.) ‘inventarisieren’
(EHS 240, 476)
(Hitt. ḫadeiuitanzi)
1. PIE *ɦɑedeiu̯ito-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑadeiu̯ito-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadeiu̯ito-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦadeiu̯ito-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦadeiu̯ito-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦadeiu̯ita-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦadeiu̯ita-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫadeiu̯ita-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑedeiu̯itēɑh-
Lat. dīuitā-
(pr1.) ‘bereichern’
(WH 1:358)
1. PIE *ɦɑedeiu̯itēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑadeiu̯itēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadeiu̯itēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *ɦɑadeiu̯itāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. ɦɑadeiu̯itāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦadeiu̯itāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. ɦadeiu̯itāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *adeiu̯itāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. adeiu̯itāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *adeiu̯itā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. adeiu̯itā-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → *adīu̯itā-
7. adīu̯itā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → Lat. adīuitā-
√ɦɑduto-
PIE *ɦɑéduto-
Gr. ἄδυτο-
(a.) ‘θησαυρός’
(LSJ 24)
1. PIE *ɦɑéduto-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *ɦɑáduto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑáduto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦáduto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦáduto-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *áduto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. áduto-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἄδυτο-


PIE √ɦɑd- ‘sprechen, verwünschen, klagen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√ɦɑdi-
PIE *ɦɑedei-
HLu. ḫadei-
(vb.) ‘speak, proclaim’
(CHLu. 11.1.fg1)
(HLu. (“LOQUI”)ha-ti-i-ti)
1. PIE *ɦɑedei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑadei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦadei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦadei-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫadei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *ɦɑodei̯o-
HLu. ḫadeia-
(a.) ‘mentioned = Yakubovicz’
(CHLu. 11.1.a12)
(HLu. ha-ti-ia-pa-wa/i-mu)
1. PIE *ɦɑodei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦodei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦodei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦadei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦadei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫadei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
√ɦɑdis-
(Pyysalo)
(HED H:265)
PIE *ɦɑodeiso-
HLu. ḫadeiša-
(n.) ‘command = Yakubovicz’
(CHLu. 2.40.3)
(HLu. ha-ti-sá)
1. PIE *ɦɑodeiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦodeiso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦodeiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦadeisa-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦadeisa-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → *ḫadeisa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. ḫadeisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. ḫadeiša-
PIE *ɦɑedeistoi̯ont-
Hitt. ḫadeištaant-
(pt.) ‘verzaubert, verflucht’
(HEG H:222)
(Hitt. ḫa-te-iš-da-a-an-te-eš [plN])
1. PIE *ɦɑedeistoi̯ont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑadeistoi̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadeistoi̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦadeistoi̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦadeistoi̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦadeistai̯ant-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦadeistai̯ant-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide1 → *ɦadeistaant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
5. ɦadeistaant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *ɦadeištaant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦadeištaant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫadeištaant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑedeistoi̯ontei-
Hitt. ḫadeištaantei-
(pt.) ‘verflucht, verzaubert’
(HEG H:222)
(Hitt. ḫa-ti-iš-ta-an-ti-i̯a-aš [plN])
1. PIE *ɦɑedeistoi̯ontei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑadeistoi̯ontei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadeistoi̯ontei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦadeistoi̯ontei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦadeistoi̯ontei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦadeistai̯antei-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦadeistai̯antei-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide1 → *ɦadeistaantei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
5. ɦadeistaantei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *ɦadeištaantei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦadeištaantei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫadeištaantei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√ɦɑdiu-
PIE *ɦɑdoiu̯ei̯o-
OInd. devaya-
(cs.) ‘ask, beg’
(MonWil. 492)
1. PIE *ɦɑdoiu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦdoiu̯ei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦdoiu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦdaiu̯ei̯a-
3. ɦdaiu̯ei̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *daiu̯ei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. daiu̯ei̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *daiu̯ai̯a-
5. daiu̯ai̯a-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RChangeAI2E1 → *dēu̯ai̯a-
6. dēu̯ai̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *dēvai̯a-
7. dēvai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → *dēvaya-
8. dēvaya-
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthOIA4 → OInd. devaya-
PIE *ɦɑdoiu̯ei̯o-
OInd. devaya-
(cs.) ‘cause to lament, vex, pain’
(MonWil. 492)
1. PIE *ɦɑdoiu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦdoiu̯ei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦdoiu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦdaiu̯ei̯a-
3. ɦdaiu̯ei̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *daiu̯ei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. daiu̯ei̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *daiu̯ai̯a-
5. daiu̯ai̯a-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RChangeAI2E1 → *dēu̯ai̯a-
6. dēu̯ai̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *dēvai̯a-
7. dēvai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → *dēvaya-
8. dēvaya-
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthOIA4 → OInd. devaya-
PIE *ɦɑdoiu̯eno-
OInd. devana-
(n.) ‘lamentation, wailing, grief, sorrow’
(MonWil. 492)
1. PIE *ɦɑdoiu̯eno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦdoiu̯eno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦdoiu̯eno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦdaiu̯ena-
3. ɦdaiu̯ena-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *daiu̯ena-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. daiu̯ena-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *daiu̯ana-
5. daiu̯ana-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RChangeAI2E1 → *dēu̯ana-
6. dēu̯ana-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *dēvana-
7. dēvana-
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthOIA4 → OInd. devana-


PIE √ɦɑud- ‘Erde, Fußboden, Baugrube, Stadt’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√ɦɑudeɑh-
PIE *ɦɑoudeɑhs-
Gr. οὔδασ-
(n.) ‘Erd-, Fußboden’
(GEW 2:442)
(Gr. οῦδασ-)
1. PIE *ɦɑoudeɑhs-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *ɦɑoudaɑhs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. ɦɑoudaɑhs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦoudahs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦoudahs-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *oudahs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. oudahs-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *oudas-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. oudas-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *oudah-
6. oudah-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *ouda-
7. ouda-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὀυδα-
PIE *ɦɑoudeɑhíi̯o-
Gr. οὐδαίο-
(a.) ‘auf/unter dem Erdboden befindlich’
(GEW 2:442)
(Gr. οὐδαῖο-)
1. PIE *ɦɑoudeɑhíi̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *ɦɑoudaɑhíi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. ɦɑoudaɑhíi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦoudahíi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦoudahíi̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *oudahíi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. oudahíi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *oudaíi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. oudaíi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *oudaío-
6. oudaío-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὀυδαίο-
√ɦɑudi-
PIE *Π·ɦɑoudíɦɑdi̯o-
Gr. προσ·ουδίζο-
(vb.) ‘du Boden werfen’
(GEW 2:442)
(Gr. προσ·ουδίζω)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑoudíɦɑdi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ɦoudíɦdi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦoudíɦdi̯o-
*di̯ → z
Palatalization of *di̯
RDentAssib1c → *Π·ɦoudíɦzo-
3. Π·ɦoudíɦzo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·oudízo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·oudízo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·ουδίζο-
√ɦɑudoni-
PIE *ɦɑudoni-
HLu. ḫudani-
(n.) ‘city, town, village’
(CHLu. 2.13+14.17e)
(HLu. (URBS)(-)hu-ta-ni)
1. PIE *ɦɑudoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦudoni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦudoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦudani-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦudani-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫudani-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *ɦɑudoni·si-
HLu. ḫudani·ši-
(a.gen) ‘of the city’
(CHLu. 2.24.19)
(if in HLu. URBS-si-ia-ti)
1. PIE *ɦɑudoni·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦudoni·si-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦudoni·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦudani·si-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦudani·si-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → *ḫudani·si-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. ḫudani·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. ḫudani·ši-
√ɦɑudonu-
PIE *ɦɑudonu-
Hitt. ḫudanu-
(c.) ‘Baugrube (?)’
(HHand. 57)
1. PIE *ɦɑudonu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦudonu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦudonu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦudanu-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦudanu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫudanu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√ɦɑudes-
PIE *ɦɑoúdes-
Gr. οὔδεσ-
(n.) ‘Erd-, Fußboden’
(GEW 2:442)
(Gr. ουδεος [G], οῦδει [D])
1. PIE *ɦɑoúdes-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦoúdes-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦoúdes-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *oúdes-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. oúdes-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *oúdeh-
4. oúdeh-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *oúde-
5. oúde-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὀύδε-


PIE √ɦɑudɑɦ- (vb.) ‘binden, weben’
(IEW 346f.)
(+ Pyysalo Hitt.)
√ɦɑudɑɦ-
PIE *ɦɑéhɑudɑɦ-
Lith. áud-
(vb.) ‘weben : weave’
(LiEtWb. 26)
(Lith. áusti [inf.])
1. PIE *ɦɑéhɑudɑɦ-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *ɦɑáhɑudɑɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑáhɑudɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦáhudɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦáhudɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *áhudɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. áhudɦ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *áudɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. áudɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → Lith. áud-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
PIE *ɦɑeudɑɦ-
Arm. aud-
(sb.) ‘Schuch : footwear’
(EtDiArm. 150)
1. PIE *ɦɑeudɑɦ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑaudɑɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaudɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦaudɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦaudɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *audɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. audɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → Arm. aud-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
PIE *Π·ɦɑeudɑɦ-
Arm. y·aud-
(sb.) ‘Band, Glied, Gelenk’
(IEW XX)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑeudɑɦ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·ɦɑaudɑɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·ɦɑaudɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ɦaudɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·ɦaudɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·audɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·audɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → Arm. Π·aud-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
√ɦɑudɑɦi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ɦɑúdɑɦi-
Lith. ũdi-
(.) ‘ein einmaliges Gewebe, das Abweben’
(LiEtWb. 26)
1. PIE *ɦɑúdɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦúdɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦúdɦi-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis Li. ù
RAcc3 → *ɦùdɦi-
3. ɦùdɦi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ùdɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ùdɦi-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → Lith. ùdi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
PIE *ɦɑudɑɦi-
Hitt. ḫuzi-
(GADAn.) ‘ein Tuch oder Kleidungsstück’
(HHand. 59)
(HEG I:334)
1. PIE *ɦɑudɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦudɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦudɦi-
PIE *dɦi → zi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4b → *ɦuzi-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. ɦuzi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫuzi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑudɑɦi-
Kpd. ḫuzi-
(Ic.) –
(NOMS. 421.1)
(Kpd. ḫu-zi(-iš) [abs.N])
1. PIE *ɦɑudɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦudɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦudɦi-
PIE *dɦi → zi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4b → *ɦuzi-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. ɦuzi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Kpd. ḫuzi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑudɑɦi-
Hitt. ḫuzi-
(mc.) (officier)
(NOMS. 421.2)
(Kpd. ḫu-uz-zi-i [sgD])
1. PIE *ɦɑudɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦudɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦudɦi-
PIE *dɦi → zi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4b → *ɦuzi-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. ɦuzi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫuzi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑéhɑudɑɦi̯o-
Lith. áudžia-
(vb.) ‘weben’
(LiEtWb. 26)
(Lith. áudžiu [1sg], áudžiau [1sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑéhɑudɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *ɦɑáhɑudɑɦi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑáhɑudɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦáhudɦi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦáhudɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → džɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i̯
RDentAssib4a → *ɦáhudžɦio-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. ɦáhudžɦio-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *áhudžio-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. áhudžio-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *áudžio-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. áudžio-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Lith. áudžia-


PIE √ɦɑi- ‘Spitzwaffe, Tot, Pest’
(Pyysalo)
√ɦɑigi-
PIE *ɦɑigi̯on-
Hitt. ḫigan-
(n.) ‘death, plague’
(Kimball 1999:316)
(Hitt. ḫi-kan-ni ‘death, plague’ [sgD]: KBo III 36 I 9)
1. PIE *ɦɑigi̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦigi̯on-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦigi̯on-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *ɦiǵon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ɦiǵon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦiǵan-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦiǵan-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *ɦigan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. ɦigan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫigan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑeigi̯eɑhnésēɑh-
Att. αἰγανέη-
(f.) ‘Lanze’
(IEW. 901)
1. PIE *ɦɑeigi̯eɑhnésēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑaigi̯eɑhnésēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaigi̯eɑhnésēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *ɦɑaigi̯aɑhnésēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
3. ɦɑaigi̯aɑhnésēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *ɦɑaigi̯aɑhnésāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
4. ɦɑaigi̯aɑhnésāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦaigi̯ahnésāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
5. ɦaigi̯ahnésāh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *ɦaiǵahnésāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. ɦaiǵahnésāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *aiǵahnésāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. aiǵahnésāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aiǵanésā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
8. aiǵanésā-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *aiganésā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
9. aiganésā-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *aiganéhā-
10. aiganéhā-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *aiganéā-
11. aiganéā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
RChangeA2E1 → *aiganéē-
12. aiganéē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Att. ἀιγανέη-
PIE *ɦɑigii̯·Σ-
Gr. ἰζ·έλοσ-
(n.) ‘sea-scorpion ‹with Gr. hέλοσ-›’
(LSJ. 823)
(Gr. ἰζέλος : ὁ θαλάττιος σκορπίος)
1. PIE *ɦɑigii̯·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦigii̯·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦigii̯·Σ-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *ɦiǵi̯·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ɦiǵi̯·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *iǵi̯·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. iǵi̯·Σ-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *igi̯·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. igi̯·Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἰγi̯·Σ-


PIE √i-, √oi-, √ei- ‘geben’
(IEW 10)
(Pyysalo)
√oi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ɦɑigi̯·oi-
CLu. ḫiz·ai-
(vb.) ‘aushändigen, anvertrauen (?)’
(HHand. 51)
(CLu. ḫi-iz-za-in-du [3pl], Laroche DLL. 46)
1. PIE *ɦɑigi̯·oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦigi̯·oi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦigi̯·oi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *ɦij́·oi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ɦij́·oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦij́·ai-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦij́·ai-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to CLu.
RSatem2CLu4 → *ɦiz·ai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.9)
5. ɦiz·ai-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫiz·ai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *oi̯-
TochB. ay-
(prMA.) ‘give’ [VW. 174-5]
(DTochB. 100)
(TochB. ayītär [3sg], ayi-ne [3sg]
1. PIE *oi̯-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ai̯-
(XX:XX)
2. ai̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → TochB. ay-
PIE *ōi̯-
TochB. āy-
(prA.) ‘give’
(DTochB. 100)
(TochB. āyu [1sg], ait [3sg], aiṃ [3sg])
1. PIE *ōi̯-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *āi̯-
(XX:XX)
2. āi̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → TochB. āy-
√ei-
√ioi-
√idɑɦi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *kus·idɑɦi̯o-
Hitt. kuš·iza-
(.) ‘= Akk. bi-ib-lu : Hochzeitgeschenk’
(Rieken 1999:258)
1. PIE *kus·idɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kus·idɦi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. kus·idɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *kus·izo-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. kus·izo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kus·iza-
(XX:XX)
4. kus·iza-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. kuš·iza-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√iu-
PIE *ōi̯u-
TochB. āyu
(pret.pt.) ‘given’
(DTochB. 100)
1. PIE *ōi̯u-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *āi̯u-
(XX:XX)
2. āi̯u-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → TochB. āyu-
PIE *ɦɑigi̯·oi̯u-
CLu. ḫiz·au-
(vb.) ‘aushändigen, anvertrauen (?)’
(HHand. 51)
(Laroche DLL. 46, ḫi-iz-za-ú-un-du [3pl])
1. PIE *ɦɑigi̯·oi̯u-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦigi̯·oi̯u-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦigi̯·oi̯u-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *ɦij́·oi̯u-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ɦij́·oi̯u-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦij́·ai̯u-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦij́·ai̯u-
* ai̯u → au
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *u
RAnatGlide4 → *ɦij́·au-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
5. ɦij́·au-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to CLu.
RSatem2CLu4 → *ɦiz·au-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.9)
6. ɦiz·au-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫiz·au-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
√ieur-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ōi̯our-
TochB. āyor
(.) ‘Gabe’
(DTochB. 100)
(TochB. āyormeṃ [sgAbl])
1. PIE *ōi̯our-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ōi̯aur-
(XX:XX)
2. ōi̯aur-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *āi̯aur-
(XX:XX)
3. āi̯aur-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RChangeAU2O1 → *āi̯ōr-
4. āi̯ōr-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthOIA6 → *āi̯or-
5. āi̯or-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → TochB. āyor-
PIE *i̯eur-
OGaul. ieur-
(pret.) ‘offer’
(DLG 188f.)
(OGaul. ieuru [3sg], Alise, EtDiPC. 122)
1. PIE *i̯eur-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
ROrthogrY2i → OGaul. ieur-
√iuoru-
PIE *iu̯oru-
Hitt. iu̯aru-
(n.) ‘Erbschaft, Mitgift, Geschenk’
(HEG 1:454-6)
(HiuIdg. 55, Weitenberg 1984:445, Rieken 1999:354, HHand. 68)
1. PIE *iu̯oru-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. iu̯aru-
(XX:XX)
PIE *iu̯oru̯oi-
Hitt. iu̯aru̯ai-
(vb.) ‘beschenken, verleihen’
(HHand. 68)
(Oettinger 1979:33)
1. PIE *iu̯oru̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. iu̯aru̯ai-
(XX:XX)
PIE *iu̯oru̯oli-
Hitt. iu̯aru̯ali-
(c.) ‘ein Funktionär’
(HHand. 68)
1. PIE *iu̯oru̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. iu̯aru̯ali-
(XX:XX)


PIE √i- ‘sein’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√oi-
PIE *oi-
Pal. ai-
(prA1.) ‘sein’
(HHand. 12)
(Pal. ai ‘sei!’ [Imp2sg])
1. PIE *oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Pal. ai-
(XX:XX)
PIE *op·oi-
Hitt. ap·ai-
(vb2.) ‘fertig sein, zu Ende sein’
(HHand. 18)
1. PIE *op·oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ap·ai-
(XX:XX)
√eio-
PIE *Π·ei̯o-
Hitt. ap·ei̯a-
(vb2.) ‘fertig sein, zu Ende sein’
(HHand. 18)
1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. Π·ei̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *Π·ei̯o-
CLu. kuanzun·ei̯a-
(vb.) ‘schwer sein, niedergedrückt sein’
(HHand. 88)
1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. Π·ei̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *Π·ei̯o-
Hitt. laḫlaḫ·ei̯a-
(vb1M.) ‘erregt/ängstlich sein, sich sorgen’
(HEG 2:13)
1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. Π·ei̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *Π·ei̯o-
Hitt. laz·ei̯a-
(vbM.) ‘günstig sein’
(HEG 2:49)
1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. Π·ei̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *Π·ei̯o-
Hitt. zap·ei̯a-
(vbM.) ‘undicht sein, tropfen, lecken’
(HIL. 1193)
1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. Π·ei̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *Π·ei̯o-
Lat. hūm·eo-
(vb.) ‘feucht sein’
(WH 2:815)
(Lat. hūmeō)
1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
RLossY1 → Lat. Π·eo-
PIE *Π·ei̯o-
Lat. sil·eo-
(pr2.) ‘to be silent’
(WH 2:535-6)
(Lat. sileō)
1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
RLossY1 → Lat. Π·eo-
PIE *Π·ei̯o-
Lat. sol·eo-
(pr.2) ‘gewohnt sein, pflegen’
(WH 2:555)
(Lat. soleō)
1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
RLossY1 → Lat. Π·eo-
PIE *Π·ei̯o-
Lat. sord·eo-
(vb2.) ‘schmutzig sein’
(WH 2:562)
(Lat. sordeō
1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
RLossY1 → Lat. Π·eo-
PIE *Π·ei̯o-
Lat. alb·eo-
(vb.) ‘to be white : weiß sein’
(OxLatD. 92)
(Lat. albeō)
1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
RLossY1 → Lat. Π·eo-
PIE *Π·ei̯o-
Lat. au·eo-
(pr2.) ‘gegrüßt sein’
(WH 1:81-2)
(Lat. auē, auētō, auēte)
1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
RLossY1 → Lat. Π·eo-
√i-
PIE *i-
Goth. i-
(pr.) ‘to be’
(GoEtD. 205)
(Goth. im [1sg])
PIE *imbɑɦo·i-
Hitt. imba·i-
(vb.fient.) bekümmert sein’
(HEG 1:6)
(EḪS 477)
1. PIE *imbɑɦo·i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *imbɦo·i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. imbɦo·i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *imbɦa·i-
(XX:XX)
3. imbɦa·i-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. imba·i-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√is-
PIE *ies-
Hitt. ieš-
(s.ao.) ‘sein’
(HIL. 295)
(Hitt. i-eš-zi [3sg], [KUB 34.114 rev. 5])
1. PIE *ies-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. ieš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *is-
Gr. ἰσ-
(s.ao.) ‘sein’
(LSJ. 837)
(Gr. ἰσθι [2sg])
1. PIE *is-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *ih-
2. ih-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *i-
3. i-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἰ-
PIE *iski̯e/o-
Pal. iške/a-
(dur.) ‘immer sein’
(DPal. 57)
(Pal. iš-ka [2sg])
1. PIE *iski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *isḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. isḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *isḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
3. isḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *iske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. iske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Pal. iške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *imbɑɦo·iski̯e/o-
Hitt. imba·iške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘bekümmert ‹imba-› sein’
(HHand. 61)
1. PIE *imbɑɦo·iski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *imbɦo·iski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. imbɦo·iski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *imbɦo·isḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. imbɦo·isḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *imbɦa·isḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
4. imbɦa·isḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *imbɦa·iske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. imbɦa·iske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *imba·iske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. imba·iske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. imba·iške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *iski̯e/o-
Arm. icʼe-
(vb.) ‘sein’
(IEW. 341)
(Arm. icʼem ‘daß ich sei’)
1. PIE *iski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *isće/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. isće/o-
*sć → cʼ
Change of sć into cʼ
RChangeSK2Arm → Arm. icʼe/o-


PIE √i- (vbA.) ‘machen; causative suffix’ (vbMP.) ‘(gemacht) werden’
(IEW –)
(XX:XX + Schmitt-Brandt 1967:129)
√oi-
PIE *oi-
LycA. ai-
(vb.) ‘machen’
(DLycLg. 2)
(Lyc. aiti [3pl.], aitẽ [pret3pl])
1. PIE *oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → LycA. ai-
(XX:XX)
PIE *Π·ói̯o-
Gr. Π·όο-
(csA.) ‘Π machen’ (csM.) ‘Π werden’
(GEW 2:109)
(Gr. leukόω, leukóomai XX)
1. PIE *Π·ói̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *Π·óo-
2. Π·óo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·όο-
PIE *oi̯o-
CLu. aa-
(vb.) ‘machen’
(DLL. 23-24)
(CLu. a-a-du [3sg?], a-a-ta [3sg]
1. PIE *oi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ai̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. ai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide1 → CLu. aa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
√ei-
PIE *ei-
Hitt. ei-
(vb.) ‘machen : DÙ : perform’
(HEG 2:338-43)
(Hitt. e-it [3sg] ‘perform’ EZEN4, HED I:335-347)
PIE *Π·éi̯o-
Gr. Π·έο-
(cs.suff.) ‘machen’
(XX:XX)
(Gr. Π·έω in etc.)
1. PIE *Π·éi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *Π·éo-
2. Π·éo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·έο-
√i-
PIE *i-
Lyd. i-
(vb.) ‘machen’ (?)
(LydWb. 128-129)
(Lyd. il [pret3])
√io-
PIE *i̯o-
OHitt. i̯a-
(vb1A.) ‘DÙ : machen’
(HEG I:338-343)
(OHitt. ia-az-zi, ia-an-zi, HIL. 442, HED e/i : 335f.)
1. PIE *i̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → OHitt. i̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *i̯o-
TochA. ya-
(vb.) ‘facere’
(Poucha 235-7)
(TochA. yatär [3sg], yatsi [inf.])
1. PIE *i̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *i̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. i̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthY2y → TochA. ya-
√ie-
PIE *i̯e-
Hitt. i̯e-
(vb.) ‘machen, tun’
(HIL. 442)
(Hitt. i-e-mi [1sg], i-en-zi [3pl])
√ii-
PIE *i.i-
Lyd. i.i-
(vb.) ‘machen, unternehmen’ (?)
(LydWb. 131-2)
(Lyd. iit·λ)
PIE *ii̯o-
Pal. ii̯a-
(vb.) ‘machen’
(DasPal. 57)
(Pal. i-ia-ti [3sg])
1. PIE *ii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Pal. ii̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *ii̯o-
Hitt. ii̯a-
(vb1.) ‘machen, tun’
(HHand. 59)
(Hitt. i-ia-zi [3sg], i-ia-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *ii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ii̯a-
(XX:XX)


PIE √igiɑɦ- √oigiɑɦ- √eigiɑɦ- ‘bersten, zerspringen’
(IEW. 15)
(+ Pyysalo)
√igiɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *eigi̯ɑɦo-
Hitt. eiga-
(vbM.) ‘bersten, zerspringen, zersplittern’
(HEG 2:349-52)
(Hitt. egattaru)
1. PIE *eigi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *eigi̯ɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. eigi̯ɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *eiǵɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. eiǵɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *eiǵɦa-
(XX:XX)
4. eiǵɦa-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *eigɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. eigɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. eiga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *igi̯ɑɦoi-
Hitt. igai-
(pr.) ‘burst, split’
(HEG 2:349-52)
(Hitt. i-ga-it)
1. PIE *igi̯ɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *igi̯ɦoi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. igi̯ɦoi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *iǵɦoi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. iǵɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *iǵɦai-
(XX:XX)
4. iǵɦai-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *igɦai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. igɦai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. igai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *igi̯ɑɦoii̯o-
Hitt. igaia-
(SARXX.) ‘XX’
(HEG 2: XX)
(Hitt. igaiaš)
1. PIE *igi̯ɑɦoii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *igi̯ɦoii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. igi̯ɦoii̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *iǵɦoii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. iǵɦoii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *iǵɦaii̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. iǵɦaii̯a-
* aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
RAnatGlide2 → *iǵɦaia-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
5. iǵɦaia-
* a i a → a i i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide3 → *iǵɦai̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
6. iǵɦai̯a-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *igɦai̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. igɦai̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. igai̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *oigi̯ɑɦeno
OIcl. eigin-
(n.) ‘eben hervorgesproßter Saatkeim’
(ANEtWb. 95)
(ANEtWb. 284)
1. PIE *oigi̯ɑɦeno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *oigi̯ɦeno
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. oigi̯ɦeno
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *oiǵɦeno
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. oiǵɦeno
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *oigɦeno
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. oigɦeno
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *oigeno
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. oigeno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *aigena
(XX:XX)
6. aigena
*e → i
Change of *e into i
RChangee2i → *aigina
7. aigina
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
RChangeai2ei → *eigina
8. eigina
-a → Ø
Loss of -a in root-final position
RLossFinala1 → OIcl. eigin
PIE *igi̯ɑɦito·n-
OIcl. igða·n-
(f.) ‘Graumeise’
(ANEtWb. 284)
1. PIE *igi̯ɑɦito·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *igi̯ɦito·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. igi̯ɦito·n-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *iǵɦito·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. iǵɦito·n-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *igɦito·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. igɦito·n-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
AffricateT → *igɦiþo·n-
5. igɦiþo·n-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *igiþo·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. igiþo·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *igiþa·n-
(XX:XX)
7. igiþa·n-
*igiþ → igþ
Loss of unstressed *i in igiþ
R24 → *igþoa·n-
8. igþoa·n-
*þ → ð
Change of þ into ð
RSoftenth2dh → OIcl. igðoa·n-


PIE √im- (sb.) ‘Grund, Feld, Steppe, Land’ (a.) ‘unter’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√imo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *eimo-
Lat. īmo-
(sup.) ‘der unterste’
(WH 1:685-6)
(Lat. īmus [sgN])
1. PIE *eimo-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → Lat. īmo-
PIE *Π·ímo-
Lith. lyd·ìma-
(m.) ‘Rodeland’
(LiEtWb. 364)
(Lith. √lyd- ‘roden’)
1. PIE *Π·ímo-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis Li. ì
RAcc2 → *Π·ìmo-
2. Π·ìmo-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Lith. Π·ìma-
PIE *Π·ímo-
Lith. ar·ìma-
(m2.) ‘gepflügter Acker’
(Senn 2:184)
1. PIE *Π·ímo-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis Li. ì
RAcc2 → *Π·ìmo-
2. Π·ìmo-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Lith. Π·ìma-
PIE *eimi-
Lat. īmi
(adv.) ‘aus dem Grunde’
(WH 1:685-6)
1. PIE *eimi-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → Lat. īmi-
√imɑh-
PIE *eimēɑh-
Osc. īmā-
(f.) ‘der unterste’
(WbOU. XX)
(Osc. imaden [Abl.+L] ‘ab imō’)
1. PIE *eimēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *eimāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. eimāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *eimāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. eimāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *eimā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. eimā-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → Osc. īmā-
√imoni-
PIE *Π imoni-
HLu. antá imani·-
(OCCIDENSvb.) ‹‘to set’ (?)›
(CHLu. 6.2.11)
(HLu. a-tá (OCCIDENS)i-ma-ni-ti [3sg])
√imor-
PIE *imoro·so-
HLu. imara·ša-
(.) ‘von Imara-, offenes Land’
(CHLu. 6.16.4)
(in HLu. i-pá?ra/i(?)-sa-na
1. PIE *imoro·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *imara·sa-
(XX:XX)
2. imara·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. imara·ša-
PIE *imoro·so-
CLu. imara·ša-
(a.gen.) ‘von *imara- ‘Steppe, offenes Land’
(DLL. 51)
(CLu. im(-ma)-ra-aš-ša-)
1. PIE *imoro·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *imara·sa-
(XX:XX)
2. imara·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. imara·ša-
PIE *imro·so-
CLu. imra·ša-
(a.gen.) ‘von *imara- ‘Steppe, offenes Land’
(DLL. 51)
(CLu. im(-ma)-ra-aš-ša-)
1. PIE *imro·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *imra·sa-
(XX:XX)
2. imra·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. imra·ša-
√imulo
PIE *eimulo-
Lat. īmulo-
(dim.m.) ‘XX’
(WH. I:685)
(Lat. īmulus [sgN])
1. PIE *eimulo-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → Lat. īmulo-


PIE √imbaɦ- (sb.) ‘last, burden, quantity, abundance‘ (vb.) ‘(op)press, burden’
(IEW –)
(Kassian: Gr. + Pyysalo: Celt.)
√imbɑɦo-
PIE *oimbɑɦo-
Hitt. aimba-
(c.) ‘Last, Bedrückung’
(HEG 1:6)
1. PIE *oimbɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *oimbɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. oimbɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *aimbɦa-
(XX:XX)
3. aimbɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. aimba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *imbɑɦo-
Hitt. imba-
(c.) ‘Last, Bedrückung’
(HEG 1:6)
1. PIE *imbɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *imbɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. imbɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *imbɦa-
(XX:XX)
3. imbɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. imba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *imbɑɦo-
Hitt. imba-
(URU.) ‘Im Land › Mira’
(OGH. 140)
(Akd. im-pa-a-an [sgA], im-pa-an)
1. PIE *imbɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *imbɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. imbɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *imbɦa-
(XX:XX)
3. imbɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. imba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√imbɑɦeto-
(Stokes apud DLG 189)
PIE *imbɑɦeto
OGaul. imbeto-
(PNm.) ‘‹Wichtig (?)›’
(DLG 189)
(OBrit. imbetus [sgN])
1. PIE *imbɑɦeto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *imbɦeto
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. imbɦeto
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspbh → OGaul. imbeto
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
PIE *imbɑɦeto
OIr. imbed-
(n.*o-) ‘large quantity, abundance of wealth’
(EtDiPC. 72)
1. PIE *imbɑɦeto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *imbɦeto
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. imbɦeto
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspbh → *imbeto
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. imbeto
VtV → VthV
Lenition of voiceless stop *t
RLenitionT → *imbetho
4. imbetho
*-o → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → *imbeth
5. imbeth
*-th → -d
Change of root-final *t into d
RChangeFinalth2d → OIr. imbed
PIE *imbɑɦeto-
OCymr. immet-
(.) ‹reading and meaning uncertain -›
(EtDiPC. 72)
(Falileyev 91)
1. PIE *imbɑɦeto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *imbɦeto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. imbɦeto-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspbh → OCymr. imbeto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
PIE *imbɑɦeti̯o-
OGaul. imbetio-
(PNm.) ‘-(?)-’
(DLG 189)
(OGaul. imbetius [sgN])
1. PIE *imbɑɦeti̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *imbɦeti̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. imbɦeti̯o-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspbh → *imbeti̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. imbeti̯o-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
ROrthogrY2i → OGaul. imbetio-
√imbɑɦdɑɦo-
(Alexei Kassian)
(http://starling.rinet.ru/Texts/anatnost.pdf, p. 154-5)
PIE *imbɑɦdɑɦént-
Gr. ἰμφθέντ-
(pass.ao.pt.) ‘oppressed, injured, maltreated’
(Wikisource -›)
(Hes. ἰμφθείς : βλαφθείς, λωβηθείς, νυχθείς, http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/Γλώσσαι/Ι
1. PIE *imbɑɦdɑɦént-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *imbɦdɦént-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. imbɦdɦént-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *imphdɦént-
3. imphdɦént-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *imphthént-
4. imphthént-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἰμφθέντ-


PIE √in- (vb.) ‘machen’ (sb.) ‘Macht, Schutz’ (a.) ‘wirksam, mächtig, stark’ (adv.) ‘geradeaus’
(IEW 10+774)
(Pyysalo)
√in-
PIE *in-
Lyd. in-
(pr.) ‘machen’
(LydWb. 132)
(Lyd. int [3pers.]
PIE *in-
Lyd. in-
(pret.) ‘machen’
(LydWb. 132)
(Lyd. inl [3pers])
√ino-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ino-
Lyd. ina-
(pret.) ‘machen’
(LydWb. 132)
(Lyd. inal [3pret.])
1. PIE *ino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Lyd. ina-
(XX:XX)
PIE *inó-
RV. iná-
(a.) ‘mächtig, wirksam, stark (häufig von índra-)’
(WbRV 211-2)
1. PIE *inó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → RV. iná-
PIE *hɑen·inó-
RV. an·iná-
(a.) ‘un-kräftig’
(WbRV. 56)
1. PIE *hɑen·inó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑan·inó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan·inó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *han·inó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. han·inó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *han·iná-
4. han·iná-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. an·iná-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√inon-
PIE *inon-
Lyd. inãn-
(vb.) ‘machen’
(LydWb. 134)
(Lyd. inãnt [3pers])
1. PIE *inon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *inan-
(XX:XX)
2. inan-
*aN → ãN
Emergence of nasal vowel ã
R15a → Lyd. inãn-
PIE *inonɑɦidɑɦ-
Lyd. inãnid-
(vb.) ‘machen’
(LydWb. 132)
(Lyd. inãnidν [1sg], XX - check the suffix!)
1. PIE *inonɑɦidɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *inonɦidɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. inonɦidɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *inanɦidɦ-
(XX:XX)
3. inanɦidɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *inanɦid-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. inanɦid-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *inanid-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. inanid-
*aN → ãN
Emergence of nasal vowel ã
R15a → Lyd. inãnid-
√inor-
(HEG I:358-62)
(HED 1/2: 366f. HIL 448-)
PIE *inor-
Hitt. inar-
(d.) ‘followed by dḫapantali(ia)-’
(OHP. 1:187-90)
(Hitt. i-na-ar, i-na-a-ar [Abs], Aspects 8-9, 14-5, GhR. 60, 64, 156-7, 311, 419, 436-8, 450-3, 619-20)
1. PIE *inor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. inar-
(XX:XX)
PIE *inor-
Kpd. inar-
(mc.) (prince de Kaneš, père de Waršama-)
(NOMS. 453(a))
(Kpd. i-na-ar, A. Kammenhuber (1976-80 [RIA 5]:89-90), 1976 [ZA 66]:68-88)
1. PIE *inor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Kpd. inar-
(XX:XX)
PIE *inor-
Hitt. inar-
(mc.)
(NOMS. 453(b))
(Hitt. i-na-ar, J. Klinger (StBoT. 37:151, 159-162), RDH. 82-83, G. McMahon (AS. 25:24-7)
1. PIE *inor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. inar-
(XX:XX)
√inoro-
PIE *inoro-
Hitt. inara-
(d.) ‘= ‘Sum. dLAMMA’
(OHP. 1:187-90)
(Hitt. i-na-ra-aš [N], H. Otten (1954-6 [AfO 17]:369), REL. 55, 71, 90, WbMyth. 178-9)
1. PIE *inoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. inara-
(XX:XX)
PIE *inoro-
CLu. inara
(adv.) ‘geradeaus’
(HHand. 61)
(Hitt. in-na-ra-a, in-na-ra-ma, in-na-ra-ua-kán)
1. PIE *inoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. inara-
(XX:XX)
PIE *inoro-
Hitt. inara-
(Ic.) (officier; divers)
(NOMS. 454)
(Hitt. i-na-ra-aš, in-na-ra-a)
1. PIE *inoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. inara-
(XX:XX)
√inorɑh-
PIE *inorēɑh-
Hitt. inarāḫ-
(vb1.) ‘kräftig machen’
(HHand. 61)
(Hitt. i-na-ra-aḫ-ḫi [3sg], in-na-ra-aḫ-ḫa-at [1sgM])
1. PIE *inorēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *inorāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. inorāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *inorāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. inorāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *inarāh-
(XX:XX)
4. inarāh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. inarāḫ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *inorēɑhu̯or-
Hitt. inarāḫu̯ar-
(n.N.act.) ‘XX’
(HHand. 61)
(Hitt. in-na-ra-aḫ-ḫu-ar)
1. PIE *inorēɑhu̯or-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *inorāɑhu̯or-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. inorāɑhu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *inorāhu̯or-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. inorāhu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *inarāhu̯ar-
(XX:XX)
4. inarāhu̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. inarāḫu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√inorouo-
PIE *inorou̯o-
Kpd. inarau̯a-
(Ic.) –
(NOMS. 456.1)
(Kpd. i-na-ra-ua)
1. PIE *inorou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Kpd. inarau̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *inorou̯o-
Hitt. inarau̯a-
(mc.) –
(NOMS. 456.2)
(Hitt. in-na-ra-u-ua-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *inorou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. inarau̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *inorou̯o-
Hitt. inarau̯a
(adv.) ‘geradeaus’
(HHand. 61)
1. PIE *inorou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. inarau̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *inorou̯es-
Hitt. inarau̯eš-
(vb.fient.) ‘rüstig werden’
(HHand. 61)
(Hitt. in-na-ra-u-e-eš-zi)
1. PIE *inorou̯es-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *inarau̯es-
(XX:XX)
2. inarau̯es-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. inarau̯eš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *inorou̯on-
Hitt. inarau̯an-
(n.) ‘Rüstigkeit’
(HHand. 61)
(Hitt. in-na-ra-u-ua-an-ni-it [sgI])
1. PIE *inorou̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. inarau̯an-
(XX:XX)
PIE *inorou̯ont-
Hitt. inarau̯ant-
(a.) ‘rüstig’
(HHand. 61)
(Hitt. in-na-ra-u-ua-an-za, in-na-ra-u-ua-an-da-an)
1. PIE *inorou̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. inarau̯ant-
(XX:XX)
PIE *inorou̯ont-
Hitt. inarau̯ant-
(d.) ‘XX’
(OHP. 1:191)
(Hitt. in-na-ra-u-ua-an-ta-aš, Aspects. 30 n. 1; GhR. 308, 371, 408, 468; A. Kammenhuber (1976-80 [RIA 5]:105, RDH. 74)
1. PIE *inorou̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. inarau̯ant-
(XX:XX)
PIE *inorou̯odɑɦor-
Hitt. inarau̯adar-
(n.) ‘Rüstigkeit’
(HHand. 61)
(Hitt. in-na-ra-u-ua-tar, KAL-tar)
1. PIE *inorou̯odɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *inorou̯odɦor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. inorou̯odɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *inarau̯adɦar-
(XX:XX)
3. inarau̯adɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. inarau̯adar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *inorou̯ouor-
Hitt. inarau̯auar-
(n.) ‘Macht’
(HHand. 61)
(Hitt. in-na-ra-u[a-u]-a-ar)
1. PIE *inorou̯ouor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. inarau̯auar-
(XX:XX)
√in·drɑɦo-
PIE *índrɑHo-
RV. índr̥.a-
(dm.) ‘Indra’
(WbRV. 214)
(Three-syllabic)
1. PIE *índrɑHo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *índrHo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. índrHo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *índrHa-
3. índrHa-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RVedicHiatus → RV. índr.a-
PIE *índrɑɦo-
RV. índra-
(dm.) ‘Indra’ (der Gott des Lichthimmels)
(WbRV. 213-4)
1. PIE *índrɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *índrɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. índrɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *índrɦa-
3. índrɦa-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → RV. índra-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *indrɑɦo-
LAv. indra-
(m.) ‘Name eines Daēva’
(AIWb. 367-8)
1. PIE *indrɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *indrɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. indrɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *indrɦa-
3. indrɦa-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *indra-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. indra-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
R40c → LAv. inδra-
PIE *Π·indrɑɦó-
RV. an·indrá-
(a.) ‘den Indra nicht verehrends, dem Indra feind’
(WbRV. 56)
1. PIE *Π·indrɑɦó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·indrɦó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·indrɦó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *Π·indrɦá-
3. Π·indrɦá-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → RV. Π·indrá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *indrɑɦoi̯o-
RV. indraya-
(prM.) ‘sich wie Indra benehmen’
(WbRV. 215)
1. PIE *indrɑɦoi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *indrɦoi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. indrɦoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *indrɦai̯a-
3. indrɦai̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *indrai̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. indrai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. indraya-
PIE *indrɑɦii̯ó-
OInd. indriyá-
(n.) ‘Kraft, Vermögen : power, force’
(KEWA 1:89)
1. PIE *indrɑɦii̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *indrɦii̯ó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. indrɦii̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *indrɦii̯á-
3. indrɦii̯á-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *indrii̯á-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. indrii̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → OInd. indriyá-
PIE *indrɑɦii̯ó-
OInd. indriyá-
(a.) ‘kraftvoll, mächtig, stark’
(KEWA 1:89)
1. PIE *indrɑɦii̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *indrɦii̯ó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. indrɦii̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *indrɦii̯á-
3. indrɦii̯á-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *indrii̯á-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. indrii̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → OInd. indriyá-


PIE √in- ‘Brechung, Böse, Krankheit’
(IEW XX)
√inɑh
PIE *Π·inēɑh
Goth. faír·ina-
(.) ‘(Be)Schuld(igung), Vorwurf’
(XX:XX)
(Go. fairina)
1. PIE *Π·inēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·ināɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·ināɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ināh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·ināh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·inā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·inā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → *Π·inō
(XX:XX)
5. Π·inō
-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
RChangeFinalo2a → Goth. Π·ina
PIE *Π·inēɑh
OHG. fir·ina
(f.) ‘Verbrechen’
(IEW. 818)
(OHG. firina)
1. PIE *Π·inēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·ināɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·ināɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ināh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·ināh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·inā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·inā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → *Π·inō
(XX:XX)
5. Π·inō
-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
RChangeFinalo2a → OHG. Π·ina
PIE *Π·inēɑh-
OHG. fir·inō-
(vb.) ‘sündigen’
(XX:XX)
(OHG. firinōn [inf.])
1. PIE *Π·inēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·ināɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·ināɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ināh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·ināh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·inā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·inā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → OHG. Π·inō-
(XX:XX)
√inon-
PIE *inon-
Hitt. inan-
(n.) ‘Krankheit, Erkrankung’
(HHand. 61)
(Hi. i-na-an [NA], i-na-na-aš [G], i-na-ni [DL])
1. PIE *inon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. inan-
(XX:XX)
√inos-
PIE *einos-
gAv. aenah-
(n.) ‘Gewalt-, Übel-, Untat, Frevel’
(AIWb. 21)
(gAv. aēnah-)
1. PIE *einos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *einas-
2. einas-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *einah-
3. einah-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *ainah-
4. ainah-
*ai → ae
Opening of *ai
ROpeningAI → gAv. aenah-
PIE *einos-
gAv. aenah-
(n.) ‘Übeltäter, Frevler’
(AIWb. 21-2)
(gAv. aēnah-)
1. PIE *einos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *einas-
2. einas-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *einah-
3. einah-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *ainah-
4. ainah-
*ai → ae
Opening of *ai
ROpeningAI → gAv. aenah-
PIE *einos-
gAv. aenah-
(vb.dn.) ‘einem (Gläubigen) Gewalt anzutun’
(AIWb. 21)
(gAv. aēnah-)
1. PIE *einos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *einas-
2. einas-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *einah-
3. einah-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *ainah-
4. ainah-
*ai → ae
Opening of *ai
ROpeningAI → gAv. aenah-
PIE *einós-
RV. enás-
(n.) ‘Frevel, Sünde, Gewalttat, Bedrängnis’
(WbRV. 300)
1. PIE *einós-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *einás-
2. einás-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *ainás-
3. ainás-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RChangeAI2E1 → *ēnás-
4. ēnás-
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthOIA4 → RV. enás-
√inti-
PIE *inti-
LAv. inti-
(f.) ‘Vergewaltigung, Kränkung, Qual’
(AIWb. 367)
(LAv. inti [sgI])
√inu-
PIE *inéu-
OInd. inó-
(pr.) ‘auf etwas eindringen, bewältigen’
(XX:XX)
(OInd. inóti, inuhí)
1. PIE *inéu-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *ináu-
2. ináu-
aú → ṓ
Monophthongization of *aú
RChangeAU2O2 → *inṓ-
3. inṓ-
ṓ → ó
Orthographic change of ṓ into ó
ROrthOIA7 → OInd. inó-
PIE *ineu-
LAv. inao-
(pr.) ‘vergewaltigen, kränken’
(AIWb. 21)
(LAv. inaoiti [3sg])
1. PIE *ineu-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *inau-
2. inau-
*au → ao
Opening of *au
ROpeningAU → LAv. inao-


PIE √ios- √ies- √is- ‘Mund, Sprache’ (vb.) ‘sprechen, schwören’ (a.) ‘rauschend’
(IEW. 784-5)
(Pyysalo 2013:78-9)
√ois-
(HW2 A: 48f.)
(HEG I:6-8 & 371, HED A:17, HIL. 200f.)
PIE *ois-
Hitt. aiš-
(n.) ‘Mund, Maul’ (EHS 160)
(HEG 1:6-8)
(OHitt. a-i-iš [sgN], Hitt. a-iš [id.], a-i-iš-ši [sgDL])
1. PIE *ois-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ais-
(XX:XX)
2. ais-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. aiš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ois·Σ
Hitt. ·aiš (…) duarnai-
(vb.) ‘das Schweigen brechen’
(HEG 1:XX)
(ḪWe1:1)
1. PIE *ois·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ais·Σ
(XX:XX)
2. ais·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. aiš·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√is-
PIE *is-
Hitt. iš-
(n.) ‘Mund, Maul’ (Sum. KAxU)
(HEG I:371)
(Hitt. iš-ša-aš, iš-ši-i-i, iš-ša-az, iš-ša-a, iš-ši-it)
1. PIE *is-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. iš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ioso-
PIE *oi̯oso-
CLu. aaša-
(vb.) ‘sprechen, DLLAdd. 45’
(DLL. 33)
(CLu. a-aš-ša-at-ta, a-a-aš-ša-an-ta, Laroche RHA 23:45)
1. PIE *oi̯oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ai̯asa-
(XX:XX)
2. ai̯asa-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide1 → *aasa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
3. aasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. aaša-
PIE *oi̯oso-
CLu. aaša-
(n.) ‘Mund’ (DLLAdd. 45)
(DLL. 33)
(CLu. a-a-aš-ša-(-a)-ti [plNA-refl.], a-aš-ša-at-ta)
1. PIE *oi̯oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ai̯asa-
(XX:XX)
2. ai̯asa-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide1 → *aasa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
3. aasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. aaša-
PIE *oi̯oso-
Hitt. aaša-
(*c.) ‘Mund’
(HEDict1:17)
(Hitt. KAxU-an [sgA])
1. PIE *oi̯oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ai̯asa-
(XX:XX)
2. ai̯asa-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide1 → *aasa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
3. aasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. aaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *oi̯osomo-
CLu. aaša·ma-
(pt.) ‘gesagt’
(DLL. 33)
(CLu. a-a-aš-ša-am-ma-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *oi̯osomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ai̯asama-
(XX:XX)
2. ai̯asama-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide1 → *aasama-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
3. aasama-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. aašama-
PIE *oi̯osont-
CLu. aašant-
(n.) ‘XX’
(KLuN 100)
(CLu. a-a-aš–ša-an-t [plNA])
1. PIE *oi̯osont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ai̯asant-
(XX:XX)
2. ai̯asant-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide1 → *aasant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
3. aasant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. aašant-
√iesɑh-
PIE *Π·i̯esēɑh-
Lat. dē·ierā-
(pr1.) ‘heilig beschwören’
(WH 2:274-5)
(Lat. dēierāre [inf.])
1. PIE *Π·i̯esēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·i̯esāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·i̯esāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·i̯esāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·i̯esāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·i̯esā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·i̯esā-
*VsV → VrV
Rhotacism of *s between vowels
RRhotacism → *Π·i̯erā-
5. Π·i̯erā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
ROrthogrY2i → Lat. Π·ierā-
PIE *Π·i̯esēɑh-
Lat. pe·ierā-
(vb1.) ‘falsch schwören’
(WH 2:274-5)
(Lat. peierāre [inf.])
1. PIE *Π·i̯esēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·i̯esāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·i̯esāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·i̯esāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·i̯esāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·i̯esā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·i̯esā-
*VsV → VrV
Rhotacism of *s between vowels
RRhotacism → *Π·i̯erā-
5. Π·i̯erā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
ROrthogrY2i → Lat. Π·ierā-
√iosi-
PIE *oi̯osei̯o-
CLu. aašei̯a-
(dc.) KLuN. 453-41638, GhR. 309, RDH. 72
(OHP. 50-51)
(CLu. a-aš-ši-ia-zi [plN])
1. PIE *oi̯osei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ai̯asei̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. ai̯asei̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide1 → *aasei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
3. aasei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. aašei̯a-
PIE *oi̯osei̯oto-
CLu. aašei̯a·ta-
(d?.) ‘CLuLex. 36’
(OHP. 50-51)
(CLu. a-aš-ši-ia-at-ta [?])
1. PIE *oi̯osei̯oto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ai̯asei̯ata-
(XX:XX)
2. ai̯asei̯ata-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide1 → *aasei̯ata-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
3. aasei̯ata-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. aašei̯ata-
√ist-
PIE *Π·istí-
Gr. γραικ·ιστί
(adv.) ‘in Greek: ‹to Gr. γραικ-ός›’
(LSJ. 358-9)
1. PIE *Π·istí-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·ιστί-


PIE √idɑɦ- (vb.) ‘lay waste, desolate, destroy’ (a.) ‘empty, vain, idle, bad’ (sb.) ‘disease, pain’
(IEW 12)
(Pyysalo)
√oi-
(HEW 1:5)
(HED 1/2:366f.)
PIE *oi-
Hitt. ai-
(n.) ‘das Leid, das Weh’
(HEG I:5)
(HHand. 11)
1. PIE *oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ai-
(XX:XX)
PIE *oi-
Hitt. ai
(c.) ‘das Ach’
(HEG. I:5-6)
1. PIE *oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ai-
(XX:XX)
PIE *oi-
Hitt. ai
(intj.) ‘ach!, weh!’ (Wehruf)
(HEG 1:5-6)
1. PIE *oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ai-
(XX:XX)
√idɑɦol-
(HEG I:442-444)
(HIL. 487f., Puhvel HED 1/2: 487f., Kimball 1999:218)
PIE *idɑɦolo-
Hitt. idala-
(a.) ‘böse’
(HIL. 487)
(Hitt. i-da-a-la-az [sgAbl])
1. PIE *idɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *idɦolo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. idɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *idɦala-
(XX:XX)
3. idɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. idala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *eidɑɦolo
OHG. ītal-
(a.) ‘vanus, inanis = ModHG. eitel’
(XX)
1. PIE *eidɑɦolo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *eidɦolo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. eidɦolo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *eidolo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. eidolo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *eidala
(XX:XX)
4. eidala
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → *īdala
5. īdala
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *īdal
6. īdal
*d → t
OHG sound shift of *d
ROHGShiftD2T → OHG. ītal
PIE *eidɑɦolo
OSax. īdal-
(a.) ‘eitel, leer’
(XX)
1. PIE *eidɑɦolo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *eidɦolo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. eidɦolo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *eidolo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. eidolo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *eidala
(XX:XX)
4. eidala
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → *īdala
5. īdala
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → OSax. īdal
PIE *eidɑɦolo
OEng. īdel-
(a.) ‘empty, not possessing, (de)void, vain, idle’
(ASaxD. 586)
1. PIE *eidɑɦolo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *eidɦolo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. eidɦolo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *eidolo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. eidolo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *eidala
(XX:XX)
4. eidala
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → *īdala
5. īdala
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *īdal
6. īdal
*al → el
Rising of a into e before l-
RRisingal2el → OEng. īdel
PIE *oidɑɦolo
OEng. ādel-
(f.) ‘disease, pain, consumption, morbus, languor’
(ASaxD. 7)
1. PIE *oidɑɦolo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *oidɦolo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. oidɦolo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *oidolo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. oidolo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *aidala
(XX:XX)
4. aidala
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *aidal
5. aidal
*ai → ā
Monophthongization of *ai into ā
RMonophthai2A → *ādal
6. ādal
*al → el
Rising of a into e before l-
RRisingal2el → OEng. ādel
PIE *idɑɦolom-
Hitt. idalam-
(a.) ‘böse, schlecht’
(HIL. 487)
(Hitt. i-da-a-la-mu-uš [plA])
1. PIE *idɑɦolom-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *idɦolom-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. idɦolom-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *idɦalam-
(XX:XX)
3. idɦalam-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. idalam-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *idɑɦolu-
Hitt. idalu-
(a.) ‘böse, schlecht’ (Sum. ḪUL)
(ḪEG 3:442-4
1. PIE *idɑɦolu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *idɦolu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. idɦolu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *idɦalu-
(XX:XX)
3. idɦalu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. idalu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *idɑɦolou̯ēɑh-
Hitt. idalau̯āḫ-
(vb.) ‘Böses tun, schädigen’
(EḪS 425, 427, HdO 190
1. PIE *idɑɦolou̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *idɑɦolou̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. idɑɦolou̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *idɦolou̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. idɦolou̯āh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *idɦalau̯āh-
(XX:XX)
4. idɦalau̯āh-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *idalau̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. idalau̯āh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. idalau̯āḫ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√idɑɦi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π idɑɦi-
HLu. ARHA idi·-
(MANUSvb.) ‘delete’ (Phoen. mḥ)
(CHLu. 1.1.73)
(HLu. ARHA MANUS(-)i-ti-tu, ARHA “*69”(-)i-ti-tu)
PIE *eidɑɦilo-
OSax. īdil-
(a.) ‘leer, eitel’
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *eidɑɦilo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *eidɦilo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. eidɦilo-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *eidilo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. eidilo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *eidila-
(XX:XX)
4. eidila-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → OSax. īdila-
PIE *idɑɦiu-
HLu. idiu-
(vb.) ‘delete’
(CHLu. 1.1.63)
(ARHA “*69”(-)i-ti-wa/i [3sg])
1. PIE *idɑɦiu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *idɦiu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. idɦiu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → HLu. idiu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√idɑhl-
PIE *olpi̯·oidɑɦlo
OEng. ælf·ādl-
(.) ‘Elf-disease’ (ephialtae morbus)
(ASaxD. 14)
1. PIE *olpi̯·oidɑɦlo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *olpi̯·oidɦlo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. olpi̯·oidɦlo
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → *olfi̯·oidɦlo
3. olfi̯·oidɦlo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *olfi̯·oidlo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. olfi̯·oidlo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *alfi̯·aidla
(XX:XX)
5. alfi̯·aidla
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *alfi̯·aidl
6. alfi̯·aidl
alfi → ælf
Umlaut a-i -> æ
RUmlautaLFi → *ælf·aidl
7. ælf·aidl
*ai → ā
Monophthongization of *ai into ā
RMonophthai2A → OEng. ælf·ādl
PIE *oidɑɦli̯o-
OEng. ādlia-
(vb.) ail, be sick, languish, aegrotare’
(ASaxD. 7)
1. PIE *oidɑɦli̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *oidɦli̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. oidɦli̯o-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *oidli̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. oidli̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *aidli̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. aidli̯a-
*ai → ā
Monophthongization of *ai into ā
RMonophthai2A → *ādli̯a-
5. ādli̯a-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of *i̯ into i
ROrthogrY2j → OEng. ādlia-
PIE *eidɑɦli̯o-
OEng. īdlia-
(vb.) ‘to become vain/idle, come to nought, empty’
(ASaxD. 586)
1. PIE *eidɑɦli̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *eidɦli̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. eidɦli̯o-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *eidli̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. eidli̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *eidli̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. eidli̯a-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → *īdli̯a-
5. īdli̯a-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of *i̯ into i
ROrthogrY2j → OEng. īdlia-


PIE √iu- (vb.) ‘befehlen’ (sb.) ‘Befehl, Befehlshaber, Priester’
(IEW. 511)
(+ Pyysalo)
√iu-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·i̯ú-
RV. adhvar·yú-
(m.) ‘der die Opferfeier leitende Priester’
(WbRV. 49f.)
1. PIE *Π·i̯ú-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. Π·yú-
√iou·uekuo-
PIE *i̯ōu·u̯eiku̯o-
TochB. yau·yekä-
(sb.) ‘verbal orders, documents’ (?)
(DTochB. 514)
(TochB. yauyekänta; cf. TochB. wek- (m.sg.) ‘vox’ (DTochB. 607, wek)
1. PIE *i̯ōu·u̯eiku̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *i̯ōu·u̯eiku̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. i̯ōu·u̯eiku̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *i̯āu·u̯eiku̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. i̯āu·u̯eiku̯a-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
RChangee2Ya → *i̯āu·u̯i̯aiku̯a-
4. i̯āu·u̯i̯aiku̯a-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *i̯āu·u̯i̯aika-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. i̯āu·u̯i̯aika-
*u̯I → I
Loss of *u̯ before palatal *i̯/i
RLossofWinWY → *i̯āu·i̯aika-
6. i̯āu·i̯aika-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RChangeAI2E1 → *i̯āu·i̯ēka-
7. i̯āu·i̯ēka-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
ROrthOIA10 → *i̯au·i̯ēka-
8. i̯au·i̯ēka-
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthOIA4 → *i̯au·i̯eka-
9. i̯au·i̯eka-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → TochB. yau·yeka-
√iouo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·i̯ou̯o-
RV. ā́dhvar·yava-
(n.) ‘Dienst des adhvaryú-’
(WbRV. 178)
1. PIE *Π·i̯ou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·i̯au̯a-
2. Π·i̯au̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *Π·i̯ava-
3. Π·i̯ava-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. Π·yava-
PIE *o.i̯ou̯o·lo-
Hitt. a.i̯au̯a·la-
(c.N.ag.) ‘ein Repräsentant (des Königs)’
(HEG II:5-6)
()
1. PIE *o.i̯ou̯o·lo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. a.i̯au̯a·la-
(XX:XX)
PIE *o.i̯ou̯o·lo-
CLu. a.i̯au̯a·la-
(c.N.ag.) ‘Repräsentant (des Königs)’ (OGH. 3)
(DLL. 24)
(CLu. LUGAL a-ia-ua-la-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *o.i̯ou̯o·lo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. a.i̯au̯a·la-
(XX:XX)
√iudɑɦ-
(IEW. 511)
(WP I:204)
PIE *i̯udɑɦei̯o-
Lat. iubeo-
(vb.) ‘befehlen : ‘order, command’
(WH 1:724-5)
(Lat. iubeō [1sg])
1. PIE *i̯udɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *i̯udɦei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. i̯udɦei̯o-
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *bɦ
RAffricatDH2f → *i̯ufei̯o-
3. i̯ufei̯o-
*ɦ → h
Change of *f into b
RChangeF2B → *i̯ubei̯o-
4. i̯ubei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
RLossY1 → *i̯ubeo-
5. i̯ubeo-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
ROrthogrY2i → Lat. iubeo-
PIE *i̯udɑɦs-
Lat. iuss-
(pf.) ‘befehlen : ‘order, command’
(WH 1:724-5)
1. PIE *i̯udɑɦs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *i̯udɦs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. i̯udɦs-
CHs → Cs
Loss of *h between stop and *s
R13 → *i̯uds-
3. i̯uds-
*ds → ss
Assimilation of *ds
RChangeDS2SS → *i̯uss-
4. i̯uss-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
ROrthogrY2i → Lat. iuss-
PIE *i̯udɑɦso-
Lat. iusso-
(n.) ‘Befehl’
(WH 1:724-5)
(Class. iussi)
1. PIE *i̯udɑɦso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *i̯udɦso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. i̯udɦso-
CHs → Cs
Loss of *h between stop and *s
R13 → *i̯udso-
3. i̯udso-
*ds → ss
Assimilation of *ds
RChangeDS2SS → *i̯usso-
4. i̯usso-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
ROrthogrY2i → Lat. iusso-
√ioudɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *i̯oudɑɦei̯o-
OLat. ioubeo-
(vb.) ‘jemandem etwas heißen, befehlen’
(WH 1:724-5)
(OLat. ioubeatis [2pl])
1. PIE *i̯oudɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *i̯oudɦei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. i̯oudɦei̯o-
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *bɦ
RAffricatDH2f → *i̯oufei̯o-
3. i̯oufei̯o-
*ɦ → h
Change of *f into b
RChangeF2B → *i̯oubei̯o-
4. i̯oubei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
RLossY1 → *i̯oubeo-
5. i̯oubeo-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
ROrthogrY2i → OLat. ioubeo-
PIE *i̯oudɑɦs-
OLat. iouss-
(pf.) ‘befehlen : ‘order, command’
(WH 1:724-5)
(in OLat. ioussi [1sg])
1. PIE *i̯oudɑɦs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *i̯oudɦs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. i̯oudɦs-
CHs → Cs
Loss of *h between stop and *s
R13 → *i̯ouds-
3. i̯ouds-
*ds → ss
Assimilation of *ds
RChangeDS2SS → *i̯ouss-
4. i̯ouss-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
ROrthogrY2i → OLat. iouss-
PIE *i̯oudɑɦ·Σ-
TochB. yot·kolau-
(sb.) ± ‘foreman, director’
(DTochB. 512)
1. PIE *i̯oudɑɦ·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *i̯oudɦ·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. i̯oudɦ·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *i̯audɦ·Σ-
(XX:XX)
3. i̯audɦ·Σ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *i̯aud·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. i̯aud·Σ-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
RDevoiced → *i̯aut·Σ-
5. i̯aut·Σ-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RChangeAU2O1 → *i̯ōt·Σ-
6. i̯ōt·Σ-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthOIA6 → *i̯ot·Σ-
7. i̯ot·Σ-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → TochB. yot·Σ-


√kihɑr- (sb.) ‘Hermelin, Wiesel’ (a.) ‘grau’
(IEW. 573-4)
√kiehɑrm-
PIE *ki̯ehɑrmṓ·n
Lith. šermuõ·n
(m.) ‘Hermelin, Wiesel’
(LiEtWb. 965)
(Li. šermuõ [sgN])
1. PIE *ki̯ehɑrmṓ·n
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ki̯ehrmṓ·n
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ki̯ehrmṓ·n
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *ćehrmṓ·n
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ćehrmṓ·n
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ćermṓ·n
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ćermṓ·n
*ć → š
From Satem *ć to Lithuanian
RSatem2Lith1 → *šermṓ·n
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. šermṓ·n
*ṓ → úo
Change of ṓ into úo
RChangeO2uo2 → Lith. šermúo·n
PIE *ki̯éhɑrmuli-
Latv. ser̂muli-
(m.) ‘Hermelin, foetorius erminea’
(LiEtWb. 965)
(Latv. sęr̂mulis [sgN])
1. PIE *ki̯éhɑrmuli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ki̯éhrmuli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ki̯éhrmuli-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *ćéhrmuli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ćéhrmuli-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ćérmuli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ćérmuli-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to Latvian
RSatem2Latv1 → Latv. sérmuli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
√kiohɑrm-
PIE *ki̯ohɑrmo
OHG. harm-
(st.m.) Wiesel, Hermelin, Haselmaus’
(Gl 11./12. Jh.)
1. PIE *ki̯ohɑrmo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ki̯ohrmo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ki̯ohrmo
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *ḱohrmo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ḱohrmo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ḱormo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ḱormo
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *kormo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. kormo
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
AffricateK → *xormo
6. xormo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *xarma
(XX:XX)
7. xarma
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *xarm
8. xarm
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
RGlottalicX2H → OHG. harm
PIE *ki̯ohɑrmṓ·n
Lith. šarmuõ·n
(m.) ‘wilde Katze, Hermelin, Wiese, mustela erminea’
(LiEtWb. 965)
1. PIE *ki̯ohɑrmṓ·n
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ki̯ohrmṓ·n
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ki̯ohrmṓ·n
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *ćohrmṓ·n
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ćohrmṓ·n
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ćormṓ·n
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ćormṓ·n
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ćarmṓ·n
5. ćarmṓ·n
*ć → š
From Satem *ć to Lithuanian
RSatem2Lith1 → *šarmṓ·n
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. šarmṓ·n
*ṓ → úo
Change of ṓ into úo
RChangeO2uo2 → Lith. šarmúo·n
PIE *ki̯ohɑrmōnihɑ́
Lith. šarmuonỹ-
(m.) ‘Wiesel’
(LiEtWb. 965)
1. PIE *ki̯ohɑrmōnihɑ́
PIE *iḫɑ́ → iḫí
Distant assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1d → *ki̯ohɑrmōnihí
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. ki̯ohɑrmōnihí
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ki̯ohrmōnihí
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ki̯ohrmōnihí
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *ćohrmōnihí
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. ćohrmōnihí
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ćormōnií
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ćormōnií
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → *ćormōnī́
6. ćormōnī́
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ćarmōnī́
7. ćarmōnī́
*ć → š
From Satem *ć to Lithuanian
RSatem2Lith1 → *šarmōnī́
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
8. šarmōnī́
*ō → uo
Change of ō into uo
RChangeO2uo1 → *šarmuonī́
9. šarmuonī́
*ī́ → ý
Orthographic change of ī́ into ý
R24 → Lith. šarmuoný
PIE *ki̯óhɑrmuli
Latv. sar̂muli-
(.) ‘Hermelin, Wiesel, Kaninchen’
(LiEtWb. 965)
(Latv. sar̂mulis)
1. PIE *ki̯óhɑrmuli
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ki̯óhrmuli
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ki̯óhrmuli
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *ćóhrmuli
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ćóhrmuli
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ćórmuli
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ćórmuli
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *ćármuli
5. ćármuli
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to Latvian
RSatem2Latv1 → Latv. sármuli
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
PIE *ki̯ohɑrmu
OHG. harmo-
(wk.m.*n-) ‘Wiesel, Hermelin, Haselmaus’
(Gloss)
1. PIE *ki̯ohɑrmu
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ki̯ohrmu
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ki̯ohrmu
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *ḱohrmu
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ḱohrmu
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ḱormu
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ḱormu
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *kormu
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. kormu
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
AffricateK → *xormu
6. xormu
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *xarmu
(XX:XX)
7. xarmu
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
RGlottalicX2H → *harmu
8. harmu
*-u → -o
Change of root-final -u into -o
RChangeFinalu2o → OHG. harmo
PIE *ki̯ohɑrmu
OSax. harmo-
(wk.m.*n-) ‘Hermelin’
(ASächsWb. 31)
1. PIE *ki̯ohɑrmu
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ki̯ohrmu
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ki̯ohrmu
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *ḱohrmu
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ḱohrmu
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ḱormu
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ḱormu
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *kormu
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. kormu
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
AffricateK → *xormu
6. xormu
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *xarmu
(XX:XX)
7. xarmu
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
RGlottalicX2H → *harmu
8. harmu
*-u → -o
Change of root-final -u into -o
RChangeFinalu2o → OSax. harmo
√kihaerm-
PIE *kihɑermō·n
Illyr. carmō·n
(PN.) ‘Wiesel, cf. RätRom. carmún’
(IEW 573-4)
(Ven-Illyr. carmō [sgN], Steiermark)
1. PIE *kihɑermō·n
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *kihɑarmō·n
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. kihɑarmō·n
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kiharmō·n
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kiharmō·n
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *ḱharmō·n
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. ḱharmō·n
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *kharmō·n
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. kharmō·n
*kh → x
Affricativization of *kh
AffricateKH → Illyr. xarmō·n


PIE √kilmi- √kiolmi- √kielmi- ‘Holz’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√ki̯olmi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ki̯olmi-
Hitt. kalmi-
(GIŠc.) ‘Holzscheit’
(HHand. 70)
(Hitt. kal-mi-in)
1. PIE *ki̯olmi-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *ḱolmi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. ḱolmi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ḱalmi-
(XX:XX)
3. ḱalmi-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → Hitt. kalmi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
PIE *ki̯olmi-
OPers. ϑarmi-
(sb.) ‘timber’
(OldP. 188)
(OPers. ϑarmiš [sgN])
1. PIE *ki̯olmi-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
RChangelr1 → *ki̯ormi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
2. ki̯ormi-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *ćormi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ćormi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ćarmi-
4. ćarmi-
*ć → ϑ
From Satem *ć to OPers.
RSatem2OPers1 → OPers. ϑarmi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
√ki̯olmisno-
PIE *ki̯olmisono-
Hitt. kalmišana-
(c.) ‘Holzscheit’
(HHand. 70)
(Hitt. kal-mi-ša-na-aš, kal-mi-ša-ni-, kal-mi-ša-ni-it)
1. PIE *ki̯olmisono-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *ḱolmisono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. ḱolmisono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ḱalmisana-
(XX:XX)
3. ḱalmisana-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *kalmisana-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. kalmisana-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. kalmišana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ki̯olmisno-
Hitt. kalmišna-
(c.) ‘Holzscheit’
(HHand. 70)
(Hitt. kal-mi-iš-na-an, kal-mi-iš-ni-it)
1. PIE *ki̯olmisno-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *ḱolmisno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. ḱolmisno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ḱalmisna-
(XX:XX)
3. ḱalmisna-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *kalmisna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. kalmisna-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. kalmišna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ki̯olmisni-
PIE *ki̯olmisoni-
Hitt. kalmišani-
(c.) ‘Holzscheit’
(HIL. 500)
(Hitt. [kal-mi-i]š-ša-ni-uš [plA])
1. PIE *ki̯olmisoni-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *ḱolmisoni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. ḱolmisoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ḱalmisani-
(XX:XX)
3. ḱalmisani-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *kalmisani-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. kalmisani-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. kalmišani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ki̯olmiseni-
Hitt. kalmišeni-
(c.) ‘Holzscheit’
(HIL. 500)
(Hitt. kal-mi-še-ni-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *ki̯olmiseni-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *ḱolmiseni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. ḱolmiseni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ḱalmiseni-
(XX:XX)
3. ḱalmiseni-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *kalmiseni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. kalmiseni-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. kalmišeni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ki̯olmisni-
Hitt. kalmišni-
(c.) ‘Holzscheit’
(HIL. 500)
(Hitt. kal-mi-iš-ni-uš [plA])
1. PIE *ki̯olmisni-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *ḱolmisni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. ḱolmisni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ḱalmisni-
(XX:XX)
3. ḱalmisni-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *kalmisni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. kalmisni-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. kalmišni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √klm- √kolm- √kelm- ‘Sonnenstrahl, Glanz, Strahl’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√kolmo-
PIE *kolmo·su-
Hitt. kalma·šu-
(c.) ‘goldener Schmuckgegenstand’
(HHand. 70)
1. PIE *kolmo·su-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kalma·su-
(XX:XX)
2. kalma·su-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. kalma·šu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *kolmo·Σ-
Hitt. kalma·zitaa-
(URU.) ‘Mann (LÚ) von K.’
(OGH. 166)
(Hitt. kal-ma-zi-da-[a] [Stf.])
1. PIE *kolmo·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. kalma·Σ-
(XX:XX)
PIE *kolmono-
Hitt. kalmana-
(.) ‘feuerholz’
(HEG I:467)
1. PIE *kolmono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. kalmana-
(XX:XX)
√kolmoro-
(HEG X:XX)
(HIL. 500-, Puhvel HED 4: 26f., Kimball (1999:380)
PIE *kolmoro-
Hitt. kalmara-
(c.) ‘Sonnenstrahl, Strahl’ (not ‘Berg, Gebirge’)
(HHand. 70)
(Hitt. kal-ma-ra-az, kal-ma-ru-uš)
1. PIE *kolmoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. kalmara-
(XX:XX)
PIE *kolmoro-
Hitt. kalmara-
(n.) ‘Sonnenscheibe (aus Edelmetall)
(HHand. 70)
(Hitt. kal-ma-ra, gal-ma-ra [plNA])
1. PIE *kolmoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. kalmara-
(XX:XX)
PIE *koLmoLí-
AV. kalmalí-
(m./f.?) ‘bunter, funkelnder Glanz’
(KEWA I:184)
1. PIE *koLmoLí-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RChangelr4 → *kolmolí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
2. kolmolí-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → AV. kalmalí-
PIE *koLmoLihɑ́ku̯ɑhín-
RV. kalmalīkín-
(a.) ‘bunt funkelnd’
(WbRV. 318)
(WH I:287)
1. PIE *koLmoLihɑ́ku̯ɑhín-
PIE *iḫɑ́ → iḫí
Distant assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1d → *koLmoLihíku̯ɑhín-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. koLmoLihíku̯ɑhín-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *koLmoLihíku̯hín-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. koLmoLihíku̯hín-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RChangelr4 → *kolmolihíku̯hín-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
4. kolmolihíku̯hín-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kalmalihíku̯hín-
5. kalmalihíku̯hín-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kalmaliíku̯ín-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. kalmaliíku̯ín-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *kalmaliíkín-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
7. kalmaliíkín-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → RV. kalmalī́kín-


PIE √kis- √kios-, √kies- ‘liegen, wohnen, weilen’ (sb.) ‘Platz, Gegend’ (postp.) ‘(an)statt’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√kios-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *o·ki̯os-
LAv. a·sah-
(n.) ‘Gegend, Landstrich, Platz’
(AIWb. 209)
1. PIE *o·ki̯os-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *o·ćos-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. o·ćos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *a·ćas-
3. a·ćas-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *a·ćah-
4. a·ćah-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to Avestan
RSatem2Av1 → LAv. a·sah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
PIE *ki̯osos-
Hitt. kašaš
(postp.G.) ‘statt (?), anstatt (?)’
(HHand. 75)
(HEG I:533)
1. PIE *ki̯osos-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *ḱosos-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. ḱosos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ḱasas-
(XX:XX)
3. ḱasas-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *kasas-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. kasas-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. kašaš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ki̯ososo-
Hitt. kašaša-
(URU.) ‘› Tapika’
(OGHErg. 69)
(Hitt. ga-ša-ša, ka-a-ša-ša
1. PIE *ki̯ososo-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *ḱososo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. ḱososo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ḱasasa-
(XX:XX)
3. ḱasasa-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *kasasa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. kasasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. kašaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√kieski̯o-
PIE *ki̯éski̯o-
Gr. κέσκο-
(vbM.it.) ‘liegen’
(GEW1:809-10)
(Hom. κέσκετο, παρεκέσκετο)
1. PIE *ki̯éski̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *ḱésḱo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. ḱésḱo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *késko-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. késko-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. κέσκο-
√kisi-
PIE *kisei̯-
gAv. šay-
(pr.) ‘sich [L] aufhalten, wohnen, weilen’
(AIWb. 1706)
(gAv. šaēitī [3sg])
1. PIE *kisei̯-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RRukiI → *kišei̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
2. kišei̯-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *ćšei̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ćšei̯-
*ćš → š
Simplification of ćš into š
R25b → *šei̯-
4. šei̯-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *šai̯-
5. šai̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → gAv. šay-
PIE *kisi-
LAv. ši-
(pr.) ‘wohnen’
(AIWb. 1706)
(LAv. šyeiti [3pl])
1. PIE *kisi-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RRukiI → *kiši-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
2. kiši-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *ćši-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ćši-
*ćš → š
Simplification of ćš into š
R25b → LAv. ši-
PIE *kisi̯o-
gAv. šya-
(pr.) ‘es halten mit [I]’
(AIWb. 1706)
(gAv. šyeintī [3pl])
1. PIE *kisi̯o-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RRukiI → *kiši̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
2. kiši̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *ćši̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ćši̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ćši̯a-
4. ćši̯a-
*ćš → š
Simplification of ćš into š
R25b → *ši̯a-
5. ši̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → gAv. šya-


√kiu- √ekiu- √okiu- (sb.) ‘Pferd, Vogel’
(IEW. 301-2)
√ōki̯u-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ōki̯u-
HLu. āšu-
(sb.) ‘Pferde’
(CHLu. 1.1.8)
(EQUUS.ANIMAL-sù)
1. PIE *ōki̯u-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *ōću-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. ōću-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *āću-
(XX:XX)
3. āću-
*ć → z
From Satem *ć to CLu.
RSatem2CLu1 → HLu. āzu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.9)
PIE *ōki̯u·Σ-
RV. āśu·héman-
(a.) ‘die Rosse antreibend’
(WbRV. 188)
1. PIE *ōki̯u·Σ-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *ōću·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. ōću·Σ-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *āću·Σ-
3. āću·Σ-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to OIA
RSatem2OIA1 → RV. āśu·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)


√kɑht- √gɑɦd- (adv.) ‘nieder’ (sb.) ‘Ton, Erde, Land’
(IEW XX)
√kɑht-
(Pyysalo: Lyd. + OCS.)
PIE *keɑht·Σ-
Gr. κατ·αιγίς
(adv.) ‘plötzlich herabfahrende Sturmwind’
(XX:XX)
(Gr. κατ·αιγίς)
1. PIE *keɑht·Σ-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *kaɑht·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. kaɑht·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kaht·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kaht·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kat·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kat·Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. κατ·Σ-
PIE *keɑht·Σ-
Gr. κατ·ήνοκ-
(pf.) ‘XX’
(IEW. 317)
(Gr. κατήνοκα)
1. PIE *keɑht·Σ-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *kaɑht·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. kaɑht·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kaht·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kaht·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kat·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kat·Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. κατ·Σ-
PIE *keɑht·Σ-
Lyd. kat·u-
(pret.) ‘write down’
(LydWb. 147)
(Lyd. katul [3pret.])
1. PIE *keɑht·Σ-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *kaɑht·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. kaɑht·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kaht·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kaht·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Lyd. kat·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *keɑht·Σ-
OCS. kot·yga-
(f.) ‘Unter-kleid, Tunica’
(Sadnik √373)
1. PIE *keɑht·Σ-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *kaɑht·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. kaɑht·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kaht·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kaht·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kat·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kat·Σ-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → OCS. kot·Σ-
√gɑɦedi-
(MA 169)
PIE *gɑɦedi·nēɑh-
Arm. getin-
(sb.) ‘Boden’
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *gɑɦedi·nēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gɑɦedi·nāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gɑɦedi·nāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦedi·nāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦedi·nāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦedi·nā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. gɦedi·nā-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
RDevoiced → *gɦeti·nā-
5. gɦeti·nā-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *geti·nā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. geti·nā-
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RChangeA2a1 → Arm. geti·na-
PIE *gɑɦedì·nēɑh·Σ-
Arm. getna·bir
(a.) ‘den Boden ausgrabend’
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *gɑɦedì·nēɑh·Σ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gɑɦedì·nāɑh·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gɑɦedì·nāɑh·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦedì·nāh·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦedì·nāh·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦedì·nā·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. gɦedì·nā·Σ-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
RDevoiced → *gɦetì·nā·Σ-
5. gɦetì·nā·Σ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *getì·nā·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. getì·nā·Σ-
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RChangeA2a1 → *getì·na·Σ-
7. getì·na·Σ-
*i → Ø
Loss of unaccented *i
R22b → Arm. get·na·Σ-
√gɑɦedi·uu̯odɑɦno-
PIE *gɑɦodi·uu̯odɑɦno-
Hitt. gaz·uadna-
(URU.) ‘= Kizuwatna’
(OGHErg. 81)
(Hitt. GAZ-zu-ua-a[t-n]a)
1. PIE *gɑɦodi·uu̯odɑɦno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦodi·uu̯odɦno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦodi·uu̯odɦno-
PIE *di → zi
Assibilation of *d before *i
RDentAssib3b → *gɦozi·uu̯odɦno-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. gɦozi·uu̯odɦno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦazi·uu̯adɦna-
(XX:XX)
4. gɦazi·uu̯adɦna-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. gazi·uu̯adna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦedi·uu̯odɑɦono-
Hitt. gez·uadana-
(KUR URU.) ‘Kizuwatnean Land’
(OGH. 211-5)
(Hitt. ki-iz-zu-ua-ta-naKI)
1. PIE *gɑɦedi·uu̯odɑɦono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦedi·uu̯odɦono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦedi·uu̯odɦono-
PIE *di → zi
Assibilation of *d before *i
RDentAssib3b → *gɦezi·uu̯odɦono-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. gɦezi·uu̯odɦono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦezi·uu̯adɦana-
(XX:XX)
4. gɦezi·uu̯adɦana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. gezi·uu̯adana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦedi·uu̯odɑɦno-
Hitt. gez·uadna-
(URU.) ‘Kizuwatna- = Hur. gumani ‘Erde, Feld’
(OGH. 211-5)
(Hitt. ki-iz-zu-ua-at-na-an)
1. PIE *gɑɦedi·uu̯odɑɦno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦedi·uu̯odɦno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦedi·uu̯odɦno-
PIE *di → zi
Assibilation of *d before *i
RDentAssib3b → *gɦezi·uu̯odɦno-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. gɦezi·uu̯odɦno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦezi·uu̯adɦna-
(XX:XX)
4. gɦezi·uu̯adɦna-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. gezi·uu̯adna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √kɑhu-, √gɑɦu- ‘schlagen, hauen, töten, kämpfen, stechen, treiben, jagen, schmieden, verfertigen, usw.’
(IEW. 535+491-3)
√kɑhu-
(IEW. 535 *kǝu-)
(WP. 1:330f.)
PIE *kḗɑhu-
Lith. káu-
(vb.) ‘schlagen, hauen, umbringen, vernichten’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Lith. káuti [inf.])
1. PIE *kḗɑhu-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *kā́ɑhu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kā́ɑhu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kā́hu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kā́hu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kā́u-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kā́u-
*ā́RC → áRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ā́RC
ROsthoffa2 → Lith. káu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
PIE *kḗɑhu-
Lith. káu-
(vb.refl.) ‘sich schlagen, kämpfen, ausgelassen sein, tollen’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Lith. káutis [inf.])
1. PIE *kḗɑhu-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *kā́ɑhu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kā́ɑhu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kā́hu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kā́hu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kā́u-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kā́u-
*ā́RC → áRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ā́RC
ROsthoffa2 → Lith. káu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
PIE *kḗɑhu-
Latv. kaû-
(vb.) ‘schlagen, hauen, stechen, schlachten, treten’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Latv. kaût, kavu [pret], kâvu [pret])
1. PIE *kḗɑhu-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *kā́ɑhu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kā́ɑhu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kā́hu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kā́hu-
*ā́hu → āhû
Latvian tone rule for *ā́hu
RAcc2 → *kāhû-
4. kāhû-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kāû-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. kāû-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
ROsthoffa1 → Latv. kaû-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
PIE *Π·kḗɑhu-
Lith. nu·káu-
(vb.) ‘erschlagen : kill’
(Senn 2:227)
(Lith. nu·káuti [inf.])
1. PIE *Π·kḗɑhu-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *Π·kā́ɑhu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·kā́ɑhu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·kā́hu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·kā́hu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·kā́u-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·kā́u-
*ā́RC → áRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ā́RC
ROsthoffa2 → Lith. Π·káu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
PIE *Π·kḗɑhu-
Latv. nùo·kaû-
(vb.) ‘erschlagen, töten’
(IEW. 535)
(Latv. nùokaût [inf.])
1. PIE *Π·kḗɑhu-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *Π·kā́ɑhu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·kā́ɑhu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·kā́hu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·kā́hu-
*ā́hu → āhû
Latvian tone rule for *ā́hu
RAcc2 → *Π·kāhû-
4. Π·kāhû-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·kāû-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·kāû-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
ROsthoffa1 → Latv. Π·kaû-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
PIE *kēɑhu-
Pol. ku-
(pr.) ‘schmieden’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Pol. kuć [inf.], kuję [1sg])
1. PIE *kēɑhu-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kāɑhu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kāɑhu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kāhu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kāhu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kāu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kāu-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
ROsthoffa1 → *kau-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
5. kau-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *kou-
6. kou-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *kū-
7. kū-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
ROrthogrU2u → Pol. ku-
PIE *kēɑhu-
TochB. kau-
(vb.) ‘= Skt. vadhāya- : töten’
(DTochB. 208)
(TochB. kautsi-ś [inf.])
1. PIE *kēɑhu-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kāɑhu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kāɑhu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kāhu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kāhu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kāu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kāu-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
ROrthOIA10 → TochB. kau-
PIE *kēɑhu̯-
TochA. kāw-
(vb.) ‘occidere, necare’
(Poucha 85)
(TochA. kāw-e(ñc) [3pl])
1. PIE *kēɑhu̯-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kāɑhu̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kāɑhu̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kāhu̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kāhu̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kāu̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kāu̯-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of u̯ into w
ROrthW2w → TochA. kāw-
PIE *kēɑhu-
TochA. ko-
(vb.) ‘occidere, necare’
(Poucha 85)
(if in TochA. pko [ipv.], HuIdg. 253-)
1. PIE *kēɑhu-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kāɑhu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kāɑhu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kāhu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kāhu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kāu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kāu-
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
ROsthoffTochAu → *kau-
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
5. kau-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RMonophthau2O1 → *kō-
6. kō-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthO2o1 → TochA. ko-
√kɑhuo-
PIE *keɑhu̯o-
OCS. kovo-
(pr.) ‘schmieden, verfertigen’
(Sadnik √374)
(OCS. kovǫ [1sg], PIE *e for presens)
1. PIE *keɑhu̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *kaɑhu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. kaɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kahu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kahu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kahu̯a-
4. kahu̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kau̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. kau̯a-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *kou̯o-
6. kou̯o-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → OCS. kovo-
PIE *keɑhu̯o-
TochB. kawa-
(pret.A.) ‘kill’
(DTochB. 208)
(TochB. kawam [1pl], *e for preterite)
1. PIE *keɑhu̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *kaɑhu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. kaɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kahu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kahu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kahu̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. kahu̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kau̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. kau̯a-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of u̯ into w
R19 → TochB. kawa-
PIE *keɑhu̯o-
OSax. hawa-
(pr.) ‘hew, cut, strike, smite’
(ASaxD. 534)
(OSax. hawan [inf.], *e for presens)
1. PIE *keɑhu̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *kaɑhu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. kaɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kahu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kahu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kau̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kau̯o-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
AffricateK → *xau̯o-
5. xau̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *xau̯a-
(XX:XX)
6. xau̯a-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
RGlottalicX2H → *hau̯a-
7. hau̯a-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → OSax. hawa-
√kɑhuɑh-
PIE *kēɑhu̯ḗɑh
Lith. kovà-
(f.) ‘Kampf, Schlacht’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Lith. kovà [sgN])
1. PIE *kēɑhu̯ḗɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kāɑhu̯ḗɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kāɑhu̯ḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *kāɑhu̯ā́ɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. kāɑhu̯ā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kāhu̯ā́h
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. kāhu̯ā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kāu̯ā́
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. kāu̯ā́
*ā → ō
Change of ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → *kōu̯ā́
6. kōu̯ā́
*ā́ → ṓ
Change of ā́ into ṓ
RChangeA202 → *kōu̯ṓ
7. kōu̯ṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
RFinalo2a2 → *kōu̯à
8. kōu̯à
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *kōvà
9. kōvà
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
R27a → Lith. kovà
PIE *kēɑhu̯ḗɑh-
Lith. kovó-
(vb.) ‘kämpfen, ringen’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Lith. kovóti [inf.])
1. PIE *kēɑhu̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kāɑhu̯ḗɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kāɑhu̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *kāɑhu̯ā́ɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. kāɑhu̯ā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kāhu̯ā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. kāhu̯ā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kāu̯ā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. kāu̯ā́-
*ā → ō
Change of ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → *kōu̯ā́-
6. kōu̯ā́-
*ā́ → ṓ
Change of ā́ into ṓ
RChangeA202 → *kōu̯ṓ-
7. kōu̯ṓ-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *kōvṓ-
8. kōvṓ-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
R27a → *kovṓ-
9. kovṓ-
ṓ → ó
Orthographic change of ṓ into ó
R27b → Lith. kovó-
PIE *koɑhu̯ēɑh
Latv. kava-
(f.) ‘Stich, Schlag, Art, Schicht’
(WH 2:301)
Latv. kava [sgN]
1. PIE *koɑhu̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *koɑhu̯āɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. koɑhu̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kohu̯āh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kohu̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kou̯ā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kou̯ā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kau̯ā
5. kau̯ā
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *kavā
6. kavā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R28 → Latv. kava
PIE *kéɑhu̯ēɑh-
Serb. kòva-
(vb.) ‘schmieden, prägen’
(IEW. 535)
(Serb. kòvati [inf.], *e for presens)
1. PIE *kéɑhu̯ēɑh-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
Colouring rule for *éɑ
RColouring1d → *káɑhu̯ēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. káɑhu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *káɑhu̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. káɑhu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *káhu̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. káhu̯āh-
áḫ → àḫ
Serbo-Croatian gravis rule
RAcc1 → *kàhu̯āh-
5. kàhu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kàu̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. kàu̯ā-
*à → ò
Change of *à into ò
RChangea2o3 → *kòu̯ā-
7. kòu̯ā-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *kòvā-
8. kòvā-
*ā → a
Orthographic change of *ā into a
ROrthogrA2a1 → Serb. kòva-
PIE *keɑhu̯ēɑh-
OCS. kova-
(vb.) ‘schmieden, verfertigen’
(Sadnik √374)
(OCS. kovati [1sg])
1. PIE *keɑhu̯ēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *kaɑhu̯ēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. kaɑhu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kaɑhu̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. kaɑhu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kahu̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. kahu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kau̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. kau̯ā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *kou̯ā-
6. kou̯ā-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *kovā-
7. kovā-
*ā → a
Orthographic change of *ā into a
ROrthogrA2a1 → OCS. kova-
PIE *keɑhu̯ēɑh-
Russ. kova-
(vb.) ‘schmieden’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Russ. kovat’, kuju [1sg])
1. PIE *keɑhu̯ēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *kaɑhu̯ēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. kaɑhu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kaɑhu̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. kaɑhu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kahu̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. kahu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kau̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. kau̯ā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *kou̯ā-
6. kou̯ā-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *kovā-
7. kovā-
*ā → a
Orthographic change of *ā into a
ROrthogrA2a1 → Russ. kova-
PIE *keɑhu̯ēɑh-
Pol. kowa-
(vb.) ‘schmieden’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Pol. kować [inf.], kowam [1sg])
1. PIE *keɑhu̯ēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *kaɑhu̯ēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. kaɑhu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kaɑhu̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. kaɑhu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kahu̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. kahu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kau̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. kau̯ā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *kou̯ā-
6. kou̯ā-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *kovā-
7. kovā-
*ā → a
Orthographic change of *ā into a
ROrthogrA2a1 → *kova-
8. kova-
*v → w
Orthographic change of of *v into w
ROrthogrV2W → Pol. kowa-
PIE *Π·keɑhu̯ēɑh-
OCS. po·kova-
(vb.) ‘beschlagen’
(Sadnik √374)
(OCS. pokovati [inf.])
1. PIE *Π·keɑhu̯ēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *Π·kaɑhu̯ēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. Π·kaɑhu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·kaɑhu̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. Π·kaɑhu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·kahu̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. Π·kahu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·kau̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·kau̯ā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *Π·kou̯ā-
6. Π·kou̯ā-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *Π·kovā-
7. Π·kovā-
*ā → a
Orthographic change of *ā into a
ROrthogrA2a1 → OCS. Π·kova-
√kɑhuēhɑ-
PIE *kḗɑhu̯ēhɑ-
Lith. kóvė-
(pret.) ‘schlagen, hauen, umbringen, vernichten’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Lith. kóviau, kóvė)
1. PIE *kḗɑhu̯ēhɑ-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *kā́ɑhu̯ēhɑ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kā́ɑhu̯ēhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kā́hu̯ēh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kā́hu̯ēh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kā́u̯ē-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kā́u̯ē-
*ā́ → ṓ
Change of ā́ into ṓ
RChangeA202 → *kṓu̯ē-
5. kṓu̯ē-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *kṓvē-
6. kṓvē-
ṓ → ó
Orthographic change of ṓ into ó
R27b → *kóvē-
7. kóvē-
* ē -> ė
Orthographic change of *ē into ė
R28a → Lith. kóvė-
PIE *kéɑhu̯ēhɑ-
Serb. kòvē-
(vb.) ‘schmieden, prägen’
(IEW. 535)
(Serb. kòvēm [1sg])
1. PIE *kéɑhu̯ēhɑ-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
Colouring rule for *éɑ
RColouring1d → *káɑhu̯ēhɑ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. káɑhu̯ēhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *káhu̯ēh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. káhu̯ēh-
áḫ → àḫ
Serbo-Croatian gravis rule
RAcc1 → *kàhu̯ēh-
4. kàhu̯ēh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kàu̯ē-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. kàu̯ē-
*à → ò
Change of *à into ò
RChangea2o3 → *kòu̯ē-
6. kòu̯ē-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → Serb. kòvē-
√kɑhuhɑl-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·koɑhu̯ōhɑlos
OCS. na·kovalo-
(n.) ‘Amboss’
(Sadnik √374)
(OCS. nakovalo)
1. PIE *Π·koɑhu̯ōhɑlos
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·kohu̯ōhlos
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·kohu̯ōhlos
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·kahu̯ōhlas
3. Π·kahu̯ōhlas
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *Π·kahu̯āhlas
4. Π·kahu̯āhlas
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·kau̯ālas
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·kau̯ālas
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *Π·kou̯ālos
6. Π·kou̯ālos
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in -os (root final)
RLossFinalS → *Π·kou̯ālo
7. Π·kou̯ālo
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *Π·kovālo
8. Π·kovālo
*ā → a
Orthographic change of *ā into a
ROrthogrA2a1 → OCS. Π·kovalo
PIE *Π·koɑhu̯ōhɑlinos
OCS. na·kovalĭno-
(n.) ‘Amboss’
(Sadnik √374)
(OCS. nakovalĭno)
1. PIE *Π·koɑhu̯ōhɑlinos
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·kohu̯ōhlinos
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·kohu̯ōhlinos
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·kahu̯ōhlinas
3. Π·kahu̯ōhlinas
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *Π·kahu̯āhlinas
4. Π·kahu̯āhlinas
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·kau̯ālinas
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·kau̯ālinas
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *Π·kou̯ālinos
6. Π·kou̯ālinos
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in -os (root final)
RLossFinalS → *Π·kou̯ālino
7. Π·kou̯ālino
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *Π·kovālino
8. Π·kovālino
*ā → a
Orthographic change of *ā into a
ROrthogrA2a1 → *Π·kovalino
9. Π·kovalino
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
ROrthogri2i → OCS. Π·kovalĭno
PIE *kɑ́huhɑlto-
RV. kū́ṭa-
(n.) ‘Hammer, Schlegel’
(KEWA I:250)
(RV. kū́ṭa-)
1. PIE *kɑ́huhɑlto-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2c → *kúhuhɑlto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. kúhuhɑlto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kúhuhlto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kúhuhlto-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
RChangelr1 → *kúhuhrto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
4. kúhuhrto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kúhuhrta-
5. kúhuhrta-
PIE *hRt → ṭ
Fortunatov’s Law for *hRt
RFortII2 → *kúhuṭa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.2)
6. kúhuṭa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kúuṭa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. kúuṭa-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractUu → RV. kū́ṭa-
√kɑhuɦɑd-
PIE *koɑhuɦɑd-
Lat. cūd-
(pf.) ‘schlagen, klopfen, stampfen, prägen’
(WH 1:300)
(Lat. cūdī [1sg])
1. PIE *koɑhuɦɑd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kohuɦd-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. kohuɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *kohud-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. kohud-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *koud-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. koud-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *kūd-
5. kūd-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → Lat. cūd-
PIE *koɑhuɦɑd-
TochA. kot-
(pret.A.) ‘spalten : dissecare, diffindere’
(Poucha. 86)
(TochA. kot)
1. PIE *koɑhuɦɑd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kohuɦd-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. kohuɦd-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kahuɦd-
(XX:XX)
3. kahuɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *kahud-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kahud-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kaud-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. kaud-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
RDevoiced → *kaut-
6. kaut-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RMonophthau2O1 → *kōt-
7. kōt-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthO2o1 → TochA. kot-
PIE *Π·koɑhuɦɑd-
Lat. in·cūd-
(f.) ‘Amboß’
(WH 1:300)
(Lat. incūs [sgN], incūdis [sgG])
1. PIE *Π·koɑhuɦɑd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·kohuɦd-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·kohuɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·kohud-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. Π·kohud-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·koud-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·koud-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *Π·kūd-
5. Π·kūd-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → Lat. Π·cūd-
PIE *Π·koɑhuɦɑd-
Lat. sub·cūd-
(f.) ‘Verklammerung, Haue’
(WH 1:300)
(Lat. subcūs [sgN], subcūdis [sgG])
1. PIE *Π·koɑhuɦɑd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·kohuɦd-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·kohuɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·kohud-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. Π·kohud-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·koud-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·koud-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *Π·kūd-
5. Π·kūd-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → Lat. Π·cūd-
PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdeɑh-
TochB. kauta-
(vb.) ‘crush, chop, split’
(DTochB. 210)
(TochB. kautaṃ, kautatsiśco [inf.])
1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdeɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *kēɑhuɦɑdaɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. kēɑhuɦɑdaɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kāɑhuɦɑdaɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. kāɑhuɦɑdaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kāhuɦdah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. kāhuɦdah-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *kāhudah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. kāhudah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kāuda-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. kāuda-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
RDevoiced → *kāuta-
7. kāuta-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
ROrthOIA10 → TochB. kauta-
PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdo·nou-
TochB. kauta·no-
(impf.A.) ‘chop up, obj. bones’
(DTochB. 210)
(TochB. kautanoñ-c [3pl-2sgencl])
1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdo·nou-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kāɑhuɦɑdo·nou-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kāɑhuɦɑdo·nou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kāhuɦdo·nou-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kāhuɦdo·nou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kāhuɦda·nau-
(XX:XX)
4. kāhuɦda·nau-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *kāhuda·nau-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. kāhuda·nau-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kāuda·nau-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. kāuda·nau-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
RDevoiced → *kāuta·nau-
7. kāuta·nau-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RChangeAU2O1 → *kāuta·nō-
8. kāuta·nō-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
ROrthOIA10 → *kauta·nō-
9. kauta·nō-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthOIA6 → TochB. kauta·no-
PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdo·Σ-
TochB. kauta·lñe-
(a.) ‘Skt. bhedana- = breaking’
(DTochB. 210)
(TochB. kautalñe-)
1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdo·Σ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kāɑhuɦɑdo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kāɑhuɦɑdo·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kāhuɦdo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kāhuɦdo·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kāhuɦda·Σ-
(XX:XX)
4. kāhuɦda·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *kāhuda·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. kāhuda·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kāuda·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. kāuda·Σ-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
RDevoiced → *kāuta·Σ-
7. kāuta·Σ-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
ROrthOIA10 → TochB. kauta·Σ-
PIE *Π·kēɑhuɦɑdo·Σ-
TochB. a·kauta·cce-
(a.) ‘unsplittable’
(DTochB. 3)
(TochB. akautacce [sgA], thunderbolt)
1. PIE *Π·kēɑhuɦɑdo·Σ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·kāɑhuɦɑdo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·kāɑhuɦɑdo·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·kāhuɦdo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·kāhuɦdo·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·kāhuɦda·Σ-
(XX:XX)
4. Π·kāhuɦda·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·kāhuda·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·kāhuda·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·kāuda·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. Π·kāuda·Σ-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
RDevoiced → *Π·kāuta·Σ-
7. Π·kāuta·Σ-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
ROrthOIA10 → TochB. Π·kauta·Σ-
PIE *koɑhuɦɑdo-
Lat. cūdo-
(pr3.) ‘schlagen, klopfen, stampfen, prägen’
(WH 1:300)
(Lat. cūdō [1sg], cūdĕre [inf.])
1. PIE *koɑhuɦɑdo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kohuɦdo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. kohuɦdo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *kohudo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. kohudo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *koudo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. koudo-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *kūdo-
5. kūdo-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → Lat. cūdo-
PIE *koɑhuɦɑdo
MidIr. cuad-
(vb.) ‘schlachten, kämpfen’
(WH 1:301)
(but see Fick II4:88 apud WH)
1. PIE *koɑhuɦɑdo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kohuɦdo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. kohuɦdo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *kohudo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. kohudo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *koudo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. koudo
*ou → ō
Monophthongization of ou
RMonophthou2O → *kōdo
5. kōdo
*ō → ua
Brechung of *ō into ua
RBrechungO2ua → *kuado
6. kuado
*o- → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → *kuad
7. kuad
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → MidIr. cuad
PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdēɑh-
TochB. kautā-
(pret.) ‘break’
(DTochB. 210)
(TochB. kautā-)
1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kāɑhuɦɑdāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kāɑhuɦɑdāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kāhuɦdāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kāhuɦdāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *kāhudāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kāhudāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kāudā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. kāudā-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
RDevoiced → *kāutā-
6. kāutā-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
ROrthOIA10 → TochB. kautā-
PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdēɑh·Σ-
TochB. kautā·tstsai-
(a.f.) ‘breakable, having a crack’
(DTochB. 210)
(TochB. kautātstsai-)
1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdēɑh·Σ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kāɑhuɦɑdāɑh·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kāɑhuɦɑdāɑh·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kāhuɦdāh·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kāhuɦdāh·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *kāhudāh·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kāhudāh·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kāudā·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. kāudā·Σ-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
RDevoiced → *kāutā·Σ-
6. kāutā·Σ-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
ROrthOIA10 → TochB. kautā·Σ-
PIE *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdēɑh-
OCS. iz·kyda-
(vb.) ‘herauswerfen, abwerfen’
(Sadnik √434)
(OCS. izkyda-)
1. PIE *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·kɑ́huɦɑdāɑh-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2c → *Π·kúhuɦɑdāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
3. Π·kúhuɦɑdāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·kúhuɦdāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. Π·kúhuɦdāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·kúhudāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·kúhudāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·kúudā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. Π·kúudā-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractUu → *Π·kū́dā-
7. Π·kū́dā-
*ū́
ū → y
RChangeU2Y → *Π·kydā-
Change of ū́ into y
8. Π·kydā-
*ā → a
Orthographic change of *ā into a
ROrthogrA2a1 → OCS. Π·kyda-
PIE *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdēɑh-
OCS. sŭ·kyda-
(vb.refl.) ‘leer werden’
(Sadnik √434)
(OCS. sŭkyda-)
1. PIE *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·kɑ́huɦɑdāɑh-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2c → *Π·kúhuɦɑdāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
3. Π·kúhuɦɑdāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·kúhuɦdāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. Π·kúhuɦdāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·kúhudāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·kúhudāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·kúudā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. Π·kúudā-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractUu → *Π·kū́dā-
7. Π·kū́dā-
*ū́
ū → y
RChangeU2Y → *Π·kydā-
Change of ū́ into y
8. Π·kydā-
*ā → a
Orthographic change of *ā into a
ROrthogrA2a1 → OCS. Π·kyda-
PIE *kēɑhuɦɑd·Σ
Lat. caud·ec-
(m.) ‘Baumstamm, Klotz, gespaltenes Holz…’
(WH 1:136)
(Lat. caudex, caudicis)
1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑd·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kāɑhuɦɑd·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kāɑhuɦɑd·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kāhuɦd·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kāhuɦd·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *kāhud·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kāhud·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kāud·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. kāud·Σ
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
ROsthoffa1 → *kaud·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
6. kaud·Σ
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → Lat. caud·Σ
PIE *kōɑhuɦɑd·Σ-
Lat. cōd·ec-
(m.) ‘idem, … Züchtigungsblock, Notizbuch’
(WH 1:136)
(Lat. cōdex [sgN])
1. PIE *kōɑhuɦɑd·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kōhuɦd·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. kōhuɦd·Σ-
*ōhu → ōh
Loss of labial in *ōhu
RMonophthongOH1u → *kōhɦd·Σ-
3. kōhɦd·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *kōhd·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kōhd·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kōd·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. kōd·Σ-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → Lat. cōd·Σ-
PIE *kēɑhuɦɑd·Σ-
Lat. caud·icā-
(f.) ‘aus einem Baumstamm gemachter Kahn’
(WH 1:136)
(Lat. caudica [sgN])
1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑd·Σ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kāɑhuɦɑd·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kāɑhuɦɑd·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kāhuɦd·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kāhuɦd·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *kāhud·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kāhud·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kāud·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. kāud·Σ-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
ROsthoffa1 → *kaud·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
6. kaud·Σ-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → Lat. caud·Σ-
PIE *kōɑhuɦɑd·Σ-
Lat. cōd·icillo-
(n.) ‘kleiner Stamm, Scheitholz’
(WH 1:136)
Lat. cōdicillum [sgNA])
1. PIE *kōɑhuɦɑd·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kōhuɦd·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. kōhuɦd·Σ-
*ōhu → ōh
Loss of labial in *ōhu
RMonophthongOH1u → *kōhɦd·Σ-
3. kōhɦd·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *kōhd·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kōhd·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kōd·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. kōd·Σ-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → Lat. cōd·Σ-
PIE *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdɑ́hi-
Latv. pa·kûdî-
(vb.) ‘antreiben’
(Sadnik √434)
(Latv. pakûdî-)
1. PIE *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdíhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. Π·kɑ́huɦɑdíhi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2c → *Π·kúhuɦɑdíhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
3. Π·kúhuɦɑdíhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·kúhuɦdíhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. Π·kúhuɦdíhi-
*íhi → ihî
Latvian tone rule for *íhi
RAcc4 → *Π·kúhuɦdihî-
5. Π·kúhuɦdihî-
*úhu → uhû
Latvian tone rule for *úhu
RAcc5 → *Π·kuhûɦdihî-
6. Π·kuhûɦdihî-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·kuhûdihî-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. Π·kuhûdihî-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·kuûdiî-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
8. Π·kuûdiî-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·kûdiî-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
9. Π·kûdiî-
*iî → î
Contraction of i and î
R16g → Latv. Π·kûdî-
PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdlunoi̯o
TochA. kotlune-
(vb.sb.) ‘dissecare, diffindere : spalten’
(Poucha. 86)
(TochA. kotlune)
1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdlunoi̯o
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kāɑhuɦɑdlunoi̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kāɑhuɦɑdlunoi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kāhuɦdlunoi̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kāhuɦdlunoi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kāhuɦdlunai̯a
(XX:XX)
4. kāhuɦdlunai̯a
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *kāhudlunai̯a
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. kāhudlunai̯a
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kāudlunai̯a
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. kāudlunai̯a
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
RDevoiced → *kāutlunai̯a
7. kāutlunai̯a
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
ROsthoffTochAu → *kautlunai̯a
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
8. kautlunai̯a
*a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *kautlunai̯
9. kautlunai̯
*a y → ē
Change of ay into ē in root-final
RCyangeay2E → *kautlunē
10. kautlunē
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RMonophthau2O1 → *kōtlunē
11. kōtlunē
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthE2e1 → *kōtlune
12. kōtlune
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthO2o1 → TochA. kotlune
PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdno-
TochA. kotna-
(pret.A.) ‘dissecare, diffindere : spalten’
(Poucha. 86)
(TochA. kotnaṣ, kotnatsi [inf.])
1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdno-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kāɑhuɦɑdno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kāɑhuɦɑdno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kāhuɦdno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kāhuɦdno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kāhuɦdna-
(XX:XX)
4. kāhuɦdna-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *kāhudna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. kāhudna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kāudna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. kāudna-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
RDevoiced → *kāutna-
7. kāutna-
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
ROsthoffTochAu → *kautna-
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
8. kautna-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RMonophthau2O1 → *kōtna-
9. kōtna-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthO2o1 → TochA. kotna-
PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdnoi-
TochA. kotne-
(pret.A.) ‘spalten : dissecare, diffindere’
(Poucha. 86)
(TochA. kotnecä [3pl])
1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdnoi-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kāɑhuɦɑdnoi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kāɑhuɦɑdnoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kāhuɦdnoi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kāhuɦdnoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kāhuɦdnai-
(XX:XX)
4. kāhuɦdnai-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *kāhudnai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. kāhudnai-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kāudnai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. kāudnai-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
RDevoiced → *kāutnai-
7. kāutnai-
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
ROsthoffTochAu → *kautnai-
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
8. kautnai-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RMonophthai2E1 → *kautnē-
9. kautnē-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RMonophthau2O1 → *kōtnē-
10. kōtnē-
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthE2e1 → *kōtne-
11. kōtne-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthO2o1 → TochA. kotne-
PIE *koɑhuɦɑdso-
Lat. cūsso-
(pf.) ‘schlagen, klopfen, stampfen, prägen’
(WH 1:300)
(Lat. cūssum [sgNA])
1. PIE *koɑhuɦɑdso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kohuɦdso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. kohuɦdso-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *kohudso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. kohudso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *koudso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. koudso-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *kūdso-
5. kūdso-
*ds → ss
Assimilation of *ds
RChangeDS2SS → *kūsso-
6. kūsso-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → Lat. cūsso-
PIE *kēɑhkēɑhuɦɑdur-
TochA. kākotur-
(absol.) ‘spalten : dissecare, diffindere’
(Poucha. 86)
(TochA. kākoturäṣ [sgAbl])
1. PIE *kēɑhkēɑhuɦɑdur-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kāɑhkāɑhuɦɑdur-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kāɑhkāɑhuɦɑdur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kāhkāhuɦdur-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kāhkāhuɦdur-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *kāhkāhudur-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kāhkāhudur-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kākāudur-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. kākāudur-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
RDevoiced → *kākāutur-
6. kākāutur-
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
ROsthoffTochAu → *kākautur-
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
7. kākautur-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RMonophthau2O1 → *kākōtur-
8. kākōtur-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthO2o1 → TochA. kākotur-
√kɑhui-
PIE *kḗɑhui̯o-
Lith. káuja-
(pr.) ‘schlagen, hauen, umbringen, vernichten’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Lith. káuju [1sg], *ē for presens)
1. PIE *kḗɑhui̯o-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *kā́ɑhui̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kā́ɑhui̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kā́hui̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kā́hui̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kā́ui̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kā́ui̯o-
*ā́RC → áRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ā́RC
ROsthoffa2 → *káui̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
5. káui̯o-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *káui̯a-
6. káui̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j *
R26 → Lith. káuja-
PIE *kḗɑhui̯o-
Latv. kaûja-
(pr.) ‘schlagen, hauen, stechen, schlachten, treten’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Latv. kaûju [1sg])
1. PIE *kḗɑhui̯o-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *kā́ɑhui̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kā́ɑhui̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kā́hui̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kā́hui̯o-
*ā́hu → āhû
Latvian tone rule for *ā́hu
RAcc2 → *kāhûi̯o-
4. kāhûi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kāûi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. kāûi̯o-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
ROsthoffa1 → *kaûi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
6. kaûi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kaûi̯a-
7. kaûi̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
R30 → Latv. kaûja-
PIE *kēɑhui̯o-
OCS. kujo-
(vb.) ‘schmieden, prägen’
(Sadnik √374)
(OCS. kujǫ [1sg])
1. PIE *kēɑhui̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kāɑhui̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kāɑhui̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kāhui̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kāhui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kāhui̯a-
4. kāhui̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kāui̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. kāui̯a-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
ROsthoffa1 → *kaui̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
6. kaui̯a-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *koui̯o-
7. koui̯o-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *kūi̯o-
8. kūi̯o-
* i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
ROrthogrY2j → *kūjo-
9. kūjo-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
ROrthogrU2u → OCS. kujo-
PIE *koɑhui̯o
Goth. hawi-
(n.) ‘χόρτος : Heu’
(GoEtD. 181)
(Goth. hawi, IEW.: “zu hauendes”, *o for noun)
1. PIE *koɑhui̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kohui̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. kohui̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *koui̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. koui̯o
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
AffricateK → *xoui̯o
4. xoui̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *xaui̯a
(XX:XX)
5. xaui̯a
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *xaui̯
6. xaui̯
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
RGlottalicX2H → *haui̯
7. haui̯
*ui̯ → u̯i
Change of root-final uj into wi
RChangeFinaluy2wi → *hau̯i
8. hau̯i
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → Goth. hawi
PIE *koɑhui̯o
OHG. hewi-
(n.) ‘Heu’
(ANEtWb. 226)
(OHG. hewi)
1. PIE *koɑhui̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kohui̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. kohui̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *koui̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. koui̯o
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
AffricateK → *xoui̯o
4. xoui̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *xaui̯a
(XX:XX)
5. xaui̯a
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *xaui̯
6. xaui̯
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
RGlottalicX2H → *haui̯
7. haui̯
*ui̯ → u̯i
Change of root-final uj into wi
RChangeFinaluy2wi → *hau̯i
8. hau̯i
*awi → ewi
Umlaut of *au̯i into eu̯i
RUmlautAWI → *heu̯i
9. heu̯i
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → OHG. hewi
PIE *koɑhui̯o
OSax. hōi-
(n.) ‘Heu : grass’
(ASächsWb. 35)
(OSax. hōi)
1. PIE *koɑhui̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kohui̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. kohui̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *koui̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. koui̯o
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
AffricateK → *xoui̯o
4. xoui̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *xaui̯a
(XX:XX)
5. xaui̯a
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *xaui̯
6. xaui̯
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
RGlottalicX2H → *haui̯
7. haui̯
*au → ō
Monophthongization of *au into ō
RChangeAU2O → *hōi̯
8. hōi̯
*-i̯ → -i
Change of root-final i̯ into i
RChangeFinaly2i → OSax. hōi
PIE *koɑhui̯o
Far. hoy-
(n.) ‘Heu : grass’
(ANEtWb. 226)
(Far. hoy)
1. PIE *koɑhui̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kohui̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. kohui̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *koui̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. koui̯o
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
AffricateK → *xoui̯o
4. xoui̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *xaui̯a
(XX:XX)
5. xaui̯a
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
RGlottalicX2H → *haui̯a
6. haui̯a
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *haui̯
7. haui̯
*aui̯ → ey
Umlaut for aui̯
RUmlautauJ2oy → Far. hoy
PIE *koɑhui̯o
OIcl. hey-
(n.) ‘Heu : grass’
(ANEtWb. 226)
(OIcl. Hey, Vries: ‘das abgehauene’ ?)
1. PIE *koɑhui̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kohui̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. kohui̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *koui̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. koui̯o
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
AffricateK → *xoui̯o
4. xoui̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *xaui̯a
(XX:XX)
5. xaui̯a
-a → Ø
Loss of -a in root-final position
RLossFinala1 → *xaui̯
6. xaui̯
*i̯ → i
Change of root-final i̯ into i
RChangeFinaly2i → *xaui
7. xaui
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
RGlottalicX2H → OIcl. haui
√kɑhuiēhɑ-
PIE *kḗɑhui̯ēhɑ-
Serb. kȕjē-
(vb.) ‘schmieden, prägen’
(IEW. 535)
(Serb. kȕjēm [1sg])
1. PIE *kḗɑhui̯ēhɑ-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *kā́ɑhui̯ēhɑ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kā́ɑhui̯ēhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kā́hui̯ēh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kā́hui̯ēh-
ā́hu → āhȕ
Serbo-Croatian double gravis rule
RAcc2 → *kāhȕi̯ēh-
4. kāhȕi̯ēh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kāȕi̯ē-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. kāȕi̯ē-
* i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
ROrthogrY2j → *kāȕjē-
6. kāȕjē-
*ā → a
Orthographic change of *ā into a
ROrthogrA2a1 → Serb. kaȕjē-
PIE *kēɑhui̯ēhɑ-
Pol. kuje-
(pr.) ‘schmieden’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Pol. kuję [1sg])
1. PIE *kēɑhui̯ēhɑ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kāɑhui̯ēhɑ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kāɑhui̯ēhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kāhui̯ēh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kāhui̯ēh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kāui̯ē-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kāui̯ē-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
ROsthoffa1 → *kaui̯ē-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
5. kaui̯ē-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *koui̯ē-
6. koui̯ē-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *kūi̯ē-
7. kūi̯ē-
* i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
ROrthogrY2j → *kūjē-
8. kūjē-
*ē → e
Orthographic change of *ē into e
ROrthogrE2e0 → *kūje-
9. kūje-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
ROrthogrU2u → Pol. kuje-
√kɑhuiɑh-
PIE *kɑ́hui̯ēɑh
Lith. kū́ja-
(f.) ‘Stelze : pale, stake’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Lith. kū́ja [sgN])
1. PIE *kɑ́hui̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kɑ́hui̯āɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kɑ́hui̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2c → *kúhui̯āɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
3. kúhui̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kúhui̯āh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. kúhui̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kúui̯ā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. kúui̯ā
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractUu → *kū́i̯ā
6. kū́i̯ā
*ā → ō
Change of ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → *kū́i̯ō
7. kū́i̯ō
*-ō → -a
Change of ō into a in root-final
RFinalO2a1 → *kū́i̯a
8. kū́i̯a
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j *
R26 → Lith. kū́ja
PIE *kɑ́hui̯ēɑh
Latv. kũja-
(f.) ‘Stab, Stock, Keule’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Latv. kũja [sgN])
1. PIE *kɑ́hui̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kɑ́hui̯āɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kɑ́hui̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2c → *kúhui̯āɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
3. kúhui̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kúhui̯āh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. kúhui̯āh
*úhu → uhû
Latvian tone rule for *úhu
RAcc5 → *kuhûi̯āh
5. kuhûi̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kuûi̯ā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. kuûi̯ā
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *kûi̯ā
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
7. kûi̯ā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R28 → *kûi̯a
8. kûi̯a
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
R30 → Latv. kûja
√kɑhuii-
PIE *kɑ́hui̯i-
Lith. kū́ji-
(.) ‘schwerer Schmiedehammer’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Lith. kū́jis [sgN])
1. PIE *kɑ́hui̯i-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2c → *kúhui̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. kúhui̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kúui̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. kúui̯i-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractUu → *kū́i̯i-
4. kū́i̯i-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j *
R26 → Lith. kū́ji-
PIE *kɑ́hui̯i-
RussCS. kyjĭ-
(.) ‘Hammer, Knüttel’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(RussCS. kyjĭ)
1. PIE *kɑ́hui̯i-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2c → *kúhui̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. kúhui̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kúui̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. kúui̯i-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractUu → *kū́i̯i-
4. kū́i̯i-
*ū́
ū → y
RChangeU2Y → *kyi̯i-
Change of ū́ into y
5. kyi̯i-
* i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
ROrthogrY2j → *kyji-
6. kyji-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
ROrthogri2i → RussCS. kyjĭ-
√kɑhuku-
PIE *koɑhuku-
OGaul. cōp-
(sb.) ‘Silbermünze der transpadanischen Boier’
(ACSS 1:1114)
(OGaul. cop.)
1. PIE *koɑhuku-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kohuku-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. kohuku-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kouku-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. kouku-
* ku/u̯ → p
Bilabialization of *ku/u̯ into p
RBilabializationKW → *koup-
4. koup-
*ou → ō
Monophthongization of ou
RMonophthou2O → *kōp-
5. kōp-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → OGaul. cōp-
PIE *koɑhuku̯o
OIr. cuach-
(sb.) ‘combat, attaque’
(LEIA C-134)
(OIr. cuach, coach, *o for noun)
1. PIE *koɑhuku̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kohuku̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. kohuku̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kouku̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. kouku̯o
* ku/u̯ → q
Emergence of labiovelar q
RLabiovelarizationQ → *kouqo
4. kouqo
*ou → ō
Monophthongization of ou
RMonophthou2O → *kōqo
5. kōqo
*q → k
Delabialization of labiovelar *q
RDelabialQ → *kōko
6. kōko
*ō → ua
Brechung of *ō into ua
RBrechungO2ua → *kuako
7. kuako
VkV → VkhV
Lenition of voiceless stop *k
RLenitionK → *kuakho
8. kuakho
*-o → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → *kuakh
9. kuakh
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → OIr. cuach
PIE *kóɑhuku̯o-
OInd. kóka-
(m.) ‘Wolf : wolf’
(KEWA I:268)
OInd. kókas [sgN])
1. PIE *kóɑhuku̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kóhuku̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. kóhuku̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kóhuku̯a-
3. kóhuku̯a-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *káhuku̯a-
4. káhuku̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *káuku̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. káuku̯a-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *káuka-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. káuka-
aú → ṓ
Monophthongization of *aú
RChangeAU2O2 → *kṓka-
7. kṓka-
ṓ → ó
Orthographic change of ṓ into ó
ROrthOIA7 → OInd. kóka-
PIE *kóɑhuku̯o·Σ-
RV. kóka·yātu-
(m.) ‘Kobold in Gestalt eines Wolfes’
(WbRV. 352)
(KEWA I:268, nicht ‘Kukuk’, vs. Grassmann)
1. PIE *kóɑhuku̯o·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kóhuku̯o·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. kóhuku̯o·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kóhuku̯a·Σ-
3. kóhuku̯a·Σ-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *káhuku̯a·Σ-
4. káhuku̯a·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *káuku̯a·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. káuku̯a·Σ-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *káuka·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. káuka·Σ-
aú → ṓ
Monophthongization of *aú
RChangeAU2O2 → *kṓka·Σ-
7. kṓka·Σ-
ṓ → ó
Orthographic change of ṓ into ó
ROrthOIA7 → RV. kóka·Σ-
√kɑhugɑɦii-
PIE *koɑhugɑɦi̯i-
OSax. hōgi-
(n.) ‘Heu : grass’
(ASächsWb. 35)
(OSax. hōgi)
1. PIE *koɑhugɑɦi̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kohugɦi̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. kohugɦi̯i-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯
RCentum5 → *kohuǵɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. kohuǵɦi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kouǵɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kouǵɦi-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *kougɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. kougɦi-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
AffricateK → *xougɦi-
6. xougɦi-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *xougi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. xougi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *xaugi-
(XX:XX)
8. xaugi-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
RGlottalicX2H → *haugi-
9. haugi-
*au → ō
Monophthongization of *au into ō
RChangeAU2O → OSax. hōgi-
PIE *koɑhugɑɦi̯i-
OEng. hīeg-
(.) ‘grass’
(ANEtWb. 226)
(OEng. hīeg-, ASaxD. –)
1. PIE *koɑhugɑɦi̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kohugɦi̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. kohugɦi̯i-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯
RCentum5 → *kohuǵɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. kohuǵɦi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kouǵɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kouǵɦi-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *kougɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. kougɦi-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
AffricateK → *xougɦi-
6. xougɦi-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *xougi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. xougi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *xaugi-
(XX:XX)
8. xaugi-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
RGlottalicX2H → *haugi-
9. haugi-
*au → eā
Change of *au into eā
RChangeau2eA → *heāgi-
10. heāgi-
*eā—i → īe–Ø
Umlaut for eā—i
RUmlauteAgi → OEng. hīeg-
PIE *koɑhugɑɦi̯igɑɦii̯o
Far. hoyggj-
(n.) ‘Heu : grass’
(ANEtWb. 226)
(Far. hoyggj [sgNA])
1. PIE *koɑhugɑɦi̯igɑɦii̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kohugɦi̯igɦii̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. kohugɦi̯igɦii̯o
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯
RCentum5 → *kohuǵɦiǵɦi̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. kohuǵɦiǵɦi̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kouǵɦiǵɦi̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kouǵɦiǵɦi̯o
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *kougɦigɦi̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. kougɦigɦi̯o
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
AffricateK → *xougɦigɦi̯o
6. xougɦigɦi̯o
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *xougigi̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. xougigi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *xaugigi̯a
(XX:XX)
8. xaugigi̯a
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
RGlottalicX2H → *haugigi̯a
9. haugigi̯a
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *haugigi̯
10. haugigi̯
*au—i → oy—Ø
Umlaut for au—i
RUmlautauGi2oy → *hoyggi̯
11. hoyggi̯
*i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
R26 → Far. hoyggj
√kɑhugɑɦilo-
PIE *koɑhugɑɦilós
Russ. kuzló-
(n.) ‘Schmiedearbeit, Schmiedeesse’
(REW 1:682)
(Russ. kuzló [sgNA])
1. PIE *koɑhugɑɦilós
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kohugɦilós
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. kohugɦilós
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RSatem5 → *kohuj́ɦlós
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. kohuj́ɦlós
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kahuj́ɦlós
4. kahuj́ɦlós
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *kahuj́ɦlás
5. kahuj́ɦlás
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kauj́ɦlás
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. kauj́ɦlás
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Slavic
RSatem2Slav3 → *kauzɦlás
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. kauzɦlás
*zɦ → z
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspzh → *kauzlás
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
8. kauzlás
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *kouzlás
9. kouzlás
*á → ó
Change of *á into ó
RChangea2o2 → *kouzlós
10. kouzlós
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in root final os-
RLossFinalOS → *kouzló
11. kouzló
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *kūzló
12. kūzló
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
ROrthogrU2u → Russ. kuzló
√kɑhugɑɦini-
PIE *koɑhugɑɦini-
ORuss. kuznĭ-
(f.) ‘Schmiederarbeit, Beschlag’
(REW 1:682)
(LiEtWb. 232)
1. PIE *koɑhugɑɦini-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kohugɦini-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. kohugɦini-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RSatem5 → *kohuj́ɦni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. kohuj́ɦni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kahuj́ɦni-
4. kahuj́ɦni-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kauj́ɦni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. kauj́ɦni-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Slavic
RSatem2Slav3 → *kauzɦni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. kauzɦni-
*zɦ → z
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspzh → *kauzni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. kauzni-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *kouzni-
8. kouzni-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *kūzni-
9. kūzni-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
ROrthogri2i → *kūznĭ-
10. kūznĭ-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
ROrthogrU2u → ORuss. kuznĭ-
PIE *koɑhugɑɦiniku̯ɑhi-
RussCS. kuznĭcĭ-
(m.) ‘Schmied’
(REW 1:682)
(RussCS. kuznĭcĭ)
1. PIE *koɑhugɑɦiniku̯ɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kohugɦiniku̯hi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. kohugɦiniku̯hi-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RSatem5 → *kohuj́ɦniku̯hi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. kohuj́ɦniku̯hi-
*ku̯hi → chi 2nd palatalization of *ku̯hi
R2nPalatKWHI → *kohuj́ɦnichi-
4. kohuj́ɦnichi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kahuj́ɦnichi-
5. kahuj́ɦnichi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kauj́ɦnici-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. kauj́ɦnici-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Slavic
RSatem2Slav3 → *kauzɦnici-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. kauzɦnici-
*zɦ → z
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspzh → *kauznici-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
8. kauznici-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *kouznici-
9. kouznici-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *kūznici-
10. kūznici-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
ROrthogri2i → *kūznĭcĭ-
11. kūznĭcĭ-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
ROrthogrU2u → RussCS. kuznĭcĭ-
PIE *koɑhugɑɦiníku̯ɑhi
Russ. kuznéc-
(m.) ‘Schmied’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Russ. kuznéc [sgN])
1. PIE *koɑhugɑɦiníku̯ɑhi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kohugɦiníku̯hi
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. kohugɦiníku̯hi
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RSatem5 → *kohuj́ɦníku̯hi
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. kohuj́ɦníku̯hi
*ku̯hi → chi 2nd palatalization of *ku̯hi
R2nPalatKWHI → *kohuj́ɦníchi
4. kohuj́ɦníchi
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kahuj́ɦníchi
5. kahuj́ɦníchi
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kauj́ɦníci
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. kauj́ɦníci
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Slavic
RSatem2Slav3 → *kauzɦníci
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. kauzɦníci
*zɦ → z
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspzh → *kauzníci
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
8. kauzníci
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *kouzníci
9. kouzníci
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *kūzníci
10. kūzníci
*i- → Ø
Loss of root-final -i
RLossFinali → *kūzníc
11. kūzníc
*í → é
Change of *i into e
RChangeI2E → *kūznéc
12. kūznéc
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
ROrthogrU2u → Russ. kuznéc
√kɑhugɑɦui-
PIE *kɑ́hugɑɦu̯i-
Lith. kū́gi-
(.) ‘schwerer Schmiedehammer’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Lith. kū́gis [sgN])
1. PIE *kɑ́hugɑɦu̯i-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2c → *kúhugɑɦu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. kúhugɑɦu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kúhugɦu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kúhugɦu̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kúugɦu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kúugɦu̯i-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *kúugɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. kúugɦi-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractUu → *kū́gɦi-
6. kū́gɦi-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → Lith. kū́gi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
PIE *kɑ́hugɑɦu̯i-
OPr. cugi-
(m.) ‘hamer = Hammer’
(APrS. 364)
(OPr. cugis [sgN], Voc. 518)
1. PIE *kɑ́hugɑɦu̯i-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2c → *kúhugɑɦu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. kúhugɑɦu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kúhugɦu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kúhugɦu̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kúugɦu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kúugɦu̯i-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *kúugɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. kúugɦi-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractUu → *kū́gɦi-
6. kū́gɦi-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
RDeaspgh → *kū́gi-
7. kū́gi-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrk2c → *cū́gi-
8. cū́gi-
PIE *ū́ → u
Orthographic change of *ū́ into u
R22e → OPr. cugi-
√kɑhul-
PIE *kɑ́hul-
Lith. kúl-
(vb.) ‘schlagen, dreschen, verprügeln’
(LiEtWb. 211-2)
(Lith. kùlti [inf.])
1. PIE *kɑ́hul-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2c → *kúhul-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. kúhul-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kúul-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. kúul-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractUu → *kū́l-
4. kū́l-
*ū́RC → úRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ū́RC
ROsthoffu2 → Lith. kúl-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
PIE *kɑ́hul-
Latv. kul̃-
(vb.) ‘schlagen, dreschen, prügeln’
(LiEtWb. 211-2)
(Latv. kul̃t [inf.])
1. PIE *kɑ́hul-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2c → *kúhul-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. kúhul-
*úhu → uhû
Latvian tone rule for *úhu
RAcc5 → *kuhûl-
3. kuhûl-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kuûl-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kuûl-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → Latv. kûl-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
PIE *kɑ́hulo
Latv. kūl-
(m.) ‘zu dreschendes Gertreide’
(LiEtWb. 211)
(Latv. kūls [sgN])
1. PIE *kɑ́hulo
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2c → *kúhulo
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. kúhulo
*úhu → uhû
Latvian tone rule for *úhu
RAcc5 → *kuhûlo
3. kuhûlo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kuûlo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kuûlo
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *kûlo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. kûlo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kûla
6. kûla
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final a
RLossFinala → Latv. kûl
PIE *kɑ́hulē-
Lith. kū̃lė-
(f.) ‘Dreschen, Drusch’
(LiEtWb. 211)
(Lith. kū̃lė [sgN])
1. PIE *kɑ́hulē-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2c → *kúhulē-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. kúhulē-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kúulē-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. kúulē-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractUu → *kū́lē-
4. kū́lē-
* ē -> ė
Orthographic change of *ē into ė
R28a → Lith. kū́lė-
PIE *kɑ́hulḗ-
Lith. kūlė̃-
(f.) ‘Dreschen, Drusch, Schlägel, Keule, Streitkolben’
(LiEtWb. 211)
(Lith. kūlė̃ [sgN])
1. PIE *kɑ́hulḗ-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2c → *kúhulḗ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. kúhulḗ-
ḗ → ė̃
Change of ḗ into ė̃
RAcc8 → *kúhulė̃-
3. kúhulė̃-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kúulė̃-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kúulė̃-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractUu → Lith. kū́lė̃-
PIE *kēɑhulunoi̯o
TochA. kolune-
(vb.sb.) ‘occidere, necare’
(Poucha 85)
(TochA. kolune)
1. PIE *kēɑhulunoi̯o
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kāɑhulunoi̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kāɑhulunoi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kāhulunoi̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kāhulunoi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kāhulunai̯a
(XX:XX)
4. kāhulunai̯a
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kāulunai̯a
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. kāulunai̯a
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
ROsthoffTochAu → *kaulunai̯a
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
6. kaulunai̯a
*a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *kaulunai̯
7. kaulunai̯
*a y → ē
Change of ay into ē in root-final
RCyangeay2E → *kaulunē
8. kaulunē
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RMonophthau2O1 → *kōlunē
9. kōlunē
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthE2e1 → *kōlune
10. kōlune
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthO2o1 → TochA. kolune
√kɑhun-
PIE *kḗɑhuno-
Lith. káuna-
(pr.) ‘schlagen, hauen, umbringen, vernichten’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Lith. káunu [1sg])
1. PIE *kḗɑhuno-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *kā́ɑhuno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kā́ɑhuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kā́huno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kā́huno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kā́uno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kā́uno-
*ā́RC → áRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ā́RC
ROsthoffa2 → *káuno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
5. káuno-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Lith. káuna-
PIE *Π·kḗɑhuno-
Lith. nu·káuna-
(pr.) ‘to kill, strike’
(Senn II:227)
(Lith. nu·káuna [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·kḗɑhuno-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *Π·kā́ɑhuno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·kā́ɑhuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·kā́huno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·kā́huno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·kā́uno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·kā́uno-
*ā́RC → áRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ā́RC
ROsthoffa2 → *Π·káuno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
5. Π·káuno-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Lith. Π·káuna-
PIE *kḗɑhuno-
Latv. kaûna-
(pr.) ‘schlagen, hauen, stechen, schlachten, treten’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Latv. kaûnu [1sg])
1. PIE *kḗɑhuno-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *kā́ɑhuno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kā́ɑhuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kā́huno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kā́huno-
*ā́hu → āhû
Latvian tone rule for *ā́hu
RAcc2 → *kāhûno-
4. kāhûno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kāûno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. kāûno-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
ROsthoffa1 → *kaûno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
6. kaûno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Latv. kaûna-
PIE *kēɑhúni-
Lith. kaũni-
(.) ‘Handgemenge; Merkinē [Lith. ũ!]’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Lith. kaũnis [sgN])
1. PIE *kēɑhúni-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kāɑhúni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kāɑhúni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kāhúni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kāhúni-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis Li. ù
RAcc3 → *kāhùni-
4. kāhùni-
ā h ù → ā h ũ
Circumflex intonation for *āhù
RAcc7 → *kāhũni-
5. kāhũni-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kāũni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. kāũni-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
ROsthoffa1 → Lith. kaũni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
PIE *kēɑhuni̯ḗɑh
Lith. kaunià-
(f.) ‘Handgemenge; Valkininkai’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Lith. kaunià [sgN])
1. PIE *kēɑhuni̯ḗɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kāɑhuni̯ḗɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kāɑhuni̯ḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *kāɑhuni̯ā́ɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. kāɑhuni̯ā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kāhuni̯ā́h
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. kāhuni̯ā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kāuni̯ā́
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. kāuni̯ā́
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
ROsthoffa1 → *kauni̯ā́
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
6. kauni̯ā́
*ā́ → ṓ
Change of ā́ into ṓ
RChangeA202 → *kauni̯ṓ
7. kauni̯ṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
RFinalo2a2 → *kauni̯à
8. kauni̯à
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
R25 → Lith. kaunià
PIE *kēɑhunú-
Lith. kaunù-
(a.) ‘kampflustig, kämpferisch’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Lith. kaunùs [sgN]; or *o-grade ?)
1. PIE *kēɑhunú-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kāɑhunú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kāɑhunú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kāhunú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kāhunú-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis Li. ù
RAcc3 → *kāhunù-
4. kāhunù-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kāunù-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. kāunù-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
ROsthoffa1 → Lith. kaunù-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
√kɑhur-
PIE *kēɑhkēɑhur-
TochA. kākor-
(absol.) ‘occidere, necare’
(Poucha 85)
(TochA. kākoräṣ [absol])
1. PIE *kēɑhkēɑhur-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kāɑhkāɑhur-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kāɑhkāɑhur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kāhkāhur-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kāhkāhur-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kākāur-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kākāur-
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
ROsthoffTochAu → *kākaur-
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
5. kākaur-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RMonophthau2O1 → *kākōr-
6. kākōr-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthO2o1 → TochA. kākor-
√kɑhus-
PIE *kēɑhus-
TochB. kaus-
(pret.A.) ‘kill’
(DTochB. 208)
(TochB. kausa [3sg])
1. PIE *kēɑhus-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kāɑhus-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kāɑhus-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kāhus-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kāhus-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kāus-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kāus-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
ROrthOIA10 → TochB. kaus-
PIE *kēɑhus-
TochA. kos-
(vb.) ‘occidere, necare’
(Poucha 85)
(TochA. kossi [inf.])
1. PIE *kēɑhus-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kāɑhus-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kāɑhus-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kāhus-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kāhus-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kāus-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kāus-
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
ROsthoffTochAu → *kaus-
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
5. kaus-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RMonophthau2O1 → *kōs-
6. kōs-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthO2o1 → TochA. kos-
PIE *kēɑhuso-
TochA. kosa-
(pr.A.) ‘occidere, necare’
(Poucha 85)
(TochA. kosam)
1. PIE *kēɑhuso-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kāɑhuso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kāɑhuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kāhuso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kāhuso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kāhusa-
(XX:XX)
4. kāhusa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kāusa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. kāusa-
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
ROsthoffTochAu → *kausa-
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
6. kausa-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RMonophthau2O1 → *kōsa-
7. kōsa-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthO2o1 → TochA. kosa-
PIE *kēɑhusoi-
TochB. kause-
(prA.) ‘kill, strike down, destroy’
(DTochB. 208)
(TochB. kauseṃ [3pl])
1. PIE *kēɑhusoi-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kāɑhusoi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kāɑhusoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kāhusoi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kāhusoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kāhusai-
(XX:XX)
4. kāhusai-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kāusai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. kāusai-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RChangeAI2E1 → *kāusē-
6. kāusē-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
ROrthOIA10 → *kausē-
7. kausē-
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthOIA4 → TochB. kause-
PIE *kēɑhusoimono-
TochB. kausemana-
(pr.pt.M.) ‘= Skt. bhidyamāna-’
(DTochB. 208)
(TochB. kausem[ane] [m.sgN])
1. PIE *kēɑhusoimono-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kāɑhusoimono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kāɑhusoimono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kāhusoimono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kāhusoimono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kāhusaimana-
(XX:XX)
4. kāhusaimana-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kāusaimana-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. kāusaimana-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RChangeAI2E1 → *kāusēmana-
6. kāusēmana-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
ROrthOIA10 → *kausēmana-
7. kausēmana-
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthOIA4 → TochB. kausemana-
PIE *kēɑhusmōno
TochA. kosmān-
(pr.pt.M.) ‘occidere, necare’
(Poucha 85)
(TochA. kosmāṃ [sgN])
1. PIE *kēɑhusmōno
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kāɑhusmōno
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kāɑhusmōno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kāhusmōno
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kāhusmōno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kāhusmōna
(XX:XX)
4. kāhusmōna
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *kāhusmāna
(XX:XX)
5. kāhusmāna
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kāusmāna
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. kāusmāna
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
ROsthoffTochAu → *kausmāna
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
7. kausmāna
*a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *kausmān
8. kausmān
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RMonophthau2O1 → *kōsmān
9. kōsmān
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthO2o1 → TochA. kosmān
√kɑhusο-
PIE *kɑhusó-
OInd. kṣá-
(ao.) ‘töten’
(Grundr2 1:405)
(Lex. ákṣata [3sg])
1. PIE *kɑhusó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *khusó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. khusó-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *khušó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. khušó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *khušá-
4. khušá-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *khšá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. khšá-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → OInd. khṣá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
PIE *Π·kɑhusó-
RV. tuvi·kṣá-
(a.) ‘viele vernichtend’
(WbRV. 543)
(RV. tuvikṣá-)
1. PIE *Π·kɑhusó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·khusó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·khusó-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *Π·khušó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. Π·khušó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *Π·khušá-
4. Π·khušá-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·khšá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. Π·khšá-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → RV. Π·khṣá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
√kɑhusi-
PIE *kēɑhusi-
TochB. kauṣ-
(pr.M.) ‘kill, strike down, destroy’
(DTochB. 208)
(TochB. kauṣträ [3sg])
1. PIE *kēɑhusi-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kāɑhusi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kāɑhusi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kāhusi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kāhusi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kāusi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kāusi-
*si → ṣ
Palatalization of *si
R18b → *kāuṣ-
5. kāuṣ-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
ROrthOIA10 → TochB. kauṣ-
PIE *kēɑhusi-
TochB. kauṣ-
(pr.A.) ‘kill, strike down, destroy’
(DTochB. 208)
(TochB. kauṣäm [3sg+encl.])
1. PIE *kēɑhusi-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kāɑhusi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kāɑhusi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kāhusi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kāhusi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kāusi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kāusi-
*si → ṣ
Palatalization of *si
R18b → *kāuṣ-
5. kāuṣ-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
ROrthOIA10 → TochB. kauṣ-
PIE *kēɑhusi̯ēɑh-
TochA. koṣā-
(vb.) ‘occidere, necare’
(Poucha 88)
(TochA. koṣā [3sgIpv.A])
1. PIE *kēɑhusi̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kāɑhusi̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kāɑhusi̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kāhusi̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kāhusi̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kāusi̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kāusi̯ā-
*si̯ → ṣ
Palatalization of *si̯
R18a → *kāuṣā-
5. kāuṣā-
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
ROsthoffTochAu → *kauṣā-
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
6. kauṣā-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RMonophthau2O1 → *kōṣā-
7. kōṣā-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthO2o1 → TochA. koṣā-
PIE *kēɑhusi̯ointeɑh-
TochB. kauṣenta-
(sb.) ‘murderer’
(DTcohB. 212)
(TochB. kauṣenta-)
1. PIE *kēɑhusi̯ointeɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *kēɑhusi̯ointaɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. kēɑhusi̯ointaɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kāɑhusi̯ointaɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. kāɑhusi̯ointaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kāhusi̯ointah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. kāhusi̯ointah-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kāhusi̯aintah-
(XX:XX)
5. kāhusi̯aintah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kāusi̯ainta-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. kāusi̯ainta-
*si̯ → ṣ
Palatalization of *si̯
R18a → *kāuṣainta-
7. kāuṣainta-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RChangeAI2E1 → *kāuṣēnta-
8. kāuṣēnta-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
ROrthOIA10 → *kauṣēnta-
9. kauṣēnta-
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthOIA4 → TochB. kauṣenta-
PIE *kēɑhusi̯ointi̯eɑh-
TochB. kauṣeñca-
(pr.pt.) ‘= mr̥tyuhantā’
(DTochB. 208)
(TochB. kauṣeñca-)
1. PIE *kēɑhusi̯ointi̯eɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *kēɑhusi̯ointi̯aɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. kēɑhusi̯ointi̯aɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kāɑhusi̯ointi̯aɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. kāɑhusi̯ointi̯aɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kāhusi̯ointi̯ah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. kāhusi̯ointi̯ah-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kāhusi̯ainti̯ah-
(XX:XX)
5. kāhusi̯ainti̯ah-
PIE *ti̯ → c
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
RDentAssib1a → *kāhusi̯aincah-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
6. kāhusi̯aincah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kāusi̯ainca-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. kāusi̯ainca-
*si̯ → ṣ
Palatalization of *si̯
R18a → *kāuṣainca-
8. kāuṣainca-
*nc → ñc
Palatalization of *n before c
RPalatNC → *kāuṣaiñca-
9. kāuṣaiñca-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RChangeAI2E1 → *kāuṣēñca-
10. kāuṣēñca-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
ROrthOIA10 → *kauṣēñca-
11. kauṣēñca-
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthOIA4 → TochB. kauṣeñca-
PIE *kēɑhusi̯olnoi-
TochB. kauṣalle-
(ger.) ‘kill, strike down, destroy’
(DTochB. 208)
(TochB. kauṣalle)
1. PIE *kēɑhusi̯olnoi-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kāɑhusi̯olnoi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kāɑhusi̯olnoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kāhusi̯olnoi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kāhusi̯olnoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kāhusi̯alnai-
(XX:XX)
4. kāhusi̯alnai-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kāusi̯alnai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. kāusi̯alnai-
*si̯ → ṣ
Palatalization of *si̯
R18a → *kāuṣalnai-
6. kāuṣalnai-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
RAssimLN → *kāuṣallai-
7. kāuṣallai-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RChangeAI2E1 → *kāuṣallē-
8. kāuṣallē-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
ROrthOIA10 → *kauṣallē-
9. kauṣallē-
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthOIA4 → TochB. kauṣalle-
PIE *kēɑhusi̯ont-
TochA. koṣänt-
(sb.m.) ‘carnifex : hangman, executer’
(Poucha 85 & 88)
(TochA. koṣänt)
1. PIE *kēɑhusi̯ont-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kāɑhusi̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kāɑhusi̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kāhusi̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kāhusi̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kāhusi̯ant-
(XX:XX)
4. kāhusi̯ant-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kāusi̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. kāusi̯ant-
*si̯ → ṣ
Palatalization of *si̯
R18a → *kāuṣant-
6. kāuṣant-
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
ROsthoffTochAu → *kauṣant-
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
7. kauṣant-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RMonophthau2O1 → *kōṣant-
8. kōṣant-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthO2o1 → TochA. koṣant-
PIE *kēɑhusili̯oi̯o
TochA. koṣlye-
(vb.a.) ‘to be killed’
(Poucha 85)
(TochA. koṣlyes)
1. PIE *kēɑhusili̯oi̯o
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kāɑhusili̯oi̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kāɑhusili̯oi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kāhusili̯oi̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kāhusili̯oi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kāhusili̯ai̯a
(XX:XX)
4. kāhusili̯ai̯a
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kāusili̯ai̯a
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. kāusili̯ai̯a
*si → ṣ
Palatalization of *si
R18b → *kāuṣli̯ai̯a
6. kāuṣli̯ai̯a
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
ROsthoffTochAu → *kauṣli̯ai̯a
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
7. kauṣli̯ai̯a
*a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *kauṣli̯ai̯
8. kauṣli̯ai̯
*a y → ē
Change of ay into ē in root-final
RCyangeay2E → *kauṣli̯ē
9. kauṣli̯ē
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RMonophthau2O1 → *kōṣli̯ē
10. kōṣli̯ē
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthE2e1 → *kōṣli̯e
11. kōṣli̯e
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthO2o1 → *koṣli̯e
12. koṣli̯e
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthY2y → TochA. koṣlye
√kɑhusi-
PIE *kɑhusi-
OInd. kṣi-
(pr.√) ‘vernichten’
(GEW 2:1015)
(in OInd. kṣidhi [2sg])
1. PIE *kɑhusi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *khusi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. khusi-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *khuši-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. khuši-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *khši-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. khši-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → OInd. khṣi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
PIE *kɑhusei̯-
gAv. xšay-
(pr.√) ‘verderben’
(AIWb. 550)
(gAv. xšayō [inf.] ‘um zu verderben’)
1. PIE *kɑhusei̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *khusei̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. khusei̯-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *khušei̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. khušei̯-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *khšei̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. khšei̯-
*Ths/š → Ts/š
Loss of *h between stop and s/š
R24a → *kšei̯-
5. kšei̯-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *kšai̯-
6. kšai̯-
PIE *kš → xš
Change of *k into x before *š
R33c → *xšai̯-
7. xšai̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → gAv. xšay-
PIE *kɑhusōi̯-
OInd. kṣāy-
(ao.P.) ‘destroy, etc.’
(MonWil. 328)
(OInd. kṣāy-)
1. PIE *kɑhusōi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *khusōi̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. khusōi̯-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *khušōi̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. khušōi̯-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *khušāi̯-
4. khušāi̯-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *khšāi̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. khšāi̯-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → *khṣāi̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
6. khṣāi̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → OInd. khṣāy-
PIE *kɑhuséi̯o-
OInd. kṣáya-
(pr.) ‘vernichten, vergehen lassen’
(KEWA 1:286)
(OInd. kṣáyati [3sg], MW 328 = RV. 4.6.14.)
1. PIE *kɑhuséi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *khuséi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. khuséi̯o-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *khušéi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. khušéi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *khušéi̯a-
4. khušéi̯a-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *khšéi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. khšéi̯a-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *khšái̯a-
6. khšái̯a-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → *khṣái̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
7. khṣái̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → OInd. khṣáya-
PIE *kɑhusoi̯ó-
OInd. kṣayá-
(m.) ‘Verlust, Zerstörung’
(KEWA 1:287)
(OInd. kṣayá-)
1. PIE *kɑhusoi̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *khusoi̯ó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. khusoi̯ó-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *khušoi̯ó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. khušoi̯ó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *khušai̯ó-
4. khušai̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *khušai̯á-
5. khušai̯á-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *khšai̯á-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. khšai̯á-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → *khṣai̯á-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
7. khṣai̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → OInd. khṣayá-
√kɑhusii-
PIE *kɑhusoi̯ei̯o-
OInd. kṣayaya-
(cs.) ‘destroy, ruin, make an end, corrupt’
(MonWil. 328)
(OInd. kṣayaya-)
1. PIE *kɑhusoi̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *khusoi̯ei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. khusoi̯ei̯o-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *khušoi̯ei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. khušoi̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *khušai̯ei̯a-
4. khušai̯ei̯a-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *khšai̯ei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. khšai̯ei̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *khšai̯ai̯a-
6. khšai̯ai̯a-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → *khṣai̯ai̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
7. khṣai̯ai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → OInd. khṣayaya-
PIE *kɑhu̯ikɑhusii̯-
OInd. cikṣiy-
(pf.) ‘destroy, ruin, make an end, corrupt’
(MonWil. 328)
(OInd. cikṣiyathas)
1. PIE *kɑhu̯ikɑhusii̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *khu̯ikhusii̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. khu̯ikhusii̯-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *khu̯ikhušii̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. khu̯ikhušii̯-
PIE *khu̯ → čhu̯
2nd palatalization of *khu̯
R2ndPalatKHW → *čhu̯ikhušii̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. čhu̯ikhušii̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ču̯ikhušii̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ču̯ikhušii̯-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *ču̯ikhšii̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. ču̯ikhšii̯-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *čikhšii̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
7. čikhšii̯-
*č → c
From 2nd palatalization *č to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA1 → *cikhšii̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
8. cikhšii̯-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → *cikhṣii̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
9. cikhṣii̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → OInd. cikhṣiy-
PIE *kɑhusiíi̯o-
RV. kṣī́ya-
(pr.) ‘hinschwinden, abnehmen, sich vermindern’
(WbRV. 367)
(RV. kṣī́yante [3pl])
1. PIE *kɑhusiíi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *khusiíi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. khusiíi̯o-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *khušiíi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. khušiíi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *khušiíi̯a-
4. khušiíi̯a-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *khšiíi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. khšiíi̯a-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → *khšī́i̯a-
6. khšī́i̯a-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → *khṣī́i̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
7. khṣī́i̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. khṣī́ya-
PIE *Π·kɑhusiii̯o·Σ-
RV. á·kṣīya·māna-
(pr.pt.M.a.) ‘unversiegbar, unvergänglich’
(WbRV. 7)
(RV. ákṣīyamāna-)
1. PIE *Π·kɑhusiii̯o·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·khusiii̯o·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·khusiii̯o·Σ-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *Π·khušiii̯o·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. Π·khušiii̯o·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·khušiii̯a·Σ-
4. Π·khušiii̯a·Σ-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·khšiii̯a·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. Π·khšiii̯a·Σ-
*ii → ī
Contraction of i and i
RContractii → *Π·khšīi̯a·Σ-
6. Π·khšīi̯a·Σ-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → *Π·khṣīi̯a·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
7. Π·khṣīi̯a·Σ-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. Π·khṣīya·Σ-
√kɑhusin-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *kɑhusin-
RV. kṣiṇ-
(pr.) ‘vernichten’
(WbRV. 367)
(RV. kṣiṇánti [3pl])
1. PIE *kɑhusin-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *khusin-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. khusin-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *khušin-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. khušin-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *khšin-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. khšin-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → *khṣin-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
5. khṣin-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
RRetrofl1 → RV. khṣiṇ-
PIE *kɑhusíno-
Gr. ψίνο-
(vb.) ‘Blüten/Früchte abfallen lassen, verlieren’
(GEW 2:1138)
(Gr. ψίνεσθαι [inf.], GrGr. I:326)
1. PIE *kɑhusíno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *khusíno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. khusíno-
*khu/u̯ → ph
Bilabialization of labiovelar *khu/u̯
RBilabializationKHW → *phsíno-
3. phsíno-
*phs → ps
Loss of *h between *p and *s
RChangephs2ps → *psíno-
4. psíno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ψίνο-
PIE *kɑhusinēɑh-
RV. kṣiṇā-
(pr.) ‘vernichten’
(WbRV. 367)
(RV. kṣiṇāti [3sg])
1. PIE *kɑhusinēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kɑhusināɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kɑhusināɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *khusināh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. khusināh-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *khušināh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
4. khušināh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *khušinā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. khušinā-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *khšinā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. khšinā-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → *khṣinā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
7. khṣinā-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
RRetrofl1 → RV. khṣiṇā-
PIE *Π·kɑhusinēɑh-
RV. prá (...) kṣiṇā-
(pr.) ‘vernichten’
(WbRV. 367)
(RV. prá (...) kṣiṇām [1sg])
1. PIE *Π·kɑhusinēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·kɑhusināɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·kɑhusināɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·khusināh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·khusināh-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *Π·khušināh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
4. Π·khušināh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·khušinā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·khušinā-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·khšinā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. Π·khšinā-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → *Π·khṣinā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
7. Π·khṣinā-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
RRetrofl1 → RV. Π·khṣiṇā-
PIE *kɑhusinéɑɦdi̯o-
Gr. ψινάζο-
(pr.A.) ‘Blüten/Früchte abfallen lassen, verlieren’
(GEW 2:1138)
(Gr. ψινάζειν [inf.])
1. PIE *kɑhusinéɑɦdi̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
Colouring rule for *éɑ
RColouring1d → *kɑhusináɑɦdi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. kɑhusináɑɦdi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *khusináɦdi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. khusináɦdi̯o-
*khu/u̯ → ph
Bilabialization of labiovelar *khu/u̯
RBilabializationKHW → *phsináɦdi̯o-
4. phsináɦdi̯o-
*di̯ → z
Palatalization of *di̯
RDentAssib1c → *phsináɦzo-
5. phsináɦzo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *phsinázo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. phsinázo-
*phs → ps
Loss of *h between *p and *s
RChangephs2ps → *psinázo-
7. psinázo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ψινάζο-
PIE *kɑhusinu-
OInd. kṣiṇu-
(pr.5.) ‘vernichten, vergehen lassen’
(GEW 2:1015)
(OInd. kṣinumas [1pl])
1. PIE *kɑhusinu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *khusinu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. khusinu-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *khušinu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. khušinu-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *khšinu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. khšinu-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → *khṣinu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
5. khṣinu-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
RRetrofl1 → OInd. khṣiṇu-
PIE *kɑhusineu-
OInd. kṣiṇo-
(pr.5.) ‘vernichten, vergehen lassen’
(KEWA 1:289)
(VS. kṣinómi [3sg])
1. PIE *kɑhusineu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *khusineu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. khusineu-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *khušineu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. khušineu-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *khšineu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. khšineu-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *khšinau-
5. khšinau-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RChangeAU2O1 → *khšinō-
6. khšinō-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → *khṣinō-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
7. khṣinō-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
RRetrofl1 → *khṣiṇō-
8. khṣiṇō-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthOIA6 → OInd. khṣiṇo-
√kɑhusibɑɦ-
PIE *kɑhusibɑɦes-
LinB. qσιπεh-
(n.obl.) ‘Schlachtschwert’
(GEW 2:336)
(LinB. qi-si-pe-e [du])
1. PIE *kɑhusibɑɦes-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *khusibɦes-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. khusibɦes-
*khu/u̯ → qh
Emergence of labiovelar *qh
RLabiovelarizationqh → *qhsibɦes-
3. qhsibɦes-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *qhsiphes-
4. qhsiphes-
*qh → q
Absence of aspirates in LinB.
RDeaspqh → *qsiphes-
5. qsiphes-
*ph → p
Absence of aspirates in LinB.
RDeaspph → *qsipes-
6. qsipes-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *qsipeh-
7. qsipeh-
Change from Latin to Old Mycenean alphabet
RGr2Lat → LinB. qσιπεh-
√kɑhusis-
PIE *kɑhuseís-
OInd. kṣéṣ-
(ao.) ‘vernichten, usw.’
(GEW 2:1015)
(OInd. kṣeṣṭa, kṣeṣṭhās)
1. PIE *kɑhuseís-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *khuseís-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. khuseís-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *khušeís-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. khušeís-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RRukiI → *khušeíš-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
4. khušeíš-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *khšeíš-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. khšeíš-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *khšaíš-
6. khšaíš-
aí → ḗ
Monophthongization of *aí
RChangeAI2E2 → *khšḗš-
7. khšḗš-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → *khṣḗṣ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
8. khṣḗṣ-
ḗ → é
Orthographic change of ḗ into é
ROrthOIA5 → OInd. khṣéṣ-
√kɑhusit-
(IEW. 487)
PIE *kēɑhusit-
TochA. koṣt-
(pr.A.) ‘affligere, cadere : schlagen’
(Poucha 88)
(TochA. koṣtam, koṣt)
1. PIE *kēɑhusit-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kāɑhusit-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kāɑhusit-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kāhusit-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kāhusit-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kāusit-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kāusit-
*si → ṣ
Palatalization of *si
R18b → *kāuṣt-
5. kāuṣt-
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
ROsthoffTochAu → *kauṣt-
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
6. kauṣt-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RMonophthau2O1 → *kōṣt-
7. kōṣt-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthO2o1 → TochA. koṣt-
PIE *kēɑhusit-
TochA. koṣt-
(pret.A.) ‘affligere, cadere : schlagen’
(Poucha 88)
(TochA. koṣt, koṣtar)
1. PIE *kēɑhusit-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kāɑhusit-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kāɑhusit-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kāhusit-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kāhusit-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kāusit-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kāusit-
*si → ṣ
Palatalization of *si
R18b → *kāuṣt-
5. kāuṣt-
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
ROsthoffTochAu → *kauṣt-
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
6. kauṣt-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RMonophthau2O1 → *kōṣt-
7. kōṣt-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthO2o1 → TochA. koṣt-
PIE *kēɑhusit-
TochA. koṣt-
(sb.) ‘acies : Schneide’
(Poucha 88)
(TochA. koṣt [sgN])
1. PIE *kēɑhusit-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kāɑhusit-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kāɑhusit-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kāhusit-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kāhusit-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kāusit-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kāusit-
*si → ṣ
Palatalization of *si
R18b → *kāuṣt-
5. kāuṣt-
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
ROsthoffTochAu → *kauṣt-
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
6. kauṣt-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RMonophthau2O1 → *kōṣt-
7. kōṣt-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthO2o1 → TochA. koṣt-
PIE *kēɑhusitlo
TochA. koṣtl-
(vb.a.) ‘affligere, cadere : schlagen’
(Poucha 88)
(TochA. koṣtlaṃ [sgL])
1. PIE *kēɑhusitlo
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kāɑhusitlo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kāɑhusitlo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kāhusitlo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kāhusitlo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kāhusitla
(XX:XX)
4. kāhusitla
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kāusitla
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. kāusitla
*si → ṣ
Palatalization of *si
R18b → *kāuṣtla
6. kāuṣtla
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
ROsthoffTochAu → *kauṣtla
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
7. kauṣtla
*a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *kauṣtl
8. kauṣtl
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RMonophthau2O1 → *kōṣtl
9. kōṣtl
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthO2o1 → TochA. koṣtl
PIE *kēɑhusitlunoio
TochA. koṣtlune-
(vb.a.) ‘affligere, cadere : schlagen’
(Poucha 88)
(TochA. koṣtluneyo)
1. PIE *kēɑhusitlunoio
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kāɑhusitlunoio
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kāɑhusitlunoio
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kāhusitlunoio
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kāhusitlunoio
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kāhusitlunaia
(XX:XX)
4. kāhusitlunaia
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kāusitlunaia
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. kāusitlunaia
*si → ṣ
Palatalization of *si
R18b → *kāuṣtlunaia
6. kāuṣtlunaia
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
ROsthoffTochAu → *kauṣtlunaia
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
7. kauṣtlunaia
*a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *kauṣtlunai
8. kauṣtlunai
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RMonophthai2E1 → *kauṣtlunē
9. kauṣtlunē
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RMonophthau2O1 → *kōṣtlunē
10. kōṣtlunē
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthE2e1 → *kōṣtlune
11. kōṣtlune
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthO2o1 → TochA. koṣtlune
PIE *kēɑhusitlunoisí-
TochA. koṣtluneṣi-
(vb.a.poss.) ‘affligere, cadere : schlagen’
(Poucha 88)
(TochA. koṣtluneṣi-)
1. PIE *kēɑhusitlunoisí-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kāɑhusitlunoisí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kāɑhusitlunoisí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kāhusitlunoisí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kāhusitlunoisí-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kāhusitlunaisí-
(XX:XX)
4. kāhusitlunaisí-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kāusitlunaisí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. kāusitlunaisí-
*si → ṣ
Palatalization of *si
R18b → *kāuṣtlunaisí-
6. kāuṣtlunaisí-
*sí → ṣí
Palatalization of *sí
R18c → *kāuṣtlunaiṣí-
7. kāuṣtlunaiṣí-
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
ROsthoffTochAu → *kauṣtlunaiṣí-
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
8. kauṣtlunaiṣí-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RMonophthai2E1 → *kauṣtlunēṣí-
9. kauṣtlunēṣí-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RMonophthau2O1 → *kōṣtlunēṣí-
10. kōṣtlunēṣí-
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthE2e1 → *kōṣtluneṣí-
11. kōṣtluneṣí-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthO2o1 → *koṣtluneṣí-
12. koṣtluneṣí-
*í → i
Unmarkedness of accent
R20 → TochA. koṣtluneṣi-
PIE *kēɑhkēɑhusitu-
TochA. kākoṣtu-
(pret.pt.) ‘affligere, cadere : schlagen’
(Poucha 88)
(TochA. kākoṣtu)
1. PIE *kēɑhkēɑhusitu-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kāɑhkāɑhusitu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kāɑhkāɑhusitu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kāhkāhusitu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kāhkāhusitu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kākāusitu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kākāusitu-
*si → ṣ
Palatalization of *si
R18b → *kākāuṣtu-
5. kākāuṣtu-
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
ROsthoffTochAu → *kākauṣtu-
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
6. kākauṣtu-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RMonophthau2O1 → *kākōṣtu-
7. kākōṣtu-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthO2o1 → TochA. kākoṣtu-
√kɑhusito-
PIE *kɑhusitó-
OInd. kṣitá-
(pt.) ‘vergehend, abnehmend, sich erschöpfend’
(WbRV. 367)
(KEWA 1:289)
1. PIE *kɑhusitó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *khusitó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. khusitó-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *khušitó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. khušitó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *khušitá-
4. khušitá-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *khšitá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. khšitá-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → OInd. khṣitá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
PIE *Π·kɑhusito-
RV. á·kṣita-
(pt.) ‘unvergänglich’
(WbRV. 6)
(OInd. śrávaḥ áksitam ‘unerwüstlicher Ruhm’)
1. PIE *Π·kɑhusito-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·khusito-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·khusito-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *Π·khušito-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. Π·khušito-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·khušita-
4. Π·khušita-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·khšita-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. Π·khšita-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → RV. Π·khṣita-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
PIE *Π·Π·kɑhusito-
RV. án·upa·kṣita-
(pt.) ‘unerschöpflich’
(WbRV. 60)
(RV. ánupakṣita-)
1. PIE *Π·Π·kɑhusito-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·Π·khusito-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·Π·khusito-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *Π·Π·khušito-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. Π·Π·khušito-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·Π·khušita-
4. Π·Π·khušita-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·Π·khšita-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. Π·Π·khšita-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → RV. Π·Π·khṣita-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
PIE *Π·Π·kɑhusito-
RV. á·vi·kṣita-
(pt.) ‘unvermindert’
(WbRV. 130)
(RV. ávikṣita-)
1. PIE *Π·Π·kɑhusito-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·Π·khusito-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·Π·khusito-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *Π·Π·khušito-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. Π·Π·khušito-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·Π·khušita-
4. Π·Π·khušita-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·Π·khšita-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. Π·Π·khšita-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → RV. Π·Π·khṣita-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
PIE *Π·Π·kɑhusito-
RV. á·pra·kṣita-
(pt.) ‘unvergänglich, unerschöpflich’
(WbRV. 78)
(RV. áprakṣita-)
1. PIE *Π·Π·kɑhusito-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·Π·khusito-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·Π·khusito-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *Π·Π·khušito-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. Π·Π·khušito-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·Π·khušita-
4. Π·Π·khušita-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·Π·khšita-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. Π·Π·khšita-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → RV. Π·Π·khṣita-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
√kɑhusitɑh-
PIE *Π·kɑhusitēɑh·Σ-
RV. á·kṣitā·vasu-
(a.) ‘unvergängliches Gut besitzend’
(WbRV. 7)
(RV. ákṣitāvasu-)
1. PIE *Π·kɑhusitēɑh·Σ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·kɑhusitāɑh·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·kɑhusitāɑh·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·khusitāh·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·khusitāh·Σ-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *Π·khušitāh·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
4. Π·khušitāh·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·khušitā·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·khušitā·Σ-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·khšitā·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. Π·khšitā·Σ-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → RV. Π·khṣitā·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
PIE *kɑhusitḗɑh·Σ-
RV. kṣitā́·yus-
(a.) ‘dessen Leben dahinschwindet’
(WbRV. 367)
(RV. kṣitā́yus-)
1. PIE *kɑhusitḗɑh·Σ-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *kɑhusitā́ɑh·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kɑhusitā́ɑh·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *khusitā́h·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. khusitā́h·Σ-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *khušitā́h·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
4. khušitā́h·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *khušitā́·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. khušitā́·Σ-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *khšitā́·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. khšitā́·Σ-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → RV. khṣitā́·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
√kɑhusiti-
PIE *kɑhusítsi-
Gr. ψίσι-
(f.) ‘ἀπώλεια’
(GEW 2:1138)
(Hes. ψίσι-, GrGr. I:326)
1. PIE *kɑhusítsi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *khusítsi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. khusítsi-
*khu/u̯ → ph
Bilabialization of labiovelar *khu/u̯
RBilabializationKHW → *phsítsi-
3. phsítsi-
*phs → ps
Loss of *h between *p and *s
RChangephs2ps → *psítsi-
4. psítsi-
*t s → s
Loss of dental in *ts
RChangets2s → *psísi-
5. psísi-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ψίσι-
PIE *kɑhusití-
AV. kṣití-
(f.) ‘Untergang, das Dahinschwinden, Vergehen’
(WbRV. 368)
(AV. kṣití-, KEWA 1:289)
1. PIE *kɑhusití-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *khusití-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. khusití-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *khušití-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. khušití-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *khšití-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. khšití-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → AV. khṣití-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
PIE *Π·kɑhusiti-
RV. á·kṣiti-
(a.) ‘unvergänglich’
(WbRV. 7)
(RV. ákṣiti-)
1. PIE *Π·kɑhusiti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·khusiti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·khusiti-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *Π·khušiti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. Π·khušiti-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·khšiti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·khšiti-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → RV. Π·khṣiti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
√kɑhusen-
PIE *kɑhusenis-
AV. kṣaṇiṣ-
(ao.) ‘verletzen’
(WbRV. 362)
(AV. kṣaṇiṣṭhās)
1. PIE *kɑhusenis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *khusenis-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. khusenis-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *khušenis-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. khušenis-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RRukiI → *khušeniš-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
4. khušeniš-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *khšeniš-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. khšeniš-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *khšaniš-
6. khšaniš-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → *khṣaniṣ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
7. khṣaniṣ-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
RRetrofl1 → AV. khṣaṇiṣ-
PIE *kɑhusenéu-
OInd. kṣaṇó-
(pr.) ‘verletzen, verwunden : hurt, injure, wound’
(KEWA 1:284)
(OInd. kṣanómi)
1. PIE *kɑhusenéu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *khusenéu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. khusenéu-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *khušenéu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. khušenéu-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *khšenéu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. khšenéu-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *khšanéu-
5. khšanéu-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *khšanáu-
6. khšanáu-
aú → ṓ
Monophthongization of *aú
RChangeAU2O2 → *khšanṓ-
7. khšanṓ-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → *khṣanṓ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
8. khṣanṓ-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
RRetrofl1 → *khṣaṇṓ-
9. khṣaṇṓ-
ṓ → ó
Orthographic change of ṓ into ó
ROrthOIA7 → OInd. khṣaṇó-
√kɑhusop-
PIE *kɑhusopei̯o-
OInd. kṣapaya-
(cs.A.) ‘zerstören, vernichten’
(KEWA 1:286)
(OInd. kṣapaya-)
1. PIE *kɑhusopei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *khusopei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. khusopei̯o-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *khušopei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. khušopei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *khušapei̯a-
4. khušapei̯a-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *khšapei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. khšapei̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *khšapai̯a-
6. khšapai̯a-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → *khṣapai̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
7. khṣapai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → OInd. khṣapaya-
√kɑhuser-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *kɑhuséro-
OInd. kṣára-
(pr.A.) ‘verschwinden’
(KEWA 1:287)
(OInd. kṣára-)
1. PIE *kɑhuséro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *khuséro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. khuséro-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *khušéro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. khušéro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *khušéra-
4. khušéra-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *khšéra-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. khšéra-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *khšára-
6. khšára-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → OInd. khṣára-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
PIE *kɑhuséri̯o-
Gr. ψείρο-
(pr.) ‘vernichten, usw.’
(LSJ. 2019)
(Hes. ψείρει · φθείρει, GEW –)
1. PIE *kɑhuséri̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *khuséri̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. khuséri̯o-
*khu/u̯ → ph
Bilabialization of labiovelar *khu/u̯
RBilabializationKHW → *phséri̯o-
3. phséri̯o-
*phs → ps
Loss of *h between *p and *s
RChangephs2ps → *pséri̯o-
4. pséri̯o-
*éri̯ → eír
Epenthesis of *i
REpenthEry → *pseíro-
5. pseíro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ψείρο-
√kɑhusot-
PIE *kɑhusoto-
OInd. kṣata-
(pf.pt.) ‘verletzt’
(KEWA 1:284)
(OInd. kṣata-, *o-grade for noun ?)
1. PIE *kɑhusoto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *khusoto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. khusoto-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *khušoto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. khušoto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *khušata-
4. khušata-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *khšata-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. khšata-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → OInd. khṣata-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
PIE *Π·kɑhusoto-
RV. á·kṣata-
(pt.) ‘unverletzt’
(WbRV. 6)
(RV. ákṣata-, KEWA 1:284)
1. PIE *Π·kɑhusoto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·khusoto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·khusoto-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *Π·khušoto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. Π·khušoto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·khušata-
4. Π·khušata-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·khšata-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. Π·khšata-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → RV. Π·khṣata-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
PIE *Π·kɑhusoto-
OPers. a·xšata-
(pret.pt.) ‘unverletzt, unverstört’
(AIWb. 51)
(OPers. axšata-)
1. PIE *Π·kɑhusoto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·khusoto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·khusoto-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *Π·khušoto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. Π·khušoto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·khušata-
4. Π·khušata-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·khšata-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. Π·khšata-
*Ths/š → Ts/š
Loss of *h between stop and s/š
RLossofHinChS → *Π·kšata-
6. Π·kšata-
PIE *kš → xš
Change of *k into x before *š
R27 → OPers. Π·xšata-
PIE *kɑhusoti-
OInd. kṣati-
(f.) ‘Vernichtung, Beschädigung’
(KEWA 1:284)
(OInd. kṣati-)
1. PIE *kɑhusoti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *khusoti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. khusoti-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *khušoti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. khušoti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *khušati-
4. khušati-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *khšati-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. khšati-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → OInd. khṣati-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
√kɑhustɑhi-
PIE *kḗɑhustɑ́hi-
Lith. káusty-
(vb.) ‘beschlagen, mit Eisen beschlagen’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Lith. káustyti [inf.])
1. PIE *kḗɑhustɑ́hi-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *kā́ɑhustɑ́hi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kā́ɑhustɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *kā́ɑhustíhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
3. kā́ɑhustíhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kā́hustíhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. kā́hustíhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kā́ustíi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. kā́ustíi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *kā́ustī́-
6. kā́ustī́-
*ā́RC → áRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ā́RC
ROsthoffa2 → *káustī́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
7. káustī́-
*ī́ → ý
Orthographic change of ī́ into ý
R24 → Lith. káustý-
√kɑhuu-
PIE *keɑhkoɑhu̯u-
TochB. kakawu-
(pt.) ‘having killed’
(DTochB. 208)
(TochB. kakawu)
1. PIE *keɑhkoɑhu̯u-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *kaɑhkoɑhu̯u-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. kaɑhkoɑhu̯u-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kahkohu̯u-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kahkohu̯u-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kahkahu̯u-
(XX:XX)
4. kahkahu̯u-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kakau̯u-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. kakau̯u-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of u̯ into w
R19 → TochB. kakawu-
PIE *Π·koɑhu̯u-
OLatv. er·kavu-
(pt.) ‘erschlagen habend’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(in OLatv. erkawusz [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·koɑhu̯u-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·kohu̯u-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·kohu̯u-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·kou̯u-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. Π·kou̯u-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·kau̯u-
4. Π·kau̯u-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → OLatv. Π·kavu-
√kɑhuuo-
PIE *Π·koɑhuu̯o
OEng. ge·heāw-
(n.) ‘striking together, gnashing, grinding’
(ASaxD. 524)
(OEng. geheāw, *o-grade for noun)
1. PIE *Π·koɑhuu̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·kohuu̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·kohuu̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·kouu̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. Π·kouu̯o
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
AffricateK → *Π·xouu̯o
4. Π·xouu̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *Π·xauu̯a
(XX:XX)
5. Π·xauu̯a
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *Π·xauu̯
6. Π·xauu̯
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
RGlottalicX2H → *Π·hauu̯
7. Π·hauu̯
*au → eā
Change of *au into eā
RChangeau2eA → *Π·heāu̯
8. Π·heāu̯
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → OEng. Π·heāw
√kɑhuuɑh-
PIE *koɑhuu̯ɑh-
OGaul. cōu-
(sb.) ‘Silbermünze usw.’
(ACSS 1:1114)
(OGaul. coov, wenn ‘gestampft’ ?)
1. PIE *koɑhuu̯ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kohuu̯h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. kohuu̯h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kouu̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. kouu̯-
*ou → ō
Monophthongization of ou
RMonophthou2O → *kōu̯-
4. kōu̯-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → *kōu-
5. kōu-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → OGaul. cōu-
PIE *Π·kēɑhuu̯ɑhso
TochB. a·kauwsa-
(a.) ‘uncut (?)’
(DTochB. 3)
(TochB. ekṣinekaṃñana misa akauwse ///)
1. PIE *Π·kēɑhuu̯ɑhso
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·kāɑhuu̯ɑhso
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·kāɑhuu̯ɑhso
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·kāhuu̯hso
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·kāhuu̯hso
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·kāhuu̯hsa
(XX:XX)
4. Π·kāhuu̯hsa
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·kāuu̯sa
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·kāuu̯sa
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
ROrthOIA10 → *Π·kauu̯sa
6. Π·kauu̯sa
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of u̯ into w
R19 → TochB. Π·kauwsa
PIE *keɑhuu̯eɑh-
TochB. kowä-
(pr.) ‘kill’
(DTochB. 208)
(TochB. kowän [3sg+encl.])
1. PIE *keɑhuu̯eɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *kaɑhuu̯aɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. kaɑhuu̯aɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kahuu̯ah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kahuu̯ah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kauu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kauu̯a-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RChangeAU2O1 → *kōu̯a-
5. kōu̯a-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthOIA6 → *kou̯a-
6. kou̯a-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of u̯ into w
R19 → TochB. kowa-
PIE *keɑhuu̯eɑh-
OSax. hauwa-
(vb.) ‘hew, cut, strike, smite’
(ASaxD. 534)
(OSax. hauwan [inf.])
1. PIE *keɑhuu̯eɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *kaɑhuu̯aɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. kaɑhuu̯aɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kahuu̯ah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kahuu̯ah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kauu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kauu̯a-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
AffricateK → *xauu̯a-
5. xauu̯a-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
RGlottalicX2H → *hauu̯a-
6. hauu̯a-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → OSax. hauwa-
PIE *keɑhuu̯eɑh-
OEng. heāwa-
(pr.) ‘hew, cut, strike, smite with a sharp weapon’
(ASaxD. 524)
OEng. heāwan [inf.])
1. PIE *keɑhuu̯eɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *kaɑhuu̯aɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. kaɑhuu̯aɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kahuu̯ah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kahuu̯ah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kauu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kauu̯a-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
AffricateK → *xauu̯a-
5. xauu̯a-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
RGlottalicX2H → *hauu̯a-
6. hauu̯a-
*au → eā
Change of *au into eā
RChangeau2eA → *heāu̯a-
7. heāu̯a-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → OEng. heāwa-
√kɑhuui-
PIE *koɑhuu̯i
OHG. houwe-
(n.) ‘grass’
(GoEtD. 181)
(OHG. houwe)
1. PIE *koɑhuu̯i
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kohuu̯i
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. kohuu̯i
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kouu̯i
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. kouu̯i
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
AffricateK → *xouu̯i
4. xouu̯i
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *xauu̯i
(XX:XX)
5. xauu̯i
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
RGlottalicX2H → *hauu̯i
6. hauu̯i
*-i → -e
Change of root-final -i into -e
RChangeFinali2e → *hauu̯e
7. hauu̯e
*au → ou
Change of au into ou
RChangeAU2OU → *houu̯e
8. houu̯e
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → OHG. houwe
PIE *koɑhuu̯i·Σ-
OEng. hīewe·stán-
(m.) ‘hewn stone’
(ASaxD. 534)
(OEng. hiéwestán)
1. PIE *koɑhuu̯i·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kohuu̯i·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. kohuu̯i·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kouu̯i·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. kouu̯i·Σ-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
AffricateK → *xouu̯i·Σ-
4. xouu̯i·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *xauu̯i·Σ-
(XX:XX)
5. xauu̯i·Σ-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
RGlottalicX2H → *hauu̯i·Σ-
6. hauu̯i·Σ-
*au → eā
Change of *au into eā
RChangeau2eA → *heāu̯i·Σ-
7. heāu̯i·Σ-
*eā—e → īe–e
Umlaut for eā—e
RUmlauteAWi → *hīeu̯e·Σ-
8. hīeu̯e·Σ-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → OEng. hīewe·Σ-
√kɑhuuu-
PIE *keɑhuu̯u
OSax. hauwo-
(vb.) ‘hauen : to hew, beat’
(ASächsWb. 31)
(OSax. hauwon [inf.])
1. PIE *keɑhuu̯u
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *kaɑhuu̯u
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. kaɑhuu̯u
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kahuu̯u
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kahuu̯u
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kauu̯u
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kauu̯u
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
AffricateK → *xauu̯u
5. xauu̯u
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
RGlottalicX2H → *hauu̯u
6. hauu̯u
*-u → -o
Change of root-final -u into -o
RChangeFinalu2o → *hauu̯o
7. hauu̯o
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → OSax. hauwo
PIE *keɑhuu̯u
OHG. houwo-
(vb.) ‘hauen : to hew, beat’
(GoEtD. 181)
(OHG. houwon [inf.])
1. PIE *keɑhuu̯u
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *kaɑhuu̯u
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. kaɑhuu̯u
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kahuu̯u
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kahuu̯u
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kauu̯u
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kauu̯u
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
AffricateK → *xauu̯u
5. xauu̯u
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
RGlottalicX2H → *hauu̯u
6. hauu̯u
*-u → -o
Change of root-final -u into -o
RChangeFinalu2o → *hauu̯o
7. hauu̯o
*au → ou
Change of au into ou
RChangeAU2OU → *houu̯o
8. houu̯o
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → OHG. houwo
PIE *keɑhkeɑhu̯our-
TochB. kakawor-
(sb.) ‘= -hatvā’
(DTochB. 209)
(TochB. kakawormeṃ)
1. PIE *keɑhkeɑhu̯our-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *kaɑhkaɑhu̯our-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. kaɑhkaɑhu̯our-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kahkahu̯our-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kahkahu̯our-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kahkahu̯aur-
(XX:XX)
4. kahkahu̯aur-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kakau̯aur-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. kakau̯aur-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RChangeAU2O1 → *kakau̯ōr-
6. kakau̯ōr-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthOIA6 → *kakau̯or-
7. kakau̯or-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of u̯ into w
R19 → TochB. kakawor-
√kɑhuɦɑd-
PIE *kɑhúɦɑdó-
RV. khudá-
(vb.) ‘hineinstossen : thrust into’
(WbRV. 374)
(RV. khudáta kapr̥thám [sgA], KEWA 1:310)
1. PIE *kɑhúɦɑdó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *khúɦdó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. khúɦdó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *khúɦdá-
3. khúɦdá-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → RV. khúdá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√kɑɦeuɦɑd-
(IEW. 955)
(unfinished)
PIE *kɑheuɦɑdo-
RV. coda-
(pr.) ‘in Bewegung setzen, antreiben, fördern’
(WbRV. 456)
(RV. codata [2pl])
1. PIE *kɑheuɦɑdo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kheuɦdo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. kheuɦdo-
PIE *kh → čh
2nd palatalization of *kh
R2ndPalatKH → *čheuɦdo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. čheuɦdo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *čheuɦda-
4. čheuɦda-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *čheuda-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. čheuda-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *čeuda-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. čeuda-
*č → c
From 2nd palatalization *č to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA1 → *ceuda-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. ceuda-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *cauda-
8. cauda-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RChangeAU2O1 → *cōda-
9. cōda-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthOIA6 → RV. coda-
PIE *kɑhéuɦɑdo-
RV. códa-
(m.) ‘Werkzeug zum Antreiben, Stachel, Peitsche’
(WbRV. 458)
(RV. códa-)
1. PIE *kɑhéuɦɑdo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *khéuɦdo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. khéuɦdo-
PIE *kh → čh
2nd palatalization of *kh
R2ndPalatKH → *čhéuɦdo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. čhéuɦdo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *čhéuɦda-
4. čhéuɦda-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *čhéuda-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. čhéuda-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *čéuda-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. čéuda-
*č → c
From 2nd palatalization *č to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA1 → *céuda-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. céuda-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *cáuda-
8. cáuda-
aú → ṓ
Monophthongization of *aú
RChangeAU2O2 → *cṓda-
9. cṓda-
ṓ → ó
Orthographic change of ṓ into ó
ROrthOIA7 → RV. códa-
PIE *kɑheuɦɑdéi̯o-
RV. codáya-
(cs.) ‘schärfen, wetzen’
(WbRV. 457)
(RV. codáyāmi [1sg])
1. PIE *kɑheuɦɑdéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kheuɦdéi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. kheuɦdéi̯o-
PIE *kh → čh
2nd palatalization of *kh
R2ndPalatKH → *čheuɦdéi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. čheuɦdéi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *čheuɦdéi̯a-
4. čheuɦdéi̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *čheudéi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. čheudéi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *čeudéi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. čeudéi̯a-
*č → c
From 2nd palatalization *č to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA1 → *ceudéi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. ceudéi̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *caudéi̯a-
8. caudéi̯a-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *caudái̯a-
9. caudái̯a-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RChangeAU2O1 → *cōdái̯a-
10. cōdái̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → *cōdáya-
11. cōdáya-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthOIA6 → RV. codáya-
√kɑhul-
PIE *Π·kɑhúl-
Lat. per·cul-
(pf.) ‘zu Boden schlagen, zerzschmettern’
(WH 1:225)
(Lat. perculī [1sg])
1. PIE *Π·kɑhúl-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·khúl-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·khúl-
*kh → k
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *kh
RDeaspkh → *Π·kúl-
3. Π·kúl-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → *Π·cúl-
4. Π·cúl-
*ú → u
Orthographic absence of accent
R41 → Lat. Π·cul-
PIE *kɑhúlinḗɑh-
Latv. kulinâ-
(vb.) ‘wiederholt schlagen, schütteln, rüttern’
(LiEtWb. 211-2)
(Latv. kulinâ-)
1. PIE *kɑhúlinḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *kɑhúlinā́ɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kɑhúlinā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *khúlinā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. khúlinā́h-
*ā́h → âh
Latvian tone rule for *ā́h
RAcc3 → *khúlinâh-
4. khúlinâh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *khúlinâ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. khúlinâ-
*kh → k
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *kh
RDeaspkh → Latv. kúlinâ-
PIE *Π·kɑhúltso-
Lat. per·culso-
(pf.) ‘zu Boden schlagen, zerschmettern’
(WH 1:225)
(Lat. culsus [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·kɑhúltso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·khúltso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·khúltso-
*kh → k
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *kh
RDeaspkh → *Π·kúltso-
3. Π·kúltso-
*ts → s
Loss of *t before *s
RChangeTS2S → *Π·kúlso-
4. Π·kúlso-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → *Π·cúlso-
5. Π·cúlso-
*ú → u
Orthographic absence of accent
R41 → Lat. Π·culso-
√kɑheuuɑh-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *kɑhēuu̯ɑh-
TochB. śauw-
(cs.pret.) ‘let be killed’
(DTochB. 208)
(TochB. sauwwa [1sg])
1. PIE *kɑhēuu̯ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *khēuu̯h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. khēuu̯h-
PIE *ē → i̯ ā
Change of *ē into i̯ā
RChangeE2YA → *khi̯āuu̯h-
3. khi̯āuu̯h-
*khi̯ → śh
2nd palatalization for plain velars
R2ndPalatToch1b → *śhāuu̯h-
4. śhāuu̯h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *śāuu̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. śāuu̯-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
ROrthOIA10 → *śauu̯-
6. śauu̯-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of u̯ into w
R19 → TochB. śauw-
PIE *kɑhēuu̯ɑh-
OEng. heōw-
(pret.) ‘hew, cut, strike, smite with a sharp weapon’
(ASaxD. 524)
(OEng. heōw)
1. PIE *kɑhēuu̯ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *khēuu̯h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. khēuu̯h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *khēuu̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. khēuu̯-
*ēRC → eRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ēRC
ROsthoffe1 → *kheuu̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
4. kheuu̯-
*k h → x
Affricativization of *kh
AffricateKH → *xeuu̯-
5. xeuu̯-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
RChangee2i → *xiuu̯-
6. xiuu̯-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
RGlottalicX2H → *hiuu̯-
7. hiuu̯-
*iu → eō
Change of *iu into eō
RChangeiu2eO → *heōu̯-
8. heōu̯-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → OEng. heōw-
PIE *kɑhēuu̯ɑh
OIcl. hiō-
(pret.) ‘hauen’
(GoEtD. 181)
(OIcl. hiō)
1. PIE *kɑhēuu̯ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *khēuu̯h
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. khēuu̯h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *khēuu̯
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. khēuu̯
*ēRC → eRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ēRC
ROsthoffe1 → *kheuu̯
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
4. kheuu̯
*k h → x
Affricativization of *kh
AffricateKH → *xeuu̯
5. xeuu̯
*e → i
Change of *e into i
RChangee2i → *xiuu̯
6. xiuu̯
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
RGlottalicX2H → *hiuu̯
7. hiuu̯
*eu → iō
Change of *iu into iō
RChangeiu2iO → *hiōu̯
8. hiōu̯
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *hiōv
9. hiōv
-v → Ø
Loss of -v in root-final position
RLossFinalv → OIcl. hiō
PIE *kɑheuu̯ɑhso-
TochB. śowsa-
(cs.pret.) ‘let be killed’
(DTochB. 208)
(TochB. śowsa-)
1. PIE *kɑheuu̯ɑhso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kheuu̯hso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. kheuu̯hso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kheuu̯hsa-
(XX:XX)
3. kheuu̯hsa-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
RChangee2Ya → *khi̯auu̯hsa-
4. khi̯auu̯hsa-
*khi̯ → śh
2nd palatalization for plain velars
R2ndPalatToch1b → *śhauu̯hsa-
5. śhauu̯hsa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *śauu̯sa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. śauu̯sa-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RChangeAU2O1 → *śōu̯sa-
7. śōu̯sa-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthOIA6 → *śou̯sa-
8. śou̯sa-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of u̯ into w
R19 → TochB. śowsa-
√gɑɦub-
(Pyysalo)
(or √gaɦuɦab- ?)
PIE *Π·goɑɦubēɑh-
OCS. pa·guba-
(f.) ‘Verderben’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. paguba, *o-grade for noun)
1. PIE *Π·goɑɦubēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·goɑɦubāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·goɑɦubāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·goɦubāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·goɦubāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gaɦubāh-
4. Π·gaɦubāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·gaubāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·gaubāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·gaubā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. Π·gaubā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *Π·goubā-
7. Π·goubā-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *Π·gūbā-
8. Π·gūbā-
*ā → a
Orthographic change of *ā into a
ROrthogrA2a1 → *Π·gūba-
9. Π·gūba-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
ROrthogrU2u → OCS. Π·guba-
PIE *gɑ́ɦubēɑh-
OCS. gyba-
(vb.) ‘zugrunde gehen, verderben’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. gyba-)
1. PIE *gɑ́ɦubēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gɑ́ɦubāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gɑ́ɦubāɑh-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2c → *gúɦubāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
3. gúɦubāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gúɦubāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. gúɦubāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *gúubāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. gúubāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gúubā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. gúubā-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractUu → *gū́bā-
7. gū́bā-
*ū́
ū → y
RChangeU2Y → *gybā-
Change of ū́ into y
8. gybā-
*ā → a
Orthographic change of *ā into a
ROrthogrA2a1 → OCS. gyba-
PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubēɑh-
OCS. po·gyba-
(vb.) ‘zugrunde gehen, verderben, verlieren’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. po·gyba-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·gɑ́ɦubāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑ́ɦubāɑh-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2c → *Π·gúɦubāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
3. Π·gúɦubāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gúɦubāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. Π·gúɦubāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·gúubāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·gúubāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·gúubā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. Π·gúubā-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractUu → *Π·gū́bā-
7. Π·gū́bā-
*ū́
ū → y
RChangeU2Y → *Π·gybā-
Change of ū́ into y
8. Π·gybā-
*ā → a
Orthographic change of *ā into a
ROrthogrA2a1 → OCS. Π·gyba-
PIE *gēɑɦubeɑɦdi̯o-
Goth. kaupatja-
(vb.) ‘κολαφίζειν : strike, puffet’
(GoEtD. 216)
(Goth. kaupatja-, *ē-grade for verb ?)
1. PIE *gēɑɦubeɑɦdi̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *gēɑɦubaɑɦdi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. gēɑɦubaɑɦdi̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gāɑɦubaɑɦdi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. gāɑɦubaɑɦdi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gāɦubaɦdi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. gāɦubaɦdi̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *gāubadi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. gāubadi̯o-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
ROsthoffa1 → *gaubadi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
6. gaubadi̯o-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
RDevoiceg → *kaubadi̯o-
7. kaubadi̯o-
*b → p
Loss of voice of media *b
RDevoiceb → *kaupadi̯o-
8. kaupadi̯o-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
RDevoiced → *kaupati̯o-
9. kaupati̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *kaupati̯a-
(XX:XX)
10. kaupati̯a-
*i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
ROrthogrY2j → Goth. kaupatja-
PIE *gēɑɦubeɑɦdidɑɦo
Goth. kaupatid-
(pt.) ‘κολαφίζειν : strike, puffet’
(GoEtD. 216)
(Goth. kaupatidai [plN])
1. PIE *gēɑɦubeɑɦdidɑɦo
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *gēɑɦubaɑɦdidɑɦo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. gēɑɦubaɑɦdidɑɦo
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gāɑɦubaɑɦdidɑɦo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. gāɑɦubaɑɦdidɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gāɦubaɦdidɦo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. gāɦubaɦdidɦo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *gāubadidɦo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. gāubadidɦo
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
ROsthoffa1 → *gaubadidɦo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
6. gaubadidɦo
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
RDevoiceg → *kaubadidɦo
7. kaubadidɦo
*b → p
Loss of voice of media *b
RDevoiceb → *kaupadidɦo
8. kaupadidɦo
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
RDevoiced → *kaupatidɦo
9. kaupatidɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *kaupatido
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
10. kaupatido
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *kaupatida
(XX:XX)
11. kaupatida
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → Goth. kaupatid
√gɑɦubɑhi-
PIE *gḗɑɦubɑ́hi-
SCr. gùbi-
(vb.) ‘verderben’
(REW 1:317)
(SCr. gùbiti [inf.]
1. PIE *gḗɑɦubɑ́hi-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *gā́ɑɦubɑ́hi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gā́ɑɦubɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *gā́ɑɦubíhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
3. gā́ɑɦubíhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gā́ɦubíhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. gā́ɦubíhi-
ā́hu → āhȕ
Serbo-Croatian double gravis rule
RAcc2 → *gāɦȕbíhi-
5. gāɦȕbíhi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *gāȕbíhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. gāȕbíhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gāȕbíi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. gāȕbíi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *gāȕbī́-
8. gāȕbī́-
*ā → a
Orthographic change of *ā into a
ROrthogrA2a1 → *gaȕbī́-
9. gaȕbī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
ROrthogrI2i2 → SCr. gaȕbi-
PIE *gēɑɦubɑ́hi-
Sloven. gubí-
(vb.) ‘verlieren’
(REW 1:317)
(Sloven. gubíti [inf.])
1. PIE *gēɑɦubɑ́hi-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gāɑɦubɑ́hi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gāɑɦubɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *gāɑɦubíhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
3. gāɑɦubíhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gāɦubíhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. gāɦubíhi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *gāubíhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. gāubíhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gāubíi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. gāubíi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *gāubī́-
7. gāubī́-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
ROsthoffa1 → *gaubī́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
8. gaubī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *goubī́-
9. goubī́-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *gūbī́-
10. gūbī́-
*ī́ → í
Orthographic change of *ī́ into í
ROrthogrI2i2 → *gūbí-
11. gūbí-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
ROrthogrU2u → Sloven. gubí-
PIE *gēɑɦubɑ́hi-
Russ. gubí-
(vb.) ‘verderben, zu grunde richten’
(REW 1:317)
(Russ. gubít’ [inf.])
1. PIE *gēɑɦubɑ́hi-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gāɑɦubɑ́hi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gāɑɦubɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *gāɑɦubíhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
3. gāɑɦubíhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gāɦubíhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. gāɦubíhi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *gāubíhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. gāubíhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gāubíi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. gāubíi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *gāubī́-
7. gāubī́-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
ROsthoffa1 → *gaubī́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
8. gaubī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *goubī́-
9. goubī́-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *gūbī́-
10. gūbī́-
*ī́ → í
Orthographic change of *ī́ into í
ROrthogrI2i2 → *gūbí-
11. gūbí-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
ROrthogrU2u → Russ. gubí-
PIE *gēɑɦubɑ́hi-
OCS. gubi-
(vb.) ‘ὀλεθρεύειν : vernichten, verderben’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. gubi-)
1. PIE *gēɑɦubɑ́hi-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gāɑɦubɑ́hi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gāɑɦubɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *gāɑɦubíhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
3. gāɑɦubíhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gāɦubíhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. gāɦubíhi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *gāubíhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. gāubíhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gāubíi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. gāubíi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *gāubī́-
7. gāubī́-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
ROsthoffa1 → *gaubī́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
8. gaubī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *goubī́-
9. goubī́-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *gūbī́-
10. gūbī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
ROrthogrI2i2 → *gūbi-
11. gūbi-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
ROrthogrU2u → OCS. gubi-
PIE *Π·gēɑɦubɑ́hi-
OCS. po·gubi-
(vb.) ‘vernichten, verderben, verlieren’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. po·gubi-)
1. PIE *Π·gēɑɦubɑ́hi-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·gāɑɦubɑ́hi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·gāɑɦubɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *Π·gāɑɦubíhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
3. Π·gāɑɦubíhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gāɦubíhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. Π·gāɦubíhi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·gāubíhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·gāubíhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·gāubíi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. Π·gāubíi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *Π·gāubī́-
7. Π·gāubī́-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
ROsthoffa1 → *Π·gaubī́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
8. Π·gaubī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *Π·goubī́-
9. Π·goubī́-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *Π·gūbī́-
10. Π·gūbī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
ROrthogrI2i2 → *Π·gūbi-
11. Π·gūbi-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
ROrthogrU2u → OCS. Π·gubi-
PIE *gēɑɦubɑ́hi-
Czech. hubi-
(vb.) ‘verderben, vertilgen’
(REW 1:317)
(Czech. hubiti [inf.])
1. PIE *gēɑɦubɑ́hi-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gāɑɦubɑ́hi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gāɑɦubɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *gāɑɦubíhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
3. gāɑɦubíhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gāɦubíhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. gāɦubíhi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *gāubíhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. gāubíhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gāubíi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. gāubíi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *gāubī́-
7. gāubī́-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
ROsthoffa1 → *gaubī́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
8. gaubī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *goubī́-
9. goubī́-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *gūbī́-
10. gūbī́-
*g → ɦ
Change of *g into ɦ
RChangeG2H → *ɦūbī́-
11. ɦūbī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
ROrthogrI2i2 → *ɦūbi-
12. ɦūbi-
*ū → ou
Change of *ū into ou
RChangeU2ou → *ɦoubi-
13. ɦoubi-
*ɦ → h
Orthographic change of *ɦ into h
ROrthogrH2h → Czech. houbi-
PIE *gēɑɦubɑ́hi-
Pol. gubi-
(vb.) ‘verderben, verliedern’
(REW 1:317)
(Pol. gubić [inf.])
1. PIE *gēɑɦubɑ́hi-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gāɑɦubɑ́hi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gāɑɦubɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *gāɑɦubíhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
3. gāɑɦubíhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gāɦubíhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. gāɦubíhi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *gāubíhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. gāubíhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gāubíi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. gāubíi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *gāubī́-
7. gāubī́-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
ROsthoffa1 → *gaubī́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
8. gaubī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *goubī́-
9. goubī́-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *gūbī́-
10. gūbī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
ROrthogrI2i2 → *gūbi-
11. gūbi-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
ROrthogrU2u → Pol. gubi-
PIE *goɑɦubɑ́hiteli̯i-
OCS. gubiteljĭ-
(m.) ‘Vernichter, Verderber’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. gubiteljĭ-)
1. PIE *goɑɦubɑ́hiteli̯i-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *goɑɦubíhiteli̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. goɑɦubíhiteli̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *goɦubíhiteli̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. goɦubíhiteli̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gaɦubíhiteli̯i-
4. gaɦubíhiteli̯i-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *gaubíhiteli̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. gaubíhiteli̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gaubíiteli̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. gaubíiteli̯i-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *gaubī́teli̯i-
7. gaubī́teli̯i-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *goubī́teli̯i-
8. goubī́teli̯i-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *gūbī́teli̯i-
9. gūbī́teli̯i-
* i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
ROrthogrY2j → *gūbī́telji-
10. gūbī́telji-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
ROrthogri2i → *gūbī́teljĭ-
11. gūbī́teljĭ-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
ROrthogrI2i2 → *gūbiteljĭ-
12. gūbiteljĭ-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
ROrthogrU2u → OCS. gubiteljĭ-
PIE *goɑɦubɑ́hitelino
OCS. gubitelĭnŭ-
(a.) ‘verderblich’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. gubitelĭnŭ-)
1. PIE *goɑɦubɑ́hitelino
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *goɑɦubíhitelino
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. goɑɦubíhitelino
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *goɦubíhitelino
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. goɦubíhitelino
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gaɦubíhitelina
4. gaɦubíhitelina
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *gaubíhitelina
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. gaubíhitelina
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gaubíitelina
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. gaubíitelina
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *gaubī́telina
7. gaubī́telina
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *goubī́telino
8. goubī́telino
*-o → -u
Change of -o into -u
RChangeO2U → *goubī́telinu
9. goubī́telinu
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *gūbī́telinu
10. gūbī́telinu
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
ROrthogri2i → *gūbī́telĭnu
11. gūbī́telĭnu
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
ROrthogrI2i2 → *gūbitelĭnu
12. gūbitelĭnu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
ROrthogru2u1 → *gūbitelĭnŭ
13. gūbitelĭnŭ
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
ROrthogrU2u → OCS. gubitelĭnŭ
PIE *goɑɦubɑ́hitelistu̯os
OCS. gubitelĭstvo-
(n.) ‘Verderben, Vernichtung’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. gubitelĭstvo-)
1. PIE *goɑɦubɑ́hitelistu̯os
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *goɑɦubíhitelistu̯os
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. goɑɦubíhitelistu̯os
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *goɦubíhitelistu̯os
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. goɦubíhitelistu̯os
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gaɦubíhitelistu̯as
4. gaɦubíhitelistu̯as
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *gaubíhitelistu̯as
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. gaubíhitelistu̯as
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gaubíitelistu̯as
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. gaubíitelistu̯as
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *gaubī́telistu̯as
7. gaubī́telistu̯as
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *goubī́telistu̯os
8. goubī́telistu̯os
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in -os (root final)
RLossFinalS → *goubī́telistu̯o
9. goubī́telistu̯o
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *gūbī́telistu̯o
10. gūbī́telistu̯o
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *gūbī́telistvo
11. gūbī́telistvo
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
ROrthogri2i → *gūbī́telĭstvo
12. gūbī́telĭstvo
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
ROrthogrI2i2 → *gūbitelĭstvo
13. gūbitelĭstvo
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
ROrthogrU2u → OCS. gubitelĭstvo
√gɑɦubin-
PIE *Π·goɑɦubino
OCS. pa·gubĭnŭ-
(a.) ‘verderblich’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. pagubĭnŭ-)
1. PIE *Π·goɑɦubino
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·goɦubino
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·goɦubino
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gaɦubina
3. Π·gaɦubina
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·gaubina
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·gaubina
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *Π·goubino
5. Π·goubino
*-o → -u
Change of -o into -u
RChangeO2U → *Π·goubinu
6. Π·goubinu
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *Π·gūbinu
7. Π·gūbinu
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
ROrthogri2i → *Π·gūbĭnu
8. Π·gūbĭnu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
ROrthogru2u1 → *Π·gūbĭnŭ
9. Π·gūbĭnŭ
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
ROrthogrU2u → OCS. Π·gubĭnŭ
PIE *Π·goɑɦubineiku̯o
OCS. pa·gubĭnikŭ-
(m.) ‘Verderber’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. pagubĭnikŭ-)
1. PIE *Π·goɑɦubineiku̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·goɦubineiku̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·goɦubineiku̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gaɦubineiku̯a
3. Π·gaɦubineiku̯a
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·gaubineiku̯a
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·gaubineiku̯a
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gaubineika
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. Π·gaubineika
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *Π·goubineiko
6. Π·goubineiko
*-o → -u
Change of -o into -u
RChangeO2U → *Π·goubineiku
7. Π·goubineiku
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *Π·gūbineiku
8. Π·gūbineiku
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → *Π·gūbinīku
9. Π·gūbinīku
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
ROrthogri2i → *Π·gūbĭnīku
10. Π·gūbĭnīku
*ī → i
Orthographic change of *ī into i
ROrthogrI2i1 → *Π·gūbĭniku
11. Π·gūbĭniku
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
ROrthogru2u1 → *Π·gūbĭnikŭ
12. Π·gūbĭnikŭ
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
ROrthogrU2u → OCS. Π·gubĭnikŭ
√gɑɦubēli-
PIE *gɑ́ɦubēli-
OCS. gybĕlĭ-
(f.) ‘Verderben, Vergeudung, Verlust’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. gybĕlĭ-)
1. PIE *gɑ́ɦubēli-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2c → *gúɦubēli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. gúɦubēli-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *gúubēli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. gúubēli-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractUu → *gū́bēli-
4. gū́bēli-
*ū́
ū → y
RChangeU2Y → *gybēli-
Change of ū́ into y
5. gybēli-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
ROrthogri2i → *gybēlĭ-
6. gybēlĭ-
*ē → ĕ
Orthographic change of *ē into ĕ
ROrthogrE2e → OCS. gybĕlĭ-
PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubēli-
OCS. po·gybĕlĭ-
(f.) ‘Verderben’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. pogybĕlĭ-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubēli-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2c → *Π·gúɦubēli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. Π·gúɦubēli-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·gúubēli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. Π·gúubēli-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractUu → *Π·gū́bēli-
4. Π·gū́bēli-
*ū́
ū → y
RChangeU2Y → *Π·gybēli-
Change of ū́ into y
5. Π·gybēli-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
ROrthogri2i → *Π·gybēlĭ-
6. Π·gybēlĭ-
*ē → ĕ
Orthographic change of *ē into ĕ
ROrthogrE2e → OCS. Π·gybĕlĭ-
PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubēlino
OCS. po·gybĕlĭnŭ-
(a.) ‘verderblich, des Verderbens’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. pogybĕlĭnŭ-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubēlino
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2c → *Π·gúɦubēlino
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. Π·gúɦubēlino
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gúɦubēlina
3. Π·gúɦubēlina
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·gúubēlina
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·gúubēlina
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractUu → *Π·gū́bēlina
5. Π·gū́bēlina
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *Π·gū́bēlino
6. Π·gū́bēlino
*-o → -u
Change of -o into -u
RChangeO2U → *Π·gū́bēlinu
7. Π·gū́bēlinu
*ū́
ū → y
RChangeU2Y → *Π·gybēlinu
Change of ū́ into y
8. Π·gybēlinu
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
ROrthogri2i → *Π·gybēlĭnu
9. Π·gybēlĭnu
*ē → ĕ
Orthographic change of *ē into ĕ
ROrthogrE2e → *Π·gybĕlĭnu
10. Π·gybĕlĭnu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
ROrthogru2u1 → OCS. Π·gybĕlĭnŭ
√gɑɦubli-
PIE *gēɑɦubli̯o-
OCS. gubljo-
(vb.) ‘vernichten, verderben’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. gubljǫ [1sg], *ē-grade for verb ?)
1. PIE *gēɑɦubli̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gāɑɦubli̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gāɑɦubli̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gāɦubli̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gāɦubli̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gāɦubli̯a-
4. gāɦubli̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *gāubli̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. gāubli̯a-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
ROsthoffa1 → *gaubli̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
6. gaubli̯a-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *goubli̯o-
7. goubli̯o-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *gūbli̯o-
8. gūbli̯o-
* i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
ROrthogrY2j → *gūbljo-
9. gūbljo-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
ROrthogrU2u → OCS. gubljo-
PIE *gēɑɦubli̯o-
Russ. gubljo-
(vb.) ‘verderben, zu grunde richten’
(REW 1:317)
(Russ. gubljú [1sg])
1. PIE *gēɑɦubli̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gāɑɦubli̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gāɑɦubli̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gāɦubli̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gāɦubli̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gāɦubli̯a-
4. gāɦubli̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *gāubli̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. gāubli̯a-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
ROsthoffa1 → *gaubli̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
6. gaubli̯a-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *goubli̯o-
7. goubli̯o-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *gūbli̯o-
8. gūbli̯o-
* i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
ROrthogrY2j → *gūbljo-
9. gūbljo-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
ROrthogrU2u → Russ. gubljo-
PIE *Π·gēɑɦubli̯o-
OCS. po·gubljo-
(vb.) ‘vernichten, verderben, verlieren’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. pogubljǫ [1sg])
1. PIE *Π·gēɑɦubli̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·gāɑɦubli̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·gāɑɦubli̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gāɦubli̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·gāɦubli̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gāɦubli̯a-
4. Π·gāɦubli̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·gāubli̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·gāubli̯a-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
ROsthoffa1 → *Π·gaubli̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
6. Π·gaubli̯a-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *Π·goubli̯o-
7. Π·goubli̯o-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *Π·gūbli̯o-
8. Π·gūbli̯o-
* i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
ROrthogrY2j → *Π·gūbljo-
9. Π·gūbljo-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
ROrthogrU2u → OCS. Π·gubljo-
PIE *Π·gēɑɦubli̯ēɑh-
OCS. po·gublja-
(vb.) ‘vernichten, verderben, verlieren’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. pogublja-)
1. PIE *Π·gēɑɦubli̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·gāɑɦubli̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·gāɑɦubli̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gāɦubli̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·gāɦubli̯āh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·gāubli̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·gāubli̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·gāubli̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·gāubli̯ā-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
ROsthoffa1 → *Π·gaubli̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
6. Π·gaubli̯ā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *Π·goubli̯ā-
7. Π·goubli̯ā-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *Π·gūbli̯ā-
8. Π·gūbli̯ā-
* i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
ROrthogrY2j → *Π·gūbljā-
9. Π·gūbljā-
*ā → a
Orthographic change of *ā into a
ROrthogrA2a1 → *Π·gūblja-
10. Π·gūblja-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
ROrthogrU2u → OCS. Π·gublja-
PIE *Π·goɑɦub·li̯enei·Σ-
OCS. po·gubljeni·je-
(n.) ‘Vernichtung, Verderben’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. pogubljenije)
1. PIE *Π·goɑɦub·li̯enei·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·goɦub·li̯enei·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·goɦub·li̯enei·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gaɦub·li̯enei·Σ-
3. Π·gaɦub·li̯enei·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·gaub·li̯enei·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·gaub·li̯enei·Σ-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *Π·goub·li̯enei·Σ-
5. Π·goub·li̯enei·Σ-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *Π·gūb·li̯enei·Σ-
6. Π·gūb·li̯enei·Σ-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → *Π·gūb·li̯enī·Σ-
7. Π·gūb·li̯enī·Σ-
* i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
ROrthogrY2j → *Π·gūb·ljenī·Σ-
8. Π·gūb·ljenī·Σ-
*ī → i
Orthographic change of *ī into i
ROrthogrI2i1 → *Π·gūb·ljeni·Σ-
9. Π·gūb·ljeni·Σ-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
ROrthogrU2u → OCS. Π·gub·ljeni·Σ-
√gɑɦubn-
PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubenei·Σ-
OCS. po·gybeni·je-
(n.) ‘Verderben, Verderblichkeit’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. pogybenije)
1. PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubenei·Σ-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2c → *Π·gúɦubenei·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. Π·gúɦubenei·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·gúubenei·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. Π·gúubenei·Σ-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractUu → *Π·gū́benei·Σ-
4. Π·gū́benei·Σ-
*ū́
ū → y
RChangeU2Y → *Π·gybenei·Σ-
Change of ū́ into y
5. Π·gybenei·Σ-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → *Π·gybenī·Σ-
6. Π·gybenī·Σ-
*ī → i
Orthographic change of *ī into i
ROrthogrI2i1 → OCS. Π·gybeni·Σ-
PIE *gɑ́ɦubnun
OCS. gybnǫ-
(vb.) ‘zugrunde gehen, verderben’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. gybnǫ-)
1. PIE *gɑ́ɦubnun
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2c → *gúɦubnun
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. gúɦubnun
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *gúubnun
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. gúubnun
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractUu → *gū́bnun
4. gū́bnun
*ū́
ū → y
RChangeU2Y → *gybnun
Change of ū́ into y
5. gybnun
*-un → -ǫ
Emergence of nasal vowel ǫ
RNasalizUN2O → OCS. gybnǫ
PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubnun
OCS. po·gybnǫ
(vb.) ‘zugrunde gehen, verderben’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. po·gybnǫ)
1. PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubnun
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2c → *Π·gúɦubnun
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. Π·gúɦubnun
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·gúubnun
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. Π·gúubnun
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractUu → *Π·gū́bnun
4. Π·gū́bnun
*ū́
ū → y
RChangeU2Y → *Π·gybnun
Change of ū́ into y
5. Π·gybnun
*-un → -ǫ
Emergence of nasal vowel ǫ
RNasalizUN2O → OCS. Π·gybnǫ
√gɑɦu-
(IEW. 491-3 gu̯hen-)
(WP. 1:679f., WH 1:332f.)
PIE *gɑɦu·gɑɦus-
Hitt. gu·guš-
(vb.) ‘zerstoßen’
(HHand. 82)
(Hitt. ku-ku-uš-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu·gɑɦus-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu·gɦus-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu·gɦus-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gu·gus-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. gu·gus-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. gu·guš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *koɑhgɑɦugɑɦi̯o
OIcl. hǫgg-
(m.) ‘Hieb, Stoss, Schlag’
(ANEtWb. 280)
(OIcl. hǫgg-, *o-grade for noun)
1. PIE *koɑhgɑɦugɑɦi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kohgɦugɦi̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. kohgɦugɦi̯o
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯
RCentum5 → *kohgɦuǵɦo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. kohgɦuǵɦo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kogɦuǵɦo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kogɦuǵɦo
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *kogɦugɦo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. kogɦugɦo
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
AffricateK → *xogɦugɦo
6. xogɦugɦo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *xogugo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. xogugo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *xaguga
(XX:XX)
8. xaguga
-a → Ø
Loss of -a in root-final position
RLossFinala1 → *xagug
9. xagug
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
RGlottalicX2H → *hagug
10. hagug
*a — u → ǫ — Ø
Umlaut for a — u
RUmlautaGu → OIcl. hǫgg
PIE *keɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-
OIcl. hǫggva-
(vb.) ‘hauen’
(ANEtWb. 280)
(OIcl. hǫggva, PGerm. *hagu·gua-)
1. PIE *keɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *kaɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. kaɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kahgɦugɦu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kahgɦugɦu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kagɦugɦu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kagɦugɦu̯o-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
AffricateK → *xagɦugɦu̯o-
5. xagɦugɦu̯o-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *xagugu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. xagugu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *xagugu̯a-
(XX:XX)
7. xagugu̯a-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
RGlottalicX2H → *hagugu̯a-
8. hagugu̯a-
*a — u → ǫ — Ø
Umlaut for a — u
RUmlautaGu → *hǫggu̯a-
9. hǫggu̯a-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → OIcl. hǫggva-
√gɑɦuo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gɑɦu̯o-
HLu. gu̯a-
(vb.) ‘≈ schlagen, stechen o.ä. ?’
(CHLu. 6.5.3)
(HLu. CORNU(-)ku-wa/i-ha)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → HLu. gu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *keɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-
OIcl. hǫggva-
(vb.) ‘to hew, beat’
(ANEtWb. 226)
(OIcl. hǫggva, PGerm. *hagu·gwa-)
1. PIE *keɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *kaɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. kaɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kahgɦugɦu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kahgɦugɦu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kagɦugɦu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kagɦugɦu̯o-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
AffricateK → *xagɦugɦu̯o-
5. xagɦugɦu̯o-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *xagugu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. xagugu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *xagugu̯a-
(XX:XX)
7. xagugu̯a-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
RGlottalicX2H → *hagugu̯a-
8. hagugu̯a-
*a — u → ǫ — Ø
Umlaut for a — u
RUmlautaGu → *hǫggu̯a-
9. hǫggu̯a-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → OIcl. hǫggva-
PIE *kēɑhgɑɦi̯igɑɦu̯o-
OIcl. høggva-
(vb.) ‘hauen’
(ANEtWb. 280)
(OIcl. høggva, PGerm. *hogi-gwa-)
1. PIE *kēɑhgɑɦi̯igɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kāɑhgɑɦi̯igɑɦu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kāɑhgɑɦi̯igɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kāhgɦi̯igɦu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kāhgɦi̯igɦu̯o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯
RCentum5 → *kāhǵɦigɦu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. kāhǵɦigɦu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kāǵɦigɦu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. kāǵɦigɦu̯o-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *kāgɦigɦu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. kāgɦigɦu̯o-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
AffricateK → *xāgɦigɦu̯o-
7. xāgɦigɦu̯o-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *xāgigu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
8. xāgigu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *xāgigu̯a-
(XX:XX)
9. xāgigu̯a-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → *xōgigu̯a-
(XX:XX)
10. xōgigu̯a-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
RGlottalicX2H → *hōgigu̯a-
11. hōgigu̯a-
*ō — i → ø — Ø
Umlaut for *ō — i
RUmlautOgi → *høggu̯a-
12. høggu̯a-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → OIcl. høggva-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯o-
OInd. pari·gha-
(m.) ‘an iron bar for shutting a gate’
(MonWil. 593)
(OInd. parigha-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦu̯a-
3. Π·gɦu̯a-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦa-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. Π·gha-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯o-
OInd. pāṇi·gha-
(m.) ‘striking with the hand’
(MonWil. 615)
(OInd. pāṇigha-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦu̯a-
3. Π·gɦu̯a-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦa-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. Π·gha-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯o-
OInd. rāja·gha-
(m.) ‘slayer of kings’
(MonWil. 873)
(OInd. rājagha-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦu̯a-
3. Π·gɦu̯a-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦa-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. Π·gha-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯o-
OInd. tāḍa·gha-
(m.) ‘Grobschmied : blacksmith’
(KEWA 1:492)
(OInd. tāḍagha-, MonWil. 441)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦu̯a-
3. Π·gɦu̯a-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦa-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. Π·gha-
√gɑɦue-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gɑɦu̯e-
Hitt. gu̯e-
(vb.) ‘schlagen, erschlagen, töten’
(HEG 1:604-5)
(Hitt. ku-e-mi [1sg], ku-e-ši [2], ku-e-ue-en [1pl])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯e-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯e-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯e-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. gu̯e-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦu̯in·gɑɦu̯e-
Arm. ǰn·ǰe-
(vb.) ‘efface, wipe clean, annihilate, destroy’
(EtDiArm. 559)
(Arm. ǰnǰem [1sg], GEW 1:657)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯in·gɑɦu̯e-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯in·gɦu̯e-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯in·gɦu̯e-
gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
ChangeGHW2JH → *ǰɦin·ǰɦe-
3. ǰɦin·ǰɦe-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspJh → Arm. ǰin·ǰe-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
PIE *gɑɦu̯e-
RV. ha-
(pr.) ‘(er)schlagen, töten, vernichten, kämpfen’
(WbRV. 1642-3)
(RV. hathás, hatás [3du], hatám [2du], hatā́ [2pl], jahí)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯e-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯e-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯e-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯e-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯e-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦe-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. ǰɦe-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦe-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. ɦe-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *ɦa-
6. ɦa-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. ha-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯e-
RV. párā (...) ha-
(pr.) ‘umhauen, umstürzen’
(WbRV. 1642)
(RV. párā (...) hathá)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯e-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯e-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯e-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯e-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯e-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦe-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦe-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦe-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦe-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *Π·ɦa-
6. Π·ɦa-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·ha-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯e-
RV. sám (...) ha-
(pr.) ‘zusammendrücken’
(WbRV. 1642)
(RV. sám (...) hatas, das Euter)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯e-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯e-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯e-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯e-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯e-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦe-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦe-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦe-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦe-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *Π·ɦa-
6. Π·ɦa-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·ha-
PIE *gɑɦu̯e-
gAv. ǰa-
(vb.) ‘schlagen, töten’
(AIWb. 603)
(gAv. ǰaidyāi [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯e-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯e-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯e-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯e-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯e-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦe-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. ǰɦe-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspǰh → *ǰe-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. ǰe-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → gAv. ǰa-
PIE *gɑɦu̯e-
LAv. ǰa-
(vb.) ‘schlagen, töten’
(AIWb. 490)
(LAv. ǰata [2pl])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯e-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯e-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯e-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯e-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯e-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦe-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. ǰɦe-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspǰh → *ǰe-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. ǰe-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → LAv. ǰa-
PIE *gɑɦu̯e-
OPers. ja-
(pr.) ‘strike, smite, defeat, mould’
(OldP. 185)
(OPers. jadiy [2sg], jatā [2pl.ipv.], aja [3pl])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯e-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯e-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯e-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯e-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯e-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ǰu̯e-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ǰu̯e-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰe-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. ǰe-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OPers.
R2ndPalat2OPers3 → *je-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. je-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → OPers. ja-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯e-
LAv. paiti (...) ǰa-
(vb.) ‘schlagen gegen’
(AIWb. 492)
(LAv. paiti (...) jaiδi [2sg])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯e-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯e-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯e-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯e-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯e-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦe-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦe-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspǰh → *Π·ǰe-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ǰe-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → LAv. Π·ǰa-
√gɑɦuē-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-
RV. vr̥tra·hā́-
(m.) ‘Vr̥tratödter’ (a.) ‘Feinde schlagend’
(WbRV. 1336)
(RV. vr̥trahā́ [N])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯ḗ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯ḗ-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦḗ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦḗ-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦḗ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦḗ-
PIE *ḗ → ā́
Aryan change of *ḗ into ā́
RAryanE2A4 → *Π·ɦā́-
6. Π·ɦā́-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·hā́-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-
RV. muṣṭi·hā́
(m.) ‘Faustkämpfer, im Handgemenge kämpfend’
(WbRV. 1052)
(RV. muṣṭihā́ [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯ḗ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯ḗ-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦḗ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦḗ-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦḗ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦḗ-
PIE *ḗ → ā́
Aryan change of *ḗ into ā́
RAryanE2A4 → *Π·ɦā́-
6. Π·ɦā́-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·hā́-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-
RV. go·hā́-
(a.) ‘Rinder tötend’
(WbRV. 414)
(RV. gohā́ [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯ḗ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯ḗ-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦḗ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦḗ-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦḗ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦḗ-
PIE *ḗ → ā́
Aryan change of *ḗ into ā́
RAryanE2A4 → *Π·ɦā́-
6. Π·ɦā́-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·hā́-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-
RV. satrā·hā́-
(a.) ‘völlig schlagend’
(WbRV. 1455)
(RV. satrāhā́ [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯ḗ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯ḗ-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦḗ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦḗ-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦḗ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦḗ-
PIE *ḗ → ā́
Aryan change of *ḗ into ā́
RAryanE2A4 → *Π·ɦā́-
6. Π·ɦā́-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·hā́-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-
RV. nr̥·hā́-
(a.) ‘Männer tödtend’
(WbRV. 754)
(RV. nr̥hā́ [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯ḗ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯ḗ-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦḗ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦḗ-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦḗ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦḗ-
PIE *ḗ → ā́
Aryan change of *ḗ into ā́
RAryanE2A4 → *Π·ɦā́-
6. Π·ɦā́-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·hā́-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-
RV. ahi·hā́-
(a.) ‘Schlangen/Vrtra tötend’
(WbRV. 167)
(RV. ahihan [V], ahihā́ [N], ahihánam [A])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯ḗ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯ḗ-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦḗ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦḗ-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦḗ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦḗ-
PIE *ḗ → ā́
Aryan change of *ḗ into ā́
RAryanE2A4 → *Π·ɦā́-
6. Π·ɦā́-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·hā́-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-
RV. amīva·hā́-
(a.) ‘Leiden tilgend’
(WbRV. 93)
(RV. amīvahā́ [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯ḗ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯ḗ-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦḗ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦḗ-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦḗ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦḗ-
PIE *ḗ → ā́
Aryan change of *ḗ into ā́
RAryanE2A4 → *Π·ɦā́-
6. Π·ɦā́-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·hā́-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ē-
gAv. vǝrǝϑrǝ̄m·ǰā-
(a.) ‘siegreich, Sieger’
(AIWb. 1424)
(gAv. vǝrǝϑrǝ̄m.ǰā [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ē-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯ē-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯ē-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯ē-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯ē-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦē-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦē-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspǰh → *Π·ǰē-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ǰē-
PIE *ē → ā
Aryan change of *ē into ā
RAryanE2A3 → gAv. Π·ǰā-
√gɑɦuɑh-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑh-
OInd. ghā-
(f.) ‘a stroke’
(MonWil. 375)
(OInd. ghā-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gɑɦu̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯ā-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. gɦā-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. ghā-
PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯eɑh-
Gr. πέφα-
(pf.P.) ‘die’
(GEW 1:657)
(Gr. πέφαται [3sg], πεφάσθαι [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯eɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯aɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯aɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯égɦu̯ah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯égɦu̯ah-
*gɦu̯égɦu/u̯ → bɦébɦ
Bilabialization of reduplication
RBilabRed2 → *bɦébɦah-
4. bɦébɦah-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *phéphah-
5. phéphah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *phépha-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. phépha-
*Th–Th → T–Th
Grassmann’s Law
RGrassIIB → *pépha-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)
7. pépha-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. πέφα-
PIE *hɑepo·gɑɦu̯eɑh-
Gr. ἀπο·φα-
(ao.M.) ‘die’
(GEW 1:657)
(Hes. ἀπέφατο · ἀπέθανεν)
1. PIE *hɑepo·gɑɦu̯eɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑapo·gɑɦu̯eɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapo·gɑɦu̯eɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *hɑapo·gɑɦu̯aɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
3. hɑapo·gɑɦu̯aɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hapo·gɦu̯ah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hapo·gɦu̯ah-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RBilabializationGHW → *hapo·bɦah-
5. hapo·bɦah-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *hapo·phah-
6. hapo·phah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *apo·pha-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. apo·pha-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀπο·φα-
√gɑɦuɑhi-
PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯oɑhi̯e
OInd. jighāya
(pf.) ‘antreiben, anfeuern, schleudern, fördern’
(KEWA 3:595)
(Br. jighāya [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯oɑhi̯e
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯igɦu̯ohi̯e
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯igɦu̯ohi̯e
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯ohi̯e
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯ohi̯e
PIE *ohCV → āhCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RBrugmII1 → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯āhi̯e
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.3.7)
4. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯āhi̯e
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯āi̯e
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯āi̯e
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *ǰɦu̯igɦāi̯e
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. ǰɦu̯igɦāi̯e
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦigɦāi̯e
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
7. ǰɦigɦāi̯e
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmII → *ǰigɦāi̯e
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)
8. ǰigɦāi̯e
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jigɦāi̯e
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
9. jigɦāi̯e
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *jigɦāi̯a
10. jigɦāi̯a
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → *jighāi̯a
11. jighāi̯a
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → OInd. jighāya
PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯ɑhi̯-
OInd. jighy-
(pf.) ‘antreiben’
(KEWA 3:595)
(OInd. jighyúr [3pl])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯ɑhi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯igɦu̯hi̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯igɦu̯hi̯-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯hi̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯hi̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯i̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯i̯-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *ǰɦu̯igɦi̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. ǰɦu̯igɦi̯-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦigɦi̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. ǰɦigɦi̯-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmII → *ǰigɦi̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)
7. ǰigɦi̯-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jigɦi̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
8. jigɦi̯-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → *jighi̯-
9. jighi̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → OInd. jighy-
√o·gɑɦuɑhi-
(IEW. 44)
PIE *ógɑɦu̯ɑhei-
Gr. ὄφει-
(m.) ‘Schlange’
(GEW 2:453-4)
(Gr. ὄφεος [sgG])
1. PIE *ógɑɦu̯ɑhei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ógɦu̯hei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ógɦu̯hei-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RBilabializationGHW → *óbɦhei-
3. óbɦhei-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *óphhei-
4. óphhei-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *óphei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. óphei-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὄφει-
PIE *ógɑɦu̯ɑhi-
Gr. ὄφι-
(m.) ‘Schlange’
(GEW 2:453-4)
(Gr. ὄφις [sgN], ὄφιος [G])
1. PIE *ógɑɦu̯ɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ógɦu̯hi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ógɦu̯hi-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RBilabializationGHW → *óbɦhi-
3. óbɦhi-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *óphhi-
4. óphhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *óphi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. óphi-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὄφι-
PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi-
LAv. aži-
(m.) ‘Schlange, Drache, Ungeheuer’
(AIWb. 266)
(LAv. ažimča)
1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ogɦu̯hi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ogɦu̯hi-
PIE *gɦu̯hi → ži
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯hi
R17a → *oži-
3. oži-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → LAv. aži-
PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi·Σ-
LAv. aži·karšta-
(a.) ‘von/vom Drachen bewirkt/veranlasst’
(AIWb. 266)
(LAv. ažikaršta-)
1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ogɦu̯hi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ogɦu̯hi·Σ-
PIE *gɦu̯hi → ži
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯hi
R17a → *oži·Σ-
3. oži·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → LAv. aži·Σ-
PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi·Σ-
LAv. aži·čiϑra-
(a.) ‘vom Drachen abstammend’
(AIWb. 266)
(LAv. ažičiϑra-)
1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ogɦu̯hi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ogɦu̯hi·Σ-
PIE *gɦu̯hi → ži
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯hi
R17a → *oži·Σ-
3. oži·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → LAv. aži·Σ-
PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi·Σ-
LAv. aži·čiϑra.ažičiϑrō.tǝma-
(a.sup.) ‘der am meisten vom Drachen abstammt’
(AIWb. 266)
(LAv. ažičiϑra.ažičiϑrō.tǝma-)
1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ogɦu̯hi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ogɦu̯hi·Σ-
PIE *gɦu̯hi → ži
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯hi
R17a → *oži·Σ-
3. oži·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → LAv. aži·Σ-
PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi·Σ-
LAv. aži·vāka-
(m.) ‘N. einer Krankeheit/eines Gebreches’
(AIWb. 267)
(LAv. aživāka-)
1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ogɦu̯hi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ogɦu̯hi·Σ-
PIE *gɦu̯hi → ži
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯hi
R17a → *oži·Σ-
3. oži·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → LAv. aži·Σ-
PIE *Π·ogɑɦu̯ɑhi̯on-
LAv. zir·ažan-
(a.) ‘striking the veins’
(AIWb. –)
(LAv. ziražan-)
1. PIE *Π·ogɑɦu̯ɑhi̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ogɦu̯hi̯on-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·ogɦu̯hi̯on-
PIE *gɦu̯hi̯ → ž
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯hi̯
R17b → *Π·ožon-
3. Π·ožon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → LAv. Π·ažan-
PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi̯ono-
LAv. až·ana-
(n.) ‘N. einer Krankeheit/eines Gebreches’
(AIWb. 266)
(LAv. ažana-)
1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi̯ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ogɦu̯hi̯ono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ogɦu̯hi̯ono-
PIE *gɦu̯hi̯ → ž
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯hi̯
R17b → *ožono-
3. ožono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → LAv. ažana-
PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi̯·Σ-
LAv. až·ahva-
(m.) ‘N. einer Krankeheit/eines Gebreches’
(AIWb. 266)
(LAv. ažahva-)
1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi̯·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ogɦu̯hi̯·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ogɦu̯hi̯·Σ-
PIE *gɦu̯hi̯ → ž
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯hi̯
R17b → *ož·Σ-
3. ož·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → LAv. až·Σ-
√gɑɦuɑhin-
PIE *gɑɦu̯ɑ́hin-
Lith. gín-
(vb.) ‘wehren, verteidigen’
(LiEtWb. 152-153)
(Lith. gìnti [inf.], ginù [1sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ɑ́hin-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *gɑɦu̯íhin-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. gɑɦu̯íhin-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯íhin-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯íhin-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯íin-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯íin-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦíin-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. gɦíin-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *gɦī́n-
6. gɦī́n-
*ī́RC → íRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ī́RC
ROsthoffi2 → *gɦín-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
7. gɦín-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → Lith. gín-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinḗɑh
Lith. pa·gynà-
(f.) ‘Beendigung, Ende’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. pagynà)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *Π·gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinā́ɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *Π·gɑɦu̯íhinā́ɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
3. Π·gɑɦu̯íhinā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯íhinā́h
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. Π·gɦu̯íhinā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·gɦu̯íinā́
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·gɦu̯íinā́
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦíinā́
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. Π·gɦíinā́
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *Π·gɦī́nā́
7. Π·gɦī́nā́
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *Π·gī́nā́
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
8. Π·gī́nā́
*ā́ → ṓ
Change of ā́ into ṓ
RChangeA202 → *Π·gī́nṓ
9. Π·gī́nṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
RFinalo2a2 → *Π·gī́nà
10. Π·gī́nà
*ī́ → ý
Orthographic change of ī́ into ý
R24 → Lith. Π·gýnà
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinḗhɑ-
Lith. pa·gynė́-
(vb.) ‘ein wenig treiben, beendigen, vollenden’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. pagynė́ti [inf.])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *Π·gɑɦu̯íhinḗhɑ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯íhinḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯íhinḗh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯íhinḗh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·gɦu̯íinḗ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·gɦu̯íinḗ-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦíinḗ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. Π·gɦíinḗ-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *Π·gɦī́nḗ-
6. Π·gɦī́nḗ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *Π·gī́nḗ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. Π·gī́nḗ-
*ī́ → ý
Orthographic change of ī́ into ý
R24 → *Π·gýnḗ-
8. Π·gýnḗ-
*ḗ -> ė́
Orthographic change of *ḗ -> ė́
R28c → Lith. Π·gýnė́-
PIE *gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinēhɑ-
Lith. gýnė-
(vb.) ‘wehren, verteidigen’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. gýniau [1sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinēhɑ-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *gɑɦu̯íhinēhɑ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. gɑɦu̯íhinēhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯íhinēh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯íhinēh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯íinē-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯íinē-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦíinē-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. gɦíinē-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *gɦī́nē-
6. gɦī́nē-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gī́nē-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. gī́nē-
*ī́ → ý
Orthographic change of ī́ into ý
R24 → *gýnē-
8. gýnē-
* ē -> ė
Orthographic change of *ē into ė
R28a → Lith. gýnė-
√gɑɦuɑhinɑhi-
PIE *gɑɦu̯éɑhinɑ́hi-
Latv. gaînî-
(vb.) ‘treiben, verfolgen’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Latv. gaînît [inf.], *e for verb)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éɑhinɑ́hi-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
Colouring rule for *éɑ
RColouring1d → *gɑɦu̯áɑhinɑ́hi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. gɑɦu̯áɑhinɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *gɑɦu̯áɑhiníhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
3. gɑɦu̯áɑhiníhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯áhiníhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. gɦu̯áhiníhi-
*áhi → ahî
Latvian tone rule for *áhi
RAcc1 → *gɦu̯ahîníhi-
5. gɦu̯ahîníhi-
*íhi → ihî
Latvian tone rule for *íhi
RAcc4 → *gɦu̯ahînihî-
6. gɦu̯ahînihî-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯aîniî-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. gɦu̯aîniî-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦaîniî-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
8. gɦaîniî-
*iî → î
Contraction of i and î
R16g → *gɦaînî-
9. gɦaînî-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
RDeaspgh → Latv. gaînî-
PIE *gɑɦu̯éɑhini̯ēɑh-
Lith. gáinio-
(vb.) ‘treiben, jagen’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. gáinio-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éɑhini̯ēɑh-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
Colouring rule for *éɑ
RColouring1d → *gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯ēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯áhini̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. gɦu̯áhini̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯áini̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. gɦu̯áini̯ā-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦáini̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. gɦáini̯ā-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gáini̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. gáini̯ā-
*ā → ō
Change of ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → *gáini̯ō-
8. gáini̯ō-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
R25 → *gáiniō-
9. gáiniō-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
R27a → Lith. gáinio-
PIE *gɑɦu̯éɑhini̯ḗɑh-
Latv. gaĩņâ-
(vb.) ‘wiederholt treiben, abwehren’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Latv. gaĩņât [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éɑhini̯ḗɑh-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
Colouring rule for *éɑ
RColouring1d → *gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯ḗɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯ā́ɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯ā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯áhini̯ā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. gɦu̯áhini̯ā́h-
*áhi → ahî
Latvian tone rule for *áhi
RAcc1 → *gɦu̯ahîni̯ā́h-
5. gɦu̯ahîni̯ā́h-
*ā́h → âh
Latvian tone rule for *ā́h
RAcc3 → *gɦu̯ahîni̯âh-
6. gɦu̯ahîni̯âh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯aîni̯â-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. gɦu̯aîni̯â-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦaîni̯â-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
8. gɦaîni̯â-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
RDeaspgh → *gaîni̯â-
9. gaîni̯â-
*ni̯ → ņ
Change of ni̯ into ņ (palatalization)
RPalatny2nj → Latv. gaîņâ-
√gɑɦuɑhlto-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥tó-
AV. ā·ghāṭá-
(m.) ‘Zimbel’
(EWA 1:159)
(AV. āghāṭá-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥tó-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥tó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥tó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯āhl̥tó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯āhl̥tó-
PIE *l̥ → r̥
Change of *l̥ into r̥
RChangelr2 → *Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
4. Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tá-
5. Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tá-
PIE *hRt → ṭ
Fortunatov’s Law for *hRt
RFortII2 → *Π·gɦu̯āṭá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.2)
6. Π·gɦu̯āṭá-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦāṭá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
7. Π·gɦāṭá-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → AV. Π·ghāṭá-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥to-
OInd. saṃ·ghāṭa-
(m.) ‘Zimmerei, Zimmerhandwerk : carpentry’
(KEWA 2:416-7)
(OInd. saṃghāṭa-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥to-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥to-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥to-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯āhl̥to-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯āhl̥to-
PIE *l̥ → r̥
Change of *l̥ into r̥
RChangelr2 → *Π·gɦu̯āhr̥to-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
4. Π·gɦu̯āhr̥to-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦu̯āhr̥ta-
5. Π·gɦu̯āhr̥ta-
PIE *hRt → ṭ
Fortunatov’s Law for *hRt
RFortII2 → *Π·gɦu̯āṭa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.2)
6. Π·gɦu̯āṭa-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦāṭa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
7. Π·gɦāṭa-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. Π·ghāṭa-
PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥tó-
OInd. dārv·ā·ghāṭá-
(m.) ‘Baumhacker, Specht’
(EWA 1:160)
(OInd. dārvāghāṭá-)
1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥tó-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥tó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥tó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·Π·gɦu̯āhl̥tó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·Π·gɦu̯āhl̥tó-
PIE *l̥ → r̥
Change of *l̥ into r̥
RChangelr2 → *Π·Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
4. Π·Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *Π·Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tá-
5. Π·Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tá-
PIE *hRt → ṭ
Fortunatov’s Law for *hRt
RFortII2 → *Π·Π·gɦu̯āṭá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.2)
6. Π·Π·gɦu̯āṭá-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·Π·gɦāṭá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
7. Π·Π·gɦāṭá-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. Π·Π·ghāṭá-
PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥to·Σ-
OInd. ghāṭa·karkarī-
(f.) ‘eine Art Laute’
(EWA 1:515)
(ŚrSū. ghāṭakarkarī-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥to·Σ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥to·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥to·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯āhl̥to·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯āhl̥to·Σ-
PIE *l̥ → r̥
Change of *l̥ into r̥
RChangelr2 → *gɦu̯āhr̥to·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
4. gɦu̯āhr̥to·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯āhr̥ta·Σ-
5. gɦu̯āhr̥ta·Σ-
PIE *hRt → ṭ
Fortunatov’s Law for *hRt
RFortII2 → *gɦu̯āṭa·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.2)
6. gɦu̯āṭa·Σ-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦāṭa·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
7. gɦāṭa·Σ-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. ghāṭa·Σ-
PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥to·Σ-
TochA. kālta·ṅk-
(sb.) ‘nomen cuiusdam instrumenti musici’
(Poucha 61)
(TochA. kāltaṅk-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥to·Σ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥to·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥to·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯āhl̥to·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯āhl̥to·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯āhl̥ta·Σ-
(XX:XX)
4. gɦu̯āhl̥ta·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯āl̥ta·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. gɦu̯āl̥ta·Σ-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦāl̥ta·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. gɦāl̥ta·Σ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gāl̥ta·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. gāl̥ta·Σ-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
RDevoiceg → *kāl̥ta·Σ-
8. kāl̥ta·Σ-
*l̥ → l
Unmarkedness of syllabicity of l̥
RChangeL2l → TochA. kālta·Σ-
PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥to·Σ-
OInd. ghāṭa·rī-
(f.) ‘eine Art Laute’
(EWA 1:515)
(ŚrSū. ghāṭarī-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥to·Σ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥to·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥to·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯āhl̥to·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯āhl̥to·Σ-
PIE *l̥ → r̥
Change of *l̥ into r̥
RChangelr2 → *gɦu̯āhr̥to·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
4. gɦu̯āhr̥to·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯āhr̥ta·Σ-
5. gɦu̯āhr̥ta·Σ-
PIE *hRt → ṭ
Fortunatov’s Law for *hRt
RFortII2 → *gɦu̯āṭa·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.2)
6. gɦu̯āṭa·Σ-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦāṭa·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
7. gɦāṭa·Σ-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. ghāṭa·Σ-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥tí-
RV. ā·ghāṭí-
(m/f.?) ‘Cymbeln’ oder ‘Klappern’
(WbRV. 172)
(RV. āghāṭí-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥tí-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥tí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥tí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯āhl̥tí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯āhl̥tí-
PIE *l̥ → r̥
Change of *l̥ into r̥
RChangelr2 → *Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
4. Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tí-
PIE *hRt → ṭ
Fortunatov’s Law for *hRt
RFortII2 → *Π·gɦu̯āṭí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.2)
5. Π·gɦu̯āṭí-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦāṭí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. Π·gɦāṭí-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·ghāṭí-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥ti·Lēɑh-
OInd. apa·ghāṭilā-
(f.) ‘Instrument’
(EWA 1:159)
(OInd. apaghāṭilā-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥ti·Lēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥ti·Lāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥ti·Lāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯āhl̥ti·Lāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯āhl̥ti·Lāh-
PIE *l̥ → r̥
Change of *l̥ into r̥
RChangelr2 → *Π·gɦu̯āhr̥ti·Lāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
4. Π·gɦu̯āhr̥ti·Lāh-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RChangelr4 → *Π·gɦu̯āhr̥ti·lāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
5. Π·gɦu̯āhr̥ti·lāh-
PIE *hRt → ṭ
Fortunatov’s Law for *hRt
RFortII2 → *Π·gɦu̯āṭi·lāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.2)
6. Π·gɦu̯āṭi·lāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·gɦu̯āṭi·lā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. Π·gɦu̯āṭi·lā-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦāṭi·lā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
8. Π·gɦāṭi·lā-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. Π·ghāṭi·lā-
√gɑɦueɑht-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eɑhto-
Gr. ἀρηΐ·φατο-
(pt.) ‘im Kampf getötet’
(GEW 1:657)
(Gr. ἀρηΐφατος [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eɑhto-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *Π·gɑɦu̯aɑhto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯aɑhto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯ahto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯ahto-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RBilabializationGHW → *Π·bɦahto-
4. Π·bɦahto-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *Π·phahto-
5. Π·phahto-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·phato-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. Π·phato-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·φατο-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eɑhto-
Gr. δί·φατο-
(a.) ‘doppelt’
(WH 1:105)
(Hes. δίφατος [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eɑhto-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *Π·gɑɦu̯aɑhto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯aɑhto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯ahto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯ahto-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RBilabializationGHW → *Π·bɦahto-
4. Π·bɦahto-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *Π·phahto-
5. Π·phahto-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·phato-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. Π·phato-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·φατο-
PIE *gɑɦu̯iɑ́hgɑɦu̯eɑhto-
OInd. jīghata-
(ao.s.) ‘cause to be slain, put to death’
(MonWil. 1287)
(OInd. ajīghatat [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯iɑ́hgɑɦu̯eɑhto-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *gɑɦu̯iɑ́hgɑɦu̯aɑhto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. gɑɦu̯iɑ́hgɑɦu̯aɑhto-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1b → *gɑɦu̯iíhgɑɦu̯aɑhto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
3. gɑɦu̯iíhgɑɦu̯aɑhto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯iíhgɦu̯ahto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. gɦu̯iíhgɦu̯ahto-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯iíhgɦu̯ahto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. ǰɦu̯iíhgɦu̯ahto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯iíhgɦu̯ahta-
6. ǰɦu̯iíhgɦu̯ahta-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ǰɦu̯iígɦu̯ata-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. ǰɦu̯iígɦu̯ata-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *ǰɦu̯iígɦata-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
8. ǰɦu̯iígɦata-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦiígɦata-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
9. ǰɦiígɦata-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmII → *ǰiígɦata-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)
10. ǰiígɦata-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → *ǰī́gɦata-
11. ǰī́gɦata-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jī́gɦata-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
12. jī́gɦata-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. jī́ghata-
PIE *gɑɦu̯éɑhts-
Gr. φάσ-
(ao.s.) ‘schlagen’
(LSJ. 787)
(Gr. φάσαι [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éɑhts-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
Colouring rule for *éɑ
RColouring1d → *gɑɦu̯áɑhts-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. gɑɦu̯áɑhts-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯áhts-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯áhts-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RBilabializationGHW → *bɦáhts-
4. bɦáhts-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *pháhts-
5. pháhts-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pháts-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. pháts-
*t s → s
Loss of dental in *ts
RChangets2s → *phás-
7. phás-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. φάσ-
PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯eɑhts-
Gr. πέφασ-
(pf.fut.P.) ‘töten’
(LSJ. 787)
(Gr. πεφασμένος [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯eɑhts-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯aɑhts-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯aɑhts-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯égɦu̯ahts-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯égɦu̯ahts-
*gɦu̯égɦu/u̯ → bɦébɦ
Bilabialization of reduplication
RBilabRed2 → *bɦébɦahts-
4. bɦébɦahts-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *phéphahts-
5. phéphahts-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *phéphats-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. phéphats-
*Th–Th → T–Th
Grassmann’s Law
RGrassIIB → *péphats-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)
7. péphats-
*t s → s
Loss of dental in *ts
RChangets2s → *péphas-
8. péphas-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. πέφασ-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eɑhtsii̯o-
Gr. δί·φασιο-
(a.) ‘doppelt’
(WH 1:105)
(Gr. δίφασιος [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eɑhtsii̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *Π·gɑɦu̯aɑhtsii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯aɑhtsii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯ahtsii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯ahtsii̯o-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RBilabializationGHW → *Π·bɦahtsii̯o-
4. Π·bɦahtsii̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *Π·phahtsii̯o-
5. Π·phahtsii̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·phatsii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. Π·phatsii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *Π·phatsio-
7. Π·phatsio-
*t s → s
Loss of dental in *ts
RChangets2s → *Π·phasio-
8. Π·phasio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·φασιο-
√gɑɦuēɑht-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhto-
OInd. ghāta-
(m.) ‘Schlag, Tötung, Vernichtung’
(MonWil. 377)
(OInd. ghāta-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhto-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gɑɦu̯āɑhto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯āɑhto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯āhto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯āhto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯āhta-
4. gɦu̯āhta-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯āta-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. gɦu̯āta-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦāta-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. gɦāta-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. ghāta-
PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhto-
OInd. ghāta-
(a.) ‘tötend’
(MonWil. 377)
(OInd. ghāta-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhto-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gɑɦu̯āɑhto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯āɑhto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯āhto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯āhto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯āhta-
4. gɦu̯āhta-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯āta-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. gɦu̯āta-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦāta-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. gɦāta-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. ghāta-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhtó-
YV. go·ghātá-
(m.) ‘Kuh-töter’
(EWA 2:800)
(YV. goghātá-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhtó-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhtó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhtó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯āhtó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯āhtó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *Π·gɦu̯āhtá-
4. Π·gɦu̯āhtá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·gɦu̯ātá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·gɦu̯ātá-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦātá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. Π·gɦātá-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → YV. Π·ghātá-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhtó-
OInd. ā·ghātá-
(m.) ‘Schlag, Schäger’
(EWA 1:159)
(OInd. āghātá-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhtó-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhtó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhtó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯āhtó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯āhtó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *Π·gɦu̯āhtá-
4. Π·gɦu̯āhtá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·gɦu̯ātá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·gɦu̯ātá-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦātá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. Π·gɦātá-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. Π·ghātá-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhto-
OInd. tāḍa·ghāta-
(a.) ‘beating, hammering’
(MonWil. 441)
(OInd. tāḍaghāta-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhto-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯āhto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯āhto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦu̯āhta-
4. Π·gɦu̯āhta-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·gɦu̯āta-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·gɦu̯āta-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦāta-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. Π·gɦāta-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. Π·ghāta-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhto-
OInd. abhi·ghāta-
(pt.) ‘beschädigt’
(KEWA 3:576)
(OInd. abhi·ghāta-, AIGr. II/2:565)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhto-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯āhto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯āhto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦu̯āhta-
4. Π·gɦu̯āhta-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·gɦu̯āta-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·gɦu̯āta-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦāta-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. Π·gɦāta-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. Π·ghāta-
PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhtei̯o-
OInd. ghātaya-
(cs.) ‘töten lassen, töten’
(KEWA 3:576)
(Br. ghātáyati [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhtei̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gɑɦu̯āɑhtei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯āɑhtei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯āhtei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯āhtei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯āhtei̯a-
4. gɦu̯āhtei̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯ātei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. gɦu̯ātei̯a-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦātei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. gɦātei̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *gɦātai̯a-
7. gɦātai̯a-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → *ghātai̯a-
8. ghātai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → OInd. ghātaya-
PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯ēɑhtsi̯o-
Ion.-Att. πέφησο-
(pf.fut.P.) ‘töten’
(GEW 1:657)
(Gr. πεφησεται; Gr φ vs.†θ -› Ion-Att. η from PGr. *α)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯ēɑhtsi̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯āɑhtsi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯āɑhtsi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯égɦu̯āhtsi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯égɦu̯āhtsi̯o-
*gɦu̯égɦu/u̯ → bɦébɦ
Bilabialization of reduplication
RBilabRed2 → *bɦébɦāhtsi̯o-
4. bɦébɦāhtsi̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *phéphāhtsi̯o-
5. phéphāhtsi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *phéphātsi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. phéphātsi̯o-
*Th–Th → T–Th
Grassmann’s Law
RGrassIIB → *péphātsi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)
7. péphātsi̯o-
*si̯ → s
Loss of *i̯ after s
RChangesy2s → *péphātso-
8. péphātso-
*t s → s
Loss of dental in *ts
RChangets2s → *péphāso-
9. péphāso-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
RChangeA2E1 → *péphēso-
10. péphēso-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Ion.-Att. πέφησο-
PIE *gɑɦu̯ḗɑhtuko-
AV. ghā́tuka-
(a.) ‘tötend’
(EWA 2:800)
(AV. ghā́tuka-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ḗɑhtuko-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *gɑɦu̯ā́ɑhtuko-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯ā́ɑhtuko-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯ā́htuko-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯ā́htuko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯ā́htuka-
4. gɦu̯ā́htuka-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯ā́tuka-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. gɦu̯ā́tuka-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦā́tuka-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. gɦā́tuka-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → AV. ghā́tuka-
√gɑɦui-
PIE *gɑɦúi-
Lith. gùi-
(vb.) ‘treiben’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. gùiti [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦúi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦúi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦúi-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis Li. ù
RAcc3 → *gɦùi-
3. gɦùi-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → Lith. gùi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
√gɑɦuio-
PIE *gɑɦúi̯o-
Lith. gùja-
(pr.) ‘treiben’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. gùja [3sg], gujù [1sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦúi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦúi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦúi̯o-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis Li. ù
RAcc3 → *gɦùi̯o-
3. gɦùi̯o-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦùi̯a-
4. gɦùi̯a-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gùi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. gùi̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j *
R26 → Lith. gùja-
√gɑɦuil-
PIE *ó·gɑɦu̯ílo-
Arm. o·ǰil-
(sb.) ‘Laus, Nisse, Lausei’
(ArmGr. 482)
(Arm. oǰil, oǰiloy [G])
1. PIE *ó·gɑɦu̯ílo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ó·gɦu̯ílo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ó·gɦu̯ílo-
gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
ChangeGHW2JH → *ó·ǰɦílo-
3. ó·ǰɦílo-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspJh → *ó·ǰílo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. ó·ǰílo-
*í → i
Unmarkedness of accent
R23b → *ó·ǰilo-
5. ó·ǰilo-
*ó → o
Unmarkedness of accent
R23c → Arm. o·ǰilo-
PIE *ór·gɑɦu̯ílo-
Arm. or·ǰil-
(sb.) ‘Laus, Nisse, Lausei’
(ArmGr. 482)
(Arm. orǰil, orǰiloy [G])
1. PIE *ór·gɑɦu̯ílo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ór·gɦu̯ílo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ór·gɦu̯ílo-
gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
ChangeGHW2JH → *ór·ǰɦílo-
3. ór·ǰɦílo-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspJh → *ór·ǰílo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. ór·ǰílo-
*í → i
Unmarkedness of accent
R23b → *ór·ǰilo-
5. ór·ǰilo-
*ó → o
Unmarkedness of accent
R23c → Arm. or·ǰilo-
√gɑɦuin-
PIE *gɑɦu̯ín-
Lith. giñ-
(vb.) ‘jagen, treiben’
(LiEtWb. 152-153)
(Lith. giñti [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ín-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯ín-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ín-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis Li. ì
RAcc2 → *gɦu̯ìn-
3. gɦu̯ìn-
ìn → iñ
RAcc6 → *gɦu̯iñ-
Change of ìnC into iñC
4. gɦu̯iñ-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦiñ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. gɦiñ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → Lith. giñ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ín-
Lith. nu·giñ-
(vb.) ‘vegjagen : drive away’
(Senn II:227)
(Lith. nugiñti, nùginē)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ín-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯ín-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯ín-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis Li. ì
RAcc2 → *Π·gɦu̯ìn-
3. Π·gɦu̯ìn-
ìn → iñ
RAcc6 → *Π·gɦu̯iñ-
Change of ìnC into iñC
4. Π·gɦu̯iñ-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦiñ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. Π·gɦiñ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → Lith. Π·giñ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
PIE *gɑɦu̯in-
OCS. žĭn-
(vb.) ‘schneiden, ernten’
(Sadnik 214B)
(OCS. žęti [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯in-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯in-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯in-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯in-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯in-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ǰu̯in-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ǰu̯in-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰin-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. ǰin-
*ǰ → ž
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to Slavic
R2ndPalat2Slav1 → *žin-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. žin-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
ROrthogri2i → OCS. žĭn-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯in-
OCS. po·žĭn-
(vb.) ‘ernten’
(Sadnik 214B)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯in-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯in-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯in-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯in-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯in-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·ǰu̯in-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·ǰu̯in-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰin-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰin-
*ǰ → ž
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to Slavic
R2ndPalat2Slav1 → *Π·žin-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. Π·žin-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
ROrthogri2i → OCS. Π·žĭn-
PIE *gɑɦu̯in·gɑɦu̯e-
Arm. ǰn·ǰe-
(vb.) ‘efface, wipe clean, annihilate, destroy’
(EtDiArm. 559)
(Arm. ǰnǰem [1sg], GEW 1:657)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯in·gɑɦu̯e-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯in·gɦu̯e-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯in·gɦu̯e-
gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
ChangeGHW2JH → *ǰɦin·ǰɦe-
3. ǰɦin·ǰɦe-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspJh → Arm. ǰin·ǰe-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
PIE *gɑɦu̯iñkulo-
Lith. giñkla-
(m.) ‘Waffe : weapon’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. giñklas [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯iñkulo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯iñkulo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯iñkulo-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦiñklo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
3. gɦiñklo-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦiñkla-
4. gɦiñkla-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → Lith. giñkla-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
√gɑɦuine/o-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gɑɦu̯iné-
Arm. ǰne-
(vb.) ‘schlagen : beat’
(EtDiArm. 558)
(Arm. ǰnem [1sg], GEW 1:657)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯iné-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯iné-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯iné-
gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
ChangeGHW2JH → *ǰɦiné-
3. ǰɦiné-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspJh → *ǰiné-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. ǰiné-
*é → e
Unmarkedness of accent
R23d → Arm. ǰine-
PIE *gɑɦu̯ino-
OInd. hina-
(pr.A.) ‘verletzen, schädigen, zerstören’
(KEWA 3:595)
(Br. ahinat)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯ino-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ino-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯ino-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯ino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯ina-
4. ǰɦu̯ina-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦina-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. ǰɦina-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦina-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. ɦina-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. hina-
PIE *gɑɦu̯ínēhɑ-
Lith. gìnė-
(vb.) ‘jagen, treiben’
(LiEtWb. 152-153)
(Lith. gìnė)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ínēhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯ínēh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ínēh-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis Li. ì
RAcc2 → *gɦu̯ìnēh-
3. gɦu̯ìnēh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯ìnē-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯ìnē-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦìnē-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. gɦìnē-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gìnē-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. gìnē-
* ē -> ė
Orthographic change of *ē into ė
R28a → Lith. gìnė-
√gɑɦuinɑh-
PIE *gɑɦu̯ínēɑh-
Arm. ǰin-
(sb.) ‘Stock : staff, stick for beating’
(EtDiArm. 558)
(Arm. ǰin)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ínēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gɑɦu̯ínāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯ínāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯ínāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯ínāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯ínā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯ínā-
gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
ChangeGHW2JH → *ǰɦínā-
5. ǰɦínā-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspJh → *ǰínā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. ǰínā-
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RChangeA2a1 → *ǰína-
7. ǰína-
*í → i
Unmarkedness of accent
R23b → Arm. ǰina-
PIE *ó·gɑɦu̯ínēɑh-
Arm. o·ǰin-
(sb.) ‘bunch of sticks’
(EtDiArm. 558)
(Arm. oǰin-)
1. PIE *ó·gɑɦu̯ínēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *ó·gɑɦu̯ínāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. ó·gɑɦu̯ínāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ó·gɦu̯ínāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ó·gɦu̯ínāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ó·gɦu̯ínā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ó·gɦu̯ínā-
gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
ChangeGHW2JH → *ó·ǰɦínā-
5. ó·ǰɦínā-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspJh → *ó·ǰínā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. ó·ǰínā-
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RChangeA2a1 → *ó·ǰína-
7. ó·ǰína-
*í → i
Unmarkedness of accent
R23b → *ó·ǰina-
8. ó·ǰina-
*ó → o
Unmarkedness of accent
R23c → Arm. o·ǰina-
PIE *gɑɦu̯inḗɑh-
Arm. ǰna-
(sb.obl.) ‘Stock : staff, stick for beating’
(EtDiArm. 558)
(Arm. ǰnawk‘ [plI])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯inḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *gɑɦu̯inā́ɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯inā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯inā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯inā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯inā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯inā́-
gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
ChangeGHW2JH → *ǰɦinā́-
5. ǰɦinā́-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspJh → *ǰinā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. ǰinā́-
*ā́ → á
Loss of quantity of *ā́
RChangeA2a2 → *ǰiná-
7. ǰiná-
*á → a
Unmarkedness of accent
R23a → Arm. ǰina-
√gɑɦuini-
PIE *gɑɦu̯ini̯o-
OCS. žĭnjo-
(pr.) ‘schneiden, ernten’
(Sadnik 214)
(OCS. žĭnjǫ [1sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ini̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯ini̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ini̯o-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯ini̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯ini̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯ini̯a-
4. ǰɦu̯ini̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ǰu̯ini̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ǰu̯ini̯a-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰini̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. ǰini̯a-
*ǰ → ž
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to Slavic
R2ndPalat2Slav1 → *žini̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. žini̯a-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *žini̯o-
8. žini̯o-
* i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
ROrthogrY2j → *žinjo-
9. žinjo-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
ROrthogri2i → OCS. žĭnjo-
PIE *gɑɦúini̯ḗɑh-
Lith. guinió-
(vb.) ‘verscheuchen’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. guinióti [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦúini̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *gɑɦúini̯ā́ɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gɑɦúini̯ā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦúini̯ā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦúini̯ā́h-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis Li. ù
RAcc3 → *gɦùini̯ā́h-
4. gɦùini̯ā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦùini̯ā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. gɦùini̯ā́-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gùini̯ā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. gùini̯ā́-
*ā́ → ṓ
Change of ā́ into ṓ
RChangeA202 → *gùini̯ṓ-
7. gùini̯ṓ-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
R25 → *gùiniṓ-
8. gùiniṓ-
ṓ → ó
Orthographic change of ṓ into ó
R27b → Lith. gùinió-
PIE *Π·gɑɦúiníku̯ɑhi-
Lith. pa·guinìki-
(m.) ‘Treiber’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. guinìkis [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦúiníku̯ɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦúiníku̯hi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦúiníku̯hi-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis Li. ì
RAcc2 → *Π·gɦúinìku̯hi-
3. Π·gɦúinìku̯hi-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis Li. ù
RAcc3 → *Π·gɦùinìku̯hi-
4. Π·gɦùinìku̯hi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·gɦùinìku̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·gɦùinìku̯i-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦùinìki-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. Π·gɦùinìki-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → Lith. Π·gùinìki-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
√gɑɦuines-
PIE *gɑɦu̯inés-
AV. hinás-
(pr.7.) ‘verletzen, schädigen, zerstören’
(KEWA 3:595)
(AV. hinásti [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯inés-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯inés-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯inés-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯inés-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯inés-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦinés-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. ǰɦinés-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦinés-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. ɦinés-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *ɦinás-
6. ɦinás-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → AV. hinás-
√gɑɦuins-
PIE *gɑɦu̯íns-
AV. híṃs-
(pr.M.) ‘verletzen, schädigen, zerstören’
(KEWA 3:595)
(AV. híṃste [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯íns-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯íns-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯íns-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯íns-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯íns-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦíns-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. ǰɦíns-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦíns-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. ɦíns-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal vowel before *ns
RNasVowS → *ɦíṃs-
6. ɦíṃs-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → AV. híṃs-
PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯ins-
AV. jihiṃs-
(pf.) ‘verletzen, schädigen, zerstören’
(KEWA 3:595)
(AV. jihiṃs-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯ins-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯igɦu̯ins-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯igɦu̯ins-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯iǰɦu̯ins-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯iǰɦu̯ins-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦiǰɦins-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. ǰɦiǰɦins-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmII → *ǰiǰɦins-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)
5. ǰiǰɦins-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ǰiɦins-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. ǰiɦins-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jiɦins-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. jiɦins-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal vowel before *ns
RNasVowS → *jiɦiṃs-
8. jiɦiṃs-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → AV. jihiṃs-
PIE *gɑɦu̯ínso-
RV. híṃsa-
(pr.) ‘A. verletzen, beleidigen’
(WbRV. 1665)
(RV. híṃsanti [3pl])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ínso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯ínso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ínso-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯ínso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯ínso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯ínsa-
4. ǰɦu̯ínsa-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦínsa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. ǰɦínsa-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦínsa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. ɦínsa-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal vowel before *ns
RNasVowS → *ɦíṃsa-
7. ɦíṃsa-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. híṃsa-
PIE *gɑɦu̯insēɑh-
OInd. hiṃsā-
(f.) ‘Schädigung’
(KEWA 3:595)
(Up. hiṃsā-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯insēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gɑɦu̯insāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯insāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯insāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯insāh-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯insāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯insāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ǰɦu̯insā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ǰɦu̯insā-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦinsā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. ǰɦinsā-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦinsā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. ɦinsā-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal vowel before *ns
RNasVowS → *ɦiṃsā-
8. ɦiṃsā-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. hiṃsā-
PIE *gɑɦu̯insɑ́hi-
RV. hiṃsī-
(ao.) ‘A. verletzen, beschädigen’
(WbRV. 1665)
(RV. hiṅsīt [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯insɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *gɑɦu̯insíhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. gɑɦu̯insíhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯insíhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯insíhi-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯insíhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯insíhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ǰɦu̯insíi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ǰɦu̯insíi-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦinsíi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. ǰɦinsíi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *ǰɦinsī́-
7. ǰɦinsī́-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦinsī́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
8. ɦinsī́-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal vowel before *ns
RNasVowS → *ɦiṃsī́-
9. ɦiṃsī́-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. hiṃsī́-
PIE *gɑɦu̯ínsēɑhno-
RV. híṃsāna-
(pt.) ‘verwundend’
(WbRV. 1665)
(RV. híṃsāna-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ínsēɑhno-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gɑɦu̯ínsāɑhno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯ínsāɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯ínsāhno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯ínsāhno-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯ínsāhno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯ínsāhno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯ínsāhna-
5. ǰɦu̯ínsāhna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ǰɦu̯ínsāna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. ǰɦu̯ínsāna-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦínsāna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
7. ǰɦínsāna-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦínsāna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
8. ɦínsāna-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal vowel before *ns
RNasVowS → *ɦíṃsāna-
9. ɦíṃsāna-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. híṃsāna-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯insēɑhno-
RV. á·hiṃsāna-
(a.) ‘nicht verletzend’
(WbRV. 166)
(RV. á·hiṃsāna-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯insēɑhno-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·gɑɦu̯insāɑhno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯insāɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯insāhno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯insāhno-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯insāhno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. Π·ǰɦu̯insāhno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ǰɦu̯insāhna-
5. Π·ǰɦu̯insāhna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·ǰɦu̯insāna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. Π·ǰɦu̯insāna-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦinsāna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
7. Π·ǰɦinsāna-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦinsāna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
8. Π·ɦinsāna-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal vowel before *ns
RNasVowS → *Π·ɦiṃsāna-
9. Π·ɦiṃsāna-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·hiṃsāna-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯insi̯o·Σ-
RV. á·hiṃsya·māna-
(a.) ‘der nicht verletzt wird’
(WbRV. 166)
(RV. á·hiṃsyamāna-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯insi̯o·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯insi̯o·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯insi̯o·Σ-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯insi̯o·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯insi̯o·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ǰɦu̯insi̯a·Σ-
4. Π·ǰɦu̯insi̯a·Σ-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦinsi̯a·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰɦinsi̯a·Σ-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦinsi̯a·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. Π·ɦinsi̯a·Σ-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal vowel before *ns
RNasVowS → *Π·ɦiṃsi̯a·Σ-
7. Π·ɦiṃsi̯a·Σ-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → *Π·hiṃsi̯a·Σ-
8. Π·hiṃsi̯a·Σ-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. Π·hiṃsya·Σ-
PIE *gɑɦu̯insis-
RV. hiṃsiṣ-
(ao.) ‘A. verletzen, beschädigen’
(WbRV. 1665)
(RV. hiṅsiṣṭa [2pl])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯insis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯insis-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯insis-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RRukiI → *gɦu̯insiš-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. gɦu̯insiš-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯insiš-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯insiš-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦinsiš-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. ǰɦinsiš-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦinsiš-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. ɦinsiš-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → *ɦinsiṣ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
7. ɦinsiṣ-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal vowel before *ns
RNasVowS → *ɦiṃsiṣ-
8. ɦiṃsiṣ-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. hiṃsiṣ-
PIE *gɑɦu̯insitó-
AV. hiṃsitá-
(pf.pt.) ‘geschädigt, verletzt, verwundet’
(KEWA 3:595)
(AV. hiṃsitá-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯insitó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯insitó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯insitó-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯insitó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯insitó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *ǰɦu̯insitá-
4. ǰɦu̯insitá-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦinsitá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. ǰɦinsitá-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦinsitá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. ɦinsitá-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal vowel before *ns
RNasVowS → *ɦiṃsitá-
7. ɦiṃsitá-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → AV. hiṃsitá-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯inset-
RV. á·hiṃsat-
(a.) ‘nicht verletzend’
(WbRV. 166)
(RV. á·hiṃsat-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯inset-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯inset-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯inset-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯inset-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯inset-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦinset-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦinset-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦinset-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦinset-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *Π·ɦinsat-
6. Π·ɦinsat-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal vowel before *ns
RNasVowS → *Π·ɦiṃsat-
7. Π·ɦiṃsat-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·hiṃsat-
PIE *gɑɦu̯insró-
RV. hiṃsrá-
(a.) ‘verwundend’
(WbRV. 1665)
(RV. hiṃsrá-, KEWA 3:595)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯insró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯insró-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯insró-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯insró-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯insró-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *ǰɦu̯insrá-
4. ǰɦu̯insrá-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦinsrá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. ǰɦinsrá-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦinsrá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. ɦinsrá-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal vowel before *ns
RNasVowS → *ɦiṃsrá-
7. ɦiṃsrá-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. hiṃsrá-
√gɑɦuint-
PIE *gɑɦu̯intɑ́hi-
Lith. ginty-
(vb.) ‘streiten, kämpfen, widersprechen’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. gintyti [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯intɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *gɑɦu̯intíhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. gɑɦu̯intíhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯intíhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯intíhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯intíi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯intíi-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦintíi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. gɦintíi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *gɦintī́-
6. gɦintī́-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gintī́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. gintī́-
*ī́ → ý
Orthographic change of ī́ into ý
R24 → Lith. gintý-
PIE *gɑɦu̯ínti̯o-
Lith. giñča-
(m.) ‘Kampf, Streit, Zank, Streithammer, usw.’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. giñčas [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ínti̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯ínti̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ínti̯o-
PIE *ti̯ → č
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
RDentAssib1a → *gɦu̯ínčo-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. gɦu̯ínčo-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis Li. ì
RAcc2 → *gɦu̯ìnčo-
4. gɦu̯ìnčo-
ìn → iñ
RAcc6 → *gɦu̯iñčo-
Change of ìnC into iñC
5. gɦu̯iñčo-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦiñčo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. gɦiñčo-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦiñča-
7. gɦiñča-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → Lith. giñča-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
PIE *gɑɦu̯ínti̯ɑ́hi-
Lith. giñčy-
(vb.) ‘streiten, kämpfen, widersprechen’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. giñčyti [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ínti̯ɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *gɑɦu̯ínti̯íhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. gɑɦu̯ínti̯íhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯ínti̯íhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯ínti̯íhi-
PIE *ti̯ → č
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
RDentAssib1a → *gɦu̯ínčíhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. gɦu̯ínčíhi-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis Li. ì
RAcc2 → *gɦu̯ìnčíhi-
5. gɦu̯ìnčíhi-
ìn → iñ
RAcc6 → *gɦu̯iñčíhi-
Change of ìnC into iñC
6. gɦu̯iñčíhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯iñčíi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. gɦu̯iñčíi-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦiñčíi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
8. gɦiñčíi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *gɦiñčī́-
9. gɦiñčī́-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *giñčī́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
10. giñčī́-
*ī́ → ý
Orthographic change of ī́ into ý
R24 → Lith. giñčý-
PIE *gɑɦu̯intu̯ēɑh-
OCS. žętva-
(f.) ‘Ernte, Erntezeit’
(Sadnik √214)
(OCS. žętva [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯intu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gɑɦu̯intu̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯intu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯intu̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯intu̯āh-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯intu̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯intu̯āh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ǰu̯intu̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ǰu̯intu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ǰu̯intu̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. ǰu̯intu̯ā-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰintu̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
7. ǰintu̯ā-
*ǰ → ž
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to Slavic
R2ndPalat2Slav1 → *žintu̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
8. žintu̯ā-
*i n → ę
Emergence of nasal vowel ę
RNasalizIN2E → *žętu̯ā-
9. žętu̯ā-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *žętvā-
10. žętvā-
*ā → a
Orthographic change of *ā into a
ROrthogrA2a1 → OCS. žętva-
PIE *gɑɦu̯intu̯ino
OCS. žętvĭnŭ-
(a.) ‘des Ernte’
(Sadnik √214)
(OCS. žętvĭnŭ-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯intu̯ino
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯intu̯ino
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯intu̯ino
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯intu̯ino
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯intu̯ino
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯intu̯ina
4. ǰɦu̯intu̯ina
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ǰu̯intu̯ina
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ǰu̯intu̯ina
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰintu̯ina
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. ǰintu̯ina
*ǰ → ž
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to Slavic
R2ndPalat2Slav1 → *žintu̯ina
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. žintu̯ina
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *žintu̯ino
8. žintu̯ino
*-o → -u
Change of -o into -u
RChangeO2U → *žintu̯inu
9. žintu̯inu
*i n → ę
Emergence of nasal vowel ę
RNasalizIN2E → *žętu̯inu
10. žętu̯inu
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *žętvinu
11. žętvinu
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
ROrthogri2i → *žętvĭnu
12. žętvĭnu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
ROrthogru2u1 → OCS. žętvĭnŭ
PIE *gɑɦu̯inteli̯i-
OCS. žęteljĭ-
(m.) ‘Schnitter’
(Sadnik √214)
(OCS. žęteljĭ-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯inteli̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯inteli̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯inteli̯i-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯inteli̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯inteli̯i-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ǰu̯inteli̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ǰu̯inteli̯i-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰinteli̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. ǰinteli̯i-
*ǰ → ž
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to Slavic
R2ndPalat2Slav1 → *žinteli̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. žinteli̯i-
*i n → ę
Emergence of nasal vowel ę
RNasalizIN2E → *žęteli̯i-
7. žęteli̯i-
* i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
ROrthogrY2j → *žętelji-
8. žętelji-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
ROrthogri2i → OCS. žęteljĭ-
√gɑɦuindɑɦin-
PIE *gɑɦu̯indɑ́ɦin-
Lith. gindín-
(cs.) ‘treiben lassen’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. gindinti [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯indɑ́ɦin-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *gɑɦu̯indíɦin-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. gɑɦu̯indíɦin-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯indíɦin-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯indíɦin-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *gɦu̯indíin-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯indíin-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦindíin-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. gɦindíin-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *gɦindī́n-
6. gɦindī́n-
*ī́RC → íRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ī́RC
ROsthoffi2 → *gɦindín-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
7. gɦindín-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → Lith. gindín-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
√gɑɦuitr-
PIE *gɑɦu̯eítor-
RV. hétar-
(m.) ‘Treiber des Rosses’
(WbRV. 1680)
(RV. hétar-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eítor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯eítor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eítor-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯eítor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯eítor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯eítar-
4. ǰɦu̯eítar-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦeítar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. ǰɦeítar-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦeítar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. ɦeítar-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *ɦaítar-
7. ɦaítar-
aí → ḗ
Monophthongization of *aí
RChangeAI2E2 → *ɦḗtar-
8. ɦḗtar-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → *hḗtar-
9. hḗtar-
ḗ → é
Orthographic change of ḗ into é
ROrthOIA5 → RV. hétar-
PIE *gɑɦu̯eitór-
RV. hetár-
(m.) ‘Treiber des Rosses’
(WbRV. 1680)
(RV. hetár-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eitór-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯eitór-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eitór-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯eitór-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯eitór-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *ǰɦu̯eitár-
4. ǰɦu̯eitár-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦeitár-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. ǰɦeitár-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦeitár-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. ɦeitár-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *ɦaitár-
7. ɦaitár-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RChangeAI2E1 → *ɦētár-
8. ɦētár-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → *hētár-
9. hētár-
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthOIA4 → RV. hetár-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eitór-
RV. pra·hetár-
(m.) ‘Antreiber, Treiber’
(WbRV. 885)
(RV. prahetár-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eitór-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯eitór-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯eitór-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯eitór-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯eitór-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *Π·ǰɦu̯eitár-
4. Π·ǰɦu̯eitár-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦeitár-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰɦeitár-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦeitár-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. Π·ɦeitár-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *Π·ɦaitár-
7. Π·ɦaitár-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RChangeAI2E1 → *Π·ɦētár-
8. Π·ɦētár-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → *Π·hētár-
9. Π·hētár-
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthOIA4 → RV. Π·hetár-
√gɑhuol-
PIE *gɑɦu̯ol-
CLu. gu̯al-
(vb.) ‘schneiden : cut’
(HIL. 563)
(CLu. ku-ua-al-ti [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ol-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯ol-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ol-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯al-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦu̯al-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. gu̯al-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦul-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gɑɦulo-
Hitt. gula-
(d.) ‘Bestimmung, Schicksaal (?)’
(OHP. 1:249-55)
(Hitt. gul-aš [N], gul-an [A])
1. PIE *gɑɦulo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦulo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦula-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦula-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. gula-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦulo-
HLu. gula-
(*.) ‘Poetto, AthenaeumPavia 61 [1993], kulana-’
(CHLu. 1.1.9)
(if in HLu. EXERCITUUS-lá-za)
1. PIE *gɑɦulo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦulo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦula-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦula-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → HLu. gula-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·gɑɦúlo-
Alb. n·gul-
(vb.) ‘thrust in, stick in’
(EtDiAlb. 297)
(Alb. ngul, ngula (ao.)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦúlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦúlo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦúlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦúla-
(XX:XX)
3. Π·gɦúla-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RRDeaspgh → *Π·gúla-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. Π·gúla-
*ú → u
Unmarkedness of accent
R27 → Alb. Π·gula-
(XX:XX)
√gɑhuolon-
PIE *gɑɦu̯olon-
CLu. gu̯alan-
(.) ‘Heer, Heerlager’
(KLuN. 234-)
(CLu. kualan-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯olon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯olon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯alan-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦu̯alan-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. gu̯alan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦu̯olono-
Hitt. gu̯alana-
(URU.) ‘mit Arzawa und Maš˙uiluwa von Mira erwähnt’
(OGH. 234)
(if in Hitt. ku-ua-at-na)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯olono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯olono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯alana-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦu̯alana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. gu̯alana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦu̯olono-
Hitt. gu̯alana-
(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘Heer’
(OGHErg. 88)
(Hitt. ku-ua-la-na, Bossert, Sprache 4:115f. ‘la’ not ‘at’)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯olono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯olono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯alana-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦu̯alana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. gu̯alana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·lo-
CLu. gu̯alana·la-
(LÚc.) ‘of army’
(NOMS. 664)
(if in Hitt. ku-ua-at!-na-al-la)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·lo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯olono·lo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯olono·lo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯alana·la-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦu̯alana·la-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. gu̯alana·la-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·li-
CLu. gu̯alana·li-
(a.) ‘militaire, ép. de lalḫia- = campagne’
(DLL. 60)
(CLu. ku-ua-at-na-al-li-in(-tar))
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·li-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯olono·li-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯olono·li-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯alana·li-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦu̯alana·li-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. gu̯alana·li-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·mu̯o-
CLu. gu̯alana·mu̯a-
(LÚc.*) (haut dignitaire sous Muršiliš II)
(NOMS. 665)
(if in Hitt. KARAŠ-mu-u-ua-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·mu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯olono·mu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯olono·mu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯alana·mu̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦu̯alana·mu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. gu̯alana·mu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·Σ-
CLu. gu̯alana·ziti-
(LÙc.*) (grand berger, général de Suppiluliuma Ier)
(NOMS. 666)
(if in Hitt. ku-ua-at-na-LÚ)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯olono·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯olono·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯alana·Σ-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦu̯alana·Σ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. gu̯alana·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·Σ-
HLu. gu̯alana·ziti-
(LÙc.*) (prince)
(NOMS. 666)
(if in HLu. ARMÉE-ZITI-i)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯olono·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯olono·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯alana·Σ-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦu̯alana·Σ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → HLu. gu̯alana·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·Σ-
CLu. gu̯alana·dKAL-
(LÙc.) (homme d’Alḫiša)
(NOMS. 667)
(if in Hitt. ku-ua-at-na-dKAL)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯olono·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯olono·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯alana·Σ-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦu̯alana·Σ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. gu̯alana·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦulon-
PIE *gɑɦulon-
CLu. gulan-
(n.) ‘Heer, Heerlager’
(HHand. 83)
(CLu. gulan-)
1. PIE *gɑɦulon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦulon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦulon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulan-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦulan-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. gulan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦulos-
PIE *gɑɦulos-
Hitt. gulaš-
(vb.) ‘einrizen, schreiben, aufzeichnen, zeichnen, markieren, bestimmen’
(HIL. 569)
(Hitt. gul-aš-mi, gul-aš-zi, gul-aš-ša-an-zi, gul-aš-šu-un)
1. PIE *gɑɦulos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦulos-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦulos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulas-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦulas-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gulas-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gulas-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. gulaš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦuloso-
Hitt. gulaša-
(d.) ‘cf. above & below’
(OHP. 1:249-55)
(Hitt. gul-aš-ša-aš, gul-aš-ša-an)
1. PIE *gɑɦuloso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦuloso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦuloso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulasa-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦulasa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gulasa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gulasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. gulaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦulosont-
Hitt. gulašant-
(pt.) ‘einrizen, schreiben, aufzeichnen, usw.’
(HIL. 569)
(Hitt. gul-aš-ša-an-t-)
1. PIE *gɑɦulosont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦulosont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦulosont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulasant-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦulasant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gulasant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gulasant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. gulašant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦulosor-
Hitt. gulašar-
(n.) ‘Bestimmung, Schicksaal’
(HHand. 83)
(Hitt. gulašar-)
1. PIE *gɑɦulosor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦulosor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦulosor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulasar-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦulasar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gulasar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gulasar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. gulašar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦur·gɑɦulosi-
CLu. gur·gulaši-
(m.) ‘Verbrecher’
(IF 95:90n1120)
(CLu. gur·gulaši-)
1. PIE *gɑɦur·gɑɦulosi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦur·gɦulosi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦur·gɦulosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦur·gɦulasi-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦur·gɦulasi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gur·gulasi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gur·gulasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. gur·gulaši-
PIE *gɑɦuloske/o-
Hitt. gulaške/a-
(pr.) ‘einrizen, schreiben, aufzeichnen, usw.’
(HIL. 569)
(Hitt. gul-aš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *gɑɦuloske/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦuloske/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦuloske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulaske/a-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦulaske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gulaske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gulaske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. gulaške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦulosu̯or-
Hitt. gulašu̯ar-
(n.) ‘Ritzung’
(HIL. 569)
(Hitt. gul-aš-šu-ua-ar)
1. PIE *gɑɦulosu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦulosu̯or-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦulosu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulasu̯ar-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦulasu̯ar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gulasu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gulasu̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. gulašu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦuls-
PIE *gɑɦuls-
Hitt. gulš-
(vb.) ‘ritzen, aufzeichnen’
(HHand. 83)
(Hitt. gul-ša-an-zi, gul-šu-un)
1. PIE *gɑɦuls-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦuls-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦuls-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *guls-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. guls-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. gulš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦulso-
Hitt. gulša-
(d.) ‘Schicksaalsgöttin, Norna’
(OHP. 1:249-55)
(in Hitt. gul-ša [Abs.], gul-ša-aš)
1. PIE *gɑɦulso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦulso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦulso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulsa-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦulsa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gulsa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gulsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. gulša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦulson-
Kpd. gulšan-
(LÙc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 616)
(Kpd. ku-ul-ša-an!)
1. PIE *gɑɦulson-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦulson-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦulson-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulsan-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦulsan-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gulsan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gulsan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Kpd. gulšan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦulsont-
Hitt. gulšant-
(pt.) ‘geschrieben, eingeritzt’
(HHand. 83)
(Hitt. gul-ša-an-t-)
1. PIE *gɑɦulsont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦulsont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦulsont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulsant-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦulsant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gulsant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gulsant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. gulšant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦulsoto-
Kpd. gulšata-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 616)
(Kpd. ku-ul-ša-ta-áš)
1. PIE *gɑɦulsoto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦulsoto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦulsoto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulsata-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦulsata-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gulsata-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gulsata-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Kpd. gulšata-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦulsu̯or-
Hitt. gulšu̯ar-
(n.) ‘Ritzung’
(HHand. 83)
(Hitt. gul-šu-u-ua-ar)
1. PIE *gɑɦulsu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦulsu̯or-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦulsu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulsu̯ar-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦulsu̯ar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gulsu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gulsu̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. gulšu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦuldɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gɑɦúldɑɦɑ́hi-
Lith. guldý-
(pr.) ‘verschneiden, kastrieren’
(LiEtWb. 175)
(Lith. guldýti [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦúldɑɦɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *gɑɦúldɑɦíhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. gɑɦúldɑɦíhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦúldɦíhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦúldɦíhi-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis Li. ù
RAcc3 → *gɦùldɦíhi-
4. gɦùldɦíhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦùldɦíi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. gɦùldɦíi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *gɦùldɦī́-
6. gɦùldɦī́-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *gɦùldī́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. gɦùldī́-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gùldī́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
8. gùldī́-
*ī́ → ý
Orthographic change of ī́ into ý
R24 → Lith. gùldý-
PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯o-
Hitt. gulza-
(vb.dn.) ‘schreiben, ritzen’
(HHand. 83)
(Hitt. gulza-)
1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦuldɦi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦuldɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *gɦulzo-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. gɦulzo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulza-
(XX:XX)
4. gɦulza-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. gulza-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯o-
CLu. gulza-
(d.) ‘fate-goddess’
(OHP. 1:249-55)
(CLu. gul-za [Abs])
1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦuldɦi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦuldɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *gɦulzo-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. gɦulzo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulza-
(XX:XX)
4. gɦulza-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. gulza-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯oso-
Hitt. gulzaša-
(adv.) ‘ein Zeichen gebend’ (?)
(HHand. 83)
(Hitt. gul-za-aš-ša)
1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯oso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦuldɦi̯oso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦuldɦi̯oso-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *gɦulzoso-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. gɦulzoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulzasa-
(XX:XX)
4. gɦulzasa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gulzasa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. gulzasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. gulzaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯odɑɦono-
CLu. gulzadana-
(GIŠ.ḪURn.) ‘Schreibtafel aus Holz’
(HHand. 83)
(CLu. gul-za-at-ta-na-az, gul-za-da-na-za [abl])
1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯odɑɦono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦuldɦi̯odɦono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦuldɦi̯odɦono-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *gɦulzodɦono-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. gɦulzodɦono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulzadɦana-
(XX:XX)
4. gɦulzadɦana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. gulzadana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯odɑɦor-
Hitt. gulzadar-
(n.) ‘Schreibung, Aufzeichnung’
(HHand. 84)
(Hitt. gul-za-at-tar, gul-za-tar, gul-za-at-ta-ra)
1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯odɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦuldɦi̯odɦor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦuldɦi̯odɦor-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *gɦulzodɦor-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. gɦulzodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulzadɦar-
(XX:XX)
4. gɦulzadɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. gulzadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯o·Σ-
Hitt. gulza·ziba-
(ø.) ‘The genius of GULZA-’
(OHP. 1:256)
(Hitt. gu]l-za-zi-pa-an [A])
1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯o·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦuldɦi̯o·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦuldɦi̯o·Σ-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *gɦulzo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. gɦulzo·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulza·Σ-
(XX:XX)
4. gɦulza·Σ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. gulza·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯on·Σ-
Hitt. gulzan·ziba-
(d.) ‘KLuN. 462-3 with n. 1685’
(OHP. 1:256)
(Hitt. gul-za-an-zi-pa-aš)
1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯on·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦuldɦi̯on·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦuldɦi̯on·Σ-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *gɦulzon·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. gɦulzon·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulzan·Σ-
(XX:XX)
4. gɦulzan·Σ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. gulzan·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯o·Σ-
Pal. gulza·nig-
(d.) (an 9. Position des pal. Pantheons)
(OHP. 1:249-55)
(Pal. gul-za-ni-ka, gul-za-ni-ki-iš)
1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯o·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦuldɦi̯o·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦuldɦi̯o·Σ-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *gɦulzo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. gɦulzo·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulza·Σ-
(XX:XX)
4. gɦulza·Σ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Pal. gulza·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ou-
CLu. gulzau-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘(kenn)zeichen, ritzen’
(HHand. 83)
(CLu. gul-za-ú-na [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦuldɦi̯ou-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦuldɦi̯ou-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *gɦulzou-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. gɦulzou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulzau-
(XX:XX)
4. gɦulzau-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. gulzau-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ou̯or-
Hitt. gulzau̯ar-
(n.) ‘Markierung’
(HHand. 84)
(Hitt. gulzau̯ar [sgNA])
1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ou̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦuldɦi̯ou̯or-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦuldɦi̯ou̯or-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *gɦulzou̯or-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. gɦulzou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulzau̯ar-
(XX:XX)
4. gɦulzau̯ar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. gulzau̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei-
Hitt. gulzei-
(c.) ‘Zeichnung’
(HHand. 84)
(Hitt. gul-zi-in [A], gul-zi-eš [plN], gul-zi-uš [plA])
1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦuldɦi̯ei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦuldɦi̯ei-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *gɦulzei-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. gɦulzei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. gulzei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei̯o-
Hitt. gulzeia-
(vb.dn.) ‘schreiben, ritzen’
(HHand. 83)
(Hitt. gulzeia-)
1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦuldɦi̯ei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦuldɦi̯ei̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *gɦulzei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. gɦulzei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulzei̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. gɦulzei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. gulzei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei̯o-
Hitt. gulzeia-
(LÚc.) –
(NOMS. 619)
(Hitt. gul-zi-ia [Abs.])
1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦuldɦi̯ei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦuldɦi̯ei̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *gɦulzei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. gɦulzei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulzei̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. gɦulzei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. gulzei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei̯o-
Kpd. gulzeia-
(LÙc.) –
(NOMS. 619)
(Bilgiç AfO 15:5,fn.38)
1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦuldɦi̯ei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦuldɦi̯ei̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *gɦulzei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. gɦulzei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulzei̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. gɦulzei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Kpd. gulzei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯oimo-
CLu. gulzaima-
(pt.) ‘markiert, gekennzeichnet’
(HHand. 83)
(CLu. gul-za-a-i-ma)
1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯oimo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦuldɦi̯oimo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦuldɦi̯oimo-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *gɦulzoimo-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. gɦulzoimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulzaima-
(XX:XX)
4. gɦulzaima-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. gulzaima-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei̯or-
Kpd. gulzeiar-
(LÙc.) –
(NOMS. 620)
(Kpd. ku-ul-zi(-a)-ar)
1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦuldɦi̯ei̯or-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦuldɦi̯ei̯or-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *gɦulzei̯or-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. gɦulzei̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulzei̯ar-
(XX:XX)
4. gɦulzei̯ar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Kpd. gulzei̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦuon-
PIE *gɑɦu̯on-
Hitt. gu̯an-
(vb.) if ‘schlagen, erschlagen, töten o.ä.’
(HIL. 562)
(Hitt. ku-ua-an-ú-e-ni [1pl, KBo 39.248])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯on-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯an-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦu̯an-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. gu̯an-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦu̯on
LycA. qã-
(vb.) ‘destroy’
(HIL. 332)
(Lyc. qã-, Melchert 1993a:59, 2004a:54)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯on
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯on
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯on
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯an
(XX:XX)
3. gɦu̯an
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gu̯an
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gu̯an
*gu̯ → q
Emergence of labiovelar q
R13b → *qan
5. qan
*am/n → ãm/n
Emergence of nasal vowel ã
R14a → *qãn
6. qãn
*-ã/ẽn → -ã/ẽ
Loss of word-final nasal
R16 → LycA. qã
PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯on-
Lyd. f·is·qãn-
(vb.) ‘zugrunde richten’
(LydWb. 127)
(Lyd. fisqãnt [3pl])
1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·Π·gɦu̯on-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·Π·gɦu̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·Π·gɦu̯an-
(XX:XX)
3. Π·Π·gɦu̯an-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *Π·Π·gu̯an-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·Π·gu̯an-
*gu̯ → q
Emergence of labiovelar q
R14b → *Π·Π·qan-
5. Π·Π·qan-
*aN → ãN
Emergence of nasal vowel ã
R15a → Lyd. Π·Π·qãn-
PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯ón-
RV. a·bhog·ghán-
(a.) ‘den Kargen = Dämon schlagend’
(WbRV. 88)
(RV. abhogghánas [plN])
1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯ón-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·Π·gɦu̯ón-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·Π·gɦu̯ón-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *Π·Π·gɦu̯án-
3. Π·Π·gɦu̯án-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·Π·gɦán-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·Π·gɦán-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·Π·ghán-
PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦu̯ón-
RV. jaghán-
(pf.) ‘erschlagen, tödtlich treffen, tödten’
(WbRV. 1644)
(RV. jaghántha [2sg], jaghantha)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦu̯ón-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯egɦu̯ón-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯egɦu̯ón-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯egɦu̯ón-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯egɦu̯ón-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *ǰɦu̯egɦu̯án-
4. ǰɦu̯egɦu̯án-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *ǰɦu̯egɦán-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. ǰɦu̯egɦán-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦegɦán-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. ǰɦegɦán-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmII → *ǰegɦán-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)
7. ǰegɦán-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jegɦán-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
8. jegɦán-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *jagɦán-
9. jagɦán-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. jaghán-
PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦu̯on-
OIr. ad·ro·gegon-
(pf.) ‘verwunden, töten’
(VKG 2:548)
(OIr. adrogegon [1sg])
1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦu̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·Π·gɦu̯egɦu̯on-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·Π·gɦu̯egɦu̯on-
*gɦu/u̯ → gɦ
Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯
RDelabializationGHW → *Π·Π·gɦegɦon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
3. Π·Π·gɦegɦon-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → OIr. Π·Π·gegon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
PIE *gɑɦu̯éngɑɦu̯on-
RV. jáṅghan-
(int.A.) ‘erschlagen’ (M.) ‘schlagen’
(WbRV. 1645)
(RV. jáṅghanat [conj.], jánghananta [3pl.])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éngɑɦu̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯éngɦu̯on-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯éngɦu̯on-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯éngɦu̯on-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯éngɦu̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯éngɦu̯an-
4. ǰɦu̯éngɦu̯an-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *ǰɦu̯éngɦan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. ǰɦu̯éngɦan-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦéngɦan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. ǰɦéngɦan-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmII → *ǰéngɦan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)
7. ǰéngɦan-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jéngɦan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
8. jéngɦan-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *jángɦan-
9. jángɦan-
*nK → ŋK
Velarization of nasal
RNasVelK → *jáŋgɦan-
10. jáŋgɦan-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → *jáŋghan-
11. jáŋghan-
ŋ → ṅ
Orthographic change of ŋ into ṅ
ROrthOIA3 → RV. jáṅghan-
PIE *gɑɦu̯engɑɦu̯ón-
RV. jaṅghán-
(int.) ‘schlagen’
(WbRV. 1646)
(RV. jaṅghánāni)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯engɑɦu̯ón-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯engɦu̯ón-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯engɦu̯ón-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯engɦu̯ón-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯engɦu̯ón-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *ǰɦu̯engɦu̯án-
4. ǰɦu̯engɦu̯án-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *ǰɦu̯engɦán-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. ǰɦu̯engɦán-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦengɦán-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. ǰɦengɦán-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmII → *ǰengɦán-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)
7. ǰengɦán-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jengɦán-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
8. jengɦán-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *jangɦán-
9. jangɦán-
*nK → ŋK
Velarization of nasal
RNasVelK → *jaŋgɦán-
10. jaŋgɦán-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → *jaŋghán-
11. jaŋghán-
ŋ → ṅ
Orthographic change of ŋ into ṅ
ROrthOIA3 → RV. jaṅghán-
PIE *gɑɦu̯ōn-
OInd. ghān-
(ps.ao.) ‘schlagen, usw.’
(MonWil. 1287)
(OInd. aghāni [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ōn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯ōn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ōn-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *gɦu̯ān-
3. gɦu̯ān-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦān-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. gɦān-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. ghān-
PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦu̯ṓn-
RV. jaghā́n-
(pf.) ‘erschlagen, tödtlich treffen, tödten’
(WbRV. 1644)
(RV. jaghā́na [3sg], jaghāna [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦu̯ṓn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯egɦu̯ṓn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯egɦu̯ṓn-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯egɦu̯ṓn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯egɦu̯ṓn-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
RChangeO2A4 → *ǰɦu̯egɦu̯ā́n-
4. ǰɦu̯egɦu̯ā́n-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *ǰɦu̯egɦā́n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. ǰɦu̯egɦā́n-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦegɦā́n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. ǰɦegɦā́n-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmII → *ǰegɦā́n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)
7. ǰegɦā́n-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jegɦā́n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
8. jegɦā́n-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *jagɦā́n-
9. jagɦā́n-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. jaghā́n-
√gɑɦuen-
PIE *gɑɦu̯en-
Hitt. gu̯en-
(vb.) ‘schlagen, erschlagen, töten’
(HHand. 81)
(Hitt. ku-(e-)en-zi, ku-in-zi, ku-en-ta, ku-en-tén, ku-en-ni-ir)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯en-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯en-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. gu̯en-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯en-
Lyd. vc·ba·qẽn-
(vb.) ‘zugründe richten’
(LydWb. 127)
(Lyd. vcbaqẽnt [3pl])
1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·Π·gɦu̯en-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·Π·gɦu̯en-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *Π·Π·gu̯en-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. Π·Π·gu̯en-
*gu̯ → q
Emergence of labiovelar q
R14b → *Π·Π·qen-
4. Π·Π·qen-
*eN → ẽN
Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ
R15b → Lyd. Π·Π·qẽn-
PIE *gɑɦu̯én-
RV. hán-
(pr.) ‘(er)schlagen, töten, vernichten, kämpfen’
(WbRV. 1642)
(RV. hánsi [2sg], hánti [3sg], hantanā [2pl])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯én-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯én-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯én-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯én-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯én-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦén-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. ǰɦén-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦén-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. ɦén-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *ɦán-
6. ɦán-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. hán-
PIE *gɑɦu̯en-
OPers. jan-
(pr.) ‘strike, smite, defeat, mould’
(OldP. 184)
(OPers. jatiy [3sg], ajanam [1sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯en-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯en-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯en-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯en-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ǰu̯en-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ǰu̯en-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. ǰen-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OPers.
R2ndPalat2OPers3 → *jen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. jen-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → OPers. jan-
PIE *gɑɦu̯en-
gAv. ǰǝ̄n-
(pr.) ‘schlagend treffen’
(AIWb. 492)
(gAv. aǰǝ̄n [2sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯en-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯en-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯en-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯en-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. ǰɦen-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspǰh → *ǰen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. ǰen-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → gAv. ǰan-
PIE *gɑɦu̯en-
LAv. ǰan-
(pr.) ‘(er)schlagen, treffen, verletzen, töten’
(AIWb. 490)
(LAv. ǰainti [3sg], ǰantu [3sg], ǰanyāt [opt], ǰaini [ps])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯en-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯en-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯en-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯en-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. ǰɦen-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspǰh → *ǰen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. ǰen-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → LAv. ǰan-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-
RV. práti (...) han-
(pr.) ‘schlagen, dreschen’
(WbRV. 1642)
(RV. práti (...) hanmi [1sg])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯en-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯en-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯en-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯en-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦen-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦen-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *Π·ɦan-
6. Π·ɦan-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·han-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-
LAv. ni·ǰan-
(pr.) ‘niedeschlagen, niederschmettern auf –’
(AIWb. 492)
(LAv. niǰainti [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯en-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯en-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯en-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯en-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦen-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspǰh → *Π·ǰen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ǰen-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → LAv. Π·ǰan-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-
RV. sám (...) han-
(pr.) ‘zudrücken’
(WbRV. 1642)
(RV. sám (...) hanmas [1pl], obj. die Augen)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯en-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯en-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯en-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯en-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦen-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦen-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *Π·ɦan-
6. Π·ɦan-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·han-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-
OPers. ava·jan-
(pr.) ‘smite down, slay’
(OldP. 185)
(OPers. avājanam [1sg], avājan [3sg], avājanan [3pl])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯en-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯en-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯en-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯en-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·ǰu̯en-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·ǰu̯en-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰen-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OPers.
R2ndPalat2OPers3 → *Π·jen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. Π·jen-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → OPers. Π·jan-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-
OPers. pati·jan-
(pr.M.) ‘fight against’
(OldP. 185)
(OPers. patiyajatā [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯en-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯en-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯en-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯en-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·ǰu̯en-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·ǰu̯en-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰen-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OPers.
R2ndPalat2OPers3 → *Π·jen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. Π·jen-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → OPers. Π·jan-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-
OPers. fra·jan-
(pr.A.) ‘cut off’
(OldP. 185)
(OPers. frājanam [1sg])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯en-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯en-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯en-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯en-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·ǰu̯en-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·ǰu̯en-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰen-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OPers.
R2ndPalat2OPers3 → *Π·jen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. Π·jen-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → OPers. Π·jan-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-
OPers. vi·jan-
(pr.A.) ‘shatter’
(OldP. 185)
(OPers. vijanātiy [conj.3pl])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯en-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯en-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯en-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯en-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·ǰu̯en-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·ǰu̯en-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰen-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OPers.
R2ndPalat2OPers3 → *Π·jen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. Π·jen-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → OPers. Π·jan-
PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯en-
OPers. avā·ā·jan-
(pr.P.) ‘smite down, slay’
(OldP. 185)
(Pers. avājaniyā [opt])
1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·Π·gɦu̯en-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·Π·gɦu̯en-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·Π·ǰɦu̯en-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·Π·ǰɦu̯en-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·Π·ǰu̯en-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·Π·ǰu̯en-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·Π·ǰen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. Π·Π·ǰen-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OPers.
R2ndPalat2OPers3 → *Π·Π·jen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. Π·Π·jen-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → OPers. Π·Π·jan-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯én-
RV. vr̥tra·hán-
(m.) ‘Vr̥tratödter’ (a.) ‘Feinde schlagend’
(WbRV. 1336)
(RV. vr̥trahan [V], vr̥traháṇam [A])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯én-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯én-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯én-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯én-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯én-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦén-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦén-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦén-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦén-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *Π·ɦán-
6. Π·ɦán-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·hán-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯én-
RV. satrā·hán-
(a.) ‘völlig schlagend’
(WbRV. 1455)
(RV. satrāhánam [A])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯én-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯én-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯én-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯én-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯én-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦén-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦén-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦén-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦén-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *Π·ɦán-
6. Π·ɦán-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·hán-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-
LAv. gao·ǰan-
(a.) ‘Rinder tötend, mordend’
(AIWb. 480)
(Av. gaoǰanō [sgG])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯en-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯en-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯en-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯en-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦen-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspǰh → *Π·ǰen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ǰen-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → LAv. Π·ǰan-
PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯en-
LAv. amaē·ni·ǰan-
(a.) ‘ben Angriff, Anlauf niederschlagend’
(AIWb. 141)
(LAv. amaē.niǰanō)
1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·Π·gɦu̯en-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·Π·gɦu̯en-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·Π·ǰɦu̯en-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·Π·ǰɦu̯en-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·Π·ǰɦen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·Π·ǰɦen-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspǰh → *Π·Π·ǰen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. Π·Π·ǰen-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → LAv. Π·Π·ǰan-
PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯en-
RV. á·pra·han-
(a.) ‘nicht beschädigend’
(WbRV. 80)
(RV. áprahaṇam [sgA])
1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·Π·gɦu̯en-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·Π·gɦu̯en-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·Π·ǰɦu̯en-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·Π·ǰɦu̯en-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·Π·ǰɦen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·Π·ǰɦen-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·Π·ɦen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. Π·Π·ɦen-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *Π·Π·ɦan-
6. Π·Π·ɦan-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·Π·han-
√gɑɦun-
PIE *gɑɦún-
OPr. gun-
(vb.) ‘treiben’
(APrS. 344)
(OPr. guntwei [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦún-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦún-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦún-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
RDeaspgh → *gún-
3. gún-
PIE *ú → u
Orthographic change of *ú into u
R22d → OPr. gun-
PIE *gɑɦun-
Hitt. gun-
(vb.) ‘schlagen, erschlagen, töten’
(HEG 1:604-5)
(Hitt. ku-na-an-zi [3pl], ku-na-an-du)
1. PIE *gɑɦun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦun-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦun-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. gun-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦun-
RV. ghn-
(pr.) ‘(er)schlagen, töten, vernichten, kämpfen’
(WbRV. 1643)
(RV. ghnánti [3pl], ghnantu [3pl])
1. PIE *gɑɦun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦun-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦun-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
3. gɦn-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. ghn-
PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦun-
RV. jaghn-
(pf.pl.) ‘vernichten, vereiteln’
(WbRV. 1644)
(RV. jaghnáthus)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯egɦun-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯egɦun-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯egɦun-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯egɦun-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *ǰɦu̯egɦn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. ǰɦu̯egɦn-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦegɦn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. ǰɦegɦn-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmII → *ǰegɦn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)
6. ǰegɦn-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jegɦn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. jegɦn-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *jagɦn-
8. jagɦn-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. jaghn-
PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦún-
OIr. gegun-
(pret.) ‘verwunden, töten’
(VKG. 2:548)
(OIr. geguin [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦún-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯egɦún-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯egɦún-
*gɦu/u̯ → gɦ
Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯
RDelabializationGHW → *gɦegɦún-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
3. gɦegɦún-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gegún-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. gegún-
*ú → u
Unmarkedness of accent in OIr.
R28b → OIr. gegun-
PIE *Π·gɑɦun-
RV. nr̥·ghn-
(a.) ‘Männer tödtend’
(WbRV. 754)
(RV. nr̥ghné [sgD])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦun-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦun-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
3. Π·gɦn-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·ghn-
PIE *Π·gɑɦun-
RV. ahi·ghn-
(a.) ‘Schlangen/Vrtra tötend’
(WbRV. 167)
(RV. ahighné [sgD])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦun-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦun-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
3. Π·gɦn-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·ghn-
PIE *Π·gɑɦun-
RV. vr̥tra·ghn-
(m.obl.) ‘Vr̥tratödter’ (a.) ‘Feinde schlagend’
(WbRV. 1336)
(RV. vr̥traghnā́ [I], vr̥traghné [D], vr̥traghnás [G])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦun-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦun-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
3. Π·gɦn-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·ghn-
√gɑɦuono-
PIE *gɑɦu̯óno-
Gr. φόνο-
(m.) ‘Totschlag, Mord(blut), Blutvergießen’
(GEW 2:1035)
(Gr. φόνος [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯óno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯óno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯óno-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RBilabializationGHW → *bɦóno-
3. bɦóno-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *phóno-
4. phóno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. φόνο-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óno-
Gr. ἀνδρο·φόνο-
(a.) ‘Männer mordend’
(GEW 2:1035)
(Gr. ἀνδροφόνος [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯óno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯óno-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RBilabializationGHW → *Π·bɦóno-
3. Π·bɦóno-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *Π·phóno-
4. Π·phóno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·φόνο-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ono-
LinB. λᾱϝο·qονο-
(PN.m.) ‘ mordend’
(GEW 3:188)
(LinB. ra-wo-qo-no)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯ono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯ono-
*gɦu/u̯ → ǥɦ
Emergence of labiovelar *ǥ
RLabiovelarizationgh → *Π·ǥɦono-
3. Π·ǥɦono-
*ǥɦ → qh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǥɦ
RDevoiceG2h → *Π·qhono-
4. Π·qhono-
*qh → q
Absence of aspirates in LinB.
RDeaspqh → *Π·qono-
5. Π·qono-
Change from Latin to Old Mycenean alphabet
RGr2Lat → LinB. Π·qονο-
PIE *gɑɦu̯onó-
RV. ghaná-
(m.) ‘Zermalmer, Vernichter, Keule, Erschlagen’
(WbRV. 421)
(RV. ghaná-, KEWA 1:357)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯onó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯onó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯anó-
3. gɦu̯anó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *gɦu̯aná-
4. gɦu̯aná-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦaná-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. gɦaná-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. ghaná-
PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑh·gɑɦu̯onó-
RV. ghanā·ghaná-
(a.) ‘mit leichter Mühe erschlagend, kampftüchtig’
(WbRV. 421)
(RV. ghanāghaná-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑh·gɑɦu̯onó-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gɑɦu̯onāɑh·gɑɦu̯onó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯onāɑh·gɑɦu̯onó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯onāh·gɦu̯onó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯onāh·gɦu̯onó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯anāh·gɦu̯anó-
4. gɦu̯anāh·gɦu̯anó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *gɦu̯anāh·gɦu̯aná-
5. gɦu̯anāh·gɦu̯aná-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯anā·gɦu̯aná-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. gɦu̯anā·gɦu̯aná-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦanā·gɦaná-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
7. gɦanā·gɦaná-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. ghanā·ghaná-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯onó-
OInd. vi·ghaná-
(m.) ‘Keule’
(WbRV. 1266)
(TS. vi·ghaná-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯onó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯onó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯onó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦu̯anó-
3. Π·gɦu̯anó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *Π·gɦu̯aná-
4. Π·gɦu̯aná-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦaná-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. Π·gɦaná-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. Π·ghaná-
PIE *gɑɦu̯ono
ORuss. gonŭ-
(m.) ‘Ackerstück’
(REW 1:292)
(ORuss. gonŭ-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ono
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯ono
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ono
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯ana
3. gɦu̯ana
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦana
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. gɦana
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gana
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. gana
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *gono
6. gono
*-o → -u
Change of -o into -u
RChangeO2U → *gonu
7. gonu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
ROrthogru2u1 → ORuss. gonŭ
PIE *gɑɦu̯ono
Russ. gon-
(m.) ‘Strecke, die ohne zu wenden gepflügt wird’
(REW 1:292)
(Russ. gon [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ono
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯ono
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ono
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯ana
3. gɦu̯ana
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦana
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. gɦana
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gana
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. gana
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *gono
6. gono
*-o → -u
Change of -o into -u
RChangeO2U → *gonu
7. gonu
*u- → Ø
Loss of root-final -u
RLossFinalu → Russ. gon
PIE *gɑɦu̯ono
Pol. gon-
(m.) ‘Jagd’
(REW 1:292)
(Pol. gon [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ono
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯ono
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ono
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯ana
3. gɦu̯ana
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦana
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. gɦana
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gana
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. gana
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *gono
6. gono
*-o → -u
Change of -o into -u
RChangeO2U → *gonu
7. gonu
*u- → Ø
Loss of root-final -u
RLossFinalu → Pol. gon
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óno
Sloven. o·gòn-
(m.) ‘Ackerbeet’
(REW 1:292)
(Sloven. ogòn [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯óno
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯óno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦu̯óna
3. Π·gɦu̯óna
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *Π·gɦu̯ána
4. Π·gɦu̯ána
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦána
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. Π·gɦána
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *Π·gána
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. Π·gána
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *Π·gáno
7. Π·gáno
*á → ó
Change of *á into ó
RChangea2o2 → *Π·góno
8. Π·góno
*-o → -u
Change of -o into -u
RChangeO2U → *Π·gónu
9. Π·gónu
ó → ò
Slovenian gravis rule
RAccSlov1 → *Π·gònu
10. Π·gònu
*u- → Ø
Loss of root-final -u
RLossFinalu → Sloven. Π·gòn
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ono
Pol. z·gon-
(m.) ‘Ende, Hinscheiden, Tod’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Pol. zgon [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ono
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯ono
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯ono
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦu̯ana
3. Π·gɦu̯ana
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦana
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦana
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *Π·gana
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. Π·gana
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *Π·gono
6. Π·gono
*-o → -u
Change of -o into -u
RChangeO2U → *Π·gonu
7. Π·gonu
*u- → Ø
Loss of root-final -u
RLossFinalu → Pol. Π·gon
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ono
Pol. za·gon-
(m.) ‘Ackerbeet’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Pol. zagon [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ono
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯ono
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯ono
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦu̯ana
3. Π·gɦu̯ana
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦana
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦana
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *Π·gana
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. Π·gana
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *Π·gono
6. Π·gono
*-o → -u
Change of -o into -u
RChangeO2U → *Π·gonu
7. Π·gonu
*u- → Ø
Loss of root-final -u
RLossFinalu → Pol. Π·gon
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ono
Serb. prijè·gon-
(m.) ‘Kampf’
(IEW. 491-3)
(Serb. prijègon [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ono
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯ono
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯ono
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦu̯ana
3. Π·gɦu̯ana
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦana
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦana
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *Π·gana
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. Π·gana
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *Π·gono
6. Π·gono
*-o → -u
Change of -o into -u
RChangeO2U → *Π·gonu
7. Π·gonu
*u- → Ø
Loss of root-final -u
RLossFinalu → Serb. Π·gon
PIE *gɑɦu̯ono
Czech. hon-
(m.) ‘Jagd’
(REW 1:292)
(Czech. hon [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ono
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯ono
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ono
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯ana
3. gɦu̯ana
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦana
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. gɦana
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gana
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. gana
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *gono
6. gono
*-o → -u
Change of -o into -u
RChangeO2U → *gonu
7. gonu
*u- → Ø
Loss of root-final -u
RLossFinalu → *gon
8. gon
*g → ɦ
Change of *g into ɦ
RChangeG2H → *ɦon
9. ɦon
*ɦ → h
Orthographic change of *ɦ into h
ROrthogrH2h → Czech. hon
PIE *gɑɦu̯onó·Σ-
Sloven. gonó·ba-
(f.) ‘Schaden, Verderben’
(IEW. 491-3)
(Sloven. gonóba [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onó·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯onó·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯onó·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯anó·Σ-
3. gɦu̯anó·Σ-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *gɦu̯aná·Σ-
4. gɦu̯aná·Σ-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦaná·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. gɦaná·Σ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *ganá·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. ganá·Σ-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *goná·Σ-
7. goná·Σ-
*á → ó
Change of *á into ó
RChangea2o2 → *gonó·Σ-
8. gonó·Σ-
ó → ò
Slovenian gravis rule
RAccSlov1 → Sloven. gonò·Σ-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯onó·Σ-
Sloven. u·gonó·ba-
(f.) ‘Vernichtung, Untergang’
(IEW. 491-3)
(Sloven. ugonóba [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯onó·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯onó·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯onó·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦu̯anó·Σ-
3. Π·gɦu̯anó·Σ-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *Π·gɦu̯aná·Σ-
4. Π·gɦu̯aná·Σ-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦaná·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. Π·gɦaná·Σ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *Π·ganá·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. Π·ganá·Σ-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *Π·goná·Σ-
7. Π·goná·Σ-
*á → ó
Change of *á into ó
RChangea2o2 → *Π·gonó·Σ-
8. Π·gonó·Σ-
ó → ò
Slovenian gravis rule
RAccSlov1 → Sloven. Π·gonò·Σ-
PIE *gɑɦu̯onó·Σ-
Ukr. honó·ba-
(f.) ‘Belästigung, Plage’
(IEW. 491-3)
(Ukr. honóba [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onó·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯onó·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯onó·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯anó·Σ-
3. gɦu̯anó·Σ-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *gɦu̯aná·Σ-
4. gɦu̯aná·Σ-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦaná·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. gɦaná·Σ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *ganá·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. ganá·Σ-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *goná·Σ-
7. goná·Σ-
*á → ó
Change of *á into ó
RChangea2o2 → *gonó·Σ-
8. gonó·Σ-
*g → ɦ
Change of *g into ɦ
RChangeG2H → *ɦonó·Σ-
9. ɦonó·Σ-
*ɦ → h
Orthographic change of *ɦ into h
ROrthogrH2h → Ukr. honó·Σ-
√gɑɦueno-
PIE *gɑɦu̯eno-
Hitt. gu̯ena-
(pr.) ‘erschlagen’
(HHand. 81)
(Hitt. ku-en-na-at-te-ni, ku-en-na-an-zi)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯eno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯ena-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦu̯ena-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. gu̯ena-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦu̯enó-
Gr. θενό-
(ao.) ‘schlagen, totschlagen, töten’
(GEW 1:657)
(Gr. θενεῖν [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯enó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯enó-
*gɦu/u̯ → dɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *dɦenó-
3. dɦenó-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *thenó-
4. thenó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. θενό-
PIE *gɑɦu̯éno-
Lith. gẽna-
(pr.) ‘jagen, treiben das Vieh auf die Weide’
(LiEtWb. 152-153)
(Lith. gẽna, nù·gena [3pers.])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯éno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯éno-
é → è
Emergence of gravis Li. è
RAcc4 → *gɦu̯èno-
3. gɦu̯èno-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦèno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. gɦèno-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦèna-
5. gɦèna-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → Lith. gèna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
PIE *gɑɦu̯eno-
OCS. ženo-
(vb.) ‘ernten, schneiden’
(Sadnik √214)
(OCS. ženǫ [1sg], ženeši [2sg], ženetŭ [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯eno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eno-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯eno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯eno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯ena-
4. ǰɦu̯ena-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ǰu̯ena-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ǰu̯ena-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰena-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. ǰena-
*ǰ → ž
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to Slavic
R2ndPalat2Slav1 → *žena-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. žena-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → OCS. ženo-
PIE *gɑɦu̯eno-
OInd. hana-
(pr.) ‘schlagen, töten, usw.’
(MonWil. 1287)
(Ved. hanati, ahanat [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯eno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eno-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯eno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯eno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯ena-
4. ǰɦu̯ena-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦena-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. ǰɦena-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦena-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. ɦena-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *ɦana-
7. ɦana-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. hana-
PIE *gɑɦu̯eno-
LAv. ǰana-
(pr.) ‘(er)schlagen, treffen, verletzen, töten’
(AIWb. 490)
(LAv. ǰanaiti [3sg], ǰanāt [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯eno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eno-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯eno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯eno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯ena-
4. ǰɦu̯ena-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦena-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. ǰɦena-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspǰh → *ǰena-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. ǰena-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → LAv. ǰana-
PIE *gɑɦu̯eno-
LAv. ǰana-
(a.) ‘schlagend’
(AIWb. 603)
(LAv. ǰanåŋhō)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯eno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eno-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯eno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯eno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯ena-
4. ǰɦu̯ena-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦena-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. ǰɦena-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspǰh → *ǰena-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. ǰena-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → LAv. ǰana-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯éno-
RV. su·hána-
(a.) ‘leicht zu schlagen, erschlagen’
(WbRV. 1559)
(RV. suhána-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯éno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯éno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯éno-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯éno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯éno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ǰɦu̯éna-
4. Π·ǰɦu̯éna-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦéna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰɦéna-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦéna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. Π·ɦéna-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *Π·ɦána-
7. Π·ɦána-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·hána-
PIE *gɑɦu̯en·Σ-
gAv. ǰǝ̄n·ǝrā-
(f.) ‘Töten, Mord’
(AIWb. 607)
(gAv. ǰǝ̄nǝrā-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯en·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯en·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯en·Σ-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯en·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯en·Σ-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦen·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. ǰɦen·Σ-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspǰh → *ǰen·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. ǰen·Σ-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → gAv. ǰan·Σ-
√gɑɦuno-
PIE *gɑɦuno-
Hitt. guna-
(vb.) ‘schlagen, erschlagen, töten’
(HEG 1:606)
(Hitt. ku-na-an-na [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦuno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦuna-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦuna-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. guna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦuno-
Gr. πέφνο-
(ao.red.) ‘schlagen, totschlagen, töten’
(GEW 1:658)
(Gr. πεφνεῖν [inf.] πέφνε [1sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯égɦuno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯égɦuno-
*gɦu̯égɦu/u̯ → bɦébɦ
Bilabialization of reduplication
RBilabRed2 → *bɦébɦno-
3. bɦébɦno-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *phéphno-
4. phéphno-
*Th–Th → T–Th
Grassmann’s Law
RGrassIIB → *péphno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)
5. péphno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. πέφνο-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦuno-
LAv. ava·ǰaγna-
(pr.) ‘nieder-, erschlagen, töten’
(AIWb. 491)
(LAv. ava.ǰaγnat [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯egɦuno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯egɦuno-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuna-
4. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuna-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦna-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦegɦna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. Π·ǰɦegɦna-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *Π·ǰɦegna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. Π·ǰɦegna-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspǰh → *Π·ǰegna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
8. Π·ǰegna-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *Π·ǰagna-
9. Π·ǰagna-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
R40a → LAv. Π·ǰaγna-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦuno-
LAv. ni·ǰaγna-
(pr.) ‘zerstören, zu Grunde richten’
(AIWb. 493)
(LAv. niǰaγnǝnte [3pl])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯egɦuno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯egɦuno-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuna-
4. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuna-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦna-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦegɦna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. Π·ǰɦegɦna-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *Π·ǰɦegna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. Π·ǰɦegna-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspǰh → *Π·ǰegna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
8. Π·ǰegna-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *Π·ǰagna-
9. Π·ǰagna-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
R40a → LAv. Π·ǰaγna-
PIE *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦuno-
RV. jíghna-
(pr.M.) ‘erschlagen’
(WbRV. 1644)
(RV. jíghnate [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯ígɦuno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ígɦuno-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯ígɦuno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯ígɦuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯ígɦuna-
4. ǰɦu̯ígɦuna-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *ǰɦu̯ígɦna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. ǰɦu̯ígɦna-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦígɦna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. ǰɦígɦna-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmII → *ǰígɦna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)
7. ǰígɦna-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jígɦna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
8. jígɦna-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. jíghna-
PIE *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦuno·Σ-
RV. jíghna·māna-
(pt.M.) ‘erschlagen’
(WbRV. 1645)
(RV. jíghnamānas [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦuno·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯ígɦuno·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ígɦuno·Σ-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯ígɦuno·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯ígɦuno·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯ígɦuna·Σ-
4. ǰɦu̯ígɦuna·Σ-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *ǰɦu̯ígɦna·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. ǰɦu̯ígɦna·Σ-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦígɦna·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. ǰɦígɦna·Σ-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmII → *ǰígɦna·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)
7. ǰígɦna·Σ-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jígɦna·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
8. jígɦna·Σ-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. jíghna·Σ-
PIE *Π·gɑɦuno-
RV. áhi·ghna-
(n.) ‘Tödtung der Schlange = Dämon’
(WbRV. 166)
(RV. áhighna-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦuno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦuna-
3. Π·gɦuna-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦna-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·ghna-
PIE *Π·gɑɦunó-
RV. go·ghná-
(a.) ‘den Rindern verderblich’
(WbRV. 411)
(RV. goghnám [n.])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦunó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦunó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦunó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *Π·gɦuná-
3. Π·gɦuná-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦná-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦná-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·ghná-
PIE *Π·gɑɦunó-
RV. pūruṣa·ghná-
(a.) ‘den Menschen verderblich’
(WbRV. 844)
(RV. pūruṣaghnám)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦunó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦunó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦunó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *Π·gɦuná-
3. Π·gɦuná-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦná-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦná-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·ghná-
PIE *Π·gɑɦunó-
RV. su·ghná-
(a.) ‘schnelles Tödten’
(WbRV. 1530)
(RV. sughná-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦunó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦunó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦunó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *Π·gɦuná-
3. Π·gɦuná-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦná-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦná-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·ghná-
PIE *Π·gɑɦuno-
LAv. ava·γna-
(pr.) ‘anfallen, angreifen’
(AIWb. 491)
(LAv. avaγnā [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦuno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦuna-
3. Π·gɦuna-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦna-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *Π·gna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. Π·gna-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
R40a → LAv. Π·γna-
PIE *Π·gɑɦuno-
LAv. paiti·γna-
(pr.) ‘sich wehren um-, kämpfen um –’
(AIWb. 492)
(LAv. paitiγnīta [opt.])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦuno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦuna-
3. Π·gɦuna-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦna-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *Π·gna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. Π·gna-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
R40a → LAv. Π·γna-
PIE *Π·gɑɦuno-
LAv. ni·γna-
(vb.) ‘nieder- zu Boden schlagen, enzweischlagen’
(AIWb. 492)
(LAv. niγne [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦuno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦuna-
3. Π·gɦuna-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦna-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *Π·gna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. Π·gna-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
R40a → LAv. Π·γna-
PIE *Π·gɑɦuno-
LAv. vārǝϑra·γna-
(a.) ‘siegreich, sieghaft’
(AIWb. 1412)
(LAv. vārǝϑraγna-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦuno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦuna-
3. Π·gɦuna-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦna-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *Π·gna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. Π·gna-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
R40a → LAv. Π·γna-
PIE *Π·gɑɦuno-
LAv. vārǝϑra·γna-
(n.) ‘Siegertum, Eigenschaft des Siegers’
(AIWb. 1412)
(LAv. vārǝϑraγna-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦuno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦuna-
3. Π·gɦuna-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦna-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *Π·gna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. Π·gna-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
R40a → LAv. Π·γna-
√gɑɦuonɑh-
PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑh-
OIr. gona-
(pr.) ‘wound, pierce, etc.’
(DIL. 367-8)
(OIr. gono [1sg], gonaid [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gɑɦu̯onāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯onāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯onāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯onāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯onā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯onā-
*gɦu/u̯ → gɦ
Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯
RDelabializationGHW → *gɦonā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. gɦonā-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gonā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. gonā-
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RShortA2a → OIr. gona-
PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑh-
LAv. γǝnā-
(vb.) ‘toten’
(AIWb. 490)
(LAv. γǝnąm [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gɑɦu̯onāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯onāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯onāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯onāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯anāh-
4. gɦu̯anāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯anā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. gɦu̯anā-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦanā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. gɦanā-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *ganā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. ganā-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
R40a → LAv. γanā-
PIE *gɑɦu̯onéɑh-
Gr. φονά-
(f.pl.) ‘Totschläge, Blutbad, Mord, Blut’
(GEW 2:1035)
(Gr. φοναί)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onéɑh-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
Colouring rule for *éɑ
RColouring1d → *gɑɦu̯onáɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. gɑɦu̯onáɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯onáh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯onáh-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RBilabializationGHW → *bɦonáh-
4. bɦonáh-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *phonáh-
5. phonáh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *phoná-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. phoná-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. φονά-
PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑh·Σ-
RV. ghanā·ghaná-
(a.) ‘mit leichter Mühe erschlagend, kampftüchtig’
(WbRV. 421)
(RV. ghanāghaná-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑh·Σ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gɑɦu̯onāɑh·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯onāɑh·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯onāh·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯onāh·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯anāh·Σ-
4. gɦu̯anāh·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯anā·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. gɦu̯anā·Σ-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦanā·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. gɦanā·Σ-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. ghanā·Σ-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯onēɑh-
Czech. ú·hona-
(f.) ‘Verletzung, Schaden’
(IEW. 491-3)
(Czech. úhona [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯onēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·gɑɦu̯onāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯onāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯onāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯onāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦu̯anāh-
4. Π·gɦu̯anāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·gɦu̯anā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·gɦu̯anā-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦanā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. Π·gɦanā-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *Π·ganā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. Π·ganā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *Π·gonā-
8. Π·gonā-
*g → ɦ
Change of *g into ɦ
RChangeG2H → *Π·ɦonā-
9. Π·ɦonā-
*ā → a
Orthographic change of *ā into a
ROrthogrA2a1 → *Π·ɦona-
10. Π·ɦona-
*ɦ → h
Orthographic change of *ɦ into h
ROrthogrH2h → Czech. Π·hona-
PIE *gɑɦu̯onéɑhi̯o-
Gr. φονάο-
(pr.A.) ‘mord-, blutgierig sein’
(GEW 2:1035)
(Gr. φονάω [1sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onéɑhi̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
Colouring rule for *éɑ
RColouring1d → *gɑɦu̯onáɑhi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. gɑɦu̯onáɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯onáhi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯onáhi̯o-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RBilabializationGHW → *bɦonáhi̯o-
4. bɦonáhi̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *phonáhi̯o-
5. phonáhi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *phonái̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. phonái̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *phonáo-
7. phonáo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. φονάο-
PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑhko
OIr. gonach-
(a.) ‘wound-inflicting’
(DIL. 367)
(OIr. gonach)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑhko
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gɑɦu̯onāɑhko
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯onāɑhko
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯onāhko
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯onāhko
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯onāko
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯onāko
*gɦu/u̯ → gɦ
Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯
RDelabializationGHW → *gɦonāko
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. gɦonāko
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gonāko
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. gonāko
VkV → VkhV
Lenition of voiceless stop *k
RLenitionK → *gonākho
7. gonākho
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RShortA2a → *gonakho
8. gonakho
*-o → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → *gonakh
9. gonakh
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → OIr. gonach
PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦuonōɑh·méno-
Gr. πεφονω·μένο-
(pf.pt.) ‘blutgefleckt’
(GEW 2:1035)
(Gr. πεφονωμένος [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦuonōɑh·méno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯egɦuonōh·méno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯egɦuonōh·méno-
*gɦu̯egɦu/u̯ → bɦebɦ
Bilabialization of reduplication
RBilabRed1 → *bɦebɦonōh·méno-
3. bɦebɦonōh·méno-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *phephonōh·méno-
4. phephonōh·méno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *phephonō·méno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. phephonō·méno-
*Th–Th → T–Th
Grassmann’s Law
RGrassIIA → *pephonō·méno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)
6. pephonō·méno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. πεφονω·μένο-
PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑhno-
LAv. γanāna-
(pt.a.) ‘schlagend’
(AIWb. 526)
(LAv. γanānå)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑhno-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gɑɦu̯onāɑhno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯onāɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯onāhno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯onāhno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯anāhna-
4. gɦu̯anāhna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯anāna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. gɦu̯anāna-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦanāna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. gɦanāna-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *ganāna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. ganāna-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
R40a → LAv. γanāna-
PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑhno-
LAv. γǝnąna-
(n.) ‘Schlag’
(AIWb. 526)
(LAv. γǝnąna-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑhno-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gɑɦu̯onāɑhno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯onāɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯onāhno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯onāhno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯anāhna-
4. gɦu̯anāhna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯anāna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. gɦu̯anāna-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦanāna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. gɦanāna-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *ganāna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. ganāna-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
R40a → LAv. γanāna-
√gɑɦuenɑh-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯énēɑh-
RV. Π·hánā-
(f.) ‘Unheil’
(WbRV. 617)
(in RV. durháṇā-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯énēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·gɑɦu̯énāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯énāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯énāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯énāh-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯énāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. Π·ǰɦu̯énāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·ǰɦu̯énā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·ǰɦu̯énā-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦénā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. Π·ǰɦénā-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦénā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. Π·ɦénā-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *Π·ɦánā-
8. Π·ɦánā-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·hánā-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enēɑhi̯o-
RV. Π·hanāya-
(vb.dn.) ‘auf Unheil sinnen’
(WbRV. 617)
(in RV. durhaṇāyatás [sgG])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enēɑhi̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·gɑɦu̯enāɑhi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯enāɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯enāhi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯enāhi̯o-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯enāhi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. Π·ǰɦu̯enāhi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ǰɦu̯enāhi̯a-
5. Π·ǰɦu̯enāhi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·ǰɦu̯enāi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. Π·ǰɦu̯enāi̯a-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦenāi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
7. Π·ǰɦenāi̯a-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦenāi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
8. Π·ɦenāi̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *Π·ɦanāi̯a-
9. Π·ɦanāi̯a-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → *Π·hanāi̯a-
10. Π·hanāi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. Π·hanāya-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enēɑhi̯ú-
RV. Π·hanāyú-
(a.) ‘auf Unheil sinnend’
(WbRV. 617)
(in RV. durhaṇāyú-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enēɑhi̯ú-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·gɑɦu̯enāɑhi̯ú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯enāɑhi̯ú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯enāhi̯ú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯enāhi̯ú-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯enāhi̯ú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. Π·ǰɦu̯enāhi̯ú-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·ǰɦu̯enāi̯ú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·ǰɦu̯enāi̯ú-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦenāi̯ú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. Π·ǰɦenāi̯ú-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦenāi̯ú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. Π·ɦenāi̯ú-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *Π·ɦanāi̯ú-
8. Π·ɦanāi̯ú-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → *Π·hanāi̯ú-
9. Π·hanāi̯ú-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. Π·hanāyú-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enēɑhu̯ont-
RV. Π·hanāvant-
(a.) ‘unheilvoll’
(WbRV. 617)
(in RV. durhaṇāvant-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enēɑhu̯ont-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·gɑɦu̯enāɑhu̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯enāɑhu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯enāhu̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯enāhu̯ont-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯enāhu̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. Π·ǰɦu̯enāhu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ǰɦu̯enāhu̯ant-
5. Π·ǰɦu̯enāhu̯ant-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·ǰɦu̯enāu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. Π·ǰɦu̯enāu̯ant-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦenāu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
7. Π·ǰɦenāu̯ant-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦenāu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
8. Π·ɦenāu̯ant-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *Π·ɦanāu̯ant-
9. Π·ɦanāu̯ant-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *Π·ɦanāvant-
10. Π·ɦanāvant-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·hanāvant-
√gɑɦunɑh-
PIE *gɑɦúnēɑh-
OCS. gŭna-
(vb.) ‘treiben, jagen, folgen : ἐλαύνω’
(Sadnik √214)
(OCS. gŭnati [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦúnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gɑɦúnāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gɑɦúnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦúnāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦúnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦúnā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. gɦúnā-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gúnā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. gúnā-
*ā → a
Orthographic change of *ā into a
ROrthogrA2a1 → *gúna-
6. gúna-
*ú → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
ROrthogru2u2 → OCS. gŭna-
PIE *gɑɦúnēɑh-
ORuss. gŭna-
(vb.) ‘treiben, jagen’
(REW 1:279)
(ORuss. gŭna-)
1. PIE *gɑɦúnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gɑɦúnāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gɑɦúnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦúnāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦúnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦúnā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. gɦúnā-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gúnā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. gúnā-
*ā → a
Orthographic change of *ā into a
ROrthogrA2a1 → *gúna-
6. gúna-
*ú → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
ROrthogru2u2 → ORuss. gŭna-
PIE *gɑɦunḗɑh-
SCr. gnȁ-
(vb.) ‘treiben, jagen’
(REW 1:279)
(SCr. gnȁ-)
1. PIE *gɑɦunḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *gɑɦunā́ɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gɑɦunā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦunā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦunā́h-
ā́ → ȁ
Serbo-Croatian double gravis rule
RAcc3 → *gɦunȁh-
4. gɦunȁh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦunȁ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. gɦunȁ-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦnȁ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. gɦnȁ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → SCr. gnȁ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
PIE *gɑɦunēɑh-
Russ. gna-
(vb.) ‘treiben, jagen’
(REW 1:279)
(Russ. gna-)
1. PIE *gɑɦunēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gɑɦunāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gɑɦunāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦunāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦunāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦunā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. gɦunā-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦnā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. gɦnā-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gnā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. gnā-
*ā → a
Orthographic change of *ā into a
ROrthogrA2a1 → Russ. gna-
PIE *gɑɦunēɑh-
LAv. γnā-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘zu (er)schlagen’
(AIWb. 526)
(LAv. γnāi [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦunēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gɑɦunāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gɑɦunāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦunāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦunāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦunā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. gɦunā-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦnā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. gɦnā-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gnā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. gnā-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
R40a → LAv. γnā-
PIE *Π·gɑɦunēɑhnó-
AV. ā·ghnāná-
(pt.a.) ‘schlagend’
(KEWA 3:576)
(AV. āghnāná-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦunēɑhnó-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·gɑɦunāɑhnó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦunāɑhnó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦunāhnó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦunāhnó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *Π·gɦunāhná-
4. Π·gɦunāhná-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·gɦunāná-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·gɦunāná-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦnāná-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. Π·gɦnāná-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → AV. Π·ghnāná-
PIE *Π·gɑɦunēɑhno-
LAv. ava·γnāna-
(pt.) ‘niederschlagen, erschlagen, töten’
(AIWb. 491)
(Lav. avaγnānō [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦunēɑhno-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·gɑɦunāɑhno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦunāɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦunāhno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦunāhno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦunāhna-
4. Π·gɦunāhna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·gɦunāna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·gɦunāna-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦnāna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. Π·gɦnāna-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *Π·gnāna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. Π·gnāna-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
R40a → LAv. Π·γnāna-
√gɑɦuonɑhi-
PIE *gɑɦu̯onɑ́hi-
OCS. goni-
(vb.) ‘treiben, jagen, verfolgen, nachgehen, aufsuchen’
(Sadnik √214)
(OCS. goni-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *gɑɦu̯oníhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. gɑɦu̯oníhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯oníhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯oníhi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯aníhi-
4. gɦu̯aníhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯aníi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. gɦu̯aníi-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦaníi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. gɦaníi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *gɦanī́-
7. gɦanī́-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *ganī́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
8. ganī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *gonī́-
9. gonī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
ROrthogrI2i2 → OCS. goni-
PIE *gɑɦu̯onɑ́hi-
Pol. goni-
(vb.) ‘jagen, verfolgen’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Pol. gonić [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *gɑɦu̯oníhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. gɑɦu̯oníhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯oníhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯oníhi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯aníhi-
4. gɦu̯aníhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯aníi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. gɦu̯aníi-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦaníi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. gɦaníi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *gɦanī́-
7. gɦanī́-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *ganī́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
8. ganī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *gonī́-
9. gonī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
ROrthogrI2i2 → Pol. goni-
PIE *gɑɦu̯onɑ́hi·Σ-
OCS. goni·teljĭ-
(m.) ‘Verfolger’
(Sadnik √214)
(OCS. goniteljĭ)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onɑ́hi·Σ-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *gɑɦu̯oníhi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. gɑɦu̯oníhi·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯oníhi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯oníhi·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯aníhi·Σ-
4. gɦu̯aníhi·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯aníi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. gɦu̯aníi·Σ-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦaníi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. gɦaníi·Σ-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *gɦanī́·Σ-
7. gɦanī́·Σ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *ganī́·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
8. ganī́·Σ-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *gonī́·Σ-
9. gonī́·Σ-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
ROrthogrI2i2 → OCS. goni·Σ-
PIE *gɑɦu̯onɑhi̯enei·Σ-
OCS. gonjeni·je-
(n.) ‘Verfolgung’
(Sadnik √214)
(OCS. gonjenije)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onɑhi̯enei·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯onhi̯enei·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯onhi̯enei·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯anhi̯enei·Σ-
3. gɦu̯anhi̯enei·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯ani̯enei·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯ani̯enei·Σ-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦani̯enei·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. gɦani̯enei·Σ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gani̯enei·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. gani̯enei·Σ-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *goni̯enei·Σ-
7. goni̯enei·Σ-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → *goni̯enī·Σ-
8. goni̯enī·Σ-
* i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
ROrthogrY2j → *gonjenī·Σ-
9. gonjenī·Σ-
*ī → i
Orthographic change of *ī into i
ROrthogrI2i1 → OCS. gonjeni·Σ-
√gɑɦuenɦɑd-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π.gɑɦu̯enɦɑdo-
Lat. dē.fendo·-
(pr.3.) ‘abwehren, verteidigen, behaupten’
(WH 1:332)
(Lat. dēfendō)
1. PIE *Π.gɑɦu̯enɦɑdo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π.gɦu̯enɦdo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π.gɦu̯enɦdo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π.gɦu̯endo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. Π.gɦu̯endo-
*gɦu̯ → f
Affricativization of labiovelar *gɦu̯
RAffricatGHW2f → *Π.fendo-
4. Π.fendo-
*ɦ → h
Change of *f into b
RChangeF2B → Lat. Π.bendo·-
PIE *Π.gɑɦu̯enɦɑdo-
Lat. of.fendo·-
(pr.3.) ‘anschlagen, anstoßen’
(WH 1:332)
(Lat. offendō)
1. PIE *Π.gɑɦu̯enɦɑdo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π.gɦu̯enɦdo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π.gɦu̯enɦdo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π.gɦu̯endo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. Π.gɦu̯endo-
*gɦu̯ → f
Affricativization of labiovelar *gɦu̯
RAffricatGHW2f → *Π.fendo-
4. Π.fendo-
*ɦ → h
Change of *f into b
RChangeF2B → Lat. Π.bendo·-
PIE *gɑɦu̯enɦɑdo
OIr. gend-
(sb.) ‘in OIr. gend·míl = geirrmíl’
(DIL. 359)
(OIr. cotacnat gendmíla granna ina hubla)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enɦɑdo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯enɦdo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯enɦdo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *gɦu̯endo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. gɦu̯endo
*gɦu/u̯ → gɦ
Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯
RDelabializationGHW → *gɦendo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. gɦendo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gendo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. gendo
*-o → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → OIr. gend
PIE *gɑɦu̯enɦɑdno Σ-
OIr. genn-
(f.) ‘wedge, block’
(DIL. 359)
(OIr. genn, geinn)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enɦɑdno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯enɦdno
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯enɦdno
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *gɦu̯endno
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. gɦu̯endno
*gɦu/u̯ → gɦ
Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯
RDelabializationGHW → *gɦendno
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. gɦendno
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gendno
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. gendno
*ndn → nn
Loss of d between n and n
RChangendn2nn → *genno
6. genno
*-o → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → OIr. genn
PIE *gɑɦu̯enɦɑdno Σ-
OBret. gen-
(f?.) ‘Keil’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(OBret. gen-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enɦɑdno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯enɦdno
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯enɦdno
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *gɦu̯endno
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. gɦu̯endno
*gɦu/u̯ → gɦ
Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯
RDelabializationGHW → *gɦendno
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. gɦendno
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gendno
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. gendno
*ndn → nn
Loss of d between n and n
RChangendn2nn → *genno
6. genno
*o- → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → *genn
7. genn
*-nn → -n
Simplification of root-final geminate *nn-
RFinalnn2n → OBret. gen
PIE *gɑɦu̯enɦɑdro Σ-
OInd. handra-
(n.) ‘dying, death’
(MonWil. 1288)
(OInd. handra-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enɦɑdro
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯enɦdro
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯enɦdro
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯enɦdro
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯enɦdro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯enɦdra
4. ǰɦu̯enɦdra
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ǰɦu̯endra
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ǰɦu̯endra
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦendra
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. ǰɦendra
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦendra
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. ɦendra
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *ɦandra
8. ɦandra
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. handra
√gɑɦuoni-
PIE *gɑɦu̯oni-
OIr. goin-
(vb.sb.) ‘the act of woundling, slaying’
(DIL. 372)
(OIr. goin-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯oni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯oni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯oni-
*gɦu/u̯ → gɦ
Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯
RDelabializationGHW → *gɦoni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
3. gɦoni-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *goni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. goni-
oni → oin
Epenthesis of *i
REpenthoni → OIr. goin-
PIE *gɑɦu̯óni·gɑɦunot-
RV. gháni·ghnat-
(int.pt.) ‘zurückschlagen, verscheuchen, abwehren’
(WbRV. 1646)
(RV. ghánighnat-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯óni·gɑɦunot-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯óni·gɦunot-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯óni·gɦunot-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯óni·gɦunat-
3. gɦu̯óni·gɦunat-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *gɦu̯áni·gɦunat-
4. gɦu̯áni·gɦunat-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦáni·gɦnat-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. gɦáni·gɦnat-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. gháni·ghnat-
PIE *gɑɦu̯engɑɦu̯oni̯o-
OInd. jaṅghanya-
(int.P.) ‘schlagen’
(MonWil. 1287)
(OInd. jaṅghanyate [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯engɑɦu̯oni̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯engɦu̯oni̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯engɦu̯oni̯o-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯engɦu̯oni̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯engɦu̯oni̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯engɦu̯ani̯a-
4. ǰɦu̯engɦu̯ani̯a-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *ǰɦu̯engɦani̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. ǰɦu̯engɦani̯a-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦengɦani̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. ǰɦengɦani̯a-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmII → *ǰengɦani̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)
7. ǰengɦani̯a-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jengɦani̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
8. jengɦani̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *jangɦani̯a-
9. jangɦani̯a-
*nK → ŋK
Velarization of nasal
RNasVelK → *jaŋgɦani̯a-
10. jaŋgɦani̯a-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → *jaŋghani̯a-
11. jaŋghani̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → *jaŋghanya-
12. jaŋghanya-
ŋ → ṅ
Orthographic change of ŋ into ṅ
ROrthOIA3 → OInd. jaṅghanya-
PIE *gɑɦu̯oni̯ḗɑh-
Lith. ganió-
(vb.int.) ‘jagen, treiben’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. ganióti)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯oni̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *gɑɦu̯oni̯ā́ɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯oni̯ā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯oni̯ā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯oni̯ā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯oni̯ā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯oni̯ā́-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦoni̯ā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. gɦoni̯ā́-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦani̯ā́-
6. gɦani̯ā́-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gani̯ā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. gani̯ā́-
*ā́ → ṓ
Change of ā́ into ṓ
RChangeA202 → *gani̯ṓ-
8. gani̯ṓ-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
R25 → *ganiṓ-
9. ganiṓ-
ṓ → ó
Orthographic change of ṓ into ó
R27b → Lith. ganió-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ōniɑ́hēɑh-
OCS. pro·ganja-
(vb.) ‘vertreiben, Osthoff’s Law (!)’
(Sadnik √214)
(OCS. proganja-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ōniɑ́hēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·gɑɦu̯ōniɑ́hāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯ōniɑ́hāɑh-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1b → *Π·gɑɦu̯ōniíhāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
3. Π·gɑɦu̯ōniíhāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯ōniíhāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. Π·gɦu̯ōniíhāh-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *Π·gɦu̯āniíhāh-
5. Π·gɦu̯āniíhāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·gɦu̯āniíā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. Π·gɦu̯āniíā-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦāniíā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
7. Π·gɦāniíā-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → *Π·gɦānī́ā-
8. Π·gɦānī́ā-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *Π·gānī́ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
9. Π·gānī́ā-
*ī́ā → i̯ā
Shortening of ī́ before ā
R23a → *Π·gāni̯ā-
10. Π·gāni̯ā-
* i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
ROrthogrY2j → *Π·gānjā-
11. Π·gānjā-
*ā → a
Orthographic change of *ā into a
ROrthogrA2a1 → OCS. Π·ganja-
PIE *gɑɦu̯ónii̯o-
Gr. φόνιο-
(a.) ‘mörderisch, mord-, blutgefleckt, tödlich’
(GEW 2:1035)
(Gr. φόνιος; X = *i, *u or *s)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ónii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯ónii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ónii̯o-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RBilabializationGHW → *bɦónii̯o-
3. bɦónii̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *phónii̯o-
4. phónii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *phónio-
5. phónio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. φόνιο-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯onín-
RV. vi·ghanín-
(a.) ‘Keule führend’
(WbRV. 1266)
(RV. vighanín-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯onín-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯onín-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯onín-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦu̯anín-
3. Π·gɦu̯anín-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦanín-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦanín-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·ghanín-
√gɑɦueni-
PIE *gɑɦu̯eni-
Hitt. gu̯eni-
(vb.) ‘erschlagen’
(HIL. 561)
(Hitt. ku-e-ni, ku-en-ni [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯eni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eni-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. gu̯eni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦu̯eni-
OIr. gein-
(sb.) ‘wound’
(DIL. 358)
(OIr. gein)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯eni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eni-
*gɦu/u̯ → gɦ
Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯
RDelabializationGHW → *gɦeni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
3. gɦeni-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *geni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. geni-
*eni → ein
Epenthesis of i
REpentheni → OIr. gein-
PIE *gɑɦu̯eni·Σ-
LAv. ǰaini·mahrka-
(m.) ‘mordender Tod’
(AIWb. 604)
(LAv. ǰaini.mahrka-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯eni·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eni·Σ-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯eni·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯eni·Σ-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦeni·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. ǰɦeni·Σ-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspǰh → *ǰeni·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. ǰeni·Σ-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *ǰani·Σ-
6. ǰani·Σ-
*ani → aini
Anaptyxis of *i
RAnaptyxANI → LAv. ǰaini·Σ-
PIE *gɑɦu̯eni·Σ-
LAv. ǰaini·yaska-
(m.) ‘mordende Krankheit’
(AIWb. 604)
(LAv. ǰaini.yaska-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯eni·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eni·Σ-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯eni·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯eni·Σ-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦeni·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. ǰɦeni·Σ-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspǰh → *ǰeni·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. ǰeni·Σ-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *ǰani·Σ-
6. ǰani·Σ-
*ani → aini
Anaptyxis of *i
RAnaptyxANI → LAv. ǰaini·Σ-
PIE *gɑɦu̯eni-
Latv. dzeni-
(.) ‘das in der Gabel der Pflugschar eingeklemmte Holz’
(IEW. 493)
(Latv. dzenis)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯eni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eni-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯eni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯eni-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ǰu̯eni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ǰu̯eni-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰeni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. ǰeni-
*ǰ → dz
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to Latvian
R2ndPalat2Latv3 → Latv. dzeni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
PIE *gɑɦu̯eniɑ́h-
OInd. hanī-
(ao.) ‘strike, pound, hammer, etc.’
(MonWil. 1287)
(Br. áhānīt)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eniɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1b → *gɑɦu̯eniíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. gɑɦu̯eniíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯eniíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯eniíh-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯eniíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯eniíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ǰɦu̯enií-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ǰɦu̯enií-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦenií-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. ǰɦenií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → *ǰɦenī́-
7. ǰɦenī́-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦenī́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
8. ɦenī́-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *ɦanī́-
9. ɦanī́-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. hanī́-
PIE *gɑɦu̯eniɑ́h·i̯os-
YV. hanī·yas-
(a.comp.) ‘noch mehr tötend’
(EWA 2:800)
(YV. hanīyas-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eniɑ́h·i̯os-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1b → *gɑɦu̯eniíh·i̯os-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. gɑɦu̯eniíh·i̯os-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯eniíh·i̯os-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯eniíh·i̯os-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯eniíh·i̯os-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯eniíh·i̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯eniíh·i̯as-
5. ǰɦu̯eniíh·i̯as-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ǰɦu̯enií·i̯as-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. ǰɦu̯enií·i̯as-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦenií·i̯as-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
7. ǰɦenií·i̯as-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → *ǰɦenī́·i̯as-
8. ǰɦenī́·i̯as-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦenī́·i̯as-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
9. ɦenī́·i̯as-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *ɦanī́·i̯as-
10. ɦanī́·i̯as-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → *hanī́·i̯as-
11. hanī́·i̯as-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → YV. hanī́·yas-
PIE *gɑɦu̯éni̯o-
Gr. θείνο-
(pr.) ‘schlagen, totschlagen, töten’
(GEW 1:657)
(Gr. θείνω [1sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éni̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯éni̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯éni̯o-
*gɦu/u̯ → dɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *dɦéni̯o-
3. dɦéni̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *théni̯o-
4. théni̯o-
*éni̯ → eín
Epenthesis of *i
REpenthENy → *theíno-
5. theíno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. θείνο-
PIE *gɑɦu̯eni̯ó-
RV. hanyá-
(pr.P.) ‘erschlagen’
(WbRV. 1645)
(RV. hanyáte [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯eni̯ó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eni̯ó-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯eni̯ó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯eni̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *ǰɦu̯eni̯á-
4. ǰɦu̯eni̯á-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦeni̯á-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. ǰɦeni̯á-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦeni̯á-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. ɦeni̯á-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *ɦani̯á-
7. ɦani̯á-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → *hani̯á-
8. hani̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. hanyá-
PIE *gɑɦu̯eni̯o-
LAv. ǰanya-
(pr.) ‘töten’
(AIWb. 490)
(LAv. ǰanyånti [3pl])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯eni̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eni̯o-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯eni̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯eni̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯eni̯a-
4. ǰɦu̯eni̯a-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦeni̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. ǰɦeni̯a-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspǰh → *ǰeni̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. ǰeni̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *ǰani̯a-
7. ǰani̯a-
*ani → aini
Anaptyxis of *i
RAnaptyxANI → *ǰaini̯a-
8. ǰaini̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → LAv. ǰainya-
PIE *gɑɦu̯eni̯o-
OPers. janya-
(ps.) ‘strike, smite, defeat, mould’
(OldP. 184)
(OPers. ajaniya)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯eni̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eni̯o-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯eni̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯eni̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯eni̯a-
4. ǰɦu̯eni̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ǰu̯eni̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ǰu̯eni̯a-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰeni̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. ǰeni̯a-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OPers.
R2ndPalat2OPers3 → *jeni̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. jeni̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *jani̯a-
8. jani̯a-
*i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R29a → OPers. janya-
PIE *gɑɦu̯eni̯o
Alb. gjanj-
(vb.) ‘jagen, verfolgen’
(GEW 1:657)
(Alb. gjanj-, DTochB. 178)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯eni̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eni̯o
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦeni̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
3. gɦeni̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦeni̯a
(XX:XX)
4. gɦeni̯a
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RRDeaspgh → *geni̯a
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. geni̯a
*e → ja
Brechung of *e into ja
RBrechungE2JA → *gjani̯a
6. gjani̯a
*a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *gjani̯
7. gjani̯
* i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
ROrthogrY2j → Alb. gjanj
PIE *gɑɦu̯eni̯ḗɑh-
Lith. genió-
(vb.int.) ‘jagen, treiben’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. genióti [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *gɑɦu̯eni̯ā́ɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯eni̯ā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯eni̯ā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯eni̯ā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯eni̯ā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯eni̯ā́-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦeni̯ā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. gɦeni̯ā́-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *geni̯ā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. geni̯ā́-
*ā́ → ṓ
Change of ā́ into ṓ
RChangeA202 → *geni̯ṓ-
7. geni̯ṓ-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
R25 → *geniṓ-
8. geniṓ-
ṓ → ó
Orthographic change of ṓ into ó
R27b → Lith. genió-
PIE *gɑɦu̯enisi̯ó-
RV. haniṣyá-
(fut.) ‘erschlagen’
(WbRV. 1645)
(RV. haniṣyán [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enisi̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯enisi̯ó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯enisi̯ó-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RRukiI → *gɦu̯eniši̯ó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. gɦu̯eniši̯ó-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯eniši̯ó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯eniši̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *ǰɦu̯eniši̯á-
5. ǰɦu̯eniši̯á-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦeniši̯á-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. ǰɦeniši̯á-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦeniši̯á-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. ɦeniši̯á-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *ɦaniši̯á-
8. ɦaniši̯á-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → *ɦaniṣi̯á-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
9. ɦaniṣi̯á-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → *haniṣi̯á-
10. haniṣi̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. haniṣyá-
PIE *gɑɦu̯eniske/o-
Hitt. gu̯eniške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘schlagen, töten’
(HEG 1:606)
(Hitt. ku-en-ni-eš-ki-i-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eniske/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯eniske/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eniske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯eniske/a-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦu̯eniske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gu̯eniske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gu̯eniske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. gu̯eniške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦu̯enistɑhó-
RV. haniṣṭhá-
(a.sup.) ‘heftigst schlagend’
(WbRV. 1646)
(RV. haniṣṭhɑ́-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enistɑhó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯enisthó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯enisthó-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RRukiI → *gɦu̯eništhó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. gɦu̯eništhó-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯eništhó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯eništhó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *ǰɦu̯eništhá-
5. ǰɦu̯eništhá-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦeništhá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. ǰɦeništhá-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦeništhá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. ɦeništhá-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *ɦaništhá-
8. ɦaništhá-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → *ɦaniṣthá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
9. ɦaniṣthá-
*ṣt → ṣṭ
Assimilation of retroflex
RRetrofl3 → *ɦaniṣṭhá-
10. ɦaniṣṭhá-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. haniṣṭhá-
√gɑɦuni-
PIE *gɑɦúni-
OIr. guin-
(vb.n.) ‘the act of woundling, slaying’
(DIL. 372)
(OIr. guin-)
1. PIE *gɑɦúni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦúni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦúni-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gúni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. gúni-
*úni → úin
Epenthesis of i
REpenthúni → *gúin-
4. gúin-
*ú → u
Unmarkedness of accent in OIr.
R28b → OIr. guin-
PIE *Π·gɑɦúni-
OIr. con·guin-
(vb.n.) ‘expunctio’
(VKG 2:548)
(OIr. conguin-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦúni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦúni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦúni-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *Π·gúni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·gúni-
*úni → úin
Epenthesis of i
REpenthúni → *Π·gúin-
4. Π·gúin-
*ú → u
Unmarkedness of accent in OIr.
R28b → OIr. Π·guin-
PIE *gɑɦùni̯·Σ-
TochA. qñ·aś-
(sb.) ‘rixa : Streit, Kampf’
(Poucha 76)
(TochA. qñaś [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦùni̯·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦùni̯·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦùni̯·Σ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gùni̯·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. gùni̯·Σ-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
RDevoiceg → *kùni̯·Σ-
4. kùni̯·Σ-
*ni̯ → ñ
Palatalization of *n before i̯
RPalatNY → *kùñ·Σ-
5. kùñ·Σ-
*kù → q
Secondary labiovelar in Tocharian
RChangekU2q → TochA. qñ·Σ-
PIE *gɑɦuni-
LAv. γni-
(a.) ‘tötlich, gefährlich’
(AIWb. 525)
(LAv. γniō [plN])
1. PIE *gɑɦuni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦuni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦuni-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
3. gɦni-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. gni-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
R40a → LAv. γni-
PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦuni-
RV. já́ghni-
(a.) ‘schlagend, erschlagend’
(WbRV. 464)
(RV. jághni-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦuni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯égɦuni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯égɦuni-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯égɦuni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯égɦuni-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *ǰɦu̯égɦni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. ǰɦu̯égɦni-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦégɦni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. ǰɦégɦni-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmII → *ǰégɦni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)
6. ǰégɦni-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jégɦni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. jégɦni-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *jágɦni-
8. jágɦni-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. jághni-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦuní-
RV. ni·jaghní-
(a.) ‘niederschlagend, zu Boden schlagend’
(WbRV. 728)
(RV. nijaghní-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦuní-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯egɦuní-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯egɦuní-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuní-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuní-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦní-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦní-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦegɦní-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰɦegɦní-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmII → *Π·ǰegɦní-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)
6. Π·ǰegɦní-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *Π·jegɦní-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. Π·jegɦní-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *Π·jagɦní-
8. Π·jagɦní-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·jaghní-
PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦuni-
OInd. jaghni-
(pf.) ‘schlagen, usw.’
(MonWil. 1287)
(Br. jaghnire [1pl])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦuni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯egɦuni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯egɦuni-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯egɦuni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯egɦuni-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *ǰɦu̯egɦni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. ǰɦu̯egɦni-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦegɦni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. ǰɦegɦni-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmII → *ǰegɦni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)
6. ǰegɦni-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jegɦni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. jegɦni-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *jagɦni-
8. jagɦni-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. jaghni-
√gɑɦunio-
PIE *Π·gɑɦuni̯o-
LAv. vǝrǝϑra·γnya-
(n.) ‘Zurückschlagen der Feinde, Sieg’
(AIWb. 1422)
(LAv. vǝrǝϑraγnya-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuni̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦuni̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦuni̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦuni̯a-
3. Π·gɦuni̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦni̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦni̯a-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *Π·gni̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. Π·gni̯a-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
R40a → *Π·γni̯a-
6. Π·γni̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → LAv. Π·γnya-
PIE *Π·gɑɦuni̯o-
LAv. vǝrǝϑra·γnya-
(a.) ‘siegreich’
(AIWb. 1422)
(LAv. vǝrǝϑraγnya-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuni̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦuni̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦuni̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦuni̯a-
3. Π·gɦuni̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦni̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦni̯a-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *Π·gni̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. Π·gni̯a-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
R40a → *Π·γni̯a-
6. Π·γni̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → LAv. Π·γnya-
PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦunistɑho-
LAv. ǰaγništa-
(a.) ‘der am besten schlägt’
(AIWb. 602)
(LAv. ǰaγništa-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦunistɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯egɦunistho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯egɦunistho-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RRukiI → *gɦu̯egɦuništho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. gɦu̯egɦuništho-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯egɦuništho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯egɦuništho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯egɦuništha-
5. ǰɦu̯egɦuništha-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *ǰɦu̯egɦništha-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. ǰɦu̯egɦništha-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦegɦništha-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
7. ǰɦegɦništha-
*sth/šth → st/št
Loss of *h after st/št
R25a → *ǰɦegɦništa-
8. ǰɦegɦništa-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *ǰɦegništa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
9. ǰɦegništa-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspǰh → *ǰegništa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
10. ǰegništa-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *ǰagništa-
11. ǰagništa-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
R40a → LAv. ǰaγništa-
PIE *Π·gɑɦunit-
LAv. daēvō·γnit-
(a.) ‘die Daeva schlagend’
(AIWb. 671)
(LAv. daēvō.γnit-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦunit-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦunit-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦunit-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦnit-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
3. Π·gɦnit-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *Π·gnit-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. Π·gnit-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
R40a → LAv. Π·γnit-
PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦuniu̯ṓns-
OInd. jaghnivā́ṃs-
(pf.pt.) ‘schlagend’
(MonWil. 1287)
(OInd. jaghnivā́ṃs-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦuniu̯ṓns-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯egɦuniu̯ṓns-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯egɦuniu̯ṓns-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯egɦuniu̯ṓns-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯egɦuniu̯ṓns-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
RChangeO2A4 → *ǰɦu̯egɦuniu̯ā́ns-
4. ǰɦu̯egɦuniu̯ā́ns-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *ǰɦu̯egɦniu̯ā́ns-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. ǰɦu̯egɦniu̯ā́ns-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦegɦniu̯ā́ns-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. ǰɦegɦniu̯ā́ns-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmII → *ǰegɦniu̯ā́ns-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)
7. ǰegɦniu̯ā́ns-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jegɦniu̯ā́ns-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
8. jegɦniu̯ā́ns-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *jagɦniu̯ā́ns-
9. jagɦniu̯ā́ns-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *jagɦnivā́ns-
10. jagɦnivā́ns-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal vowel before *ns
RNasVowS → *jagɦnivā́ṃs-
11. jagɦnivā́ṃs-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. jaghnivā́ṃs-
√gɑɦuniɑh-
PIE *gɑɦúni̯ḗɑh-
Lith. gunió-
(vb.) ‘verscheuchen’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. gunióti [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦúni̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *gɑɦúni̯ā́ɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gɑɦúni̯ā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦúni̯ā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦúni̯ā́h-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis Li. ù
RAcc3 → *gɦùni̯ā́h-
4. gɦùni̯ā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦùni̯ā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. gɦùni̯ā́-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gùni̯ā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. gùni̯ā́-
*ā́ → ṓ
Change of ā́ into ṓ
RChangeA202 → *gùni̯ṓ-
7. gùni̯ṓ-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
R25 → *gùniṓ-
8. gùniṓ-
ṓ → ó
Orthographic change of ṓ into ó
R27b → Lith. gùnió-
PIE *gɑɦúniɑ́h-
Lith. gùny-
(vb.) ‘verscheuchen’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. gùnyti [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦúniɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1b → *gɑɦúniíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. gɑɦúniíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦúniíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦúniíh-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis Li. ù
RAcc3 → *gɦùniíh-
4. gɦùniíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦùnií-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. gɦùnií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → *gɦùnī́-
6. gɦùnī́-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gùnī́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. gùnī́-
*ī́ → ý
Orthographic change of ī́ into ý
R24 → Lith. gùný-
PIE *gɑɦúniɑ́h-
OPr. guni-
(vb.) ‘treiben’
(APrS. 344)
(OPr. gunnimai [conj.1pl])
1. PIE *gɑɦúniɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1b → *gɑɦúniíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. gɑɦúniíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦúniíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦúniíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦúnií-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. gɦúnií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → *gɦúnī́-
5. gɦúnī́-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
RDeaspgh → *gúnī́-
6. gúnī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of ī́ into i
R22a → *gúni-
7. gúni-
PIE *ú → u
Orthographic change of *ú into u
R22d → OPr. guni-
PIE *Π·gɑɦuniɑ́h-
RV. vr̥tra·ghnī́-
(a.f.) ‘Feinde schlagend’
(WbRV. 1336)
(RV. vr̥traghnī́-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuniɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1b → *Π·gɑɦuniíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. Π·gɑɦuniíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦuniíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦuniíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·gɦunií-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·gɦunií-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦnií-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. Π·gɦnií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → *Π·gɦnī́-
6. Π·gɦnī́-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·ghnī́-
PIE *Π·gɑɦuniɑ́h-
LAv. xrvi·γnī-
(f.) ‘Name einer Daevī’
(AIWb. 540)
(LAv. xrviγnī-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuniɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1b → *Π·gɑɦuniíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. Π·gɑɦuniíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦuniíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦuniíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·gɦunií-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·gɦunií-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦnií-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. Π·gɦnií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → *Π·gɦnī́-
6. Π·gɦnī́-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *Π·gnī́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. Π·gnī́-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
R40a → *Π·γnī́-
8. Π·γnī́-
* ī̯́ → ī
Absence of accentuation
R41c → LAv. Π·γnī-
√gɑɦuenm-
PIE *gɑɦu̯énmen-
RV. hánman-
(n.?) ‘Hieb, Schlag, Stoß, Waffe zum Schlagen’
(WbRV. 1647)
(RV. hánman-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯énmen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯énmen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯énmen-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯énmen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯énmen-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦénmen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. ǰɦénmen-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦénmen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. ɦénmen-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *ɦénman-
6. ɦénman-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *ɦánman-
7. ɦánman-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. hánman-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enmen-
RV. áśma·hanman-
(n.) ‘steinerne Keule’
(WbRV. 139)
(RV. áśmahanmabhis)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enmen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯enmen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯enmen-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯enmen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯enmen-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦenmen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦenmen-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦenmen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦenmen-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *Π·ɦanman-
6. Π·ɦanman-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·hanman-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enmen-
RV. puru·hanman-
(m.) ‘EN eines Sängers’
(WbRV. 834)
(RV. puruhanman [sgV])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enmen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯enmen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯enmen-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯enmen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯enmen-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦenmen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦenmen-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦenmen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦenmen-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *Π·ɦanman-
6. Π·ɦanman-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·hanman-
√gɑɦunont-
PIE *gɑɦunont-
Hitt. gunant-
(pt.) ‘schlagen, erschlagen, töten’
(HEG 1:604f.)
(Hitt. ku-na-an-za [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦunont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦunont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦunont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦunant-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦunant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. gunant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦunónt-
RV. ghnánt-
(pt.) ‘erschlagend’
(WbRV. 1645)
(RV. ghnán [sgN], ghnántam [A])
1. PIE *gɑɦunónt-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦunónt-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦunónt-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *gɦunánt-
3. gɦunánt-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦnánt-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. gɦnánt-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. ghnánt-
PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦunónt-
Gr. πεφνόντ-
(ao.red.pt.) ‘schlagen, totschlagen, töten’
(GEW 1:658)
(Gr. πεφνόντ-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦunónt-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯egɦunónt-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯egɦunónt-
*gɦu̯egɦu/u̯ → bɦebɦ
Bilabialization of reduplication
RBilabRed1 → *bɦebɦnónt-
3. bɦebɦnónt-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *phephnónt-
4. phephnónt-
*Th–Th → T–Th
Grassmann’s Law
RGrassIIA → *pephnónt-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)
5. pephnónt-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. πεφνόντ-
√gɑɦuens-
PIE *gɑɦu̯enési̯o-
Gr. θενέο-
(fut.A.) ‘töten’
(GEW 1:657)
(Gr. θενῶ [1sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enési̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯enési̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯enési̯o-
*gɦu/u̯ → dɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *dɦenési̯o-
3. dɦenési̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *thenési̯o-
4. thenési̯o-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *thenéhi̯o-
5. thenéhi̯o-
*hi̯ → h
Loss of *i̯ after h
RChangehy2y → *theného-
6. theného-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *thenéo-
7. thenéo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. θενέο-
PIE *gɑɦu̯énseɑh-
Gr. θείνα-
(ao.s.) ‘schlagen, totschlagen, töten’
(GEW 1:657)
(Gr. θείνας [pt.sg.N])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯énseɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *gɑɦu̯énsaɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. gɑɦu̯énsaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯énsah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯énsah-
*gɦu/u̯ → dɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *dɦénsah-
4. dɦénsah-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *thénsah-
5. thénsah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *thénsa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. thénsa-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *thénha-
7. thénha-
*énh → eín
Lengthening of *en before h
RLengthEnh → *theína-
8. theína-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. θείνα-
PIE *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦu̯onseɑh-
RV. jíghaṃsa-
(des.) ‘zu tödten trachten’
(WbRV. 1645)
(RV. jíghaṃsati [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦu̯onseɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦu̯onsaɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. gɑɦu̯ígɑɦu̯onsaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯ígɦu̯onsah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯ígɦu̯onsah-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯onsah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯onsah-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ansah-
5. ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ansah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ansa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ansa-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *ǰɦu̯ígɦansa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
7. ǰɦu̯ígɦansa-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦígɦansa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
8. ǰɦígɦansa-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmII → *ǰígɦansa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)
9. ǰígɦansa-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jígɦansa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
10. jígɦansa-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal vowel before *ns
RNasVowS → *jígɦaṃsa-
11. jígɦaṃsa-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. jíghaṃsa-
PIE *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦu̯ōnseɑh-
OInd. jíghāṃsa-
(des.) ‘zu töten trachten’
(AIGr. 1:15)
(OInd. jíghāṃsati [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦu̯ōnseɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦu̯ōnsaɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. gɑɦu̯ígɑɦu̯ōnsaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯ígɦu̯ōnsah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯ígɦu̯ōnsah-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ōnsah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ōnsah-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ānsah-
5. ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ānsah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ānsa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ānsa-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *ǰɦu̯ígɦānsa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
7. ǰɦu̯ígɦānsa-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦígɦānsa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
8. ǰɦígɦānsa-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmII → *ǰígɦānsa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)
9. ǰígɦānsa-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jígɦānsa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
10. jígɦānsa-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal vowel before *ns
RNasVowS → *jígɦāṃsa-
11. jígɦāṃsa-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. jíghāṃsa-
PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯ōnsɑ́hi-
OInd. jighāṃsī-
(des.) ‘zu töten trachten’
(EWA 3:800)
(Br. ɑ́jighaṃsīs)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯ōnsɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯ōnsíhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯ōnsíhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯igɦu̯ōnsíhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯igɦu̯ōnsíhi-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯ōnsíhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯ōnsíhi-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯ānsíhi-
5. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯ānsíhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯ānsíi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯ānsíi-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *ǰɦu̯igɦānsíi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
7. ǰɦu̯igɦānsíi-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦigɦānsíi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
8. ǰɦigɦānsíi-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmII → *ǰigɦānsíi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)
9. ǰigɦānsíi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *ǰigɦānsī́-
10. ǰigɦānsī́-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jigɦānsī́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
11. jigɦānsī́-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal vowel before *ns
RNasVowS → *jigɦāṃsī́-
12. jigɦāṃsī́-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. jighāṃsī́-
√gɑɦunot-
PIE *Π·gɑɦunot-
RV. pra·ghnat-
(pt.) ‘kämpfend’
(WbRV. 1645)
(RV. praghnatā́m [plG])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦunot-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦunot-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦunot-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦunat-
3. Π·gɦunat-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦnat-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦnat-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·ghnat-
PIE *Π·gɑɦunotiɑ́h-
RV. ava·ghnatī́
(pt.f.) ‘dreschen’
(WbRV. 1645)
(RV. avaghnatī́ [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦunotiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1b → *Π·gɑɦunotiíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. Π·gɑɦunotiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦunotiíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦunotiíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦunatiíh-
4. Π·gɦunatiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·gɦunatií-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·gɦunatií-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦnatií-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. Π·gɦnatií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → *Π·gɦnatī́-
7. Π·gɦnatī́-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·ghnatī́-
PIE *gɑɦunodɑɦor-
Hitt. gunadar-
(vn.sb.N.act.) ‘Schlagung, usw.’
(HEG 1:606)
(Hitt. ku-na-a-tar)
1. PIE *gɑɦunodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦunodɦor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦunodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦunadɦar-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦunadɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. gunadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦunt-
PIE *gɑɦunt-
OEng. gūþ-
(f.) ‘war, battle, fight : bellum’
(ASaxD. 493)
(OEng. gūþ [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦunt-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦunt-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦunt-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
AffricateT → *gɦunþ-
3. gɦunþ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gunþ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. gunþ-
u n þ → ū þ
Lengthening of *u via loss of *n
RChangeunth2Uth → OEng. gūþ-
PIE *gɑɦunt·Σ·Σ-
OEng. gūþ·n·fana-
(m.) ‘military standard, ensign, banner’
(ASaxD. 493)
(OEng. gūþfana(n)-)
1. PIE *gɑɦunt·Σ·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦunt·Σ·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦunt·Σ·Σ-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
AffricateT → *gɦunþ·Σ·Σ-
3. gɦunþ·Σ·Σ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gunþ·Σ·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. gunþ·Σ·Σ-
u n þ → ū þ
Lengthening of *u via loss of *n
RChangeunth2Uth → OEng. gūþ·Σ·Σ-
PIE *gɑɦunt·Σ·Σ-
OHG. gund·n·fano-
(m.) ‘Kriegsfahne’
(ASaxD. 493)
(OHG. gundfano, Grundr2 I:611)
1. PIE *gɑɦunt·Σ·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦunt·Σ·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦunt·Σ·Σ-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
AffricateT → *gɦunþ·Σ·Σ-
3. gɦunþ·Σ·Σ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gunþ·Σ·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. gunþ·Σ·Σ-
*þ → d
OHG sound shift of *þ
ROHGShiftTH2D → OHG. gund·Σ·Σ-
PIE *gɑɦunt-
OIcl. gunn-
(f.) ‘Kampf’
(ANEtWb. 195)
(OIcl. gunnr [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦunt-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦunt-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦunt-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
AffricateT → *gɦunþ-
3. gɦunþ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gunþ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. gunþ-
*nþ → nn
Change of nþ into nn
RChangenth2nn → OIcl. gunn-
√gɑɦuontɑh-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óntēɑh-
Ion.-Att. ἀργεϊ·φόντη-
(m.) ‘Argostöter, Epithet des Hermes’
(GEW 1:130-1)
(Gr. ἀργειφόντης [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óntēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·gɑɦu̯óntāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯óntāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯óntāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯óntāh-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RBilabializationGHW → *Π·bɦóntāh-
4. Π·bɦóntāh-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *Π·phóntāh-
5. Π·phóntāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·phóntā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. Π·phóntā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
RChangeA2E1 → *Π·phóntē-
7. Π·phóntē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Ion.-Att. Π·φόντη-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óntēɑh-
Ion.-Att. ἀνδρεϊ·φόντη-
(m.) ‘Epith. of Enyalios’
(GEW 1:105)
(Gr. ἀνδρεϊφόντη-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óntēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·gɑɦu̯óntāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯óntāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯óntāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯óntāh-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RBilabializationGHW → *Π·bɦóntāh-
4. Π·bɦóntāh-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *Π·phóntāh-
5. Π·phóntāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·phóntā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. Π·phóntā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
RChangeA2E1 → *Π·phóntē-
7. Π·phóntē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Ion.-Att. Π·φόντη-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óntēɑh-
Ion.-Att. ἀνδρο·φόντη-
(m.) ‘=ἀνδρεϊ·φόντα’
(LSJ. 129)
(Gr. ἀνδροφόντης)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óntēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·gɑɦu̯óntāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯óntāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯óntāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯óntāh-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RBilabializationGHW → *Π·bɦóntāh-
4. Π·bɦóntāh-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *Π·phóntāh-
5. Π·phóntāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·phóntā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. Π·phóntā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
RChangeA2E1 → *Π·phóntē-
7. Π·phóntē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Ion.-Att. Π·φόντη-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ontēɑh-
Ion.-Att. δάϊ·φοντη-
(m.) ‘im Kampf tötend’
(GEW 3:67)
(Gr. δάϊφοντης)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ontēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·gɑɦu̯ontāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯ontāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯ontāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯ontāh-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RBilabializationGHW → *Π·bɦontāh-
4. Π·bɦontāh-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *Π·phontāh-
5. Π·phontāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·phontā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. Π·phontā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
RChangeA2E1 → *Π·phontē-
7. Π·phontē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Ion.-Att. Π·φοντη-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ontēɑh-
LinB. δαhι·qοντα-
(m.) ‘= δάϊφοντης’
(GEW 3:67)
(LinB. da-i-qo-ta)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ontēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·gɑɦu̯ontāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯ontāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯ontāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯ontāh-
*gɦu/u̯ → ǥɦ
Emergence of labiovelar *ǥ
RLabiovelarizationgh → *Π·ǥɦontāh-
4. Π·ǥɦontāh-
*ǥɦ → qh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǥɦ
RDevoiceG2h → *Π·qhontāh-
5. Π·qhontāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·qhontā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. Π·qhontā-
*qh → q
Absence of aspirates in LinB.
RDeaspqh → *Π·qontā-
7. Π·qontā-
*ā → a
Absence of quantity in LinB. script
RAbsenceA → *Π·qonta-
8. Π·qonta-
Change from Latin to Old Mycenean alphabet
RGr2Lat → LinB. Π·qοντα-
PIE *gɑɦu̯óntēɑhko
OIr. gontach-
(a.) ‘wound-dealing, combative’
(DIL. 368)
(OIr. gontach-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯óntēɑhko
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gɑɦu̯óntāɑhko
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯óntāɑhko
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯óntāhko
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯óntāhko
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯óntāko
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯óntāko
*gɦu/u̯ → gɦ
Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯
RDelabializationGHW → *gɦóntāko
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. gɦóntāko
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *góntāko
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. góntāko
VkV → VkhV
Lenition of voiceless stop *k
RLenitionK → *góntākho
7. góntākho
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RShortA2a → *góntakho
8. góntakho
*-o → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → *góntakh
9. góntakh
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → *góntach
10. góntach
*ó → o
Unmarkedness of accent in OIr.
R28c → OIr. gontach
√gɑɦuentɑh-
PIE *gɑɦu̯éntēɑh-
RV. hántā-
(m.) ‘der erschlagen hat’
(WbRV. 1646)
(RV. hántā [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éntēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gɑɦu̯éntāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯éntāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯éntāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯éntāh-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯éntāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯éntāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ǰɦu̯éntā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ǰɦu̯éntā-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦéntā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. ǰɦéntā-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦéntā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. ɦéntā-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *ɦántā-
8. ɦántā-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. hántā-
PIE *gɑɦu̯entēɑh-
LAv. ǰantā-
(m.) ‘der schlägt, tötet’
(AIWb. 604)
(LAv. ǰanta [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯entēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gɑɦu̯entāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯entāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯entāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯entāh-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯entāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯entāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ǰɦu̯entā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ǰɦu̯entā-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦentā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. ǰɦentā-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspǰh → *ǰentā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. ǰentā-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → LAv. ǰantā-
PIE *gɑɦu̯entḗɑh-
RV. hantā́-
(m.) ‘Tödter, Besieger’
(WbRV. 1647)
(RV. hantā́ [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯entḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *gɑɦu̯entā́ɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯entā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯entā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯entā́h-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯entā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯entā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ǰɦu̯entā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ǰɦu̯entā́-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦentā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. ǰɦentā́-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦentā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. ɦentā́-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *ɦantā́-
8. ɦantā́-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. hantā́-
PIE *gɑɦu̯entēɑh-
OPers. jatā-
(m.) ‘smiter, slayer’
(OldP. 184)
(OPers. jatā [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯entēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gɑɦu̯entāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯entāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯entāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯entāh-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯entāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯entāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ǰu̯entāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ǰu̯entāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ǰu̯entā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. ǰu̯entā-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰentā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
7. ǰentā-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OPers.
R2ndPalat2OPers3 → *jentā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
8. jentā-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → OPers. jantā-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯entḗɑh-
RV. vi·hantā́-
(m.) ‘Verjager, Vertreiber’
(WbRV. 1312)
(RV. vi·hantā́ [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯entḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *Π·gɑɦu̯entā́ɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯entā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯entā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯entā́h-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯entā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. Π·ǰɦu̯entā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·ǰɦu̯entā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·ǰɦu̯entā́-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦentā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. Π·ǰɦentā́-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦentā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. Π·ɦentā́-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *Π·ɦantā́-
8. Π·ɦantā́-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·hantā́-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯énteɑhmo-
RV. vr̥tra·hántama-
(a.sup.) ‘Feinde schlagend’
(WbRV. 1336)
(RV. vr̥tra-hántamas [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯énteɑhmo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *Π·gɑɦu̯éntaɑhmo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯éntaɑhmo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯éntahmo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯éntahmo-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯éntahmo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. Π·ǰɦu̯éntahmo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ǰɦu̯éntahma-
5. Π·ǰɦu̯éntahma-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·ǰɦu̯éntama-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. Π·ǰɦu̯éntama-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦéntama-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
7. Π·ǰɦéntama-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦéntama-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
8. Π·ɦéntama-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *Π·ɦántama-
9. Π·ɦántama-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·hántama-
√gɑɦuenti-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enti-
OInd. Π·hanti-
(f.) ‘Schlagen, usw.’
(AIWb. 604)
(OInd. Π·hanti-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯enti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯enti-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯enti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯enti-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦenti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦenti-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦenti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦenti-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *Π·ɦanti-
6. Π·ɦanti-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. Π·hanti-
PIE *gɑɦu̯enti-
LAv. ǰanti-
(f.) ‘Schlagen, Erschlagen’
(AIWb. 604)
(LAv. ǰanti-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯enti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯enti-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯enti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯enti-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦenti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. ǰɦenti-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspǰh → *ǰenti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. ǰenti-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → LAv. ǰanti-
√gɑɦuentr-
PIE *gɑɦu̯entṓr-
RV. hantā́r-
(m.) ‘Tödter, Besieger’
(WbRV. 1647)
(RV. hantā́ram [sgA]; or *·tēr- ?)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯entṓr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯entṓr-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯entṓr-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯entṓr-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯entṓr-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
RChangeO2A4 → *ǰɦu̯entā́r-
4. ǰɦu̯entā́r-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦentā́r-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. ǰɦentā́r-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦentā́r-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. ɦentā́r-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *ɦantā́r-
7. ɦantā́r-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. hantā́r-
PIE *gɑɦu̯entōr-
LAv. ǰantār-
(m.) ‘der schlägt, tötet’
(AIWb. 604)
(LAv. ǰantārǝm [sgA])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯entōr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯entōr-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯entōr-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯entōr-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯entōr-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *ǰɦu̯entār-
4. ǰɦu̯entār-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦentār-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. ǰɦentār-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspǰh → *ǰentār-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. ǰentār-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → LAv. ǰantār-
√gɑɦuentu-
PIE *gɑɦu̯éntu-
RV. hántu-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘zu schlagen, zu töten’
(WbRV. 1646)
(RV. hántave [D], hántavaí, hántoṣ [Abl])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éntu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯éntu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯éntu-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯éntu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯éntu-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦéntu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. ǰɦéntu-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦéntu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. ɦéntu-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *ɦántu-
6. ɦántu-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. hántu-
PIE *su·gɑɦu̯éntu-
RV. su·hántu-
(a.) ‘leicht zu schlagen/erschlagen’
(WbRV. 1559)
(RV. su·hántu-)
1. PIE *su·gɑɦu̯éntu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *su·gɦu̯éntu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. su·gɦu̯éntu-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *su·ǰɦu̯éntu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. su·ǰɦu̯éntu-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *su·ǰɦéntu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. su·ǰɦéntu-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *su·ɦéntu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. su·ɦéntu-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *su·ɦántu-
6. su·ɦántu-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. su·hántu-
PIE *gɑɦu̯éntuɑHo-
RV. hántu.a-
(pt.) ‘occidendus’
(WbRV. 1646)
(RV. hántuāsas)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éntuɑHo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯éntuHo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯éntuHo-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯éntuHo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯éntuHo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯éntuHa-
4. ǰɦu̯éntuHa-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RVedicHiatus → *ǰɦu̯éntu.a-
5. ǰɦu̯éntu.a-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦéntu.a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. ǰɦéntu.a-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦéntu.a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. ɦéntu.a-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *ɦántu.a-
8. ɦántu.a-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. hántu.a-
PIE *gɑɦu̯entuɑho-
LAv. ǰąϑwa-
(a.) ‘occidendus, umzubringen’
(AIWb. 608)
(LAv. ǰąϑwa-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯entuɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯entuho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯entuho-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯entuho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯entuho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯entuha-
4. ǰɦu̯entuha-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ǰɦu̯entua-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ǰɦu̯entua-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦentua-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. ǰɦentua-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspǰh → *ǰentua-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. ǰentua-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *ǰantua-
8. ǰantua-
*ua → u̯a
Loss of hiatus in ua
R32a → *ǰantu̯a-
9. ǰantu̯a-
*tR → ϑR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
R33b → *ǰanϑu̯a-
10. ǰanϑu̯a-
*ϑu̯ → ϑw
Affricativisation of *u̯ after dental fricative ϑ
R34a → *ǰanϑwa-
11. ǰanϑwa-
anϑw → ąϑw
Emergence of nasal vowel Av. ą before ϑw
R38 → LAv. ǰąϑwa-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯entuɑho-
LAv. fra·ǰąϑwa-
(a.) ‘zu töten’
(AIWb. 979)
(LAv. fra·ǰąϑwa-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯entuɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯entuho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯entuho-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯entuho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯entuho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ǰɦu̯entuha-
4. Π·ǰɦu̯entuha-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·ǰɦu̯entua-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·ǰɦu̯entua-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦentua-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. Π·ǰɦentua-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspǰh → *Π·ǰentua-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. Π·ǰentua-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *Π·ǰantua-
8. Π·ǰantua-
*ua → u̯a
Loss of hiatus in ua
R32a → *Π·ǰantu̯a-
9. Π·ǰantu̯a-
*tR → ϑR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
R33b → *Π·ǰanϑu̯a-
10. Π·ǰanϑu̯a-
*ϑu̯ → ϑw
Affricativisation of *u̯ after dental fricative ϑ
R34a → *Π·ǰanϑwa-
11. Π·ǰanϑwa-
anϑw → ąϑw
Emergence of nasal vowel Av. ą before ϑw
R38 → LAv. Π·ǰąϑwa-
PIE *gɑɦu̯entu̯ɑho.tero-
LAv. ǰąϑwō.tara-
(a.) ‘der den Tod mehr verdient’
(AIWb. 608)
(LAv. ǰąϑwō.tara-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯entu̯ɑho.tero-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯entu̯ho.tero-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯entu̯ho.tero-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯entu̯ho.tero-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯entu̯ho.tero-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯entu̯ha.tera-
4. ǰɦu̯entu̯ha.tera-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ǰɦu̯entu̯a.tera-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ǰɦu̯entu̯a.tera-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦentu̯a.tera-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. ǰɦentu̯a.tera-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspǰh → *ǰentu̯a.tera-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. ǰentu̯a.tera-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *ǰantu̯a.tara-
8. ǰantu̯a.tara-
*tR → ϑR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
R33b → *ǰanϑu̯a.tara-
9. ǰanϑu̯a.tara-
*ϑu̯ → ϑw
Affricativisation of *u̯ after dental fricative ϑ
R34a → *ǰanϑwa.tara-
10. ǰanϑwa.tara-
anϑw → ąϑw
Emergence of nasal vowel Av. ą before ϑw
R38 → *ǰąϑwa.tara-
11. ǰąϑwa.tara-
a. → ō.
Change of a into ō before morpheme border
R39 → LAv. ǰąϑwō.tara-
√gɑɦuenu-
PIE *gɑɦu̯enu-
Hitt. gu̯enu-
(vb.) ‘schlagen, töten’
(HIL. 561)
(Hitt. ku-en-nu-um-me-ni [1pl])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯enu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯enu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. gu̯enu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦu̯enuli-
Latv. dzenuli-
(.) ‘Stachel’
(IEW. 493)
(Latv. dzenulis [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enuli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯enuli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯enuli-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯enuli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯enuli-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ǰu̯enuli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ǰu̯enuli-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰenuli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. ǰenuli-
*ǰ → dz
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to Latvian
R2ndPalat2Latv3 → Latv. dzenuli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
PIE *gɑɦu̯enumo-
Hitt. gu̯enuma-
(vb.sb.bs.n.) ‘schlagen’
(HIL. 562)
(Hitt. ku-en-nu-ma-aš, ku-en-nu-um-ma-an-zi)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enumo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯enumo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯enumo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯enuma-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦu̯enuma-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. gu̯enuma-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦuonu-
PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦu̯onu̯ṓns-
RV. jaghanvā́ṃs-
(pf.) ‘erschlagend’
(WbRV. 1645)
(RV. jaghanvā́n [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦu̯onu̯ṓns-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯egɦu̯onu̯ṓns-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯egɦu̯onu̯ṓns-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯egɦu̯onu̯ṓns-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯egɦu̯onu̯ṓns-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯egɦu̯anu̯ṓns-
4. ǰɦu̯egɦu̯anu̯ṓns-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
RChangeO2A4 → *ǰɦu̯egɦu̯anu̯ā́ns-
5. ǰɦu̯egɦu̯anu̯ā́ns-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *ǰɦu̯egɦanu̯ā́ns-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. ǰɦu̯egɦanu̯ā́ns-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦegɦanu̯ā́ns-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
7. ǰɦegɦanu̯ā́ns-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmII → *ǰegɦanu̯ā́ns-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)
8. ǰegɦanu̯ā́ns-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jegɦanu̯ā́ns-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
9. jegɦanu̯ā́ns-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *jagɦanu̯ā́ns-
10. jagɦanu̯ā́ns-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *jagɦanvā́ns-
11. jagɦanvā́ns-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal vowel before *ns
RNasVowS → *jagɦanvā́ṃs-
12. jagɦanvā́ṃs-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. jaghanvā́ṃs-
√gɑɦunus-
PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦunu̯ōs-
LAv. ǰaγnvāh-
(pf.pt.) ‘schlagend, tötend’
(AIWb. 490)
(LAv. jaγnvå [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦunu̯ōs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯egɦunu̯ōs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯egɦunu̯ōs-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯egɦunu̯ōs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯egɦunu̯ōs-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *ǰɦu̯egɦunu̯ās-
4. ǰɦu̯egɦunu̯ās-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *ǰɦu̯egɦnu̯ās-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. ǰɦu̯egɦnu̯ās-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦegɦnu̯ās-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. ǰɦegɦnu̯ās-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *ǰɦegɦnu̯āh-
7. ǰɦegɦnu̯āh-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *ǰɦegnu̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
8. ǰɦegnu̯āh-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspǰh → *ǰegnu̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
9. ǰegnu̯āh-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *ǰagnu̯āh-
10. ǰagnu̯āh-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
R40a → *ǰaγnu̯āh-
11. ǰaγnu̯āh-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → LAv. ǰaγnvāh-
PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦunús-
RV. jaghnúṣ-
(pf.pt.) ‘kämpfen’
(WbRV. 1645)
(RV. jaghnúṣas [sgG])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦunús-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯egɦunús-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯egɦunús-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *gɦu̯egɦunúš-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. gɦu̯egɦunúš-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯egɦunúš-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯egɦunúš-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *ǰɦu̯egɦnúš-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. ǰɦu̯egɦnúš-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦegɦnúš-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. ǰɦegɦnúš-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmII → *ǰegɦnúš-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)
7. ǰegɦnúš-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jegɦnúš-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
8. jegɦnúš-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *jagɦnúš-
9. jagɦnúš-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → *jagɦnúṣ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
10. jagɦnúṣ-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. jaghnúṣ-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦunusiɑ́h-
RV. á·jaghnuṣī-
(a.) ‘der nicht getötet hat’
(WbRV. 20)
(RV. á·jaghnuṣī-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦunusiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1b → *Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦunusiíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦunusiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯egɦunusiíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯egɦunusiíh-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *Π·gɦu̯egɦunušiíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
4. Π·gɦu̯egɦunušiíh-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦunušiíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦunušiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦunušií-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦunušií-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦnušií-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
7. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦnušií-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦegɦnušií-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
8. Π·ǰɦegɦnušií-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmII → *Π·ǰegɦnušií-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)
9. Π·ǰegɦnušií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → *Π·ǰegɦnušī́-
10. Π·ǰegɦnušī́-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *Π·jegɦnušī́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
11. Π·jegɦnušī́-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *Π·jagɦnušī́-
12. Π·jagɦnušī́-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → *Π·jagɦnuṣī́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
13. Π·jagɦnuṣī́-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·jaghnuṣī́-
√gɑɦuor-
PIE *gɑɦu̯or-
CLu. gu̯ar-
(vb.) ‘schneiden’
(HHand. 89)
(CLu. ku-ua-ar-ti [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯or-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯ar-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦu̯ar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. gu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦu̯or-
Pal. gu̯ar-
(vb.) ‘schneiden, abtrennen’ (?)
(HHand. 89)
(Pal. gu̯ar-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯or-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯ar-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦu̯ar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Pal. gu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦu̯oroske/o-
Hitt. gu̯araške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘-’
(HHand. 81)
(Hitt. ku-ua-ar-aš-ke/a-, HIL. 563)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯oroske/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯oroske/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯oroske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯araske/a-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦu̯araske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gu̯araske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gu̯araske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. gu̯araške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦuer-
PIE *gɑɦu̯er-
Hitt. gu̯er-
(vb1.) ‘(ab)schneiden’
(HHand. 81)
(Hitt. ku-er-mi, ku-er-zi, ku-e-ru--n[i?])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯er-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯er-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯er-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. gu̯er-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦu̯er-
Hitt. gu̯er-
(vb2.) ‘schneiden, abschneiden’
(HIL. 563)
(Hitt. ku-er-ri [3sg] [KUB 24.12 iii 19])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯er-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯er-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯er-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. gu̯er-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦur-
PIE *gɑɦur-
Hitt. gur-
(vb1.) ‘(ab)schneiden’
(HHand. 81)
(Hitt. ku-ra-an-zi, ku-ra-an-du)
1. PIE *gɑɦur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦur-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦur-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. gur-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦur·gɑɦulosi-
CLu. gur·gulaši-
(m.) ‘Verbrecher’
(IF 95:90n1120)
(CLu. gurgulaši-)
1. PIE *gɑɦur·gɑɦulosi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦur·gɦulosi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦur·gɦulosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦur·gɦulasi-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦur·gɦulasi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gur·gulasi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gur·gulasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. gur·gulaši-
√gɑɦuro-
PIE *gɑɦuro-
Hitt. gura-
(vb.) ‘(ab)schneiden’
(HIL. 563)
(Hitt. ku-ra-a-an-na [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦuro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦuro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦura-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦura-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. gura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦuro-
Hitt. gura-
(c.) ‘in Götterbeiwort kurraš taraššiš’
(HHand. 85)
(‘schism’, OHP 3:237)
1. PIE *gɑɦuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦuro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦuro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦura-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦura-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. gura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·gɑɦuro-
HLu. ARHA·gura-
(‘MANUS+CULTER’vb.*) ‘cut off’
(CHLu. 4.2.13)
(in HLu. ARHA (‘MANUS+CULTER’)REL+ra/i-ha-’ [1sg])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦuro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦuro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦura-
(XX:XX)
3. Π·gɦura-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → HLu. Π·gura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦuri-
PIE *gɑɦuroi-
CLu. gurai-
(vb.) ‘zerschneiden, zerteilen’
(HHand. 85)
(CLu. gurai-)
1. PIE *gɑɦuroi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦuroi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦuroi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦurai-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦurai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. gurai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦu·gɑɦuroi-
Hitt. gugurai-
(sb.) ‘Verletzung’
(HHand. 81)
(Hitt. gugurai-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu·gɑɦuroi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu·gɦuroi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu·gɦuroi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu·gɦurai-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦu·gɦurai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. gu·gurai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦurim-
(HEG II:646-7)
PIE *gɑɦureimo-
Hitt. gureima-
(c.) ‘Waise’
(HHand. 81,85)
(Hitt. gureima-)
1. PIE *gɑɦureimo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦureimo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦureimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦureima-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦureima-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. gureima-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦuroimi-
CLu. guraimi-
(pt.) ‘zerschneiden, zerteilen, HHand. 85’
(HEG II:646-7)
(CLu. ku-ra-a-im-mi-i-iš)
1. PIE *gɑɦuroimi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦuroimi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦuroimi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦuraimi-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦuraimi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. guraimi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦuriski-
PIE *gɑɦuriske/o-
Hitt. guriške/a-
(vb.iter.)
(HHand. 81)
(Hitt. ku-ri-eš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *gɑɦuriske/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦuriske/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦuriske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦuriske/a-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦuriske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *guriske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. guriske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. guriške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦu·gɑɦuriske/o-
Hitt. guguriške/a-
(vb.) ‘to mutilate, cut up’
(HIL. 568)
(Ḫi ku-uk-ku-ri-eš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu·gɑɦuriske/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu·gɦuriske/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu·gɦuriske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu·gɦuriske/a-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦu·gɦuriske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gu·guriske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gu·guriske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. gu·guriške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦurK-
PIE *gɑɦu̯o·gɑɦu̯orke/o-
Hitt. gu̯a·gu̯arke/a-
(vb.) ‘abschneiden : to cut up, mutilate’
(HHand. 88)
(Hitt. ku-ua-ku-ua-ar-ke/a-, HIL. 568)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯o·gɑɦu̯orke/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯o·gɦu̯orke/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯o·gɦu̯orke/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯a·gɦu̯arke/a-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦu̯a·gɦu̯arke/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. gu̯a·gu̯arke/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦurom-
PIE *gɑɦuromo-
CLu. gurama-
(pt.) ‘- (?)-’ (HIL. 563: ‘cutting’)
(DLL. 57)
(CLu. ku-ra-ma-ti [sgI])
1. PIE *gɑɦuromo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦuromo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦuromo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦurama-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦurama-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. gurama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦuromi-
CLu. gurami-
(pt.) ‘- (?) -’ (‘Zerkleinerung’ (?) (HHand. 85)
(DLL. 57)
(CLu. ku-ra-am-mi [sgD]]
1. PIE *gɑɦuromi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦuromi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦuromi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦurami-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦurami-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. gurami-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦuron-
PIE *gɑɦurono-
Hitt. gurana-
(MUNUSc.) (auteur de rituel)
(NOMS. 640)
(Hitt. ku-ra-an-na [Abs.])
1. PIE *gɑɦurono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦurono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦurono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦurana-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦurana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. gurana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦurono-
CLu. gurana-
(.) ‘ein Schneidegerät, HHand. 85’
(DLL. 57)
(CLu. ku-ra-a[n]-ni [sgD])
1. PIE *gɑɦurono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦurono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦurono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦurana-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦurana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. gurana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦuronT-
PIE *gɑɦuront-
Hitt. gurant-
(pt.) (to Hitt. kur- ‘(ab)schneiden’ )
(HHand. 81)
(Hitt. ku-ra-an-t-)
1. PIE *gɑɦuront-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦuront-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦuront-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦurant-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦurant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. gurant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦuronto-
Hitt. guranta-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 224)
(Hitt. ku-ra-an-da)
1. PIE *gɑɦuronto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦuronto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦuronto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦuranta-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦuranta-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. guranta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦuronto·Σ-
Hitt. guranta·LÚ-
(LÙc.*) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 641)
(Hitt. ku-ra-an-ta-LÚ [Abs.])
1. PIE *gɑɦuronto·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦuronto·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦuronto·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦuranta·Σ-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦuranta·Σ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. guranta·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦuros-
PIE *gɑɦuros·Σ-
CLu. guraš·taraši-
(a.gen.) ‘Götterbeiwort wie CLu. paraštaraši-’
(DLL. 57)
(CLu. kur-ra-aš-tar-ra-aš-ši-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦuros·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦuros·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦuros·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦuras·Σ-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦuras·Σ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *guras·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. guras·Σ-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. guraš·Σ-
PIE *gɑɦuroske/o-
Hitt. guraške/a-
(vb.iter) ‘abschneiden’
(HHand. 81)
(Hitt. ku-ra-aš-ke/a-, (HIL. 563))
1. PIE *gɑɦuroske/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦuroske/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦuroske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦuraske/a-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦuraske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *guraske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. guraske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. guraške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦugɑɦuroske/o-
Hitt. guguraške/a-
(pr.) ‘verstümmeln’
(HIL. 568)
(Hitt. ku-ug-gur-aš-ke/a-, ku-uk-ku-ra-aš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *gɑɦugɑɦuroske/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦugɦuroske/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦugɦuroske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦugɦuraske/a-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦugɦuraske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *guguraske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. guguraske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. guguraške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦuroT-
PIE *gɑɦuroti-
CLu. gurati-
(c.) ‘Zerkleinerung, Zerschneidung ?’
(HHand. 85)
(CLu. gurati-)
1. PIE *gɑɦuroti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦuroti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦuroti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦurati-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦurati-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. gurati-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦurotn-
CLu. guratn-
(c.) ‘Zerkleinerung, Zerschneidung ?’
(HHand. 85)
(CLu. ku-ra-at-ni, ku-ra-at-na)
1. PIE *gɑɦurotn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦurotn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦurotn-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦuratn-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦuratn-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. guratn-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦuorn-
PIE *gɑɦu̯ornōu-
LAv. garǝnāu-
(m.) ‘Krätze’
(AIWb. 515)
(LAv. garǝnāušča [sgG])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ornōu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯ornōu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ornōu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯arnōu-
3. gɦu̯arnōu-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *gɦu̯arnāu-
4. gɦu̯arnāu-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦarnāu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. gɦarnāu-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
R19b → *gɦarǝnāu-
6. gɦarǝnāu-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → LAv. garǝnāu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
PIE *gɑɦu̯ornu
MidPers. garr-
(sb.) ‘Krätze’
(AIWb. 515)
(MidPers. garr [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ornu
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯ornu
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ornu
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯arnu
3. gɦu̯arnu
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦarnu
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. gɦarnu
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *garnu
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. garnu
*rn → rr
Assimilation of *rn into rr
R26 → *garru
6. garru
*u- → Ø
Loss of root-final •u-
R28 → MidPers. garr
√gɑɦuers-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gɑɦu̯ers-
Hitt. gu̯erš-
(vb1.) ‘(ab)schneiden’
(HHand. 81)
(Hitt. ku-e-er-šu-un [1sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ers-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯ers-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ers-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gu̯ers-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. gu̯ers-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. gu̯erš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦu̯ersi-
OIr. geirr-
(sb.) ‘said of grain’
(DIL. 358)
(OIr. geirr)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ersi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯ersi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ersi-
*gɦu/u̯ → gɦ
Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯
RDelabializationGHW → *gɦersi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
3. gɦersi-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gersi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. gersi-
*rs → rr
Assimilation of *rs into rr
RAssimRS → *gerri-
5. gerri-
*erri → eirr
Epenthesis of i
REpentherri → OIr. geirr-
√gɑɦuors-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gɑɦu̯órso-
OInd. ghárṣa-
(pr.A.) ’reiben : rub’
(KEWA 1:358)
(OInd. ghárṣa-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯órso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯órso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯órso-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiR → *gɦu̯óršo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. gɦu̯óršo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯órša-
4. gɦu̯órša-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *gɦu̯árša-
5. gɦu̯árša-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦárša-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. gɦárša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → *gɦárṣa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
7. gɦárṣa-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. ghárṣa-
PIE *gɑɦu̯orso·so-
CLu. gu̯arša·ša-
(a.gen.) ‘militärisch ?’
(HHand. 86)
(DLL. 60, CLu. ku-ua-ar-ša-aš-ša-a-[...)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯orso·so-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯orso·so-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯orso·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯arsa·sa-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦu̯arsa·sa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gu̯arsa·sa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gu̯arsa·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. gu̯arša·ša-
√gɑɦurs-
(HEG 4: 657-8, Pyysalo)
PIE *gɑɦu·gɑɦurs-
Hitt. gugurš-
(vb.) ‘verstümmeln’
(HHand. 81)
(Hitt. ku-kur-ša-an-t-, ku-gur-ša-an-t)
1. PIE *gɑɦu·gɑɦurs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu·gɦurs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu·gɦurs-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gu·gurs-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. gu·gurs-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. gu·gurš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦurso-
Hitt. gurša-
(vb1.) ‘abschneiden, trennen’
(HHand. 86)
(KLuN. 535-6)
1. PIE *gɑɦurso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦurso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦurso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦursa-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦursa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gursa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gursa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. gurša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦurso-
Hitt. gurša
(d.) ‘cf. above’
(OHP. 1:267-71)
(Hitt. kur-ša(aš) [Abs(N)])
1. PIE *gɑɦurso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦurso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦurso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦursa-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦursa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gursa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gursa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. gurša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦurso-
Hitt. gurša
(dKUŠ.) ‘cf. above’
(OHP. 1:267-71)
(Hitt. kur-ša-aš [N])
1. PIE *gɑɦurso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦurso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦurso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦursa-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦursa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gursa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gursa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. gurša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦurso-
Hitt. gurša
(KUŠ.) ‘cf. above’
(OHP. 1:267-71)
(Hitt. gur-ša-aš [N])
1. PIE *gɑɦurso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦurso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦurso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦursa-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦursa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gursa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gursa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. gurša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦurso·Σ-
Hitt. gurša·x[
(URU.) ‘abschneidend+x…’
(OGH. 225)
(Hitt. ku-úr-ša-x[)
1. PIE *gɑɦurso·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦurso·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦurso·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦursa·Σ-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦursa·Σ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gursa·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gursa·Σ-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. gurša·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦurso·Σ-
Hitt. gurša·dKAL
(LÚc.) (devin)
(NOMS. 648)
(Hitt. kur-ša-dKAL)
1. PIE *gɑɦurso·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦurso·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦurso·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦursa·Σ-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦursa·Σ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gursa·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gursa·Σ-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. gurša·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦursoi-
Hitt. guršai-
(vb1.) ‘(ab)schneiden, abtrennen’ (?)
(HHand. 81)
(Hitt. kur-ša-a-i)
1. PIE *gɑɦursoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦursoi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦursoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦursai-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦursai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gursai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gursai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. guršai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦurso·so-
CLu. gurša·ša-
(a.gen.) ‘militärisch’ (?)
(HHand. 86)
(DLL. 60, CLu. kur-ša-aš-ša-an [sgA])
1. PIE *gɑɦurso·so-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦurso·so-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦurso·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦursa·sa-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦursa·sa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gursa·sa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gursa·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. gurša·ša-
√gɑɦursol-
PIE *gɑɦursolo-
Hitt. guršala-
(c.) ‘ein Kultfunktionär’
(HHand. 86)
(Hitt. kuršala-)
1. PIE *gɑɦursolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦursolo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦursolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦursala-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦursala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gursala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gursala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. guršala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦursoli-
Hitt. guršali-
(d.) ‘preceded by uašuma-’
(OHP. 1:271)
(Hitt. kur-ša-li-iš [N], kur-ša-al-li-in [A])
1. PIE *gɑɦursoli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦursoli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦursoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦursali-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦursali-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gursali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gursali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. guršali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦursom-
PIE *gɑɦursomolei̯o-
Hitt. guršamalei̯a-
(a.) ‘-(?)-, BW des Wettergottes’
(HHand. 86)
(Hitt. guršamalei̯a-)
1. PIE *gɑɦursomolei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦursomolei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦursomolei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦursamalei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦursamalei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gursamalei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gursamalei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. guršamalei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦursomoso-
Hitt. guršamaša-
(URUa.gen.?) ‘bei Tuwanuwa ? › Šalunata£i’
(OGH. 226-7)
(Hitt. gur-ša-ma-aš-ša, OGHErg. 86)
1. PIE *gɑɦursomoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦursomoso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦursomoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦursamasa-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦursamasa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gursamasa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gursamasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. guršamaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦursomu̯ont-
Hitt. guršamu̯ant-
(pt.c.) ‘Verbannter, Verstoßener’
(HHand. 86)
(Hitt. guršamu̯ant-)
1. PIE *gɑɦursomu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦursomu̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦursomu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦursamu̯ant-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦursamu̯ant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gursamu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gursamu̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. guršamu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦursto-
PIE *gɑɦursto-
OInd. ghr̥ṣṭa-
(pt.) ‘zerrieben, aufgerieben, wund’
(KEWA 1:358)
(OInd. ghr̥ṣṭa-)
1. PIE *gɑɦursto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦursto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦursto-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiR → *gɦuršto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. gɦuršto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦuršta-
4. gɦuršta-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦršta-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. gɦršta-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → *gɦrṣta-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
6. gɦrṣta-
*ṣt → ṣṭ
Assimilation of retroflex
RRetrofl3 → *gɦrṣṭa-
7. gɦrṣṭa-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. ghrṣṭa-
√gɑɦuru-
PIE *gɑɦuru-
CLu. guru-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘schneiden’
(HHand. 89)
(CLu. ku-ú-ru-na [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦuru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦuru-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦuru-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. guru-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦurudɑɦi̯i-
Hitt. guruzi-
(URUDUn/c.) ‘cutter‘
(HIL. 563)
(Hitt. ku-ru-uz-zi-it [sgI])
1. PIE *gɑɦurudɑɦi̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦurudɦi̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦurudɦi̯i-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *gɦuruzi-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. gɦuruzi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. guruzi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦuos-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gɑɦu̯os·gɑɦu̯os-
Hitt. gu̯aš·gu̯aš-
(vb.iter.) ‘wiederholt töten’
(HHand. 82)
(Hitt. kuaškuašzi [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯os·gɑɦu̯os-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯os·gɦu̯os-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯os·gɦu̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯as·gɦu̯as-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦu̯as·gɦu̯as-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gu̯as·gu̯as-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gu̯as·gu̯as-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. gu̯aš·gu̯aš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦu̯oske/o-
Hitt. gu̯aške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘wiederholt töten’
(HEG 1:606)
(Hitt. ku-ua-aš-ki-iz-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯oske/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯oske/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯oske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯aske/a-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦu̯aske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gu̯aske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gu̯aske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. gu̯aške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦu̯osro-
OInd. ghasra-
(a.) ‘verletzend : hurting’
(KEWA 1:358)
(Lex. ghasra-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯osro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯osro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯osro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯asra-
3. gɦu̯asra-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦasra-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. gɦasra-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. ghasra-
PIE *gɑɦu̯osro-
OInd. ghasra-
(m.) ‘name of śiva’ (n.) ‘saffron’
(MonWil. 377)
(OInd. ghasra-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯osro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯osro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯osro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯asra-
3. gɦu̯asra-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦasra-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. gɦasra-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. ghasra-
√gɑɦus-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gɑɦu·gɑɦus-
Hitt. gu·guš-
(vb.) ‘zerstoßen’
(HHand. 82)
(Hitt. ku-ku-uš-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu·gɑɦus-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu·gɦus-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu·gɦus-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gu·gus-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. gu·gus-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. gu·guš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦus·gɑɦus-
Hitt. guš·guš-
(vb.) ‘zerdrücken, -stampfen, -mahlen, -stoßen’
(HHand. 87)
(Hitt. guš·guš-)
1. PIE *gɑɦus·gɑɦus-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦus·gɦus-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦus·gɦus-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gus·gus-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. gus·gus-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. guš·guš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦusoi-
CLu. gušai-
(vb.) ‘reiben, schaben, kratzen, HHand 86’
(DLL. 58)
(CLu. ku-u-ša-a-in-ta [3pl])
1. PIE *gɑɦusoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦusoi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦusoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦusai-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦusai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gusai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gusai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. gušai-
PIE *Π·gɑɦuso.nu̯omno-
LAv. a·γžō.nvamna-
(pt.a.) ‘sich nicht mindernd, verkleinerd’
(AIWb 50-1)
(Av. aγžō.nvamnǝm, Kuiper Nasalpräs. 65)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuso.nu̯omno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦuso.nu̯omno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦuso.nu̯omno-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *Π·gɦušo.nu̯omno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. Π·gɦušo.nu̯omno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦuša.nu̯amna-
4. Π·gɦuša.nu̯amna-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦša.nu̯amna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. Π·gɦša.nu̯amna-
*gɦš → gɦž
Voicing of *š after gɦ
R22a → *Π·gɦža.nu̯amna-
6. Π·gɦža.nu̯amna-
*Dɦž → Dž
Loss of *ɦ between stop and ž
R24b → *Π·gža.nu̯amna-
7. Π·gža.nu̯amna-
a. → ō.
Change of a into ō before morpheme border
R39 → *Π·gžō.nu̯amna-
8. Π·gžō.nu̯amna-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
R40a → *Π·γžō.nu̯amna-
9. Π·γžō.nu̯amna-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → LAv. Π·γžō.nvamna-
PIE *gɑɦúsr̥no-
OInd. ghusr̥ṇa-
(n.) ‘Safran : saffron’
(KEWA 1:360)
(OInd. ghusr̥ṇa-)
1. PIE *gɑɦúsr̥no-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦúsr̥no-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦúsr̥no-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦúsr̥na-
3. gɦúsr̥na-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
RRetrofl1 → *gɦúsr̥ṇa-
4. gɦúsr̥ṇa-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. ghúsr̥ṇa-
PIE *gɑɦústo-
OInd. ghuṣṭa-
(n.) ‘gerieben : rubbed’
(KEWA 1:360)
(OInd. ghuṣṭa-)
1. PIE *gɑɦústo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦústo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦústo-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *gɦúšto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. gɦúšto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦúšta-
4. gɦúšta-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → *gɦúṣta-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
5. gɦúṣta-
*ṣt → ṣṭ
Assimilation of retroflex
RRetrofl3 → *gɦúṣṭa-
6. gɦúṣṭa-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. ghúṣṭa-
PIE *gɑɦus·gɑɦusu̯or-
Hitt. gušgušu̯ar-
(vb.sb.n.) ‘Verstoßen’
(HHand. 87)
(Hitt. gušgušu̯ar [sgNA])
1. PIE *gɑɦus·gɑɦusu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦus·gɦusu̯or-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦus·gɦusu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦus·gɦusu̯ar-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦus·gɦusu̯ar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gus·gusu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gus·gusu̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. guš·gušu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦus·gɑɦusuli-
Hitt. gušgušuli-
(n.) ‘Mörser’
(HHand. 87)
(Hitt. gušgušuli-)
1. PIE *gɑɦus·gɑɦusuli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦus·gɦusuli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦus·gɦusuli-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gus·gusuli-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. gus·gusuli-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. guš·gušuli-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦuet-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ét-
RV. sam·hát-
(f.) ‘die Schicht’
(WbRV. 1440)
(RV. saṃhátas)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ét-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯ét-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯ét-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯ét-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯ét-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦét-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦét-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦét-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦét-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *Π·ɦát-
6. Π·ɦát-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·hát-
√gɑɦueto-
PIE *gɑɦu̯etó-
RV. hatá-
(pf.) ‘geschlagen, getötet, erschlagen’
(WbRV. 1646)
(RV. hatá́m)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯etó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯etó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯etó-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯etó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯etó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *ǰɦu̯etá-
4. ǰɦu̯etá-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦetá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. ǰɦetá-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦetá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. ɦetá-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *ɦatá-
7. ɦatá-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. hatá-
PIE *gɑɦu̯eto-
LAv. ǰata-
(pf.pt.) ‘geschlagen, getötet’
(AIWb. 602)
(LAv. ǰata-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯eto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eto-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯eto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯eto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯eta-
4. ǰɦu̯eta-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦeta-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. ǰɦeta-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspǰh → *ǰeta-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. ǰeta-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → LAv. ǰata-
PIE *gɑɦu̯etó·Σ-
RV. hatá́·vr̥ṣanī-
(a.f.) ‘dem der Stier = der Herr getödtet ist’
(WbRV. 1641)
(RV. hatá·vr̥ṣanī-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯etó·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯etó·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯etó·Σ-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯etó·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯etó·Σ-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *ǰɦu̯etá·Σ-
4. ǰɦu̯etá·Σ-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦetá·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. ǰɦetá·Σ-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦetá·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. ɦetá·Σ-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *ɦatá·Σ-
7. ɦatá·Σ-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. hatá·Σ-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eto-
OPers. ava·jata-
(pt.m.) ‘smite down, slay : getötet’
(OldP. 185)
(OPers. avajata [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯eto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯eto-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯eto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯eto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ǰɦu̯eta-
4. Π·ǰɦu̯eta-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·ǰu̯eta-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·ǰu̯eta-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰeta-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. Π·ǰeta-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OPers.
R2ndPalat2OPers3 → *Π·jeta-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. Π·jeta-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → OPers. Π·jata-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eto-
LAv. amō·ǰata-
(pt.) ‘beim (Einzel)Angriff getötet’
(AIWb. 147)
(LAv. amō.ǰatǝm [sgA])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯eto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯eto-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯eto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯eto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ǰɦu̯eta-
4. Π·ǰɦu̯eta-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦeta-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰɦeta-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspǰh → *Π·ǰeta-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. Π·ǰeta-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → LAv. Π·ǰata-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eto-
LAv. daevō·ǰata-
(a.) ‘von den Daeva- geschlagen’
(AIWb. 671)
(LAv. daevō.ǰata-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯eto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯eto-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯eto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯eto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ǰɦu̯eta-
4. Π·ǰɦu̯eta-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦeta-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰɦeta-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspǰh → *Π·ǰeta-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. Π·ǰeta-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → LAv. Π·ǰata-
√gɑɦuetɑho-
PIE *gɑɦu̯étɑho-
RV. hátha-
(m.) ‘tödlicher Schlag’
(WbRV. 1641)
(RV. hátha-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯étɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯étho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯étho-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯étho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯étho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯étha-
4. ǰɦu̯étha-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦétha-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. ǰɦétha-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦétha-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. ɦétha-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *ɦátha-
7. ɦátha-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. hátha-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯étɑho-
RV. vr̥tra·hátha-
(m.) ‘Erschlagung der Feinde, Schlacht’
(WbRV. 1335)
(RV. vr̥tra·hátha-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯étɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯étho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯étho-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯étho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯étho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ǰɦu̯étha-
4. Π·ǰɦu̯étha-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦétha-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰɦétha-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦétha-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. Π·ɦétha-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *Π·ɦátha-
7. Π·ɦátha-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·hátha-
√gɑɦueti-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eti-
RV. á·hati-
(f.) ‘Unversehrtheit’
(WbRV. 162)
(RV. á·hati-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯eti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯eti-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯eti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯eti-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦeti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦeti-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦeti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦeti-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *Π·ɦati-
6. Π·ɦati-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·hati-
PIE *gɑɦu̯etí-
OInd. hatí-
(f.) ‘das Schlagen, Schlag, Multiplikation’
(IEW. 492)
(OInd. hatí-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯etí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯etí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯etí-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯etí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯etí-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦetí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. ǰɦetí-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦetí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. ɦetí-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *ɦatí-
6. ɦatí-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. hatí-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eti-
LAv. paiti·ǰati-
(f.) ‘Zurückschlagen, Abwehr’
(AIWb. 829)
(LAv. paiti.ǰaitīm [sgA])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯eti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯eti-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯eti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯eti-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦeti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦeti-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspǰh → *Π·ǰeti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ǰeti-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *Π·ǰati-
6. Π·ǰati-
*ati → aiti
Anaptyxis of *i
RAnaptyxATI → LAv. Π·ǰaiti-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eti-
LAv. haϑra·ǰati-
(f.) ‘Aufeinmalerschlagen’
(AIWb. 1763)
(LAv. haϑra.ǰatō [sgL], haϑra.ǰata [sgL], haϑra.ǰatå [lsgL])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯eti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯eti-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯eti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯eti-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦeti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦeti-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspǰh → *Π·ǰeti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ǰeti-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *Π·ǰati-
6. Π·ǰati-
*ati → aiti
Anaptyxis of *i
RAnaptyxATI → LAv. Π·ǰaiti-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯éti̯o-
RV. ahi·hátya-
(n.) ‘Erschlagung der Schlange’
(WbRV. 167)
(RV. ahi·hátya-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯éti̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯éti̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯éti̯o-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯a-
4. Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯a-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦéti̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰɦéti̯a-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦéti̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. Π·ɦéti̯a-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *Π·ɦáti̯a-
7. Π·ɦáti̯a-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → *Π·háti̯a-
8. Π·háti̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. Π·hátya-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯éti̯o-
RV. vr̥tra·hátya-
(n.) ‘Vritra-tötung, Vritra-schlact’
(WbRV. 1335)
(RV. vr̥tra·hátya-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯éti̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯éti̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯éti̯o-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯a-
4. Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯a-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦéti̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰɦéti̯a-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦéti̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. Π·ɦéti̯a-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *Π·ɦáti̯a-
7. Π·ɦáti̯a-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → *Π·háti̯a-
8. Π·háti̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. Π·hátya-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯éti̯o-
RV. vr̥tra·hátya-
(n.) ‘Kampf mit Feinden, Schlacht’
(WbRV. 1335)
(RV. vr̥tra·hátya-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯éti̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯éti̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯éti̯o-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯a-
4. Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯a-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦéti̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰɦéti̯a-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦéti̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. Π·ɦéti̯a-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *Π·ɦáti̯a-
7. Π·ɦáti̯a-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → *Π·háti̯a-
8. Π·háti̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. Π·hátya-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eti̯o-
RV. vā́rtra·hatya-
(a.) ‘zum Erschlagen des Vr̥tra- dienlich’
(WbRV. 1261)
(RV. vā́rtra·hatya-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eti̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯eti̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯eti̯o-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯eti̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯eti̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ǰɦu̯eti̯a-
4. Π·ǰɦu̯eti̯a-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦeti̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰɦeti̯a-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦeti̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. Π·ɦeti̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *Π·ɦati̯a-
7. Π·ɦati̯a-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → *Π·hati̯a-
8. Π·hati̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. Π·hatya-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eti̯ḗɑh-
RV. muṣṭi·hatyā́-
(f.) ‘Faustkampf, Handgemenge’
(WbRV. 1052)
(RV. muṣṭi·hatyā́-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eti̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *Π·gɑɦu̯eti̯ā́ɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯eti̯ā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯eti̯ā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯eti̯ā́h-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯eti̯ā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. Π·ǰɦu̯eti̯ā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·ǰɦu̯eti̯ā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·ǰɦu̯eti̯ā́-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦeti̯ā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. Π·ǰɦeti̯ā́-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦeti̯ā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. Π·ɦeti̯ā́-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *Π·ɦati̯ā́-
8. Π·ɦati̯ā́-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → *Π·hati̯ā́-
9. Π·hati̯ā́-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. Π·hatyā́-
√gɑɦuetnu-
PIE *gɑɦu̯etnú-
RV. hatnú-
(a.) ‘tödlich’
(WbRV. 1641)
(RV. hatnú-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯etnú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯etnú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯etnú-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯etnú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯etnú-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦetnú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. ǰɦetnú-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦetnú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. ɦetnú-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *ɦatnú-
6. ɦatnú-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. hatnú-
√gɑɦuotnu-
PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯otnú-
RV. jighatnú-
(a.) ‘zu verletzen strebend’
(WbRV. 488)
(RV. jighatnú-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯otnú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯igɦu̯otnú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯igɦu̯otnú-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯otnú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯otnú-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯atnú-
4. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯atnú-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *ǰɦu̯igɦatnú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. ǰɦu̯igɦatnú-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦigɦatnú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. ǰɦigɦatnú-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmII → *ǰigɦatnú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)
7. ǰigɦatnú-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jigɦatnú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
8. jigɦatnú-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. jighatnú-
√gɑɦuetero-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯etero-
LAv. gaeϑō·ǰatara-
(a.) ‘der für Haus und Hof gefährliche’
(AIWb. 479)
(LAv. gaeϑō.ǰatara-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯etero-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯etero-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯etero-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯etero-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯etero-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ǰɦu̯etera-
4. Π·ǰɦu̯etera-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦetera-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰɦetera-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspǰh → *Π·ǰetera-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. Π·ǰetera-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → LAv. Π·ǰatara-
√gɑɦuetu-
PIE *gɑɦu̯etu-
RV. hatu-
(gdv.bs.) ‘getötet habend; erschlagend’
(WbRV. 1646)
(RV. hatvā́ ‘getötet habend’, RV. hatvī́ ‘erschlagend’)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯etu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯etu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯etu-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯etu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯etu-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦetu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. ǰɦetu-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦetu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. ɦetu-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *ɦatu-
6. ɦatu-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. hatu-
√gɑɦut-
PIE *gɑɦút-
OIcl. guð-
(f.) ‘Kampf’
(ANEtWb. 195)
(OIcl. guðr [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦút-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦút-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦút-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
AffricateT → *gɦúþ-
3. gɦúþ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gúþ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. gúþ-
*þ → ð
Change of þ into ð
RSoftenth2dh → *gúð-
5. gúð-
ú → u
Absence of accentuation
R25 → OIcl. guð-
PIE *koɑhgɑɦúto
OIcl. hǫguð-
(m.) ‘Schwert’
(ANEtWb. 280)
(OIcl. hǫguðr [sgN])
1. PIE *koɑhgɑɦúto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kohgɦúto
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. kohgɦúto
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kogɦúto
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. kogɦúto
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
AffricateK → *xogɦúto
4. xogɦúto
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
AffricateT → *xogɦúþo
5. xogɦúþo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *xogúþo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. xogúþo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *xagúþa
(XX:XX)
7. xagúþa
-a → Ø
Loss of -a in root-final position
RLossFinala1 → *xagúþ
8. xagúþ
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
RGlottalicX2H → *hagúþ
9. hagúþ
*a — ú → ǫ — ú
Umlaut for a — ú
RUmlautaGú → *hǫgúþ
10. hǫgúþ
*þ → ð
Change of þ into ð
RSoftenth2dh → *hǫgúð
11. hǫgúð
ú → u
Absence of accentuation
R25 → OIcl. hǫguð
√gɑɦudɑɦeɑhr-
(IEW. 487-8 gu̯hðer)
(WP. 1:700)
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦéɑhr-
Gr. φθάρ-
(pf.) ‘zugrunde richten, vernichten, verderben, zerstören’
(GEW 2:1013)
(in Gr. ἔφθαρμαι [1sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦéɑhr-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
Colouring rule for *éɑ
RColouring1d → *gɑɦudɑɦáɑhr-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. gɑɦudɑɦáɑhr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦudɦáhr-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦudɦáhr-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦáhr-
4. bɦdɦáhr-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *phdɦáhr-
5. phdɦáhr-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *phtháhr-
6. phtháhr-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *phthár-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. phthár-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. φθάρ-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦéɑhri̯o-
Dor. φθαίρο-
(pr.A.) ‘zugrunde richten, vernichten, verderben, zerstören’
(GEW 2:1013)
(Dor. φθαίρω)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦéɑhri̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
Colouring rule for *éɑ
RColouring1d → *gɑɦudɑɦáɑhri̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. gɑɦudɑɦáɑhri̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦudɦáhri̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦudɦáhri̯o-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦáhri̯o-
4. bɦdɦáhri̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *phdɦáhri̯o-
5. phdɦáhri̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *phtháhri̯o-
6. phtháhri̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *phthári̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. phthári̯o-
*ári̯ → aír
Epenthesis of *i
REpenthARy → *phthaíro-
8. phthaíro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Dor. φθαίρο-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦéɑhrmeɑht-
Gr. φθάρματ-
(n.) ‘Verderbnis, Auswurf’
(GEW 2:1013)
(Gr. φθάρματ-)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦéɑhrmeɑht-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *gɑɦudɑɦéɑhrmaɑht-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. gɑɦudɑɦéɑhrmaɑht-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
Colouring rule for *éɑ
RColouring1d → *gɑɦudɑɦáɑhrmaɑht-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
3. gɑɦudɑɦáɑhrmaɑht-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦudɦáhrmaht-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. gɦudɦáhrmaht-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦáhrmaht-
5. bɦdɦáhrmaht-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *phdɦáhrmaht-
6. phdɦáhrmaht-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *phtháhrmaht-
7. phtháhrmaht-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *phthármat-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
8. phthármat-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. φθάρματ-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦeɑhrtó-
Gr. φθαρτό-
(pt.) ‘vergänglich’
(GEW 2:1013)
(in Gr. φθαρτός)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦeɑhrtó-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *gɑɦudɑɦaɑhrtó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. gɑɦudɑɦaɑhrtó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦudɦahrtó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦudɦahrtó-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦahrtó-
4. bɦdɦahrtó-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *phdɦahrtó-
5. phdɦahrtó-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *phthahrtó-
6. phthahrtó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *phthartó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. phthartó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. φθαρτό-
PIE *Π·gɑɦudɑɦeɑhrto-
Gr. ἄ·φθαρτο-
(a.) ‘unvergänglich’
(GEW 2:1013)
(Gr. ἄφθαρτος)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦudɑɦeɑhrto-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *Π·gɑɦudɑɦaɑhrto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. Π·gɑɦudɑɦaɑhrto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦudɦahrto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦudɦahrto-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RBilabializationGHW → *Π·bɦdɦahrto-
4. Π·bɦdɦahrto-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *Π·phdɦahrto-
5. Π·phdɦahrto-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *Π·phthahrto-
6. Π·phthahrto-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·phtharto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. Π·phtharto-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·φθαρτο-
√gɑɦudɑɦoi-
(IEW. 487 *gu̯hði-)
(WP. 1:505f.)
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦói̯ēɑh-
Ion.-Att. φθόη-
(f.) ‘Schwindsucht’
(GEW 2:1015)
(Gr. φθόη-)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦói̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gɑɦudɑɦói̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gɑɦudɑɦói̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦudɦói̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦudɦói̯āh-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦói̯āh-
4. bɦdɦói̯āh-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *phdɦói̯āh-
5. phdɦói̯āh-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *phthói̯āh-
6. phthói̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *phthói̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. phthói̯ā-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *phthóā-
8. phthóā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
RChangeA2E1 → *phthóē-
9. phthóē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Ion.-Att. φθόη-
√gɑɦudɑɦi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦí-
Gr. φθί-
(ao.) ‘vernichten’ (ps.) ‘zugrunde gehen’
(GEW 2:1014)
(Gr. ἐφθίμην [1sg], GrGr. I:326)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦudɦí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦí-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦí-
3. bɦdɦí-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *phdɦí-
4. phdɦí-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *phthí-
5. phthí-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. φθί-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦi̯o-
HLu. guza-
(vb.) ‘carve, engrave’
(CHLu. 6.11.2)
(HLu. [(CAPERE-SCALPRUM)REL-]z[a?]-tà
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦudɦi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *gɦuzo-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. gɦuzo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦuza-
(XX:XX)
4. gɦuza-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → HLu. guza-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦi̯o·moi-
HLu. guza·mai-
(n.) ‘engraved words’
(CHLu. 10.18.11)
(HLu. REL-za-ma-ia, REL(?)]-za-ma-[ia?])
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦi̯o·moi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦudɦi̯o·moi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦi̯o·moi-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *gɦuzo·moi-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. gɦuzo·moi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦuza·mai-
(XX:XX)
4. gɦuza·mai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → HLu. guza·mai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦi̯o·ii̯oro-
HLu. guza·i̯ara-
(LÚ.) ‘carve-IARA’
(CHLu. 2.27.17)
(HLu. IREL-za-ia+ra/i-sa)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦi̯o·ii̯oro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦudɦi̯o·ii̯oro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦi̯o·ii̯oro-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *gɦuzo·ii̯oro-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. gɦuzo·ii̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦuza·ii̯ara-
(XX:XX)
4. gɦuza·ii̯ara-
* aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
RAnatGlide2 → *gɦuza·iara-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
5. gɦuza·iara-
* a i a → a i i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide3 → *gɦuza·i̯ara-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
6. gɦuza·i̯ara-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → HLu. guza·i̯ara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦíi̯o-
Gr. φθίο-
(pr.A.) ‘vernichten’ (P.) ‘zugrunde gehen’
(GEW 2:1015)
(Gr. φθίω)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦíi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦudɦíi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦíi̯o-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦíi̯o-
3. bɦdɦíi̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *phdɦíi̯o-
4. phdɦíi̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *phthíi̯o-
5. phthíi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *phthío-
6. phthío-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. φθίο-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦímeno-
Gr. φθίμενο-
(pt.M.) ‘vernichten, zugrunde gehen’
(GEW 2:1015)
(Gr. φθίμενο-)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦímeno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦudɦímeno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦímeno-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦímeno-
3. bɦdɦímeno-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *phdɦímeno-
4. phdɦímeno-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *phthímeno-
5. phthímeno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. φθίμενο-
√gɑɦudɑɦin-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦíno-
Att. φθίνο-
(vb.tr.) ‘vernichten’
(GEW 2:1014)
(Att. φθίνω)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦíno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦudɦíno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦíno-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦíno-
3. bɦdɦíno-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *phdɦíno-
4. phdɦíno-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *phthíno-
5. phthíno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Att. φθίνο-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦíno-
Att. φθίνο-
(vb.intr.) ‘hinschwinden, zugrunde gehen’
(GEW 2:1014)
(Att. φθίνω)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦíno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦudɦíno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦíno-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦíno-
3. bɦdɦíno-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *phdɦíno-
4. phdɦíno-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *phthíno-
5. phthíno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Att. φθίνο-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦinúdɑɦo-
Gr. φθινύθο-
(vb.tr.) ‘verschwinden machen’
(GEW 2:1014)
(Gr. φθινύθω)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦinúdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦudɦinúdɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦinúdɦo-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦinúdɦo-
3. bɦdɦinúdɦo-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *phdɦinúdɦo-
4. phdɦinúdɦo-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *phthinútho-
5. phthinútho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. φθινύθο-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦinúdɑɦo-
Gr. φθινύθο-
(vb.intr.) ‘hinschwinden’
(GEW 2:1014)
(Gr. φθινύθω)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦinúdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦudɦinúdɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦinúdɦo-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦinúdɦo-
3. bɦdɦinúdɦo-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *phdɦinúdɦo-
4. phdɦinúdɦo-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *phthinútho-
5. phthinútho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. φθινύθο-
√gɑɦudɑɦir-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦeír-
Gr. φθείρ-
(m.f.) ‘Laus’
(GEW 2:1012)
(Gr. φθείρ)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦeír-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦudɦeír-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦeír-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦeír-
3. bɦdɦeír-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *phdɦeír-
4. phdɦeír-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *phtheír-
5. phtheír-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. φθείρ-
√gɑɦudɑɦit-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦitó-
Gr. φθιτό-
(pt.m.pl.) ‘die Dahingeschiedenen’
(GEW 2:1015)
(Gr. φθιτοί [plN])
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦitó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦudɦitó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦitó-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦitó-
3. bɦdɦitó-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *phdɦitó-
4. phdɦitó-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *phthitó-
5. phthitó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. φθιτό-
PIE *Π·gɑɦudɑɦito-
Gr. ἄ·φθιτο-
(pt.) ‘unvergänglich’
(GEW 2:1015)
(Gr. κλέ(ϝ)ος ἄφθιτον ‘unverwüstlicher Ruhm’)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦudɑɦito-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦudɦito-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦudɦito-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RBilabializationGHW → *Π·bɦdɦito-
3. Π·bɦdɦito-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *Π·phdɦito-
4. Π·phdɦito-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *Π·phthito-
5. Π·phthito-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·φθιτο-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦeíts-
Gr. φθείσ-
(ao.fut.) ‘vernichten’
(GEW 2:1014)
(Gr. φθέισω, ἔφθεισα)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦeíts-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦudɦeíts-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦeíts-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦeíts-
3. bɦdɦeíts-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *phdɦeíts-
4. phdɦeíts-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *phtheíts-
5. phtheíts-
*t s → s
Loss of dental in *ts
RChangets2s → *phtheís-
6. phtheís-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. φθείσ-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦíts-
Att. φθίσ-
(ao.fut.) ‘vernichten’
(GEW 2:1014)
(Att. φθίσω, ἀπέφθισα)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦíts-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦudɦíts-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦíts-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦíts-
3. bɦdɦíts-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *phdɦíts-
4. phdɦíts-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *phthíts-
5. phthíts-
*t s → s
Loss of dental in *ts
RChangets2s → *phthís-
6. phthís-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Att. φθίσ-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦítsi-
Gr. φθίσι-
(f.) ‘das Schwinden, Abnehmen, Auszehrung’
(GEW 2:1015)
(Gr. φθίσι-)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦítsi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦudɦítsi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦítsi-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦítsi-
3. bɦdɦítsi-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *phdɦítsi-
4. phdɦítsi-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *phthítsi-
5. phthítsi-
*t s → s
Loss of dental in *ts
RChangets2s → *phthísi-
6. phthísi-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. φθίσι-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦeitsím·Σ-
Gr. φθεισίμ·βροτο-
(a.) ‘Menschen vernichtend’
(GEW 2:1014-5)
(Gr. φθεισίμβροτος)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦeitsím·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦudɦeitsím·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦeitsím·Σ-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦeitsím·Σ-
3. bɦdɦeitsím·Σ-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *phdɦeitsím·Σ-
4. phdɦeitsím·Σ-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *phtheitsím·Σ-
5. phtheitsím·Σ-
*t s → s
Loss of dental in *ts
RChangets2s → *phtheisím·Σ-
6. phtheisím·Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. φθεισίμ·Σ-
√gɑɦudɑɦor-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦór-
Gr. φθόρ-
(pf.) ‘Verderben, Vernichtung’
(GEW 2:1013)
Gr. διέφθορα)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦór-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦudɦór-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦór-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦór-
3. bɦdɦór-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *phdɦór-
4. phdɦór-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *phthór-
5. phthór-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. φθόρ-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦóro-
Gr. φθόρο-
(m.) ‘Verderben, Vernichtung’
(GEW 2:1013)
Gr. φθόρος)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦóro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦudɦóro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦóro-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦóro-
3. bɦdɦóro-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *phdɦóro-
4. phdɦóro-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *phthóro-
5. phthóro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. φθόρο-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦorḗɑh-
Dor. φθορᾱ́-
(f.) ‘Verderben, Vernichtung, Untergang, Seuche’
(GEW 2:1013)
(Gr. φθορά, Gr. ā)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦorḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *gɑɦudɑɦorā́ɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gɑɦudɑɦorā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦudɦorā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦudɦorā́h-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦorā́h-
4. bɦdɦorā́h-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *phdɦorā́h-
5. phdɦorā́h-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *phthorā́h-
6. phthorā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *phthorā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. phthorā́-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Dor. φθορᾱ́-
PIE *Π·gɑɦudɑɦorḗɑhtsi̯o-
Ion.-Att. δωματα·φθορήσο-
(fut.) ‘ruin the house’
(GEW 2:1013)
(Gr. δωματα·φθορήσω)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦudɑɦorḗɑhtsi̯o-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *Π·gɑɦudɑɦorā́ɑhtsi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦudɑɦorā́ɑhtsi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦudɦorā́htsi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦudɦorā́htsi̯o-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RBilabializationGHW → *Π·bɦdɦorā́htsi̯o-
4. Π·bɦdɦorā́htsi̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *Π·phdɦorā́htsi̯o-
5. Π·phdɦorā́htsi̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *Π·phthorā́htsi̯o-
6. Π·phthorā́htsi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·phthorā́tsi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. Π·phthorā́tsi̯o-
*si̯ → s
Loss of *i̯ after s
RChangesy2s → *Π·phthorā́tso-
8. Π·phthorā́tso-
*t s → s
Loss of dental in *ts
RChangets2s → *Π·phthorā́so-
9. Π·phthorā́so-
*ā́ → ḗ
Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ
RChangeA2E2 → *Π·phthorḗso-
10. Π·phthorḗso-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Ion.-Att. Π·φθορήσο-
PIE *Π·gɑɦudɑɦoréi̯o-
Gr. δωματα·φθορέο-
(cs.) ‘ruin the house’
(LSJ. 465)
(Gr. δωματα·φθορέω)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦudɑɦoréi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦudɦoréi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦudɦoréi̯o-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RBilabializationGHW → *Π·bɦdɦoréi̯o-
3. Π·bɦdɦoréi̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *Π·phdɦoréi̯o-
4. Π·phdɦoréi̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *Π·phthoréi̯o-
5. Π·phthoréi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *Π·phthoréo-
6. Π·phthoréo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·φθορέο-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦórii̯o-
Gr. φθόριο-
(a.) ‘abtreibend, die Verführung betreffend’
(GEW 2:1013)
(Gr. φθόριος)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦórii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦudɦórii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦórii̯o-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦórii̯o-
3. bɦdɦórii̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *phdɦórii̯o-
4. phdɦórii̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *phthórii̯o-
5. phthórii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *phthório-
6. phthório-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. φθόριο-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦoríi̯eɑh-
Gr. φθορία-
(f.) ‘Verderben, Schade’
(GEW 2:1013)
(Gr. φθορία-)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦoríi̯eɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *gɑɦudɑɦoríi̯aɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. gɑɦudɑɦoríi̯aɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦudɦoríi̯ah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦudɦoríi̯ah-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦoríi̯ah-
4. bɦdɦoríi̯ah-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *phdɦoríi̯ah-
5. phdɦoríi̯ah-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *phthoríi̯ah-
6. phthoríi̯ah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *phthoríi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. phthoríi̯a-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *phthoría-
8. phthoría-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. φθορία-
√gɑɦudɑɦer-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦéri̯o-
Gr. φθείρο-
(vb.) ‘zugrunde richten, vernichten, zerstören’
(GEW 2:1013)
(Gr. φθείρω, Lesb. φθέρρω, Arc. φθήρω)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦéri̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦudɦéri̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦéri̯o-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦéri̯o-
3. bɦdɦéri̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *phdɦéri̯o-
4. phdɦéri̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *phthéri̯o-
5. phthéri̯o-
*éri̯ → eír
Epenthesis of *i
REpenthEry → *phtheíro-
6. phtheíro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. φθείρο-
PIE *Π·gɑɦudɑɦéri̯o-
Gr. συμ·φθείρο-
(vb.) ‘zugleich/gänzlich zugrunde richten’
(GEW 2:1013)
(Gr. συμ·φθείρω)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦudɑɦéri̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦudɦéri̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦudɦéri̯o-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RBilabializationGHW → *Π·bɦdɦéri̯o-
3. Π·bɦdɦéri̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *Π·phdɦéri̯o-
4. Π·phdɦéri̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *Π·phthéri̯o-
5. Π·phthéri̯o-
*éri̯ → eír
Epenthesis of *i
REpenthEry → *Π·phtheíro-
6. Π·phtheíro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·φθείρο-
√gɑɦudɑɦot-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦótsi-
Gr. φθόσι-
(f.) ‘= Gr. φθίσι-’
(LSJ. 1930)
(Gr. φθόσι-)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦótsi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦudɦótsi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦótsi-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦótsi-
3. bɦdɦótsi-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *phdɦótsi-
4. phdɦótsi-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *phthótsi-
5. phthótsi-
*t s → s
Loss of dental in *ts
RChangets2s → *phthósi-
6. phthósi-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. φθόσι-


√kɑhur- √gɑɦur-(sb.) ‘Haar(band), Flechte’ (vb.) ‘binden, gürten’
(IEW. 444)
√kɑhur-
(IEW XX)
PIE *keɑhu̯oro-
OInd. kavara-
(m.) ‘Haarband, Flechte : braid of hair’
(KEWA 1:186)
1. PIE *keɑhu̯oro-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *kaɑhu̯oro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. kaɑhu̯oro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kahu̯oro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kahu̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kahu̯ara-
4. kahu̯ara-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kau̯ara-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. kau̯ara-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → OInd. kavara-
PIE *keɑhúro-
Lith. kaũra-
(m.) ‘Haar’
(LiEtWb. XX)
1. PIE *keɑhúro-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *kaɑhúro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. kaɑhúro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kahúro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kahúro-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis Li. ù
RAcc3 → *kahùro-
4. kahùro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kaùro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. kaùro-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Lith. kaùra-
√gɑɦurdɑɦ-
(HEG 1:658f.)
PIE *gɑɦurdɑɦo-
Hitt. gurda-
() ((É)c.) ‘Burg, Akropolis, Zitadelle’
(HEG 1:658f., HHand. 86)
1. PIE *gɑɦurdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦurdɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦurdɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦurdɦa-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦurdɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. gurda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦurdɑɦo-
LAv. gǝrǝδa-
(m.) ‘Höhle als Behausung’
(AIWb. 522-3)
1. PIE *gɑɦurdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦurdɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦurdɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦurdɦa-
3. gɦurdɦa-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦrdɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. gɦrdɦa-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
R19b → *gɦrǝdɦa-
5. gɦrǝdɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *gɦrǝda-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. gɦrǝda-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *grǝda-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. grǝda-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
R40a → *γrǝda-
8. γrǝda-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
R40c → LAv. γrǝδa-
PIE *gɑɦu̯ordɑɦo-
Lith. gar̃da-
(m.) ‘Pferch’
(LiEtWb. 135)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ordɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯ordɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ordɦo-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦordɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
3. gɦordɦo-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦardɦa-
4. gɦardɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *gɦarda-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. gɦarda-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → Lith. garda-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
PIE *gɑɦu̯ordɑɦo-
Alb. gardh-
(m.) ‘fence’
(AlbEtD. 110)
(Alb. garth [sgN], gardhe [plN)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ordɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯ordɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ordɦo-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦordɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
3. gɦordɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦardɦa-
(XX:XX)
4. gɦardɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RRDeaspdh → *gɦarda-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. gɦarda-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RRDeaspgh → Alb. garda-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
PIE *gɑɦu̯ordɑɦo
OCS. gradŭ-
(m.) ‘Stadt’
(Sadnik √253)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ordɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦu̯ordɦo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ordɦo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯ardɦa
3. gɦu̯ardɦa
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *gɦardɦa
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. gɦardɦa
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *gɦarda
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. gɦarda
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *garda
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. garda
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *gordo
7. gordo
*-o → -u
Change of -o into -u
RChangeO2U → *gordu
8. gordu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
ROrthogru2u1 → OCS. gordŭ
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ordɑɦo-
Phryg. mane·gordo-
(ON.) ‘Mannes-Stad’
(IEW. 444)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ordɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯ordɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯ordɦo-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦordɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
3. Π·gɦordɦo-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *Π·gɦordo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. Π·gɦordo-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *Π·gordo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. Π·gordo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Phryg. Π·γορδο-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ordɑɦiɑ́h-
OCS. o·gradi-
(vb.) ‘fence in, enclose’
(Sadnik √235, o·gradi [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ordɑɦiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1b → *Π·gɑɦu̯ordɑɦiíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯ordɑɦiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯ordɦiíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯ordɦiíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦu̯ardɦiíh-
4. Π·gɦu̯ardɦiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·gɦu̯ardɦií-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·gɦu̯ardɦií-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦardɦií-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. Π·gɦardɦií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → *Π·gɦardɦī́-
7. Π·gɦardɦī́-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *Π·gɦardī́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
8. Π·gɦardī́-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *Π·gardī́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
9. Π·gardī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *Π·gordī́-
10. Π·gordī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
ROrthogrI2i2 → OCS. Π·gordi-


PIE √kotɑh- (sb.) ‘Rache, Genugtuung, Vergeltung, Feindschaft’
(XX:XX)
(Pyysalo: Anat. + gAv.)
√kotɑh-
PIE *kōtɑho-
gAv. kāϑa-
(n.) ‘Vergeltung’
(AIWb. 463)
(gAv. kāϑǝ̄ [plN])
1. PIE *kōtɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kōtho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. kōtho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kōtha-
3. kōtha-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *kātha-
4. kātha-
*t h → ϑ
Affricativization of *th
RAffricateTH → gAv. kāϑa-
√kotɑhi-
PIE *kotɑhi-
HLu. kati-
(c.) ‘damage’
(CHLu. 10.14.42)
(HLu. ka-ti-i-sa)
1. PIE *kotɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kothi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. kothi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kathi-
(XX:XX)
3. kathi-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → HLu. kati-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *kotɑhi-
HLu. kati-
(c.) ‘enemity’
(CHLu. 2.11.32)
(XX)
1. PIE *kotɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kothi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. kothi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kathi-
(XX:XX)
3. kathi-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → HLu. kati-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√kotɑhu-
(HEG 1:545)
(HED 2:138f., HIL. 539-)
PIE *kotɑhu-
Hitt. katu-
(.) ‘enmity, strife’
(HIL. 539-40)
1. PIE *kotɑhu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kothu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. kothu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kathu-
(XX:XX)
3. kathu-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → Hitt. katu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *kotɑhou̯on-
Hitt. katau̯an-
(n.) ‘Rache, Genugtuung, Vergeltung, Feindschaft’
(HEG 1:545)
(HHand 76)
1. PIE *kotɑhou̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kothou̯on-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. kothou̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kathau̯an-
(XX:XX)
3. kathau̯an-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → Hitt. katau̯an-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *kotɑhou̯odɑɦor-
Hitt. katau̯adar-
(n.) ‘Rache, Genugtuung, Vergeltung, Feindschaft’
(HEG 1:545)
1. PIE *kotɑhou̯odɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kothou̯odɦor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. kothou̯odɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kathau̯adɦar-
(XX:XX)
3. kathau̯adɦar-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *katau̯adɦar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. katau̯adɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. katau̯adar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *kotɑhou̯odɑɦnoli-
CLu. katau̯adnali-
(a.) ‘rachsüchtig’
(DLL. 55)
1. PIE *kotɑhou̯odɑɦnoli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kothou̯odɦnoli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. kothou̯odɦnoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kathau̯adɦnali-
(XX:XX)
3. kathau̯adɦnali-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *katau̯adɦnali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. katau̯adɦnali-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. katau̯adnali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √kui- ‘bezahlen, vergelten, büßen, strafen, rächen’
(IEW XX)
(+ Pyysalo)
√kui-
(IEW XX)
(+ Pyysalo)
PIE *ku̯i-
Hitt. ku̯i-
(vb.) ‘bezahlen’
(HHand. 81)
(“weniger wahrscheinliche Lesung pai-”)
PIE *ku̯i-
LAv. či-
(ao.) ‘vergelten, büßen, strafen, rächen’
(AIWb. 464)
(LAv. čimāne [inf.])
1. PIE *ku̯i-
PIE *ku̯ → ču̯
2nd palatalization of *ku̯
R2ndPalatKW → *ču̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
2. ču̯i-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → LAv. či-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
PIE *ku̯eku̯i-
Spik. pepi-
(pf.) ‘bezahlen’
(AC LIV2:XX)
(Spik. pepie [3sg])
1. PIE *ku̯eku̯i-
* ku/u̯ → p
Bilabialization of *ku/u̯ into p
RBilabializationKW → Spik. pepi-
PIE *ku̯iku̯oi̯-
LAv. čikay-
(pr3.) ‘vergelten, büßen, strafen, rächen’
(AIWb. 464)
(LAv. čikaya [conj.3sg],
1. PIE *ku̯iku̯oi̯-
PIE *ku̯ → ču̯
2nd palatalization of *ku̯
R2ndPalatKW → *ču̯iku̯oi̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
2. ču̯iku̯oi̯-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ču̯iku̯ai̯-
3. ču̯iku̯ai̯-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *ču̯ikai̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. ču̯ikai̯-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *čikai̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. čikai̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → LAv. čikay-
PIE *ku̯ei̯o-
LAv. čaya-
(pr.) ‘abbüssen, büssen für [A]’ (vom Schuldigen)
(AIWb. 464)
1. PIE *ku̯ei̯o-
PIE *ku̯ → ču̯
2nd palatalization of *ku̯
R2ndPalatKW → *ču̯ei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
2. ču̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ču̯ei̯a-
3. ču̯ei̯a-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *čei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. čei̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *čai̯a-
5. čai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → LAv. čaya-


PIE √kui- ‘inscribe, mark, write’
(IEW XX)
(Pyysalo)
√kui-
PIE *ku̯i-
CLu. ku̯i-
(vb.) ‘inscrire, marquer’
(DLL. 56)
(CLu. ku-i-ḫa [1sg])
PIE *ku̯ōi̯o·stɑho-
OInd. kāya·stha-
(m.) ‘Schreiber’
(KEWA 1:200)
1. PIE *ku̯ōi̯o·stɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ku̯ōi̯o·stho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ku̯ōi̯o·stho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ku̯ōi̯a·stha-
3. ku̯ōi̯a·stha-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *ku̯āi̯a·stha-
4. ku̯āi̯a·stha-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *kāi̯a·stha-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. kāi̯a·stha-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → OInd. kāya·stha-
PIE *ku̯ōi̯-
TochB. kāy-
(n.) ± ‘receipt’
(DTochB. 153)
1. PIE *ku̯ōi̯-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *ku̯āi̯-
(XX:XX)
2. ku̯āi̯-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *kāi̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
3. kāi̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → TochB. kāy-
PIE *ku̯idɑɦi-
LycB. qidi-
(vb.) ‘schreiben’
(HEG 2:226)
(See Ševoroškin 1969:346f. apud HEG)
1. PIE *ku̯idɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ku̯idɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ku̯idɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ku̯idi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. ku̯idi-
*ku̯ → q
Emergence of labiovelar q
R13a → LycB. qidi-
PIE *ku̯idɑɦrolo-
LycB. qidrala-
(nom.ag.) ‘Schreiber’
(HEG 2:226)
1. PIE *ku̯idɑɦrolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ku̯idɦrolo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ku̯idɦrolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ku̯idɦrala-
(XX:XX)
3. ku̯idɦrala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ku̯idrala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ku̯idrala-
*ku̯ → q
Emergence of labiovelar q
R13a → LycB. qidrala-


PIE √kul- ‘Loch, Hohlweg, Höhlung’ (a.) ‘hohl’ (vb.) ‘dig’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo 2013:277)
√kulo-
PIE *kúlo-
Gr. κύλο-
(n.) ‘Höhlungen unter den Augen’
(GEW 2:46)
(Gr. κύλα [n.pl.])
1. PIE *kúlo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. κύλο-
PIE *kulo
OIcl. hol-
(a.) ‘hohl’
(ANEtWb. 248)
(OIcl. holr sgN])
1. PIE *kulo
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
AffricateK → *xulo
2. xulo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *xula
(XX:XX)
3. xula
-a → Ø
Loss of -a in root-final position
RLossFinala1 → *xul
4. xul
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
RGlottalicX2H → OIcl. hul
PIE *kuli-
Hitt. kuli-
(sb.) ‘Loch, Hohlweg’ (?)
(HHand. 83)
(HEG 1:–)
PIE *Π·kuli̯o-
OEng. a·holia-
(vb.) ‘to dig’
(ASaxD. 31)
(OEng. aholian [inf.])
1. PIE *Π·kuli̯o-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
AffricateK → *Π·xuli̯o-
2. Π·xuli̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *Π·xuli̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. Π·xuli̯a-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
RGlottalicX2H → *Π·huli̯a-
4. Π·huli̯a-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of *i̯ into i
ROrthogrY2j → OEng. Π·hulia-


PIE √kul- √kuol- √kuel- ‘lehnen, liegen, ruhen, zaudern, schlafen’
P. 928 [4. (s)kel-]
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Toch.)
√kuol-
PIE *Π·ku̯ol-
Lith. atsi·kal̃-
(vb.) ‘sich anlehnen’
(P. 928 [4. (s)kel-])
(Lith. atsikaul̃ti [inf.])
1. PIE *Π·ku̯ol-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·kol-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
2. Π·kol-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Lith. Π·kal-
PIE *Π·ku̯olo-
Lith. ãt·kala-
(a.) ‘angelehnt’
(P. 928 [4. (s)kel-])
(Lith. ãtkalas [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·ku̯olo-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·kolo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
2. Π·kolo-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Lith. Π·kala-
√kulɑhn-
PIE *kulḗɑhni-
Lith. klõni-
(m.) ‘Tal’
(P. 928 [4. (s)kel-])
(Lith. klõnis [sgN])
1. PIE *kulḗɑhni-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *kulā́ɑhni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kulā́ɑhni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kulā́hni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kulā́hni-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kulā́ni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kulā́ni-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *klā́ni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. klā́ni-
*ā́ → ṓ
Change of ā́ into ṓ
RChangeA202 → *klṓni-
6. klṓni-
ṓ → ó
Orthographic change of ṓ into ó
R27b → Lith. klóni-
PIE *kulēɑhnɑhḗ-
Lith. klonė̃-
(f.) ‘Niederung’
(P. 928 [4. (s)kel-])
Lith. klonė̃ [sgN])
1. PIE *kulēɑhnɑhḗ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kulāɑhnɑhḗ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kulāɑhnɑhḗ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kulāhnhḗ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kulāhnhḗ-
ḗ → ė̃
Change of ḗ into ė̃
RAcc8 → *kulāhnhė̃-
4. kulāhnhė̃-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kulānė̃-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. kulānė̃-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *klānė̃-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. klānė̃-
*ā → ō
Change of ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → *klōnė̃-
7. klōnė̃-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
R27a → Lith. klonė̃-
√kuli-
PIE *kuli-
Hitt. kuli-
(A.ŠÀn.) ‘Brachland, ungenütztes Land (?)’
(HHand. 83)
√kuliɑh
PIE *kuli̯ēɑh-
Hitt. kuli̯āḫ-
(vbMP.) ‘beruhigen’
(HHand. 83)
1. PIE *kuli̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kuli̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kuli̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kuli̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kuli̯āh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. kuli̯āḫ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√kulis-
PIE *kulis-
TochA. klis-
(prA.) ‘cubare, dormire’
(Poucha 94)
(TochA. klisiṣ)
1. PIE *kulis-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → TochA. klis-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
PIE *kulisor-
Hitt. kulišar-
(n.) ‘Zaudern, Abwarten’
(HHand. 83)
1. PIE *kulisor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kulisar-
(XX:XX)
2. kulisar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. kulišar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *kulisōsilunoi̯o
TochA. klisāṣlune-
(cs.vb.sb.) ‘cubare, dormire’
(Poucha 94)
1. PIE *kulisōsilunoi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kulisōsilunai̯a
(XX:XX)
2. kulisōsilunai̯a
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *kulisāsilunai̯a
(XX:XX)
3. kulisāsilunai̯a
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *klisāsilunai̯a
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. klisāsilunai̯a
*si → ṣ
Palatalization of *si
R18b → *klisāṣlunai̯a
5. klisāṣlunai̯a
*a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *klisāṣlunai̯
6. klisāṣlunai̯
*a y → ē
Change of ay into ē in root-final
RCyangeay2E → *klisāṣlunē
7. klisāṣlunē
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthE2e1 → TochA. klisāṣlune
PIE *kulkuliski̯e/o-
Hitt. kulkuliške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘ruhig sein’
(HHand. 83)
1. PIE *kulkuliski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *kulkulisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. kulkulisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kulkulisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
3. kulkulisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *kulkuliske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. kulkuliske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. kulkuliške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *kulisnēɑh-
TochA. klisnā-
(prA.) ‘cubare, dormire’
(Poucha 94)
(TochA. klisnāṣ)
1. PIE *kulisnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kulisnāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kulisnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kulisnāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kulisnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kulisnā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kulisnā-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → TochA. klisnā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
PIE *kulisni̯ēɑh-
TochA. klisñā-
(pretA.) ‘cubare, dormire’
(Poucha 94)
(TochA. klisñā)
1. PIE *kulisni̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kulisni̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kulisni̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kulisni̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kulisni̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kulisni̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kulisni̯ā-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *klisni̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. klisni̯ā-
*ni̯ → ñ
Palatalization of *n before i̯
RPalatNY → TochA. klisñā-
PIE *kulisou-
TochA. kliso-
(pret.pt.) ‘cubare, dormire’
(Poucha 94)
1. PIE *kulisou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kulisau-
(XX:XX)
2. kulisau-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *klisau-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
3. klisau-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RMonophthau2O1 → *klisō-
4. klisō-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthO2o1 → TochA. kliso-


PIE √kus- ‘Geburt, Familie’
[IEW 952f.]
(Weitenberg + Pyysalo)
√kuso-
PIE *kuso-
Hitt. kuša-
(LÚc.) ‘Schwiegersohn’
(ḪEG I:669)
(Hitt. ku-ú-ša-an. HIL-. 576, Puhvel HED 4: 288f.)
1. PIE *kuso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kusa-
(XX:XX)
2. kusa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. kuša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *kusotri-
LAv. xšaϑri-
(f.) ‘Weib, Weibchen’
(AIWb. 547)
1. PIE *kusotri-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *kušotri-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
2. kušotri-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kušatri-
3. kušatri-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *kšatri-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. kšatri-
*tR → ϑR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
R33b → *kšaϑri-
5. kšaϑri-
PIE *kš → xš
Change of *k into x before *š
R33c → LAv. xšaϑri-
PIE *kusémo-
OInd. kṣáma-
(prM.) ‘erträgen : bear, endure, tolerate’
(KEWA X:XX)
1. PIE *kusémo-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *kušémo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
2. kušémo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kušéma-
3. kušéma-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *kšéma-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. kšéma-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *kšáma-
5. kšáma-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → OInd. kṣáma-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
PIE *kus·idɑɦi̯o-
Hitt. kuš·iza-
(.) ‘= Akk. bi-ib-lu : Hochzeitgeschenk’
(Rieken 1999:258)
1. PIE *kus·idɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kus·idɦi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. kus·idɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *kus·izo-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. kus·izo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kus·iza-
(XX:XX)
4. kus·iza-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. kuš·iza-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *kuso·dɑɦo-
Hitt. kuša·da-
(n.) ‘Brautpreis : bride-price, HHand. 87’
(HEG I:673)
(Hitt. ku-ša-ta-, ku-ú-ša-a-ta- HIL. 576, Rieken 1999:256f.)
1. PIE *kuso·dɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kuso·dɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. kuso·dɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *kusa·dɦa-
(XX:XX)
3. kusa·dɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *kusa·da-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. kusa·da-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. kuša·da-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *kúsdɑɦo-
Gr. κύσθο-
(m.) ‘weibliche Scham, Weitenberg 1975’
(GEW 2:56)
(Gr. κύσθος)
1. PIE *kúsdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kúsdɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. kúsdɦo-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *kústho-
3. kústho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. κύσθο-


PIE √gɑɦ- (vb.intr.) ‘kommen’ (vb.tr.) ‘bringen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√ogɑɦ-
PIE *Π·ógɑɦ-
OInd. sar·ágh-
(.) ‘Biene’
(MonWil. XX)
(Br. sar·ágh-)
1. PIE *Π·ógɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ógɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·ógɦ-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *Π·ágɦ-
3. Π·ágɦ-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. Π·ágh-
√ogɑɦo-
PIE *ogɑɦo-
CLu. aga-
(Ic.) ‘ambassad. of Arzaua-’
(NOMS. 10.2)
(CLu. ag-ga-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *ogɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ogɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ogɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *agɦa-
(XX:XX)
3. agɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. aga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ogɑɦo-
Hitt. aga-
(mc.) ‘homme de Taḫišna-’
(NOMS. 10.3)
(Hitt. ag-ga-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *ogɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ogɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ogɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *agɦa-
(XX:XX)
3. agɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. aga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·ogɑɦó-
RV. sār·aghá-
(n.) ‘Biene’
(WbRV. 1513)
1. PIE *Π·ogɑɦó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ogɦó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·ogɦó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·agɦó-
3. Π·agɦó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *Π·agɦá-
4. Π·agɦá-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·aghá-
PIE *Π·ogɑɦó-
RV. sār·aghá-
(a.) ‘von der Biene kommend’
(WbRV. 1513)
1. PIE *Π·ogɑɦó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ogɦó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·ogɦó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·agɦó-
3. Π·agɦó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *Π·agɦá-
4. Π·agɦá-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·aghá-
PIE *ogɑɦomon-
Pal. aga·man-
(n.) ‘‹das Kommen, Ankunft, Besuch (?)›’
(DasPal. 49)
(Pal. a-ga-ma-an [sgNA])
1. PIE *ogɑɦomon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ogɦomon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ogɦomon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *agɦaman-
(XX:XX)
3. agɦaman-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Pal. agaman-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ogɑɦe-
PIE *hɑérs·ogɑɦe-
Arm. aṙ·oge-
(pr.tr.) ‘benetzen’
(Beekes 1969:21)
(Arm. arogel [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑérs·ogɑɦe-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑárs·ogɑɦe-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑárs·ogɑɦe-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hárs·ogɦe-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hárs·ogɦe-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *árs·ogɦe-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. árs·ogɦe-
*rs → ṙ
Change of *rs into ṙ
RChangers2S → *áṙ·ogɦe-
5. áṙ·ogɦe-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *áṙ·oge-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. áṙ·oge-
*á → a
Unmarkedness of accent
R23a → Arm. aṙ·oge-
PIE *hɑórs·ogɑɦe-
Arm. oṙ·oge-
(pr.tr.) ‘irrigate’
(Godel 1975:71)
(Arm. oṙogel [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑórs·ogɑɦe-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hórs·ogɦe-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hórs·ogɦe-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *órs·ogɦe-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. órs·ogɦe-
*rs → ṙ
Change of *rs into ṙ
RChangers2S → *óṙ·ogɦe-
4. óṙ·ogɦe-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *óṙ·oge-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. óṙ·oge-
*ó → o
Unmarkedness of accent
R23c → Arm. oṙ·oge-
√gɑɦēɑh-
PIE *gɑɦḗɑh-
Arm. ga-
(vb.) ‘come’
(ArmGr. I:XX)
1. PIE *gɑɦḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *gɑɦā́ɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gɑɦā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. gɦā́-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. gā́-
*ā́ → á
Loss of quantity of *ā́
RChangeA2a2 → *gá-
6. gá-
*á → a
Unmarkedness of accent
R23a → Arm. ga-


PIE √gɑɦi- (vb.) ‘getötet werden, sterben’ (sb.) ‘Tot, Kampf, Waffe, Igel’
(IEW. 292 ‘Igel’)
(+ Pyysalo: BSL + Hitt.)
√egɑɦi-
(Pyysalo)
(HW2 A: 51f., HEG I:8-9, Oettinger 1979:401f., HED X:XX, HIL. 202-3)
PIE *egɑɦi̯-
Hitt. eg-
(vb2.) ‘sterben, getötet werden’
(HEG 1:8-9)
(Hitt. e-kir [3pl], EHS. 516)
1. PIE *egɑɦi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *egɦi̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. egɦi̯-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯
RCentum5 → *eǵɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. eǵɦ-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *egɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. egɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. eg-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *egɑɦi̯·Σ-
Gr. ἐχ·ῖνο-
(m.) ‘Igel’
(GEW 1:601)
(GrGr1:491)
1. PIE *egɑɦi̯·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *egɦi̯·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. egɦi̯·Σ-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯
RCentum5 → *eǵɦ·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. eǵɦ·Σ-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
RDevoiceGh → *eḱh·Σ-
4. eḱh·Σ-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *ekh·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. ekh·Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἐχ·Σ-
√ogɑɦi-
PIE *ogɑɦi̯-
Hitt. ag-
(vb2.) ‘sterben, getötet werden’ (Sum. BA.UG, ÚŠ)
(HEG 1:8)
(Hitt. a-ki)
1. PIE *ogɑɦi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ogɦi̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ogɦi̯-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯
RCentum5 → *oǵɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. oǵɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *aǵɦ-
(XX:XX)
4. aǵɦ-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *agɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. agɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. ag-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ogɑɦi-
Hitt. ag-
(vb1.) ‘sterben, getötet werden’ (HHand. 12)
(HEG I:8-9)
(Hitt. ak-mi, ak-du, ak-kán-du)
1. PIE *ogɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ogɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ogɦi-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯
RCentum5 → *oǵɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. oǵɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *aǵɦ-
(XX:XX)
4. aǵɦ-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *agɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. agɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. ag-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦio-
PIE *ogɑɦi̯o-
Hitt. aga-
(vb.) ‘sterben, usw.’
(HIL. 202)
(Hitt. ag-ga-al-lu, ag-ga-aš [pret])
1. PIE *ogɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ogɦi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ogɦi̯o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯
RCentum5 → *oǵɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. oǵɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *aǵɦa-
(XX:XX)
4. aǵɦa-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *agɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. agɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. aga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦi̯o-
OInd. ha-
(m.) ‘a form of Śiva or Bhairava, cf. nakulîśa-’
(MonWil. 1286)
1. PIE *gɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦi̯o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RSatem5 → *j́ɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. j́ɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *j́ɦa-
4. j́ɦa-
*j́ɦ → ɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to OIA
RSatem2OIA3 → *ɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. ɦa-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. ha-
PIE *gɑɦi̯o-
OInd. ha-
(m.) ‘dying, war, battle’
(MonWil. 1286)
1. PIE *gɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦi̯o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RSatem5 → *j́ɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. j́ɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *j́ɦa-
4. j́ɦa-
*j́ɦ → ɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to OIA
RSatem2OIA3 → *ɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. ɦa-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. ha-
PIE *gɑɦi̯o-
OInd. ha-
(n.) ‘a weapon’
(MonWil. 1286)
1. PIE *gɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦi̯o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RSatem5 → *j́ɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. j́ɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *j́ɦa-
4. j́ɦa-
*j́ɦ → ɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to OIA
RSatem2OIA3 → *ɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. ɦa-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. ha-
PIE *Π·gɑɦi̯ó-
RV. karañja·há-
(a.) ‘dem K. verderblich’
(WbRV. 314)
(RV. karañjahé vr̥trahátye)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦi̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦi̯ó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦi̯ó-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RSatem5 → *Π·j́ɦó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. Π·j́ɦó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *Π·j́ɦá-
4. Π·j́ɦá-
*j́ɦ → ɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to OIA
RSatem2OIA3 → *Π·ɦá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. Π·ɦá-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·há-
PIE *Π·gɑɦi̯ó-
RV. vr̥tra·há-
(a.) ‘Feinde schlagend, Sieg verleihend’
(WbRV. 1335)
(RV. vr̥trahám [sgA])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦi̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦi̯ó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦi̯ó-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RSatem5 → *Π·j́ɦó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. Π·j́ɦó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *Π·j́ɦá-
4. Π·j́ɦá-
*j́ɦ → ɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to OIA
RSatem2OIA3 → *Π·ɦá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. Π·ɦá-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·há-
PIE *Π·gɑɦi̯ó-
RV. satrā·há-
(a.) ‘völlig schlagend’
(WbRV. 1455)
(RV. satrāhám [sgA])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦi̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦi̯ó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦi̯ó-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RSatem5 → *Π·j́ɦó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. Π·j́ɦó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *Π·j́ɦá-
4. Π·j́ɦá-
*j́ɦ → ɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to OIA
RSatem2OIA3 → *Π·ɦá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. Π·ɦá-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·há-
√ogɑɦion-
PIE *ogɑɦi̯on-
Hitt. agan-
(n.) ‘death’
(HIL. 202)
(Hitt. ag-ga-an-na-aš [sgG], ak-kán-ni)
1. PIE *ogɑɦi̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ogɦi̯on-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ogɦi̯on-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯
RCentum5 → *oǵɦon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. oǵɦon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *aǵɦan-
(XX:XX)
4. aǵɦan-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *agɦan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. agɦan-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. agan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ogɑɦi̯ont-
Hitt. agant-
(pt.) ‘gestorben’ (a.) ‘tot’ (m.) ‘Toter’
(HEG I:9)
1. PIE *ogɑɦi̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ogɦi̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ogɦi̯ont-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯
RCentum5 → *oǵɦont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. oǵɦont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *aǵɦant-
(XX:XX)
4. aǵɦant-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *agɦant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. agɦant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. agant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√egɑɦii-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *égɑɦi̯i-
Gr. ἔχι-
(m.) (m.(f.)) ‘Viper, Otter’
(GEW 1:601-2)
1. PIE *égɑɦi̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *égɦi̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. égɦi̯i-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯
RCentum5 → *éǵɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. éǵɦi-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
RDevoiceGh → *éḱhi-
4. éḱhi-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *ékhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. ékhi-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἔχι-
PIE *egɑɦi̯ihɑ́-
Lith. ežỹ-
(.) ‘Igel’
(P. XX)
[Trautmann 73, (LiEtWb. –)
1. PIE *egɑɦi̯ihɑ́-
PIE *iḫɑ́ → iḫí
Distant assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1d → *egɑɦi̯ihí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. egɑɦi̯ihí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *egɦi̯ihí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. egɦi̯ihí-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RSatem5 → *ej́ɦihí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. ej́ɦihí-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis Li. ì
RAcc2 → *ej́ɦihì-
5. ej́ɦihì-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ej́ihì-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. ej́ihì-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ej́iì-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. ej́iì-
iì -> ỹ
Contraction of i and i
RContractii2 → *ej́ỹ-
8. ej́ỹ-
*j́ → ž
From Satem *j́ to Lithuanian
RSatem2Lith4 → Lith. ežỹ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
√ogɑɦii-
PIE *ogɑɦi̯i-
Hitt. agi-
(vb.) ‘sterben’
(HIL. 202)
(Hitt. a-ak-ki-iš = a-ki-iš [3sg])
1. PIE *ogɑɦi̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ogɦi̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ogɦi̯i-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯
RCentum5 → *oǵɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. oǵɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *aǵɦi-
(XX:XX)
4. aǵɦi-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *agɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. agɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. agi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·ogɑɦii̯ēɑh-
Lith. nàk·ažio-
(vb.) ‘XX’
(LiEtWb. 480)
1. PIE *Π·ogɑɦii̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·ogɑɦii̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·ogɑɦii̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ogɦii̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·ogɦii̯āh-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RSatem5 → *Π·oj́ɦi̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. Π·oj́ɦi̯āh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·oj́i̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·oj́i̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·oj́i̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. Π·oj́i̯ā-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·aj́i̯ā-
7. Π·aj́i̯ā-
*j́ → ž
From Satem *j́ to Lithuanian
RSatem2Lith4 → *Π·aži̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
8. Π·aži̯ā-
*ā → ō
Change of ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → *Π·aži̯ō-
9. Π·aži̯ō-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
R25 → *Π·ažiō-
10. Π·ažiō-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
R27a → Lith. Π·ažio-
PIE *Π·ogɑɦii̯ḗɑh-
Latv. nag·ažâ-
(vb.) ‘mit dem Nagel [nag-] töten’
(LiEtWb. 480)
(Latv. nagažât [inf.])
1. PIE *Π·ogɑɦii̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *Π·ogɑɦii̯ā́ɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·ogɑɦii̯ā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ogɦii̯ā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·ogɦii̯ā́h-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RSatem5 → *Π·oj́ɦi̯ā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. Π·oj́ɦi̯ā́h-
*ā́h → âh
Latvian tone rule for *ā́h
RAcc3 → *Π·oj́ɦi̯âh-
5. Π·oj́ɦi̯âh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·oj́ɦi̯â-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. Π·oj́ɦi̯â-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·aj́ɦi̯â-
7. Π·aj́ɦi̯â-
*j́ɦ → zɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to Latvian
RSatem2Latv3 → *Π·azɦi̯â-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
8. Π·azɦi̯â-
*žɦ → ž
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ
RDeaspzh → *Π·azi̯â-
9. Π·azi̯â-
* zi̯ → ž
Change of zi̯ into ž
RChangeZJtoZH → Latv. Π·ažâ-
√egɑɦiil-
PIE *egɑɦi̯ilo
OEng. igil-
(m.) ‘Igel : hedgehog’
(ASaxD. 587)
1. PIE *egɑɦi̯ilo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *egɦi̯ilo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. egɦi̯ilo
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯
RCentum5 → *eǵɦilo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. eǵɦilo
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *egɦilo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. egɦilo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *egilo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. egilo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *egila
(XX:XX)
6. egila
*e → i
Change of *e into i
RChangee2i → *igila
7. igila
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → OEng. igil
PIE *egɑɦi̯ilo
OHG. igil
(m.) ‘erinacius : Igel’
(ASaxD. 587)
(OHG. igil [sgN])
1. PIE *egɑɦi̯ilo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *egɦi̯ilo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. egɦi̯ilo
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯
RCentum5 → *eǵɦilo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. eǵɦilo
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *egɦilo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. egɦilo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *egilo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. egilo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *egila
(XX:XX)
6. egila
*e → i
Change of *e into i
RChangee2i → *igila
7. igila
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → OHG. igil
√ogɑɦiini-
PIE *ogɑɦi̯ini̯ò
Arm. ozni-
(sb.) ‘hedgehog : Igel’
(ArmGr. XX)
1. PIE *ogɑɦi̯ini̯ò
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ogɦi̯ini̯ò
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ogɦi̯ini̯ò
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RSatem5 → *oj́ɦini̯ò
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. oj́ɦini̯ò
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to Armenian
RSatem2Arm3 → *ojɦini̯ò
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. ojɦini̯ò
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspjh → *ojini̯ò
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. ojini̯ò
*ji → z
Change of *ji into z
RChangeji2z → *ozni̯ò
6. ozni̯ò
*o → Ø
Loss of unaccented *o
R22c → *ozni̯
7. ozni̯
*i̯ → i
Change of root-final i̯ into i
RFinalY2i → Arm. ozni
√gɑɦiis-
PIE *gɑɦi̯iso-
Hitt. giša-
(vb.) ‘zerschlagen’
(HEG I:587)
(Hitt. ki-iš-ša-an-zi [3pl], see also Oettinger (1979:202))
1. PIE *gɑɦi̯iso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦi̯iso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦi̯iso-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯
RCentum5 → *ǵɦiso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ǵɦiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ǵɦisa-
(XX:XX)
4. ǵɦisa-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *gɦisa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. gɦisa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gisa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. gisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. giša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦi̯iski̯e/o-
Hitt. giške/a-
(vb.) ‘durchhecheln, böse behandeln (?)’
(HEG I:562)
1. PIE *gɑɦi̯iski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦi̯iski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦi̯iski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *gɦi̯isḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. gɦi̯isḱe/o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯
RCentum5 → *ǵɦisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. ǵɦisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ǵɦisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
5. ǵɦisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *ǵɦiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. ǵɦiske/a-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *gɦiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. gɦiske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *giske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
8. giske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. giške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *o·gɑɦi̯iski̯e/o-
Hitt. a·giške/a-
(vb.itM.) ‘sterben’
(HEG I:9)
(HIL. 203, Hitt. ak-ki-iš-ke/a-, akiškitari [3sg])
1. PIE *o·gɑɦi̯iski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *o·gɦi̯iski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. o·gɦi̯iski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *o·gɦi̯isḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. o·gɦi̯isḱe/o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯
RCentum5 → *o·ǵɦisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. o·ǵɦisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *a·ǵɦisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
5. a·ǵɦisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *a·ǵɦiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. a·ǵɦiske/a-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *a·gɦiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. a·gɦiske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *a·giske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
8. a·giske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. a·giške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦimi-
PIE *gɑɦimeii̯ēɑh-
OCS. zmija-
(f.) ‘Schlange’
(Sadnik √1143)
1. PIE *gɑɦimeii̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gɑɦimeii̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gɑɦimeii̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦimeii̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦimeii̯āh-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RSatem5 → *j́ɦmeii̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. j́ɦmeii̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *j́ɦmeii̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. j́ɦmeii̯ā-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Slavic
RSatem2Slav3 → *zɦmeii̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. zɦmeii̯ā-
*zɦ → z
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspzh → *zmeii̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. zmeii̯ā-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → *zmīi̯ā-
8. zmīi̯ā-
* i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
ROrthogrY2j → *zmījā-
9. zmījā-
*ā → a
Orthographic change of *ā into a
ROrthogrA2a1 → *zmīja-
10. zmīja-
*ī → i
Orthographic change of *ī into i
ROrthogrI2i1 → OCS. zmija-
PIE *gɑɦimeii̯i-
OCS. zmijĭ-
(m.) ‘Drache, Schlange’
(Sadnik √1143)
1. PIE *gɑɦimeii̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦimeii̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦimeii̯i-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RSatem5 → *j́ɦmeii̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. j́ɦmeii̯i-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Slavic
RSatem2Slav3 → *zɦmeii̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. zɦmeii̯i-
*zɦ → z
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspzh → *zmeii̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. zmeii̯i-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → *zmīi̯i-
6. zmīi̯i-
* i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
ROrthogrY2j → *zmīji-
7. zmīji-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
ROrthogri2i → *zmījĭ-
8. zmījĭ-
*ī → i
Orthographic change of *ī into i
ROrthogrI2i1 → OCS. zmijĭ-
PIE *gɑɦimeii̯eu̯o
OCS. zmijevŭ-
(a.poss.) ‘der Schlange’
(Sadnik √1143)
1. PIE *gɑɦimeii̯eu̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦimeii̯eu̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦimeii̯eu̯o
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RSatem5 → *j́ɦmeii̯eu̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. j́ɦmeii̯eu̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *j́ɦmeii̯eu̯a
4. j́ɦmeii̯eu̯a
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Slavic
RSatem2Slav3 → *zɦmeii̯eu̯a
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. zɦmeii̯eu̯a
*zɦ → z
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspzh → *zmeii̯eu̯a
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. zmeii̯eu̯a
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *zmeii̯eu̯o
7. zmeii̯eu̯o
*-o → -u
Change of -o into -u
RChangeO2U → *zmeii̯eu̯u
8. zmeii̯eu̯u
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → *zmīi̯eu̯u
9. zmīi̯eu̯u
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *zmīi̯evu
10. zmīi̯evu
* i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
ROrthogrY2j → *zmījevu
11. zmījevu
*ī → i
Orthographic change of *ī into i
ROrthogrI2i1 → *zmijevu
12. zmijevu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
ROrthogru2u1 → OCS. zmijevŭ
PIE *gɑɦimeii̯eino
OCS. zmijinŭ-
(a.poss.) ‘der Schlange’
(Sadnik √1143)
1. PIE *gɑɦimeii̯eino
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦimeii̯eino
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦimeii̯eino
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RSatem5 → *j́ɦmeii̯eino
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. j́ɦmeii̯eino
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *j́ɦmeii̯eina
4. j́ɦmeii̯eina
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Slavic
RSatem2Slav3 → *zɦmeii̯eina
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. zɦmeii̯eina
*zɦ → z
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspzh → *zmeii̯eina
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. zmeii̯eina
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *zmeii̯eino
7. zmeii̯eino
*-o → -u
Change of -o into -u
RChangeO2U → *zmeii̯einu
8. zmeii̯einu
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → *zmīi̯īnu
9. zmīi̯īnu
* i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
ROrthogrY2j → *zmījīnu
10. zmījīnu
*ī → i
Orthographic change of *ī into i
ROrthogrI2i1 → *zmijinu
11. zmijinu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
ROrthogru2u1 → OCS. zmijinŭ
√ogɑɦin-
PIE *gɑɦini̯oumo
TochA. kñom-
(.) ‘Skt. phaṇā : Haube der Schlange’
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *gɑɦini̯oumo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦini̯oumo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦini̯oumo
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯
RCentum5 → *ǵɦni̯oumo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ǵɦni̯oumo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ǵɦni̯auma
(XX:XX)
4. ǵɦni̯auma
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *gɦni̯auma
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. gɦni̯auma
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gni̯auma
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. gni̯auma
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
RDevoiceg → *kni̯auma
7. kni̯auma
*ni̯ → ñ
Palatalization of *n before i̯
RPalatNY → *kñauma
8. kñauma
*a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *kñaum
9. kñaum
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RMonophthau2O1 → *kñōm
10. kñōm
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthO2o1 → TochA. kñom
√gɑɦier-
PIE *gɑɦi̯ḗr
Gr. χήρ-
(m/f?.) ‘Igel’
(GEW 2:1095)
(Gr. χήρ, χηρός)
1. PIE *gɑɦi̯ḗr
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦi̯ḗr
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦi̯ḗr
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯
RCentum5 → *ǵɦḗr
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ǵɦḗr
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
RDevoiceGh → *ḱhḗr
4. ḱhḗr
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *khḗr
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. khḗr
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. χήρ
PIE *gɑɦi̯ērinēɑhkei̯o-
Lat. hērināceo-
(m.) ‘Igel’
(WH 1:413)
(Lat. hērināceus [cod. her- = er-])
1. PIE *gɑɦi̯ērinēɑhkei̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gɑɦi̯ērināɑhkei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gɑɦi̯ērināɑhkei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦi̯ērināhkei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦi̯ērināhkei̯o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯
RCentum5 → *ǵɦērināhkei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. ǵɦērināhkei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ǵɦērinākei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ǵɦērinākei̯o-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *gɦērinākei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. gɦērinākei̯o-
*gɦ → ɦ
Loss of *g in *gɦ
RChangeGH2H → *ɦērinākei̯o-
7. ɦērinākei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
RLossY1 → *ɦērinākeo-
8. ɦērinākeo-
*ɦ → h
Loss of voice of *ɦ
RChangeH2h → *hērinākeo-
9. hērinākeo-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → Lat. hērināceo-
√gɑɦiot-
PIE *ogɑɦi̯odɑɦor-
Hitt. agadar-
(n.) ‘Tod, Seuche, Massensterben : NAM.ÚŠ’
(HEG I:10)
(HIL. 202, Hitt. ag-ga-tar, KÜMMEL, StBoT 3, 1967, 109)
1. PIE *ogɑɦi̯odɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ogɦi̯odɦor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ogɦi̯odɦor-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯
RCentum5 → *oǵɦodɦor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. oǵɦodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *aǵɦadɦar-
(XX:XX)
4. aǵɦadɦar-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *agɦadɦar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. agɦadɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. agadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦiulo-
PIE *egɑɦi̯ul·ɦɑdonte·n-
OIcl. igul·tanni·n-
(sw.m.) ‘Bär ‹OIcl. tanni- = ‘tooth’›’
(ANEtWb. 284)
(OIcl. igultanni [sgN])
1. PIE *egɑɦi̯ul·ɦɑdonte·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *egɦi̯ul·ɦdonte·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. egɦi̯ul·ɦdonte·n-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯
RCentum5 → *eǵɦul·ɦdonte·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. eǵɦul·ɦdonte·n-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *eǵɦul·donte·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. eǵɦul·donte·n-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *egɦul·donte·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. egɦul·donte·n-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
AffricateT → *egɦul·donþe·n-
6. egɦul·donþe·n-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
RDevoiced → *egɦul·tonþe·n-
7. egɦul·tonþe·n-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *egul·tonþe·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
8. egul·tonþe·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *egul·tanþe·n-
(XX:XX)
9. egul·tanþe·n-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
RChangee2i → *igul·tanþi·n-
10. igul·tanþi·n-
*nþ → nn
Change of nþ into nn
RChangenth2nn → OIcl. igul·tanni·n-


PIE √gɑɦir- ‘Wasser, Gewässer’
(IEW 291)
(+ Tischler + Pyysalo)
√gɑɦiere/o-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·gɑɦi̯ero-
Lith. ã·žera-
(m.) ‘See’
(LiEtWb. 125)
(Lith. ãžeras [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦi̯ero-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦi̯ero-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦi̯ero-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RSatem5 → *Π·j́ɦero-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. Π·j́ɦero-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·j́ero-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·j́ero-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·j́era-
5. Π·j́era-
*j́ → ž
From Satem *j́ to Lithuanian
RSatem2Lith4 → Lith. Π·žera-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
PIE *Π·gɑɦi̯ero-
Lith. ẽ·žera-
(m.) ‘See’
(LiEtWb. 125)
(Lith. ẽžeras [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦi̯ero-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gɦi̯ero-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦi̯ero-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RSatem5 → *Π·j́ɦero-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. Π·j́ɦero-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·j́ero-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·j́ero-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·j́era-
5. Π·j́era-
*j́ → ž
From Satem *j́ to Lithuanian
RSatem2Lith4 → Lith. Π·žera-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
PIE *gɑɦi̯ereit-
Hitt. gereit-
(c.) ‘Flüt, Überschwemmung’
(HEG 1:508)
(Hitt. gi-ri-e-iz-za [sgN], HIL. 511-12, HED 4: 85f.)
1. PIE *gɑɦi̯ereit-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦi̯ereit-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦi̯ereit-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯
RCentum5 → *ǵɦereit-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ǵɦereit-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *gɦereit-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. gɦereit-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. gereit-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ó·gɑɦi̯eros
Russ. ó·zero-
(n.) ‘See’
(APrS. 304)
(Russ. ózero)
1. PIE *ó·gɑɦi̯eros
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ó·gɦi̯eros
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ó·gɦi̯eros
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RSatem5 → *ó·j́ɦeros
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ó·j́ɦeros
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ó·j́ɦeras
4. ó·j́ɦeras
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *á·j́ɦeras
5. á·j́ɦeras
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Slavic
RSatem2Slav3 → *á·zɦeras
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. á·zɦeras
*zɦ → z
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspzh → *á·zeras
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. á·zeras
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *á·zeros
8. á·zeros
*á → ó
Change of *á into ó
RChangea2o2 → *ó·zeros
9. ó·zeros
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in -os (root final)
RLossFinaloS → Russ. ó·zero
√gɑɦiore/o-
(HEG K:281)
(+ Pyysalo 2013:422)
PIE *o·gɑɦi̯oro-
OPr. a·sara-
(n.) ‘See’
(APrS. 304)
(OPr. assaran)
1. PIE *o·gɑɦi̯oro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *o·gɦi̯oro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. o·gɦi̯oro-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RSatem5 → *o·j́ɦoro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. o·j́ɦoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *a·j́ɦara-
4. a·j́ɦara-
*j́ɦ → zɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to Old Prussian
RSatem2OPr3 → *a·žɦara-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. a·žɦara-
*zɦ → z
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
RDeaspzh → *a·žara-
6. a·žara-
*z → s
Devoicing of assibilant z
RDevoicez2s → OPr. a·sara-
PIE *gɑɦi̯oreio-
CLu. zareia-
(a.) ‘stürmisch; ‹of ÍDMEŠ›’
(HEG 1:509)
(CLu. za-ar-ri-ia-an-za ÍDMEŠ-an-za [plA]; Melchert 1989:190)
1. PIE *gɑɦi̯oreio-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦi̯oreio-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦi̯oreio-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RSatem5 → *j́ɦoreio-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. j́ɦoreio-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *j́ɦareia-
(XX:XX)
4. j́ɦareia-
*j́ɦ → z
From Satem *j́ɦ to CLu.
RSatem2CLu3 → CLu. zareia-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.9)
PIE *gɑɦi̯oroit-
Hitt. garait-
(c.) ‘Flut, Überschwemmung’
(HHand. 72)
(HEG 1:496, Hitt. ka-ra-i-iz [sgN], ka-ra-it-ti [sgDL], Rieken 1999:134-5, Kimball 1999:455)
1. PIE *gɑɦi̯oroit-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦi̯oroit-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦi̯oroit-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯
RCentum5 → *ǵɦoroit-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ǵɦoroit-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ǵɦarait-
(XX:XX)
4. ǵɦarait-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *gɦarait-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. gɦarait-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. garait-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦi̯oreit-
Hitt. gareit-
(c.) ‘Flut, Überschwemmung’
(HEG 1:508)
(Hitt. ga-ri-iz [sgN], ga-ri-it-ti-iš [plN], ka-ri-id-du-uš, ka-re-et-ta-aš, HEG I:508-10)
1. PIE *gɑɦi̯oreit-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦi̯oreit-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦi̯oreit-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯
RCentum5 → *ǵɦoreit-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ǵɦoreit-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ǵɦareit-
(XX:XX)
4. ǵɦareit-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *gɦareit-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. gɦareit-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. gareit-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦi̯oreitei-
Hitt. gareitei-
(c.) ‘Flut, Überschwemmung’
(HIL. 511)
(Hitt. ka-re-et-ti-ia-aš [plN], Puhvel HED 4: 85f)
1. PIE *gɑɦi̯oreitei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦi̯oreitei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦi̯oreitei-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯
RCentum5 → *ǵɦoreitei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ǵɦoreitei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ǵɦareitei-
(XX:XX)
4. ǵɦareitei-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *gɦareitei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. gɦareitei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. gareitei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √gɑɦōs- √gɑɦos- √gɑɦs- ‘verschlingen, zerkauen’
(IEW 452)
(Pyysalo)
√gɑɦos
PIE *gɑɦós-
RV. ghás-
(ao.) ‘(fr)essen, verschlingen, zerkauen’
(WbRV. 422)
1. PIE *gɑɦós-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦós-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦós-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *gɦás-
3. gɦás-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. ghás-
PIE *gɑɦegɑɦṓs-
RV. jaghā́s-
(pf.) ‘(fr)essen, verschlingen, zerkauen’
(WbRV. 422)
1. PIE *gɑɦegɑɦṓs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦegɦṓs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦegɦṓs-
PIE *gɦ → ǰɦ
2nd palatalization of *gɦ
R2ndPalatGH → *ǰɦegɦṓs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦegɦṓs-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
RChangeO2A4 → *ǰɦegɦā́s-
4. ǰɦegɦā́s-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmII → *ǰegɦā́s-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)
5. ǰegɦā́s-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jegɦā́s-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. jegɦā́s-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *jagɦā́s-
7. jagɦā́s-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. jaghā́s-
√gɑɦoso-
PIE *gɑɦoso-
LAv. gaŋha-
(pr.) ‘essen, fressen’
(AIWb. 517)
(LAv. gaŋhǝnti [3pl])
1. PIE *gɑɦoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦoso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦasa-
3. gɦasa-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *gɦaha-
4. gɦaha-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gaha-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. gaha-
ahA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
R37b → *gaŋha-
6. gaŋha-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
R40a → LAv. γaŋha-
PIE *ni·gɑɦōso-
LAv. ni·gåŋha-
(pr.) ‘essen, fressen’
(AIWb. 517)
(LAv. nigåŋhǝnti [3pl])
1. PIE *ni·gɑɦōso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ni·gɦōso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ni·gɦōso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ni·gɦōsa-
3. ni·gɦōsa-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *ni·gɦāsa-
4. ni·gɦāsa-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *ni·gɦāha-
5. ni·gɦāha-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *ni·gāha-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. ni·gāha-
āhA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
R37d → *ni·gāŋha-
7. ni·gāŋha-
āŋhA → åŋhA
Change of āŋh into åŋh
R37e → *ni·gåŋha-
8. ni·gåŋha-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
R40a → LAv. ni·γåŋha-
√gɑɦosi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gɑɦōsí-
RV. ghāsí-
(m.) ‘Futter, Speise’
(WbRV. 422)
1. PIE *gɑɦōsí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦōsí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦōsí-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *gɦāsí-
3. gɦāsí-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. ghāsí-
PIE *gɑɦosiski̯e/o-
Hitt. gašiške/a-
(vb1.) ‘sich verprovianten (?)’
(HHand. 75)
1. PIE *gɑɦosiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦosiski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦosiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *gɦosisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. gɦosisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦasisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
4. gɦasisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *gɦasiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. gɦasiske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gasiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. gasiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. gašiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √gɑɦod- √gɑɦēd- (vb.) ‘essen’ (sb.) ‘Speise’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√gɑɦod-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gɑɦēdo
OIcl. gāt-
(n.) ‘Speise, was man bekommt’
(ANEtWb. 158)
1. PIE *gɑɦēdo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦēdo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦēdo
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
RDevoiced → *gɦēto
3. gɦēto
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gēto
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. gēto
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *gēta
(XX:XX)
5. gēta
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
RChangeE2A → *gāta
6. gāta
-a → Ø
Loss of -a in root-final position
RLossFinala1 → OIcl. gāt
PIE *gɑɦod·upoi-
Hitt. gad·upai-
(vb1.) ‘essen, zu sich nehmen’
(HHand. 77)
(Hitt. upai- ‘hochheben’, HHand. 186)
1. PIE *gɑɦod·upoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦod·upoi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦod·upoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦad·upai-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦad·upai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. gad·upai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦods-
PIE *gɑɦí·gɑɦodseɑh-
OInd. jí·ghatsa-
(des.) ‘eat’
(MonWil. XX)
(Gramm. jíghatsati)
1. PIE *gɑɦí·gɑɦodseɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *gɑɦí·gɑɦodsaɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. gɑɦí·gɑɦodsaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦí·gɦodsah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦí·gɦodsah-
PIE *gɦ → ǰɦ
2nd palatalization of *gɦ
R2ndPalatGH → *ǰɦí·gɦodsah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦí·gɦodsah-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦí·gɦadsah-
5. ǰɦí·gɦadsah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ǰɦí·gɦadsa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. ǰɦí·gɦadsa-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmII → *ǰí·gɦadsa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)
7. ǰí·gɦadsa-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jí·gɦadsa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
8. jí·gɦadsa-
*ds → ts
Devoicing of d before s
RChangeDS2TS → *jí·gɦatsa-
9. jí·gɦatsa-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. jí·ghatsa-
PIE *gɑɦí·gɑɦodsēɑh-
OInd. ji·ghatsā-
(f.) ‘XX’
(MonWil. XX)
(Br. jighatsā-)
1. PIE *gɑɦí·gɑɦodsēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gɑɦí·gɑɦodsāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gɑɦí·gɑɦodsāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦí·gɦodsāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦí·gɦodsāh-
PIE *gɦ → ǰɦ
2nd palatalization of *gɦ
R2ndPalatGH → *ǰɦí·gɦodsāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦí·gɦodsāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦí·gɦadsāh-
5. ǰɦí·gɦadsāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ǰɦí·gɦadsā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. ǰɦí·gɦadsā-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmII → *ǰí·gɦadsā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)
7. ǰí·gɦadsā-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jí·gɦadsā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
8. jí·gɦadsā-
*ds → ts
Devoicing of d before s
RChangeDS2TS → *jí·gɦatsā-
9. jí·gɦatsā-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. jí·ghatsā-
PIE *gɑɦodsi̯o-
OInd. ghatsya-
(fut.) ‘eat’
(MonWil. XX)
(AV. ghatsyati)
1. PIE *gɑɦodsi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦodsi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦodsi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦadsi̯a-
3. gɦadsi̯a-
*ds → ts
Devoicing of d before s
RChangeDS2TS → *gɦatsi̯a-
4. gɦatsi̯a-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → *ghatsi̯a-
5. ghatsi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → OInd. ghatsya-
PIE *gɑɦí·gɑɦodsú-
OInd. ji·ghatsú-
(des.a.) ‘XX’
(MonWil. XX)
(AV. jíghatsú-)
1. PIE *gɑɦí·gɑɦodsú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦí·gɦodsú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦí·gɦodsú-
PIE *gɦ → ǰɦ
2nd palatalization of *gɦ
R2ndPalatGH → *ǰɦí·gɦodsú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦí·gɦodsú-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦí·gɦadsú-
4. ǰɦí·gɦadsú-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmII → *ǰí·gɦadsú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)
5. ǰí·gɦadsú-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jí·gɦadsú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. jí·gɦadsú-
*ds → ts
Devoicing of d before s
RChangeDS2TS → *jí·gɦatsú-
7. jí·gɦatsú-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. jí·ghatsú-


PIE √gɦɑru- √gɦɑreu- √gɦɑrou- (sb.) ‘Frühe, Frühling, Morgen’
(IEW 1174 [Arm.])
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√gɦɑeru-
(HEG K:XX)
(HED 4: 112f.)
PIE *gɦɑeru
Hitt. garu
(adv.) ‘früher, vormals, schon, bisher’
(HHand. 75)
(Hitt. ka-ru-ú, Sum. LIBIR.RA)
1. PIE *gɦɑeru
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *gɦɑaru
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. gɦɑaru
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦaru
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦaru
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. garu
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɦɑeru̯·oriu̯or-
Hitt. garu̯·ariu̯ar-
(n.) ‘Morgen’ (adv.) ‘morgens, in der Frühe’
(HHand. 75)
(Ḫi. garuariuar-)
1. PIE *gɦɑeru̯·oriu̯or-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *gɦɑaru̯·oriu̯or-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. gɦɑaru̯·oriu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦaru̯·oriu̯or-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦaru̯·oriu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦaru̯·ariu̯ar-
(XX:XX)
4. gɦaru̯·ariu̯ar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. garu̯·ariu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɦɑeruil-
PIE *gɦɑeruilo-
Hitt. garuila-
(a.) ‘früherer, ehemalig, uralt’
(HIL. 530)
(Hitt. ka-ru-ú-i-la)
1. PIE *gɦɑeruilo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *gɦɑaruilo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. gɦɑaruilo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦaruilo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦaruilo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦaruila-
(XX:XX)
4. gɦaruila-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. garuila-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɦɑeruili-
Hitt. garuili-
(a.) ‘früherer, ehemalig, uralt’
(HHand. 75)
(Hitt. [k]a-ru-ul-i-ša, ka-ru-ú-i-li-in, ka-ru-ú-i-li-aš)
1. PIE *gɦɑeruili-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *gɦɑaruili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. gɦɑaruili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦaruili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦaruili-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. garuili-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɦɑeruili̯o·tɑh-
Hitt. garuili̯at-
(c.) ‘früherer Zustand’
(HHand. 75)
(Hitt. ka-ru-i-li-ia-at-ta)
1. PIE *gɦɑeruili̯o·tɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *gɦɑaruili̯o·tɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. gɦɑaruili̯o·tɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦaruili̯o·th-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦaruili̯o·th-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦaruili̯a·th-
(XX:XX)
4. gɦaruili̯a·th-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *gɦaruili̯a·t-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. gɦaruili̯a·t-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. garuili̯a·t-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɦɑeruili̯o·dɑɦi̯o
Hitt. garuili̯aza
(adv.) ‘von alters her’
(HHand. 75)
(Hitt. ka-ru-ú-i-li-ia-za)
1. PIE *gɦɑeruili̯o·dɑɦi̯o
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *gɦɑaruili̯o·dɑɦi̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. gɦɑaruili̯o·dɑɦi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦaruili̯o·dɦi̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦaruili̯o·dɦi̯o
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *gɦaruili̯o·zo
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. gɦaruili̯o·zo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦaruili̯a·za
(XX:XX)
5. gɦaruili̯a·za
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. garuili̯a·za
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɦɑeruli-
PIE *gɦɑeruli-
Hitt. garuli-
(a.) ‘former, earlier, ancient’
(HIL. 530)
(Hitt. ka-ru-ú-li-in)
1. PIE *gɦɑeruli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *gɦɑaruli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. gɦɑaruli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦaruli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦaruli-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. garuli-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɦɑerunɑh-
PIE *gɦɑeruneɑh-
Arm. garun-
(sb.) ‘Frühling’
(IEW 1174)
(Arm. garun [sgN])
1. PIE *gɦɑeruneɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *gɦɑaruneɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. gɦɑaruneɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *gɦɑarunaɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
3. gɦɑarunaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦarunah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. gɦarunah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦaruna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. gɦaruna-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → Arm. garuna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
PIE *gɦɑerùneɑhn-
Arm. garnan-
(sb.obl.) ‘Frühling-’
(IEW 1174)
(Arm. garnan [sgG])
1. PIE *gɦɑerùneɑhn-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *gɦɑarùneɑhn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. gɦɑarùneɑhn-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *gɦɑarùnaɑhn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
3. gɦɑarùnaɑhn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦarùnahn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. gɦarùnahn-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦarùnan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. gɦarùnan-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → Arm. garùnan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)


PIE √gɦɑut- ‘Gott, Herr, Götze’ (a.) ‘fromm, pius, herrisch, ehrbar’
(IEW. 413)
(+ Pyysalo Hitt.)
√gɦɑut-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gɦɑut·oni̯ei-
Hitt. gut·ani̯ei-
(vn1.) ‘herrisch behandeln’
(HHand. 87)
(Hitt. ku-ud-da-ni-e-iz-zi-ma)
1. PIE *gɦɑut·oni̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦut·oni̯ei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦut·oni̯ei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦut·ani̯ei-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦut·ani̯ei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. gut·ani̯ei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɦɑuto-
PIE *gɦɑuto
Goth. guþ
(m.) ‘Gott’
(GoEtD. 165-6)
(Goth. guþ)
1. PIE *gɦɑuto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦuto
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦuto
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
AffricateT → *gɦuþo
3. gɦuþo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *guþo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. guþo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *guþa
(XX:XX)
5. guþa
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → Goth. guþ
PIE *gɦɑuto
OIcl. guð-
(n.) ‘(heidnischer) Gott’
(ANEtWb. 193)
1. PIE *gɦɑuto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦuto
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦuto
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
AffricateT → *gɦuþo
3. gɦuþo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *guþo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. guþo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *guþa
(XX:XX)
5. guþa
-a → Ø
Loss of -a in root-final position
RLossFinala1 → *guþ
6. guþ
*þ → ð
Change of þ into ð
RSoftenth2dh → OIcl. guð
PIE *gɦɑuto
OIcl. goð-
(n.) ‘heidnischer Gott’
(ANEtWb. 181)
1. PIE *gɦɑuto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦuto
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦuto
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
AffricateT → *gɦuþo
3. gɦuþo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *guþo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. guþo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *guþa
(XX:XX)
5. guþa
-a → Ø
Loss of -a in root-final position
RLossFinala1 → *guþ
6. guþ
*þ → ð
Change of þ into ð
RSoftenth2dh → OIcl. guð
PIE *hɑep·gɦɑuto
Goth. af·guþ-
(a.) ‘gottlos’
(GoEtWb. XX)
1. PIE *hɑep·gɦɑuto
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑap·gɦɑuto
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap·gɦɑuto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hap·gɦuto
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hap·gɦuto
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ap·gɦuto
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ap·gɦuto
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → *af·gɦuto
5. af·gɦuto
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
AffricateT → *af·gɦuþo
6. af·gɦuþo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *af·guþo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. af·guþo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *af·guþa
(XX:XX)
8. af·guþa
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → Goth. af·guþ
PIE *Π·Π·gɦɑuto
Goth. ga·liuga·guþ-
(.) ‘Götze : false god, idol’
(GoEtD. 165-6)
1. PIE *Π·Π·gɦɑuto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·Π·gɦuto
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·Π·gɦuto
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
AffricateT → *Π·Π·gɦuþo
3. Π·Π·gɦuþo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *Π·Π·guþo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. Π·Π·guþo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *Π·Π·guþa
(XX:XX)
5. Π·Π·guþa
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → Goth. Π·Π·guþ
PIE *gɑɦo·gɦɑuto
Goth. ga·guþ-
(a.) ‘ehrbar : respected, honorable’
(GoEtD. 165)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·gɦɑuto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦo·gɦuto
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦo·gɦuto
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
AffricateT → *gɦo·gɦuþo
3. gɦo·gɦuþo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *go·guþo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. go·guþo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *ga·guþa
(XX:XX)
5. ga·guþa
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → Goth. ga·guþ
√gɦɑudɑɦ-
PIE *gɦɑudɑɦo
OSax. god-
(m.) ‘Gott’
(ASaxD. 482)
1. PIE *gɦɑudɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦudɦo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *gɦudo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. gɦudo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gudo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. gudo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *guda
(XX:XX)
5. guda
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → OSax. gud
PIE *gɦɑudɑɦo
OEng. god-
(m.) ‘god, deity’
(ASaxD. 482)
(OEng. god, godes)
1. PIE *gɦɑudɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦudɦo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *gɦudo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. gɦudo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gudo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. gudo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *guda
(XX:XX)
5. guda
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → OEng. gud
PIE *gɦɑudɑɦo
OFr. god-
(m.) ‘Gott’
(ASaxD. 482)
1. PIE *gɦɑudɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦudɦo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *gɦudo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. gɦudo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gudo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. gudo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *guda
(XX:XX)
5. guda
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → OFr. gud
PIE *gɦɑudɑɦo
OHG. got-
(m.) ‘Gott’
(ASaxD. 482)
1. PIE *gɦɑudɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦudɦo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *gɦudo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. gɦudo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gudo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. gudo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *guda
(XX:XX)
5. guda
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *gud
6. gud
*d → t
OHG sound shift of *d
ROHGShiftD2T → OHG. gut
PIE *gɦɑudɑɦ·Σ-
Goth. gud·blostrei-
(m.) ‘worshipper of God’
(GoEtD. 165-6)
(Goth. gudblostreis [sgN])
1. PIE *gɦɑudɑɦ·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦudɦ·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦ·Σ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *gɦud·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. gɦud·Σ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → Goth. gud·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
PIE *gɦɑudɑɦ·Σ-
Goth. gud·hūs-
(n.) ‘temple’
(GoEtD. 161)
(Goth. gudhusa [sgD])
1. PIE *gɦɑudɑɦ·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦudɦ·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦ·Σ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *gɦud·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. gɦud·Σ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → Goth. gud·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
PIE *gɦɑudɑɦēɑh
Goth. guda
(n.pl.NA) ‘heathen god(s)’
(GoEtD. 165-6)
1. PIE *gɦɑudɑɦēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gɦɑudɑɦāɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gɦɑudɑɦāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦudɦāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦudɦāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦudɦā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. gɦudɦā
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *gɦudā
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. gɦudā
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gudā
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. gudā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → *gudō
(XX:XX)
7. gudō
-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
RChangeFinalo2a → Goth. guda
PIE *gɦɑudɑɦo·Σ-
Goth. guda·faurht-
(a.) ‘god-fearing’
(GoEtD. 165-6)
1. PIE *gɦɑudɑɦo·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦudɦo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦo·Σ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *gɦudo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. gɦudo·Σ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gudo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. gudo·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → Goth. guda·Σ-
(XX:XX)
PIE *gɦɑudɑɦo·Σ-
Goth. guda·laus-
(a.) ‘gott-los’
(GoEtD. 165-6)
1. PIE *gɦɑudɑɦo·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦudɦo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦo·Σ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *gɦudo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. gɦudo·Σ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gudo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. gudo·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → Goth. guda·Σ-
(XX:XX)
√gɦɑudɑɦi-
PIE *gɦɑudɑɦii̯o·n-
ORun. gudija·n-
(m.) ‘(heidnischer) Priester’
(ANEtWb. 181)
(ORun. gudija(n)-)
1. PIE *gɦɑudɑɦii̯o·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦudɦii̯o·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦii̯o·n-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *gɦudii̯o·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. gɦudii̯o·n-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gudii̯o·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. gudii̯o·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *gudii̯a·n-
(XX:XX)
5. gudii̯a·n-
*i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
R26 → ORun. gudija·n-
PIE *gɦɑudɑɦii̯o·n-
Goth. gudja·n-
(m.) ‘(ursprüngl. heidnischer) Priester’
(GoEtD. 162)
(Goth. gudjans [plN])
1. PIE *gɦɑudɑɦii̯o·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦudɦii̯o·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦii̯o·n-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *gɦudii̯o·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. gɦudii̯o·n-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gudii̯o·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. gudii̯o·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *gudii̯a·n-
(XX:XX)
5. gudii̯a·n-
*ii̯a → ja
Loss of *i before i̯a
RChangeiya2ia → *gudi̯a·n-
6. gudi̯a·n-
*i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
ROrthogrY2j → Goth. gudja·n-
PIE *upor·gɦɑudɑɦii̯o·n-
Goth. ufar·gudja·n-
(m.) ‘high priest’
(GoEtD. 162)
1. PIE *upor·gɦɑudɑɦii̯o·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *upor·gɦudɦii̯o·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. upor·gɦudɦii̯o·n-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → *ufor·gɦudɦii̯o·n-
3. ufor·gɦudɦii̯o·n-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *ufor·gɦudii̯o·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. ufor·gɦudii̯o·n-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *ufor·gudii̯o·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. ufor·gudii̯o·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *ufar·gudii̯a·n-
(XX:XX)
6. ufar·gudii̯a·n-
*ii̯a → ja
Loss of *i before i̯a
RChangeiya2ia → *ufar·gudi̯a·n-
7. ufar·gudi̯a·n-
*i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
ROrthogrY2j → Goth. ufar·gudja·n-
PIE *gɦɑudɑɦii̯o·n-
OIcl. gyðja·n-
(f.) ‘Göttin, Priesterin : goddess, priestess’
(ANEtWb. 195)
1. PIE *gɦɑudɑɦii̯o·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦudɦii̯o·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦii̯o·n-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *gɦudii̯o·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. gɦudii̯o·n-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gudii̯o·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. gudii̯o·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *gudii̯a·n-
(XX:XX)
5. gudii̯a·n-
*u – i i̯ → y – i̯
Umlaut for *u – ii̯
RUmlautudij → *gydi̯a·n-
6. gydi̯a·n-
*i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
R26 → OIcl. gydja·n-
√gɦɑudɑɦi-
PIE *hɑep·gɦɑudɑɦei·n-
Goth. af·gudei·n-
(f.) ‘Gottlosigkeit : ungodliness’
(GoEtD. 165-6)
1. PIE *hɑep·gɦɑudɑɦei·n-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑap·gɦɑudɑɦei·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap·gɦɑudɑɦei·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hap·gɦudɦei·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hap·gɦudɦei·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ap·gɦudɦei·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ap·gɦudɦei·n-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → *af·gɦudɦei·n-
5. af·gɦudɦei·n-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *af·gɦudei·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. af·gɦudei·n-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *af·gudei·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. af·gudei·n-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → *af·gudī·n-
8. af·gudī·n-
*ī → ei
Orthographic change of *ī into ei
ROrthogrI2ei → Goth. af·gudei·n-
PIE *gɑɦo·gɦɑudɑɦei·n-
Goth. ga·gudei·n-
(f.) ‘piety’ (*n-stem’
(GoEtD. 165-6)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·gɦɑudɑɦei·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦo·gɦudɦei·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦo·gɦudɦei·n-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *gɦo·gɦudei·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. gɦo·gɦudei·n-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *go·gudei·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. go·gudei·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *ga·gudei·n-
(XX:XX)
5. ga·gudei·n-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → *ga·gudī·n-
6. ga·gudī·n-
*ī → ei
Orthographic change of *ī into ei
ROrthogrI2ei → Goth. ga·gudei·n-
PIE *gɦɑudɑɦi·n-
OIcl. goði·n-
(m.) ‘Priester’
(ANEtWb. 181)
1. PIE *gɦɑudɑɦi·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦudɦi·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦi·n-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *gɦudi·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. gɦudi·n-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → OIcl. gudi·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
PIE *gɦɑudɑɦi·lubɑɦ-
Goth. gudi·lub-
(PN.) ‘god-loved, or god-loving’
(GoEtD. 162)
1. PIE *gɦɑudɑɦi·lubɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦudɦi·lubɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦi·lubɦ-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspbh → *gɦudɦi·lub-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. gɦudɦi·lub-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *gɦudi·lub-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. gɦudi·lub-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → Goth. gudi·lub-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
PIE *gɦɑudɑɦiski̯o
Goth. gudisk-
(a.) ‘divine’
(GoEtD. 162)
(Goth. gudisks [sgN])
1. PIE *gɦɑudɑɦiski̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦudɦiski̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦiski̯o
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *gɦudɦisḱo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. gɦudɦisḱo
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *gɦudɦisko
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. gɦudɦisko
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *gɦudisko
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. gɦudisko
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gudisko
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. gudisko
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *gudiska
(XX:XX)
7. gudiska
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → Goth. gudisk


PIE √gɦɑudɑɦ- ‘good’
(IEW XX)
(Pyysalo)
√gɦɑudɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gɦɑudɑɦ·iso·mo-
HLu. gud·iša·ma-
(pt.) ‘made good’
(CHLu. 10.23.2)
(HLu. REL-ti-sà-ma-za, with Hitt. iša- ‘wirken, schaffen’ HHand. 33, iš-ša-aḫ-ḫi)
1. PIE *gɦɑudɑɦ·iso·mo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦudɦ·iso·mo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦ·iso·mo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦudɦ·isa·ma-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦudɦ·isa·ma-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gud·isa·ma-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gud·isa·ma-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. gud·iša·ma-
PIE *gɦɑudɑɦ·iso·mi-
HLu. gud·iša·mi-
(pt.) ‘made good’
(CHLu. 11.1.d9)
(HLu. REL-ti-sà-mi-na-´)
1. PIE *gɦɑudɑɦ·iso·mi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦudɦ·iso·mi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦ·iso·mi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦudɦ·isa·mi-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦudɦ·isa·mi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gud·isa·mi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gud·isa·mi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. gud·iša·mi-
PIE *gɦɑudɑɦo·Σ-
Goth. guda·ba-
(a.) ‘fromm’
(GoEtD. XX)
1. PIE *gɦɑudɑɦo·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦudɦo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦo·Σ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *gɦudo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. gɦudo·Σ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gudo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. gudo·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → Goth. guda·Σ-
(XX:XX)
PIE *gɦɑudɑɦo·Σ-
Goth. guda·faurht-
(a.) ‘εὐλαβής : godfearing’
(GoEtD. 111)
1. PIE *gɦɑudɑɦo·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦudɦo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦo·Σ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *gɦudo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. gɦudo·Σ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gudo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. gudo·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → Goth. guda·Σ-
(XX:XX)


PIE √giɑɦidɑɦ- (vb.) ‘aus Ton formen, bilden’ (sb.) ‘Ton, Erde, Land’ (a.) ‘Mensch’
(IEW 244-5, LIV2:142-3)
(Pyysalo: HLu. + CLu.)
√giɑɦidɑɦ-
PIE *gi̯ɑɦeídɑɦ-
Lith. žiẽd-
(vb.) ‘(aus Ton) formen, bilden, hauen’
(LiEtWb. 1307)
(Lith. žiẽsti [inf.])
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦeídɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gi̯ɦeídɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦeídɦ-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *j́ɦeídɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. j́ɦeídɦ-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis Li. ì
RAcc2 → *j́ɦeìdɦ-
4. j́ɦeìdɦ-
eì → eĩ
Circumflex intonation for eì
RAcc14 → *j́ɦeĩdɦ-
5. j́ɦeĩdɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *j́eĩdɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. j́eĩdɦ-
*j́ → ž
From Satem *j́ to Lithuanian
RSatem2Lith4 → *žeĩdɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. žeĩdɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → Lith. žeĩd-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
√giɑɦeídɑɦo
PIE *gi̯ɑɦidɑɦo·ɦɑiso-
CLu. zida·ḫiša-
(n.) ‘masculinity : virilité’
(DLL. 166)
(CLu. zi-da-a-ḫi-š[a])
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦidɑɦo·ɦɑiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gi̯ɦidɦo·ɦiso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦidɦo·ɦiso-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *j́ɦidɦo·ɦiso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. j́ɦidɦo·ɦiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *j́ɦidɦa·ɦisa-
(XX:XX)
4. j́ɦidɦa·ɦisa-
*j́ɦ → z
From Satem *j́ɦ to CLu.
RSatem2CLu3 → *zidɦa·ɦisa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.9)
5. zidɦa·ɦisa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *zida·ɦisa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. zida·ɦisa-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → *zida·ḫisa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
7. zida·ḫisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. zida·ḫiša-
PIE *gi̯ɑɦidɑɦo
OCS. zĭdŭ-
(m.) ‘Mauer, Wand, Dach : Gr. δῶμα’
(Sadnik √1141)
(OCS. zidŭ)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦidɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gi̯ɦidɦo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦidɦo
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *j́ɦidɦo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. j́ɦidɦo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *j́ɦidɦa
4. j́ɦidɦa
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Slavic
RSatem2Slav3 → *zɦidɦa
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. zɦidɦa
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *zɦida
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. zɦida
*zɦ → z
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspzh → *zida
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. zida
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *zido
8. zido
*-o → -u
Change of -o into -u
RChangeO2U → *zidu
9. zidu
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
ROrthogri2i → *zĭdu
10. zĭdu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
ROrthogru2u1 → OCS. zĭdŭ
√giɑɦeídɑɦēɑh-
PIE *gi̯ɑɦidɑɦēɑh-
OCS. zĭda-
(vb.) ‘bauen, schaffen’
(Sadnik √1141)
(OCS. zĭdati [inf.])
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦidɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gi̯ɑɦidɑɦāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gi̯ɑɦidɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gi̯ɦidɦāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gi̯ɦidɦāh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *j́ɦidɦāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. j́ɦidɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *j́ɦidɦā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. j́ɦidɦā-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Slavic
RSatem2Slav3 → *zɦidɦā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. zɦidɦā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *zɦidā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. zɦidā-
*zɦ → z
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspzh → *zidā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
8. zidā-
*ā → a
Orthographic change of *ā into a
ROrthogrA2a1 → *zida-
9. zida-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
ROrthogri2i → OCS. zĭda-
√giɑɦidɑɦi-
PIE *gi̯ɑɦidɑɦi-
CLu. zidi-
(c.) ‘Mensch’ ‹i.e. ‘aus Ton geformt’ (?)›
(HHand. 209)
(CLu. zi-ti-in [sgA])
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦidɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gi̯ɦidɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦidɦi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *j́ɦidɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. j́ɦidɦi-
*j́ɦ → z
From Satem *j́ɦ to CLu.
RSatem2CLu3 → *zidɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.9)
4. zidɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. zidi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *opo·gi̯ɑɦidɑɦi-
HLu. apa·zidi-
(a.) ‘unterländisch, western (?)’
(CHLu. 4.17.A)
(HLu. (‘OCCIDENS’)á-pa-zi-i-ti)
1. PIE *opo·gi̯ɑɦidɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *opo·gi̯ɦidɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. opo·gi̯ɦidɦi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *opo·j́ɦidɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. opo·j́ɦidɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *apa·j́ɦidɦi-
(XX:XX)
4. apa·j́ɦidɦi-
*j́ɦ → z
From Satem *j́ɦ to CLu.
RSatem2CLu3 → *apa·zidɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.9)
5. apa·zidɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → HLu. apa·zidi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gi̯ɑɦeidɑɦi-
OPr. seidi-
(m.) ‘want i.e. Wand’
(APrS. 417)
(OPr. seydis [sgN])
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦeidɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gi̯ɦeidɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦeidɦi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *j́ɦeidɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. j́ɦeidɦi-
*j́ɦ → zɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to Old Prussian
RSatem2OPr3 → *žɦeidɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. žɦeidɦi-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
RDeaspdh → *žɦeidi-
5. žɦeidi-
*zɦ → z
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
RDeaspzh → *žeidi-
6. žeidi-
*z → s
Devoicing of assibilant z
RDevoicez2s → OPr. seidi-
PIE *gi̯ɑɦoidɑɦi-
OPr. saidi-
(pr.) ‘hut sich = sich hüten (?)’
(APrS. 417)
(OPr. saydit [2sg])
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦoidɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gi̯ɦoidɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦoidɦi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *j́ɦoidɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. j́ɦoidɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *j́ɦaidɦi-
4. j́ɦaidɦi-
*j́ɦ → zɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to Old Prussian
RSatem2OPr3 → *žɦaidɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. žɦaidɦi-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
RDeaspdh → *žɦaidi-
6. žɦaidi-
*zɦ → z
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
RDeaspzh → *žaidi-
7. žaidi-
*z → s
Devoicing of assibilant z
RDevoicez2s → OPr. saidi-
PIE *gi̯ɑɦeidɑɦi̯o-
Lith. žiedžia-
(vb.) ‘formen, bilden, hauen’
(LiEtWb. 1307)
(Lith. žiedžiù [1sg])
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦeidɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gi̯ɦeidɦi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦeidɦi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *j́ɦeidɦi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. j́ɦeidɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → džɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i̯
RDentAssib4a → *j́ɦeidžɦio-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. j́ɦeidžɦio-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *j́eidžio-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. j́eidžio-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *j́eidžia-
6. j́eidžia-
*j́ → ž
From Satem *j́ to Lithuanian
RSatem2Lith4 → *žeidžia-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. žeidžia-
RChangeei2ie → Lith. žiedžia-
PIE *gi̯ɑɦeidɑɦi̯o-
OCS. ziždo-
(vb.) ‘bauen’
(Sadnik √1141)
(OCS. ziždǫ [1sg])
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦeidɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gi̯ɦeidɦi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦeidɦi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *j́ɦeidɦi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. j́ɦeidɦi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *j́ɦeidɦi̯a-
4. j́ɦeidɦi̯a-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Slavic
RSatem2Slav3 → *zɦeidɦi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. zɦeidɦi̯a-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *zɦeidi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. zɦeidi̯a-
*zɦ → z
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspzh → *zeidi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. zeidi̯a-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *zeidi̯o-
8. zeidi̯o-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → *zīdi̯o-
9. zīdi̯o-
* i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
ROrthogrY2j → *zīdjo-
10. zīdjo-
*ī → i
Orthographic change of *ī into i
ROrthogrI2i1 → OCS. zidjo-
PIE *Π·gi̯ɑɦidɑɦiɑ́h-
OLith. puod·židy-
(m.) ‘Töpfer’
(XX:XX)
(OLith. puodžidys)
1. PIE *Π·gi̯ɑɦidɑɦiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1b → *Π·gi̯ɑɦidɑɦiíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. Π·gi̯ɑɦidɑɦiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gi̯ɦidɦiíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·gi̯ɦidɦiíh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *Π·j́ɦidɦiíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. Π·j́ɦidɦiíh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·j́idɦiíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·j́idɦiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·j́idɦií-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. Π·j́idɦií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → *Π·j́idɦī́-
7. Π·j́idɦī́-
*j́ → ž
From Satem *j́ to Lithuanian
RSatem2Lith4 → *Π·židɦī́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
8. Π·židɦī́-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *Π·židī́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
9. Π·židī́-
*ī́ → ý
Orthographic change of ī́ into ý
R24 → OLith. Π·židý-


PIE √giɑɦm- (sb.) ‘Erde, Land(kreis)’ (vb.) ‘prosternire’ (adv.) ‘unter, unten’ (a.) ‘niedrig’
(IEW. 777-XX)
(+ Pyysalo (CLu.))
√giɑɦom-
PIE *gi̯ɑɦom-
Umbr. hom-
(ipv.) ‘prosternito’
(WbOU. XX)
(Umbr. hontu [3sg])
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦom-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gi̯ɦom-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦom-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *ǵɦom-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ǵɦom-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *gɦom-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. gɦom-
*gɦ → ɦ
Loss of *g in *gɦ
RChangeGH2H → *ɦom-
5. ɦom-
*ɦ → h
Loss of voice of *ɦ
RChangeH2h → Umbr. hom-
PIE *gi̯ɑɦem-
gAv. zam-
(f.) ‘Erde, Erdoberfläche, -boden, -reich’
(AIWb. 1662)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦem-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gi̯ɦem-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦem-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *j́ɦem-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. j́ɦem-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Avestan
RSatem2Av3 → *zɦem-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. zɦem-
*zɦ → z
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspzh → *zem-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. zem-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → gAv. zam-
PIE *gi̯ɑɦómo-
Lith. žãma-
(a) ‘niedrig’
(LiEtWb. 1298)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦómo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gi̯ɦómo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦómo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *j́ɦómo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. j́ɦómo-
ó → ò
Emergence of gravis Li. ò
RAcc5 → *j́ɦòmo-
4. j́ɦòmo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *j́òmo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. j́òmo-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *j́òma-
6. j́òma-
*ò → à
Change of *ò into à
RChangeO2A3 → *j́àma-
7. j́àma-
*j́ → ž
From Satem *j́ to Lithuanian
RSatem2Lith4 → Lith. žàma-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
PIE *gi̯ɑɦémo-
Lith. žẽma-
(a) ‘niedrig’
(LiEtWb. 1298)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦémo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gi̯ɦémo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦémo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *j́ɦémo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. j́ɦémo-
é → è
Emergence of gravis Li. è
RAcc4 → *j́ɦèmo-
4. j́ɦèmo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *j́èmo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. j́èmo-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *j́èma-
6. j́èma-
*j́ → ž
From Satem *j́ to Lithuanian
RSatem2Lith4 → Lith. žèma-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
PIE *gi̯ɑɦémo
Žem. žèma
(adv.) ‘am Boden, unten’
(LiEtWb. 1298)
(Casus ?!)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦémo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gi̯ɦémo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦémo
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *j́ɦémo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. j́ɦémo
é → è
Emergence of gravis Li. è
RAcc7 → *j́ɦèmo
4. j́ɦèmo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *j́èmo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. j́èmo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *j́èma
6. j́èma
*j́ → ž
From Satem *j́ to Lithuanian
RSatem2Lith4 → Žem. žèma
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
PIE *gi̯ɑɦémēhɑ-
Lith. žẽmė-
(2f.) ‘Erde, Boden, Acker, Land’
(LiEtWb. 1298)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦémēhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gi̯ɦémēh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦémēh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *j́ɦémēh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. j́ɦémēh-
é → è
Emergence of gravis Li. è
RAcc4 → *j́ɦèmēh-
4. j́ɦèmēh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *j́èmēh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. j́èmēh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *j́èmē-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. j́èmē-
*j́ → ž
From Satem *j́ to Lithuanian
RSatem2Lith4 → *žèmē-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. žèmē-
* ē -> ė
Orthographic change of *ē into ė
R28a → Lith. žèmė-
PIE *gi̯ɑɦémin-
Lith. žẽmin-
(vb.) ‘erniedrigen, biegen, demütigen’
(LiEtWb. 1298)
(Lith. žẽminti [inf.])
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦémin-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gi̯ɦémin-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦémin-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *j́ɦémin-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. j́ɦémin-
é → è
Emergence of gravis Li. è
RAcc4 → *j́ɦèmin-
4. j́ɦèmin-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *j́èmin-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. j́èmin-
*j́ → ž
From Satem *j́ to Lithuanian
RSatem2Lith4 → Lith. žèmin-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
√giɑɦomto-
PIE *gi̯ɑɦomto-
CLu. zanta
(adv.) ‘down, Goedegebuure 2010’
(DLL 113)
(CLu. za-an-da, za-an-ta)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦomto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gi̯ɦomto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦomto-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *j́ɦomto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. j́ɦomto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *j́ɦamta-
(XX:XX)
4. j́ɦamta-
*j́ɦ → z
From Satem *j́ɦ to CLu.
RSatem2CLu3 → *zamta-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.9)
5. zamta-
PIE *mt → nt
Assimilation of labial *m with dental T
R15 → CLu. zanta-
PIE *gi̯ɑɦomto-
HLu. zanta
(adv.) ‘down, Goedegebuure 2010’
(CHLu. 1.1.29)
(HLu. INFRA-ta, INFRA-tá, Melchert (1994:278)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦomto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gi̯ɦomto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦomto-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *j́ɦomto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. j́ɦomto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *j́ɦamta-
(XX:XX)
4. j́ɦamta-
*j́ɦ → z
From Satem *j́ɦ to CLu.
RSatem2CLu3 → *zamta-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.9)
5. zamta-
PIE *mt → nt
Assimilation of labial *m with dental T
R15 → HLu. zanta-
√giɑɦomtu-
PIE *gi̯ɑɦemtu-
LAv. zantu-
(m.) ‘Landkreis, Landbezirk, Gau’
(AIWb. 1660-1)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦemtu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gi̯ɦemtu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦemtu-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *j́ɦemtu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. j́ɦemtu-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Avestan
RSatem2Av3 → *zɦemtu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. zɦemtu-
*zɦ → z
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspzh → *zemtu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. zemtu-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *zamtu-
6. zamtu-
*mt → nt
Assimilation of *mt into nt
R34b → LAv. zantu-
PIE *gi̯ɑɦemtu·shɑōn-
LAv. zantu·šān-
(a.) ‘der sich das Land verdient’
(AIWb. 683)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦemtu·shɑōn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gi̯ɦemtu·shōn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦemtu·shōn-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *gi̯ɦemtu·šhōn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. gi̯ɦemtu·šhōn-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *j́ɦemtu·šhōn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. j́ɦemtu·šhōn-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *j́ɦemtu·šhān-
5. j́ɦemtu·šhān-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *j́ɦemtu·šān-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. j́ɦemtu·šān-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Avestan
RSatem2Av3 → *zɦemtu·šān-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. zɦemtu·šān-
*zɦ → z
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspzh → *zemtu·šān-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
8. zemtu·šān-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *zamtu·šān-
9. zamtu·šān-
*mt → nt
Assimilation of *mt into nt
R34b → LAv. zantu·šān-
PIE *gi̯ɑɦemtu·poti-
gAv. zantu·paiti-
(m.) ‘Gebieter eines Landbezirks’
(AIWb. 1661)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦemtu·poti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gi̯ɦemtu·poti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦemtu·poti-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *j́ɦemtu·poti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. j́ɦemtu·poti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *j́ɦemtu·pati-
4. j́ɦemtu·pati-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Avestan
RSatem2Av3 → *zɦemtu·pati-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. zɦemtu·pati-
*zɦ → z
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspzh → *zemtu·pati-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. zemtu·pati-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *zamtu·pati-
7. zamtu·pati-
*mt → nt
Assimilation of *mt into nt
R34b → *zantu·pati-
8. zantu·pati-
*ati → aiti
Anaptyxis of *i
RAnaptyxATI → gAv. zantu·paiti-


PIE √giɦɑn-, √gieɦɑn-, √gioɦɑn- √giɦɑen-, √giɦɑon- ‘(an)erkennen, wahrnehmen’
(IEW. 376-8 *en-)
(+Machek III 1959)
√gieɦɑn-
PIE *gi̯eɦɑen-
RV. jān-
(aoM.) ‘[A] erkennnen, wahrnehmen’
(WbRV. 501)
(RV. jānate [3pl])
1. PIE *gi̯eɦɑen-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *gi̯eɦɑan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. gi̯eɦɑan-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gi̯eɦan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gi̯eɦan-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *j́eɦan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. j́eɦan-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *j́ean-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. j́ean-
*ea → ā
Contraction of *ea into ā
R19 → *j́ān-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.5.)
6. j́ān-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to OIA
RSatem2OIA4 → RV. jān-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
PIE *gi̯eɦɑen·Σ-
Arm. can·ucʼeal-
(a.) ‘erkannt habend’
(ArmGr1:455)
(Arm. canucʼeal-)
1. PIE *gi̯eɦɑen·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *gi̯eɦɑan·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. gi̯eɦɑan·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gi̯eɦan·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gi̯eɦan·Σ-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *j́eɦan·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. j́eɦan·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *j́ean·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. j́ean·Σ-
PIE *ea → ā
Contraction of ea into ā
Contractea2A → *j́ān·Σ-
6. j́ān·Σ-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to Armenian
RSatem2Arm3 → *jān·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. jān·Σ-
*j → c
Loss of voice of media *j
RDevoicej → *cān·Σ-
8. cān·Σ-
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RChangeA2a1 → Arm. can·Σ-
PIE *gi̯égi̯eɦɑon
Gr. γέγων-
(pf.) ‘sich vernehmlich machen, zu erkennen geben, verkünden’
(GEW 1:293)
(Gr. γέγωνα [1sg])
1. PIE *gi̯égi̯eɦɑon
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gi̯égi̯eɦon
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gi̯égi̯eɦon
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *ǵéǵeɦon
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ǵéǵeɦon
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ǵéǵeon
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ǵéǵeon
*eo → ō
Contraction of eo into ō
RContracteo2O → *ǵéǵōn
5. ǵéǵōn
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *gégōn
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. gégōn
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. γέγων
√gieɦɑno-
PIE *ɦɑen·gi̯eɦɑeno
Arm. an·can-
(a.) ‘unbekannt’
(Grundr2 1:419)
(‹stem = ?›
1. PIE *ɦɑen·gi̯eɦɑeno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑan·gi̯eɦɑano
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑan·gi̯eɦɑano
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦan·gi̯eɦano
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦan·gi̯eɦano
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *ɦan·j́eɦano
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. ɦan·j́eɦano
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *an·j́eano
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. an·j́eano
PIE *ea → ā
Contraction of ea into ā
Contractea2A → *an·j́āno
6. an·j́āno
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to Armenian
RSatem2Arm3 → *an·jāno
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. an·jāno
*j → c
Loss of voice of media *j
RDevoicej → *an·cāno
8. an·cāno
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RChangeA2a1 → Arm. an·cano
PIE *gi̯eɦɑenó-
RV. jāná-
(aoA.) ‘kennen, wissen’
(WbRV. 501)
(RV. jānánti [3pl])
1. PIE *gi̯eɦɑenó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *gi̯eɦɑanó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. gi̯eɦɑanó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gi̯eɦanó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gi̯eɦanó-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *j́eɦanó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. j́eɦanó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *j́eɦaná-
5. j́eɦaná-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *j́eaná-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. j́eaná-
*ea → ā
Contraction of *ea into ā
R19 → *j́āná-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.5.)
7. j́āná-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to OIA
RSatem2OIA4 → RV. jāná-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑeno-
RV. prá (...) jāna-
(ao.) ‘Bescheid wissen, sich zurechtfinden’
(WbRV. 501)
(RV. prá (...) ajānan [3pl])
1. PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑeno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·gi̯eɦɑano-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·gi̯eɦɑano-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gi̯eɦano-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·gi̯eɦano-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *Π·j́eɦano-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. Π·j́eɦano-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·j́eɦana-
5. Π·j́eɦana-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·j́eana-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. Π·j́eana-
*ea → ā
Contraction of *ea into ā
R19 → *Π·j́āna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.5.)
7. Π·j́āna-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to OIA
RSatem2OIA4 → RV. Π·jāna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑeno-
gAv. paitī·zāna-
(vb.) ‘anerkennen, (bei sich) gutaufnehmen’
(AIWb. 1659)
(gAv. paitī.zānata [2pl.])
1. PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑeno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·gi̯eɦɑano-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·gi̯eɦɑano-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gi̯eɦano-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·gi̯eɦano-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *Π·j́eɦano-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. Π·j́eɦano-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·j́eɦana-
5. Π·j́eɦana-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·j́eana-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. Π·j́eana-
*ea → ā
Contraction of e and a
R20b → *Π·j́āna-
7. Π·j́āna-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Avestan
RSatem2Av3 → gAv. Π·zāna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
PIE *pro·gi̯eɦɑeno-
LAv. fra·zāna-
(vb.) ‘etwas [A] ausfindig zu machen’
(AIWb. 1659)
(LAv. frazānaiti [3sg])
1. PIE *pro·gi̯eɦɑeno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *pro·gi̯eɦɑano-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. pro·gi̯eɦɑano-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pro·gi̯eɦano-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pro·gi̯eɦano-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *pro·j́eɦano-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. pro·j́eɦano-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *pra·j́eɦana-
5. pra·j́eɦana-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *pra·j́eana-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. pra·j́eana-
*ea → ā
Contraction of e and a
R20b → *pra·j́āna-
7. pra·j́āna-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Avestan
RSatem2Av3 → *pra·zāna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
8. pra·zāna-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
R33a → LAv. fra·zāna-
PIE *gi̯eɦɑeno-
ModPers. dāna-
(vb.) ‘wissen’
(AIWb. 1659)
(ModPers. dānad [3sg])
1. PIE *gi̯eɦɑeno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *gi̯eɦɑano-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. gi̯eɦɑano-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gi̯eɦano-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gi̯eɦano-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *j́eɦano-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. j́eɦano-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *j́eɦana-
5. j́eɦana-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *j́eana-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. j́eana-
*ea → ā
Contraction of e and a
R20b → *j́āna-
7. j́āna-
*j́ → d
From Satem *j́ to OPers.
RSatem2OPers3 → ModPers. dāna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
PIE *gi̯egi̯eɦɑonó-
Gr. γεγωνό-
(a.) ‘laut vernehmlich’
(GEW 1:293)
(Gr. γεγωνός)
1. PIE *gi̯egi̯eɦɑonó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gi̯egi̯eɦonó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gi̯egi̯eɦonó-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *ǵeǵeɦonó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ǵeǵeɦonó-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ǵeǵeonó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ǵeǵeonó-
*eo → ō
Contraction of eo into ō
RContracteo2O → *ǵeǵōnó-
5. ǵeǵōnó-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *gegōnó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. gegōnó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. γεγωνό-
√gieɦɑnɑh-
PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑnēɑh-
LAv. ava·zanā-
(pr.) ‘gewahr werden, inne werden, merken, daß...’
(AIWb. 1659)
(LAv. ava.zanąn [3pl])
1. PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·gi̯eɦɑnāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·gi̯eɦɑnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gi̯eɦnāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·gi̯eɦnāh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *Π·j́eɦnāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. Π·j́eɦnāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·j́enāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·j́enāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·j́enā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. Π·j́enā-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Avestan
RSatem2Av3 → *Π·zenā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. Π·zenā-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → LAv. Π·zanā-
PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑnēɑh-
LAv. paiti·zanā-
(pr.) ‘anerkennen’
(AIWb. 1659)
(LAv. paiti.zanāt [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·gi̯eɦɑnāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·gi̯eɦɑnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gi̯eɦnāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·gi̯eɦnāh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *Π·j́eɦnāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. Π·j́eɦnāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·j́enāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·j́enāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·j́enā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. Π·j́enā-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Avestan
RSatem2Av3 → *Π·zenā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. Π·zenā-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → LAv. Π·zanā-
√gieɦɑenɑh-
PIE *gi̯eɦɑenḗɑh-
RV. jānā́-
(pr.) ‘[A] erkennen, wahrnehmen’
(WbRV. 501)
(RV. jānā́t [3sg])
1. PIE *gi̯eɦɑenḗɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *gi̯eɦɑanḗɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. gi̯eɦɑanḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *gi̯eɦɑanā́ɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. gi̯eɦɑanā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gi̯eɦanā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. gi̯eɦanā́h-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *j́eɦanā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. j́eɦanā́h-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *j́eanā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. j́eanā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *j́eanā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. j́eanā́-
*ea → ā
Contraction of *ea into ā
R19 → *j́ānā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.5.)
8. j́ānā́-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to OIA
RSatem2OIA4 → RV. jānā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
PIE *gi̯eɦɑenēɑh-
RV. jānā-
(pr.) ‘kennen, lernen, erfahren’
(WbRV. 501)
(RV. jānāti [3sg])
1. PIE *gi̯eɦɑenēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *gi̯eɦɑanēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. gi̯eɦɑanēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gi̯eɦɑanāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. gi̯eɦɑanāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gi̯eɦanāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. gi̯eɦanāh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *j́eɦanāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. j́eɦanāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *j́eanāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. j́eanāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *j́eanā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. j́eanā-
*ea → ā
Contraction of *ea into ā
R19 → *j́ānā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.5.)
8. j́ānā-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to OIA
RSatem2OIA4 → RV. jānā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
PIE *gi̯eɦɑenēɑh-
OPers. dānā-
(pr.) ‘learn, come to know, know’
(OldP. 182)
(OPers. adānā [3sg])
1. PIE *gi̯eɦɑenēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *gi̯eɦɑanēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. gi̯eɦɑanēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gi̯eɦɑanāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. gi̯eɦɑanāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gi̯eɦanāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. gi̯eɦanāh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *j́eɦanāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. j́eɦanāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *j́eanāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. j́eanāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *j́eanā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. j́eanā-
*ea → ā
Contraction of e and a
R20b → *j́ānā-
8. j́ānā-
*j́ → d
From Satem *j́ to OPers.
RSatem2OPers3 → OPers. dānā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
PIE *gi̯eɦɑenēɑhutɑho
Arm. canawtʼ-
(a.) ‘bekannt, bekannt mit –’ (sb.) ‘der Bekannte’
(ArmGr. 1:455-6)
(Arm. canautʼ, canautʼicʼ [plG])
1. PIE *gi̯eɦɑenēɑhutɑho
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *gi̯eɦɑanēɑhutɑho
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. gi̯eɦɑanēɑhutɑho
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gi̯eɦɑanāɑhutɑho
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. gi̯eɦɑanāɑhutɑho
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gi̯eɦanāhutho
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. gi̯eɦanāhutho
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *j́eɦanāhutho
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. j́eɦanāhutho
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *j́eanāhutho
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. j́eanāhutho
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *j́eanāutho
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. j́eanāutho
PIE *ea → ā
Contraction of ea into ā
Contractea2A → *j́ānāutho
8. j́ānāutho
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
ROsthoffa1 → *j́ānautho
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
9. j́ānautho
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to Armenian
RSatem2Arm3 → *jānautho
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
10. jānautho
*th → tʼ
Glottalization of *th
RGlottalicizeTH → *jānautʼo
11. jānautʼo
*j → c
Loss of voice of media *j
RDevoicej → *cānautʼo
12. cānautʼo
*au → aw
Change of *au into aw
RChangeau2aw → *cānawtʼo
13. cānawtʼo
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RChangeA2a1 → Arm. canawtʼo
PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑenēɑhutɑho
Arm. an·canawtʼ-
(a.) ‘unbekannt, unkundig’ ‹ *i-stem ›
(ArmGr. 1:456)
1. PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑenēɑhutɑho
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·gi̯eɦɑanēɑhutɑho
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·gi̯eɦɑanēɑhutɑho
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·gi̯eɦɑanāɑhutɑho
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. Π·gi̯eɦɑanāɑhutɑho
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gi̯eɦanāhutho
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. Π·gi̯eɦanāhutho
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *Π·j́eɦanāhutho
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. Π·j́eɦanāhutho
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·j́eanāhutho
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. Π·j́eanāhutho
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·j́eanāutho
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. Π·j́eanāutho
PIE *ea → ā
Contraction of ea into ā
Contractea2A → *Π·j́ānāutho
8. Π·j́ānāutho
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
ROsthoffa1 → *Π·j́ānautho
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
9. Π·j́ānautho
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to Armenian
RSatem2Arm3 → *Π·jānautho
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
10. Π·jānautho
*th → tʼ
Glottalization of *th
RGlottalicizeTH → *Π·jānautʼo
11. Π·jānautʼo
*j → c
Loss of voice of media *j
RDevoicej → *Π·cānautʼo
12. Π·cānautʼo
*au → aw
Change of *au into aw
RChangeau2aw → *Π·cānawtʼo
13. Π·cānawtʼo
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RChangeA2a1 → Arm. Π·canawtʼo
√gie/oɦɑeni-
PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑenɑ́hi-
RV. jānī·-
(prA.) ‘[A] kennen, bekannt, vertraut mit [A] sein’
(WbRV. 500)
(RV. jānīmas [1pl])
1. PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑenɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·gi̯eɦɑanɑ́hi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·gi̯eɦɑanɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *Π·gi̯eɦɑaníhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
3. Π·gi̯eɦɑaníhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gi̯eɦaníhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. Π·gi̯eɦaníhi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *Π·j́eɦaníhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. Π·j́eɦaníhi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·j́eaníhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. Π·j́eaníhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·j́eaníi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. Π·j́eaníi-
*ea → ā
Contraction of *ea into ā
R19 → *Π·j́āníi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.5.)
8. Π·j́āníi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *Π·j́ānī́-
9. Π·j́ānī́-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to OIA
RSatem2OIA4 → RV. Π·jānī́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
PIE *gi̯egi̯eɦɑoníski̯o-
Gr. γεγωνίσκο-
(pf.) ‘sich vernehmlich machen, zu erkennen geben, verkünden’
(GEW 1:293)
(Gr. γεγωνίσκω)
1. PIE *gi̯egi̯eɦɑoníski̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gi̯egi̯eɦoníski̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gi̯egi̯eɦoníski̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *gi̯egi̯eɦonísḱo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. gi̯egi̯eɦonísḱo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *ǵeǵeɦonísḱo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. ǵeǵeɦonísḱo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ǵeǵeonísḱo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ǵeǵeonísḱo-
*eo → ō
Contraction of eo into ō
RContracteo2O → *ǵeǵōnísḱo-
6. ǵeǵōnísḱo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *ǵeǵōnísko-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. ǵeǵōnísko-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *gegōnísko-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
8. gegōnísko-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. γεγωνίσκο-
PIE *gi̯eɦɑenei̯ēɑh-
Arm. canea-
(ao.) ‘erkennen’
(ArmGr. 1:455)
(Arm. caneay [1sg])
1. PIE *gi̯eɦɑenei̯ēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *gi̯eɦɑanei̯ēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. gi̯eɦɑanei̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gi̯eɦɑanei̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. gi̯eɦɑanei̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gi̯eɦanei̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. gi̯eɦanei̯āh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *j́eɦanei̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. j́eɦanei̯āh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *j́eanei̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. j́eanei̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *j́eanei̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. j́eanei̯ā-
PIE *ea → ā
Contraction of ea into ā
Contractea2A → *j́ānei̯ā-
8. j́ānei̯ā-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to Armenian
RSatem2Arm3 → *jānei̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
9. jānei̯ā-
*j → c
Loss of voice of media *j
RDevoicej → *cānei̯ā-
10. cānei̯ā-
*ei̯ā → eā
Loss *i̯ between e and ā
RLossyineyA → *cāneā-
11. cāneā-
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RChangeA2a1 → Arm. canea-
√gieɦɑnkulo-
PIE *gi̯éɦɑnkulo-
Lith. žénkla-
(m.) ‘(Kenn-, Wunder-)Zeichen, Merkmal, Signal’
(LiEtWb. 1300)
(Lith. žénklas [sgN])
1. PIE *gi̯éɦɑnkulo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gi̯éɦnkulo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gi̯éɦnkulo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *j́éɦnkulo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. j́éɦnkulo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *j́énkulo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. j́énkulo-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *j́énklo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. j́énklo-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *j́énkla-
6. j́énkla-
*j́ → ž
From Satem *j́ to Lithuanian
RSatem2Lith4 → Lith. žénkla-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
PIE *gi̯eɦɑńkulo-
Lith. žeñkla-
(m.) ‘(Kenn-, Wunder-)Zeichen, Merkmal, Signal’
(LiEtWb. 1300)
(Lith. žeñklas [sgN])
1. PIE *gi̯eɦɑńkulo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gi̯eɦńkulo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gi̯eɦńkulo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *j́eɦńkulo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. j́eɦńkulo-
eɦń → eɦñ
Circumflex intonation for eɦń
RAcc10 → *j́eɦñkulo-
4. j́eɦñkulo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *j́eñkulo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. j́eñkulo-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *j́eñklo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. j́eñklo-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *j́eñkla-
7. j́eñkla-
*j́ → ž
From Satem *j́ to Lithuanian
RSatem2Lith4 → Lith. žeñkla-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
√gieɦɑnt-
PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑnto-
LAv. paiti·zanta-
(a.) ‘anerkannt’
(AIWb. 1659)
(LAv. paiti.zantō)
1. PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑnto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gi̯eɦnto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gi̯eɦnto-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *Π·j́eɦnto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. Π·j́eɦnto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·j́eɦnta-
4. Π·j́eɦnta-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·j́enta-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·j́enta-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Avestan
RSatem2Av3 → *Π·zenta-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. Π·zenta-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → LAv. Π·zanta-
PIE *Π·gi̯oɦɑntlēhɑ
OPr. kogona·santle-
(ONf.) ‘Grenzmal des/der Kogona’
(LiEtWb. 1300-1)
(OPr. Kogonassantle)
1. PIE *Π·gi̯oɦɑntlēhɑ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gi̯oɦntlēh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gi̯oɦntlēh
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *Π·j́oɦntlēh
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. Π·j́oɦntlēh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·j́ontlēh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·j́ontlēh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·j́ontlē
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·j́ontlē
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·j́antlē
6. Π·j́antlē
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Old Prussian
RSatem2OPr4 → *Π·žantlē
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. Π·žantlē
*z → s
Devoicing of assibilant z
RDevoicez2s → *Π·santlē
8. Π·santlē
*ē → e
Orthographic absence of quantity
ROrthogrE2e → OPr. Π·santle
PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑntliuno
OPr. eb·sentliuna-
(pt.) ‘bezeichnet’
(LiEtWb. 1300)
(OPr. eb·sentliuns [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑntliuno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·gi̯eɦntliuno
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·gi̯eɦntliuno
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *Π·j́eɦntliuno
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. Π·j́eɦntliuno
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·j́entliuno
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·j́entliuno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·j́entliuna
5. Π·j́entliuna
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Old Prussian
RSatem2OPr4 → *Π·žentliuna
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. Π·žentliuna
*z → s
Devoicing of assibilant z
RDevoicez2s → OPr. Π·sentliuna
PIE *su·gi̯oɦɑntu-
gAv. hu·zǝ̄ntu-
(a.) ‘der gute Kunde hat von, wohlvertraut ist mit’
(AIWb. 1839)
1. PIE *su·gi̯oɦɑntu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *su·gi̯oɦntu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. su·gi̯oɦntu-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *su·j́oɦntu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. su·j́oɦntu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *su·j́aɦntu-
4. su·j́aɦntu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *su·j́antu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. su·j́antu-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *hu·j́antu-
6. hu·j́antu-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Avestan
RSatem2Av3 → gAv. hu·zantu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
PIE *seu·gi̯oɦɑntu̯o-
gAv. hao·ząϑwa-
(n.) ‘Wohlvertrautheit, Wissendheit’
(AIWb. 1738)
1. PIE *seu·gi̯oɦɑntu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *seu·gi̯oɦntu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. seu·gi̯oɦntu̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *seu·j́oɦntu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. seu·j́oɦntu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *seu·j́aɦntu̯a-
4. seu·j́aɦntu̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *seu·j́antu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. seu·j́antu̯a-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *heu·j́antu̯a-
6. heu·j́antu̯a-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Avestan
RSatem2Av3 → *heu·zantu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. heu·zantu̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *hau·zantu̯a-
8. hau·zantu̯a-
*au → ao
Opening of *au
ROpeningAU → *hao·zantu̯a-
9. hao·zantu̯a-
*tR → ϑR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
R33b → *hao·zanϑu̯a-
10. hao·zanϑu̯a-
*ϑu̯ → ϑw
Affricativisation of *u̯ after dental fricative ϑ
R34a → *hao·zanϑwa-
11. hao·zanϑwa-
anϑw → ąϑw
Emergence of nasal vowel Av. ą before ϑw
R38 → gAv. hao·ząϑwa-
√giɦɑonōs-
PIE *giɦɑonōs-
Lat. honōs-
(m.) ‘Anerkennung, Auszeichnung’
(WH 1: 655-6)
(OLat. honōs, honōris)
1. PIE *giɦɑonōs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *giɦonōs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. giɦonōs-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *ǵɦonōs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ǵɦonōs-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *gɦonōs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. gɦonōs-
*gɦ → ɦ
Loss of *g in *gɦ
RChangeGH2H → *ɦonōs-
5. ɦonōs-
*ɦ → h
Loss of voice of *ɦ
RChangeH2h → Lat. honōs-
√giɦɑones-
(HEG 1: 478-80)
(Machek III (1959):78)
PIE *giɦɑones-
Hitt. ganeš-
(vb1.) ‘an/wiedererkennnen, herausfinden’
(HHand. 71)
(Hitt. ga-ni-eš-mi, ga-ne-eš-zi)
1. PIE *giɦɑones-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *giɦones-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. giɦones-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *ǵɦones-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ǵɦones-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ǵɦanes-
(XX:XX)
4. ǵɦanes-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *gɦanes-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. gɦanes-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ganes-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ganes-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. ganeš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·giɦɑones-
Hitt. menaḫanda ganeš·-
(vb.) ‘entgegenspüren = durchschauen’
(HHand. 71)
1. PIE *Π·giɦɑones-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·giɦones-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·giɦones-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *Π·ǵɦones-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. Π·ǵɦones-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ǵɦanes-
(XX:XX)
4. Π·ǵɦanes-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *Π·gɦanes-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. Π·gɦanes-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *Π·ganes-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. Π·ganes-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. Π·ganeš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *giɦɑones-
Lat. hones-
(pf.) ‘anerkennen’
(WH 1:665-6)
(in Lat. honestus)
1. PIE *giɦɑones-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *giɦones-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. giɦones-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *ǵɦones-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ǵɦones-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *gɦones-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. gɦones-
*gɦ → ɦ
Loss of *g in *gɦ
RChangeGH2H → *ɦones-
5. ɦones-
*ɦ → h
Loss of voice of *ɦ
RChangeH2h → Lat. hones-
PIE *giɦɑoneso-
Hitt. ganeša-
(vb.) ‘XX’
(HIL. 504)
(Hitt. ka-ni-eš-ša-an-zi)
1. PIE *giɦɑoneso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *giɦoneso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. giɦoneso-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *ǵɦoneso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ǵɦoneso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ǵɦanesa-
(XX:XX)
4. ǵɦanesa-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *gɦanesa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. gɦanesa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ganesa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ganesa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. ganeša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *giɦɑonesont-
Hitt. ganešant-
(pt.) ‘verehrt’
(HEG. I:478-80)
(Hitt. ka-ni-eš-ša-an-t-, Hitt. ka-ni-eš-ša-an [n.sgNA])
1. PIE *giɦɑonesont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *giɦonesont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. giɦonesont-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *ǵɦonesont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ǵɦonesont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ǵɦanesant-
(XX:XX)
4. ǵɦanesant-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *gɦanesant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. gɦanesant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ganesant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ganesant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. ganešant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *giɦɑonōsēɑh-
Lat. honōrā-
(vb.) ‘auszeichnen, ehren’
(WH 1:655-6)
(Lat. honōrāre)
1. PIE *giɦɑonōsēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *giɦɑonōsāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. giɦɑonōsāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *giɦonōsāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. giɦonōsāh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *ǵɦonōsāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. ǵɦonōsāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ǵɦonōsā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ǵɦonōsā-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *gɦonōsā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. gɦonōsā-
*gɦ → ɦ
Loss of *g in *gɦ
RChangeGH2H → *ɦonōsā-
7. ɦonōsā-
*VsV → VrV
Rhotacism of *s between vowels
RRhotacism → *ɦonōrā-
8. ɦonōrā-
*ɦ → h
Loss of voice of *ɦ
RChangeH2h → Lat. honōrā-
PIE *giɦɑonesto-
Lat. honesto-
(pt.) ‘anerkennenswert, ehrenvoll, anständig’
(WH 1:655-6)
1. PIE *giɦɑonesto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *giɦonesto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. giɦonesto-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *ǵɦonesto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ǵɦonesto-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *gɦonesto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. gɦonesto-
*gɦ → ɦ
Loss of *g in *gɦ
RChangeGH2H → *ɦonesto-
5. ɦonesto-
*ɦ → h
Loss of voice of *ɦ
RChangeH2h → Lat. honesto-
PIE *giɦɑonesu̯o-
Hitt. ganešu̯a-
(vn.bs.)
(HHand. 71)
(Hitt. ka-ni-iš-šu-ua-an-zi)
1. PIE *giɦɑonesu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *giɦonesu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. giɦonesu̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *ǵɦonesu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ǵɦonesu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ǵɦanesu̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. ǵɦanesu̯a-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *gɦanesu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. gɦanesu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ganesu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ganesu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. ganešu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *giɦɑonesu̯ont-
Hitt. ganešu̯ant-
(a.) ‘erkannt’
(HHand. 71)
(Hitt. ka-ni-eš-šu-u-ua-an [or sup.?])
1. PIE *giɦɑonesu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *giɦonesu̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. giɦonesu̯ont-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *ǵɦonesu̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ǵɦonesu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ǵɦanesu̯ant-
(XX:XX)
4. ǵɦanesu̯ant-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *gɦanesu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. gɦanesu̯ant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ganesu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ganesu̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. ganešu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *giɦɑonesu̯or-
Hitt. ganešu̯ar-
(N.act.)
(HHand. 71)
(Hitt. ka-ni-eš-šu-u-ua-ar)
1. PIE *giɦɑonesu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *giɦonesu̯or-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. giɦonesu̯or-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *ǵɦonesu̯or-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ǵɦonesu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ǵɦanesu̯ar-
(XX:XX)
4. ǵɦanesu̯ar-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *gɦanesu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. gɦanesu̯ar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ganesu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ganesu̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. ganešu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√giɦɑenus-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *giɦɑenusto-
Hitt. ganušta-
(mc.) ‘‹cf. Pael. hanusto-›’
(NOMS. 508)
(Hitt. ga-nu-uš-ta[ [abs.]
1. PIE *giɦɑenusto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *giɦɑanusto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. giɦɑanusto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *giɦanusto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. giɦanusto-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *ǵɦanusto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. ǵɦanusto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ǵɦanusta-
(XX:XX)
5. ǵɦanusta-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *gɦanusta-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. gɦanusta-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ganusta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. ganusta-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. ganušta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *giɦɑenusto-
Pael. hanusto-
(pt.a.) ‘honestus’
(WH 1:665-6)
(Pael. hanustu)
1. PIE *giɦɑenusto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *giɦɑanusto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. giɦɑanusto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *giɦanusto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. giɦanusto-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *ǵɦanusto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. ǵɦanusto-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *gɦanusto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. gɦanusto-
*gɦ → ɦ
Loss of *g in *gɦ
RChangeGH2H → *ɦanusto-
6. ɦanusto-
*ɦ → h
Loss of voice of *ɦ
RChangeH2h → Pael. hanusto-


PIE √gɑhos- √gɑhes- √gɑhs- (sb.) ‘Orient, Ost, Tag’ (vb.) ‘oriri’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√gɑɦeso-
PIE *gɑɦeso-
HLu. geša-
(.) ‘orient’
(CHLu. 4.9.4)
(HLu. (‘ORIENS’)ki-sà)
1. PIE *gɑɦeso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦeso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦeso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦesa-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦesa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gesa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gesa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. geša-
√gɑɦosl-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gɑɦoslo-
OInd. ghasra-
(m.) ‘a day’
(MonWil. 377)
1. PIE *gɑɦoslo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦoslo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦoslo-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
RChangelr1 → *gɦosro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
3. gɦosro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦasra-
4. gɦasra-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. ghasra-
PIE *gɑɦosolo-
HLu. gašala-
(PN.) ‘XX’
(CHLu. 11.1.c1)
(HLu. ka-sa-la-sa-wa/i)
1. PIE *gɑɦosolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦosolo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦosolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦasala-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦasala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gasala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gasala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. gašala-
PIE *gɑɦosolu̯o-
Hitt. gašalu̯a-
(I.) ‘-(?)-’
(DKašg. 91)
1. PIE *gɑɦosolu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦosolu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦosolu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦasalu̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦasalu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gasalu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gasalu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. gašalu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦestomo-
PIE *gɑɦestomo-
Hitt. geštama-
(URU.) ‘‹“› Ḫašḫatata.”; = orient (?)›’
(OGH. 210)
(Hitt. ki-iš-ta-ma [Stf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦestomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦestomo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦestomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦestama-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦestama-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gestama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gestama-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. geštama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦostomo-
PIE *gɑɦostomo-
Hitt. gaštama-
(URU.pt.) “Bei Nerik (...) › Tanizila.”
(OGH. 193-4)
(Hitt. ga-aš-ta-ma [Stf.]; OGHErg. 73)
1. PIE *gɑɦostomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦostomo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦostomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦastama-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦastama-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gastama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gastama-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. gaštama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦostomo-
Hitt. gaštama-
(KUR URU.) –
(OGH. 193-4)
(Hitt. ka-a-aš-ta-ma-az [Abl.])
1. PIE *gɑɦostomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦostomo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦostomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦastama-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦastama-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gastama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gastama-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. gaštama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦostomo-
Hitt. gaštama-
(.) –
(OGH. 193-4)
(Hitt. kaš-da-ma [Stf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦostomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦostomo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦostomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦastama-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦastama-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gastama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gastama-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. gaštama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦostomo-
Hitt. gaštama-
(PÚ.) ‘Im näherem Kontext der ON › Ḫuppa.’
(OGH. 534)
(Hitt. ka-aš-ta-ma [DL?])
1. PIE *gɑɦostomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦostomo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦostomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦastama-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦastama-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gastama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gastama-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. gaštama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦestomi-
PIE *gɑɦestomi-
HLu. geštami-
(pt.) ‘oriens, east’
(CHLu. 1.1.5.)
(in HLu. (ORIENS)ki-sà-ta-mi-i)
1. PIE *gɑɦestomi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦestomi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦestomi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦestami-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦestami-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gestami-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gestami-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. geštami-
PIE *gɑɦestomi-
HLu. geštami-
(.) ‘east, (sunrise)’ ‹ ORIENS = kiš-? ›
(CHLu. 1.1.32)
(* HLu. “ORIENS”-ta-mi)
1. PIE *gɑɦestomi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦestomi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦestomi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦestami-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦestami-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gestami-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gestami-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. geštami-
PIE *gɑɦestomi-
HLu. geštami-
(d.) ‘ORIENS, SUN’
(CHLu. 1.1.30)
(HLu. (DEUS)ORIENS-mi)
1. PIE *gɑɦestomi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦestomi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦestomi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦestami-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦestami-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gestami-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gestami-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. geštami-
√gɑɦestomu-
PIE *gɑɦestomu-
Pal. geštamu
(.) ‘-(?)-’ ‹ or kišt- ‘erlöschen’ (?) › (HHand. 80)
(DPal. 59)
(Pal. ki-iš-ta-a-am-mu)
1. PIE *gɑɦestomu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦestomu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦestomu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦestamu-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦestamu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gestamu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gestamu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Pal. geštamu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦostomu·il-
Hitt. gaštamu·il-
(URUa.ethn) ‘of Kastamu-’
(OGH. 194)
(Hitt. ga-aš-ta-mu-il, “Zalpuwa, Tuḫupija, Ališa, Ḫakmiš, Tapika (u.a.) -› Kaštama.”)
1. PIE *gɑɦostomu·il-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦostomu·il-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦostomu·il-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦastamu·il-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦastamu·il-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *gastamu·il-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gastamu·il-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. gaštamu·il-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √l- (vb.) ‘angreifen, ergreifen, nehmen, rauben’
(IEW XX)
(Pyysalo)
√lo-
(HEG X:XX)
(HIL. 928)
PIE *lo-
CLu. la-
(vb.) ‘nehmen’
(DLL. 90)
(CLu. la-at-ta [3sg])
1. PIE *lo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. la-
(XX:XX)
PIE *hɑiki·Σ-
Lyd. is·l-
(a.) ‘angefangen’ (?)
(LydWb. 135)
(Lyd. islλ [sgDL])
1. PIE *hɑiki·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hiki·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hiki·Σ-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *hić·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. hić·Σ-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to Lyd.
RSatem2Lyd1 → *his·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.9)
4. his·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Lyd. is·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *Π·lo-
HLu. arḫa la·-
(*vb2.) ‘take away’
(CHLu. 2.40.11)
(HLu. ARHA la-i [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·lo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → HLu. Π·la-
(XX:XX)
PIE *Π·lo-
HLu. zanta la·-
(CAPERE*vb.) ‘capture’
(CHLu. 4.2.4)
(HLu. INFRA CAPERE(-)la-ha)
1. PIE *Π·lo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → HLu. Π·la-
(XX:XX)
PIE *lolo-
CLu. lala-
(vb.) ‘nehmen, HHand. 91’
(DLL. 61)
(CLu. la-la-an-ti [3pl])
1. PIE *lolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. lala-
(XX:XX)
√lɑh-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Lḗɑh-
OInd. lā́-
(pr.) ‘ergreifen, mit sich nehmen’
(KEWA 3:99)
(OInd. lā́ti [3sg])
1. PIE *Lḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *Lā́ɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Lā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Lā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Lā́h-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RChangelr4 → *lā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
4. lā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → OInd. lā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *Lḗɑh-
OInd. lā́-
(f.) ‘das Nehmen’
(KEWA 3:99)
(OInd. lā [sgN])
1. PIE *Lḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *Lā́ɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Lā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Lā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Lā́h-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RChangelr4 → *lā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
4. lā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → OInd. lā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *Π·lḗɑho-
HLu. arḫa laḫa·-
(vb.) ‘angreifen, HEG L:8’
(CHLu. 2.27.21)
(ARHA MANUS.*218(-)la/i/u?-ha-i)
1. PIE *Π·lḗɑho-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *Π·lā́ɑho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·lā́ɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·lā́ho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·lā́ho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·lā́ha-
(XX:XX)
4. Π·lā́ha-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. Π·lā́ḫa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
√loi-
PIE *loloi-
CLu. lalai-
(vb.) ‘nehmen’
(DLL. 61)
(CLu. la-la-a-i(-ua))
1. PIE *loloi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. lalai-
(XX:XX)
PIE *loimo-
CLu. laima-
(pt.) ‘genommen, HHand. 90’
(DLL. 61)
1. PIE *loimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. laima-
(XX:XX)
√lou-
PIE *lolou-
Hitt. lalau-
(vb.) ‘nehmen’
(HHand. 91)
(HItt. lalauna [inf.])
1. PIE *lolou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. lalau-
(XX:XX)
PIE *lou̯or-
CLu. lau̯ar-
(vb.) ‘berauben, entblößen’
(HHand. 93)
1. PIE *lou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. lau̯ar-
(XX:XX)
PIE *lou̯orimo-
CLu. lau̯arima-
(pt.) ‘beraubt (oder ‘broken (?)’
(HHand. 93)
1. PIE *lou̯orimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. lau̯arima-
(XX:XX)


PIE √lɑh- (vb.) ‘brennen, leuchten, glänzen’ (sb.) ‘Lampe, Laterne, Zeichen, Mal’
(IEW –)
(+ Pyysalo)
√lɑh-
PIE *lēɑh-
HLu. lāḫ-
(*vb.) ‘burn’
(CHLu. 10.12.14)
(in the causative HLu. FLAMMAE(?)(-)lax-há-nú-wa/i-tax)
1. PIE *lēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *lāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. lāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *lāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. lāh-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. lāḫ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
√lɑhNp-
PIE *leléɑhmp-
Gr. λελάμπ-
(pf.) ‘leuchten (lassen), glänzen’
(GEW 2:79)
(Gr. λέλαμπε [3sg])
1. PIE *leléɑhmp-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
Colouring rule for *éɑ
RColouring1d → *leláɑhmp-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. leláɑhmp-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *leláhmp-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. leláhmp-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *lelámp-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. lelámp-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. λελάμπ-
PIE *léɑhmpo-
Gr. λάμπο-
(vb.) ‘leuchten’
(GEW 2:79)
(Gr. λάμπω [1sg])
1. PIE *léɑhmpo-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
Colouring rule for *éɑ
RColouring1d → *láɑhmpo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. láɑhmpo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *láhmpo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. láhmpo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *lámpo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. lámpo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. λάμπο-
PIE *leɑhmpéɑhd-
Gr. λαμπάδ-
(f.) ‘Fackel, Fackellauf’
(GEW 2:79)
1. PIE *leɑhmpéɑhd-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *laɑhmpéɑhd-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. laɑhmpéɑhd-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
Colouring rule for *éɑ
RColouring1d → *laɑhmpáɑhd-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
3. laɑhmpáɑhd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *lahmpáhd-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. lahmpáhd-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *lampád-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. lampád-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. λαμπάδ-
PIE *leɑhmpró-
Gr. λαμπρό-
(a.) ‘leuchtend, glänzend’
(GEW 2:79)
1. PIE *leɑhmpró-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *laɑhmpró-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. laɑhmpró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *lahmpró-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. lahmpró-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *lampró-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. lampró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. λαμπρό-
√lɑhnskiito-
PIE *Lēɑhnski̯ito-
OInd. lāñchita-
(pt.) ‘gekennzeichnet’
(KEWA 3:98)
1. PIE *Lēɑhnski̯ito-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Lāɑhnski̯ito-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Lāɑhnski̯ito-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Lāhnski̯ito-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Lāhnski̯ito-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RChangelr4 → *lāhnski̯ito-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
4. lāhnski̯ito-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *lāhnsćito-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. lāhnsćito-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *lāhnsćita-
6. lāhnsćita-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *lānsćita-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. lānsćita-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to OIA
RSatem2OIA1 → *lānsśita-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
8. lānsśita-
*sś → ch
Change of sś to ch
RSk-ruleOIA → *lānchita-
9. lānchita-
*nch → ñch
Palatalization of nasal
RNasPalCH → OInd. lāñchita-
PIE *Lēɑhnski̯ono-
OInd. lāñchana-
(n.) ‘Zeichen, Mal’
(KEWA 3:98)
1. PIE *Lēɑhnski̯ono-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Lāɑhnski̯ono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Lāɑhnski̯ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Lāhnski̯ono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Lāhnski̯ono-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RChangelr4 → *lāhnski̯ono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
4. lāhnski̯ono-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *lāhnsćono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. lāhnsćono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *lāhnsćana-
6. lāhnsćana-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *lānsćana-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. lānsćana-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to OIA
RSatem2OIA1 → *lānsśana-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
8. lānsśana-
*sś → ch
Change of sś to ch
RSk-ruleOIA → *lānchana-
9. lānchana-
*nch → ñch
Palatalization of nasal
RNasPalCH → OInd. lāñchana-
√lɑhnterneɑh-
PIE *lēɑhnternēɑh
Lat. lanternā-
(f.) ‘Laterne, Lampe’
(WH 1:760)
1. PIE *lēɑhnternēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *lāɑhnternāɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. lāɑhnternāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *lāhnternāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. lāhnternāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *lānternā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. lānternā
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
ROsthoffa1 → Lat. lanternā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
PIE *lēɑhnternēɑhrii̯o-
Lat. lanternārio-
(a.) ‘Vorleuchter’
(WH 1:760)
1. PIE *lēɑhnternēɑhrii̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *lāɑhnternāɑhrii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. lāɑhnternāɑhrii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *lāhnternāhrii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. lāhnternāhrii̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *lānternārii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. lānternārii̯o-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
ROsthoffa1 → *lanternārii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
5. lanternārii̯o-
*ii̯o → io
Loss *i̯ between i and o
RLossY2 → Lat. lanternārio-
√lɑhnu-
PIE *lēɑhnu̯o-
HLu. lāḫnua-
(cs.) ‘make burn/light’
(CHLu. 10.12.14)
(HLu. FLAMMAE(?)(-)lax-há-nú-wa/i-tax)
1. PIE *lēɑhnu̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *lāɑhnu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. lāɑhnu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *lāhnu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. lāhnu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *lāhnu̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. lāhnu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. lāḫnu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
√lɑhp-
PIE *lḗɑhpēhɑ-
Lith. lópė-
(f.) ‘Fackel, Licht, Bündel Leuchtspäne’
(LiEtWb. 386)
(Lith. lópē [sgN]
1. PIE *lḗɑhpēhɑ-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *lā́ɑhpēhɑ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. lā́ɑhpēhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *lā́hpēh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. lā́hpēh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *lā́pē-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. lā́pē-
*ā́ → ṓ
Change of ā́ into ṓ
RChangeA202 → *lṓpē-
5. lṓpē-
ṓ → ó
Orthographic change of ṓ into ó
R27b → *lópē-
6. lópē-
* ē -> ė
Orthographic change of *ē into ė
R28a → Lith. lópė-
PIE *lēɑhpēɑh
Latv. lāpa
(f.) ‘Fackel, Kienfackel’ (ANEtWb. 351)
(LiEtWb. 386)
(Latv. lāpa [sgN])
1. PIE *lēɑhpēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *lāɑhpāɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. lāɑhpāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *lāhpāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. lāhpāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *lāpā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. lāpā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R28 → Latv. lāpa
PIE *lēɑhpi-
OPr. lopi-
(.) ‘Flamme’ (Voc. 44)
(LiEtWb. 386)
(OPr. lopis [sgN])
1. PIE *lēɑhpi-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *lāɑhpi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. lāɑhpi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *lāhpi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. lāhpi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *lāpi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. lāpi-
*ā → ō
Change of ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → *lōpi-
5. lōpi-
*ō → o
Orthographic absence of quantity
ROrthogro2o → OPr. lopi-


PIE √lɑh- (vb.) ‘treiben, schlagen’ (sb.) ‘Feldzug; Spitze, Schoß’
(IEW 306-7, LIV2 :235)
(+ Pyysalo)
√lɑh-
(CHD L-N: 4f, HIL. 591)
(Pyysalo Toch + Gr.; Pyysalo 2013:234)
PIE *loɑho-
Hitt. laḫa-
(c.) ‘Feldzug, Reise’
(HEG 2:8, CHD 3:4-6)
(Hitt. la-a-aḫ-ḫi)
1. PIE *loɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *loho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. loho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *laha-
(XX:XX)
3. laha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. laḫa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *leɑh-
TochB. la-
(vb.) ‘emerge, come out’
(DTochB. 552)
(TochB. laṃ [3sg])
1. PIE *leɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *laɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. laɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *lah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. lah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → TochB. la-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *leɑh-
TochB. la-
(vb.) ‘leave, exit’
(DTochB. 551)
(TochB. lat [2sg], Krause 1952:192, Westtocharische Grammatik)
1. PIE *leɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *laɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. laɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *lah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. lah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → TochB. la-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *eléɑh-
Gr. ἐλά-
(vb.tr.) ‘treiben, stoßen’
(GEW 1:482)
(Cos. ἐλάτω)
1. PIE *eléɑh-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
Colouring rule for *éɑ
RColouring1d → *eláɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. eláɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *eláh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. eláh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *elá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. elá-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἐλά-
PIE *elḗleɑh-
Gr. ἐλήλα-
(pf.M.) ‘getrieben sein’
(GEW 1:482)
(Gr. ἐλήλαται [3sg])
1. PIE *elḗleɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *elḗlaɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. elḗlaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *elḗlah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. elḗlah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *elḗla-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. elḗla-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἐλήλα-
√lɑhi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *loɑhi-
Hitt. laḫi-
(c.) ‘Nadel; in MUNUSŠU.GI-Ritual’
(HEG 2:13)
(CHD 3:7, Stefanini (1983:149
1. PIE *loɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *lohi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. lohi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *lahi-
(XX:XX)
3. lahi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. laḫi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *Lóɑhi̯o-
RV. lā́ya-
(m/n.) ‘Geschoß, Pfeil’
(WbRV. 1187)
1. PIE *Lóɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Lóhi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Lóhi̯o-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RChangelr4 → *lóhi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
3. lóhi̯o-
PIE *óhCV → ā́hCV
Brugmann’s Law for *óhCV
RBrugmII2 → *lā́hi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.3.7)
4. lā́hi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *lā́hi̯a-
5. lā́hi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *lā́i̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. lā́i̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. lā́ya-
PIE *leɑhleɑhei̯o-
Hitt. laḫlaḫei̯a-
(vb1M.) ‘erregt/ängstlich sein, sich sorgen’
(HEG 2:13)
1. PIE *leɑhleɑhei̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *laɑhlaɑhei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. laɑhlaɑhei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *lahlahei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. lahlahei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *lahlahei̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. lahlahei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. laḫlaḫei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√lɑhn-
PIE *leɑhn-
TochB. lan-
(vb.) ‘emerge : hinausgehen’
(DTochB. 551)
(TochB. ostmeṃ lantsi [inf.] camñcer [2sg] ‘you can leave home’)
1. PIE *leɑhn-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *laɑhn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. laɑhn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *lahn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. lahn-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → TochB. lan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *lolɑhni̯o-
TochB. lalña-
(.) ‘leaving, going out, exit : Skt. niryāṇam’
(DTochB. 552)
(TochB. lalñe-)
1. PIE *lolɑhni̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *lolhni̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. lolhni̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *lalhni̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. lalhni̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *lalni̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. lalni̯a-
*ni̯ → ñ
Palatalization of *n before i̯
RPalatNY → TochB. lalña-
PIE *eleɑhne-
Arm. elane-
(vb.) ‘ausgehen, hinaufsteigen’
(GEW 2:481)
(Arm. elanem [1sg])
1. PIE *eleɑhne-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *elaɑhne-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. elaɑhne-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *elahne-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. elahne-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Arm. elane-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√lɑhs-
PIE *éleɑhss-
Gr. ἔλασ-
(s.ao.) ‘treiben’
(GEW 2:482)
Gr. ἤλασα [1sg])
1. PIE *éleɑhss-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *élaɑhss-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. élaɑhss-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *élahss-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. élahss-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *élass-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. élass-
*ss → s
Degemination of *ss
RDegeminss2s → *élas-
5. élas-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἔλασ-
√lɑht-
PIE *eleɑhtḗr
Gr. ἐλατήρ-
(m.) ‘Treiber, Wagenlenker’
(GEW 2:482)
1. PIE *eleɑhtḗr
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *elaɑhtḗr
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. elaɑhtḗr
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *elahtḗr
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. elahtḗr
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *elatḗr
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. elatḗr
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἐλατήρ


PIE √lɑh- (vb.) ‘waschen, strömen’ (sb.) ‘Wasserrinne, Wasserlauf’
(IEW 309-10)
(+ Pyysalo)
√ēlɑho-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ēlɑho-
CLu. ēlḫa-
(vb.) ‘reinwaschen’
(HEG 2:5)
(CLu. e-el-ḫa-a-du [3sg], KUB 35 39 II 4;3, DLL 36)
1. PIE *ēlɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ēlho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ēlho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ēlha-
(XX:XX)
3. ēlha-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ēlḫa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *ēlɑho-
OIcl. āl-
(m.) ‘Wasserrinne, Streifen am rücken eines Tieres’
(ANEtWb. 6)
(OIcl. āll [sgN])
1. PIE *ēlɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ēlho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ēlho-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ēlo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. ēlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *ēla-
(XX:XX)
4. ēla-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
RChangeE2A → OIcl. āla-
PIE *ēlɑho-
Far. āl-
(m.) ‘schmaler Wasserlauf’
(ANEtWb. 6)
(Fär ālur [sgN])
1. PIE *ēlɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ēlho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ēlho-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ēlo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. ēlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *ēla-
(XX:XX)
4. ēla-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
RChangeE2A → Far. āla-
PIE *ēlēlɑho-
CLu. ēlēlḫa-
(.) ‘reinwaschen’ (die Götter)
(HEG 2:5)
(CLu. e-le-el-ḫa-(a-)-an-du [3pl], KUB 35 39 II 4,10,26
1. PIE *ēlēlɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ēlēlho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ēlēlho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ēlēlha-
(XX:XX)
3. ēlēlha-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ēlēlḫa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
√ēlɑhi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ēlēlɑhoi-
CLu. ēlēlḫai-
(vb.) ‘(ab)waschen’ (HHand. 61)
(DLL. 36)
(CLu. [e?-l]e-el-ha-a-i-t[i] [3sg
1. PIE *ēlēlɑhoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ēlēlhoi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ēlēlhoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ēlēlhai-
(XX:XX)
3. ēlēlhai-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ēlēlḫai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *ēlɑhi̯o-
OIcl. æla-
(vb.) ‘schnell strömen’
(ANEtWb 681)
1. PIE *ēlɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ēlhi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ēlhi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ēli̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. ēli̯o-
*ēRC → eRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ēRC
ROsthoffe1 → *eli̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
4. eli̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *eli̯a-
(XX:XX)
5. eli̯a-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
RChangee2i → *ili̯a-
6. ili̯a-
*i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
R26 → OIcl. ilja-


PIE √lɑh- (vb.) ‘geben’ (sb.) ‘Opfer’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + RV.)
√lēɑh-
PIE *lēɑh·uro-
Hitt. lāḫ·ura-
() ((GIŠ)c.) ‘Opfertisch, Opferschrank’
(HEG 2:16)
(Hitt. la-aḫ-ḫu-ra-aš [sgN], la-ḫu-u-ra-aš, la-aḫ-ḫu-ra-an, HED 5:13f.)
1. PIE *lēɑh·uro-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *lāɑh·uro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. lāɑh·uro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *lāh·uro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. lāh·uro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *lāh·ura-
(XX:XX)
4. lāh·ura-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. lāḫ·ura-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *lēɑh·uro-
Hitt. lāḫ·ura-
(URU.) ‹cf. above; Hitt. GIŠura- ‘Tablett,Tisch’ ›
(OGH. 237)
(Hitt. la-aḫ-ḫu-u-ra KBo 16 97 Rs. 18 [Stf.], DINGIRLUM; Orakelanfrage)
1. PIE *lēɑh·uro-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *lāɑh·uro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. lāɑh·uro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *lāh·uro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. lāh·uro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *lāh·ura-
(XX:XX)
4. lāh·ura-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. lāḫ·ura-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *lēɑh·uromo-
Hitt. lāḫ·urama-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 237)
(Hitt. la-ḫu-u-ra-ma-aš [“Vorratshaus (É NA4KIŠIB) zur Zeit der Königs Telipinu.”])
1. PIE *lēɑh·uromo-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *lāɑh·uromo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. lāɑh·uromo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *lāh·uromo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. lāh·uromo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *lāh·urama-
(XX:XX)
4. lāh·urama-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. lāḫ·urama-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *lēɑh·urei̯o-
Hitt. lāḫ·ureia-
(c.) ‘Opfertisch, Opferschrank’
(HEG 2:16)
(Hitt. la-a-ḫu-ri-ia [L], KBo 11 18 V 12)
1. PIE *lēɑh·urei̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *lāɑh·urei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. lāɑh·urei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *lāh·urei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. lāh·urei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *lāh·urei̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. lāh·urei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. lāḫ·urei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *lēɑh·urumo-
Hitt. lāḫ·uruma-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 237)
(Hitt. la-aḫ-ḫu-ru-ma-aš)
1. PIE *lēɑh·urumo-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *lāɑh·urumo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. lāɑh·urumo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *lāh·urumo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. lāh·urumo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *lāh·uruma-
(XX:XX)
4. lāh·uruma-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. lāḫ·uruma-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√lēɑhtR-
PIE *Π·Lēɑhtr̥nó-
RV. a·lātr̥ṇá-
(a.) ‘nicht herausgebend’
(WbRV. 121)
1. PIE *Π·Lēɑhtr̥nó-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·Lāɑhtr̥nó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·Lāɑhtr̥nó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·Lāhtr̥nó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·Lāhtr̥nó-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RChangelr4 → *Π·lāhtr̥nó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
4. Π·lāhtr̥nó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *Π·lāhtr̥ná-
5. Π·lāhtr̥ná-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·lātr̥ná-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. Π·lātr̥ná-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
RRetrofl1 → RV. Π·lātr̥ṇá-


PIE √lɑhn- ‘Lache, Morast, usw.’
(IEW 653-4)
(+ Pyysalo)
√lēɑhn-
PIE *lēɑhnēɑh
OIcl. lōn-
(f.) ‘Strandmeer’
(ANEtWb. 366)
1. PIE *lēɑhnēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *lāɑhnāɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. lāɑhnāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *lāhnāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. lāhnāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *lānā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. lānā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → *lōnō
(XX:XX)
5. lōnō
*-ō → -a
Change final -ō to -a
RChangeFinalO2a1 → OIcl. lōna
PIE *lēɑhni-
Hitt. lāḫni-
(c.) ‘ein drinkbar Substanz’
(HEG 2, 14)
(Hitt. la-aḫ-ni-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *lēɑhni-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *lāɑhni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. lāɑhni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *lāhni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. lāhni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. lāḫni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *lēɑhnidɑh·Σ-
Hitt. ·lāḫnid šeḫ-
(vb.) ‘mit Laḫni- bespringen’
(HEG 2, 14)
(Hitt. la-aḫ-ni-it [sgI])
1. PIE *lēɑhnidɑh·Σ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *lāɑhnidɑh·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. lāɑhnidɑh·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *lāhnidh·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. lāhnidh·Σ-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *lāhnid·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. lāhnid·Σ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. lāḫnid·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *lēɑhniɑh-
Latv. lāni-
(f.) ‘Morast’
(ANEtWb. 366)
(Latv. lānis)
1. PIE *lēɑhniɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *lāɑhniɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. lāɑhniɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *lāhnih-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. lāhnih-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Latv. lāni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)


√lɦɑbɑɦ- √loɦɑbɑɦ- √leɦɑbɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Elfenbein, Elephant’
(IEW XX)
√loɦɑbɑɦ-
(CHD 3:12f.)
‹OAnat. preserves ḫ+Stop, no ḫ -> Ø !›
PIE *loɦɑbɑɦo-
CLu. laḫba-
(GKL.) ‘Elfenbein : ivory, HHand. 90’
(DLL. 61)
(CLu. la-aḫ-pa-aš [plD?] ú-nu-ua-an-du)
1. PIE *loɦɑbɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *loɦbɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. loɦbɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *laɦbɦa-
(XX:XX)
3. laɦbɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *laɦba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. laɦba-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. laḫba-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *loɦɑbɑɦo-
Hitt. laḫba-
(sb.) ‘Elfenbein : MA-KU-UT KAxUD AM.SI’
(HEG 2:14)
(Hitt. la-aḫ-pa-aš-ma-aš kurakiš)
1. PIE *loɦɑbɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *loɦbɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. loɦbɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *laɦbɦa-
(XX:XX)
3. laɦbɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *laɦba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. laɦba-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. laḫba-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√leɦɑbɑɦeɑhnt-
(GEW 1:XX)
PIE *e·leɦɑbɑɦeɑhnt-
Gr. ἐλέφαντ-
(.) ‘Elfenbein, Elefantenzahn’
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *e·leɦɑbɑɦeɑhnt-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *e·leɦɑbɑɦaɑhnt-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. e·leɦɑbɑɦaɑhnt-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *e·leɦbɦahnt-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. e·leɦbɦahnt-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *e·leɦphahnt-
4. e·leɦphahnt-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *e·lephahnt-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. e·lephahnt-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *e·lephant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. e·lephant-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἐ·λεφαντ-
PIE *e·leɦɑbɑɦeɑhnt-
LinB. ἐλεπαντ-
(.) ‘elephant’
(XX:XX)
(LinB. e-re-pa [sgN], e-re-pa-to [sgG])
1. PIE *e·leɦɑbɑɦeɑhnt-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *e·leɦɑbɑɦaɑhnt-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. e·leɦɑbɑɦaɑhnt-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *e·leɦbɦahnt-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. e·leɦbɦahnt-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *e·leɦphahnt-
4. e·leɦphahnt-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *e·lephahnt-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. e·lephahnt-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *e·lephant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. e·lephant-
*ph → p
Absence of aspirates in LinB.
RDeaspph → *e·lepant-
7. e·lepant-
Change from Latin to Old Mycenean alphabet
RGr2Lat → LinB. ἐ·λεπαντ-
PIE *e·leɦɑbɑɦeɑhntei̯o-
LinB. ἐλεπαντεjο-
(a.) ‘made of ivory’
(XX:XX)
(LinB. e-re-pa-te-jo)
1. PIE *e·leɦɑbɑɦeɑhntei̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *e·leɦɑbɑɦaɑhntei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. e·leɦɑbɑɦaɑhntei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *e·leɦbɦahntei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. e·leɦbɦahntei̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *e·leɦphahntei̯o-
4. e·leɦphahntei̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *e·lephahntei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. e·lephahntei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *e·lephantei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. e·lephantei̯o-
*ph → p
Absence of aspirates in LinB.
RDeaspph → *e·lepantei̯o-
7. e·lepantei̯o-
Change from Latin to Old Mycenean alphabet
RGr2Lat → LinB. ἐ·λεπαντεjο-


PIE √li- (vb.) ‘umwinden, binden’ (vb.) ‘Flachs, Lein, Netz, usw.’
(IEW 691)
(+ Pyysalo)
√li-
PIE *oli-
Hitt. ali-
() ((SÍG)c.) (eine bestimmte Wolle und deren Fäden)
(HEG 1:16)
(Hitt. ališ, alin, alit, EHS. 203, HHand. 14
1. PIE *oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ali-
(XX:XX)
PIE *hɑul·oli-
Hitt. ḫul·ali-
(SÍGn.) ‘Binde, Wickel’
(HHand. 53)
1. PIE *hɑul·oli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hul·oli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hul·oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hul·ali-
(XX:XX)
3. hul·ali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫul·ali-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑul·oli-
Hitt. ḫul·ali-
(vb.) ‘umwinden, umwickeln’
(HIL. 415)
1. PIE *hɑul·oli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hul·oli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hul·oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hul·ali-
(XX:XX)
3. hul·ali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫul·ali-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ōLi-
OInd. āli-
(pf.) ‘binden’
[KEWA I:555]
(in OInd. ālita- ‘gebunden’)
1. PIE *ōLi-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RChangelr4 → *ōli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
2. ōli-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → OInd. āli-
√leio-
PIE *pu̯·olei̯o-
CLu. pu̯·alei̯a-
(.) ‘a garment for the leg or foot?:
(CHD P:369)
(CLu. pu-wa-li-ia-an-za [sgNA], HIL. 791)
1. PIE *pu̯·olei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. pu̯·alei̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *pu̯·olei̯o-
Hitt. pu̯·alei̯a-
(.) ‘a garment for the leg or foot?’
(CHD P:369)
(Hitt. pu-ua-li-ia [sgNA], HIL. 791)
1. PIE *pu̯·olei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. pu̯·alei̯a-
(XX:XX)
√lino-
PIE *líno-
Lith. lìna-
(m.sg.) ‘Flachsstengel, einzelne Flachspflanze’
(LiEtWb. 373)
(Lith. lìnas [sgN.], linaĩ [plN.])
1. PIE *líno-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis Li. ì
RAcc2 → *lìno-
2. lìno-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Lith. lìna-
PIE *lino-
LinB. λινο-
(n.) ‘Lein’
(GEW 2:125-6)
(LinB. ri-no = λίνον)
1. PIE *lino-
Change from Latin to Old Mycenean alphabet
RGr2Lat → LinB. λινο-
PIE *líno-
Gr. λίνο-
(n.) ‘Lein(pflanze), Flachs, Linnen, Faden, Netz’
(GEW 2:125-6)
(Gr. λίνο-)
1. PIE *líno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. λίνο-
PIE *líno-
Lith. lìna-
(m4.pl.) ‘Lein, Flachs’
(LiEtWb. 373)
(Lith. linaĩ [pl.] ‘pellavat’)
1. PIE *líno-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis Li. ì
RAcc2 → *lìno-
2. lìno-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Lith. lìna-
√lolinoi-
PIE *lolinoi-
CLu. lalinai-
(vb.) (beschreibt Kleidungstücke) (CHD 3:28)
(HEG 2:24)
(in CLu. la-li-i-na-i-me-iš [pt])
1. PIE *lolinoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. lalinai-
(XX:XX)
PIE *lolinoimi-
CLu. lalinaimi-
(pt.) ‘bzw. Kleidungstücke, HHand. 91’
(DLL. 62)
(CLu. la-li-i-na-i-me-iš [sgN], la-li-na-i-me-en-zi [plN])
1. PIE *lolinoimi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. lalinaimi-
(XX:XX)
PIE *lolinito-
Hitt. lalinita-
(n.) ‘ein Schmuckstück an Kleidungsstücken’
(HEG 2:24)
(Hitt. la-li-ni-ta; but (HHand. 91) lalinimi-)
1. PIE *lolinito-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. lalinita-
(XX:XX)
√liso-
PIE *oliso-
Hitt. ališa-
(n.) ‘eine Gewebe’
(HHand. 14)
(Hitt. a-li-e-š-ša)
1. PIE *oliso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *alisa-
(XX:XX)
2. alisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. ališa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *hɑul·oliski̯e/o-
Hitt. ḫul·ališke/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘umwinden’
(HHand. 53)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-la-li-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑul·oliski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hul·oliski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hul·oliski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *hul·olisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. hul·olisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hul·alisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
4. hul·alisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *hul·aliske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. hul·aliske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hul·ališke/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hul·ališke/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫul·ališke/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑul·olisn-
Hitt. ḫul·ališn-
(N.act.) ‘Umfang’
(HHand. 53)
(Hitt. ḫu-la-li-eš-ni [L])
1. PIE *hɑul·olisn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hul·olisn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hul·olisn-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hul·alisn-
(XX:XX)
3. hul·alisn-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hul·ališn-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hul·ališn-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫul·ališn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *hɑul·olisor-
Hitt. ḫul·ališar-
(n.) ‘Umfang’
(HHand. 53)
(Hitt. ḫu-la-li-eš-šar)
1. PIE *hɑul·olisor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hul·olisor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hul·olisor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hul·alisar-
(XX:XX)
3. hul·alisar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hul·ališar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hul·ališar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫul·ališar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)


PIE √li-, √oli-, √eli- ‘liquid’
(IEW 305)
(+ Pyysalo)
√oli-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *oli-
CLu. ali-
(c.) ‘mer (?)’
(DLL 25-6)
(CLu. a-li-in [sgA])
1. PIE *oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. ali-
(XX:XX)
PIE *oli̯oli̯o-
Arm. ołoł-
(sb.) ‘inundation, flood’
(EtDiArm. 528)
(Arm. ołoł)
1. PIE *oli̯oli̯o-
*li̯ → ł
Change of *li̯ into ł
RRPalatly2lj → Arm. ołoło-
PIE *oli̯oli̯e-
Arm. ołołe-
(vb.) ‘overflow, inundate, flood; rinse’
(EtDiArm. 528)
(Arm. ołołem)
1. PIE *oli̯oli̯e-
*li̯ → ł
Change of *li̯ into ł
RRPalatly2lj → Arm. ołołe-
PIE *oli̯oli̯ēɑhne-
Arm. ołołane-
(vb.) ‘overflow, inundate, flood; rinse’
(EtDiArm. 528)
(Arm. ołołanem)
1. PIE *oli̯oli̯ēɑhne-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *oli̯oli̯āɑhne-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. oli̯oli̯āɑhne-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *oli̯oli̯āhne-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. oli̯oli̯āhne-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *oli̯oli̯āne-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. oli̯oli̯āne-
*li̯ → ł
Change of *li̯ into ł
RRPalatly2lj → *ołołāne-
5. ołołāne-
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RChangeA2a1 → Arm. ołołane-


PIE √lis- √lois- √leis- ‘glänzen’
(IEW XX)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + HLu.)
√lois-
PIE *Π·loisi-
HLu. ARHA’ laiši·-
(vb.) ‘XX’
(CHLu. 11.f-g.51)
(HLu. ARHA’ OCCIDENS(-)la/i/u-i-si-ti-i [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·loisi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·laisi-
(XX:XX)
2. Π·laisi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. Π·laiši-
PIE *loisi̯o-
OLat. loisio-
(m.) ‘Gentiin. aus Capua’
(WbOU. 436)
1. PIE *loisi̯o-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
ROrthogrY2i → OLat. loisio-
PIE *loisoii̯o-
Hitt. laišaia-
(SAR) ‘eine Heilpflanze, HHand. 90’
(HEG 2:16)
(Hitt. la-a-i-ša-ia ‘in der medizinischen Aufzählung KUB LI 18 Vs. 15)
1. PIE *loisoii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *laisaii̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. laisaii̯a-
* aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
RAnatGlide2 → *laisaia-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
3. laisaia-
* a i a → a i i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide3 → *laisai̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
4. laisai̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. laišai̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *loisēɑhri-
Osc. lūisāri-
(f.) ‘Monatsname, Attr. von eídúís’
(WbOU. 436)
Osc. lūisari-
1. PIE *loisēɑhri-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *loisāɑhri-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. loisāɑhri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *loisāhri-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. loisāhri-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Osc. loisāri-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *loisiɦɑdo-
Lat. lūrido-
(a.) ‘XX’
(WH X:XX)
(WH X:XX
1. PIE *loisiɦɑdo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *loisiɦdo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. loisiɦdo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *loisido-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. loisido-
*VsV → VrV
Rhotacism of *s between vowels
RRhotacism → Lat. loirido-


PIE √lp-, √olp-, √elp- (vb.) ‘Wolke, Öl, Fett, Käse’ (sb.) ‘XX’
(IEW –)
√olp-
(Pyysalo 2013:88n206)
(HW2 A: 60, HEG 1:18-19, HED 1/2: 37-8, HIL. 204-5)
PIE *olpo-
Hitt. alpa-
(c.) ‘Wolke’ (Akd. URPU)
(ḪEG1:18)
(Hitt. al-pa-aš, al-pa-a-aš, al-pa-an)
1. PIE *olpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. alpa-
(XX:XX)
PIE *olporomo-
Hitt. alparama-
(.) ‘Wolkenbank, EHS 179, ‹cf. arama- ‘hoch’ (?)›
(HEG 1:19)
(Hitt. al-pa-ra-mi-it, HIL. 204)
1. PIE *olporomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. alparama-
(XX:XX)
√elpos-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *élpos-
Gr. ἔλποσ-
(n.) ‘Öl, Fett’ ‹ without Gr. h- ! ›
(GEW 1:503)
(Hes. ἔλπος · ἔλαιον, στέαρ)
1. PIE *élpos-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *élpoh-
2. élpoh-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *élpo-
3. élpo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἔλπο-
PIE *olposi-
CLu. alpaši-
(GKLc.) ‘Art Gebäck, HEG I:18, HHand. 14’
(DLL 26)
(CLu. al-pa-aš-ši-iš [sgN] ‘nom de patisserie’)
1. PIE *olposi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *alpasi-
(XX:XX)
2. alpasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. alpaši-
PIE *olposi-
Hitt. alpaši-
(URU.) “Im Land Waliwanta › Ananta.”
(OGH. 10)
(Hitt. al-pa-aš-ši-ia [Stf.])
1. PIE *olposi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *alpasi-
(XX:XX)
2. alpasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. alpaši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√olpɑh-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ólpēɑh-
Ion.-Att. ὄλπη-
(f.) ‘Ölflasche’
(GEW 1:503)
(Gr. ὄλπη)
1. PIE *ólpēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *ólpāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. ólpāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ólpāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ólpāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ólpā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ólpā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
RChangeA2E1 → *ólpē-
5. ólpē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Ion.-Att. ὄλπη-
PIE *olpēɑh-
Hitt. alpāḫ-
(vb2.intr.) ‘spucken’ (tr.) ‘ausspucken’
(HED 1:XX)
1. PIE *olpēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *olpāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. olpāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *olpāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. olpāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *alpāh-
(XX:XX)
4. alpāh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. alpāḫ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√olopɑh-
PIE *olopēɑh-
Hitt. alapāḫ-
(vb2.intr.) ‘spucken’ (tr.) ‘ausspucken’
(HEG 1:15)
(HHand. 13)
1. PIE *olopēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *olopāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. olopāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *olopāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. olopāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *alapāh-
(XX:XX)
4. alapāh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. alapāḫ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *olopēɑhont-
Hitt. alapāḫant-
(pt.) ‘XX’
(HEG 1:XX)
1. PIE *olopēɑhont-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *olopāɑhont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. olopāɑhont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *olopāhont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. olopāhont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *alapāhant-
(XX:XX)
4. alapāhant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. alapāḫant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *olopēɑhiski̯e/o-
Hitt. alapāḫiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘XX’
(HEW 1:XX)
1. PIE *olopēɑhiski̯e/o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *olopāɑhiski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. olopāɑhiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *olopāhiski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. olopāhiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *olopāhisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. olopāhisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *alapāhisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
5. alapāhisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *alapāhiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. alapāhiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *alapāhiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. alapāhiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. alapāḫiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√olpi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *olpi-
Hitt. alpi-
(c.) ‘Wolke’ (Akd. URPU)
(HEG 1:18)
(Hitt. al-pí-it)
1. PIE *olpi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. alpi-
(XX:XX)
PIE *olpi-
OIcl. elf-
(f.*-ô) ‘Fluß’
(ANEtWb. 100)
(OIcl. elfr)
1. PIE *olpi-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → *olfi-
2. olfi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *alfi-
(XX:XX)
3. alfi-
*a – i → e – Ø
Umlaut for *a – i
RUmlautalfi → OIcl. elf-
PIE *ólpiɦɑd-
Gr. ὄλπιδ-
(f.) ‘Ölflasche’
(GEW 1:XX)
‹ without Gr. h- ! ›
1. PIE *ólpiɦɑd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ólpiɦd-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ólpiɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ólpid-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. ólpid-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὄλπιδ-
√olobɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *olobɑɦēɑh-
Hitt. alabāḫ-
(vb2.intr.) ‘spucken’
(HEG I:15)
(HHand. 13)
1. PIE *olobɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *olobɑɦāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. olobɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *olobɦāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. olobɦāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *alabɦāh-
(XX:XX)
4. alabɦāh-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *alabāh-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. alabāh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. alabāḫ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√olbɑɦ-
PIE *olbɑɦēɑh-
Hitt. albāḫ-
(vb2.intr.) ‘spucken’
(HHand. 13)
(HEG I:15, HED)
1. PIE *olbɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *olbɑɦāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. olbɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *olbɦāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. olbɦāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *albɦāh-
(XX:XX)
4. albɦāh-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *albāh-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. albāh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. albāḫ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *olbɑɦon-
Hitt. alban-
(pt.n.) ‘said of GA.KIN.AG ‘cheese’
(HIL. 205)
(‹thus Hitt. alpan(t)- not to Hitt. alpant- ‘bewitched’)
1. PIE *olbɑɦon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *olbɦon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. olbɦon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *albɦan-
(XX:XX)
3. albɦan-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. alban-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *élbɑɦos-
Gr. ἔλφοσ-
(n.) ‘Butter, Kuhquark’
(GEW 2:261)
(Gr. ἔλφος · βούτυρον)
1. PIE *élbɑɦos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *élbɦos-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. élbɦos-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *élphos-
3. élphos-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *élphoh-
4. élphoh-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *élpho-
5. élpho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἔλφο-


PIE √l- √ol- √el- ‘XX’ (cf. Goth. wōd- ‘besessen’ OHG. wuot- ‘insanitus’)
(IEW XX + 30)
√olp-
(HEG I:18, 20-21)
(HW2 A: 60f., HED 1/2: 39, Melchert 1994:104, HIL. 206-7)
PIE *olp-
Lith. al̃p-
(vb.) ’das Bewußtsein verlieren, ohnmächtig werden’
(LiEtWb. 9)
(For Lith. al̃pti ‘swoon, faint, be ecstatic’ here, see Puhvel (HED 1/2: 39))
1. PIE *olp-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Lith. alp-
PIE *ōlp-
TochB. ālp-
(PN) (From the Uyghur word for ‘the powerful’)
(DTochB. 55)
1. PIE *ōlp-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → TochB. ālp-
(XX:XX)
PIE *olpo-
OIcl. alf-
(m.) ‘Albe, Elf’
(ANEtWb. 5-6)
(OIcl. alfr [sgN])
1. PIE *olpo-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → *olfo-
2. olfo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → OIcl. alfa-
(XX:XX)
PIE *olpi-
OEng. ælf-
(m.) ‘an elf, genius, incubus’
(ASaxD. 14)
(Mikkola & Petersson apud Fraenkel)
1. PIE *olpi-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → *olfi-
2. olfi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *alfi-
(XX:XX)
3. alfi-
alfi → ælf
Umlaut a-i -> æ
RUmlautaLFi → OEng. ælf-
PIE *olpi̯·oidɑɦlo
OEng. ælf·ādl
(.) ‘Elf-disease’ (ephialtae morbus)
(ASaxD. 14)
1. PIE *olpi̯·oidɑɦlo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *olpi̯·oidɦlo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. olpi̯·oidɦlo
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → *olfi̯·oidɦlo
3. olfi̯·oidɦlo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *olfi̯·oidlo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. olfi̯·oidlo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *alfi̯·aidla
(XX:XX)
5. alfi̯·aidla
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *alfi̯·aidl
6. alfi̯·aidl
alfi → ælf
Umlaut a-i -> æ
RUmlautaLFi → *ælf·aidl
7. ælf·aidl
*ai → ā
Monophthongization of *ai into ā
RMonophthai2A → OEng. ælf·ādl
PIE *olpont-
Hitt. alpant-
(pt.) ‘behext, verzaubert’ (of DUMU ‘child’)
(HEG 1:18)
(Hitt. DUMU-la-aš al-pa-an-za, HHand. 14)
1. PIE *olpont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. alpant-
(XX:XX)
√elp-
PIE *elp-
OEng. ilf
(f.) ‘an elf’
(ASaxD. 588)
1. PIE *elp-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → *elf-
2. elf-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
RChangee2i → OEng. ilf-
PIE *elpigɑɦo
OEng. ilfig-
(a.) ‘affected by elves, mad, frantic’
(ASaxD. 588)
1. PIE *elpigɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *elpigɦo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. elpigɦo
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → *elfigɦo
3. elfigɦo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *elfigo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. elfigo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *elfiga
(XX:XX)
5. elfiga
*e → i
Change of *e into i
RChangee2i → *ilfiga
6. ilfiga
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → OEng. ilfig
√olu-
(HEG I:18)
(IEW. 30 [diff.])
PIE *olu-
ORun. alu-
(n.) ‘magic spell’
(ANEtWb. 7)
[Polomé 1975, IE&IE 708]
1. PIE *olu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → ORun. alu-
(XX:XX)
PIE *olu·Σ-
OIcl. ǫl·rūn
(n.) ‘tabu’
(ANEtWb. 7)
1. PIE *olu·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *alu·Σ-
(XX:XX)
2. alu·Σ-
*a — u → ǫ — Ø
Umlaut for a — u
RUmlautalu → OIcl. ǫl·Σ-
PIE *olu̯ondɑɦi̯ēɑh-
Hitt. alu̯anzāḫ-
(vb1.) ‘UḪ7 : verzaubern, verhexen’
(HEG 1:20-21)
1. PIE *olu̯ondɑɦi̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *olu̯ondɑɦi̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. olu̯ondɑɦi̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *olu̯ondɦi̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. olu̯ondɦi̯āh-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *olu̯onzāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. olu̯onzāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *alu̯anzāh-
(XX:XX)
5. alu̯anzāh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. alu̯anzāḫ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *olu̯ondɑɦi̯ēɑho-
Hitt. alu̯anzāḫa-
(c.) ‘Zauber(kraft)’ : ‘sorcery’
(HHand. XX)
1. PIE *olu̯ondɑɦi̯ēɑho-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *olu̯ondɑɦi̯āɑho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. olu̯ondɑɦi̯āɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *olu̯ondɦi̯āho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. olu̯ondɦi̯āho-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *olu̯onzāho-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. olu̯onzāho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *alu̯anzāha-
(XX:XX)
5. alu̯anzāha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. alu̯anzāḫa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)


PIE √lepɑh- √lopɑh- √lebɑɦ- √lobɑɦ- (vb.) ‘brennen, glänzen, glühen’ (sb.) ‘Zeus, Fieber, Fackel, Funken’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo 2013:88)
√lopɑh-
(HEG 2:32)
(Oettinger 1979:443, HIL. 601f.)
PIE *lopɑh-
Hitt. lap-
(vb1.) ‘glühen, entflammt sein, brennen’
(CHD 3:39f.)
(Hitt. la-ap-zi, la-ap-ta, la-a-ap-ta [3sg], HHand. 92)
1. PIE *lopɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *loph-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. loph-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *laph-
(XX:XX)
3. laph-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → Hitt. lap-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *lopɑho-
Hitt. lapa-
(URUDU.) (Metallwerkzeug) ‘Zange, Brandeisen?’
(CHD 3:40)
(Hitt. la-a-ap-pa, la-ap-pa-za, la-a-ap-pí-it)
1. PIE *lopɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *lopho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. lopho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *lapha-
(XX:XX)
3. lapha-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → Hitt. lapa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *lobɑɦo·Σ-
Hitt. laba·LÚ-
(mc.*) (trésorier)
(NOMS. 688)
(in la-pa-LÚ)
1. PIE *lobɑɦo·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *lobɦo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. lobɦo·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *labɦa·Σ-
(XX:XX)
3. labɦa·Σ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. laba·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√lebɑɦ-
PIE *lebɑɦ-
Lyd. lef-
(d.c.) ‘Zeus’
(Melchert 1994:334)
(Lyd. lefś = Zeus)
1. PIE *lebɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *lebɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. lebɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *leb-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. leb-
PIE *b → f
Orthographic change of *b into f
R20 → Lyd. lef-
√lopɑhi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *lopɑhei̯o-
Hitt. lapei̯a-
(c.) ‘Fieber’ (: ‘fever’)
(HEG 2:32)
(Hitt. la-ap-pí-aš [sgN], la-ap-pí-ia-an [sgA], HIL. 601)
1. PIE *lopɑhei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *lophei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. lophei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *laphei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. laphei̯a-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → Hitt. lapei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *lobɑɦei̯o-
Hitt. labei̯a-
(GIŠ.) ‘Funken’ oder ‘Feuerholz’
(HEG 2:32)
1. PIE *lobɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *lobɦei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. lobɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *labɦei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. labɦei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. labei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *lopɑhei̯o-
Hitt. lapei̯a-
(GIŠc.) ‘Kienspan, Feuerholz’ (?) (CHD 3:44)
(HHand. 92)
(Hitt. la-ap-pí-ia-aš)
1. PIE *lopɑhei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *lophei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. lophei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *laphei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. laphei̯a-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → Hitt. lapei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *lopɑhíɦɑd-
Dor. λοφίδ-
(f.) ‘Fackel’ [= torch]
(GEW 2:139)
(Cypr. λοφίς)
1. PIE *lopɑhíɦɑd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *lophíɦd-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. lophíɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *lophíd-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. lophíd-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Dor. λοφίδ-
√lopɑhin-
PIE *lopɑhino-
Hitt. lapina-
(.) ‘Docht, o.ä., Gegenstand im Ritual’
(HEG 2:43)
(Hitt. SÍGi-ia-at-na! la-ap-pí-na-an i[(ia-an)-zi)
1. PIE *lopɑhino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *lophino-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. lophino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *laphina-
(XX:XX)
3. laphina-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → Hitt. lapina-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *lopɑhino-
Hitt. lapina-
(vb.dn.) ‘erglühen lassen, anzünden’
(HEG 2:32)
(Hitt. la-ap-pí-na-an-zi [3pl] Objekt šašanus ‘Lampen’)
1. PIE *lopɑhino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *lophino-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. lophino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *laphina-
(XX:XX)
3. laphina-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → Hitt. lapina-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√lopɑhn-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *lopɑhníɦɑd-
Gr. λοφνίδ-
(f.) ‘Fackel : torch’
(GEW 2:139)
(Gr. λοφνίς)
1. PIE *lopɑhníɦɑd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *lophníɦd-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. lophníɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *lophníd-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. lophníd-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. λοφνίδ-
PIE *lopɑhnu̯ont-
Hitt. lapnu̯ant-
(vb.) ‘anzündend, zu Glühen bringend’
(HEG 2:32)
(CHD 3:44)
1. PIE *lopɑhnu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *lophnu̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. lophnu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *laphnu̯ant-
(XX:XX)
3. laphnu̯ant-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → Hitt. lapnu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *lopɑhnuski̯e/o-
Hitt. lapnuške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘XX’
(HEG 2:32)
(Hitt. lapnuškiuan [supin.])
1. PIE *lopɑhnuski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *lophnuski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. lophnuski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *lophnusḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. lophnusḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *laphnusḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
4. laphnusḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *laphnuske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. laphnuske/a-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *lapnuske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. lapnuske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. lapnuške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √lor- (vb.) ‘burgeon, prosper, flourish, love’ (a.) ‘dear, beloved’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√loro-
(Pyysalo)
(HLu. r = TochB. r -› PIE *r, not †T !)
PIE *Π·loro-
HLu. arḫa lara·-
(vb.) ‘to burgeon, prosper, flourish’
(CHLu. 10.14.6)
(HLu. ARHA-’ la+ra/i-ta, Sultanhan §6)
1. PIE *Π·loro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → HLu. Π·lara-
(XX:XX)
PIE *loro-
HLu. lara-
(Ic.) ‘Lara-’
(CHLu. 4.9.1)
(HLu. la+ra/i+a-sa)
1. PIE *loro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → HLu. lara-
(XX:XX)
PIE *loro·Σ-
HLu. lara·ḫireia-
(“VAS”.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 11.1.fg4)
(HLu. “VAS”(-)la+ra/i-hi-ri+i-ia-zi-ha)
1. PIE *loro·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → HLu. lara·Σ-
(XX:XX)
PIE *loro-
TochB. lara-
(a.) ‘dear, beloved’
(DTochB. 548)
(TochB. larepi, lareṃ)
1. PIE *loro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → TochB. lara-
(XX:XX)
PIE *lōro-
TochB. lāra-
(a.) ‘dear, beloved’
(DTochB. 548)
(TochB. lāre)
1. PIE *lōro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *lōra-
(XX:XX)
2. lōra-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → TochB. lāra-
(XX:XX)
PIE *trhɑu·loro-
Hitt. trḫu·lara-
(Ic.) ‘prince de Gurgum sous Tiglatpileser’
(NOMS. 1258)
(in Ass. tar-ḫu-la-ra, ta-ar-ḫu-la-ra)
1. PIE *trhɑu·loro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *trhu·loro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. trhu·loro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *trhu·lara-
(XX:XX)
3. trhu·lara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. trḫu·lara-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√loroi-
PIE *lōroi·Σ-
TochB. ·lāre yām-
(vb.tr.) ‘to love’
(DTochB. 548)
1. PIE *lōroi·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *lōrai·Σ-
(XX:XX)
2. lōrai·Σ-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *lārai·Σ-
(XX:XX)
3. lārai·Σ-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RChangeAI2E1 → *lārē·Σ-
4. lārē·Σ-
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthOIA4 → TochB. lāre·Σ-
PIE *loroi·si̯o-
TochB. lare·ṣṣa-
(a.) ‘dear, beloved’
(DTochB. 548)
(TochB. lareṣṣe)
1. PIE *loroi·si̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *larai·si̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. larai·si̯a-
*si̯ → ṣ
Palatalization of *si̯
R18a → *larai·ṣa-
3. larai·ṣa-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RChangeAI2E1 → *larē·ṣa-
4. larē·ṣa-
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthOIA4 → TochB. lare·ṣa-
PIE *loroi·Σ-
TochB. lare·yok-
(a.) ‘love-like, dear’
(DTochB. 548)
1. PIE *loroi·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *larai·Σ-
(XX:XX)
2. larai·Σ-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RChangeAI2E1 → *larē·Σ-
3. larē·Σ-
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthOIA4 → TochB. lare·Σ-


PIE √les-, √los- (vb.) ‘glänzen’ (a.) ‘glänzend’ (sb.) ‘Fieber, Komet’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√los-, √les-
PIE *hɑe·Los-
OInd. a·las-
(a.) ‘not shining’
(MonWil. 94)
1. PIE *hɑe·Los-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑa·Los-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa·Los-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ha·Los-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ha·Los-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RChangelr4 → *ha·los-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
4. ha·los-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ha·las-
5. ha·las-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → OInd. a·las-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√loso-, √leso-
(Pyysalo 2103:272)
PIE *loso·loso-
HLu. laša·laša-
(vb.) ‘lasalasa-’
(CHLu. 9.1.11)
(HLu. (‘FLAMMAE(?)’)la/i/u-sà-la-/i-/u-sà-ta)
1. PIE *loso·loso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *lasa·lasa-
(XX:XX)
2. lasa·lasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. laša·laša-
PIE *Loso-
OInd. lasa-
(a.) [in Mg.] ‘shining’
(MonWil. 899)
1. PIE *Loso-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RChangelr4 → *loso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
2. loso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → OInd. lasa-
PIE *Loso-
OInd. lasa-
(m.) [in Mg.] ‘fever’ (in a camel)
(MonWil. 899)
1. PIE *Loso-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RChangelr4 → *loso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
2. loso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → OInd. lasa-
PIE *lesolo-
Hitt. lešala-
(MULc.) ‘Komet, Stefanini (1983 [JNES 42]:150’
(HEG II:54)
(Hitt. taku-kan MUL le-eš-šal-la-aš [sgN] uizzi nu-ši-kan ḫaparnuatar-šet para meki lalukešzi, CHD 3:72)
1. PIE *lesolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *lesala-
(XX:XX)
2. lesala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. lešala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *lilosolo-
Hitt. lilašala-
(.) ‘with NA4ZI.KIN = ‘Kultstein, Kultmal’
(XX:XX)
(Hitt. NA4ZI.KIN li-la-aš-ša-al-la ku-ua-pí nu A-NA dMA[Ḫ-)
1. PIE *lilosolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *lilasala-
(XX:XX)
2. lilasala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. lilašala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *losonu-
Hitt. lašanu-
(vb.) ‘beschreibt die rituelle reinigung von Tieren’
(ḪHand. 96)
1. PIE *losonu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *lasanu-
(XX:XX)
2. lasanu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. lašanu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√losi-
PIE *Π·losi-
HLu. ARHA’ lasi·-
(OCCIDENSvb.) ‘- (?) -’
(CHLu. XX)
(HLu. OCCIDENS(-)la/i/u-si-ta)
1. PIE *Π·losi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·lasi-
(XX:XX)
2. Π·lasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. Π·laši-


PIE √lu- √lou- √leu- (sb.) ‘Art Messer, Klinge, o.ä.’ (vb.) ‘brechen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√luo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *lu̯o-
Hitt. lu̯a-
(St.?) ‘Art Messer, Klinge (?)’
(HHand. 96)
1. PIE *lu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. lu̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *peru·lu̯o-
Hitt. peru·lu̯a-
(NA4vb.) ‘mit Stein ‹Hitt. piru-› mahlen’
(HHand. 132)
(CHD P: 314f., Hitt. pí-ru-lu-u-ua-ri [3sg] in VBoT 58 i (30))
1. PIE *peru·lu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. peru·lu̯a-
(XX:XX)
√lōur-
PIE *lōur-
TochB. laur-
(m.sg.) ‘spike (of iron, piercing a skull)’
(DTochB. 563)
(TochB. laursa [Perl] eñcwaññe tarne räskre tsopyeṃne)
1. PIE *lōur-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *lāur-
(XX:XX)
2. lāur-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
ROrthOIA10 → TochB. laur-
√louor-
PIE *lou̯ori-
Hitt. lau̯ari-
(GKL.) ‘Einzelteil o.ä (?), HEG 2:47’
(DLL. 63)
(Hitt. la-ua-ri-i-iš[(-))
1. PIE *lou̯ori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. lau̯ari-
(XX:XX)
PIE *lou̯orimo-
CLu. lau̯arima-
(GKLpt.) ‘broken (?) ‹or ‘beraubt (?)’›’
(DLL. 63)
(CLu. [la]-ua-ar-ri-ma [plNA])
1. PIE *lou̯orimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. lau̯arima-
(XX:XX)
PIE *lou̯oru-
Hitt. lau̯aru-
(vn.bs.) ‘briser’ (: ‘break’)
(DLL. 63)
(Hitt. la-u-ua-ar-ru-na [inf.])
1. PIE *lou̯oru-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. lau̯aru-
(XX:XX)


PIE √lu- √lou- √leu- (vb.) ‘gießen, waschen, baden’ (sb.) ‘Bade’
(IEW 692)
(+ Pyysalo: TochB.)
√lou-
PIE *lélou-
Gr. λέλου-
(prA.) ‘bathe’
(LSJ. 1062)
(Gr. λέλουμαι [1sg])
1. PIE *lélou-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. λέλου-
√louo-
PIE *lóu̯o-
Gr. λόο-
(pr.) ‘waschen’
(GEW 2:XX)
(Gr. λόω [1sg])
1. PIE *lóu̯o-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *lóo-
2. lóo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. λόο-
PIE *leu̯o·Σ-
LinB. λεϝο·τροχοϝο-
(m.) ‘Badediener’
(HEG 2:5)
(LinB. re-wo-to-ro-ko-wo)
1. PIE *leu̯o·Σ-
Change from Latin to Old Mycenean alphabet
RGr2Lat → LinB. λεϝο·Σ-
PIE *lēu̯o-
TochB. lyāwa-
(vb.) ‘anoint’ (Buddha’s body)
(DTochB. 567)
1. PIE *lēu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *lēu̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. lēu̯a-
PIE *ē → i̯ ā
Change of *ē into i̯ā
RChangeE2YA → *li̯āu̯a-
3. li̯āu̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → *lyāu̯a-
4. lyāu̯a-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of u̯ into w
R19 → TochB. lyāwa-
√lu-
PIE *lu-
CLu. lu-
(vb.) ‘- (?) -’ (‘gießen ?’)
(HHand. 95)
(DLL. 61, CLu. lu-(ú)-un-ni [1pl.]))
PIE *lílu-
Gr. λίλυ-
(n.) = τὸ ὕδωρ (“Libyischen”)
(HEG 2:73)
(Hes. λίλυ · τὸ ὕδωρ)
1. PIE *lílu-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. λίλυ-
PIE *lu̯o-
CLu. lu̯a-
(vb.) ‘-(?)-’, (‘gießen’ ?)
(HHand. 96)
(DLL. 64, CLu. lu-u-ua-an-da [3pl.])
1. PIE *lu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. lu̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *lilu̯o-
CLu. lilu̯a-
(vb.) ‘gießen, schütten’
(DLL. 63)
(CLu. li-lu-u-ua [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *lilu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. lilu̯a-
(XX:XX)


√lubaḫ- √leubɑɦ- √loubɑɦ-
(IEW. 685-)
√leubɑɦ-
PIE *leubɑɦo
OCS. ljubŭ-
(a.) ‘lieb, wert’
(Sadnik √488)
(OCS. ljubŭ [sgN])
1. PIE *leubɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *leubɦo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. leubɦo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *leubɦa
3. leubɦa
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspbh → *leuba
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. leuba
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *leubo
5. leubo
*-o → -u
Change of -o into -u
RChangeO2U → *leubu
6. leubu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
ROrthogru2u1 → OCS. leŭbŭ
PIE *leubɑɦo·Σ-
Goth. liuba·leik-
(a.) ‘lovely : προφιλής’
(GoEtD. 235)
(Go. liuba-leiks)
1. PIE *leubɑɦo·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *leubɦo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. leubɦo·Σ-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspbh → *leubo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. leubo·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *leuba·Σ-
(XX:XX)
4. leuba·Σ-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
RChangee2i → Goth. liuba·Σ-
PIE *leubɑɦēɑɦ-
Russ. liuba-
(PNf.) ‘my friend Ljuba’
(Trust me on this :)
(Russ. liuba [sgN])
1. PIE *leubɑɦēɑɦ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *leubɑɦāɑɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. leubɑɦāɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *leubɦāɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. leubɦāɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *leubɦā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. leubɦā-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspbh → *leubā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. leubā-
*ā → a
Orthographic change of *ā into a
ROrthogrA2a1 → *leuba-
6. leuba-
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
ROrthogru2u1 → Russ. leŭba-
PIE *Leubɑɦos-
OInd. lobhas-
(n.) ‘desire’
(GoEtD. 235)
1. PIE *Leubɑɦos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Leubɦos-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Leubɦos-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RChangelr4 → *leubɦos-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
3. leubɦos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *leubɦas-
4. leubɦas-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *laubɦas-
5. laubɦas-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RChangeAU2O1 → *lōbɦas-
6. lōbɦas-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → *lōbhas-
7. lōbhas-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthOIA6 → OInd. lobhas-
PIE *leubɑɦos-
OCS. ljubo
(adv.n.) ‘vel : or’
(Sadnik √488)
(in OCS. ljubo – ljubo ‘vel — vel’)
1. PIE *leubɑɦos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *leubɦos-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. leubɦos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *leubɦas-
3. leubɦas-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspbh → *leubas-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. leubas-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *leubos-
5. leubos-
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
ROrthogru2u1 → OCS. leŭbos-


PIE √ludɑɦ- √loudɑɦ- √leudɑɦ- (vb.) ‘(für sich) halten, hemmen, hindern’ (sb.) ‘Hälter’
(Hamp 1978 [MSS 37]: Cymr. adludd ‘obstacle’; cf. EtDiPC. 245 for OIr. lod ‘fence’ etc.)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. & CLu.)
√ ludɑɦ-
(HEG K:543-4)
(EWA 2:467)
PIE *Π·lúdɑɦi̯o-
RV. ni·rúdhya-
(absol.) ‘(Feinde, Mangel) fernhalten, abwehren’
(WbRV. 1176)
(RV. nirúdhya)
1. PIE *Π·lúdɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·lúdɦi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·lúdɦi̯o-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
RChangelr1 → *Π·rúdɦi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
3. Π·rúdɦi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·rúdɦi̯a-
4. Π·rúdɦi̯a-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → *Π·rúdhi̯a-
5. Π·rúdhi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. Π·rúdhya-
PIE *Π·ludɑɦi̯ei-
Hitt. kata·luzei-
(GIŠn.) ‘Schwelle, Türstütz : treshold’
(HHand. 76)
(Ḫi. kat-ta-lu-uz-zi, kat-ta-lu-uz-zi-ia-aš)
1. PIE *Π·ludɑɦi̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ludɦi̯ei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·ludɦi̯ei-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → Hitt. Π·luzei-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
PIE *Π·ludɑɦi̯ei-
Hitt. šarazi kata·luzei-
(n.) ‘lintel, HED 4:124-5’
(HIL. 536)
1. PIE *Π·ludɑɦi̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ludɦi̯ei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·ludɦi̯ei-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → Hitt. Π·luzei-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
PIE *Π·ludɑɦi̯eiso-
CLu. kata·luzeiša-
(GIŠn.) ‘Schwelle, Türstütz : seuil’
(DLL. 54)
(CLu. kat-ta-lu-uz-[zi]-ša [sgNA
1. PIE *Π·ludɑɦi̯eiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ludɦi̯eiso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·ludɦi̯eiso-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *Π·luzeiso-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. Π·luzeiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·luzeisa-
(XX:XX)
4. Π·luzeisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. Π·luzeiša-


PIE √mɑhl- (sb.) ‘Wein, Weinrebe, Weinstock, Bacchae’ (a.) ‘trunken’
(HEG M:89-90)
(Pyysalo: Toch. + Arm.)
√mɑhlo
(Pyysalo 2013:156)
(cf. HEG L-M: 89f. for Lat. mālo- ‘Apfel’)
PIE *mēɑhlo-
Hitt. māḫla-
(GIŠc.) ‘Weinrebe, Zweig des Weinstocks’
(HHand. 96)
(Hitt. ma-a-aḫ-la-aš)
1. PIE *mēɑhlo-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *māɑhlo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. māɑhlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *māhlo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. māhlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *māhla-
(XX:XX)
4. māhla-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. māḫla-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *mēɑhlo-
Pal. māḫla-
(c.) ‘Weinstock ?, HHand. 96’
(DPal. 62)
1. PIE *mēɑhlo-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *māɑhlo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. māɑhlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *māhlo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. māhlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *māhla-
(XX:XX)
4. māhla-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Pal. māḫla-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *mēɑhlo-
TochB. māla-
(sb.) ‘a kind of intoxicating drink’
(DTochB. 449)
1. PIE *mēɑhlo-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *māɑhlo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. māɑhlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *māhlo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. māhlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *māhla-
(XX:XX)
4. māhla-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → TochB. māla-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *mēɑhlo·Σ-
TochB. ·mālatsai
(a.) ‘drunken’
(DTochB. 449)
1. PIE *mēɑhlo·Σ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *māɑhlo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. māɑhlo·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *māhlo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. māhlo·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *māhla·Σ-
(XX:XX)
4. māhla·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → TochB. māla·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√mɑhli-
(Pyysalo 2013:156)
PIE *mēɑhli̯·Σ-
Arm. mał·zmay-
(sb.) ‘Weinglas’
(ArmGr. 1:196)
1. PIE *mēɑhli̯·Σ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *māɑhli̯·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. māɑhli̯·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *māhli̯·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. māhli̯·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *māli̯·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. māli̯·Σ-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
ROsthoffa1 → *mali̯·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
5. mali̯·Σ-
*li̯ → ł
Change of *li̯ into ł
RRPalatly2lj → Arm. mał·Σ-
PIE *moɑhli̯o·Σ-
Arm. moło·zmay-
(sb.) ‘Weinglas’
(ArmGr. 1:196)
1. PIE *moɑhli̯o·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *mohli̯o·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. mohli̯o·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *moli̯o·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. moli̯o·Σ-
*li̯ → ł
Change of *li̯ into ł
RRPalatly2lj → Arm. moło·Σ-
√mēɑhlnón-
(Pyysalo 2013:156)
PIE *mimēɑhlnón-
Maced. μιμαλλόν-
(f.pl.) ‘αἱ βάκχαι’
(LSJ. 1135)
(μιμαλλόνες [plN])
1. PIE *mimēɑhlnón-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *mimāɑhlnón-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. mimāɑhlnón-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *mimāhlnón-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. mimāhlnón-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *mimālnón-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. mimālnón-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
ROsthoffa1 → *mimalnón-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
5. mimalnón-
*ln → ll
Assimilation of *ln into ll
RAssimLN → *mimallón-
6. mimallón-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Maced. μιμαλλόν-


PIE √mehɑ- ‘time, age’
(IEW XX)
√mehɑn-
(Pyysalo 2013:33)
PIE *mehɑn-
Hitt. meḫn-
(n.) ‘Zeit’
(HEG 2, 171)
(Hitt. me-eḫ-ni [sgL])
1. PIE *mehɑn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *mehn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. mehn-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. meḫn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *Π·mehɑno
Goth. aldo·min-
(m./n.) ‘γῆρας : old age’
(GoEtD. 25)
1. PIE *Π·mehɑno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·mehno
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·mehno
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·meno
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. Π·meno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *Π·mena
(XX:XX)
4. Π·mena
*e → i
Change of *e into i
RChangee2i → *Π·mina
5. Π·mina
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → Goth. Π·min
√mehɑun-
(Pyysalo)
(CHD LN:239)
PIE *mehɑu̯en-
Hitt. meḫu̯en-
(n.obl.) ‘Zeit’
(HEG 2:171-4)
(Hitt. me-e-ḫu-e-ni [sgL])
1. PIE *mehɑu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *mehu̯en-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. mehu̯en-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. meḫu̯en-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *mehɑun-
Hitt. meḫun-
(n.obl.) ‘Zeit’
(HEG 2:171-4)
(Hitt. me-e-ḫu-na-aš [sgG], me-e-ḫu-ni [L], HuIdg. 48-9)
1. PIE *mehɑun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *mehun-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. mehun-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. meḫun-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *Π·mehɑuni-
Hitt. ḫandaiši meḫuni·
(L.absol.) ‘in the heat of the noon’
(StBoT 18:98)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ta-i-ši me-e-ḫu-n[i] (KBo 3.22 obv. 19), HIL. 341)
1. PIE *Π·mehɑuni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·mehuni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·mehuni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. Π·meḫuni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *mhɑundɑɦo
OIcl. mund-
(n.) ‘Zeitpunkt’
(ANEtWb. 395)
1. PIE *mhɑundɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *mhundɦo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. mhundɦo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *mundɦo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. mundɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *mundo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. mundo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *munda
(XX:XX)
5. munda
-a → Ø
Loss of -a in root-final position
RLossFinala1 → OIcl. mund
PIE *mhɑundɑɦo
OSwed. mund-
(.) ‘Zeitpunkt’
(ANEtWb. 395)
(OSwed. munder)
1. PIE *mhɑundɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *mhundɦo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. mhundɦo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *mundɦo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. mundɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *mundo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. mundo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → OSwed. munda
(XX:XX)
√mehɑur-
PIE *mehɑur-
Hitt. meḫur-
(n.) ‘Zeit’
(HEG 2:171-4)
(Hitt. me-e-ḫur, me-ḫu-ur [sgN], HED 6:111)
1. PIE *mehɑur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *mehur-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. mehur-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. meḫur-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *mehɑuri-
Hitt. meḫuri-
(n.pl.) ‘Zeit’
(HIL. 656)
(Hitt. me-ḫur-riḪI.A, Kretschmer apud Hrozný 1917:70n3 › PIE *mē- ‘to measure’)
1. PIE *mehɑuri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *mehuri-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. mehuri-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. meḫuri-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)


PIE √mi- √mei- √moi- (a.) ‘klein, schwach’ (vb.) ‘zu Grunde richten, verkleiner, vermindern’
(IEW 711)
(+ Seebold + Pyysalo)
√mi-
(Seebold 1988:510)
(Pyysalo 2013:149)
PIE *mei̯o-
LAv. maya-
(pr.) ‘zu Grunde richten’
(AIWb. 1141)
(LAv. maya [3sg])
1. PIE *mei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *mei̯a-
2. mei̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *mai̯a-
3. mai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → LAv. maya-
PIE *o·mei̯ont-
Hitt. a·mei̯ant-
(pt.a.) ‘klein, schwach’
(HEG 1:22)
(Hitt. a-mi-ia-an-za [sgN], a-mi-ia-an-te-es [plN])
1. PIE *o·mei̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. a·mei̯ant-
(XX:XX)
PIE *o·mei̯ontesor-
Hitt. a·mei̯antešar-
(n.) ‘miniature bread’
(HIL. 207-8)
(Hitt. a-mi-an-te-es-sar [sgNA], HW2 A: 66f.)
1. PIE *o·mei̯ontesor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *a·mei̯antesar-
(XX:XX)
2. a·mei̯antesar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. a·mei̯antešar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√min-
PIE *min-
Osc. min-
(a.) ‘klein’
(WH 2:92)
(Osc. min [sgN])
PIE *minú·i̯ōro-
Gr. μινύ·ωρο-
(a.) ‘kurze Zeit lebend’
(GEW 2:242)
(Gr. μινύωρος)
1. PIE *minú·i̯ōro-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *minú·ōro-
2. minú·ōro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. μινύ·ωρο-
PIE *minu.hɑendɑɦḗs-
Gr. μινυ·ανθήσ-
(a.) ‘kurze Zeit blühend’
(LSJ. 1135)
1. PIE *minu.hɑendɑɦḗs-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *minu.hɑandɑɦḗs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. minu.hɑandɑɦḗs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *minu.handɦḗs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. minu.handɦḗs-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *minu.hanthḗs-
4. minu.hanthḗs-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *minu.anthḗs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. minu.anthḗs-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *minu.anthḗh-
6. minu.anthḗh-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *minu.anthḗ-
7. minu.anthḗ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. μινυ.ανθή-
PIE *minú·dɑɦo-
Gr. μινύ·θο-
(vb.tr.) ‘verkleinern, vermindern’
(GEW 2:242)
(Gr. μινύθω)
1. PIE *minú·dɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *minú·dɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. minú·dɦo-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *minú·tho-
3. minú·tho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. μινύ·θο-
√mis-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *misti-
CLu. mišti-
(c.) ‘Kleinigkeit, Geringfügigkeit’ (Gerätschaften)
(HEG 2:217)
(CLu. mi-iš-ti-in, and HHand. 106)
1. PIE *misti-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. mišti-
PIE *misti-
CLu. mišti-
(GKLc.) ‘ein äußerlich geringfügiger Körperteil
(DLL. 71)
(CLu. mi-eš-te-en)
1. PIE *misti-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. mišti-
PIE *mistri-
Osc. mistri-
(a.) ‘kleinerer, minoris’
(WbOU. 478)
(Osc. mistreis [sgG])


PIE √min- √moin- √mein- (vb.) ‘jagen’ (sb.) ‘Jäger, Pfahl, Bogen, Baum’
(IEW XX)
(Pyysalo)
√mein-
(Pyysalo)
(HIL. 667-, CHD L-N:290, HHand. 105)
PIE *meíno-
Latv. mìena-
(pr.) ‘(einen Pfahl) einjagen, bepfählen’
(LiEtWb. 451)
1. PIE *meíno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *meína-
2. meína-
*ei → ie
Change of ei into ie
R26b → Latv. mìena-
PIE *meinei̯o-
Hitt. meinei̯a-
(LÚc.) ‘Bogenschütze, Jäger’
(HEG 2:198)
(Hitt. me-ne-ia-aš, me-e-ni-aš, me-e-ni-i[aš], mi-ni-ia-aš, me-ne-an, mi-ni-ia-an, me-ne-ia-ša)
1. PIE *meinei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. meinei̯a-
(XX:XX)


√mis- √mois- √meis- (sb.) ‘Fleisch, Aas, Lockspeise’
(IEW XX)
√meis-
PIE *meisēɑh
Lith. meisa-
(f.) ‘Fleisch : meat’
(LiEtWb. 427)
1. PIE *meisēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *meisāɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. meisāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *meisāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. meisāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *meisā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. meisā
*ā → ō
Change of ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → *meisō
5. meisō
*-ō → -a
Change of ō into a in root-final
RFinalO2a1 → *meisa
6. meisa
RChangeei2ie → Lith. miesa
√mis-
PIE *mis-
CLu. miš-
(n?.) ‘Fleisch, HHand. 106’
(DLL. 71)
1. PIE *mis-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. miš-
PIE *Π·mis-
RV. ā́·miṣ-
(n.) ‘(rohes) Fleisch’ ; ‘Aas, Lockspeise’
(WbRV. 181)
1. PIE *Π·mis-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RRukiI → *Π·miš-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
2. Π·miš-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → RV. Π·miṣ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
PIE *Π·mis-
LAv. ā·miš-
(n.) ‘Fleisch’
(EWA1:170-1)
(AIWB —)
1. PIE *Π·mis-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RRukiI → LAv. Π·miš-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
PIE *miseɑh
TochB. misa-
(f.pl.tant.) ‘meat, flesh : Fleisch’
(DTochB. 464)
1. PIE *miseɑh
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *misaɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. misaɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *misah
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. misah
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → TochB. misa
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *misn-
Alb. mishn-
(m/n.pl.) ‘Fleisch’
(AlbEtD. 267)
(Alb. mishna)
1. PIE *misn-
*s → sh
Change of *s into sh
RChangeS2SH → Alb. mishn-
PIE *misr-
Alb. mishr-
(m/n.pl.) ‘Fleisch’
(AlbEtD. 267)
(Alb. mishra)
1. PIE *misr-
*s → sh
Change of *s into sh
RChangeS2SH → Alb. mishr-
PIE *mis·Σ-
Gr. μισ·τύλλω
(vb.) ‘Fleisch zertstückeln’
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *mis·Σ-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *mih·Σ-
2. mih·Σ-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *mi·Σ-
3. mi·Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. μι·Σ-
PIE *mis·Σ-
Hitt. miš·tilia-
(a.) ‘Spezifierung einer Mahlzeit, HHand. 106’
(HEG 2:218)
1. PIE *mis·Σ-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. miš·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √mel-, √mol- (sb.) ‘μένος : Mut, Körperschaft / Denken, Geistesstärke’
(IEW. 720)
(Pyysalo: Germ.)
√mol-
(HEG 2:100)
PIE *mol-
Hitt. mal-
(n.) ‘Mut, Körperschaft’ / ‘Denken, Geistesstärke’
(HHand. 97)
(Hitt. ma-a-al, ma-al, Rieken 1999:49)
1. PIE *mol-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. mal-
(XX:XX)
PIE *mol-
CLu. mal-
(.) ‘though, idea’
(CHD LN:124,128)
(CLu. ma-a-li-i [sgD, HIL. 631)
1. PIE *mol-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. mal-
(XX:XX)
PIE *mol·Σ-
Hitt. mal·nigal-
() ((f)c.) ‘reine Hittite’
(NOMS. 730)
(Hitt. ma-al-ni-gal)
1. PIE *mol·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. mal·Σ-
(XX:XX)
√melo-
(XX:XX)
PIE *mélo-
Gr. μέλο-
(pr.) ‘am Herzen liegen, besorgt sein, kümmern’
(GEW 2:204-5)
(Gr. μέλει μοι [sgD])
1. PIE *mélo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. μέλο-
PIE *mēlo-
Pis. μηλα-
(PNc.) –
(HEG 2:100)
(Pis. μηλας)
1. PIE *mēlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *mēla-
(XX:XX)
2. mēla-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Pis. μηλα-
√molo-
PIE *molo-
Hitt. mala-
(vb.) ‘gutheißen, billigen, CHD L-N:126-7’
(HEG 2:103)
(Hitt. ma-a-la-a-ši, ma-la-ši [2], ma-l[a]-a-i, ma-a-la-i, ma-a-la-an-zi)
1. PIE *molo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. mala-
(XX:XX)
PIE *molo-
Hitt. mala-
(fc.) –
(NOMS. 720.2)
(Hitt. ma-a-la-aš)
1. PIE *molo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. mala-
(XX:XX)
PIE *molo-
Kpd. mala-
(Ic.) –
(NOMS. 720.1)
(Kpd. ma-lá(-áš))
1. PIE *molo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Kpd. mala-
(XX:XX)
PIE *molo·u̯osɑhi-
Kpd. mala·u̯ašḫi-
() ((f)c.) –
(NOMS. 723)
(Kpd. ma-lá-ua-áš-ḫi)
1. PIE *molo·u̯osɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *molo·u̯oshi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. molo·u̯oshi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *mala·u̯ashi-
(XX:XX)
3. mala·u̯ashi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *mala·u̯ašhi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. mala·u̯ašhi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Kpd. mala·u̯ašḫi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *molo·u̯osɑhino-
Kpd. mala·u̯ašḫina-
() ((f)c.) –
(NOMS. 724)
(Kpd. ma-lá-ua-áš-ḫi-na)
1. PIE *molo·u̯osɑhino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *molo·u̯oshino-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. molo·u̯oshino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *mala·u̯ashina-
(XX:XX)
3. mala·u̯ashina-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *mala·u̯ašhina-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. mala·u̯ašhina-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Kpd. mala·u̯ašḫina-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *molo·Σ-
Hitt. mala·zidi-
(mc.) (officier de Muršili II)
(NOMS. 725)
(Hitt. ma-la-zi-ti-in, ma-la-LÚ-in)
1. PIE *molo·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. mala·Σ-
(XX:XX)
PIE *molo·Σ-
HLu. mala·zidi-
(mc.) (prince)
(NOMS. 725)
(HLu. ma-la-ZITi-i)
1. PIE *molo·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → HLu. mala·Σ-
(XX:XX)
√moloi-
PIE *moloi-
CLu. malai-
(vb.) ‘denken, erwägen’
(HHand. 98)
1. PIE *moloi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. malai-
(XX:XX)
PIE *moloi-
Hitt. malai-
(vb.) ‘billigen, gutheißen, offiziel anerkennen’
(HHand. 97)
(Hitt. ma-la-a-iš, ma-la-a-it, ma-la-a-iš)
1. PIE *moloi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. malai-
(XX:XX)
PIE *moloimi-
Hitt. malaimi-
(.) ‘-(?)-’
(HHand. 97)
1. PIE *moloimi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. malaimi-
(XX:XX)
PIE *moloimi-
CLu. malai·mi-
(pt.) ‘gebilligt’ (?) (Kontext nicht erhalten)
(HHand. 97)
(CLu. ma-la-a-i-mi-in[(-) [sgA])
1. PIE *moloimi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. malaimi-
(XX:XX)
PIE *meleimi-
LycA. meleimi-
(pt.) ‘für die Genehmigungen’
(HEG 2:103)
(Lyc. meleime [plD?])
PIE *moloiuri-
Hitt. malai·uri-
(mc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 721)
(Hitt. ma-la-a-i-u-ri-eš [sgN])
1. PIE *moloiuri-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. malaiuri-
(XX:XX)
PIE *moloidɑɦum-
Hitt. malai·dum-
(.) (Bez. eines Kleidungstücks)
(HEG 2:101)
(Akd. kusītum ma-al-a-i-tum)
1. PIE *moloidɑɦum-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *moloidɦum-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. moloidɦum-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *malaidɦum-
(XX:XX)
3. malaidɦum-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. malaidum-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√moli-
(IEW. 720)
PIE *moli-
CLu. mali-
(vb.) ‘denken, überlegen’ (HIL. 632)
(HHand. 97)
(CLu. ma!-li-ui5, ma-li-ši [DLL 56, sub ku-li-])
1. PIE *moli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. mali-
(XX:XX)
PIE *moli-
CLu. mali-
(vb.) ‘billigen, denken, überlegen’(DLL 56, ku-li-)
(HHand. 97)
(CLu. ma!-li-ui5, ma-li-ši)
1. PIE *moli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. mali-
(XX:XX)
PIE *moli-
CLu. mali-
(n.) ‘Gedanke, Idee, Absicht’
(HHand. 98)
(DLL. 66, CLu. ma-al-li [sgN])
1. PIE *moli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. mali-
(XX:XX)
PIE *moli-
CLu. mali-
(vb.) ‘denken, erwägen, billigen’ (HEG 2:106)
(HHand. 98)
(CLu. ma!-li-ui5 [1sg], ma-li-ši [2sg], DLL 56 ku-li-wi)
1. PIE *moli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. mali-
(XX:XX)
PIE *moli-
LycA. mali-
(sb.) ‘Rat’
(NdLyc. 139)
(Lyc. mali [sgN])
1. PIE *moli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → LycA. mali-
(XX:XX)
√molio-
PIE *moli̯o-
Hitt. malia-
(d.) ‘XX’
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *moli̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. mali̯a-
(XX:XX)
√molim-
PIE *molimo·si-
CLu. malima·ši-
(a.gen.) ‘XX’
(HEG 2:106)
(CLu. ma!-li-im-ma-aš-ši)
1. PIE *molimo·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *malima·si-
(XX:XX)
2. malima·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. malima·ši-
PIE *molimi-
CLu. malimi-
(pr.) ‘gebilligt’ (?)
(GEW 2:103)
1. PIE *molimi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. malimi-
(XX:XX)
√molios-
PIE *molii̯osɑho-
Hitt. malii̯ašḫa-
(N.act.c.) ‘Zustimmung, Billigung, Einverständnis’
(HEG 2:104,106)
(Hitt. [ma-l]i-ia-aš-ḫa-aš [sgN/G?])
1. PIE *molii̯osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *molii̯osho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. molii̯osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *malii̯asha-
(XX:XX)
3. malii̯asha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *malii̯ašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. malii̯ašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. malii̯ašḫa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *molii̯osɑho-
CLu. malii̯ašḫa-
(N.act.c.) ‘Zustimmung, Billigung, Einverständnis’
(HHand. 97, 98)
(CLu. ma-li-ia-aš-ḫa-az [abl])
1. PIE *molii̯osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *molii̯osho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. molii̯osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *malii̯asha-
(XX:XX)
3. malii̯asha-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → *malii̯asḫa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. malii̯asḫa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. malii̯ašḫa-
PIE *moleiski̯e/o-
Hitt. maleiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘billigen’ (HEG 104)
(HHand. 97)
(Hitt. ma-li-eš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *moleiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *moleisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. moleisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *maleisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
3. maleisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *maleiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. maleiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. maleiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
moliio-
PIE *molii̯o-
LycA. malija-
(d.) Aθηνᾶ
(BLyk 3:35)
(in Lyc. mal[ija]-)
1. PIE *molii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *malii̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. malii̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
R21 → LycA. malija-
PIE *molii̯o-
LycA. malija
(sb.) ‘Rat’ (Lyk&Hitt. 29)
(BLyk. 3:36)
(Lyc. malija [sgN], LuPG 54, NdLyc. 139)
1. PIE *molii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *malii̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. malii̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
R21 → LycA. malija-
PIE *molii̯osi-
LycA. malijahi
(a.) ‘of Athene’
(BLyk. 3:36)
(Lyc. malijahi)
1. PIE *molii̯osi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *malii̯asi-
(XX:XX)
2. malii̯asi-
PIE *s → h
Change of fricative *s into h
R17 → *malii̯ahi-
3. malii̯ahi-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
R21 → LycA. malijahi-
PIE *molii̯o-
Car. μαλια-
(URUf.) ‘X’
(NdLyc. 139)
(Kar. μαλια [sgN])
1. PIE *molii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *malii̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. malii̯a-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Car. μαλιi̯α-
PIE *melii̯o-
Car. μελια-
(URUf.) ‘X’
(NdLyc. 139)
(Kar. μελια [sgN])
1. PIE *melii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *melii̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. melii̯a-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Car. μελιi̯α-
PIE *molii̯eu-
LycC. μαλιευ-
(sb.) ‘Demos’
(NdLyc. 139)
(Lyc. μαλιευς [sgN])
1. PIE *molii̯eu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *malii̯eu-
(XX:XX)
2. malii̯eu-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
R18 → *malijeu-
3. malijeu-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → LycC. μαλιjευ-
PIE *molii̯u-
LycC. μαλιο-
(d.)
(BLyk 4:54)
1. PIE *molii̯u-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *malii̯u-
(XX:XX)
2. malii̯u-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
R18 → *maliju-
3. maliju-
PIE j u → j o
Change of *ju into jo
R20 → *malijo-
4. malijo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → LycC. μαλιjο-
√molon-
PIE *molon·Σ-
Hitt. ·malan ḫar-
(vb.) ‘einverstanden sein’
(HEG 2:105)
(Hitt. ma-la-a-an ḫarti)
1. PIE *molon·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. malan·Σ-
(XX:XX)
PIE *molon-
Hitt. malan-
(pt.a.n.) ‘having mal-’
(HEG 2:105)
(Hitt. ma-a-la-an [sgA])
1. PIE *molon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. malan-
(XX:XX)
PIE *molont-
Hitt. malant-
(pt.) ‘gebilligt’
(HHand. 97, 98)
(Hitt. ma-a-la-an-t, ma-la-an-t-, ma-la-a-an-t-)
1. PIE *molont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. malant-
(XX:XX)
PIE *molont-
Hitt. malant-
(a.) ‘kraftstrotzend, kraftvoll, mutig, stark’
(HEG 2:105)
(Hitt. ma-a-la-an-ta-an [sgA])
1. PIE *molont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. malant-
(XX:XX)
√molsK-
(IEW. 719 [diff.])
PIE *molski̯o
OSax. malsk-
(a.) ‘stolz : proud, haughty’
(GoEtD. 378)
1. PIE *molski̯o
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *molsḱo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. molsḱo
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *molsko
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. molsko
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *malska
(XX:XX)
4. malska
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → OSax. malsk
PIE *Π·Π·molski̯o
Goth. un·tila·malsk-
(a.) ‘προπετής : unbesonnen : reckless’
(GoEtD. 378)
1. PIE *Π·Π·molski̯o
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *Π·Π·molsḱo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. Π·Π·molsḱo
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *Π·Π·molsko
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. Π·Π·molsko
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *Π·Π·malska
(XX:XX)
4. Π·Π·malska
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → Goth. Π·Π·malsk
PIE *molskirēɑh
OEng. malscr-
(f.) ‘bewitching, fascination’
(ASaxD. 666)
(OEng. malscra)
1. PIE *molskirēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *molskirāɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. molskirāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *molskirāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. molskirāh
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *molsḱrāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. molsḱrāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *molsḱrā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. molsḱrā
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *molskrā
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. molskrā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *malskrā
(XX:XX)
7. malskrā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → *malskrō
(XX:XX)
8. malskrō
*-ō → -u
Change of root-final -ō into -u
RChangeFinalO2u → *malskru
9. malskru
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → OEng. malscru
PIE *molskiredɑɦo-
OEng. malscrid
(a.) ‘fascinated, spell-bound, mazed, charmed’
(ASaxD. 666)
(OEng. malscred, malscrid)
1. PIE *molskiredɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *molskiredɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. molskiredɦo-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *molsḱredɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. molsḱredɦo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *molskredɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. molskredɦo-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *molskredo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. molskredo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *malskreda-
(XX:XX)
6. malskreda-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
RChangee2i → *malskrida-
7. malskrida-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → OEng. malscrida-
PIE *molskirungɑɦo-
OEng. malscrung-
(f.) ‘bewitching, fascination’
(ASaxD. 666)
1. PIE *molskirungɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *molskirungɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. molskirungɦo-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *molsḱrungɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. molsḱrungɦo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *molskrungɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. molskrungɦo-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *molskrungo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. molskrungo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *malskrunga-
(XX:XX)
6. malskrunga-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → OEng. malscrunga-
PIE *molskirungɑɦo-
OEng. malscrung-
(a.) ‘fascinatus’
(ASaxD. 666)
1. PIE *molskirungɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *molskirungɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. molskirungɦo-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *molsḱrungɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. molsḱrungɦo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *molskrungɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. molskrungɦo-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *molskrungo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. molskrungo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *malskrunga-
(XX:XX)
6. malskrunga-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → OEng. malscrunga-
√molouo-
PIE *molou̯o-
Hitt. malau̯a-
(vn.bs.) ‘zu billigen’
(HHand. 97)
(Hitt. ma--la-ua-an-zi)
1. PIE *molou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. malau̯a-
(XX:XX)


√mldɑɦ- √moldɑɦ- √meldɑɦ- ‘Spitze, Kopf, Höhe, usw.
(IEW XX)
√moldɑɦ-
PIE *moldɑɦoni-
Hitt. maldani-
(GKLc.) ‘künstlicher Hügel, Belagerungsrampe’ (?)
(HHand. 98)
1. PIE *moldɑɦoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *moldɦoni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. moldɦoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *maldɦani-
(XX:XX)
3. maldɦani-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. maldani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *moldɑɦoni-
CLu. maldani-
(GKLc.) “er (Ulikumi) erhebt sich wie ein M.”
(DLL. 66)
1. PIE *moldɑɦoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *moldɦoni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. moldɦoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *maldɦani-
(XX:XX)
3. maldɦani-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. maldani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·ml̥dɑɦo-
LAv. ka·mǝrǝδa-
(n.) ‘Kopf’
(AIWb. 440)
(to Pahl. ka·māl- (sb.) ‘Kopf, AIWb. 440)
1. PIE *Π·ml̥dɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ml̥dɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·ml̥dɦo-
PIE *l̥ → r̥
Change of *l̥ into r̥
RChangelr2 → *Π·mr̥dɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
3. Π·mr̥dɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·mr̥dɦa-
4. Π·mr̥dɦa-
*r̥ → ǝr
Change of *r̥ into ǝr
R19a → *Π·mǝrdɦa-
5. Π·mǝrdɦa-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
R19b → *Π·mǝrǝdɦa-
6. Π·mǝrǝdɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *Π·mǝrǝda-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. Π·mǝrǝda-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
R40c → LAv. Π·mǝrǝδa-
PIE *Π·ml̥dɑɦo-
LAv. ϑri.ka·mǝrǝδa-
(a.) ‘mit Drei Köpfen’
(AIWb. 806)
1. PIE *Π·ml̥dɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ml̥dɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·ml̥dɦo-
PIE *l̥ → r̥
Change of *l̥ into r̥
RChangelr2 → *Π·mr̥dɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
3. Π·mr̥dɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·mr̥dɦa-
4. Π·mr̥dɦa-
*r̥ → ǝr
Change of *r̥ into ǝr
R19a → *Π·mǝrdɦa-
5. Π·mǝrdɦa-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
R19b → *Π·mǝrǝdɦa-
6. Π·mǝrǝdɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *Π·mǝrǝda-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. Π·mǝrǝda-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
R40c → LAv. Π·mǝrǝδa-
PIE *moldɑɦēɑh-
MidPers. mardā-
(f.) ‘Scheitel, Vorderkopf’
(KEWA 2:666)
MidPers. mardā-
1. PIE *moldɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *moldɑɦāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. moldɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *moldɦāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. moldɦāh-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
RChangelr1 → *mordɦāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
4. mordɦāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *mardɦāh-
5. mardɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *mardɦā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. mardɦā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → MidPers. mardā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)


PIE √mon- √men- (sb.) ‘Menge’ (adv.) ‘much’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√mono-
PIE *mono
HLu. mana
(adv.) ‘much (?)’
(CHLu. 10.14.14)
(HLu. ma-na)
1. PIE *mono
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → HLu. mana
(XX:XX)
√meno-
PIE *mɦɑégi·meno-
Lith. mãž·mena-
(f.) ‘kleine Menge’
(LiEtWb. 422)
1. PIE *mɦɑégi·meno-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *mɦɑági·meno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. mɦɑági·meno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *mɦági·meno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. mɦági·meno-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *mɦáj́·meno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. mɦáj́·meno-
á → à
Emergence of gravis Li. à
RAcc1 → *mɦàj́·meno-
5. mɦàj́·meno-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *màj́·meno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. màj́·meno-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *màj́·mena-
7. màj́·mena-
*j́ → ž
From Satem *j́ to Lithuanian
RSatem2Lith4 → Lith. màž·mena-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)


PIE √mn- √mon- √men- (vb.) ‘sehen’
(IEW XX)
√men-
(Rieken 1999:56: Hitt.)
(HIL. 666)
PIE *men-
Hitt. men-
(c.) ‘Gesicht, Wange’
(HEG 2:196)
(Hitt. me-nu-uš-ša [plA])
PIE *men·Σ-
Lat. men·cep-
(a.) ‘mente captus’
(WH 2:68)
PIE *men-
RV. man-
(aoM.) ‘sich halten für, sich dünken’
(WbRV. 992)
1. PIE *men-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → RV. man-
PIE *men-
gAv. mǝ̄n-
(aoM.) ‘denken, meinen sich vorstellen’
(AIWb. 1121)
1. PIE *men-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → gAv. man-
PIE *memen-
Lat. memen-
(pf.) ‘sich erinnern, gedenken’
(WH 2:65)
√mon-
(HEG M-115)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. [opt.ptcl] ‘wish-’)
PIE *mon-
Hitt. man
(ptcl.) ‘optative, irrealis and potentialis’
(CHD M-139ff.)
(Hitt. ma-an, HIL. 638, CHD L-N: 143)
1. PIE *mon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. man-
(XX:XX)
PIE *mon-
Goth. man-
(pf.pr.) ‘meinen, glauben : δοκῶ’ (GoEtD. 260)
(Goth. man)
Goth. man-
1. PIE *mon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → Goth. man-
(XX:XX)
PIE *mon-
OEng. man-
(pret.) ‘remember, be mindful of, think’
(ASaxD. 700)
OEng. man-
1. PIE *mon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → OEng. man-
(XX:XX)
PIE *mémon-
Gr. μέμον-
(pf.) ‘im Sinne haben, gedenken, streben’
(GEW 2:206)
(Gr. μέμονα)
1. PIE *mémon-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. μέμον-
PIE *memon-
LAv. maman-
(pf.) ‘denken meinen, sich vorstellen’
(AIWb. 1121)
(LAv. mamanāite [du (f)])
1. PIE *memon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *meman-
2. meman-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → LAv. maman-
√mono-
PIE *mono-
HLu. mana-
(pret.) ‘anschauen, HEG M-113’
(CHLu. XX)
(HLu. LITUUS+na-)
1. PIE *mono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → HLu. mana-
(XX:XX)
PIE *mono-
CLu. mana-
(pret.) ‘sehen’
(HEG M-113)
(CLu. ma-na-a[-ta? [3sg])
1. PIE *mono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. mana-
(XX:XX)
PIE *Π·mono-
Lith. ìš·mana-
(m.) ‘Verstand’
(XX:XX)
(Hübschmann 1885:118, ìšmanas [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·mono-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Lith. Π·mana-
PIE *momono-
CLu. mamana-
(or Pal.?, HHand. 99, HEG M-112) ‘schauen
(DLL. 67, CHD LN:138)
(Hitt. ma-am-ma-an-na-tén [2pl])
1. PIE *momono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. mamana-
(XX:XX)
PIE *momono-
HLu. mamana-
(vb.) ‘anschauen’
(HEG M-113)
(HLu. LITUUS.LITUUS-na)
1. PIE *momono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → HLu. mamana-
(XX:XX)
√monɑh-
PIE *monēɑh·u̯oni-
CLu. manāḫ·u̯ani-
(.) ‘ein Teil des Kopfes, neben SAG.DU, IGI.ḪIA’
(HEG 2:253)
1. PIE *monēɑh·u̯oni-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *monāɑh·u̯oni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. monāɑh·u̯oni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *monāh·u̯oni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. monāh·u̯oni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *manāh·u̯ani-
(XX:XX)
4. manāh·u̯ani-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. manāḫ·u̯ani-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *monēɑh-
OSax. manō-
(vb.) ‘mahnen’
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *monēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *monāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. monāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *monāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. monāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *monā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. monā-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *manā-
(XX:XX)
5. manā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → OSax. manō-
(XX:XX)
PIE *monḗɑh
RV. manā́-
(f.) ‘Ergebenheit, Anhänglichkeit’
(WbRV. 996)
1. PIE *monḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *monā́ɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. monā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *monā́h
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. monā́h
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *manā́h
4. manā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. manā́
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√moniɑh-
(Pyysalo)
(HIL. 639, Oettinger 1979a: 458, CHD L-N 163ff.)
PIE *moni̯ēɑh-
Hitt. maniāḫ-
(vb2.) ‘beaufsichtigen : supervise, oversee’
(HHand. 99)
1. PIE *moni̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *moni̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. moni̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *moni̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. moni̯āh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *mani̯āh-
(XX:XX)
4. mani̯āh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. mani̯āḫ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *Π·moni̯ēɑh
Latv. at·maņa-
(f.) ‘Besinnung, Bewußtsein’
(LiEtWb. 455)
1. PIE *Π·moni̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·moni̯āɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·moni̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·moni̯āh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·moni̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·moni̯ā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·moni̯ā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·mani̯ā
5. Π·mani̯ā
*ni̯ → ņ
Change of ni̯ into ņ (palatalization)
RPalatny2nj → *Π·maņā
6. Π·maņā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R28 → Latv. Π·maņa
PIE *Π·moni̯ēɑh
Latv. sa·maņa-
(f.) ‘Einsicht, Verstand, Scharfsinn, Aufmerksamkeit’
(LiEtWb. 455)
1. PIE *Π·moni̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·moni̯āɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·moni̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·moni̯āh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·moni̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·moni̯ā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·moni̯ā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·mani̯ā
5. Π·mani̯ā
*ni̯ → ņ
Change of ni̯ into ņ (palatalization)
RPalatny2nj → *Π·maņā
6. Π·maņā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R28 → Latv. Π·maņa
PIE *moni̯ēɑht-
OPr. manioth-
(PN.) ‘-(?)-’
(APrPN. 55)
(OPr. manyoth)
1. PIE *moni̯ēɑht-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *moni̯āɑht-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. moni̯āɑht-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *moni̯āht-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. moni̯āht-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *moni̯āt-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. moni̯āt-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *mani̯āt-
5. mani̯āt-
*ā → ō
Change of ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → *mani̯ōt-
6. mani̯ōt-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
ROrthogry2j → *manjōt-
7. manjōt-
*ō → o
Orthographic absence of quantity
ROrthogro2o → OPr. manjot-
PIE *moni̯ēɑht·Σ-
OPr. manioth·kaym-
(ON.) ‘jetzt Mandtkeim Kr. Fischhausen’
(APrON. 94)
(OPr. manioth·kaym-)
1. PIE *moni̯ēɑht·Σ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *moni̯āɑht·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. moni̯āɑht·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *moni̯āht·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. moni̯āht·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *moni̯āt·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. moni̯āt·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *mani̯āt·Σ-
5. mani̯āt·Σ-
*ā → ō
Change of ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → *mani̯ōt·Σ-
6. mani̯ōt·Σ-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
ROrthogry2j → *manjōt·Σ-
7. manjōt·Σ-
*ō → o
Orthographic absence of quantity
ROrthogro2o → OPr. manjot·Σ-
√monon-
(Pyysalo
PIE *monóno-
RV. manána-
(a.) ‘bedächtig’
(WbRV. 993)
1. PIE *monóno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *manóna-
2. manóna-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → RV. manána-
PIE *monono-
Kpd. manana-
(Ic.) ‘bedächtig (?)’
(NOMS. 738)
1. PIE *monono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Kpd. manana-
(XX:XX)
PIE *mononḗɑh-
RV. mananā́-
(f.) ‘Andacht’
(WbRV. 993)
1. PIE *mononḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *mononā́ɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. mononā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *mononā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. mononā́h-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *mananā́h-
4. mananā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. mananā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)


PIE √mn- √mon- √men-
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo 2014:XX)
√monoi-
PIE *monoi-
CLu. manai-
(a.) ‘beschreibt Vorratskörbe’
(HHand. 99)
(HEG 2:118, Hitt. GIPISAN SA5 ma-an-na-[iš?], GIPISAN ma!-an-na-iš)
1. PIE *monoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. manai-
(XX:XX)
PIE *monoi·mi-
CLu. manai·mi-
(GKLpt.) ‘(rituell) gereinigt ?’
(HEG 2:118)
(CLu. ma-an-na-i-mi-iš [sgN], HHand. 99)
1. PIE *monoi·mi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. manai·mi-
(XX:XX)
√meniɑh-
PIE *mení·Σ-
OIr. meini·stir-
(f.) ‘coffre contenant les ustensiles du culte’
(LEIA M-29)
1. PIE *mení·Σ-
ení → einí
Epenthesis of í
REpenthenI → OIr. meini·Σ-
PIE *mení·Σ-
OIr. meini·stir-
(f.) ‘objet sacré’
(LEIA M-29)
1. PIE *mení·Σ-
ení → einí
Epenthesis of í
REpenthenI → OIr. meini·Σ-


PIE √mn- √mon- √men-
√monio- √mōnio-
PIE *pro·moni̯o-
LAv. fra·mainya-
(n.) ‘Praevalenz, Vormacht über [G]’
(AIWb. 987)
1. PIE *pro·moni̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *pra·mani̯a-
2. pra·mani̯a-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
R33a → *fra·mani̯a-
3. fra·mani̯a-
*ani → aini
Anaptyxis of *i
RAnaptyxANI → *fra·maini̯a-
4. fra·maini̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → LAv. fra·mainya-
PIE *Π·mōni̯o-
Lat. merci·mōnio-
(n.) ‘commercial enterprise’
(OxLatD. 1101)
1. PIE *Π·mōni̯o-
*ōRC → oRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ōRC
ROsthoffo1 → *Π·moni̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
2. Π·moni̯o-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
ROrthogrY2i → Lat. Π·monio-
PIE *Π·mōni̯o-
Lat. uadi·mōnio-
(n.) ‘Bürgschaftsleistung’
(OxLatD. 2002)
1. PIE *Π·mōni̯o-
*ōRC → oRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ōRC
ROsthoffo1 → *Π·moni̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
2. Π·moni̯o-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
ROrthogrY2i → Lat. Π·monio-
√mōni̯ēɑh-
(CHD LN:163ff.)
(HIL. 638)
PIE *mōni̯ēɑh-
Hitt. māniāḫ-
(vb2.) ‘verwalten, zuteilen, übergeben, einhändigen’
(HEG 2:119)
(Hitt. ma-ni-ia-aḫ-ḫi)
1. PIE *mōni̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *mōni̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. mōni̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *mōni̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. mōni̯āh-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *māni̯āh-
(XX:XX)
4. māni̯āh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. māni̯āḫ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *mōni̯ēɑho-
Hitt. māniāḫa-
(N.act.) ‘Verwaltung(sbezirk)’
(HHand. 99)
1. PIE *mōni̯ēɑho-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *mōni̯āɑho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. mōni̯āɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *mōni̯āho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. mōni̯āho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *mōni̯āha-
(XX:XX)
4. mōni̯āha-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *māni̯āha-
(XX:XX)
5. māni̯āha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. māni̯āḫa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *mōni̯ēɑhon-
Hitt. māniāḫan-
(n.) ‘Verwaltung’ (HEG 2:121)
(HHand. 99)
1. PIE *mōni̯ēɑhon-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *mōni̯āɑhon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. mōni̯āɑhon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *mōni̯āhon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. mōni̯āhon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *mōni̯āhan-
(XX:XX)
4. mōni̯āhan-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *māni̯āhan-
(XX:XX)
5. māni̯āhan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. māni̯āḫan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *mōni̯ēɑhi̯ot-
Hitt. māniāḫiat-
(c.) ‘Zuteilung, Zuweisung, Übergabe’
(HHand. 99)
1. PIE *mōni̯ēɑhi̯ot-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *mōni̯āɑhi̯ot-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. mōni̯āɑhi̯ot-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *mōni̯āhi̯ot-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. mōni̯āhi̯ot-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *mōni̯āhi̯at-
(XX:XX)
4. mōni̯āhi̯at-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *māni̯āhi̯at-
(XX:XX)
5. māni̯āhi̯at-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. māni̯āḫi̯at-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *Π·mōni̯ēɑh-
Lat. casti·mōniā-
(f.) ‘ceremonilal purity or purification’
(OxLatD. 282)
1. PIE *Π·mōni̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·mōni̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·mōni̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·mōni̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·mōni̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·mōni̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·mōni̯ā-
*ōRC → oRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ōRC
ROsthoffo1 → *Π·moni̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
5. Π·moni̯ā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
ROrthogrY2i → Lat. Π·moniā-
PIE *Π·mōni̯ēɑh-
Lat. caeri·mōniā-
(f.) ‘religiöse Handlung, heilige Verehrung’
(WH1:132)
1. PIE *Π·mōni̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·mōni̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·mōni̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·mōni̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·mōni̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·mōni̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·mōni̯ā-
*ōRC → oRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ōRC
ROsthoffo1 → *Π·moni̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
5. Π·moni̯ā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
ROrthogrY2i → Lat. Π·moniā-


PIE √mn- √mon- √men- (vb.) ‘gehen, kommen’
√mono- √meno-
PIE *meno-
Hitt. mena-
(GIŠc.) ‘Akd. daltu : Tür ‹Lat. iānuā- (f.) ‘Türe’›’
(HEG 2:194, 196)
(Hitt. me-na-an [sgA])
1. PIE *meno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. mena-
(XX:XX)
PIE *koah·mono-
Osc. co·mono-
(.) ‘comitium ‹RV. ni·yā́na- (n.) ‘Herbeikommen›’
[WbOU. XX)
(Osc. comonei [sgD])
1. PIE *koah·mono-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *koa·mono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
2. koa·mono-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → Osc. coa·mono-
√mone-
PIE *mone-
OBret. mone-
(vn.) ‘aller’
(LEIA M-36)
(OBret. monet)
PIE *mone-
MidCymr. moni-
(pr.) ‘komm (her), wohlan’
(LIV. 438)
PIE *mone-
OIr. muini-
(pr.) ‘vient’
(LEIA M-35)
(OIr. muinithir [3sg])
PIE *mone
Bret. mon-
(vb.) ‘aller’
(LEIA M-36)
(Bret. mont [inf.])
√mene-
PIE *menen-
OPr. menen-
(cs.) ‘führen’ (APrS. 377)
(OPr. menentwey [inf.])
PIE *menes-
Umbr. menes-
(1fut.) ‘kommen werden’ (WbOU. 143-4)
(Umbr. menes [2sg])
√meni-
PIE *meni-
Hitt. meni-
(.) ‘Kreislauf, Umkreis’ (?)
(HHand. 105)
PIE *Π·meni-
Hitt. udu·meni-
(.) ‘a wind or direction of wind’
(HIL. 1079)
(Hitt. ú-du-me-ni)
PIE *Π·meni-
Hitt. taras·meni-
(.) ‘‹the moist wind (?)›’
(XX:XX)
Hi. taras·meni-
√mnɑh-
PIE *Π·mnēɑh-
Umbr. ku·mnā-
(.) ‘super comitio’
(DTochB. 6)
(Umbr. super kumne)
1. PIE *Π·mnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·mnāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·mnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·mnāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·mnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Umbr. Π·mnā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *Π·mnēɑh-
OIr. to·mna-
(.) ‘sont venus’
(LEIA M:35)
OIr. tomnaiter [3pl])
1. PIE *Π·mnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·mnāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·mnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·mnāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·mnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·mnā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·mnā-
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RShortA2a → OIr. Π·mna-
PIE *Π·mnēɑh-
OIr. dia to·mna-
(.) ‘si vient’
(LEIA M-35)
(dia tomna)
1. PIE *Π·mnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·mnāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·mnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·mnāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·mnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·mnā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·mnā-
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RShortA2a → OIr. Π·mna-
PIE *Π·mnēɑh·klo-
Umbr. ku·mnāh·klo-
(sb.) ‘in conventu’
(DTochB. 6)
Umbr. kumnahklo-)
1. PIE *Π·mnēɑh·klo-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·mnāɑh·klo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·mnāɑh·klo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·mnāh·klo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·mnāh·klo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Umbr. Π·mnā·klo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)


PIE √moni- √meni- (sb.) ‘Bach, Fluß, Salbe, Eiter’ (vb.) ‘mästen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo 2014:XX)
√moni-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *moni-
Hitt. mani-
(c.) ‘Eiter : pus, suppuration’
(HEG 2, 119)
(Hitt. ma-ni-iš)
1. PIE *moni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. mani-
(XX:XX)
PIE *moni̯o-
Alb. manj-
(vb.) ‘mästen, AlbWb. 259’
(WH 2:7)
(Alb. manj [1sg])
1. PIE *moni̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *mani̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. mani̯a-
* i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
ROrthogrY2j → Alb. manja-
PIE *moni-
OSax. meni-
(sb.) ‘Bach, Fluß : brook’
(ASächsWb. 51)
1. PIE *moni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *mani-
(XX:XX)
2. mani-
*ani → eni
Umlaut *ani → eni
RUmlautANI → OSax. meni-
PIE *monihɑ́ku̯o-
OInd. manīka-
(n.) ‘eye-salve, collyrium’
(MonWil. 787)
1. PIE *monihɑ́ku̯o-
PIE *iḫɑ́ → iḫí
Distant assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1d → *monihíku̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. monihíku̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *manihíku̯a-
3. manihíku̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *maniíku̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. maniíku̯a-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *maniíka-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. maniíka-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → OInd. manī́ka-
√meni-
PIE *meni·Σ-
OIr. mein·bligi-
(pr.) ‘il foisonne, il fourmille’
(LEIA M, 30)
(OIr. meinbligid [3sg])
1. PIE *meni·Σ-
*eni → ein
Epenthesis of i
REpentheni → OIr. mein·Σ-


PIE √mno- (vb.) ‘liegen, bleiben’ (a.) ‘befindlich, liegend’
(IEW 729)
(+ Tischler)
√mno-
(Tischler)
PIE *sro·mno-
Hitt. šra·mna-
(a.) ‘oben befindlich’
(HEG X:XX)
(HHand. 144)
1. PIE *sro·mno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sra·mna-
(XX:XX)
2. sra·mna-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šra·mna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *mí·mno-
Gr. μίμνο-
(pr.) ‘(ver)bleiben, (er)warten, standhalten’
(GEW 2:208-9)
(Gr. μίμνω)
1. PIE *mí·mno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. μί·μνο-
PIE *ni·mno-
OInd. ni·mna-
(a.) ‘tief liegend’
(Wack. 2/2:777)
1. PIE *ni·mno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → OInd. ni·mna-
PIE *ni·mnó-
RV. ni·mná-
(n.) ‘Niederung, Tiefe’
(KEWA 2:166)
1. PIE *ni·mnó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → RV. ni·mná-
√mni-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *sro·mni-
Hitt. šra·mni-
(adv.) ‘von oben herab’
(HHand. 144)
1. PIE *sro·mni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sra·mni-
(XX:XX)
2. sra·mni-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šra·mni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *mni·Σ-
Car. μνι·εσυτη-
(.) ‘Demot’
(NdLyk. 150)
(Kar. μνιεσυτης [sgN]
1. PIE *mni·Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Car. μνι·Σ-
PIE *mníeɑh-
Gr. μνία-
(m.) ‘σ. Demeter’
(GEW 2:245)
1. PIE *mníeɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *mníaɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. mníaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *mníah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. mníah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *mnía-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. mnía-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. μνία-


PIE √mrgɑɦu- √morgɑɦu- √mergɑɦu- (a.) ‘rot, braun, dunkel’
(IEW 733-4)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√morgɑɦu-
(HIL 648)
PIE *Π·morgɑɦu̯o-
Gr. πολύ·μορφο-
(a.) ‘vielgestaltig’
(GEW 2:257)
(Gr. πολύμορφος)
1. PIE *Π·morgɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·morgɦu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·morgɦu̯o-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RBilabializationGHW → *Π·morbɦo-
3. Π·morbɦo-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *Π·morpho-
4. Π·morpho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·μορφο-
PIE *morgɑɦu̯oii̯o-
Hitt. margu̯ai̯a-
(DINGIR) ‘BW von Erdgottheiten’
(HEG 2:153)
1. PIE *morgɑɦu̯oii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *morgɦu̯oii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. morgɦu̯oii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *margɦu̯aii̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. margɦu̯aii̯a-
* aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
RAnatGlide2 → *margɦu̯aia-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
4. margɦu̯aia-
* a i a → a i i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide3 → *margɦu̯ai̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
5. margɦu̯ai̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. margu̯ai̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *mórgɑɦuno-
Gr. μόρφνο-
(a.) ‘dunkelfarbig (?)’
(GEW 2:258)
(Gr. μόρφνος, epith. of an eagle, LSJ. 1147)
1. PIE *mórgɑɦuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *mórgɦuno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. mórgɦuno-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RBilabializationGHW → *mórbɦno-
3. mórbɦno-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *mórphno-
4. mórphno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. μόρφνο-


√mru- √moru- √meru- (a.) ‘rot, braun, dunkel’
√moruoi-
(HEG 2:152)
(HIL. 650f., CHD L-N: 201f.)
PIE *moru̯oi-
CLu. maru̯ai-
(vb1.) ‘rot erhellen (Blitz)’
(DLL 69)
(CLu. ma-ru-ua-a-it [3sg])
1. PIE *moru̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. maru̯ai-
(XX:XX)
PIE *moru̯oi-
CLu. maru̯ai-
(dMEŠ.) ‘CLuLex. 142, REL. 93’
(OHP. 1:300)
(CLu. mar-ua-a-in-z[i] [plN])
1. PIE *moru̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. maru̯ai-
(XX:XX)
PIE *moru̯oi-
HLu. maru̯ai-
(d.) ‘HLu. pá = ma(x)’’
(CorpHLu. 489)
(HLu. (DEUS)pá?ra/i-wa/i-i-zi, KLuN. §490)
1. PIE *moru̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → HLu. maru̯ai-
(XX:XX)
PIE *moru̯oii̯o-
CLu. maru̯ai̯a-
(a.) ‘BW von Erdgottheiten, HHand. 102’
(HEG 2:152)
(KLuN. §285, CLu. mar-ua-ia-an-za)
1. PIE *moru̯oii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *maru̯aii̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. maru̯aii̯a-
* aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
RAnatGlide2 → *maru̯aia-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
3. maru̯aia-
* a i a → a i i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide3 → CLu. maru̯ai̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
√morugɑɦ-
PIE *mémorugɑɦ-
Gr. μέμορυχ-
(pf.) ‘(rauch)geschwärt, beschmutzt sein’
(GEW 2:257)
(Gr. μεμορυχμένος [pf.pt.])
1. PIE *mémorugɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *mémorugɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. mémorugɦ-
*gɦ → kh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ
RDevoicegh → *mémorukh-
3. mémorukh-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. μέμορυχ-
PIE *mórugɑɦo-
Gr. μόρυχο-
(a.) ‘BN. des Dionysos in Sizilien’
(IEW. 734)
(Gr. μόρυχος · σκοτεινός),
1. PIE *mórugɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *mórugɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. mórugɦo-
*gɦ → kh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ
RDevoicegh → *mórukho-
3. mórukho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. μόρυχο-
PIE *morúgɑɦs-
Gr. μορύξ-
(ao.) ‘beschmieren’
(GEW 2:257)
(Gr. μορύξαις [opt2sg])
1. PIE *morúgɑɦs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *morúgɦs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. morúgɦs-
*gɦ → kh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ
RDevoicegh → *morúkhs-
3. morúkhs-
*khs → ks
Loss of *h between *k and *s
RChangekhs2ks → *morúks-
4. morúks-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. μορύξ-


PIE √mos-, √mes- (sb.) ‘Gott (RV. devá- ‘id.’), Götze (gAv. daēva- ‘id.’) Altar, Tempel’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√moso-
PIE *moso-
LycB. masa-
(.) ‘Gott’
(HEG 2:155)
(LycB. masa [sgN])
1. PIE *moso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → LycB. masa-
(XX:XX)
PIE *moso-
Hitt. maša-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 770)
(Hitt. ma-ša [abs.])
1. PIE *moso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *masa-
(XX:XX)
2. masa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. maša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√mosoi-
PIE *mosoi-
LycB. masai-
(sb.) ‘Gott’
(LuPG 57)
(Mil. masaiz)
1. PIE *mosoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → LycB. masai-
(XX:XX)
√meseieɑhn-
PIE *mesei̯ēɑhni
Arm. mehean-
(sb.) ‘Götzenbild, Altar, Tempel’
(ArmGr. 191)
(Arm. mehean)
1. PIE *mesei̯ēɑhni
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *mesei̯āɑhni
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. mesei̯āɑhni
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *mesei̯āhni
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. mesei̯āhni
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *mesei̯āni
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. mesei̯āni
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *mehei̯āni
5. mehei̯āni
*ei̯ā → eā
Loss *i̯ between e and ā
RLossyineyA → *meheāni
6. meheāni
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RChangeA2a1 → Arm. meheani
√mosigɑɦo-
(IEW 713)
PIE *mosigɑɦó-
Gr. μοιχό-
(m.) ‘Götzendiener, Ehebrecher’
(GEW 2:249)
1. PIE *mosigɑɦó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *mosigɦó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. mosigɦó-
*gɦ → kh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ
RDevoicegh → *mosikhó-
3. mosikhó-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *mohikhó-
4. mohikhó-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *moikhó-
5. moikhó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. μοιχό-
PIE *keɑhteɑh·mosigɑɦó-
Gr. κατα·μοιχό-
(m.) ‘Götzendiener, Ehebrecher’
(GEW 2:249)
1. PIE *keɑhteɑh·mosigɑɦó-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *kaɑhtaɑh·mosigɑɦó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. kaɑhtaɑh·mosigɑɦó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kahtah·mosigɦó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kahtah·mosigɦó-
*gɦ → kh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ
RDevoicegh → *kahtah·mosikhó-
4. kahtah·mosikhó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kata·mosikhó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. kata·mosikhó-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *kata·mohikhó-
6. kata·mohikhó-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *kata·moikhó-
7. kata·moikhó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. κατα·μοιχό-
PIE *mosígɑɦeɑhi̯o-
Gr. μοίχαο-
(pr.) ‘Götzendienst treiben, verfälschen’
(GEW 2:249)
1. PIE *mosígɑɦeɑhi̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *mosígɑɦaɑhi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. mosígɑɦaɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *mosígɦahi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. mosígɦahi̯o-
*gɦ → kh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ
RDevoicegh → *mosíkhahi̯o-
4. mosíkhahi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *mosíkhai̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. mosíkhai̯o-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *mohíkhai̯o-
6. mohíkhai̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *mohíkhao-
7. mohíkhao-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *moíkhao-
8. moíkhao-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. μοίχαο-
√mosoni-
PIE *mosoni-
CLu. mašani-
(c.) ‘Gott’
(HHand. 102)
(DLL. 69, CLu. ma-aš-ša-ni-ia)
1. PIE *mosoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *masani-
(XX:XX)
2. masani-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. mašani-
PIE *mosoni-
HLu. mašani-
(c.) ‘Gott’
(HEG 2:155)
(HLu. DEUS-ni-ša [sgN])
1. PIE *mosoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *masani-
(XX:XX)
2. masani-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. mašani-
√meseni-
PIE *meseni-
Arm. mehen-
(sb.) ‘Götzenbild, Altar, Tempel’
(ArmGr. 191)
(Arm. mehen [sgN], meheni [sgG])
1. PIE *meseni-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → Arm. meheni-
√mososi-
PIE *mososi-
LycB. masasi-
(a.gen.) ‘of god’
(HEG 2:155)
(LycB. masasi [sgG])
1. PIE *mososi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → LycB. masasi-
(XX:XX)


PIE √mun- (sb.) ‘Hand, Mittel, Schütz’ (vb.) ‘schützen’
(IEW 741+743)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√muni-
(IEW. 743)
PIE *muni-
OIr. muin
(sb.) ‘patronage, protection’
(LEIA M-72)
(EtDiPC. 277-8)
1. PIE *muni-
*uni → uin
Epenthesis of i
REpenthuni → OIr. muin-
√mundɑɦ-
(IEW 741)
PIE *mundɑɦ-
OSax. mund-
(.) ‘Hand’
(ASaxD. 700)
1. PIE *mundɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *mundɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. mundɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → OSax. mund-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
PIE *mundɑɦ-
OEng. mund-
(f.) ‘hand(ful), protection, guardianship’
(ASaxD. 700)
(OEng. mund, munde)
1. PIE *mundɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *mundɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. mundɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → OEng. mund-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
PIE *mundɑɦ-
OHG. munt-
(.) ‘palmus, cubitus, protectio, protector’
(ASaxD. 700)
1. PIE *mundɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *mundɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. mundɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *mund-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. mund-
*d → t
OHG sound shift of *d
ROHGShiftD2T → OHG. munt-
PIE *mundɑɦēɑh-
OSax. mundō-
(pr.) ‘to protect, shelter, guard’
(ASaxD. 700)
1. PIE *mundɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *mundɑɦāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. mundɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *mundɦāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. mundɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *mundɦā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. mundɦā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *mundā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. mundā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → OSax. mundō-
(XX:XX)
PIE *Π·mundɑɦodɑɦor-
Hitt. nek·munda·dar-
(n.) ‘Mittellosigkeit : destitutiton’
(HEG 2:309)
(Ḫi. a[-ši-u]a-an-ta-tar ne-ek-mu-un-ta-ta[r-ra piyandu
1. PIE *Π·mundɑɦodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·mundɦodɦor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·mundɦodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·mundɦadɦar-
(XX:XX)
3. Π·mundɦadɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. Π·mundadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √mur- (sb.) ‘Traube, Wein’
(IEW XX)
√mur-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *muro-
ModPers. mul-
(sb.) ‘Wein’
(KEWA 2:677)
1. PIE *muro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → ModPers. mura-
PIE *mur·Σ-
Hitt. mur·šili-
(mc.) ‘roi de l’ancien royaume; ‹i.e. Bachhus ?›’
(NOMS. 823)
(Hitt. mur·šili- as Hitt. hatu·šili- etc.)
PIE *múr·Σ-
Dor. μύρ·σιλι-
(PNm.?) ‘Mursili’
(XX:XX)
(Alkm. Μύρσιλ[.. [P. Oxy XVIII [1941] nro. 2165])
1. PIE *múr·Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Dor. μύρ·Σ-
√muri-
(Tischler)
PIE *muri-
Hitt. muri-
(c.) ‘Traube von Wein, Früchten, HHand. 108)
(HEG 2:233)
(Hitt. GEŠTI-aš mu-ri-eš, e-ip-pí-ia-aš mu-ú-ri-iš, mu-u-ri-uš)
PIE *muri̯o-
Hitt. muria-
() ‹vbM.› ‘sich zusammenkauern, HHand. 108’
(HEG 2:233-4)
(Hitt. mu-u-ri-at-ta [3sg]),
Language not found or error while translating!
PIE *murinēɑh-
Dor. μυρινᾱ-
(ONf.) ‘Traube’
(HEG 2:233)
(Cret. μυρινα, Plin. myrina)
1. PIE *murinēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *murināɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. murināɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *murināh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. murināh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *murinā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. murinā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Dor. μυρινᾱ-


PIE √n- √no- √ne- (vb.) ‘treiben, fahren, wenden, leiten’ (sb.) ‘Arm, Hand’
(IEW 760)
(Pyysalo: Gr.)
√no-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *no-
Hitt. na-
(vb2.) ‘wenden, lenken, schicken’
(HEG 2:253-7
(Hitt. na-i; ‹or PIE *noj·i)
1. PIE *no-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. na-
(XX:XX)
PIE *no-
OInd. na-
(m.) ‘gift: Geschenk’
(MonWil. 523)
(Lex. nas [sgN])
1. PIE *no-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → OInd. na-
PIE *Π·no-
Hitt. išḫu·na-
(.) ‘Oberarm : upper [ishu-] arm’
(HHand. 64)
(Hitt. iš-ḫu-na-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·no-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. Π·na-
(XX:XX)
√neno- √nono-
(Pyysalo)
(Sturtevant: CGr1 [1933]: 215, 247)
PIE *hɑepo·néno-
Gr. ἀπο·νένο-
(prM.) ‘ἀποστρέφεται’
(LSJ. 210)
(Gr. ἀπονένεται · ἀποστρέφεται)
1. PIE *hɑepo·néno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑapo·néno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapo·néno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hapo·néno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hapo·néno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *apo·néno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. apo·néno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀπο·νένο-
PIE *nono-
Hitt. nana-
(vb.intr.) ‘treiben, ziehen, marschieren, fahren’
(HEG 2:272, HIL. 692)
(Hitt n]a-an-na-i [3sg] 1 UDU ap-pa-an-[zi] [3pl], na-an-na-aḫ-ḫi [1sg], na-na-an-zi, na-an-na-ú)
1. PIE *nono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. nana-
(XX:XX)
PIE *nono-
CLu. nana-
(vb.) ‘lenken, leiten, richten, schicken, wenden’
(DLL. 73, HHand. 110)
(CLu. na-na-a-at-ti [3sg], na-n[a-a]n-ta)
1. PIE *nono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. nana-
(XX:XX)
PIE *Π·nono-
Hitt. apa nana·-
(vb.tr.) ‘fahren, treiben, zurückziehen, -treiben’
(HEG 2:272)
(Hitt. GIŠḫa-at-tal-ua-an-za GIM-an GIŠSAG.GUL EGIR-pa na-an-na-a-i [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·nono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. Π·nana-
(XX:XX)
√nɑh-
PIE *Π·neɑh-
Hitt. išḫu·naḫ-
(.) ‘Oberarm : upper arm’
(HHand. 64)
(Hitt. iš-ḫu-na-aḫ-)
1. PIE *Π·neɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *Π·naɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. Π·naɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·nah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·nah-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. Π·naḫ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *neɑh·Σ-
Hitt. naḫ·ši-
(c.) ‘Handvoll (Öl, Honig, Früchte & Wein)
(HEG 2:251)
(Hitt. Ì.DUG.GA na-aḫ-ši-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *neɑh·Σ-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *naɑh·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. naɑh·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *nah·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. nah·Σ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. naḫ·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *neɑh·Σ-
Hitt. naḫ·zi-
(c.) ‘Handvoll’ (CHD L-N 341) (Akd. (½)UPNU)
(HEG 2:251-2)
(Hitt. [G]EŠTIN! na-aḫ-zi-i[š] [sgN])
1. PIE *neɑh·Σ-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *naɑh·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. naɑh·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *nah·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. nah·Σ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. naḫ·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *neɑho·Σ-
Hitt. naḫa·ši-
(c.) ‘Handvoll’ (eine kleine Mengenangabe)
(HEG 2:251)
(Hitt. 1 na-aḫ-ḫa-ši-iš Ì.NUN = “1 N. Butterschmalz”)
1. PIE *neɑho·Σ-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *naɑho·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. naɑho·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *naho·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. naho·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *naha·Σ-
(XX:XX)
4. naha·Σ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. naḫa·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√nɑhi-
(IEW 760)
PIE *néɑHi-
RV. ná.i-
(ao.) ‘führen, leiten’
(WbRV. 739)
(RV. náïṣi [2sg])
1. PIE *néɑHi-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
Colouring rule for *éɑ
RColouring1d → *náɑHi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. náɑHi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *náHi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. náHi-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RVedicHiatus → RV. ná.i-
PIE *ninóɑhi̯·e
RV. ninā́y·a
(pfA.) ‘führen, leiten’
(WbRV. 739)
(RV. ninā́ya [3sg])
1. PIE *ninóɑhi̯·e
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ninóhi̯·e
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ninóhi̯·e
PIE *óhCV → ā́hCV
Brugmann’s Law for *óhCV
RBrugmII2 → *ninā́hi̯·e
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.3.7)
3. ninā́hi̯·e
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ninā́i̯·e
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ninā́i̯·e
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *ninā́i̯·a
5. ninā́i̯·a
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. ninā́y·a
PIE *neɑHitór-
RV. na.itár-
(m.) ‘Führer, Leiter, Lenker’
(WbRV. 754)
(RV. naïtā́ [sgN])
1. PIE *neɑHitór-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *naɑHitór-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. naɑHitór-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *naHitór-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. naHitór-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *naHitár-
4. naHitár-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RVedicHiatus → RV. na.itár-
PIE *nɑ́hi-
RV. nī́-
(ao.) ‘darbringen’
(WbRV. 735)
(RV. ánītām [3du])
1. PIE *nɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *níhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. níhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *níi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. níi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → RV. nī́-
√noi-
PIE *Π·noi-
Hitt. para (...) nai-
(vb2.) ‘lenken, leiten, richten, schicken, wenden’
(HEG 2:254)
(Hitt. pa-ra-a na-it-ti [2sg] ‘schickest’)
1. PIE *Π·noi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. Π·nai-
(XX:XX)
PIE *Π·noi-
Hitt. arḫa (...) nai-
(vb2.) ‘loslassen’
(Hitt. ar-ḫa-pát na-iš [pret3sg])
1. PIE *Π·noi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. Π·nai-
(XX:XX)
PIE *hɑeku·noi-
Hitt. ḫaku·nai-
(DUG?.) ‘Gefäß für Öl, ‘Flasche (?)’
(HEG I:125)
(Hitt. ḫakunai-, EHS 207)
1. PIE *hɑeku·noi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaku·noi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaku·noi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haku·noi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haku·noi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *haku·nai-
(XX:XX)
4. haku·nai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaku·nai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√nei-
PIE *nei-
Hitt. nei-
(pr2A.) ‘wenden, lenken, leiten, richten, schicken’
(HEG 2:253-7)
(Hitt. ne-e-eḫ-ḫi, ne-e-eḫ-[ḫu-un])
PIE *nei-
Hitt. nei-
(prM.) ‘sich wenden’
(HEG 2:253-7)
(Hitt. ne-e-a, ne-a [3sg], ni-ia-an-ta-ri, ni-ia-ri, ne-ia-aḫ-ḫa-ri [1sg])
PIE *Π·nonei-
Hitt. arḫa nanei·-
(vb.) ‘herbeitreiben’
(HEG 2:272)
(Hitt. ar-ḫa na-an-ni--er)
1. PIE *Π·nonei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. Π·nanei-
(XX:XX)
PIE *nei̯o-
Hitt. nei̯a-
(vb.) ‘wenden, lenken, leiten, richten, schicken’
(HEG 2:253-7)
(Hitt. ne-e-ia-an-zi, ni-ia-ši [2sg])
1. PIE *nei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. nei̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *Π·neinei̯o-
Hitt. arḫa neinei̯a·-
(vb.) ‘treiben, wegtreiben’
(HEG II:272)
(Hitt. 2 UDUḪI.A (...) ar-ḫa ne-in-ni-a-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *Π·neinei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. Π·neinei̯a-
(XX:XX)
√nou-
PIE *ɦɑergi̯o·nou-
Hitt. ḫarga·nau-
(c./n.) ‘ein Körperteil, Sohle?, Ferse?’
(HHand. 42)
(Hitt. ḫar-ga-na-ú, ḫar-ga-na-u-ua-aš)
1. PIE *ɦɑergi̯o·nou-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑargi̯o·nou-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑargi̯o·nou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦargi̯o·nou-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦargi̯o·nou-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *ɦarǵo·nou-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. ɦarǵo·nou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦarǵa·nau-
(XX:XX)
5. ɦarǵa·nau-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *ɦarga·nau-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. ɦarga·nau-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫarga·nau-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *Π·nou-
Hitt. išḫu·nau-
(c.) ‘Oberarm’
(HHand. 64)
(Hitt. iš-ḫu-na-ú-uš [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·nou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. Π·nau-
(XX:XX)
PIE *Π·nou-
Hitt. išḫu·nau-
(n.) ‘Oberarm’
(HHand. 64)
(Hitt. [iš]-ḫu-na-ú, iš-ḫu-na-u-ua, iš-ḫu-na-u-ua-aš, iš-ḫu-na-u-i)
1. PIE *Π·nou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. Π·nau-
(XX:XX)
PIE *ɦɑergi̯o·nou̯ont-
Hitt. ḫarga·nauant-
(c.) ‘ein Körperteil, Sohle?, Ferse?’
(HHand. 42)
(Hitt. ḫar-ga-na-u-ua-an-za)
1. PIE *ɦɑergi̯o·nou̯ont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑargi̯o·nou̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑargi̯o·nou̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦargi̯o·nou̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦargi̯o·nou̯ont-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *ɦarǵo·nou̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. ɦarǵo·nou̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦarǵa·nau̯ant-
(XX:XX)
5. ɦarǵa·nau̯ant-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *ɦarga·nau̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. ɦarga·nau̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫarga·nau̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *Π·nou̯ont-
Hitt. išḫu·nauant-
(c.) ‘Oberarm’
(HHand. 64)
(Hitt. iš-ḫu-na-u-ua-an-za)
1. PIE *Π·nou̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. Π·nau̯ant-
(XX:XX)
√noui-
PIE *ɦɑergi̯o·nou̯i-
Hitt. ḫarga·naui-
(c.) ‘ein Körperteil, Sohle?, Ferse?’
(HHand. 42)
(Hitt. ḫar-ga-na-ú-i, ḫar-ga-na-u-i-ša-at [N])
1. PIE *ɦɑergi̯o·nou̯i-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑargi̯o·nou̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑargi̯o·nou̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦargi̯o·nou̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦargi̯o·nou̯i-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *ɦarǵo·nou̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. ɦarǵo·nou̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦarǵa·nau̯i-
(XX:XX)
5. ɦarǵa·nau̯i-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *ɦarga·nau̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. ɦarga·nau̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫarga·nau̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)


PIE √n- (vb.) ‘sapīre, schmecken, wissend sein, sehen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√nɑh-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *nēɑh-
Bulg. na-
(vb.) ‘siehe da’
(WH 2:150)
(REW 2:1919, Mladenov 314)
1. PIE *nēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *nāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. nāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *nāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. nāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *nā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. nā-
*ā → a
Orthographic change of *ā into a
ROrthogrA2a1 → Bulg. na-
PIE *nēɑh-
OInd. nā-
(f.) ‘knowledge’
(MonWil. 523)
1. PIE *nēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *nāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. nāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *nāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. nāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → OInd. nā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *Π·Π·nēɑh-
Dor. ἐν·κατά·νᾱ
(adv.) γνώμη, νοῦς
(LSJ. 470)
(Hes. ἐγκατανα · κατὰ γνώμην, κατὰ νοῦν)
1. PIE *Π·Π·nēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·Π·nāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·Π·nāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·Π·nāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·Π·nāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·Π·nā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·Π·nā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Dor. Π·Π·νᾱ-
PIE *Π·Π·nēɑh-
gAv. vy·ā·nā-
(f.) ‘Gescheitheit, Weisheit’
(AIWb 1478)
(gAv. vyānā-)
1. PIE *Π·Π·nēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·Π·nāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·Π·nāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·Π·nāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·Π·nāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → gAv. Π·Π·nā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√nɑhi-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG I:25)
PIE *onēɑhi-
Hitt. anāḫi-
(n.sg.) ‘Kostprobe (einer Opfergabe)’
(HHand. 15)
(Hitt. anaḫi [sgNA], pl. anaḫita)
1. PIE *onēɑhi-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *onāɑhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. onāɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *onāhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. onāhi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *anāhi-
(XX:XX)
4. anāhi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. anāḫi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *nēɑhi̯i-
Arm. nayi-
(vb.) ‘look at, apprehend, take care’
(XX:XX)
(Arm. nayil [inf.])
1. PIE *nēɑhi̯i-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *nāɑhi̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. nāɑhi̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *nāhi̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. nāhi̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *nāi̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. nāi̯i-
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RChangeA2a1 → *nai̯i-
5. nai̯i-
*i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
ROrthogrY2y → Arm. nayi-
PIE *onēɑhidɑɦ-
CLu. anāḫid-
(n.) ‘Kostprobe (einer Opfergabe)’
(HHand. 15)
1. PIE *onēɑhidɑɦ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *onāɑhidɑɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. onāɑhidɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *onāhidɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. onāhidɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *anāhidɦ-
(XX:XX)
4. anāhidɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *anāhid-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. anāhid-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. anāḫid-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *onēɑhidɑɦoi-
Hitt. anāḫidai-
(vb.) ‘eine Kostprobe nehmen (?)’
(HHand. 15)
1. PIE *onēɑhidɑɦoi-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *onāɑhidɑɦoi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. onāɑhidɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *onāhidɦoi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. onāhidɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *anāhidɦai-
(XX:XX)
4. anāhidɦai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *anāhidai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. anāhidai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. anāḫidai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *onēɑhidɑɦo·ɦɑid-
Hitt. anāḫida·ḫid-
(n.) ‘eine Art Brotopfer’
(HHand. 15)
1. PIE *onēɑhidɑɦo·ɦɑid-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *onāɑhidɑɦo·ɦɑid-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. onāɑhidɑɦo·ɦɑid-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *onāhidɦo·ɦid-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. onāhidɦo·ɦid-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *anāhidɦa·ɦid-
(XX:XX)
4. anāhidɦa·ɦid-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *anāhida·ɦid-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. anāhida·ɦid-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. anāḫida·ḫid-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√noio-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ō·noi̯o-
CLu. ā·naa-
(n.) ‘Erfahrung, Klugheit’
(HHand. 15)
1. PIE *ō·noi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ō·nai̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. ō·nai̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *ā·nai̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. ā·nai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide1 → CLu. ā·naa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
PIE *ō·noi̯o-
Hitt. ā·naa-
(mc.) (devin)
(NOMS. 57.2)
(Hitt. an-na-a [abs])
1. PIE *ō·noi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ō·nai̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. ō·nai̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *ā·nai̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. ā·nai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide1 → Hitt. ā·naa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
PIE *ō·noi̯o-
CLu. ā·naa-
(mc) (arzavien-)
(NOMS. 57.3)
(CLu. an-n[a-aš] [sgN])
1. PIE *ō·noi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ō·nai̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. ō·nai̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *ā·nai̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. ā·nai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide1 → CLu. ā·naa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
PIE *ō·noi̯o-
Hitt. ā·naa-
([f]c.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 58.4)
(OAnat. an-na-a-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *ō·noi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ō·nai̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. ō·nai̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *ā·nai̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. ā·nai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide1 → Hitt. ā·naa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
PIE *ōni̯ēɑh
OIr. āine
(f.) [in Mg.] ‘wit’
(DIL. 18/141-2)
1. PIE *ōni̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *ōni̯āɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. ōni̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ōni̯āh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ōni̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ōni̯ā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ōni̯ā
*ōRC → oRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ōRC
ROsthoffo1 → *oni̯ā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
5. oni̯ā
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RShortA2a → *oni̯a
6. oni̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final *a
RLossFinala → *oni̯
7. oni̯
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
ROrthogrY2i → OIr. oni


PIE √nɑhku- √nɑɦgu- (vb.) ‘biegen, krümmen, neigen’ (sb.) ‘Kuppe, Schlucht’
(IEW 754)
(Pyysalo: LAv. + OCS. + Gr.)
√nɑhku
(Pyysalo)
PIE *néɑhku̯ēɑh
Att. νάπη-
(f.) ‘waldiger Talgrund, Schlucht’
(GEW 2:288)
1. PIE *néɑhku̯ēɑh
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
Colouring rule for *éɑ
RColouring1d → *náɑhku̯ēɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. náɑhku̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *náɑhku̯āɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. náɑhku̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *náhku̯āh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. náhku̯āh
*ku/u̯ → p
Bilabialization of labiovelar *ku/u̯
RBilabializationKW → *náhpāh
5. náhpāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *nápā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. nápā
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
RChangeA2E1 → *nápē
7. nápē
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Att. νάπη
PIE *Π·neɑhku̯otu̯o-
LAv. tīrō·nakaϑwa-
(PNm.) ‘EN eines Gläubigen’
(AIWb. 651)
(LAv. tīrō.nakaϑwa-)
1. PIE *Π·neɑhku̯otu̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *Π·naɑhku̯otu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. Π·naɑhku̯otu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·nahku̯otu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·nahku̯otu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·nahku̯atu̯a-
4. Π·nahku̯atu̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·naku̯atu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·naku̯atu̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·nakatu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. Π·nakatu̯a-
*tR → ϑR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
R33b → *Π·nakaϑu̯a-
7. Π·nakaϑu̯a-
*ϑu̯ → ϑw
Affricativisation of *u̯ after dental fricative ϑ
R34a → LAv. Π·nakaϑwa-
PIE *nṓɑhku̯o-
RV. nā́ka-
(n.) ‘Himmelsgewölbe, Himmelskuppe, Himmel’
(WbRV. 721)
1. PIE *nṓɑhku̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *nṓhku̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. nṓhku̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *nṓhku̯a-
3. nṓhku̯a-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
RChangeO2A4 → *nā́hku̯a-
4. nā́hku̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *nā́ku̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. nā́ku̯a-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → RV. nā́ka-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
PIE *Π·nōɑhku̯o
OCS. vŭz·nakŭ-
(a.) ‘zurückgeneigt, rücklings’
(Sadnik 566)
1. PIE *Π·nōɑhku̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·nōhku̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·nōhku̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·nōhku̯a
3. Π·nōhku̯a
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *Π·nāhku̯a
4. Π·nāhku̯a
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·nāku̯a
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·nāku̯a
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·nāka
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. Π·nāka
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *Π·nāko
7. Π·nāko
*-o → -u
Change of -o into -u
RChangeO2U → *Π·nāku
8. Π·nāku
*ā → a
Orthographic change of *ā into a
ROrthogrA2a1 → *Π·naku
9. Π·naku
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
ROrthogru2u1 → OCS. Π·nakŭ
PIE *Π·nōɑhku̯o-
LAv. uz·nāka-
(PNm.) ‘EN eines Gläubigen’
(AIWb. 408)
(LAv. usnāka-)
1. PIE *Π·nōɑhku̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·nōhku̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·nōhku̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·nōhku̯a-
3. Π·nōhku̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *Π·nāhku̯a-
4. Π·nāhku̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·nāku̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·nāku̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → LAv. Π·nāka-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
PIE *Π·nṓɑhku̯ēɑh-
RV. ropa·nā́kā-
(PNm.) ‘Drossel (Say.); Lit. Fuchs+Himmel’
(WbRV. 1186)
1. PIE *Π·nṓɑhku̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·nṓɑhku̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·nṓɑhku̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·nṓhku̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·nṓhku̯āh-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
RChangeO2A4 → *Π·nā́hku̯āh-
4. Π·nā́hku̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·nā́ku̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·nā́ku̯ā-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → RV. Π·nā́kā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
PIE *nenṓɑhku̯ē-
Gr. νενώπη-
(pf.) ‘= τεταπείνωται’
(GEW 2:600)
1. PIE *nenṓɑhku̯ē-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *nenṓhku̯ē-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. nenṓhku̯ē-
*ku/u̯ → t
Palatalization of labiovelar *ku/u̯
R2ndPalatKW → *nenṓhtē-
3. nenṓhtē-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *nenṓtē-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. nenṓtē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. νενώτη-
PIE *pronōɑhku̯ḗs-
Gr. προνωπήσ-
(a.) ‘vorwärtz gebeugt, geneigt’
(GEW 2:600)
(DELG 941)
1. PIE *pronōɑhku̯ḗs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pronōhku̯ḗs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. pronōhku̯ḗs-
*ku/u̯ → t
Palatalization of labiovelar *ku/u̯
R2ndPalatKW → *pronōhtḗs-
3. pronōhtḗs-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pronōtḗs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. pronōtḗs-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *pronōtḗh-
5. pronōtḗh-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *pronōtḗ-
6. pronōtḗ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. προνωτή-


PIE √n- (vb.) ‘behandeln, wirken, tun, treiben, helfen, nützen’ (sb.) ‘Arbeit’
(IEW 754)
√n-
√nɑh-
(HEG 1:30 )
PIE *onṓɑh-
Lith. anúo-
(vb.) ‘tun, treiben’
(HEG 1:30)
(Lith. anúoti [inf.])
1. PIE *onṓɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *onṓh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. onṓh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *onṓ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. onṓ-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *anṓ-
4. anṓ-
*ṓ → úo
Change of ṓ into úo
RChangeO2uo2 → Lith. anúo-
PIE *óneɑh-
Gr. ὄνα-
(vb.) ‘nützen, helfen, frommen’
(GEW 2:395)
(Gr. ὄνασθαι [inf.])
1. PIE *óneɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *ónaɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. ónaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ónah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ónah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *óna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. óna-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὄνα-
√ni-
(HEG 1:30f.)
(HW2 A: 81f., Melchert 1994:85, Rieken 1999:107f., HIL. 216-8)
PIE *oni-
Pal. ani-
(vb.) ‘behandeln, bewirken, durchführen’
(DPal. 50)
(Pal. a-ni-it-ti [3sg], HHand. 16), Pal. 27)
1. PIE *oni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Pal. ani-
(XX:XX)
PIE *oni-
CLu. ani-
(cs.) ‘wirken, vollbringen, tun’ (Sum. KIN)
(DLL 27)
(CLu. a-an-ni-ti, a-an-ni-i-ti, an-ni-i-ti [3sg])
1. PIE *oni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. ani-
(XX:XX)
PIE *oni-
Hitt. ani-
(vb.) ‘wirken, schaffen’
(HIL. 216)
(Hitt. a-ni-e-mi)
1. PIE *oni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ani-
(XX:XX)
PIE *oní·nēɑh
Dor. ὀνί·νᾱ-
(vb.) ‘deliver, profit, benefit, support’
(GEW 2:395)
1. PIE *oní·nēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *oní·nāɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. oní·nāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *oní·nāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. oní·nāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *oní·nā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. oní·nā
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Dor. ὀνί·νᾱ
√nio-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·ni̯o-
gAv. xrū·nya-
(n.) ‘Bluttat, blutige Mißhandlung’
(AIWb. 539)
(gAv. xrūnyā; to LAv. xrū- ‘blutiges, rohes Fleisch’)
1. PIE *Π·ni̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ni̯a-
2. Π·ni̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → gAv. Π·nya-
PIE *oni̯o-
CLu. ani̯a-
(vb.) ‘durchführen, behandeln, bewirken’
(HHand. 16)
(CLu. a-ni-ia, a-ni-e-ia-an-t[i... [3pl?])
1. PIE *oni̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. ani̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *oni̯o-
Hitt. ani̯a-
(vb.) ‘wirken, schaffen’
(HEG1:30-)
(Hitt. a-ni-ia-mi [1sg])
1. PIE *oni̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ani̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *oni̯o-
Pal. ani̯a-
(cs.) ‘wirken, tun’
(DPal. 50)
(Pal. a-ni-ia, a-ni-ia-ši [2sg.])
1. PIE *oni̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Pal. ani̯a-
(XX:XX)
√nioi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *oni̯oi-
Hitt. ani̯ai-
(vb.) ‘wirken, schaffen’
(HIL. 216)
(Hitt. a-ni-ia-e-ez-zi)
1. PIE *oni̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ani̯ai-
(XX:XX)
PIE *oni̯ei-
Pal. ani̯ei-
(vb.) ‘behandeln, bewirken, durchführen’
(DPal. 50)
(Pal. a-ni-e-iḫ-a [1sg], HHand. 16, Pal. 27).
1. PIE *oni̯ei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Pal. ani̯ei-
(XX:XX)
PIE *gɦɑut·oni̯ei-
Hitt. gut·ani̯ei-
(vn1.) ‘herrisch behandeln’
(HHand. 87)
1. PIE *gɦɑut·oni̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦut·oni̯ei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦut·oni̯ei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦut·ani̯ei-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦut·ani̯ei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. gut·ani̯ei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *oni̯ei-
Hitt. ani̯ei-
(vb.) ‘wirken, schaffen’
(HIL. 216)
(Hitt. an-ni-i-ir, a-ni-i-e-i[r])
1. PIE *oni̯ei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ani̯ei-
(XX:XX)
√nion-
PIE *oni̯on-
Hitt. anian-
(n.) ‘Arbeit’
(HHand. 16)
1. PIE *oni̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ani̯an-
(XX:XX)
PIE *oni̯ont-
Hitt. aniant-
(pt.) ‘XX’
(HHand. 16)
(Hitt. a-ni-ia-an-t-, a-ni-an-t-)
1. PIE *oni̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ani̯ant-
(XX:XX)
√niu-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *oni̯ou̯or-
Hitt. aniau̯ar-
(n.) ‘Opferzurüstung’
(HHand. 16)
(Hitt. a-ni-ia-u-ua-ar, a-ni-ia-u-ua-an-zi)
1. PIE *oni̯ou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ani̯au̯ar-
(XX:XX)
PIE *oniur-
Hitt. aniur-
(n.) ‘Opferritus, Ritual’
(HEG I:32)
(Hitt. a-ni-ú-ur, a-ni-ur-aš, a-ni-ú-ri)
1. PIE *oniur-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. aniur-
(XX:XX)
PIE *oniu̯·eioni-
Hitt. aniu̯·eiani-
(fc.) (magicienne, auteur d’un rituel)
(NOMS. 78)
(Hitt. a-an-ni-ui/ú-ia-ni [Abs.]
1. PIE *oniu̯·eioni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. aniu̯·eiani-
(XX:XX)
PIE *óneiu̯eɑhr-
Gr. ὄνειαρ
(n.) ‘Nutzen, Wert, Hilfe, Erquickung’
(GEW 2:394)
(Gr. ὄνει(ϝ)αρ)
1. PIE *óneiu̯eɑhr-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *óneiu̯aɑhr-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. óneiu̯aɑhr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *óneiu̯ahr-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. óneiu̯ahr-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *óneiu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. óneiu̯ar-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *óneiar-
5. óneiar-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὄνειαρ-
PIE *óneiu̯eɑht-
Gr. ὄνειατ-
(n.obl.) ‘Erquickungen, Speisen, Wertsachen, Geschenke’
(GEW 2:394)
(Gr. ὄνει(ϝ)ατ-)
1. PIE *óneiu̯eɑht-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *óneiu̯aɑht-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. óneiu̯aɑht-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *óneiu̯aht-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. óneiu̯aht-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *óneiu̯at-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. óneiu̯at-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *óneiat-
5. óneiat-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὄνειατ-


PIE √n- ‘unter’
(IEW 312 + 766)
√onon
PIE *onon
Hitt. anan
(adv.) ‘unter’
(HEG 1:26)
1. PIE *onon
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. anan
(XX:XX)
PIE *onon
CLu. anan
(adv.) ‘unter’
(HEG 1:26)
(Carruba, Oriens Antiquus 9 [1970]:86)
1. PIE *onon
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. anan
(XX:XX)
√enen
PIE *enen
LycA. ẽnẽ
(.) ‘under’
(LuPG 62)
(Lyc. ẽnẽ xñtawata xerixehe ‘Under king Xerxes’)
1. PIE *enen
*en → ẽn
Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ
R14b → *ẽnẽn
2. ẽnẽn
*-ã/ẽn → -ã/ẽ
Loss of word-final nasal
R16 → LycA. ẽnẽ
√ni
PIE *ní
AV. ní
(adv.) ‘down, back, in, into, within’
(MonWil. 538)
(AV. ní [AV 10,8,7])
PIE *ní
Arm. ni
(.) ‘nieder’
(XX:XX)
(Arm. ni)
1. PIE *ní
*í → i
Unmarkedness of accent
R23b → Arm. ni
PIE *ni·mnó-
RV. ni·mná-
(n.) ‘Niederung, Tiefe’
(KEWA 2:166)
1. PIE *ni·mnó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → RV. ni·mná-
PIE *ni·mno-
OInd. ni·mna-
(a.) ‘tief liegend’
(Wack. 2/2:777 [wF.])
1. PIE *ni·mno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → OInd. ni·mna-
√ner-
(P. 312, 766)
(WP2:333f.)
PIE *é·nero-
Gr. ἔ·νερο-
(m.pl.) ‘die Unterirdischen’
(GEW X:XX)
(Gr. οἱ ἔνεροι)
1. PIE *é·nero-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἔ·νερο-
PIE *nḗroko-
AV. nā́raka-
(a.) ‘zur Hölle in Beziehung stehend’
(KEWA 2:138)
1. PIE *nḗroko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *nḗraka-
2. nḗraka-
PIE *ḗ → ā́
Aryan change of *ḗ into ā́
RAryanE2A4 → AV. nā́raka-
PIE *nḗroko-
AV. nā́raka-
(m.) ‘Unterwelt, Hölle’ (mit loká-)
(EWA 2:37)
1. PIE *nḗroko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *nḗraka-
2. nḗraka-
PIE *ḗ → ā́
Aryan change of *ḗ into ā́
RAryanE2A4 → AV. nā́raka-
√neroi-
PIE *neroi·sí-
TochA. ñare·ṣi-
(a.) ‘inferni, infernalis’
(Poucha 108)
(TochA. ñare ṣi-)
1. PIE *neroi·sí-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *nerai·sí-
(XX:XX)
2. nerai·sí-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
RChangee2Ya → *ni̯arai·sí-
3. ni̯arai·sí-
*sí → ṣí
Palatalization of *sí
R18c → *ni̯arai·ṣí-
4. ni̯arai·ṣí-
*ni̯ → ñ
Palatalization of *n before i̯
RPalatNY → *ñarai·ṣí-
5. ñarai·ṣí-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RMonophthai2E1 → *ñarē·ṣí-
6. ñarē·ṣí-
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthE2e1 → *ñare·ṣí-
7. ñare·ṣí-
*í → i
Unmarkedness of accent
R20 → TochA. ñare·ṣi-
PIE *neroi-
TochA. ñare-
(sb.) ‘infernum, sceleratum apud infernos sedes’
(Poucha 108)
(TochA. ñare)
1. PIE *neroi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *nerai-
(XX:XX)
2. nerai-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
RChangee2Ya → *ni̯arai-
3. ni̯arai-
*ni̯ → ñ
Palatalization of *n before i̯
RPalatNY → *ñarai-
4. ñarai-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RMonophthai2E1 → *ñarē-
5. ñarē-
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthE2e1 → TochA. ñare-
PIE *neri̯ó-
Gr. νειρό-
(a.) ‘der Unterste’
(GEW 1:515)
(Gr. νειρός [sgN])
1. PIE *neri̯ó-
*eri̯ → eir
Epenthesis of *i
REpentheRy → *neiró-
2. neiró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. νειρό-
PIE *ner·Σ-
Arm. ner·kʼoy
(adv.) ‘sous’
(Arm. XX)
√nertr-
PIE *nertro-
Umbr. nertro-
(a.) ‘links’ (‘sinistro’ (= n°rterow))
(WbOU. 492-3)
(Umbr. nertru [sgAbl])
PIE *nértero-
Gr. νέρτερο-
(comp.) ‘unterer, tieferer, unterirdischer’
(GEW X:XX)
(Gr. νέρτερο)
1. PIE *nértero-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. νέρτερο-
√nr-
PIE *nrōi-
TochB. nrai
(n.) ‘hell’
(DTochB. 351)
(TochB. nran)
1. PIE *nrōi-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *nrāi-
(XX:XX)
2. nrāi-
āi → ai
Orthographic change of āi into ai
ROrthOIA8 → TochB. nrai-
PIE *nrōisi̯o-
TochB. nraiṣṣa-
(a.) ‘hellish’ (n.) ‘denizen of hell’
(DTochB. 351)
(TochB. nraiṣṣe)
1. PIE *nrōisi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *nrōisi̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. nrōisi̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *nrāisi̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. nrāisi̯a-
*si̯ → ṣ
Palatalization of *si̯
R18a → *nrāiṣa-
4. nrāiṣa-
āi → ai
Orthographic change of āi into ai
ROrthOIA8 → TochB. nraiṣa-
√neur-
PIE *neur
TochB. ñor
(adv.) ‘below, beneath, under, down’
(DTochB. 272)
(TochB. ñor)
1. PIE *neur
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
RChangee2Ya → *ni̯aur
2. ni̯aur
*ni̯ → ñ
Palatalization of *n before i̯
RPalatNY → *ñaur
3. ñaur
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RChangeAU2O1 → *ñōr
4. ñōr
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthOIA6 → TochB. ñor
PIE *neur·Σ-
TochA. ñor·īya-
(a.comp.) ‘lower’
(DTochB. 272)
(TochB. ñorīya kātso)
1. PIE *neur·Σ-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
RChangee2Ya → *ni̯aur·Σ-
2. ni̯aur·Σ-
*ni̯ → ñ
Palatalization of *n before i̯
RPalatNY → *ñaur·Σ-
3. ñaur·Σ-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RMonophthau2O1 → *ñōr·Σ-
4. ñōr·Σ-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthO2o1 → TochA. ñor·Σ-
PIE *neuru·u̯or-
TochB. ñoru·wär
(adv.) ‘downstream’
(DTochB. 272)
(TochB. kaucūwär (...) ñoruwär ‘upstream (...) downstream’)
1. PIE *neuru·u̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *neuru·u̯ar-
(XX:XX)
2. neuru·u̯ar-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
RChangee2Ya → *ni̯auru·u̯ar-
3. ni̯auru·u̯ar-
*ni̯ → ñ
Palatalization of *n before i̯
RPalatNY → *ñauru·u̯ar-
4. ñauru·u̯ar-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RChangeAU2O1 → *ñōru·u̯ar-
5. ñōru·u̯ar-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthOIA6 → *ñoru·u̯ar-
6. ñoru·u̯ar-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of u̯ into w
R19 → TochB. ñoru·war-
PIE *neurmi̯o-
TochB. ñormya-
(a.) ≈ ‘lower’
(DTochB. 272)
(TochB. ñormye bhūmi)
1. PIE *neurmi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *neurmi̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. neurmi̯a-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
RChangee2Ya → *ni̯aurmi̯a-
3. ni̯aurmi̯a-
*ni̯ → ñ
Palatalization of *n before i̯
RPalatNY → *ñaurmi̯a-
4. ñaurmi̯a-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RChangeAU2O1 → *ñōrmi̯a-
5. ñōrmi̯a-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthOIA6 → *ñormi̯a-
6. ñormi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → TochB. ñormya-
PIE *neurmii̯o-
TochB. ñormiya-
(a.) ≈ ‘lower’
(DTochB. 272)
(TochB. ñormiye wassi///)
1. PIE *neurmii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *neurmii̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. neurmii̯a-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
RChangee2Ya → *ni̯aurmii̯a-
3. ni̯aurmii̯a-
*ni̯ → ñ
Palatalization of *n before i̯
RPalatNY → *ñaurmii̯a-
4. ñaurmii̯a-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RChangeAU2O1 → *ñōrmii̯a-
5. ñōrmii̯a-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthOIA6 → *ñormii̯a-
6. ñormii̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → TochB. ñormiya-


√n- √no- √ne- (pref.) ‘eben, gleich’ (prep.) ‘zusammen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√ono-
PIE *ono
HLu. ana
(prep.) ‘cum, with’
(CHLu. 1.1.15.)
(CUM-na)
1. PIE *ono
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → HLu. ana
(XX:XX)
PIE *ono·Σ-
Hitt. ana·niga-
(c.) ‘Schwester (von derselben Mutter)’
(HHand. 15)
(Hitt. an-na-ne-ku-uš [plA], an-na-ni-ku-uš, not ‘Dirne, Prostituierte’ HEG1:26-7)
1. PIE *ono·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ana·Σ-
(XX:XX)
PIE *ono·uli-
Hitt. ana·uli-
(a.) ‘gleichrangig, ebenbürtig’
(HEG II:29)
(Hitt. an-na-ú-li-, EHS 212)
1. PIE *ono·uli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ana·uli-
(XX:XX)
PIE *ono·ulei̯o-
Hitt. ana·ulei̯a-
(URUa.) ‘Im Lande Tarḫuntaša.’ (OGHErg. 5)
(Hitt. an-na-ú-li-ia-aš [sgN])
Ḫi. ana·ulia-
1. PIE *ono·ulei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ana·ulei̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *ono·u̯oli-
Hitt. ana·u̯ali-
(a.) ‘gleichrangig, ebenbürtig’
(HHand. 16)
(Hitt. an-na-ú-li-e-eš)
1. PIE *ono·u̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ana·u̯ali-
(XX:XX)
√no-
PIE *nó·Σ-
RV. ná·veda-
(a.) ‘kundig ‹Lit. ‘*cum·Veda-’›
(WbRV. 716)
1. PIE *nó·Σ-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → RV. ná·Σ-
PIE *nó·Σ-
RV. ná·vedas-
(a.) ‘mit bhav + [G] = aufmerken, vernehmen’
(WbRV. 716)
1. PIE *nó·Σ-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → RV. ná·Σ-
PIE *nó·Σ-
RV. ná·vedas-
(m.) ‘vertraut, bekannt’ (m.) ‘Vertrauer[G]’
(WbRV. 716)
1. PIE *nó·Σ-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → RV. ná·Σ-
PIE *no·sorto-
CLu. na·šarta-
(GKLc.) ‘Konkubine, HHand. 111’
(HEG 2:278-9)
(Hitt. 1 NINDA.SIG A-NA dNIN.É.GAL na-šar-ta-aš-ša [plD] ŠA dIM)
1. PIE *no·sorto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *na·sarta-
(XX:XX)
2. na·sarta-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. na·šarta-
PIE *no·sorto-
HLu. na·šarta-
(d.) ‘cult of Tešup & Hepat of Aleppo’
(HEG 2:278)
(HLu. na-sá+ra-tá)
1. PIE *no·sorto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *na·sarta-
(XX:XX)
2. na·sarta-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. na·šarta-
PIE *no·sortei-
Hitt. na·šartei-
(GKLc.) ‘Konkubine’ (?)
(HEG 2:278)
(Hitt. 1 NINDA.SIG A-NA dNIN.É.GAL na-šar-ti-ia [sgD] ŠA dU)
1. PIE *no·sortei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *na·sartei-
(XX:XX)
2. na·sartei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. na·šartei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√oni-
PIE *oni-
HLu. ani
(prep.) ‘with, for’
(CHLu. 2.6.18)
(HLu. CUM-ni, CUM-ní)
1. PIE *oni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → HLu. ani-
(XX:XX)


PIE √ni- ‘Getreide durch Schwingen reinigen, worfeln, schwingen’
(IEW 761)
(+ Pyysalo 2014:XX)
√ni-
PIE *noni-
CLu. nani-
(GKLvb.?) ‹‘winnow’› (HHand. 110, HEG 2, 273)
(DLL. 74)
(CLu. [na]m-ma DINGIRLUM fdu-ut-tari-ia-ti-iš GKLna-ni-ti [3sg] gán-ga-ti-ti)
1. PIE *noni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. nani-
(XX:XX)
√neihɑk-
(IEW. 761)
PIE *neihɑkḗɑh-
Lith. niekó-
(vb.) ‘(Getreide) schwingen, worfeln’
(LiEtWb. 502)
1. PIE *neihɑkḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *neihɑkā́ɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. neihɑkā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *neihkā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. neihkā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *neikā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. neikā́-
*ā́ → ṓ
Change of ā́ into ṓ
RChangeA202 → *neikṓ-
5. neikṓ-
RChangeei2ie → *niekṓ-
6. niekṓ-
ṓ → ó
Orthographic change of ṓ into ó
R27b → Lith. niekó-
PIE *neihɑkḗɑh-
Latv. niẽkâ-
(vb.) ‘Grütze in einer Mulde schwingen’
(GEW 2:123)
(‹Latv. ẽ! -› eha!›)
1. PIE *neihɑkḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *neihɑkā́ɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. neihɑkā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *neihkā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. neihkā́h-
*ā́h → âh
Latvian tone rule for *ā́h
RAcc3 → *neihkâh-
4. neihkâh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *neikâ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. neikâ-
*ei → ie
Change of ei into ie
R26b → Latv. niekâ-
PIE *neíhɑklo-
Gr. νείκλο-
(n.) ‘Getreideschwinge’
(GEW 2:123)
(Gr. νεῖκλο-)
1. PIE *neíhɑklo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *neíhklo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. neíhklo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *neíklo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. neíklo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. νείκλο-
√nihɑk-
PIE *nihɑkéɑhi̯o-
Gr. νικάο-
(pr.) ‘Getreide schwingen, worfeln’
(GEW 2:123)
(Gr. νικάω)
1. PIE *nihɑkéɑhi̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
Colouring rule for *éɑ
RColouring1d → *nihɑkáɑhi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. nihɑkáɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *nihkáhi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. nihkáhi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *nikái̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. nikái̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *nikáo-
5. nikáo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. νικάο-
PIE *níhɑklo-
Gr. νίκλο-
(n.) ‘Getreideschwinge’
(GEW 2:123)
(Gr. νίκλο-)
1. PIE *níhɑklo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *níhklo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. níhklo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *níklo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. níklo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. νίκλο-
PIE *Π·nihɑkto
OIr. cruith·necht-
(.) ‘wheat : Weizen’
(DIL. 162)
(LEIA C, 254-5)
1. PIE *Π·nihɑkto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·nihkto
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·nihkto
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·nikto
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. Π·nikto
kt → kht
Lenition of voiceless stop *k
RChangekt2kht → *Π·nikhto
4. Π·nikhto
*iCo → eCo
Lowering of *i into e
RLowerikhto2ekhto → *Π·nekhto
5. Π·nekhto
*-o → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → *Π·nekht
6. Π·nekht
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → OIr. Π·necht
PIE *Π·nihɑkto
Cymr. gwe·nith-
(.) ‘wheat: Weizen’
(GPC 1, 3099)
1. PIE *Π·nihɑkto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·nihkto
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·nihkto
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·nikto
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. Π·nikto
*o- → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → *Π·nikt
4. Π·nikt
*kt → th
Loss of k before t and lenition
RChangekt2th → *Π·nith
5. Π·nith
*i → y
Orthographic change of *i into y
RChangei2y → Cymr. Π·nyth
PIE *Π·nihɑkto
Corn. gwa·neth-
(.) ‘froment : Weizen’
(LEIA C, 255)
1. PIE *Π·nihɑkto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
R7b → *Π·nihkto
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·nihkto
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
R10b → *Π·nikto
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. Π·nikto
*iCo → eCo
Lowering of *i into e
R20c → *Π·nekto
4. Π·nekto
*o- → Ø-
Loss of root-final *o-
R22b → *Π·nekt
5. Π·nekt
*kt → th
Loss of k before t and lenition
R23 → Corn. Π·neth
PIE *nihɑkti-
Cymr. nithi-
(.) ‘winnow, sift’
(GPC 2, 4655)
Cymr. nithio-
1. PIE *nihɑkti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *nihkti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. nihkti-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *nikti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. nikti-
*kt → th
Loss of k before t and lenition
RChangekt2th → *nithi-
4. nithi-
*i → y
Orthographic change of *i into y
RChangei2y → Cymr. nythy-
PIE *nihɑktēɑh-
Bret. niza-
(.) ‘worfeln : vanner le grain’
(LEIA C, 255).
1. PIE *nihɑktēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *nihɑktāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. nihɑktāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *nihktāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. nihktāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *niktā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. niktā-
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RShortA2a → *nikta-
5. nikta-
*kt → z
Loss of k before t and lenition
RChangekt2z → Bret. niza-


PIE √nik- (vb.) ‘ergreifen, erheben, entstehen, keimen’
(IEW XX)
(LIV 2:451)
√nik-
(CHD LN:438f.)
(Benveniste BSL 50:40)
PIE *ni·nik-
Hitt. ni·nik-
(vb.) ‘(auf)heben (Truppen); aufbrechen (Siegel)’
(HIL. 700)
(Hitt. ni-ni-kán-zi [3pl])
PIE *Π·neiko-
OCS. vŭz·niko-
(pr.) ‘sich aufrichten : raise oneself’
(Sadnik √577)
(OCS. vŭznikǫ [1sg])
1. PIE *Π·neiko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·neika-
2. Π·neika-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *Π·neiko-
3. Π·neiko-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → *Π·nīko-
4. Π·nīko-
*ī → i
Orthographic change of *ī into i
ROrthogrI2i1 → OCS. Π·niko-
PIE *Π·neiknun
OCS. vŭz·niknǫ-
(vb.) ‘emporspriessen, sich emporrichten, nüchtern’
(Sadnik √577)
(OCS. vŭzniknǫti [inf.])
1. PIE *Π·neiknun
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → *Π·nīknun
2. Π·nīknun
*-un → -ǫ
Emergence of nasal vowel ǫ
RNasalizUN2O → *Π·nīknǫ
3. Π·nīknǫ
*ī → i
Orthographic change of *ī into i
ROrthogrI2i1 → OCS. Π·niknǫ
√nink-
(IEW XX)
(LIV2:451 + AC 53)
PIE *nink-
Umbr. nink-
(vb.) ‘ergreifen’
(Meiser Lautg 85-87)
(Umbr. ninctu [ipv3sg])
PIE *ni·nink-
Hitt. ni·nink-
(vbA.) ‘in Bewegung setzen, antreiben, bewegen’
(HEG 2:328)
(Hitt. ni-ni-ik-[ta], ni-ni-in-kán-[du], ni-ni-in-ku-un)
PIE *ni·nink-
Hitt. ni·nink-
(vbM.) ‘sich aufrüherisch benehmen, sich erheben’
(HEG 2:328)
(Hitt. ni-ni-ik-ta-ri)
PIE *ni·nink-
Hitt. ni·nink-
(vb1A.) ‘(Truppen, auf)heben; Siegel aufbrechen’
(HHand. 113)
(Hitt. ni-ni-ik-mi, ni-ni-in-kán-zi)
PIE *ni·nink-
Hitt. ni·nink-
(vb1M.) ‘sich aufheben’
(HHand. 113)
PIE *Π·ni·nink-
Hitt. pedi ni·nink-
(vb1M.) ‘vow Ort wegnehmen’
(HHand. 113)
PIE *Π·ni·nink-
Hitt. ser arha ni·nink-
(vb1M.) ‘(Totengeister) aufstören’
(HHand. 113)
PIE *ni·ninkont-
Hitt. ni·ninkant-
(pt.) ‘ausgerissen, ausgefranst’
(HHand. 113)
(Hitt. ni-ni-in-kán-t-)
1. PIE *ni·ninkont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ni·ninkant-
(XX:XX)
PIE *ni·ninkont-
Hitt. ni·ninkant-
(a.) ‘schwierig ?, with MU.KAM-HI.A’
(HHand. 113)
1. PIE *ni·ninkont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ni·ninkant-
(XX:XX)
PIE *ni·ninkont-
Hitt. ni·ninkant-
(pt.) ‘erhöht’
(HEG 2:330)
(Hitt. ni-ni-in-kán)
1. PIE *ni·ninkont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ni·ninkant-
(XX:XX)
PIE *ni·ninkeiski̯o-
Hitt. ni·ninkiška-
(iter.) ‘(Truppen) aufbieten’
(HEG 2:330)
(Hitt. nu-uš-ši 1 ME ÉRINMEŠ ni-ni-in-ki-iš-kán-du)
1. PIE *ni·ninkeiski̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *ni·ninkeisḱo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. ni·ninkeisḱo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ni·ninkeisḱa-
(XX:XX)
3. ni·ninkeisḱa-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *ni·ninkeiska-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. ni·ninkeiska-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. ni·ninkeiška-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ni·ninkeisor-
Hitt. ni·ninkišar-
(n.) ‘Erhöhung, Erhebung; HIL. 700’
(HEG 2:230)
(Hitt. ni-ni-in-ke-eš-šar-za [in a broken context])
1. PIE *ni·ninkeisor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ni·ninkeisar-
(XX:XX)
2. ni·ninkeisar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. ni·ninkeišar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ni·ninku̯o-
Hitt. ni·ninku̯a-
(vn.bs.) ‘(Truppen) aufbieten’
(HEG 2:330)
(Hitt. na-an-kán A-NA ÉRIN ŠA KU[(R) UGUTI)] [ni]-ni-in-ku-u-an-zi ú-e-ri-at)
1. PIE *ni·ninku̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ni·ninku̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *ni·ninku̯o-
Hitt. ni·ninku̯a-
(n.) ‘Aushebung; HIL. 700’
(HEG 2:330)
(Hitt. ŠA ANŠE.KU]R.RAMEŠ ni-ni-in-ku-ua-aš[(-)... [vn.sgG])
1. PIE *ni·ninku̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ni·ninku̯a-
(XX:XX)


PIE √ni- √oni- √eni- ‘dem.pron.3.pers.’
(IEW 281)
(Pyysalo)
√oni-
(HEG I:29)
(HW2 A: 81, HIL. 209-10)
PIE *o·ni-
Hitt. a·ni-
(dem.pron.) ‘jener, [IŠ-TU AN-NI-I]Š, GÚ.R[I.TA]’
(HEG 1:29-30)
(Hitt. an-ni-iš KBo 1.42 iii 33)
1. PIE *o·ni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. a·ni-
(XX:XX)
PIE *o·ni·son
Hitt. a·ni·šan
(.) ‘XX’
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *o·ni·son
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *a·ni·san
(XX:XX)
2. a·ni·san
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. a·ni·šan
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√eni-
PIE *e·ni-
Hitt. e·ni-
(dem.pron.) ‘that one’
(ḪEG I:106-7)
(ḪudA §54, e-ni-iš, e-ni, e-ni-uš)
PIE *e·ni·son
Hitt. e·ni·šan
(adv.) ‘thus, as stated’
(HIL. 260-1)
(Hitt. e-ni-iš-ša-an)
1. PIE *e·ni·son
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *e·ni·san
(XX:XX)
2. e·ni·san
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. e·ni·šan
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ni-
PIE *ní-
Gr. νί-
(dem.pron.) ‘eum, eam, id; se’
(GEW 2:241 [wL])
(Gr. νίν [sgA])
1. PIE *ní-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. νί-


PIE √neiol-, √neiel- ‘hängen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√nei-
PIE *nei-
Hitt. nei-
(vb.) ‘XX’
(XX:XX)
√neio/el-
(Pyysalo)
(CHD L-N:437-8, HEG 2:309, Neumann (1961a: 85) to Hitt. nei·ari)
PIE *ni·nei̯ol-
Hitt. ninei̯al-
(GIS.) ‘cradle’
(HEG :XX)
(Hitt. ni-ni-ia-al, ni-ni-ia-al-li, ni-ni-ia-la-aš)
1. PIE *ni·nei̯ol-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ni·nei̯al-
(XX:XX)
PIE *no·nei̯olēɑh
OLat. no·neolā-
(f.) ‘papillae (…) ex faucibus caprārum dēpendent’
(WH 2:175)
(‘papillae, quae ex faucibus caprārum dēpendent’)
1. PIE *no·nei̯olēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *no·nei̯olāɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. no·nei̯olāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *no·nei̯olāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. no·nei̯olāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *no·nei̯olā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. no·nei̯olā
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
RLossY1 → OLat. no·neolā
PIE *nei̯elont-
Hitt. nei̯elant-
(a.) ‘angehängt (um des Hals)’
(HEG :XX)
(Hitt. ne-e-la-an [NA]; vs. Eichner 1975:XX, Die Sprache 21: 157-161)
1. PIE *nei̯elont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. nei̯elant-
(XX:XX)


PIE √nin- ‘liquid’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√nin-
(Pyysalo 2014:XX)
PIE *nin-
Hitt. nin-
(vb.) ‘quench one’s thirst, to drink full, get drunk’
(HIL. 701)
(Hitt. ni-in-zi [3sg])
PIE *nino
OIr. nin-
(sb.) ‘cloud, wave’
(DIL 477-478)
(OIr. nin, LEIA N:4)
1. PIE *nino
*-o → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → OIr. nin
√ninɑh-
PIE *ninēɑhko
OIr. ninach-
(a.) ‘cloudy’
(DIL 478)
(LEIA N:4)
1. PIE *ninēɑhko
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *nināɑhko
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. nināɑhko
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *nināhko
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. nināhko
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *nināko
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. nināko
VkV → VkhV
Lenition of voiceless stop *k
RLenitionK → *ninākho
5. ninākho
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RShortA2a → *ninakho
6. ninakho
*-o → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → *ninakh
7. ninakh
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → OIr. ninach
√ningɑɦ-
[CHD LN:443f.]
PIE *ningɑɦ-
Hitt. ning-
(vb1A.) ‘sich satt trinken, sich betrinken’
(HHand. 113)
(Hitt. ni-ik, ni-ik-zi, ni-in-kán-zi)
1. PIE *ningɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ningɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ningɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. ning-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ningɑɦo-
Hitt. ninga-
(d.) GhR. 295, K. K. Riemschneider (StBoT. 9:44 n. 43)
(OHP. 1:340)
(Hitt. ni-in-ga-aš, nin-ga-aš [sgN], ŠUR-za)
1. PIE *ningɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ningɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ningɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ningɦa-
(XX:XX)
3. ningɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. ninga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ningɑɦont-
Hitt. ningant-
(pt.) ‘XX’ (Oettinger 1979a:143 ‹ HIL. 702)
(HIL. 701)
(Hitt. ni-in-kán-t-)
1. PIE *ningɑɦont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ningɦont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ningɦont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ningɦant-
(XX:XX)
3. ningɦant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. ningant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ningɑɦonu-
Hitt. ninganu-
(cs.) ‘make drink to satisfaction, drench’
(HIL. 701)
(Hitt. ni-in-ga-nu-ua-an-zi, [n]i-in-ga-nu-nu-u[n] [1sg])
1. PIE *ningɑɦonu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ningɦonu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ningɦonu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ningɦanu-
(XX:XX)
3. ningɦanu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. ninganu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *espɑhi·ningɑɦodɑɦor-
Hitt. ešpi·ningadar-
(n.) ‘satiation of hunger and thirst’
(HIL. 468)
(Hitt. išpi·ningadar-)
1. PIE *espɑhi·ningɑɦodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *esphi·ningɦodɦor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. esphi·ningɦodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *esphi·ningɦadɦar-
(XX:XX)
3. esphi·ningɦadɦar-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *espi·ningɦadɦar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. espi·ningɦadɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *espi·ningadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. espi·ningadar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. ešpi·ningadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ningɑhi-
PIE *ningɑɦei-
Hitt. ningei-
(vb.) ‘quench one’s thirst, to drink full, get drunk’
(HIL. 701)
(Hitt. ni-in-ki [2sgIpv.], ni-in-ki-iḫ-ḫ[u-ut] [2sg])
1. PIE *ningɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ningɦei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ningɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. ningei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ningɑɦeisor-
Hitt. ningeišar-
(n.) ‘XX’
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *ningɑɦeisor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ningɦeisor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ningɦeisor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ningɦeisar-
(XX:XX)
3. ningɦeisar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ningeisar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ningeisar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. ningeišar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ninbɑɦ-
(IEW 316 [diff.])
PIE *ninbɑɦo
OIr. nimb-
(sb.) ‘cloud, a drop’
(DIL 478)
(LEIA N:17)
1. PIE *ninbɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ninbɦo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ninbɦo
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspbh → *ninbo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ninbo
*nb → mb
Change of *n into m before b
RAssimNB2MB → *nimbo
4. nimbo
*-o → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → OIr. nimb
PIE *ninbɑɦo-
Lat. nimbo-
(m.) ‘Sturz-, Sturmregen, Regenwolke’
(WH 2:168)
(cf. Lat. membra for preservation of *e in Cemb-)
1. PIE *ninbɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ninbɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ninbɦo-
*bɦ → f
Affricativization of labial *bɦ
RAffricatBH2f → *ninfo-
3. ninfo-
*nf → mf
Labialization of *n before f
RAssimNF2MF → *nimfo-
4. nimfo-
*ɦ → h
Change of *f into b
RChangeF2B → Lat. nimbo-


PIE √neki-, √noki- (a.) ‘wichtig, wert, lieb (cf. Hitt. dašu-)’ (sb.) ‘Ehre, Bedeutung, Kraft, Gott’ (cf. Gr. theos)
(IEW –)
(van Windekens + Pyysalo)
√nokii-
(HEG X:XX)
(CHD LN:364f., HEG N:XX)
PIE *noki̯i-
Hitt. naki-
(n.) ‘Ehre, Bedeutung, Kraft’
(HHand. 110)
(Hitt. na-ak-ki [NA], na-ak-ki-it [sgI])
1. PIE *noki̯i-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *noḱi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. noḱi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *naḱi-
(XX:XX)
3. naḱi-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → Hitt. naki-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
PIE *noki̯i-
Hitt. naki-
(vb.) ‘to be honoured/important/difficult/obstacle’
(HIL. 686)
(Hitt. na-ak-ke-ez-zi, HIL. 685-6)
1. PIE *noki̯i-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *noḱi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. noḱi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *naḱi-
(XX:XX)
3. naḱi-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → Hitt. naki-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
PIE *noki̯i-
Hitt. naki-
(a.) ‘wichtig, schwerwiegend, wert, lieb’
(HHand. 110)
(Hitt. na-ak-ki-iš, DUGUD, na-ak-ki-ia)
1. PIE *noki̯i-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *noḱi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. noḱi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *naḱi-
(XX:XX)
3. naḱi-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → Hitt. naki-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
PIE *nokii̯on-
Hitt. naki̯an-
(n.) ‘Schwere, Wichtigkeit, Ansehen’
(HIL. 685)
(Hitt. na-ak-ki-ia-an-ni
1. PIE *nokii̯on-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *noḱi̯on-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. noḱi̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *naḱi̯an-
(XX:XX)
3. naḱi̯an-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → Hitt. naki̯an-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
√nekit-
(v. Windekens)
(apud GEW 2:301)
PIE *nekito-
TochB. ñäkta-
(.) ‘= Skt. deva-’
(DTochB. 263)
(TochB. ñäktetsä = Skt. devānām)
1. PIE *nekito-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *neḱto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. neḱto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *neḱta-
(XX:XX)
3. neḱta-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
RChangee2Ya → *ni̯aḱta-
4. ni̯aḱta-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *ni̯akta-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. ni̯akta-
*ni̯ → ñ
Palatalization of *n before i̯
RPalatNY → TochB. ñakta-
PIE *nekito
TochA. ñkät-
(m.) ‘Deus’ (f.) ‘Dea’
(Poucha 113)
(TochA. ñkät)
1. PIE *nekito
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *neḱto
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. neḱto
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *neḱta
(XX:XX)
3. neḱta
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
RChangee2Ya → *ni̯aḱta
4. ni̯aḱta
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *ni̯akta
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. ni̯akta
*ni̯ → ñ
Palatalization of *n before i̯
RPalatNY → *ñakta
6. ñakta
*a → Ø
Metathesis of kta- into kät-
RChangekta2kAt → TochA. ñakät
PIE *Π·nekito
TochA. ma·ñkät-
(f.) ‘Dea Luna’
(Poucha 113)
1. PIE *Π·nekito
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *Π·neḱto
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. Π·neḱto
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·neḱta
(XX:XX)
3. Π·neḱta
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
RChangee2Ya → *Π·ni̯aḱta
4. Π·ni̯aḱta
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *Π·ni̯akta
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. Π·ni̯akta
*ni̯ → ñ
Palatalization of *n before i̯
RPalatNY → *Π·ñakta
6. Π·ñakta
*a → Ø
Metathesis of kta- into kät-
RChangekta2kAt → TochA. Π·ñakät
PIE *nékit.hɑer-
Gr. νέκτ.αρ-
(n.) ‘Göttertränk’
(GEW 2:300)
(Gr. νέκταρ, νέκταρος)
1. PIE *nékit.hɑer-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *nékit.hɑar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. nékit.hɑar-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *nékit.har-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. nékit.har-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *néḱt.har-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. néḱt.har-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *néḱt.ar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. néḱt.ar-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *nékt.ar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. nékt.ar-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. νέκτ.αρ-
PIE *nekit.hɑérei̯o-
Gr. νεκτ.άρεο-
(a.) ‘aus N., wie N. duftend’
(GEW 2:300)
(Gr. νεκτάρεος)
1. PIE *nekit.hɑérei̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *nekit.hɑárei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. nekit.hɑárei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *nekit.hárei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. nekit.hárei̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *neḱt.hárei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. neḱt.hárei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *neḱt.árei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. neḱt.árei̯o-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *nekt.árei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. nekt.árei̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *nekt.áreo-
7. nekt.áreo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. νεκτ.άρεο-
PIE *nekit.hɑérii̯o-
Gr. νεκτ.άριο-
(n.) ‘Pflanzenname, ἑλέενιον’
(GEW 2:300-1)
(Gr. νεκτάριον)
1. PIE *nekit.hɑérii̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *nekit.hɑárii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. nekit.hɑárii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *nekit.hárii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. nekit.hárii̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *neḱt.hárii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. neḱt.hárii̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *neḱt.árii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. neḱt.árii̯o-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *nekt.árii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. nekt.árii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *nekt.ário-
7. nekt.ário-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. νεκτ.άριο-


PIE √nki- √noki- √neki- (sb.) ‘Untergang’
(IEW 762)
(LIV2:451-2
√neki-
PIE *neki-
Lat. nec-
(f.) ‘gewaltsame Tod, Mord’
(WH 2:153-5)
(Lat. nex, necis)
1. PIE *neki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *neḱ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. neḱ-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *nek-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. nek-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → Lat. nec-
PIE *néki-
Gr. νέκ-
(m.) ‘corpse’
(GEW 2:299-300)
(Hes. νέκες · νεκροί [plN])
1. PIE *néki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *néḱ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. néḱ-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *nék-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. nék-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. νέκ-
PIE *neki-
OInd. naś-
(f.) ‘Verderben; Wack. II/2:14’
(KEWA 2:146)
(Gaṇaratnamahodadhi naś-)
1. PIE *neki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *neć-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. neć-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to OIA
RSatem2OIA1 → *neś-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. neś-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → OInd. naś-
PIE *Π·neki-
OInd. jīva·naś-
(a.) ‘(Opfer) wobei lebende Wesen getötet werden’
(KEWA 2:146)
(Pāṇ. jīva·naś-)
1. PIE *Π·neki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *Π·neć-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. Π·neć-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to OIA
RSatem2OIA1 → *Π·neś-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. Π·neś-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → OInd. Π·naś-
PIE *neki·Σ-
Gr. νεκ·άδ-
(f.) ‘Leichen-haufe; vgl. δεκάδ-, νιφάδ-’
(GEW 2:300)
1. PIE *neki·Σ-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *neḱ·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. neḱ·Σ-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *nek·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. nek·Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. νεκ·Σ-
PIE *Π·neki-
OInd. vi (...) naś-
(vb.) ‘verlorengehen’
(EWA 2:29)
(Ved. vyanaśat [conj3sg])
1. PIE *Π·neki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *Π·neć-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. Π·neć-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to OIA
RSatem2OIA1 → *Π·neś-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. Π·neś-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → OInd. Π·naś-
√noki-
PIE *nenōki-
RV. nanāś-
(pf.) ‘verschwinden, sich davon machen’
(WbRV. 717-8)
(RV. nanāśa [3sg])
1. PIE *nenōki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *nenōć-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. nenōć-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *nenāć-
3. nenāć-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to OIA
RSatem2OIA1 → *nenāś-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. nenāś-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → RV. nanāś-
PIE *Π·nenōki-
gAv. vi·nǝnās-
(pf.) ‘dem Untergang verfallen sein’
(AIWb. 1055-6)
(gAv. vi.nǝnāsā [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·nenōki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *Π·nenōć-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. Π·nenōć-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *Π·nenāć-
3. Π·nenāć-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to Avestan
RSatem2Av1 → *Π·nenās-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. Π·nenās-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → gAv. Π·nanās-
PIE *nṓki.hɑer-
Gr. νώκ·αρ-
(n.) ‘Totenschlaf’
(GEW 2:299-300)
(Gr. νῶκαρ, νῶκαρος)
1. PIE *nṓki.hɑer-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *nṓki.hɑar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. nṓki.hɑar-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *nṓki.har-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. nṓki.har-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *nṓḱ.har-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. nṓḱ.har-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *nṓḱ.ar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. nṓḱ.ar-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *nṓk.ar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. nṓk.ar-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. νώκ.αρ-
√nokii- √nekii-
Pyysalo (2013:123)
PIE *noki̯iu-
Hitt. nakiu-
(dc.) ‘Art Unterweltsgottheit’
(HEG 2:261-2)
1. PIE *noki̯iu-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *noḱiu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. noḱiu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *naḱiu-
(XX:XX)
3. naḱiu-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → Hitt. nakiu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
PIE *noki̯eiuo-
Lat. nocīuo-
(a.) ‘schädlich’
(WH 2:153)
1. PIE *noki̯eiuo-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *noḱeiuo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. noḱeiuo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *nokeiuo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. nokeiuo-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → *nokīuo-
4. nokīuo-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → Lat. nocīuo-
PIE *Π·neki̯eiuo-
Lat. inter·necīuo-
(a.) ‘mörderisch, tödlich’
(WH 2:153)
1. PIE *Π·neki̯eiuo-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *Π·neḱeiuo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. Π·neḱeiuo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *Π·nekeiuo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. Π·nekeiuo-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → *Π·nekīuo-
4. Π·nekīuo-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → Lat. Π·necīuo-


PIE √negiɑɦ- √nogiɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Heimat’ (vb.) ‘heimkehren, gerettet werden, genesen’
(IEW 776-7)
(Pyysalo)
√nogiɑɦo-
PIE *po·nogi̯ɑɦo-
Pal. pa·naga-
(vb.) ‘zurück·kommen(d) (?)’
(HHand. 118)
(Pal. pa-na-a-ga-an-zi [3pl.] or [pt.?], see BPal. 7, DPal. 66)
1. PIE *po·nogi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *po·nogi̯ɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. po·nogi̯ɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *po·noǵɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. po·noǵɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *pa·naǵɦa-
(XX:XX)
4. pa·naǵɦa-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *pa·nagɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. pa·nagɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Pal. pa·naga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *po·nogi̯ɑɦo-
Kpd. pa·naga-
(Ic.) ‘‹zurück·kommend i.e. Nestor (?)›’
(NOMS. 926)
(Kpd. pá-na-ga)
1. PIE *po·nogi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *po·nogi̯ɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. po·nogi̯ɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *po·noǵɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. po·noǵɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *pa·naǵɦa-
(XX:XX)
4. pa·naǵɦa-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *pa·nagɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. pa·nagɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Kpd. pa·naga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√nogiɑhiɑh-
PIE *gɑɦo·nogi̯ɑɦiɑ́h-
OCS. go·nozi-
(vb.) ‘retten’
(Sadnik √239)
(REW 1:292)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·nogi̯ɑɦiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1b → *gɑɦo·nogi̯ɑɦiíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. gɑɦo·nogi̯ɑɦiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦo·nogi̯ɦiíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦo·nogi̯ɦiíh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *gɦo·noj́ɦiíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. gɦo·noj́ɦiíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦa·naj́ɦiíh-
5. gɦa·naj́ɦiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦa·naj́ɦií-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. gɦa·naj́ɦií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → *gɦa·naj́ɦī́-
7. gɦa·naj́ɦī́-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Slavic
RSatem2Slav3 → *gɦa·nazɦī́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
8. gɦa·nazɦī́-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *ga·nazɦī́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
9. ga·nazɦī́-
*zɦ → z
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspzh → *ga·nazī́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
10. ga·nazī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *go·nozī́-
11. go·nozī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
ROrthogrI2i2 → OCS. go·nozi-
PIE *gɑɦo·nōgi̯ɑɦi̯ēɑh-
OCS. go·naža-
(vb.) ‘erlösen, befreien’
(Sadnik √239)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·nōgi̯ɑɦi̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *gɑɦo·nōgi̯ɑɦi̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. gɑɦo·nōgi̯ɑɦi̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦo·nōgi̯ɦi̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gɦo·nōgi̯ɦi̯āh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *gɦo·nōj́ɦi̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. gɦo·nōj́ɦi̯āh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦa·nōj́ɦi̯āh-
5. gɦa·nōj́ɦi̯āh-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *gɦa·nāj́ɦi̯āh-
6. gɦa·nāj́ɦi̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦa·nāj́ɦi̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. gɦa·nāj́ɦi̯ā-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Slavic
RSatem2Slav3 → *gɦa·nāzɦi̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
8. gɦa·nāzɦi̯ā-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *ga·nāzɦi̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
9. ga·nāzɦi̯ā-
*zɦ → z
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspzh → *ga·nāzi̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
10. ga·nāzi̯ā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *go·nāzi̯ā-
11. go·nāzi̯ā-
* zi̯ → ž
Change of zi̯ into ž
RChangeZJtoZH → *go·nāžā-
12. go·nāžā-
*ā → a
Orthographic change of *ā into a
ROrthogrA2a1 → OCS. go·naža-
√negiɑh-
PIE *gɑɦo·negi̯ɑɦnun
OCS. go·neznǫ-
(vb.) ‘genesen, entgehen, sich retten, verborgen sein’
(Sadnik √239)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·negi̯ɑɦnun
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦo·negi̯ɦnun
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦo·negi̯ɦnun
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *gɦo·nej́ɦnun
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. gɦo·nej́ɦnun
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦa·nej́ɦnun
4. gɦa·nej́ɦnun
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Slavic
RSatem2Slav3 → *gɦa·nezɦnun
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. gɦa·nezɦnun
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *ga·nezɦnun
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. ga·nezɦnun
*zɦ → z
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspzh → *ga·neznun
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. ga·neznun
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *go·neznun
8. go·neznun
*-un → -ǫ
Emergence of nasal vowel ǫ
RNasalizUN2O → OCS. go·neznǫ


PIE √nku- √noku-, √neku- ‘Schaden, Beschädigung, Verlust, Schuld, Sündenbock’ (vb.) ‘zu Grunde gehen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√noku-
PIE *noku-
Hitt. naku-
(c.) ‘Substitut, Stellvertreter, ritueller Sündenbock’
(HEG 2:262-4)
(HIL. 686-, CHD L-N:374f.)
1. PIE *noku-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. naku-
(XX:XX)
√no/ekus-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *nokus-
Hitt. nakuš-
(n.) ‘Verlust, Schaden, Beschädigung, Schuld’
(HEG 2:262-4)
(Hitt. na-ak-ku-uš)
1. PIE *nokus-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *nakus-
(XX:XX)
2. nakus-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. nakuš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *nekuso-
Lat. nexo-
(n.) ‘Schuldhörigkeit’
(WH 2:155)
(Lat. nexum)
1. PIE *nekuso-
* ku/u̯ → q
Emergence of labiovelar q
RLabiovelarizationq → *neqso-
2. neqso-
*qs → ks
Delabialization of *q before s
RDelabialQS2KS → *nekso-
3. nekso-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → *necso-
4. necso-
*cs → x
Orthographic change of cs into x
ROrthogrCS2X → Lat. nexo-
PIE *nekuso-
Lat. nexo-
(m.) ‘der in Schuldhaft Befindliche’
(WH 2:155)
(Lat. nexus)
1. PIE *nekuso-
* ku/u̯ → q
Emergence of labiovelar q
RLabiovelarizationq → *neqso-
2. neqso-
*qs → ks
Delabialization of *q before s
RDelabialQS2KS → *nekso-
3. nekso-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → *necso-
4. necso-
*cs → x
Orthographic change of cs into x
ROrthogrCS2X → Lat. nexo-
PIE *nokusohɑid-
CLu. nakušaḫid-
(n.) ‘Funktion der Sündenträgers’
(DLL XX)
1. PIE *nokusohɑid-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *nokusohid-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. nokusohid-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *nakusahid-
(XX:XX)
3. nakusahid-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → *nakusaḫid-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. nakusaḫid-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. nakušaḫid-
PIE *nokusi-
CLu. nakuši-
(c.) ‘Substitut, Stellvertreter, Sündenbock’
(HEG X:X)
1. PIE *nokusi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *nakusi-
(XX:XX)
2. nakusi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. nakuši-
PIE *nokusei̯o-
Hitt. nakušei̯a-
(vb.) ‘Schuld übernehmen (?)’
(HEG. 2:266)
1. PIE *nokusei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *nakusei̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. nakusei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. nakušei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *nekusou-
Lat. nexū-
(m.) ‘Verschlingung, Schuldhörigkeit’
(WH 2:155)
1. PIE *nekusou-
* ku/u̯ → q
Emergence of labiovelar q
RLabiovelarizationq → *neqsou-
2. neqsou-
*qs → ks
Delabialization of *q before s
RDelabialQS2KS → *neksou-
3. neksou-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *neksū-
4. neksū-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → *necsū-
5. necsū-
*cs → x
Orthographic change of cs into x
ROrthogrCS2X → Lat. nexū-
√nokus-
PIE *Π·nēkusto-
LAv. a·nāxšta-
(a.) ‘der nicht zu Grunde geht’
(AIWb. 122-3)
(LAv. mąϑrō spǝntō anāxštō anādruxtō)
1. PIE *Π·nēkusto-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *Π·nēkušto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
2. Π·nēkušto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·nēkušta-
3. Π·nēkušta-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *Π·nēkšta-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. Π·nēkšta-
PIE *ē → ā
Aryan change of *ē into ā
RAryanE2A3 → *Π·nākšta-
5. Π·nākšta-
PIE *kš → xš
Change of *k into x before *š
R33c → LAv. Π·nāxšta-


PIE √nbɑh- √nobɑɦ- √nebɑɦ- (vb.) ‘zerspalten’ (sb.) ‘Axt’
(IEW 758, LIV2:448)
√nebɑɦ-
(EWA 2:12-13, KEWA 2:133-4)
PIE *nébɑɦ-
RV. nábh-
(f.) ‘Zerspalter, Zerbrecher; Sāy: hiṅsā’
(WbRV. 708)
1. PIE *nébɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *nébɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. nébɦ-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *nábɦ-
3. nábɦ-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. nábh-
PIE *nébɑɦo-
RV. nábha-
(pr.) ‘bersten, zerspringen, enzweigehen’
(WbRV. 708)
1. PIE *nébɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *nébɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. nébɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *nébɦa-
3. nébɦa-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *nábɦa-
4. nábɦa-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. nábha-
√nobɑɦ-
PIE *nobɑɦ·Σ-
Hitt. nab·[...
(NA4.) ‘‹Hitt. na-ap[... = HLu. napari- (?)›’
(HEG 2::275)
(Hitt. [2 MÁ.URU.U]RU5 Ga-aš-ga ŠÀ.BA 99 GIG.GAG.TAG 2 a-šu-ša-aš KÙ.BABBAR 1 NA4na-ap[...])
1. PIE *nobɑɦ·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *nobɦ·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. nobɦ·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *nabɦ·Σ-
(XX:XX)
3. nabɦ·Σ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. nab·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *nobɑɦori-
HLu. nabari-
(sb.) ‘axe’
(CHLu. 2.6.3)
(HLu. ASCIA(-)na-pa-[ri]+i)
1. PIE *nobɑɦori-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *nobɦori-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. nobɦori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *nabɦari-
(XX:XX)
3. nabɦari-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → HLu. nabari-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√nbɑɦ-
PIE *nombɑɦei̯o-
OInd. nambhaya-
(csA.) ‘bersten lassen’
(LIV2:448)
(OInd. nambhayati)
1. PIE *nombɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *nombɦei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. nombɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *nambɦei̯a-
3. nambɦei̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *nambɦai̯a-
4. nambɦai̯a-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → *nambhai̯a-
5. nambhai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → OInd. nambhaya-


PIE √ns- √ons-, √ens- (vb.) ‘abwischen’ (cf. Hitt. u̯arš- ‘reap, harvest, wipe’) (sb.) ‘Schwert’
(IEW 771)
(+ Pyysalo 2013:305)
√ons-
(HED A:74)
(Oettinger 1979:436-7, HIL. 219-20, HEG I:33)
PIE *ōns-
Hitt. ānš-
(vb.) ‘abwischen’
(HEG 1:33)
(Hitt. a-an-ši [3sg], a-an-aš-ta-at [3sg])
1. PIE *ōns-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *āns-
(XX:XX)
2. āns-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. ānš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ōnsont-
Hitt. ānšant-
(pt.) ‘verwischt, abgewischt, glatt’
(HHand. 17)
(Hitt. a-an-ša-an-t-, an-ša-an-t-)
1. PIE *ōnsont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ōnsant-
(XX:XX)
2. ōnsant-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *ānsant-
(XX:XX)
3. ānsant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. ānšant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ōnso·Σ-
Hitt. ānša·šibi-
(c.) ‘Leichnam’
(HEG 2:33)
(‹suffix unclear !›)
1. PIE *ōnso·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ōnsa·Σ-
(XX:XX)
2. ōnsa·Σ-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *ānsa·Σ-
(XX:XX)
3. ānsa·Σ-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. ānša·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√onsi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ēnsi-
Lat. ēnsi-
(m.) ‘Schwert’
(WH 2:406)
(Lat. ēnsis, ēnsis)
1. PIE *ēnsi-
*ēRC → eRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ēRC
ROsthoffe1 → *ensi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
2. ensi-
*ens → ēns
Lengthening of ens into ēns
RChangeens2Ens → Lat. ēnsi-
PIE *ōnsei̯o-
Hitt. ānšei̯a-
(vb.) ‘abwischen’
(EHS 507)
(Hitt. a-an-ši-an-zi, a-a[n]-ši-ia-an-zi)
1. PIE *ōnsei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ōnsei̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. ōnsei̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *ānsei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. ānsei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. ānšei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ōnsigɑɦe/o-
Hitt. ānšige/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘(ab)wischen’
(HHand. 16)
(Hitt. a-an-ši-ke/a-)
1. PIE *ōnsigɑɦe/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ōnsigɦe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ōnsigɦe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ōnsigɦe/a-
(XX:XX)
3. ōnsigɦe/a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *ānsigɦe/a-
(XX:XX)
4. ānsigɦe/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ānsige/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ānsige/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. ānšige/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ēnsi·Σ-
Lat. ēnsi·culo-
(m.dim.) ‘Schwertlein’
(WH 2:406)
(Lat. ēnsiculus [sgN])
1. PIE *ēnsi·Σ-
*ēRC → eRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ēRC
ROsthoffe1 → *ensi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
2. ensi·Σ-
*ens → ēns
Lengthening of ens into ēns
RChangeens2Ens → Lat. ēnsi·Σ-
PIE *ōnsi·ski̯e/o-
Hitt. ānši·ške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘(ab)wischen’
(HHand. 16)
1. PIE *ōnsi·ski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *ōnsi·sḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. ōnsi·sḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ōnsi·sḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
3. ōnsi·sḱe/a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *ānsi·sḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
4. ānsi·sḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *ānsi·ske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. ānsi·ske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. ānši·ške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√onski-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ōnski̯e/o-
OInd. āñcha-
(vbA.) ‘zurechtzerren’
(AIGr. 1:15)
(OInd. āñchati [3sg])
1. PIE *ōnski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *ōnsće/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. ōnsće/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ōnsće/a-
3. ōnsće/a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *ānsće/a-
4. ānsće/a-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to OIA
RSatem2OIA1 → *ānsśe/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. ānsśe/a-
*sś → ch
Change of sś to ch
RSk-ruleOIA → *ānche/a-
6. ānche/a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *āncha/a-
7. āncha/a-
*nch → ñch
Palatalization of nasal
RNasPalCH → OInd. āñcha/a-
PIE *ōnski̯e/o-
Hitt. ānške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘(ab)wischen’
(HHand. 16)
(Hitt. a-an-aš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *ōnski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *ōnsḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. ōnsḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ōnsḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
3. ōnsḱe/a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *ānsḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
4. ānsḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *ānske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. ānske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. ānške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √ns- √nes- √nos- (sb.) ‘URU neša- = Heimat’ (vb.) ‘heimkehren, gerettet werden, genesen, usw.’
(IEW 766-7)
(+Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√nes-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gɑɦo·nes-
Hitt. ga·neš-
(URU.) ‘= URU neša- .i. Heimat : Homeland’
(OGH. 169-70)
(Hitt. ka-ni-eš, ka-ni-iš [Stf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦo·nes-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦo·nes-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦo·nes-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦa·nes-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦa·nes-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ga·nes-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ga·nes-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. ga·neš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *néso-
Gr. νέο-
(prM.) ‘(glücklich) gelangen, zurück-, heimkehren’
(GEW 2:304f.)
(Gr. νέο-)
1. PIE *néso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *ného-
2. ného-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *néo-
3. néo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. νέο-
PIE *neso-
Hitt. neša-
(URU.) ‘=URU Ka-ni-eš, OGHErg. 62-3’
(HEG 2:315-9)
(Hitt. ne-ša-)
1. PIE *neso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *nesa-
(XX:XX)
2. nesa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. neša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦo·neso-
Goth. ga·nisa-
(vb.) ‘gerettet werden, genesen’
(GoEtD. 146)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·neso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦo·neso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦo·neso-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *go·neso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. go·neso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *ga·nesa-
(XX:XX)
4. ga·nesa-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
RChangee2i → Goth. ga·nisa-
PIE *nesili-
Hitt. nešili
(URUadv.) ‘hethitisch’
(HEG 2:318)
(Hitt. ni-ši-li)
1. PIE *nesili-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. nešili-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦo·nesti-
Goth. ga·nist-
(f.) ‘Genesung, Heil’ (: σωτηρία)
(GoEtD. 146)
(Goth. ganists)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·nesti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦo·nesti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦo·nesti-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *go·nesti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. go·nesti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *ga·nesti-
(XX:XX)
4. ga·nesti-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
RChangee2i → Goth. ga·nisti-
PIE *néstōr
Gr. νέστωρ-
(Im.) “der (glücklich wohin) gelangt”
(GEW 2:305)
1. PIE *néstōr
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. νέστωρ
√nos-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gɑɦo·nosi̯o-
Goth. ga·nasja-
(vb.) ‘ἰᾶσθαι, σῶσαι, διασώσειν’
(GoEtD. 263)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·nosi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦo·nosi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦo·nosi̯o-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *go·nosi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. go·nosi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *ga·nasi̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. ga·nasi̯a-
*i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
ROrthogrY2j → Goth. ga·nasja-
PIE *nosili
Hitt. našili
(adv.) ‘hethitisch’
(HEG 2:318)
(Hitt. na-a-ši-li
1. PIE *nosili
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *nasili
(XX:XX)
2. nasili
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. našili
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *nósto-
Gr. νόστο-
(m.) ‘Rück-, Heimkehr, Fahrt, Ertrag’
(GEW 2:305)
1. PIE *nósto-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. νόστο-
√ns-
PIE *nínsso-
Gr. νί̄σο-
(pr.) ‘fahren, gehen, kommen’
(GEW 1:304-5)
(Gr. νίσομαι, νίσσομαι, Gr. ī)
1. PIE *nínsso-
*ínss → ī́ss
Loss of nasal with lengthening
RChangeinss2Iss → *nī́sso-
2. nī́sso-
*ss → s
Degemination of *ss
RDegeminss2s → *nī́so-
3. nī́so-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. νί̄σο-
PIE *nínsseɑh-
Gr. νί̄σα-
(ao.) ‘fahren, gehen, kommen’
(GEW 1:304-5)
(Gr. νίσασθαι, νίσσασθαι)
1. PIE *nínsseɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *nínssaɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. nínssaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *nínssah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. nínssah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *nínssa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. nínssa-
*ínss → ī́ss
Loss of nasal with lengthening
RChangeinss2Iss → *nī́ssa-
5. nī́ssa-
*ss → s
Degemination of *ss
RDegeminss2s → *nī́sa-
6. nī́sa-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. νί̄σα-


PIE √po-, √pe-, √p- (vb.) ‘gehen, fliegen, eilen’ (sb.) ‘Fuß, Flügel’ (prep.adv.) ‘vor(ne)’
(IEW: see below)
(Pyysalo)
√po-, √pe-
(Pyysalo 2013:47)
(IEW –)
PIE *po-
HLu. pa-
(vb.) ‘go’
(CHLu. 11.1.e24)
(HLu. (“PES2”)pa-tu)
1. PIE *po-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → HLu. pa-
(XX:XX)
PIE *po-
Hitt. pa-
(vb.) ‘go, pass, flow’
(CHD P:18f.)
(Hitt. pa-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *po-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. pa-
(XX:XX)
PIE *trí·po-
Gr. τρί·πο-
(m.) ‘tripod’
(LSJ 1821)
(Gr. τρίπος, τρίπον, τρίπου)
1. PIE *trí·po-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. τρί·πο-
PIE *ɦɑoidí·po-
Gr. οἰδί·πο-
(Im.) ‘Oidipus’
(GEW X:XX)
(Gr. οἰδίπος [N], οἰδίπου [G])
1. PIE *ɦɑoidí·po-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦoidí·po-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦoidí·po-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *oidí·po-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. oidí·po-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὀιδί·πο-
PIE *hɑei̯eró·po-
Gr. ἀερό·πο-
(a.) ‘κοχλίας; aereis pedibus praeditus’
(GEW 1:259)
1. PIE *hɑei̯eró·po-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑai̯eró·po-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑai̯eró·po-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hai̯eró·po-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hai̯eró·po-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ai̯eró·po-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ai̯eró·po-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *aeró·po-
5. aeró·po-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀερό·πο-
PIE *hɑepo·pé-
Gr. ἀπο·πέ-
(ao.?) Hes. ἀποπεῖν · ἀπελθεῖν
(LSJ. 212)
1. PIE *hɑepo·pé-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑapo·pé-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapo·pé-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hapo·pé-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hapo·pé-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *apo·pé-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. apo·pé-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀπο·πέ-
√poi-, √pei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 36,47)
PIE *poi-
Hitt. pai-
(vb1.) ‘gehen, fließen, fliegen’
(CHD P:19f.)
(Hitt. paizi, HIL. 712)
1. PIE *poi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. pai-
(XX:XX)
PIE *pōi-
TochA. pe-
(m.) ‘pes’
(Poucha 186)
(TochA. pe [sgN])
1. PIE *pōi-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *pāi-
(XX:XX)
2. pāi-
*āiC → aiC
Osthoff’s Law for āiC
ROsthoffTochAi → *pai-
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
3. pai-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RMonophthai2E1 → *pē-
4. pē-
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthE2e1 → TochA. pe-
PIE *pōi
TochA. pai-
(PN?) ‘Nomen proprium personae’
(Poucha 188)
‹from *pa:yi- (?), cf. Oind. Pa:yika- ‘footman, footsoldier’)
1. PIE *pōi
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *pāi
(XX:XX)
2. pāi
*āiC → aiC
Osthoff’s Law for āiC
ROsthoffTochAi → *pai
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
3. pai
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RMonophthai2E1 → *pē
4. pē
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthE2e1 → TochA. pe
PIE *pei̯o-
OInd. paya-
(vbM.) ‘to go, move’
(MonWil. 585)
(Dhātup. payate [3sg])
1. PIE *pei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *pei̯a-
2. pei̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *pai̯a-
3. pai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → OInd. paya-
√pi-
PIE *pi-
Hitt. pi
(adv.) ‘vor, vorne’
(HEG 2:170)
(Hitt. pí, EHS 67)
PIE *ɦɑergii·pì-
Arm. arci·v-
(sb.) ‘Adler : eagle’
(EtDiArm. 139)
1. PIE *ɦɑergii·pì-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑargii·pì-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑargii·pì-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦargii·pì-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦargii·pì-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *ɦarj́i·pì-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. ɦarj́i·pì-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *arj́i·pì-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. arj́i·pì-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to Armenian
RSatem2Arm3 → *arji·pì-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. arji·pì-
*j → c
Loss of voice of media *j
RDevoicej → *arci·pì-
7. arci·pì-
ipì -> ivì
Affricativization of p between i _ i
RChangeipI2ivi → *arci·vì-
8. arci·vì-
*i → Ø
Loss of unaccented *i
R22b → Arm. arci·v-
PIE *ɦɑergiì·pi-
Arm. arc·ui-
(sb.) ‘Adler : eagle’
(EtDiArm. 139)
1. PIE *ɦɑergiì·pi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑargiì·pi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑargiì·pi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦargiì·pi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦargiì·pi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *ɦarj́ì·pi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. ɦarj́ì·pi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *arj́ì·pi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. arj́ì·pi-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to Armenian
RSatem2Arm3 → *arjì·pi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. arjì·pi-
*j → c
Loss of voice of media *j
RDevoicej → *arcì·pi-
7. arcì·pi-
ìpi -> ìui
Affricativization of p between ì _ i
RChangeIpi2ivi → *arcì·ui-
8. arcì·ui-
*i → Ø
Loss of unaccented *i
R22b → Arm. arc·ui-
PIE *ɦɑrgii·pi̯o-
OInd. r̥ji·pya-
(a.) ‘BW von śyená- Adler, Falke.’
(Beitr. 2:827)
(PIE *arǵ- ‘Adler’, IEW. 854-5, Brugmann Grundr2 1:462)
1. PIE *ɦɑrgii·pi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦrgii·pi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦrgii·pi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *ɦrj́i·pi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ɦrj́i·pi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦrj́i·pi̯a-
4. ɦrj́i·pi̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *rj́i·pi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. rj́i·pi̯a-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to OIA
RSatem2OIA4 → *rji·pi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. rji·pi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → OInd. rji·pya-
PIE *ɦɑrgii·pi̯o-
LAv. ǝrǝzi·fya-
(m.) ‘Adler’
(AIWb. 354)
1. PIE *ɦɑrgii·pi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦrgii·pi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦrgii·pi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *ɦrj́i·pi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ɦrj́i·pi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦrj́i·pi̯a-
4. ɦrj́i·pi̯a-
PIE *r → r̥
Emergence of secondary *r̥ from *r
R18 → *ɦr̥j́i·pi̯a-
5. ɦr̥j́i·pi̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *r̥j́i·pi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. r̥j́i·pi̯a-
*r̥ → ǝr
Change of *r̥ into ǝr
R19a → *ǝrj́i·pi̯a-
7. ǝrj́i·pi̯a-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
R19b → *ǝrǝj́i·pi̯a-
8. ǝrǝj́i·pi̯a-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Avestan
RSatem2Av3 → *ǝrǝzi·pi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
9. ǝrǝzi·pi̯a-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
R33a → *ǝrǝzi·fi̯a-
10. ǝrǝzi·fi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → LAv. ǝrǝzi·fya-
PIE *pi̯on
Hitt. pi̯an
(adv.) ‘vor, vorne’
(HEG 2:170)
(Hitt. pí-an, EHS 67)
1. PIE *pi̯on
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. pi̯an
(XX:XX)
√pim-
(IEW 795)
PIE *pimo-
OIcl. fim-
(a.) ‘behende, gewandt’
(ANEtWb. 120)
(OIcl. fimr [sgN])
1. PIE *pimo-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → *fimo-
2. fimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → OIcl. fima-
(XX:XX)
PIE *peimi-
OIr. ēm-
(a.) ‘rasch, flink’
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *peimi-
*p → h
Change of *p into h
RChangep2h → *heimi-
2. heimi-
*h → Ø
Loss of h
RLossofh → *eimi-
3. eimi-
*ei → ē
Monophthongization of *ei into ē
RMonophthei2E → *ēmi-
4. ēmi-
*ēmi → ēimi
Epenthesis of i
REpenthEmi → OIr. ēimi-
PIE *pimo-
OIcl. fima-
(vb.) ‘sich eilen’
(ANEtWb. 120)
OIcl. fimast [inf.])
1. PIE *pimo-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → *fimo-
2. fimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → OIcl. fima-
(XX:XX)
PIE *pimo-
TochA. pim-
(PN.m.) ‘cf. above’
(Poucha 180)
1. PIE *pimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → TochA. pima-
(XX:XX)
PIE *Π·pimiɑh-
OIcl. orð·fimi-
(f.) ‘Gewandheit in Worten’
(ANEtWb. 120)
1. PIE *Π·pimiɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·pimih-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·pimih-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·pimi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. Π·pimi-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → OIcl. Π·fimi-
PIE *peimi-
OIr. ēim-
(a.) ‘rasch, flink’
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *peimi-
*p → h
Change of *p into h
RChangep2h → *heimi-
2. heimi-
*h → Ø
Loss of h
RLossofh → *eimi-
3. eimi-
*ei → ē
Monophthongization of *ei into ē
RMonophthei2E → *ēmi-
4. ēmi-
*ēmi → ēimi
Epenthesis of i
REpenthEmi → OIr. ēimi-
√pir
PIE *piron
Hitt. piran
(adv.) ‘vor, vorne’
(HEG 2:170)
(Hitt. pí-ra-an, EHS 67)
1. PIE *piron
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. piran
(XX:XX)
√pis-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *poiskie/o-
Hitt. paiške/a-
(vb1M.iter.) ‘gehen’
(HIL. 712)
(Hitt. pa-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *poiskie/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *poisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. poisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *paisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
3. paisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *paiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. paiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. paiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *pisnḗɑh-
Lith. pisnó-
(vb.) ‘mit schüttelnder Bewegung laufen’
(LiEtWb. 599)
1. PIE *pisnḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *pisnā́ɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. pisnā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pisnā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pisnā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pisnā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. pisnā́-
*ā́ → ṓ
Change of ā́ into ṓ
RChangeA202 → *pisnṓ-
5. pisnṓ-
ṓ → ó
Orthographic change of ṓ into ó
R27b → Lith. pisnó-
PIE *píst
Lith. pìst
(intj.) (bez. ein schüttelndes Laufen)
(LiEtWb. 599)
1. PIE *píst
í → ì
Emergence of gravis Li. ì
RAcc2 → Lith. pìst
√pit-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *poit-
RV. pet-
(pf.) ‘fliegen’
(WbRV. 762)
(RV. petathus, petátus)
1. PIE *poit-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *pait-
2. pait-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RChangeAI2E1 → *pēt-
3. pēt-
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthOIA4 → RV. pet-
PIE *pítno-
Gr. πίτνο-
(vb.) ‘fallen’
(LSJ. 1409)
(Gr. πίτνω)
1. PIE *pítno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. πίτνο-
PIE *pitnēɑh
Lat. pinnā-
(f.) ‘Flügel, Feder’
(WH 2:306)
1. PIE *pitnēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *pitnāɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. pitnāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pitnāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pitnāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pitnā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. pitnā
*tn → tl
Assimilation of *tn into *nn
RAssimTN → Lat. pinnā
PIE *pítulo-
Gr. πίτυλο-
(m.) ‘Ruderschlag, heftigen Schlag’
(GEW 2:545)
1. PIE *pítulo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. πίτυλο-
PIE *pít·Σ-
Gr. πίτ·υρο-
(n.) ‘Kleieähnlicher Ausschlag, Niederschlag’
(GEW 2:545)
1. PIE *pít·Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. πίτ·Σ-
√piu-
PIE *Π·poiu̯o-
TochB. snai·pewa-
(a.) ‘without feet : dépourvu de pieds’
(DTochB. 399)
(TochB. snaipewaṃ [plA], LeTokh1:373)
1. PIE *Π·poiu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·paiu̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. Π·paiu̯a-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RChangeAI2E1 → *Π·pēu̯a-
3. Π·pēu̯a-
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthOIA4 → *Π·peu̯a-
4. Π·peu̯a-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of u̯ into w
R19 → TochB. Π·pewa-
PIE *Π·poiu̯o-
TochB. wi·pewa-
(a.) ‘two-footed : bipède’
(DTochB. 399)
(TochB. wipewaṃ [plA], LeToch 1:373)
1. PIE *Π·poiu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·paiu̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. Π·paiu̯a-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RChangeAI2E1 → *Π·pēu̯a-
3. Π·pēu̯a-
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthOIA4 → *Π·peu̯a-
4. Π·peu̯a-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of u̯ into w
R19 → TochB. Π·pewa-
√pol-, √pel-, √pl-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *peLo-
OInd. pala-
(vb1.) ‘to go’
(MonWil. 609)
(Dhātup. palati [3sg]
1. PIE *peLo-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RChangelr4 → *pelo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
2. pelo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *pela-
3. pela-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → OInd. pala-
PIE *pélo-
Gr. πέλο-
(prM.) ‘sich regen, sich bewegen’
(GEW 2:500)
(Gr. πέλομαι, Not from *ku̯el- -› Gr. †τελ-!)
1. PIE *pélo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. πέλο-
PIE *pól-
Arm. hol-
(sb.) ‘Kreisel’
(HEG 1:278)
(Arm. hol; Lit. apud Tischler; stem = ?)
1. PIE *pól-
*p- → h-
Change of *p- into h-
RChangep2h → *hól-
2. hól-
*ó → o
Unmarkedness of accent
R23c → Arm. hol-
PIE *póle-
Arm. hole-
(vb.) ‘drehen’
(HEG 1:278)
(Arm. holel [inf.])
1. PIE *póle-
*p- → h-
Change of *p- into h-
RChangep2h → *hóle-
2. hóle-
*ó → o
Unmarkedness of accent
R23c → Arm. hole-
√pols-
(HIL. 719-720)
(CHD P: 69f.)
PIE *pols-
Hitt. palš-
(c.) ‘Weg, Pflad, Feldzug, Gelegenheit, Mal’
(HHand. 117)
(Hitt. pal-ši [L]
1. PIE *pols-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *pals-
(XX:XX)
2. pals-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. palš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *polso-
HLu. palša-
(.) ‘way’ (?)
(CHLu. 2.14.22)
(HAWKINS 2000:112: KARKAMIŠ A2-3: wa-i-sa-’ ku-ma-na-sa-ti-’ pa-la-sa-ti-i)
1. PIE *polso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *palsa-
(XX:XX)
2. palsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. palša-
PIE *polsi-
Hitt. palši-
(c.*) ‘Weg, Pflad, Feldzug’
(HHand. 117)
(Hitt. KASKAL-ši-iš)
1. PIE *polsi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *palsi-
(XX:XX)
2. palsi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. palši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *polsiēɑh-
Hitt. palšiāḫ-
(vb.*) ‘auf den Weg bringen, befördern’
(HHand. 117)
(Hitt. KASKAL-ši-aḫ-mi)
1. PIE *polsiēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *polsiāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. polsiāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *polsiāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. polsiāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *palsiāh-
(XX:XX)
4. palsiāh-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *palšiāh-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. palšiāh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. palšiāḫ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√por-, per-
(IEW. 816-7)
(Pyysalo 2013:47, 83)
PIE *por-
CLu. par-
(vb1.) ‘treiben, jagen’ (?)
(DLL. 77)
(CLu. pár-du [3sg], HIL. 734, CHD P:143f.)
1. PIE *por-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. par-
(XX:XX)
PIE *píper-
RV. pípar-
(pr.) ‘hinüberführen’
(WbRV. 777-8)
(RV. píparti [3sg])
1. PIE *píper-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → RV. pípar-
√poro-
PIE *poro-
CLu. para-
(vb.) ‘chase, hunt : jagen’
(DLL 77)
(CLu. pa-ra-ad-du [3sg])
1. PIE *poro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. para-
(XX:XX)
PIE *Π·poro-
HLu. arḫa para·-
(vb.) ‘hunt’
(CHLu. 7.2.1.fr6)
(HLu. (PES2)*501+RA/I-ha)
1. PIE *Π·poro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → HLu. Π·para-
(XX:XX)
PIE *poro-
HLu. para-
(sb.) ‘foot’
(CHLu. 10.14.9)
(HLu. (“PES”)pa+ra/i-za)
1. PIE *poro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → HLu. para-
(XX:XX)
PIE *Π·poró-
RV. pūrvā·pará-
(a.) ‘nachfolgend’
(WbRV. 846-7)
1. PIE *Π·poró-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·paró-
2. Π·paró-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → RV. Π·pará-
√porɑh-
(CHD P:143f.)
PIE *peréɑhi̯o-
Gr. περάο-
(pr.) ‘durchschreiten, -fahren’
(GEW 2:510)
(Gr. περάω)
1. PIE *peréɑhi̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
Colouring rule for *éɑ
RColouring1d → *peráɑhi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. peráɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *peráhi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. peráhi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *perái̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. perái̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *peráo-
5. peráo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. περάο-
PIE *porɑho-
Hitt. parḫa-
(vb.intr.) ‘eilen, jagen’
(HHand. 121)
(CHD P:143f.)
1. PIE *porɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *porho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. porho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *parha-
(XX:XX)
3. parha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. parḫa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *porɑho-
Hitt. parḫa-
(vb2.) ‘treiben, jagen’
(HHand. 121)
(Hitt. pár-ḫa-i [3sg])
1. PIE *porɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *porho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. porho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *parha-
(XX:XX)
3. parha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. parḫa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *porɑho-
CLu. parḫa-
(vb.) ‘treiben, jagen’
(DLL. 78)
(CLu. pár-ḫa-ad-du [3sg])
1. PIE *porɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *porho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. porho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *parha-
(XX:XX)
3. parha-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. parḫa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
√pors-
(HIL. 740)
PIE *pers-
Umbr. pers-
(m.) ‘Fuß’
(WbOU. 522-3)
(Umbr. persi [sgAb])
PIE *porso-
Hitt. parša-
(vb1.) ‘fliehen’
(CHD P: 179f.)
(Hitt. pár-ša, HHand. 124)
1. PIE *porso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *parsa-
(XX:XX)
2. parsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. parša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *duɑɦ·porso-
Umbr. du·porso-
(a.) ‘Zweifüßler’
(WbOU. 192)
(Umbr. duporsus)
1. PIE *duɑɦ·porso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *duɦ·porso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. duɦ·porso-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → Umbr. du·porso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *porso·nu-
Hitt. parša·nu-
(cs.) ‘make flee, chase away’
(HIL. 740)
(Hitt. pár-ša-nu-ir)
1. PIE *porso·nu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *parsa·nu-
(XX:XX)
2. parsa·nu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. parša·nu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *porso-
Hitt. parša-
(vb1.) ‘fliehen’
(HHand. 124)
(Hitt. pár-ša-[-at-tén])
1. PIE *porso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *parsa-
(XX:XX)
2. parsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. parša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *kuetur·porso-
Umbr. petur·porso-
(a.) ‘Vierfüßler’
(WbOU. XX)
(Umbr. peturporsus)
1. PIE *kuetur·porso-
* ku/u̯ → p
Bilabialization of *ku/u̯ into p
RBilabializationKW → Umbr. petur·porso-
PIE *persóni-
RV. parṣáṇi-
(a.) ‘übersetzend, hinüberfahrend’
(WbRV. 793)
(XX: check n!)
1. PIE *persóni-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiR → *peršóni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
2. peršóni-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *peršáni-
3. peršáni-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *paršáni-
4. paršáni-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → *parṣáni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
5. parṣáni-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
RRetrofl1 → RV. parṣáṇi-
√pordɑɦ-
PIE *pórdɑɦ-
Arm. hord-
(.) ‘begangen, betreten’
(ArmEtD. XX)
(IEW 816)
1. PIE *pórdɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pórdɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. pórdɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *pórd-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. pórd-
*p- → h-
Change of *p- into h-
RChangep2h → *hórd-
4. hórd-
*ó → o
Unmarkedness of accent
R23c → Arm. hord-
PIE *pēpordɑɦti-
OInd. pāparddhi-
(f.) ‘Jagd’
(EWA 3:314)
(Graßmann: *pā-pardh-ti-)
1. PIE *pēpordɑɦti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pēpordɦti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. pēpordɦti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *pēpardɦti-
3. pēpardɦti-
*Dɦt → Ddɦ
Bartholomae’s Law
RBarthII6 → *pēparddɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.5.)
4. pēparddɦi-
PIE *ē → ā
Aryan change of *ē into ā
RAryanE2A3 → *pāparddɦi-
5. pāparddɦi-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. pāparddhi-
PIE *pēpordɑɦtin-
OInd. pāparddhin-
(m.) ‘Jäger’
(EWA 3:314)
1. PIE *pēpordɑɦtin-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pēpordɦtin-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. pēpordɦtin-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *pēpardɦtin-
3. pēpardɦtin-
*Dɦt → Ddɦ
Bartholomae’s Law
RBarthII6 → *pēparddɦin-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.5.)
4. pēparddɦin-
PIE *ē → ā
Aryan change of *ē into ā
RAryanE2A3 → *pāparddɦin-
5. pāparddɦin-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. pāparddhin-
√pos-, √pes-
(Pyysalo)
(HIL. 754f., HHand. 127)
PIE *Π·pes-
Lat. quadru·pes-
(a.n.) ‘vierfüssig’
(OxLatD. 1532)
Lat. quadrupes [n.sg])
PIE *Π·pēso
Alb. për·posh
(adv.) ‘under’
(DTochB. 401)
1. PIE *Π·pēso
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·pēsa
(XX:XX)
2. Π·pēsa
*s → sh
Change of *s into sh
RChangeS2SH → *Π·pēsha
3. Π·pēsha
*a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *Π·pēsh
4. Π·pēsh
*ē → o
Affricativization of *ē into o
RChangeE2o → Alb. Π·posh
(XX:XX)
PIE *pēsso
OIr. īs
(adv.) ‘underneath’
(DTochB. 401)
1. PIE *pēsso
*p → h
Change of *p into h
RChangep2h → *hēsso
2. hēsso
*h → Ø
Loss of h
RLossofh → *ēsso
3. ēsso
*ē → ī
Change of *ē into ī
RChangeE2I → *īsso
4. īsso
*-o → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → OIr. īss
PIE *posu-
Hitt. pašu-
(c.) ‘step, podium, pedestal : Sockel, Stufe’
(CHD P:211)
(Hitt. pa-aš-šu-un, CHD: no det. NA4, not a stone)
1. PIE *posu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *pasu-
(XX:XX)
2. pasu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. pašu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√pou-
(Pyysalo 2013:47)
PIE *pou-
Hitt. pau-
(vn.bs.) ‘go’
(HHand. 128)
(in Hitt. pau·ar [inf.], pau·anzi [vs.])
1. PIE *pou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. pau-
(XX:XX)
PIE *trí·pou-
Gr. τρί·που-
(n.) ‘tripod’
(LSJ. 1821)
(Gr. τρίπουν [NA])
1. PIE *trí·pou-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. τρί·που-
√pouo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *peu̯o-
OInd. pava-
(vbM.) ‘to go’
(MonW. 610)
(Dhatup. pavate [3sg]
1. PIE *peu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *peu̯a-
2. peu̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *pau̯a-
3. pau̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → OInd. pava-
√pu-
PIE *pu̯o
CLu. pu̯a
(adv.) ‘früher = Hitt. garu’
(HHand. 137)
(CLu. pu-ú-ua)
1. PIE *pu̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. pu̯a
(XX:XX)
PIE *pu̯o·dɑɦil-
CLu. pu̯a·dil-
(n.) ‘(le) passé : ver-gangen’
(DLL. 83)
(CLu. pu-u-ua-ti-i-il)
1. PIE *pu̯o·dɑɦil-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pu̯o·dɦil-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. pu̯o·dɦil-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *pu̯a·dɦil-
(XX:XX)
3. pu̯a·dɦil-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. pu̯a·dil-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *pu̯·olei̯o-
CLu. pu̯·alei̯a-
(.) ‘a garment for the leg or foot?:
(CHD P:369)
(CLu. pu-wa-li-ia-an-za [sgNA], HIL. 791)
1. PIE *pu̯·olei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. pu̯·alei̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *pu̯·olei̯o-
Hitt. pu̯·alei̯a-
(.) ‘a garment for the leg or foot?’
(CHD P:369)
(Hitt. pu-ua-li-ia [sgNA], HIL. 791)
1. PIE *pu̯·olei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. pu̯·alei̯a-
(XX:XX)
√puɑh-
PIE *puɑh-
CLu. puḫ-
(vb.) ‘campaign, fight, hunt(?)’
(CHD P-402)
(CLu. pu-u-uḫ-ti)
1. PIE *puɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *puh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. puh-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. puḫ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
√pun-
PIE *pou̯on-
Hitt. pau̯an-
(n.obl.) ‘das Hinausgehen’; ‘Ausgang’
(HHand. 128)
1. PIE *pou̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. pau̯an-
(XX:XX)
PIE *pou̯on·Σ-
Hitt. pau̯an·kipa-
(URU.) if ‘Ausgang+kipa (?)’
(OGH. 311)
1. PIE *pou̯on·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. pau̯an·Σ-
(XX:XX)
PIE *Π·pou̯·en-
Lyd. wc·baw·ẽn-
(vb.) ‘trample on’
(Melchert 1994:330)
(Not to Hitt. pakus- ‘stamp, crush’ vs. Melchert)
1. PIE *Π·pou̯·en-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·pau̯·en-
(XX:XX)
2. Π·pau̯·en-
*eN → ẽN
Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ
R15b → *Π·pau̯·ẽn-
3. Π·pau̯·ẽn-
PIE *p → b
Orthographic change of *p into b
R21 → *Π·bau̯·ẽn-
4. Π·bau̯·ẽn-
PIE *u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
R22 → Lyd. Π·baw·ẽn-
PIE *puno-
Arm. hun-
(sb.) ‘Furt, Übergang’
(ArmGr. I:468-9)
(Arm. hun [sgN])
1. PIE *puno-
*p- → h-
Change of *p- into h-
RChangep2h → Arm. huno-
PIE *pundɑɦēɑɦ-
OSax. fundō-
(pr.) ‘strive’
(ASaxD. 349)
1. PIE *pundɑɦēɑɦ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *pundɑɦāɑɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. pundɑɦāɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pundɦāɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pundɦāɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *pundɦā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. pundɦā-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → *fundɦā-
5. fundɦā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *fundā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. fundā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → OSax. fundō-
(XX:XX)
PIE *pundɑɦi̯o-
OEng. fundia-
(pr.) ‘sich aufmachen nach, streben, gehen, eilen’
(ASaxD. 348-9)
1. PIE *pundɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pundɦi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. pundɦi̯o-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → *fundɦi̯o-
3. fundɦi̯o-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *fundi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. fundi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *fundi̯a-
(XX:XX)
5. fundi̯a-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of *i̯ into i
ROrthogrY2j → OEng. fundia-
PIE *puntɑhi̯o-
OHG. fundja-
(pr.) ‘subire’
(ASaxD. 349)
1. PIE *puntɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *punthi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. punthi̯o-
*t h → þ
Affricativization of *th
AffricateTH → *punþi̯o-
3. punþi̯o-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → *funþi̯o-
4. funþi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *funþi̯a-
(XX:XX)
5. funþi̯a-
*þ → d
OHG sound shift of *þ
ROHGShiftTH2D → *fundi̯a-
6. fundi̯a-
*i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
ROrthogrY2j → OHG. fundja-
√pur-
(IEW 810)
PIE *pou̯or-
Hitt. pau̯ar-
(n.N.act.) ‘das Hinausgehen’; ‘Ausgang’
(HHand. 128)
1. PIE *pou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. pau̯ar-
(XX:XX)
PIE *puro-
OInd. pura-
(prA.) ‘go before, precede, lead’
(MonWill. 634)
(OInd. purati [3sg])
1. PIE *puro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → OInd. pura-
PIE *puro-
OIcl. for-
(a.) ‘hastig, eilig’
(ANEtWb. 139)
(OIcl. forr XX ‹ *furha-, Beitr. 2:960)
1. PIE *puro-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → *furo-
2. furo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → OIcl. fura-
(XX:XX)
PIE *puro
Goth. faur
(adv.prep.) ‘vor, für’
(GoEtD. 110)
1. PIE *puro
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → *furo
2. furo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *fura
(XX:XX)
3. fura
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *fur
4. fur
*u → au
Allophonic change of *u into au
RChangeu2au → Goth. faur
PIE *puro-
ModPers. pul-
(sb.) ‘Brücke’
(Güntert 1916:95)
1. PIE *puro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → ModPers. pura-
PIE *pur·Σ
RV. ·purā́
(adv.) ‘früher, zuvor, von Alters her’
(WbRV. 826)
PIE *pur·ōnó-
RV. pur·āṇá-
(a.) ‘vormalig, uralt, seit lange bestehend’
(WbRV. 827)
1. PIE *pur·ōnó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *pur·ōná-
2. pur·ōná-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *pur·āná-
3. pur·āná-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
RRetrofl1 → RV. pur·āṇá-
PIE *purós
RV. purás
(prepA.) ‘vor’
(WbRV. 825-6)
1. PIE *purós
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → RV. purás
PIE *pouri̯o-
LAv. paoirya
(adv.) ‘zu Anfang (der ersten Welt)’
(AIWb. 874)
1. PIE *pouri̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *pauri̯a-
2. pauri̯a-
*au → ao
Opening of *au
ROpeningAU → *paori̯a-
3. paori̯a-
*aori → aoiri
Anaptyxis of *i
RAnaptyxAORI → *paoiri̯a-
4. paoiri̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → LAv. paoirya-
PIE *purtis
Goth. faurþis
(adv.) ‘πρῶτον, πρότερον before, earlier’
(GoEtD. 112)
1. PIE *purtis
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → *furtis
2. furtis
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
AffricateT → *furþis
3. furþis
*u → au
Allophonic change of *u into au
RChangeu2au → Goth. faurþis
PIE *purti̯oumou-
TochA. purcomo-
(a.) ‘primus, optimus’
(Poucha 201)
1. PIE *purti̯oumou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *purti̯aumau-
(XX:XX)
2. purti̯aumau-
PIE *ti̯ → c
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
RDentAssib1a → *purcaumau-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. purcaumau-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RMonophthau2O1 → *purcōmō-
4. purcōmō-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthO2o1 → TochA. purcomo-
PIE *púru̯o-
RV. pū́rva-
(a.) ‘vorder, voran seiend/gehend, usw.’
(WbRV. 844-5)
1. PIE *púru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *púru̯a-
2. púru̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *púrva-
3. púrva-
urv → ūrv
Lengthening of *u before rv
RLengthUbefRV → RV. pū́rva-
PIE *pouru̯o-
LAv. paourva-
(a.) ‘der vordere, vorn, vornan befindlich’
(AIWb. 870)
1. PIE *pouru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *pauru̯a-
2. pauru̯a-
*au → ao
Opening of *au
ROpeningAU → *paoru̯a-
3. paoru̯a-
*aoru → aouru
Anaptyxis of *u
RAnaptyxAORU → *paouru̯a-
4. paouru̯a-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → LAv. paourva-
PIE *pouru̯ɑ́him
gAv. paourvīm
(adv.) ‘zuerst, vor allem, bei Beginn’
(AIWb. 873-4)
1. PIE *pouru̯ɑ́him
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *pouru̯íhim
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. pouru̯íhim
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *pauru̯íhim
3. pauru̯íhim
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pauru̯íim
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. pauru̯íim
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *pauru̯ī́m
5. pauru̯ī́m
*au → ao
Opening of *au
ROpeningAU → *paoru̯ī́m
6. paoru̯ī́m
*aoru → aouru
Anaptyxis of *u
RAnaptyxAORU → *paouru̯ī́m
7. paouru̯ī́m
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → *paourvī́m
8. paourvī́m
* ī̯́ → ī
Absence of accent
R41c → gAv. paourvīm
√pusko-
PIE *pusko-
Arm. husk-
(a.) ‘dernier’
(Meillet 1894:296)
1. PIE *pusko-
*k → kʼ
Glottalization of *k
RGlottalicizeK → *puskʼo-
2. puskʼo-
*p- → h-
Change of *p- into h-
RChangep2h → Arm. huskʼo-
√pud-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *poúd-
Gr. πούδ-
(.) ‘foot’
(GEW. 2:587)
(Gr. πούς [sgN])
1. PIE *poúd-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. πούδ-
PIE *hɑergi̯ió·poud-
Maced. ἀργιό·πουδ-
(m.) = ‘Gr. ἀετός’
(LSJ 235)
1. PIE *hɑergi̯ió·poud-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑargi̯ió·poud-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑargi̯ió·poud-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hargi̯ió·poud-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hargi̯ió·poud-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *harǵió·poud-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. harǵió·poud-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *arǵió·poud-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. arǵió·poud-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *argió·poud-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. argió·poud-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Maced. ἀργιό·πουδ-
PIE *poudo-
Parth. pwd
(.) ‘Lauf’
(IEW. 998 [diff.])
1. PIE *poudo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *pauda-
2. pauda-
*a → 0
Orthographic absence of *a
R29d → *pud-
3. pud-
*u → w
Orthographic change of *u into w
R29e → Parth. pwd-
PIE *pudo-
LAv. puda-
(EN.) ‘Name einer iranischen Familie’
(AIWb. 909)
1. PIE *pudo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *puda-
2. puda-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
R40c → LAv. puδa-
PIE *pudeɑhríhɑdi̯o-
Gr. πυδαρίζο-
(pr.) ‘mit dem Fuß/Huf ausschlagen’
(GEW 2:620)
(Gr. πυδαρίζω)
1. PIE *pudeɑhríhɑdi̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *pudaɑhríhɑdi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. pudaɑhríhɑdi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pudahríhdi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pudahríhdi̯o-
*di̯ → z
Palatalization of *di̯
RDentAssib1c → *pudahríhzo-
4. pudahríhzo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pudarízo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. pudarízo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. πυδαρίζο-
PIE *pudeɑhlíhɑdi̯o-
Gr. πυδαλίζο-
(pr.) ‘mit dem Fuß/Huf ausschlagen’
(GEW 2:620)
(Gr. πυδαλίζω)
1. PIE *pudeɑhlíhɑdi̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *pudaɑhlíhɑdi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. pudaɑhlíhɑdi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pudahlíhdi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pudahlíhdi̯o-
*di̯ → z
Palatalization of *di̯
RDentAssib1c → *pudahlíhzo-
4. pudahlíhzo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pudalízo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. pudalízo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. πυδαλίζο-


PIE √p-, √op- √ep- (aff.) ‘nach, zurück, unter, usw.’ (sb.) ‘Abend(land), West’ (a.) ‘unterländisch, western’
(IEW 323-5)
(+ Pyysalo)
√po-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *po·nogɑɦo-
Pal. pa·naga-
(vb.) ‘zurück·kommen(d) (?)’
(HHand. 118)
(Pal. pa-na-a-ga-an-zi [3pl.] or [pt.?], see BPal. 7, DPal. 66)
1. PIE *po·nogɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *po·nogɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. po·nogɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *pa·nagɦa-
(XX:XX)
3. pa·nagɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Pal. pa·naga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *po·nogɑɦo-
Kpd. pa·naga-
(Ic.) ‘‹zurück·kommend i.e. Nestor (?)›’
(NOMS. 926)
(Kpd. pá-na-ga)
1. PIE *po·nogɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *po·nogɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. po·nogɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *pa·nagɦa-
(XX:XX)
3. pa·nagɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Kpd. pa·naga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *po·sku-
Hitt. pa·šku-
(vb1.) ‘zurückweisen, vernachlässigen, vergessen’
(HHand. 127)
(CHD P:XX, HEG P:XX)
1. PIE *po·sku-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *pa·sku-
(XX:XX)
2. pa·sku-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. pa·šku-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·po·sku-
HLu. arḫa pa·šku-
(vb.) ‘overlook, neglect’
(KLuN:334f.)
(HLu. ARHA pa-sà-REL-i)
1. PIE *Π·po·sku-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·pa·sku-
(XX:XX)
2. Π·pa·sku-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. Π·pa·šku-
PIE *po·sēɑh-
OHG. fa·sō-
(vb.) ‘nachspüren’
(EWAhd. XX)
(Grundr2 I:765, WH 2:241)
1. PIE *po·sēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *po·sāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. po·sāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *po·sāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. po·sāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *po·sā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. po·sā-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → *fo·sā-
5. fo·sā-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *fa·sā-
(XX:XX)
6. fa·sā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → OHG. fa·sō-
(XX:XX)
PIE *·po
Hitt. ·pa
(enkl.ptcl.) etwa ‘wieder, zuruck’
(HHand. 18)
1. PIE *·po
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ·pa
(XX:XX)
√opo-
(Kronasser EHS 574)
PIE *opo
Hitt. apa
(adv.) ‘wieder, zurück’ (postPGD) ‘nach, hinter’
(HHand. 18)
(Hitt. ap-pa, EGIR-pa)
1. PIE *opo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. apa
(XX:XX)
PIE *opo
CLu. apa
(prev.) ‘wieder, zurück’
(HHand. 18)
1. PIE *opo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. apa
(XX:XX)
PIE *opo
Hitt. ·apa
(enkl.ptcl.) etwa ‘wieder, zuruck’
(HHand. 18)
1. PIE *opo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. apa
(XX:XX)
PIE *opo·Σ-
HLu. apa·zidi-
(a.) ‘western, unterländisch?’
(CHLu. 4.17.A)
(HLu. (‘OCCIDENS’)á-pa-zi-i-ti)
1. PIE *opo·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → HLu. apa·Σ-
(XX:XX)
PIE *op·oi-
OHitt. apai-
(vb2.) ‘fertig sein, zu Ende sein, e finished/done’
(HHand. 18)
(OHitt. a-ap-pa-i [3sg], ap-pa-i, HIL. 231)
1. PIE *op·oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → OHitt. ap·ai-
(XX:XX)
PIE *opoi̯o-
Hitt. apaa-
(vbM.) ‘to be finished, to be done’
(HIL. 231)
(Hitt. ap-pa-a-ru [3sg])
1. PIE *opoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *apai̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. apai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide1 → Hitt. apaa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
√opeio-
(Pyysalo)
Oettinger (1979:472)
PIE *opei̯o-
OHitt. apei̯a-
(vbA.) ‘fertig/zu Ende sein : be finished/done’
(HHand. 18, HIL. 231)
(Hitt. ap-pi-ia-zi [3sg], ap-pi-ia-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *opei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → OHitt. apei̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *opei̯o-
LAv. apaya-
(pr.) ‘(Gebot) nachkommen, es erfüllen, befolgen’
(AIWb. 70-1)
(LAv. apayantahe [sgG!?])
1. PIE *opei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *apei̯a-
2. apei̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *apai̯a-
3. apai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → LAv. apaya-
PIE *prōpei̯o-
LAv. frāpaya-
(a.) ‘nach sonnenuntergang zu gelegen, westlich’
(AIWb. 1015-6)
(LAv. frāpayå [fplA])
1. PIE *prōpei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *prōpei̯a-
2. prōpei̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *prāpei̯a-
3. prāpei̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *prāpai̯a-
4. prāpai̯a-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
R33a → *frāpai̯a-
5. frāpai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → LAv. frāpaya-
PIE *prōpei̯os-
LAv. frāpayah-
(m.) ‘Name eines Bergs oder Gebirgs’
(AIWb. 1016)
1. PIE *prōpei̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *prōpei̯as-
2. prōpei̯as-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *prāpei̯as-
3. prāpei̯as-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *prāpei̯ah-
4. prāpei̯ah-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *prāpai̯ah-
5. prāpai̯ah-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
R33a → *frāpai̯ah-
6. frāpai̯ah-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → LAv. frāpayah-
√epom-
PIE *ēpomori-
HLu. ipamari-
(n.) ‘west’
(CHLu. 10.17.1)
(HLu. (“OCCIDENS”)i-pa-ma-ri+i-i)
1. PIE *ēpomori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ēpamari-
(XX:XX)
2. ēpamari-
PIE *ē → i
(Orthographic) Change of *ē into i
R16 → HLu. ipamari-
(XX: XX)
PIE *ēpomi-
HLu. ipami-
(pt.) ‘occidens, west’
(CHLu. 1.1.5.)
(HLu. (“OCCIDENS”)i-pa-mi)
1. PIE *ēpomi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ēpami-
(XX:XX)
2. ēpami-
PIE *ē → i
(Orthographic) Change of *ē into i
R16 → HLu. ipami-
(XX: XX)
√opon
PIE *opon
Hitt. apan
(adv.) ‘dahinter, hinten’
(HHand. 18)
(Hitt. ap-pa-an, EGIR-an)
1. PIE *opon
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. apan
(XX:XX)
PIE *opon
CLu. apan
(prev.) ‘zurück’ (postp.) ‘hinter’
(HHand. 18)
1. PIE *opon
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. apan
(XX:XX)
PIE *opon
HLu. apan
(aff.) ‘after’
(CHLu. 4.3.2)
(HLu. (‘POST’)á-pa-pa-wa/i-mu-ta)
1. PIE *opon
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → HLu. apan
(XX:XX)
√ēpon-
PIE *ēpont-
OHG. āband-
(.) ‘Abend, West’
(EWAhd. XX)
(OHG. âband-)
1. PIE *ēpont-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → *ēfont-
2. ēfont-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
AffricateT → *ēfonþ-
3. ēfonþ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *ēfanþ-
(XX:XX)
4. ēfanþ-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
RChangeE2A → *āfanþ-
5. āfanþ-
*þ → d
OHG sound shift of *þ
ROHGShiftTH2D → *āfand-
6. āfand-
*f → b
OHG sound shift of *f
ROHGShiftF2B → OHG. āband-
PIE *ēpondɑɦ-
OSax. āvand-
(m.) ‘Abend’
(ASaxD. 4)
1. PIE *ēpondɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ēpondɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ēpondɦ-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → *ēfondɦ-
3. ēfondɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *ēfond-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. ēfond-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *ēfand-
(XX:XX)
5. ēfand-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
RChangeE2A → *āfand-
6. āfand-
*āfa → -āvu
Change of f into v between vowels
R24a → OSax. āvand-
PIE *ēpondɑɦi-
OLFrank. āvandi
(.) ‘vesperem’
(XX:XX)
(OLFrank. avandi [sgA]
1. PIE *ēpondɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ēpondɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ēpondɦi-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → *ēfondɦi-
3. ēfondɦi-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *ēfondi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. ēfondi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *ēfandi-
(XX:XX)
5. ēfandi-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
RChangeE2A → *āfandi-
6. āfandi-
*āfa → -āvu
Change of f into v between vowels
RChangeF2V1 → OLFrank. āvandi-
PIE *ēpondɑɦis-
OLFrank. āvandis
(.) ‘every evening : uespere’
(XX:XX)
(OLFrank. avandis)
1. PIE *ēpondɑɦis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ēpondɦis-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ēpondɦis-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → *ēfondɦis-
3. ēfondɦis-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *ēfondis-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. ēfondis-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *ēfandis-
(XX:XX)
5. ēfandis-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
RChangeE2A → *āfandis-
6. āfandis-
*āfa → -āvu
Change of f into v between vowels
RChangeF2V1 → OLFrank. āvandis-
√opt-
PIE *opton-
OIcl. aptan-
(m.) ‘Abend’
(ANEtWb. 11)
(OIcl. aptann [sgN])
1. PIE *opton-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → OIcl. aptan-
(XX:XX)
PIE *optro
OIcl. aptr
(adv.) ‘zurück, wiederum’
(ANEtWb. 11)
1. PIE *optro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *aptra
(XX:XX)
2. aptra
-a → Ø
Loss of -a in root-final position
RLossFinala1 → OIcl. aptr
√pu
PIE *pú·meɑhto-
Gr. πύ·ματο-
(sup.) ‘hindermost, last’
(LSJ. 1554)
(Gr. πύματος)
1. PIE *pú·meɑhto-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *pú·maɑhto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. pú·maɑhto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pú·mahto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pú·mahto-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pú·mato-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. pú·mato-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. πύ·ματο-
PIE *pú·nor
RV. pú·nar
(adv.) ‘zurück, wieder, ferner’
(KEWA 2:305)
‹suffix unclear!›
1. PIE *pú·nor
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → RV. pú·nar
PIE *pu·ppi-
Lat. pu·ppi-
(.) ‘Hinterdeck (des Schliffs)’
(WH 2:389)
(for Lat. ·ppi-, see √ppi- √popi- √pepi- ‘Deck, Tisch, usw.’)
√opundɑɦ-
PIE *opundɑɦ-
MidLG. avond-
(.) ‘Abend’
(XX:XX)
(MidLG. avont)
1. PIE *opundɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *opundɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. opundɦ-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → *ofundɦ-
3. ofundɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *ofund-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. ofund-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *afund-
(XX:XX)
5. afund-
*afu → -avu
Change of f into v between vowels
R24b → MidLG. avund-
PIE *opundɑɦ-
OLFrank. avond-
(.) ‘Abend’
(XX:XX)
(OLFrank avont [sgD]
1. PIE *opundɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *opundɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. opundɦ-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → *ofundɦ-
3. ofundɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *ofund-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. ofund-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *afund-
(XX:XX)
5. afund-
*afu → -avu
Change of f into v between vowels
RChangeF2V2 → OLFrank. avund-


PIE √pɑh- √bɑɦ- (vb.) ‘schlucken, trinken, kauen’ (sb.) ‘Tränke, Schmaus, Mal’
(IEW 145-6+839-40)
√pɑh-
(IEW. 839-40)
(Etudes 56f.)
PIE *kúp·pēɑh-
Lat. cup·pā-
(f.) ‘Trinkgefäß, Becher’
(WH 1:311)
(Lat. cuppa [sgN])
1. PIE *kúp·pēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kúp·pāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kúp·pāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kúp·pāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kúp·pāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kúp·pā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. kúp·pā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → *cúp·pā-
5. cúp·pā-
*ú → u
Orthographic absence of accent
R41 → Lat. cup·pā-
PIE *pro·pḗɑh-
RV. pra·pā́-
(f.) ‘Tränke’
(WbRV. 876)
(RV. prapā́ [sgN])
1. PIE *pro·pḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *pro·pā́ɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. pro·pā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pro·pā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pro·pā́h-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *pra·pā́h-
4. pra·pā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. pra·pā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *pṓɑh-
Dor. πώ-
(√pr.) ‘trinken’
(GEW 2:540)
(Aiol. pôthi [2sg], LSJ. 1406)
1. PIE *pṓɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pṓh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. pṓh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pṓ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. pṓ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Dor. πώ-
PIE *pṓɑh-
RV. pā́-
(√pr.) ‘trinken’
(WbRV. 800-1)
(RV. pāhí [2sg], ápām, ápās)
1. PIE *pṓɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pṓh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. pṓh-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
RChangeO2A4 → *pā́h-
3. pā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. pā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *pepōɑh-
RV. papā-
(pf.) ‘trinken’
(WbRV. 802)
(RV. papātha [2sg], papā́u [3sg])
1. PIE *pepōɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pepōh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. pepōh-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *pepāh-
3. pepāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pepā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. pepā-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → RV. papā-
PIE *póɑh·me
RV. pā́-
(√pr.) ‘trinken’
(WbRV. 800-1)
(RV. apāma ‹- poɑhme, Brugmann’s Law II)
1. PIE *póɑh·me
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *póh·me
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. póh·me
PIE *óhCV → ā́hCV
Brugmann’s Law for *óhCV
RBrugmII2 → *pā́h·me
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.3.7)
3. pā́h·me
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pā́·me
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. pā́·me
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → RV. pā́·ma
PIE *pipeɑh-
Fal. pipa-
(vb.) ‘trinken’
(WH 2:103)
(Fal. pipafo [fut.1sg.])
1. PIE *pipeɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *pipaɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. pipaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pipah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pipah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Fal. pipa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√pɑhi-
PIE *pɑ́hi-
Gr. πί̄-
(ao.) ‘trinken’
(GEW 2:540)
(Gr. πῖθι [2sg])
1. PIE *pɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *píhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. píhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *píi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. píi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractíi → *pī́-
4. pī́-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. πί̄-
PIE *pɑ́hi-
OCS. pi-
(vb.) ‘trinken’
(Sadnik 655)
(OCS. piti [inf.])
1. PIE *pɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *píhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. píhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *píi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. píi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *pī́-
4. pī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
ROrthogrI2i2 → OCS. pi-
PIE *pepɑ́hi-
RV. papī-
(pf.) ‘trinken’
(WbRV. 802)
(RV. papīyāt [opt3sg])
1. PIE *pepɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *pepíhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. pepíhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pepíi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. pepíi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *pepī́-
4. pepī́-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → RV. papī́-
√pɑhk-
PIE *pé·pōɑhk-
Gr. πέ·πωκ-
(pf.) ‘trinken’
(GEW 2:540)
(Gr. πέπωκα [1sg.])
1. PIE *pé·pōɑhk-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pé·pōhk-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. pé·pōhk-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pé·pōk-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. pé·pōk-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. πέ·πωκ-
PIE *Π·peɑhko-
OInd. taila·paka-
(m.) ‘tailapā- = oil-drinker’
(MonWil. 455)
1. PIE *Π·peɑhko-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *Π·paɑhko-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. Π·paɑhko-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·pahko-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·pahko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·pahka-
4. Π·pahka-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → OInd. Π·paka-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *poɑhklo-
OGaul. oclo-
(.) ‘boisso[n]’
(DLG. 237)
(in OGaul. ocl[…])
1. PIE *poɑhklo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pohklo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. pohklo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *poklo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. poklo-
*p → h
Change of *p into h
RChangep2h → *hoklo-
4. hoklo-
*h → Ø
Loss of h
RLossofh → *oklo-
5. oklo-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → OGaul. oclo-
PIE *poɑhklo
OIr. ōl-
(.) ‘boisson, fait de boire’
(DLG. 237)
(OIr. ól)
1. PIE *poɑhklo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pohklo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. pohklo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *poklo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. poklo
*p → h
Change of *p into h
RChangep2h → *hoklo
4. hoklo
*h → Ø
Loss of h
RLossofh → *oklo
5. oklo
okl → ōl
Loss of *k with lengthening of *o
RChangeokl2Ol → *ōlo
6. ōlo
*-o → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → OIr. ōl
PIE *pōɑhklo-
Lat. pōclo-
(n.) ‘Becher’
(WH 2:329)
(Lat. pōcla)
1. PIE *pōɑhklo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pōhklo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. pōhklo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pōklo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. pōklo-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → Lat. pōclo-
√pɑhs-
PIE *pōɑhs-
RV. pās-
(ao.) ‘trinken’
(WbRV. 802)
(RV. ápās [3sg])
1. PIE *pōɑhs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pōhs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. pōhs-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *pāhs-
3. pāhs-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. pās-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *pípōɑhseɑh-
RV. pípāsa-
(des.) ‘trinken wollen’
(WbRV. 802)
(RV. pípāsati)
1. PIE *pípōɑhseɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *pípōɑhsaɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. pípōɑhsaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pípōhsah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pípōhsah-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *pípāhsah-
4. pípāhsah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. pípāsa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *pōɑhsi̯ó-
OInd. pāsyá-
(fut.) ‘trinken werden’
(MonWIl. 612)
(OInd. pāsyáti, -te)
1. PIE *pōɑhsi̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pōhsi̯ó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. pōhsi̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *pōhsi̯á-
3. pōhsi̯á-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *pāhsi̯á-
4. pāhsi̯á-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pāsi̯á-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. pāsi̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → OInd. pāsyá-
PIE *pṓɑhski̯o-
Gr. πώσκο-
(pr.) ‘trinken’
(GEW 2:540)
Gr. πώσκω)
1. PIE *pṓɑhski̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pṓhski̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. pṓhski̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *pṓhsḱo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. pṓhsḱo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pṓsḱo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. pṓsḱo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *pṓsko-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. pṓsko-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. πώσκο-
PIE *pōɑhski̯ēɑh-
Lat. pōscā-
(f.) ‘Wasser mit Essig gemischt als Getränk’
(WH 2:345)
(Lat. pōsca)
1. PIE *pōɑhski̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *pōɑhski̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. pōɑhski̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pōhski̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pōhski̯āh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *pōhsḱāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. pōhsḱāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pōsḱā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. pōsḱā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *pōskā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. pōskā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → Lat. pōscā-
√bɑɦos-
(IEW. 145-6)
(Schmitt-Brandt 1967:XX)
PIE *bɑɦos-
Hitt. baš-
(vb.) ‘schlucken, verschlucken : swallow, gulp’
(HHand. 126)
(Hitt. pa-a-ši [3sg], pa-a-šu [3sg])
1. PIE *bɑɦos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦos-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *bɦas-
(XX:XX)
3. bɦas-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *bas-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. bas-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. baš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦos-
Hitt. baš-
(vb.) ‘sclucken, verschluken’
(HHand. 126)
(Hitt. pa-aš-zi, pa-aš-ta [3sg])
1. PIE *bɑɦos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦos-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *bɦas-
(XX:XX)
3. bɦas-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *bas-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. bas-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. baš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦos-
CLu. baš-
(GKl.vb.) ‘schlucken, verschlucken’
(HHand. 126)
(CLu. pa-aš-ta [3sg])
1. PIE *bɑɦos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦos-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *bɦas-
(XX:XX)
3. bɦas-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *bas-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. bas-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. baš-
PIE *Π·bɑɦebɑɦos-
RV. prá (...) babhas-
(pr.) ‘zerkauen’
(WbRV. 930)
(RV. prá (...) babhasat [conj])
1. PIE *Π·bɑɦebɑɦos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·bɦebɦos-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·bɦebɦos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·bɦebɦas-
3. Π·bɦebɦas-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmII → *Π·bebɦas-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)
4. Π·bebɦas-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *Π·babɦas-
5. Π·babɦas-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·babhas-
√bɑɦoso-
(CHD P:203f.)
(HIL. 726-)
PIE *bɑɦoso-
Hitt. baša-
(vb1.) [in Mg.] ‘schlucken, verschlucken’
(HHand. 126)
(Hitt. pa-š?-a[n-zi] [3pl])
1. PIE *bɑɦoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦoso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *bɦasa-
(XX:XX)
3. bɦasa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *basa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. basa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. baša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·bɑɦobɑɦoso-
CLu. arḫa (…) babaša·-
(vb2.) ‘verschlucken : swallow’
(HIL. 726)
(CLu. pa-ap-pa-ša-i [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·bɑɦobɑɦoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·bɦobɦoso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·bɦobɦoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·bɦabɦasa-
(XX:XX)
3. Π·bɦabɦasa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *Π·babasa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·babasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. Π·babaša-
PIE *bɑɦoso-
LAv. baŋha-
(m.) ‘N. einer Pflanze und deren Saft’
(AIWb. 925)
(LAv. baŋhǝm)
1. PIE *bɑɦoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦoso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *bɦasa-
3. bɦasa-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *bɦaha-
4. bɦaha-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspbh → *baha-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. baha-
ahA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
R37b → LAv. baŋha-
PIE *bɑɦoso-
LAv. baŋha-
(a.) ‘narkotisirt, trunken’
(AIWb. 925)
(LAv. baŋhǝm)
1. PIE *bɑɦoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦoso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *bɦasa-
3. bɦasa-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *bɦaha-
4. bɦaha-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspbh → *baha-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. baha-
ahA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
R37b → LAv. baŋha-
PIE *hɑe·bɑɦoso-
LAv. a·baŋha-
(a.) ‘frei von dem baŋha-’
(AIWb. 87)
(LAv. abaŋhō [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑe·bɑɦoso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑa·bɑɦoso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa·bɑɦoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ha·bɦoso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ha·bɦoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ha·bɦasa-
4. ha·bɦasa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *a·bɦasa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. a·bɦasa-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *a·bɦaha-
6. a·bɦaha-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspbh → *a·baha-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. a·baha-
ahA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
R37b → LAv. a·baŋha-
PIE *bɑɦóso-
RV. bhása-
(pr.) ‘kauen’
(WbRV. 930)
(RV. bhásat [3sg])
1. PIE *bɑɦóso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦóso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦóso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *bɦósa-
3. bɦósa-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *bɦása-
4. bɦása-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. bhása-
PIE *bɑɦosó-
RV. bhasá-
(pr.) ‘zerkauen, verzehren’
(WbRV. 930)
(RV. bhasáthas [3du])
1. PIE *bɑɦosó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦosó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦosó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *bɦasó-
3. bɦasó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *bɦasá-
4. bɦasá-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. bhasá-
PIE *Π·bɑɦóso-
RV. prá (…) bhása·-
(pr.) ‘zerkauen, zerbeissen’
(WbRV. 930)
(RV. prá (...) bhásat [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·bɑɦóso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·bɦóso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·bɦóso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·bɦósa-
3. Π·bɦósa-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *Π·bɦása-
4. Π·bɦása-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·bhása-
√bɑɦosi-
(Pyysalo)
(IEW 105 [diff.])
PIE *bɑɦosi-
Hitt. baši-
(vb.) ‘schlucken, verschlucken : swallow, gulp’
(HIL. 750)
(Hitt. pa-aš-i [2sg]; But HIL. 750-1 = 3sg])
1. PIE *bɑɦosi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦosi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *bɦasi-
(XX:XX)
3. bɦasi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *basi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. basi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. baši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·bɑɦosi-
Goth. weina·basi-
(n.) ‘Weinbeere’
(IEW 105)
(Pokorny “Unsicher ist, ob (…) eigentlich ‘rote Beere’ (?)’)
1. PIE *Π·bɑɦosi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·bɦosi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·bɦosi-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspbh → *Π·bosi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·bosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → Goth. Π·basi-
(XX:XX)
PIE *bɑɦosí-
OSax. beri-
(.) ‘Beere’
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *bɑɦosí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦosí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦosí-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspbh → *bosí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. bosí-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *basí-
(XX:XX)
4. basí-
*asi → esi
Umlaut *asi- -> esi
RUmlautASÍ → *besí-
5. besí-
*esí → -erí
Verner's Law
RVernerESÍ → *berí-
6. berí-
*i̯ → j
Absence of accent
R31 → OSax. beri-
PIE *bɑɦosí-
OHG. beri-
(.) ‘Beere’
(XX:XX)
(IEW 105)
1. PIE *bɑɦosí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦosí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦosí-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspbh → *bosí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. bosí-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *basí-
(XX:XX)
4. basí-
*asi → esi
Umlaut *asi- -> esi
RUmlautASÍ → *besí-
5. besí-
*esí → -erí
Verner's Law
RVernerESÍ → *berí-
6. berí-
*í → i
Absence of accent in OHG
R31 → OHG. beri-
PIE *bɑɦosiski̯e/o-
Hitt. bašiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘swallow, gulp down’
(HIL. 750)
(Hitt. pa-a-ši-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *bɑɦosiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦosiski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦosiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *bɦosisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. bɦosisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *bɦasisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
4. bɦasisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *bɦasiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. bɦasiske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *basiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. basiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. bašiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√bɑɦosol-
[CHD P:100]
PIE *bɑɦobɑɦosol-
CLu. babašal-
(n.) ‘Speiseröhre’ (: ‘throat, esophagus’)
(HHand. 119)
(CLu. [pa-]pa-ša-a-la [plNA], HiuIdg. 206)
1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦosol-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦobɦosol-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦobɦosol-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *bɦabɦasal-
(XX:XX)
3. bɦabɦasal-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *babasal-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. babasal-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. babašal-
PIE *bɑɦobɑɦosolo-
Hitt. babašala-
(UZUc.) ‘Speiseröhre’
(HHand. 119)
(Hitt. pa-ap-pa-aš-ša-la-an [sgA], pa-pa-aš-ša-la-an [sgA])
1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦosolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦobɦosolo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦobɦosolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *bɦabɦasala-
(XX:XX)
3. bɦabɦasala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *babasala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. babasala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. babašala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦobɑɦosoli-
Hitt. babašali-
(UZUc.) ‘Speiseröhre’ (’esophagus’)
(HHand. 119)
(Hitt. pa-ap-pa-aš–ša-li-in [sgA])
1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦosoli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦobɦosoli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦobɦosoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *bɦabɦasali-
(XX:XX)
3. bɦabɦasali-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *babasali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. babasali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. babašali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√bɑɦoske/o-
PIE *bɑɦoske/o-
Hitt. baške/a-
(vb.) ‘schlucken’
(HHand. 126)
(Hitt. pa-aš-ke/a-, pa-aš-ga-mi)
1. PIE *bɑɦoske/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦoske/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦoske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *bɦaske/a-
(XX:XX)
3. bɦaske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *baske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. baske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. baške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦoske/o-
CLu. baške/a-
(GKLvb.) ‘schlucken’
(DLL. 80)
(CLu. pa-aš-ki-[...)
1. PIE *bɑɦoske/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦoske/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦoske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *bɦaske/a-
(XX:XX)
3. bɦaske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *baske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. baske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. baške/a-
√bɑɦosm-
PIE *bɑɦósmen-
RV. bhásman-
(a.) ‘kauend, verzehrend’
(WbRV. 930)
1. PIE *bɑɦósmen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦósmen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦósmen-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *bɦásmen-
3. bɦásmen-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *bɦásman-
4. bɦásman-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. bhásman-
√bɑɦosn-
PIE *bɑɦosnēɑh-
TochA. päsnā-
(prM.) ‘devouring, DTochB. 400’
(Poucha 179)
(TochA. ///mäl ṣeṣ camyo talke ypamāṃ kosmāṃ päsnāmāṃ [pt.sgN] tämyo.)
1. PIE *bɑɦosnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *bɑɦosnāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. bɑɦosnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦosnāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. bɦosnāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *bɦasnāh-
(XX:XX)
4. bɦasnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *bɦasnā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. bɦasnā-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspbh → *basnā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. basnā-
*b → p
Loss of voice of media *b
RDevoiceb → TochA. pasnā-
PIE *bɑɦosontolo-
Hitt. bašantala-
(LÚc.) ‘a servant in palace kitchen, taster (?)’
(HIL. 751)
1. PIE *bɑɦosontolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦosontolo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦosontolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *bɦasantala-
(XX:XX)
3. bɦasantala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *basantala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. basantala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. bašantala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√bɑɦosu-
PIE *bɑɦosu-
CLu. bašu-
(vb.) ‘schlucken : to swallow’
(DLL. 80)
(CLu. pa-aš-šu-ú-na [inf.], KLN 310-)
1. PIE *bɑɦosu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦosu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦosu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *bɦasu-
(XX:XX)
3. bɦasu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *basu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. basu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. bašu-
PIE *bɑɦosu̯o-
Hitt. bašu̯a-
(vn.bs.) ‘swallow, gulp down’
(HIL. 750)
(Hitt. pa-a-aš-šu-an-zi [inf.])
1. PIE *bɑɦosu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦosu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦosu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *bɦasu̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. bɦasu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *basu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. basu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. bašu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√bɑɦs-
PIE *bɑɦobɑɦs-
RV. baps-
(.) ‘zerkauen, verzehren’
(WbRV. 930)
(RV. bapsati [3pl])
1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦobɦs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦobɦs-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *bɦabɦs-
3. bɦabɦs-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmII → *babɦs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)
4. babɦs-
PIE *bɦs → ps
Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s
R32f → RV. baps-
√bɑɦso-
PIE *ó·bɑɦso-
Gr. ὄ·ψο-
(n.) ‘Zu·kost, Zu·brot, bes. Fleisch’
(GEW 2:459)
1. PIE *ó·bɑɦso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ó·bɦso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ó·bɦso-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *ó·phso-
3. ó·phso-
*phs → ps
Loss of *h between *p and *s
RChangephs2ps → *ó·pso-
4. ó·pso-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὄ·ψο-
PIE *bɑɦobɑɦso-
RV. bapsa-
(pr.) ‘zerkauen, verzehren’
(WbRV. 930)
(RV. bapsati [3sg])
1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦobɦso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦobɦso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *bɦabɦsa-
3. bɦabɦsa-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmII → *babɦsa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)
4. babɦsa-
PIE *bɦs → ps
Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s
R32f → RV. bapsa-
PIE *bɑɦóbɑɦsot-
RV. bápsat-
(pt.) ‘kauend, zerkauend, verzehrend’
(WbRV. 930)
1. PIE *bɑɦóbɑɦsot-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦóbɦsot-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦóbɦsot-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *bɦóbɦsat-
3. bɦóbɦsat-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *bɦábɦsat-
4. bɦábɦsat-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmII → *bábɦsat-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)
5. bábɦsat-
PIE *bɦs → ps
Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s
R32f → RV. bápsat-
√bɑɦsɑh-
PIE *bɑɦsēɑh
AV. psā-
(vb.) ‘verzehren’
(WbRV. 895)
(AV. psātas [3du], psāhi [2sg])
1. PIE *bɑɦsēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *bɑɦsāɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. bɑɦsāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦsāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. bɦsāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *bɦsā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. bɦsā
PIE *bɦs → ps
Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s
R32f → AV. psā
PIE *Π·bɑɦsēɑh
RV. sahásra·psā-
(.) ‘‹but not in WbRV. 1502!›’
(WbRV. 895)
1. PIE *Π·bɑɦsēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·bɑɦsāɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·bɑɦsāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·bɦsāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·bɦsāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·bɦsā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·bɦsā
PIE *bɦs → ps
Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s
R32f → RV. Π·psā
√bɑɦsɑhi-
PIE *bɑɦsɑ́hii̯ó-
OInd. psīyá-
(ps.)
(MonWIl. XX)
(OInd. ápsīyata)
1. PIE *bɑɦsɑ́hii̯ó-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *bɑɦsíhii̯ó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. bɑɦsíhii̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦsíhii̯ó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. bɦsíhii̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *bɦsíhii̯á-
4. bɦsíhii̯á-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *bɦsíii̯á-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. bɦsíii̯á-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *bɦsī́i̯á-
6. bɦsī́i̯á-
PIE *bɦs → ps
Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s
R32f → *psī́i̯á-
7. psī́i̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → OInd. psī́yá-
PIE *bɑɦsɑ́hii̯o-
Gr. ψί̄ο-
(pr.) ‘mit Bröckchen, Milch füttern, zerkauen’ (Gr. ī)
(GEW 2:1139)
(Gr. ψίω )
1. PIE *bɑɦsɑ́hii̯o-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *bɑɦsíhii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. bɑɦsíhii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦsíhii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. bɦsíhii̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *phsíhii̯o-
4. phsíhii̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *phsíii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. phsíii̯o-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractíi → *phsī́i̯o-
6. phsī́i̯o-
*phs → ps
Loss of *h between *p and *s
RChangephs2ps → *psī́i̯o-
7. psī́i̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *psī́o-
8. psī́o-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ψί̄ο-
√bɑɦsɑht
PIE *bɑɦsēɑhtó-
OInd. psātá-
(pt.) ‘zerkauen’
(MonWil. XX)
()
1. PIE *bɑɦsēɑhtó-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *bɑɦsāɑhtó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. bɑɦsāɑhtó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦsāhtó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. bɦsāhtó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *bɦsāhtá-
4. bɦsāhtá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *bɦsātá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. bɦsātá-
PIE *bɦs → ps
Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s
R32f → OInd. psātá-
√bɑɦsniɑh-
PIE *Π·bɑɦsniɑHo-
RV. viśvá·psni.a-
(a.) ‘alle Nahrung erhaltend, allnährend’
(WbRV. 1302)
(KEWA X:XX)
1. PIE *Π·bɑɦsniɑHo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·bɦsniHo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·bɦsniHo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·bɦsniHa-
3. Π·bɦsniHa-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RVedicHiatus → *Π·bɦsni.a-
4. Π·bɦsni.a-
PIE *bɦs → ps
Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s
R32f → RV. Π·psni.a-
√bɑɦsor-
PIE *seɑh·bɑɦsoró-
RV. sa·psará-
(a.) ‘gleiches geniessend’
(WbRV. 1477)
(RV. sa·psará-)
1. PIE *seɑh·bɑɦsoró-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *saɑh·bɑɦsoró-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. saɑh·bɑɦsoró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sah·bɦsoró-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. sah·bɦsoró-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sah·bɦsaró-
4. sah·bɦsaró-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *sah·bɦsará-
5. sah·bɦsará-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *sa·bɦsará-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. sa·bɦsará-
PIE *bɦs → ps
Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s
R32f → RV. sa·psará-
PIE *bɑɦséros-
RV. psáras-
(n.) ‘Schmaus, Mahl’
(WbRV. 895)
(RV. psáras-)
1. PIE *bɑɦséros-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦséros-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦséros-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *bɦséras-
3. bɦséras-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *bɦsáras-
4. bɦsáras-
PIE *bɦs → ps
Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s
R32f → RV. psáras-
PIE *su·bɑɦséros-
RV. su·psáras-
(a.) ‘schönes Mahl geniessend, schön schmausend’
(WbRV. 1542)
1. PIE *su·bɑɦséros-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *su·bɦséros-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. su·bɦséros-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *su·bɦséras-
3. su·bɦséras-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *su·bɦsáras-
4. su·bɦsáras-
PIE *bɦs → ps
Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s
R32f → RV. su·psáras-
PIE *Π·bɑɦséros-
RV. madhu·psáras-
(a.) ‘Süssigkeit, süsse Soma schmausend’
(WbRV. 986)
1. PIE *Π·bɑɦséros-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·bɦséros-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·bɦséros-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·bɦséras-
3. Π·bɦséras-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *Π·bɦsáras-
4. Π·bɦsáras-
PIE *bɦs → ps
Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s
R32f → RV. Π·psáras-
√bɑɦsu-
PIE *hɑé·bɑɦsu-
RV. á·psu-
(a.) ‘ohne Speise’
(WbRV. 80)
1. PIE *hɑé·bɑɦsu-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑá·bɑɦsu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑá·bɑɦsu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *há·bɦsu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. há·bɦsu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *á·bɦsu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. á·bɦsu-
PIE *bɦs → ps
Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s
R32f → RV. á·psu-
PIE *bɑɦsúr-
RV. psúr-
(f.) ‘Nahrung’
(WbRV. 395)
(RV. psúras [plA])
1. PIE *bɑɦsúr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦsúr-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦsúr-
PIE *bɦs → ps
Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s
R32f → RV. psúr-


PIE √pɑh- (vb.) ‘schädigen’
(IEW. 827 *pau-!)
(Pyysalo 2013:387, Hitt. + Gr.)
√pɑhi-
PIE *peɑhi-
Hitt. paḫi-
(c.) ‘something harmful’
(CHD P:1)
(Hitt. pa-aḫ-ḫi-in)
1. PIE *peɑhi-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *paɑhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. paɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pahi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pahi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. paḫi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *peɑhi-
CLu. paḫi-
(?) ‹vbM.› ‘--’
(DLL. 77)
(Hitt. pa-aḫ-ḫi-it-ta-ru [3sg])
1. PIE *peɑhi-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *paɑhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. paɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pahi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pahi-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. paḫi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
√pɑhil-
(MA 650)
PIE *pɑ́hilo-
TochB. pīla-
(m.sg.) ‘Wunde’ (van W. 1966 [Orbis 15]:256)
(DTochB. 387)
(TochB. pīle)
1. PIE *pɑ́hilo-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *píhilo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. píhilo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *píhila-
(XX:XX)
3. píhila-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *píila-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. píila-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → TochB. pī́la-
PIE *pɑhilo-
TochB. pila-
(m.sg.) ‘wound, VW. 356’
(DTochB. 387)
(TochB. pilenta, pile[n]e, pilentse)
1. PIE *pɑhilo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *philo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. philo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *phila-
(XX:XX)
3. phila-
*ph → p
Loss of *h in tenues aspiratae
RDeaspph → TochB. pila-
PIE *pɑhilointo·Σ-
TochB. ·pilentatstse-
(a.) ‘having wounds, wounded’
(DTochB. 387)
1. PIE *pɑhilointo·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *philointo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. philointo·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *philainta·Σ-
(XX:XX)
3. philainta·Σ-
*ph → p
Loss of *h in tenues aspiratae
RDeaspph → *pilainta·Σ-
4. pilainta·Σ-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RChangeAI2E1 → *pilēnta·Σ-
5. pilēnta·Σ-
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthOIA4 → TochB. pilenta·Σ-
√pɑhis-
PIE *peɑhíso-
Gr. παίο-
(pr.) ‘schlagen, hauen, stoßen’
(GEW 2:464)
(Gr. παίω [1sg])
1. PIE *peɑhíso-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *paɑhíso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. paɑhíso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pahíso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pahíso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *paíso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. paíso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *paího-
5. paího-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *paío-
6. paío-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. παίο-
PIE *peɑhiski̯euor-
Hitt. paḫiškeuar-
(n.) ‘eine Feindselige Handlung’
(HHand. 115)
(Hitt. pa-aḫ-ḫi-es-ke-u-ua-ar)
1. PIE *peɑhiski̯euor-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *paɑhiski̯euor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. paɑhiski̯euor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pahiski̯euor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pahiski̯euor-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *pahisḱeuor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. pahisḱeuor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *pahisḱeuar-
(XX:XX)
5. pahisḱeuar-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *pahiskeuar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. pahiskeuar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *pahiškeuar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. pahiškeuar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. paḫiškeuar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *peɑhíss-
Gr. παίσ-
(s.ao.) ‘schlagen, hauen, stoßen’
(GEW 2:464)
(Gr. ἔπαισα [1sg])
1. PIE *peɑhíss-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *paɑhíss-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. paɑhíss-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pahíss-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pahíss-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *paíss-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. paíss-
*ss → s
Degemination of *ss
RDegeminss2s → *país-
5. país-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. παίσ-
√pɑhu-
PIE *peɑhui̯o-
Lat. pauio-
(vb4.) ‘schlagen, stampfen’
(WH 2:267)
(Lat. pauiō [1sg])
1. PIE *peɑhui̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *paɑhui̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. paɑhui̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pahui̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pahui̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *paui̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. paui̯o-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
ROrthogrY2i → Lat. pauio-


PIE √pɑhu- √poɑhu-, √peɑhu- (sb.) ‘Feuer’
(IEW. 828)
√poɑhu-
(Pyysalo)
poɑhu̯o-
(OGH. 296)
(Hitt. pa-aḫ-ḫu-ua [Stf.], pa-aḫ-ḫu-ua-an, OGHErg. 118)
PIE *Π·poɑhu̯ó-
RV. hiraṇya·pāvá-
(a.) ‘von Gold glänzend’
(WbRV. 1667)
1. PIE *Π·poɑhu̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·pohu̯ó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·pohu̯ó-
PIE *ohCV → āhCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RBrugmII1 → *Π·pāhu̯ó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.3.7)
3. Π·pāhu̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *Π·pāhu̯á-
4. Π·pāhu̯á-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·pāu̯á-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·pāu̯á-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → RV. Π·pāvá-
PIE *poɑhu̯o·Σ-
RV. pāva·ká-
(a.) ‘hell, hellstrahlend, flammend’
(WbRV.808-9)
(Cf. Grassmann for RV. pavaká- (meter)!)
1. PIE *poɑhu̯o·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pohu̯o·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. pohu̯o·Σ-
PIE *ohCV → āhCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RBrugmII1 → *pāhu̯o·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.3.7)
3. pāhu̯o·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *pāhu̯a·Σ-
4. pāhu̯a·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pāu̯a·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. pāu̯a·Σ-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → RV. pāva·Σ-
√pɑhun-
PIE *peɑhu̯en-
Hitt. paḫuen-
(n.Obl.) ‘Feuer’
(HHand. 115)
1. PIE *peɑhu̯en-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *paɑhu̯en-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. paɑhu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pahu̯en-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pahu̯en-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. paḫu̯en-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *peɑhu̯eno-
Hitt. paḫuena-
(LÚc.) ‘Mann des Feuers (?)’
(HHand. 115)
1. PIE *peɑhu̯eno-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *paɑhu̯eno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. paɑhu̯eno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pahu̯eno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pahu̯eno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *pahu̯ena-
(XX:XX)
4. pahu̯ena-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. paḫu̯ena-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *peɑhu̯enoli-
Hitt. paḫuenali-
(NA4/DUGn.) ‘Kohlenpfanne, Feuerbecken’
(HHand. 115)
1. PIE *peɑhu̯enoli-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *paɑhu̯enoli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. paɑhu̯enoli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pahu̯enoli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pahu̯enoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *pahu̯enali-
(XX:XX)
4. pahu̯enali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. paḫu̯enali-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√pɑhur-
(IEW 828)
(+ Hrozný 1917 [SH] 69: Hitt.)
PIE *peɑhu̯or-
Hitt. paḫuar-
(n.) ‘Feuer : Sum. IZI, Akd. IŠATI’
(HHand. 115)
(Hitt. pa-aḫ-ḫu-ua-ar)
1. PIE *peɑhu̯or-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *paɑhu̯or-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. paɑhu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pahu̯or-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pahu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *pahu̯ar-
(XX:XX)
4. pahu̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. paḫu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *peɑhur-
Hitt. paḫur-
(n.) ‘Feuer, Feuerasche, glühende Asche’
(CHD P:12f)
(HHand. 115)
1. PIE *peɑhur-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *paɑhur-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. paɑhur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pahur-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pahur-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. paḫur-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *peɑhur-
CLu. paḫur-
(n.) ‘Feuer, KLuN.570f.’
(DLL. 77)
(In broken context)
1. PIE *peɑhur-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *paɑhur-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. paɑhur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pahur-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pahur-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. paḫur-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *peɑhur-
TochA. por-
(n.) ‘ignis’
(Poucha 189-90)
(TochA. por [sgN])
1. PIE *peɑhur-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *paɑhur-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. paɑhur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pahur-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pahur-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *paur-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. paur-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RMonophthau2O1 → *pōr-
5. pōr-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthO2o1 → TochA. por-
PIE *pɑ́hu̯or-
TochB. puwar-
(n.) = Skt. agnim
(DTochB. 393)
1. PIE *pɑ́hu̯or-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu̯ → úḫu̯
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u̯
RAssimilation2g → *púhu̯or-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. púhu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *púhu̯ar-
(XX:XX)
3. púhu̯ar-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *púu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. púu̯ar-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of u̯ into w
R19 → *púwar-
5. púwar-
*ú → u
Unmarkedness of accent
R21 → TochB. puwar-
PIE *pɑ́hur
Gr. πῦρ-
(n.) ‘Feuer’
(GEW 2:627-9)
(Gr. πῦρ [sgNA])
1. PIE *pɑ́hur
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2c → *púhur
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. púhur
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *púur
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. púur
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractúu → *pū́r
4. pū́r
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. πū́ρ
PIE *peɑhurei̯o-
Hitt. paḫurei̯a-
(vb.) ‘wie Feuer brennen’
(HHand. 115)
1. PIE *peɑhurei̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *paɑhurei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. paɑhurei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pahurei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pahurei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *pahurei̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. pahurei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. paḫurei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)


PIE √pɑhur-, √pɑhuer-, √pɑhuor- (sb.) ‘frumenta quae de vagina non bene exibant, (m.) Bastard (f.) Nebenfrau’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√pɑhuer-
PIE *peɑhu̯ero-
OLat. pauero-
(m.) ‘frumenta (…) quae de vagina non bene exibant’
(WH 2:266-7)
(EM 2 743, PFest. p. 250/3, OLat. pauerī [plN])
1. PIE *peɑhu̯ero-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *paɑhu̯ero-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. paɑhu̯ero-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pahu̯ero-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pahu̯ero-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pau̯ero-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. pau̯ero-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → OLat. pauero-
√pɑhuor-
PIE *peɑhu̯ortɑhi-
Hitt. paḫu̯arši-
(LÚc.) ‘Bastard’ (MUNUS.) ‘Nebenfrau’
(HHand. 115)
(HIL –)
1. PIE *peɑhu̯ortɑhi-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *paɑhu̯ortɑhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. paɑhu̯ortɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pahu̯orthi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pahu̯orthi-
PIE *thi → ci
Assibilation of *th before *i
RDentAssib2b → *pahu̯orci-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. pahu̯orci-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *pahu̯arci-
(XX:XX)
5. pahu̯arci-
OAnat. c -> š
Orthographic change of *c into š
R14 → *pahu̯arši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. pahu̯arši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. paḫu̯arši-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√pɑhur-
PIE *peɑhurtɑhi-
Hitt. paḫurši-
(LÚc.) ‘Bastard’ (MUNUS.) ‘Nebenfrau’
(HHand. 115)
(“Nicht regierunsfähiges Mitglied der Königsfamilie”)
1. PIE *peɑhurtɑhi-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *paɑhurtɑhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. paɑhurtɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pahurthi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pahurthi-
PIE *thi → ci
Assibilation of *th before *i
RDentAssib2b → *pahurci-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. pahurci-
OAnat. c -> š
Orthographic change of *c into š
R14 → *pahurši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. pahurši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. paḫurši-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *peɑhurdɑɦi-
Hitt. paḫurzi-
(LÚc.) ‘Bastard’ (MUNUS.) ‘Nebenfrau’
(HHand. 115)
1. PIE *peɑhurdɑɦi-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *paɑhurdɑɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. paɑhurdɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pahurdɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pahurdɦi-
PIE *dɦi → zi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4b → *pahurzi-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. pahurzi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. paḫurzi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)


PIE √phɑl-, √bhɑl- (vb.) ‘fallen, in eine Falle locken, täuschen’ (sb.) ‘Fall, Falle, Verlust, Tod’ (a.) ‘falsch, irrig’
(IEW. 851)
(+ Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√pohɑlo-
PIE *pṓhɑlo-
Lith. púola-
(pr.) ‘fallen’
(LiEtWb. 666)
(Lith. púola [3pers])
1. PIE *pṓhɑlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pṓhlo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. pṓhlo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pṓlo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. pṓlo-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *pṓla-
4. pṓla-
*ṓ → úo
Change of ṓ into úo
RChangeO2uo2 → Lith. púola-
PIE *pṓhɑlo-
Lith. púola-
(pr.+A) ‘über jmd. Herfallen, ihn angreifen’
(LiEtWb. 666)
(Lith. púola [3pers])
1. PIE *pṓhɑlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pṓhlo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. pṓhlo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pṓlo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. pṓlo-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *pṓla-
4. pṓla-
*ṓ → úo
Change of ṓ into úo
RChangeO2uo2 → Lith. púola-
PIE *pōhɑlo-
Latv. puola-
(vb.) ‘fallen’
(LiEtWb. 666)
(Latv. puolu [1sg])
1. PIE *pōhɑlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pōhlo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. pōhlo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pōlo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. pōlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *pōla-
4. pōla-
*ō → uo
Change of ō into uo
RChangeO2uo1 → Latv. puola-
PIE *Π·pōhɑlímo-
Lith. pra·puolìma-
(2m.) ‘Abhandenkommen, Veschwinden, usw.’
(LiEtWb. 666)
1. PIE *Π·pōhɑlímo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·pōhlímo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·pōhlímo-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis Li. ì
RAcc2 → *Π·pōhlìmo-
3. Π·pōhlìmo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·pōlìmo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·pōlìmo-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·pōlìma-
5. Π·pōlìma-
*ō → uo
Change of ō into uo
RChangeO2uo1 → Lith. Π·puolìma-
√phɑlo-
(HEG I:43)
(Puhvel HED ½:95f., HIL. 234-, HW2 A:XX)
PIE *o·phɑolo-
Hitt. a·pala-
(c.) ‘Falle, Hinterhalt’
(HHand. 18)
(Hitt. a-ap-pa-li [DL], ap-pa-al-li)
1. PIE *o·phɑolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *o·pholo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. o·pholo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *a·phala-
(XX:XX)
3. a·phala-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → Hitt. a·pala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *o·phɑolo-
Hitt. a·pala-
(vb.) ‘in eine Falle locken : entrap’
(HIL. 234)
(Hitt. a-ap-pa-la-a-u-e-ni [1pl])
1. PIE *o·phɑolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *o·pholo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. o·pholo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *a·phala-
(XX:XX)
3. a·phala-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → Hitt. a·pala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√phɑlɑhni-
PIE *phɑlēɑh·Σ-
Arm. ·pʼla-
(ao.) ‘einfallen : collapse’
(ArmGr. XX)
(Arm. pʼlay)
1. PIE *phɑlēɑh·Σ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *phɑlāɑh·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. phɑlāɑh·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *phlāh·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. phlāh·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *phlā·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. phlā·Σ-
*ph → pʼ
Glottalization of *ph
RGlottalicizePH → *pʼlā·Σ-
5. pʼlā·Σ-
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RChangeA2a1 → Arm. pʼla·Σ-
PIE *phɑlēɑh·Σ-
Arm. ·pʼlani-
(pr.) ‘einfallen : collapse’
(ArmGr. XX)
(Arm. pʼlanim [1sg])
1. PIE *phɑlēɑh·Σ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *phɑlāɑh·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. phɑlāɑh·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *phlāh·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. phlāh·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *phlā·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. phlā·Σ-
*ph → pʼ
Glottalization of *ph
RGlottalicizePH → *pʼlā·Σ-
5. pʼlā·Σ-
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RChangeA2a1 → Arm. pʼla·Σ-
√phɑli-
PIE *o·phɑoloi-
Hitt. a·palai-
(vb.) ‘in eine Falle locken’
(HHand. 18)
(Hitt. a-ap-pa-la-a-iz-zi)
1. PIE *o·phɑoloi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *o·pholoi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. o·pholoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *a·phalai-
(XX:XX)
3. a·phalai-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → Hitt. a·palai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *o·phɑoli·Σ-
Hitt. a·pali ta-
(vb.) ‘to mislead’ (KLuN. 317f.: “take into a trap”)
(HIL. 234)
1. PIE *o·phɑoli·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *o·pholi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. o·pholi·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *a·phali·Σ-
(XX:XX)
3. a·phali·Σ-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → Hitt. a·pali·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *o·phɑoleiski̯e/o-
Hitt. a·paleiške/a-
(vb.iter.)
(HHand. 18)
(Hitt. ap-pa-li-eš-ke/a-, ap-pa-li-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *o·phɑoleiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *o·pholeiski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. o·pholeiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *o·pholeisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. o·pholeisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *a·phaleisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
4. a·phaleisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *a·phaleiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. a·phaleiske/a-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *a·paleiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. a·paleiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. a·paleiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *o·phɑolei̯olo-
Hitt. a·palei̯ala-
(N.ag.) ‘Fallensteller › Betrüger, Gegner, Feind’
(HHand. 18)
(Hitt. ap-pa-li-ia-al-la-ša)
1. PIE *o·phɑolei̯olo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *o·pholei̯olo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. o·pholei̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *a·phalei̯ala-
(XX:XX)
3. a·phalei̯ala-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → Hitt. a·palei̯ala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√phɑln-
PIE *phɑelno-
OHG. fall-
(m.) ‘Fall, Untergang, Sturz, Verderben, Raub’
(AhdEW. F-2)
1. PIE *phɑelno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *phɑalno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. phɑalno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *phalno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. phalno-
*p h → f
Affricativization of *ph
AffricatePH → *falno-
4. falno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *falna-
(XX:XX)
5. falna-
*ln → ll
Assimilation of *ln into ll
RAssimLN → OHG. falla-
PIE *phɑelno-
OIcl. fall-
(n.) ‘Fall, Tod, Verlust’
(ANEtWb. 110)
1. PIE *phɑelno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *phɑalno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. phɑalno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *phalno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. phalno-
*p h → f
Affricativization of *ph
AffricatePH → *falno-
4. falno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *falna-
(XX:XX)
5. falna-
*ln → ll
Assimilation of *ln into ll
RAssimLN → OIcl. falla-
PIE *phɑelno-
OHG. falla-
(vb.) ‘fallen, (herab)stürzen, zu Fall kommen, ....’
(AhdEW. F-3)
1. PIE *phɑelno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *phɑalno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. phɑalno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *phalno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. phalno-
*p h → f
Affricativization of *ph
AffricatePH → *falno-
4. falno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *falna-
(XX:XX)
5. falna-
*ln → ll
Assimilation of *ln into ll
RAssimLN → OHG. falla-
PIE *phɑelno·n-
OHG. falla·n-
(f.) ‘Falle, Fallstrick, Netz : decipula’
(AhdEW. F-3)
1. PIE *phɑelno·n-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *phɑalno·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. phɑalno·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *phalno·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. phalno·n-
*p h → f
Affricativization of *ph
AffricatePH → *falno·n-
4. falno·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *falna·n-
(XX:XX)
5. falna·n-
*ln → ll
Assimilation of *ln into ll
RAssimLN → OHG. falla·n-
PIE *phɑelno-
OEng. fealla-
(vb) ‘fall (down), fail’
(ASaxD. 271)
1. PIE *phɑelno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *phɑalno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. phɑalno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *phalno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. phalno-
*p h → f
Affricativization of *ph
AffricatePH → *falno-
4. falno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *falna-
(XX:XX)
5. falna-
*ln → ll
Assimilation of *ln into ll
RAssimLN → OEng. falla-
√phɑlns-
PIE *phɑelnso-
MidHG. vals-
(a.) ‘falsch’
(AhdEW. F-4)
1. PIE *phɑelnso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *phɑalnso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. phɑalnso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *phalnso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. phalnso-
*ph → f
Affricativization of *ph
AffricatePH → *falnso-
4. falnso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *falnsa-
(XX:XX)
5. falnsa-
*ln → ll
Assimilation of *ln into ll
RAssimLN → *fallsa-
6. fallsa-
*lls → ls
Simplification of *lls to ls
RChangeLLS2LS → *falsa-
7. falsa-
*f- → v-
Orthographic change of f- into v-
R32 → MidHG. valsa-
PIE *phɑelnski̯ēɑh-
OHG. falscō-
(vb.) ‘widerlegen’
(AhdEW. F-4)
1. PIE *phɑelnski̯ēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *phɑalnski̯ēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. phɑalnski̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *phɑalnski̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. phɑalnski̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *phalnski̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. phalnski̯āh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *phalnsḱāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. phalnsḱāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *phalnsḱā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. phalnsḱā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *phalnskā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. phalnskā-
*p h → f
Affricativization of *ph
AffricatePH → *falnskā-
8. falnskā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → *falnskō-
(XX:XX)
9. falnskō-
*ln → ll
Assimilation of *ln into ll
RAssimLN → *fallskō-
10. fallskō-
*lls → ls
Simplification of *lls to ls
RChangeLLS2LS → *falskō-
11. falskō-
*k → c
Orthographic change of k to c
ROrthogrk2c → OHG. falscō-
PIE *phɑelnski·Σ-
OHG. falsc·heit-
(f.) ‘Falschheit’
(AhdEW. F-4)
1. PIE *phɑelnski·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *phɑalnski·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. phɑalnski·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *phalnski·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. phalnski·Σ-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *phalnsḱ·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. phalnsḱ·Σ-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *phalnsk·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. phalnsk·Σ-
*p h → f
Affricativization of *ph
AffricatePH → *falnsk·Σ-
6. falnsk·Σ-
*ln → ll
Assimilation of *ln into ll
RAssimLN → *fallsk·Σ-
7. fallsk·Σ-
*lls → ls
Simplification of *lls to ls
RChangeLLS2LS → *falsk·Σ-
8. falsk·Σ-
*k → c
Orthographic change of k to c
ROrthogrk2c → OHG. falsc·Σ-
√bɦɑlo-
PIE *bɦɑēló-
Ion.-Att. φηλό-
(a.) ‘betrügerisch, täuschend’
(GEW 2:1008-9)
(Gr. φηλός or φῆλος ?)
1. PIE *bɦɑēló-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *bɦɑāló-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. bɦɑāló-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦāló-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. bɦāló-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *phāló-
4. phāló-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
RChangeA2E1 → *phēló-
5. phēló-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Ion.-Att. φηλό-
PIE *bɦɑēlói̯o-
Ion.-Att. φηλόο-
(vb.) ‘täuschen’
(GEW 2:1008)
(Gr. φηλόω)
1. PIE *bɦɑēlói̯o-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *bɦɑālói̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. bɦɑālói̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦālói̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. bɦālói̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *phālói̯o-
4. phālói̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *phālóo-
5. phālóo-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
RChangeA2E1 → *phēlóo-
6. phēlóo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Ion.-Att. φηλόο-
√bɦɑln-
PIE *bɦɑelno-
Lat. fallo-
(pr3.) ‘täuschen (durch nichterfüllung), betrugen’
(WH 2:447)
(Lat. fallō [1sg])
1. PIE *bɦɑelno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *bɦɑalno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. bɦɑalno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦalno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. bɦalno-
*bɦ → f
Affricativization of labial *bɦ
RAffricatBH2f → *falno-
4. falno-
*ln → ll
Assimilation of *ln into ll
RAssimLN → Lat. fallo-
PIE *bɦɑelnēɑh-
Lat. fallā-
(f.) = ‘fallacia’
(WH 2:447)
1. PIE *bɦɑelnēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *bɦɑalnēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. bɦɑalnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *bɦɑalnāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. bɦɑalnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦalnāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. bɦalnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *bɦalnā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. bɦalnā-
*bɦ → f
Affricativization of labial *bɦ
RAffricatBH2f → *falnā-
6. falnā-
*ln → ll
Assimilation of *ln into ll
RAssimLN → Lat. fallā-
PIE *bɦɑelnso-
Lat. falso-
(pt.a.) ‘falsch, irrig, unwahr’
(WH 2:447)
(Lat. falsus [sgN], falsī [sgG]).
1. PIE *bɦɑelnso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *bɦɑalnso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. bɦɑalnso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦalnso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. bɦalnso-
*bɦ → f
Affricativization of labial *bɦ
RAffricatBH2f → *falnso-
4. falnso-
*ln → ll
Assimilation of *ln into ll
RAssimLN → *fallso-
5. fallso-
*lls → ls
Simplification of *lls to ls
RChangeLLS2LS → Lat. falso-


PIE √pɑhr-, √bɑɦr- ‘erscheinen’
(IEW. 789+CHD P:134)
√pɑhr-
(IEW. 789)
(WP 2:6)
PIE *pepeɑhró-
Gr. πεπαρό-
(ao.red.) ‘vorzeigen’
(GEW 2:XX)
(Gr. πεπαρεῖν, Gr. /ă/)
1. PIE *pepeɑhró-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *pepaɑhró-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. pepaɑhró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pepahró-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pepahró-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *peparó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. peparó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. πεπαρό-
PIE *pēɑhrei̯o-
Lat. pāreo-
(pr2.) ‘sichtbar sein, erscheinen, sich zeigen’
(WH 2:252f.)
(Lat. pāreō)
1. PIE *pēɑhrei̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *pāɑhrei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. pāɑhrei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pāhrei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pāhrei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pārei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. pārei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
RLossY1 → Lat. pāreo-
PIE *pēɑhru-
Lat. pāru-
(pf.) ‘sichtbar sein, erscheinen, sich zeigen’
(WH 2:252f.)
(Lat. pāruit)
1. PIE *pēɑhru-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *pāɑhru-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. pāɑhru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pāhru-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pāhru-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Lat. pāru-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *pepēɑhreú·Σ-
Dor. πεπᾱρεύ·σιμο-
(a.) ‘= εὔφραστον, σαφές’
(GEW 2:XX)
(Hes. πεπαρεύσιμος · εὔφραστον, σαφές)
1. PIE *pepēɑhreú·Σ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *pepāɑhreú·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. pepāɑhreú·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pepāhreú·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pepāhreú·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pepāreú·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. pepāreú·Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Dor. πεπᾱρεύ·Σ-
√bɑɦro-
[CHD P:134]
(HIL. 729f., Oettinger (1979:472), Melchert (1994:220, 222)
PIE *bɑɦoro-
Hitt. bara-
(vb2.) ‘erscheinen, auftreten, vorkommen’
(HHand. 120)
(Hitt. pa-ra-a-i [3sg]
1. PIE *bɑɦoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦoro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *bɦara-
(XX:XX)
3. bɦara-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. bara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦebɑɦro-
LAv. bawra-
(m.) ‘Biber’
(AIWb. 925)
1. PIE *bɑɦebɑɦro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦebɦro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦebɦro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *bɦebɦra-
3. bɦebɦra-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspbh → *bebra-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. bebra-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *babra-
5. babra-
b → w
Change of *b into w
R40b → LAv. bawra-
√bɑɦrɑhk-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *bɑɦōrēɑhko
OIr. bārach-
(m*o-?) ‘tomorrow’
(EtDiPC. 50)
(LEIA B-16, bárach)
1. PIE *bɑɦōrēɑhko
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *bɑɦōrāɑhko
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. bɑɦōrāɑhko
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦōrāhko
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. bɦōrāhko
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *bɦōrāko
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. bɦōrāko
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspbh → *bōrāko
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. bōrāko
*ō → ua
Brechung of *ō into ua
RBrechungO2ua → *buarāko
6. buarāko
VkV → VkhV
Lenition of voiceless stop *k
RLenitionK → *buarākho
7. buarākho
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RShortA2a → *buarakho
8. buarakho
*-o → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → *buarakh
9. buarakh
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → OIr. buarach
√bɑɦri-
PIE *bɑɦoroi-
Pal. barai-
(vb.) ‘zum Vorschein kommen, erscheinen’
(HHand. 120)
(Pal. pa-ra-i-it, (DPal. 67: ‘er blies’, evtl. ‘er jagte’)
1. PIE *bɑɦoroi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦoroi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦoroi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *bɦarai-
(XX:XX)
3. bɦarai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Pal. barai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦebɑɦri-
LAv. bawri-
(m.) ‘Biber’ (f.) ‘Biberweibchen’
(AIWb. 925)
1. PIE *bɑɦebɑɦri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦebɦri-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦebɦri-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspbh → *bebri-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. bebri-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *babri-
4. babri-
b → w
Change of *b into w
R40b → LAv. bawri-
√bɑɦorm-
PIE *bɑɦormen-
OInd. bharmaṇ-
(n.) ‘Gold, Münze, Lohn’
(EWA 3:365)
(KEWA 2:365)
1. PIE *bɑɦormen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦormen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦormen-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *bɦarmen-
3. bɦarmen-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *bɦarman-
4. bɦarman-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
RRetrofl1 → *bɦarmaṇ-
5. bɦarmaṇ-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. bharmaṇ-
√bɑɦron-
PIE *bɑɦoron-
Hitt. baran-
(vn.bs.) ‘to appear, emerge’
(HIL. 729)
(Hitt. pa-ra-an-na-aš [sgG])
1. PIE *bɑɦoron-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦoron-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦoron-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *bɦaran-
(XX:XX)
3. bɦaran-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. baran-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦebɑɦroni-
LAv. bawraini-
(a.) ‘von Biber stammend, biber-’
(AIWb. 925)
1. PIE *bɑɦebɑɦroni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦebɦroni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦebɦroni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *bɦebɦrani-
3. bɦebɦrani-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspbh → *bebrani-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. bebrani-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *babrani-
5. babrani-
*ani → aini
Anaptyxis of *i
RAnaptyxANI → *babraini-
6. babraini-
b → w
Change of *b into w
R40b → LAv. bawraini-
√bɑɦrosɑh-
[CHD P:139]
PIE *bɑɦorosɑho-
Hitt. barašḫa-
(NA4c.) ‘‘Bergkristall, Jaspis, Chlorit, Steatit (?)’
(HHand. 121)
(Hitt. pa-ra-aš-ḫa-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *bɑɦorosɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦorosho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦorosho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *bɦarasha-
(XX:XX)
3. bɦarasha-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *barasha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. barasha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *barašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. barašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. barašḫa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *bɑɦorosɑhi-
Hitt. barašḫi-
(NA4n.) ‘ein Halbedelstein’
(HHand. 121)
(Hitt. pa-ra-aš-ḫi, ba-ra-aš-ḫi)
1. PIE *bɑɦorosɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦoroshi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦoroshi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *bɦarashi-
(XX:XX)
3. bɦarashi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *barashi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. barashi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *barašhi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. barašhi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. barašḫi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√bɑɦorosu-
PIE *bɑɦorosu-
Hitt. barašu-
(NA4.) ‘ein Edelstein, ‹cf. HLu. ašu- ‘stein’ ?›’
(HHand. 121)
1. PIE *bɑɦorosu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦorosu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦorosu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *bɦarasu-
(XX:XX)
3. bɦarasu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *barasu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. barasu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. barašu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦorosu̯ont-
Hitt. barašu̯ant-
(a.) ‘qualifiziert Gegenstand aus Elfenbein’
(HHand. 121)
1. PIE *bɑɦorosu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦorosu̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦorosu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *bɦarasu̯ant-
(XX:XX)
3. bɦarasu̯ant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *barasu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. barasu̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. barašu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√bɑɦru-
[CHD P:139]
PIE *bɑɦoru-
OInd. bharu-
(n.) ‘Gold’
(EWA 3:365)
1. PIE *bɑɦoru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦoru-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦoru-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *bɦaru-
3. bɦaru-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. bharu-
PIE *bɑɦorusɑho-
Hitt. barušḫa-
(NA4c.) (ein Halbedelstein)
(HHand. 121)
(Hitt. [p]a-r[u]-uš-ḫa-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *bɑɦorusɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦorusho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦorusho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *bɦarusha-
(XX:XX)
3. bɦarusha-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *barusha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. barusha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *barušha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. barušha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. barušḫa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *bɑɦebɑɦrú-
RV. babhrú-
(a.) ‘rotbraun, braun’ (Im.) ‘Biber’
(WbRV. 899)
(RV. babhrú-
1. PIE *bɑɦebɑɦrú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦebɦrú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦebɦrú-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmII → *bebɦrú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)
3. bebɦrú-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *babɦrú-
4. babɦrú-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. babhrú-
PIE *bɑɦebɑɦrú·Σ-
RV. babhrú·dhūta-
(a.) ‘von Babhru (im Wasser) durchgeschüttelt’
(WbRV. 899)
(XX - cf. Accent!)
1. PIE *bɑɦebɑɦrú·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦebɦrú·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦebɦrú·Σ-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmII → *bebɦrú·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)
3. bebɦrú·Σ-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *babɦrú·Σ-
4. babɦrú·Σ-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. babhrú·Σ-


PIE √pili- (a.) ‘fest’ (sb.) ‘Festung, Burg, Schloß, Stadt’
(IEW 799)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√pili-
(Rieken 1999:361)
PIE *suɑh·pili-
Hitt. šuḫ·pili-
(a.) ‘sehr fest; very firm’
(HIL. 893-7)
(Hitt. šu-uḫ-pí-li-in [sgA])
1. PIE *suɑh·pili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *suh·pili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. suh·pili-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *šuh·pili-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. šuh·pili-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. šuḫ·pili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *pilí-
Lith. pilì-
(4f.) ‘Burg, Schloss, Stadt’
(LiEtWb. 590-1)
(Li. pilìs, piliẽs [G])
1. PIE *pilí-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis Li. ì
RAcc2 → Lith. pilì-
PIE *píli-
Lith. pìli-
(f.) ‘Burg, Schloss, Stadt’
(LiEtWb. 590-1)
(Li. pìlis, pìlies [G])
1. PIE *píli-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis Li. ì
RAcc2 → Lith. pìli-
PIE *pileíti
Lith. piliẽti-
(2) ‘Bürger : citizen’
(LiEtWb. 590-1)
(Li. piliẽtis)
1. PIE *pileíti
í → ì
Emergence of gravis Li. ì
RAcc2 → *pileìti
2. pileìti
eì → eĩ
Circumflex intonation for eì
RAcc14 → Lith. pileĩti
PIE *pili-
Latv. pil-
(f.) ‘Burg, Schloss’
(LiEtWb. 591)
(Latv. pils)
√pilēha
PIE *pílēha
Lith. pìlė-
(2f.) ‘Burg, Schloß, Stadt’
(LiEtWb. 591)
(Li. pìlė)
1. PIE *pílēha
í → ì
Emergence of gravis Li. ì
RAcc2 → *pìlēha
2. pìlēha
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pìlēa
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. pìlēa
* ē -> ė
Orthographic change of *ē into ė
R28a → Lith. pìlėa
PIE *pílēha
Lith. pĩlė-
(f.) ‘arx, oppidum, urbs’
(LiEtWb. 590)
(Li. pĩle)
1. PIE *pílēha
í → ì
Emergence of gravis Li. ì
RAcc2 → *pìlēha
2. pìlēha
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pìlēa
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. pìlēa
* ē -> ė
Orthographic change of *ē into ė
R28a → Lith. pìlėa


PIE √pl- √pol- √pel- (vb.) ‘schlagen, stoßen, treiben’
(IEW 801f.)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√pel- √pol-
PIE *pepol-
Lat. pepol-
(pf.) ‘drive, shoot, move, exile, strike’
(WP 2:276-7)
(Lat. pepulit [3sg])
PIE *Π·pel-
Umbr. ař·pel-
(vb.) ‘appellitāre, admouēre’
(XX:XX,
(Umbr. ařpeltu)
√polɑh-
PIE *polɑh-
Hitt. palḫ-
(prA.) ‹‘stoßen/schlagen/in Bewegung setzen (?)’›
(Pyysalo transl.; HIL. 717)
(Ḫi. [ÉR]INMEŠ-an pa-a[l?]-ḫe-er [3pl] = KBo 3.1.i.34)
1. PIE *polɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *polh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. polh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *palh-
(XX:XX)
3. palh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. palḫ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√peln-
PIE *pelno-
Lat. pello-
(vb.) ‘stoßend in Bewegung setzen, forttreiben’
(WP 2:276-7)
(Lat. pellō, pellĕre)
1. PIE *pelno-
*ln → ll
Assimilation of *ln into ll
RAssimLN → Lat. pello-
√pels-


PIE √pl- √pol- √pel- ‘extingui’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√polɑhi-
PIE *poLoɑhi̯o-
OInd. palāya-
(vb.) ‘cease, vanish’
(MonWil. XX)
1. PIE *poLoɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *poLohi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. poLohi̯o-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RChangelr4 → *polohi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
3. polohi̯o-
PIE *ohCV → āhCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RBrugmII1 → *polāhi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.3.7)
4. polāhi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *palāhi̯a-
5. palāhi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *palāi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. palāi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → OInd. palāya-
PIE *polɑhi̯osi-
TochA. palyäṣ-
(pretA.) ‘extingui’
(Poucha 175)
(TochA. palyäṣt)
1. PIE *polɑhi̯osi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *polhi̯osi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. polhi̯osi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *palhi̯asi-
(XX:XX)
3. palhi̯asi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pali̯asi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. pali̯asi-
*si → ṣ
Palatalization of *si
R18b → *pali̯aṣ-
5. pali̯aṣ-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthY2y → TochA. palyaṣ-
√polos-
PIE *polos-
HLu. palaš-
(vb.) ‘to die (?)’
(CHLu. 2.13.§.XX)
(HLu. pa-la-sa-ti-i [3sg])
1. PIE *polos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *palas-
(XX:XX)
2. palas-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. palaš-
PIE *polos·urimi-
Hitt. palaš·urimi-
(c.) ‘gemeiner ‹cf. LÚurimi- NOMS. 1445› Mensch’
(HHand. 117)
(LuPG. 21)
1. PIE *polos·urimi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *palas·urimi-
(XX:XX)
2. palas·urimi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. palaš·urimi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√pels-
PIE *pelso-
OInd. parṣa-
(prA.) [Mg.] ‘beschädigen, verletzen, KEWA 2:230’
(EWA 3:308)
(Dhātup. parṣati)
1. PIE *pelso-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
RChangelr1 → *perso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
2. perso-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiR → *peršo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. peršo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *perša-
4. perša-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *parša-
5. parša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → OInd. parṣa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
√plɑh-
(Pyysalo)
(HIL. 718 [oE])
PIE *plēɑh-
Hitt. plāḫ-
(vb.) ‘rufen, anrufen’
(HEG P.388)
(Hitt. pa-la-a-aḫ-t[a])
1. PIE *plēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *plāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. plāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *plāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. plāh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. plāḫ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *Π plēɑh-
Hitt. uari plāḫ·-
(vb.) ‘um/zu Hilfe rufen : call for help’
(HHand. 117)
(Hitt. nu ua-ar-ri pa-la-aḫ-ḫe-ir [3pl], cf. CHD P:60)
PIE *Π·plḗɑh-
RV. carṣaṇi·prā́-
(a.) ‘die Menschen segnend’
(WbRV. 442)
(RV. carṣaṇiprā́s [N], carṣaṇiprā́m [A])
1. PIE *Π·plḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *Π·plā́ɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·plā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·plā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·plā́h-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
RChangelr1 → *Π·prā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
4. Π·prā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. Π·prā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√plɑhi-
PIE *plɑ́hi-
LAv. frī-
(f.) ‘Flehen, Gebet’
(AIWb. 1025)
(LAv. fryō [plN])
1. PIE *plɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *plíhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. plíhi-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
RChangelr1 → *príhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
3. príhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *príi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. príi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *prī́-
5. prī́-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
R33a → *frī́-
6. frī́-
* ī̯́ → ī
Absence of accentuation
R41c → LAv. frī-
PIE *Π·plɑ́hi-
AV. ā·prī́-
(f.) ‘Bez. bestimmte Anrüfungen’
(EWA 1:169)
1. PIE *Π·plɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *Π·plíhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. Π·plíhi-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
RChangelr1 → *Π·príhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
3. Π·príhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·príi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·príi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → AV. Π·prī́-
PIE *Π·plɑ́hino-
LAv. ā·frīna-
(n.) ‘Segenswunsch, -spruch’
(AIWb 331)
(LAv. āfrīnǝm)
1. PIE *Π·plɑ́hino-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *Π·plíhino-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. Π·plíhino-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
RChangelr1 → *Π·príhino-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
3. Π·príhino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·príhina-
4. Π·príhina-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·príina-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·príina-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *Π·prī́na-
6. Π·prī́na-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
R33a → *Π·frī́na-
7. Π·frī́na-
* ī̯́ → ī
Absence of accentuation
R41c → LAv. Π·frīna-
PIE *Π·plɑ́hiti-
LAv. ā·frīti-
(f.) ‘Anwunschen, Segnung, Segenspruch’
(AIWb. 330)
1. PIE *Π·plɑ́hiti-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *Π·plíhiti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. Π·plíhiti-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
RChangelr1 → *Π·príhiti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
3. Π·príhiti-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·príiti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·príiti-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *Π·prī́ti-
5. Π·prī́ti-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
R33a → *Π·frī́ti-
6. Π·frī́ti-
* ī̯́ → ī
Absence of accentuation
R41c → LAv. Π·frīti-
√plɑhS-
PIE *plōɑhrēɑh-
OLat. plōrā-
(vb.) ‘clamare, laut weinen’
(WH 2:232-3)
1. PIE *plōɑhrēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *plōɑhrāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. plōɑhrāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *plōhrāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. plōhrāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → OLat. plōrā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *Π·plōɑhrēɑh-
Lat. im·plōrā-
(vb.) ‘anrufen’
(WH 2:232-3)
1. PIE *Π·plōɑhrēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·plōɑhrāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·plōɑhrāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·plōhrāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·plōhrāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Lat. Π·plōrā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)


PIE √pn-, √pon-, √pen- (sb.) ‘Haus, Heim, Innere (= Hitt. parna-)’ (adv.) ‘bei, in, apud, cōram’
(IEW 807)
(+ Pyysalo)
√pono-
PIE *pono·so-
Hitt. pana·ša-
(URUa.) ‘=URUparna·ša-’
(OGH. 306)
(Hitt. pa-na-aš-ša)
1. PIE *pono·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *pana·sa-
(XX:XX)
2. pana·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. pana·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *pono·bɑɦo-
Hitt. pana·ba-
(a.) ‘spezifiert ‘Stadt’’
(HHand. 118)
(for the suffix, cf. Oind. par·pa- ‘Haus’ to Hitt. per-/parna- ‘id.’)
1. PIE *pono·bɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pono·bɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. pono·bɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *pana·bɦa-
(XX:XX)
3. pana·bɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. pana·ba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *pono·mu̯oti-
HLu. pana·mu̯ati-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 6.1.1)
(HLu. pa-na-mu-wa/i-ti-sa)
1. PIE *pono·mu̯oti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → HLu. pana·mu̯ati-
(XX:XX)
√peno-
PIE *peno-
Lat. peno-
(n.) ‘Innere des Hauses/Vestatempels’
(WH 2:281)
(EM2:735f.)
PIE *penos-
Lat. penos-
(n.) ‘das Innere des Hauses’
(WH 2:280)
√pene-
PIE *pene·trēɑh-
Lat. pene·trā-
(pr1.) ‘eindringen, durchdringen’
(WH 2:281)
1. PIE *pene·trēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *pene·trāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. pene·trāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pene·trāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pene·trāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Lat. pene·trā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *pene·s
Lat. pene·s
(prpA.) ‘bei, in, cōram, apud’
(WH 2:280)
PIE *pené·stēɑh-
Dor. πενέ·στᾱ-
(m.) ‘Hörige, Knechte, arme Landarbeiter’
(GEW 2:504)
1. PIE *pené·stēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *pené·stāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. pené·stāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pené·stāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pené·stāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pené·stā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. pené·stā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Dor. πενέ·στᾱ-
PIE *pené·stēɑh-
Dor. πενέ·στᾱ-
(m.) ‘N. der leibeigenen Bevölkerung Thessaliens’
(GEW 2:504)
(Gr. πενέσται)
1. PIE *pené·stēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *pené·stāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. pené·stāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pené·stāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pené·stāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pené·stā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. pené·stā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Dor. πενέ·στᾱ-
PIE *pene·stēɑh-
Illyr. pene·stā-
(VN.) ‘penestai’
(GEW 2:504)
(Illyr. penestae [plN])
1. PIE *pene·stēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *pene·stāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. pene·stāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pene·stāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pene·stāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Illyr. pene·stā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *pene·stikó-
Gr. πενε·στικό-
(a.) ‘zu den πενέστα gehörig’
(GEW 2:504)
1. PIE *pene·stikó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. πενε·στικό-
√penēhɑ
PIE *penḗhɑ-
Latv. penê-
(vb.) ‘verwöhnen’
(IEW 807)
(Latv. penêt [inf.])
1. PIE *penḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *penḗh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. penḗh-
*ḗh/ɦ → êh/ɦ
Latv. broken tone rule for ḗh/ɦ
RAcc6 → *penêh-
3. penêh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Latv. penê-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√peni-
PIE *penitos
Lat. penitus
(adv.) ‘(von) innen, tief, gründlich’
(IEW 807)
1. PIE *penitos
*-os → us
Change of root-final -os into -us
RChangeos2us → Lat. penitus


PIE √pn-, √pon-, √pen- (adv.) ‘über’ (vb.) ‘loben, rühmen, bewundern’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + RV.)
√pon- √pen- √pn-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *pon
Hitt. pan
(adv.) ‘pariauan : drüben, jenseits : over, beyond’
(HHand. 118)
1. PIE *pon
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. pan
(XX:XX)
PIE *Π·pepon-
RV. ā́ (...) papan-
(pf.) ‘bewundern, rühmen’
(WbRV. 772)
(RV. ā́ papana [1sg])
1. PIE *Π·pepon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·pepan-
2. Π·pepan-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → RV. Π·papan-
PIE *pepn-
RV. pa·pn-
(pfM.) ‘XX’
(WbRV. 772)
1. PIE *pepn-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → RV. papn-
√pono- √peno- √pno-
PIE *peno
RV. pana-
(pr.) ‘bewundern, anstaunen, preisen’
(WbRV. 772)
(RV. pananta)
1. PIE *peno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *pena
2. pena
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → RV. pana
PIE *Π·péno-
RV. ā́ (...) pána-
(pr.) ‘bewundern, rühmen’
(WbRV. 772)
(RV. ā́ (...) pánanta)
1. PIE *Π·péno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·péna-
2. Π·péna-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → RV. Π·pána-
PIE *péni·pno-
RV. páni·pna-
(int.) ‘sich wunderbar beweisen’
(WbRV. 772)
(RV. pánipnatam [pt.])
1. PIE *péni·pno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *péni·pna-
2. péni·pna-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → RV. páni·pna-
√ponɑh- √penɑh-
PIE *ponēɑhi̯o-
RV. panāya-
(M.) ‘[A] zur Bewunderung sehen lassen’
(WbRV. 772)
(RV. panāyata [3sg])
1. PIE *ponēɑhi̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *ponāɑhi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. ponāɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ponāhi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ponāhi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *panāhi̯a-
4. panāhi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *panāi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. panāi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. panāya-
PIE *ponḗɑhi̯iHo-
RV. panā́yia-
(a.) ‘staunenswert’
(WbRV. 772)
1. PIE *ponḗɑhi̯iHo-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *ponā́ɑhi̯iHo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. ponā́ɑhi̯iHo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ponā́hi̯iHo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ponā́hi̯iHo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *panā́hi̯iHa-
4. panā́hi̯iHa-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RVedicHiatus → *panā́hi̯i.a-
5. panā́hi̯i.a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *panā́i̯i.a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. panā́i̯i.a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. panā́yi.a-
√poni- √peni-
PIE *ponéi̯o-
RV. panáya-
(csAM.) ‘bewundern, rühmen, loben [A]’
(WbRV. 772)
(RV. panáyanti, panayanta)
1. PIE *ponéi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *panéi̯a-
2. panéi̯a-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *panái̯a-
3. panái̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. panáya-
PIE *ponéi̯o-
RV. panáya-
(csM.) ‘sich freuen über [A, G]’
(WbRV. 772)
(RV. panayanta [3pl])
1. PIE *ponéi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *panéi̯a-
2. panéi̯a-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *panái̯a-
3. panái̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. panáya-
PIE *péni·pno-
RV. páni·pna-
(int.) ‘sich wunderbar beweisen’
(WbRV. 772)
(RV. pánipnatam [pt.])
1. PIE *péni·pno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *péni·pna-
2. péni·pna-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → RV. páni·pna-
PIE *póni̯o-
RV. pánya-
(a.) ‘bewundernswert’
(WbRV. 773)
1. PIE *póni̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *póni̯a-
2. póni̯a-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *páni̯a-
3. páni̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. pánya-
PIE *Π·poni̯ó-
RV. vi panyá·-
(ps.) ‘rühmen [A]’
(WbRV. 772)
(RV. vi panyā́mahe)
1. PIE *Π·poni̯ó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·pani̯ó-
2. Π·pani̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *Π·pani̯á-
3. Π·pani̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. Π·panyá-
PIE *Π·poni̯éɑhi̯ē-
RV. vi·panyáyā
(adv.) ‘mit Bewunderung, in b-werter Weise’
(WbRV. 1283)
1. PIE *Π·poni̯éɑhi̯ē-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
Colouring rule for *éɑ
RColouring1d → *Π·poni̯áɑhi̯ē-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. Π·poni̯áɑhi̯ē-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·poni̯áhi̯ē-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·poni̯áhi̯ē-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·pani̯áhi̯ē-
4. Π·pani̯áhi̯ē-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·pani̯ái̯ē-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·pani̯ái̯ē-
PIE *ē → ā
Aryan change of *ē into ā
RAryanE2A3 → *Π·pani̯ái̯ā-
6. Π·pani̯ái̯ā-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. Π·panyáyā-
PIE *péni̯os-
RV. pányas-
(comp.) ‘wunderbarer, herrlicher’
(WbRV. 773)
1. PIE *péni̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *péni̯as-
2. péni̯as-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *páni̯as-
3. páni̯as-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. pányas-
PIE *penis-
RV. paniṣ-
(s.aoM.) ‘bewundernswert sein’
(WbRV. 772)
(RV. paniṣṭa [3sg.])
1. PIE *penis-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RRukiI → *peniš-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
2. peniš-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *paniš-
3. paniš-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → RV. paniṣ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
PIE *pénistɑho-
RV. pániṣṭha-
(sup.) ‘sehr wunderbar, sehr herrlich’
(WbRV. 773)
1. PIE *pénistɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pénistho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. pénistho-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RRukiI → *péništho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. péništho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *péništha-
4. péništha-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *páništha-
5. páništha-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → *pániṣtha-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
6. pániṣtha-
*ṣt → ṣṭ
Assimilation of retroflex
RRetrofl3 → RV. pániṣṭha-
PIE *pénisti-
OInd. pániṣṭi-
(f.) ‘Lob, Bewunderung’
(WbRV. 773)
(SV. pániṣṭi-)
1. PIE *pénisti-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RRukiI → *péništi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
2. péništi-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *páništi-
3. páništi-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → *pániṣti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
4. pániṣti-
*ṣt → ṣṭ
Assimilation of retroflex
RRetrofl3 → OInd. pániṣṭi-
PIE *ponitó-
RV. panitá-
(pt.a.) ‘gepriesen’
(WbRV. 772)
1. PIE *ponitó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *panitó-
2. panitó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → RV. panitá-
PIE *penitór-
RV. panitár-
(a.) ‘anerkennend, lobend’
(WbRV. 773)
1. PIE *penitór-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *penitár-
2. penitár-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → RV. panitár-
PIE *Π·poni̯ú-
RV. vi·panyú-
(a.) ‘rühmend, bewundernd, rühmenswert’
(WbRV. 1283)
1. PIE *Π·poni̯ú-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·pani̯ú-
2. Π·pani̯ú-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. Π·panyú-
√penosi-
PIE *penosi̯o-
RV. panasya-
(pr.) ‘sich bewundernswert zeigen’
(WbRV. 772)
(RV. panasyate)
1. PIE *penosi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *penasi̯a-
2. penasi̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *panasi̯a-
3. panasi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. panasya-
PIE *penosi̯ó-
RV. panasyá-
(pr.) ‘bei jemand [L] Anerkennung/Beifall finden’
(WbRV. 772)
(RV. panasyáte)
1. PIE *penosi̯ó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *penasi̯ó-
2. penasi̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *penasi̯á-
3. penasi̯á-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *panasi̯á-
4. panasi̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. panasyá-
PIE *penosi̯ú-
RV. panasyú-
(a.) ‘sich bewundernswert zeigend, b-wert’
(WbRV. 772)
1. PIE *penosi̯ú-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *penasi̯ú-
2. penasi̯ú-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *panasi̯ú-
3. panasi̯ú-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. panasyú-
√penu-
PIE *penu-
RV. panu-
(f.) ‘Bewunderung, Lob’
(WbRV. 773)
(RV. panvā́ [sgI])
1. PIE *penu-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → RV. panu-


PIE √pp- √pop- √pep- ‘Tisch, Deck, Tablett, usw.’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√pop-
(CHD P:96)
PIE *pop-
Hitt. pap-
(vb.) ‘make loaves out of dough’
(HIL. 725)
(Hitt. pa-a-pa?-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *pop-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. pap-
(XX:XX)
√ppi-
PIE *pu·ppi-
Lat. pu·ppi-
(.) ‘Hinter ‹pu-› deck ‹ppi-› (des Schliffs)’
(WH 2:389)
√popu-
(CHD P:108)
PIE *popu-
Hitt. papu-
(GIŠc.) ‘Tisch’ (?), ‘Gestell’ (?)
(HHand. 119)
(Hitt. pa-pu-u-un [sgA], [p]a?-a-p[u]-u-un?-na, “hölzernes Gerät, das in der Beckerei verwendet wird”.)
1. PIE *popu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. papu-
(XX:XX)
PIE *popu̯o-
Hitt. papu̯a-
(vn.bs.) ‘(Teig) formen, kneten’ (?)
(HHand. 119)
(in Hitt. pa-a-pu-u-ua-an-zi [inf.], pa-a-pu-ua-an-zi [id.])
1. PIE *popu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. papu̯a-
(XX:XX)
√popul-
(CHD P:108)
PIE *popul-
Hitt. papul-
(n.) ‘Backbrett’, ‘Tablett’ (?)
(HHand. 119)
(Hitt. pa-a-pu-li [DL or NA, cf. below], “hölzernes Gerät zum Transportieren von Broten”)
1. PIE *popul-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. papul-
(XX:XX)
PIE *populi-
Hitt. papuli-
(n.) ‘Backbrett’, ‘Tablett’ (?)
(HHand. 119)
1. PIE *populi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. papuli-
(XX:XX)


√prɑhu- √perɑhu- √porɑhu- (sb.) ‘Knoten, Gelenk’
(IEW XX)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√perɑhuo- √porɑhuo-
PIE *pérɑhu̯o-
RV. párva-
(n.) ‘die Stengelröhre der Pflanzen’
(WbRV. 792)
1. PIE *pérɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pérhu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. pérhu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *pérhu̯a-
3. pérhu̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *péru̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. péru̯a-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *páru̯a-
5. páru̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → RV. párva-
PIE *perɑhu̯o·Σ-
RV. parva·śás
(adv.) ‘gliedweise, stückweise’
(WbRV. 792)
1. PIE *perɑhu̯o·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *perhu̯o·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. perhu̯o·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *perhu̯a·Σ-
3. perhu̯a·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *peru̯a·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. peru̯a·Σ-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *paru̯a·Σ-
5. paru̯a·Σ-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → RV. parva·Σ-
PIE *porɑhu̯olo-
Hitt. parḫu̯ala-
(LÚc.) ‘ein Funktionär’
(HHand. 122)
1. PIE *porɑhu̯olo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *porhu̯olo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. porhu̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *parhu̯ala-
(XX:XX)
3. parhu̯ala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. parḫu̯ala-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√perɑhuɑhn-
PIE *pérɑhu̯eɑhn-
RV. párvaṇ-
(n.) ‘Knoten der Pflanzen’
(WbRV. 792)
1. PIE *pérɑhu̯eɑhn-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *pérɑhu̯aɑhn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. pérɑhu̯aɑhn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pérhu̯ahn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pérhu̯ahn-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *péru̯an-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. péru̯an-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *páru̯an-
5. páru̯an-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *párvan-
6. párvan-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
RRetrofl1 → RV. párvaṇ-
PIE *pérɑhu̯eɑhn-
RV. párvaṇ-
(n.) ‘die Flocken der Wolle’
(WbRV. 792)
1. PIE *pérɑhu̯eɑhn-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *pérɑhu̯aɑhn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. pérɑhu̯aɑhn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pérhu̯ahn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pérhu̯ahn-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *péru̯an-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. péru̯an-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *páru̯an-
5. páru̯an-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *párvan-
6. párvan-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
RRetrofl1 → RV. párvaṇ-
PIE *pérɑhu̯eɑhn-
RV. párvaṇ-
(n.) ‘Knotenpunkt eines Zeitraumes, Zeitpunkt’
(WbRV. 792)
1. PIE *pérɑhu̯eɑhn-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *pérɑhu̯aɑhn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. pérɑhu̯aɑhn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pérhu̯ahn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pérhu̯ahn-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *péru̯an-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. péru̯an-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *páru̯an-
5. páru̯an-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *párvan-
6. párvan-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
RRetrofl1 → RV. párvaṇ-
PIE *perɑhu̯ḗɑhn·Σ-
Gr. ·πειρήναντ-
(ptA.) ‘knotend, knüpfend, befestigende’
(GEW 2:490)
1. PIE *perɑhu̯ḗɑhn·Σ-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *perɑhu̯ā́ɑhn·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. perɑhu̯ā́ɑhn·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *perhu̯ā́hn·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. perhu̯ā́hn·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *peru̯ā́n·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. peru̯ā́n·Σ-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *perā́n·Σ-
5. perā́n·Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. περā́ν·Σ-
√perɑhuɑhr-
PIE *pérɑhu̯eɑhr-
Gr. πεῖραρ-
(n.) ‘Knoten’
(GEW 2:490)
(Hom. πεῖραρ)
1. PIE *pérɑhu̯eɑhr-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *pérɑhu̯aɑhr-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. pérɑhu̯aɑhr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pérhu̯ahr-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pérhu̯ahr-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *péru̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. péru̯ar-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *pérar-
5. pérar-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. πέραρ-
√perɑhur-
PIE *porɑhur-
Hitt. parḫur-
(GIŠn.) ‘Pflanzenteil: Knospe, Ast ?’
(HHand. 122)
1. PIE *porɑhur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *porhur-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. porhur-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *parhur-
(XX:XX)
3. parhur-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. parḫur-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *pórɑhur-
RV. párur-
(n.) ‘Gelenk zwischen den Gliedern des Leibes’
(WbRV. 789)
1. PIE *pórɑhur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pórhur-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. pórhur-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *párhur-
3. párhur-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. párur-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√porɑhus-
PIE *pórɑhus-
RV. páruṣ-
(n.) ‘Gelenk zwischen den Gliedern des Leibes’
(WbRV. 789)
1. PIE *pórɑhus-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pórhus-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. pórhus-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *pórhuš-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. pórhuš-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *párhuš-
4. párhuš-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *páruš-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. páruš-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → RV. páruṣ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
PIE *Π·porɑhus
AV. yathā·paruṣ
(adv.) ‘joint after joint’
(EWA 2:99)
AV. yathā·paruṣ
1. PIE *Π·porɑhus
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·porhus
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·porhus
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *Π·porhuš
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. Π·porhuš
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·parhuš
4. Π·parhuš
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·paruš
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·paruš
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → AV. Π·paruṣ
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
PIE *porɑhusó-
RV. paruṣá-
(a.) ‘flockig’ (von der Wolle)
(WbRV. 789)
RV. paruṣá-
1. PIE *porɑhusó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *porhusó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. porhusó-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *porhušó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. porhušó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *parhušó-
4. parhušó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *parhušá-
5. parhušá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *parušá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. parušá-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → RV. paruṣá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)


PIE √prku- √porku- √perku- (a.) ‘mundus : rein, sauber’ (sb.) ‘Welt’ (vb.) ‘reinigen’
(IEW 822)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. Pal., CLu.; or PIE √pharku- ?)
√porku-
(CHD P:163f.)
PIE *porku-
Hitt. parku-
(a.) ‘rein, sauber, unschuldig; ‹cf. Lat. mundus›’
(HHand. 123)
(Hitt. pár-ku, pár-ku-un [sgA], pár-ku-ua-aš [G])
1. PIE *porku-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. parku-
(XX:XX)
PIE *porku-
Hitt. parku-
(É) ‘a building’
(HIL: 738)
(Hitt. pár-ku-ua-aš [plG])
1. PIE *porku-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. parku-
(XX:XX)
√porkuo-
PIE *porku̯o-
Hitt. parku̯a-
(vb.) ‘reinigen, säubern’
(HIL. 738)
(Hitt. pár-ku-ua-an-zi [3pl], pár-ku-ua-at-ta)
1. PIE *porku̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. parku̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *poporku̯o-
CLu. paparku̯a-
(vb.) ‘reinigen, säubern; ‹cf. Lat. mundare ‘id.’›’
(HHand. 119)
(CLu. pa-ap-pár-ku-ua-at-ti)
1. PIE *poporku̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. paparku̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *porku̯oi-
Hitt. parku̯ai-
(vb1.) ‘sich reinigen, entsühnen’
(HHand. 123)
(Hitt. pár-ku-ua-ia-aš [G])
1. PIE *porku̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. parku̯ai-
(XX:XX)
PIE *porku̯oi-
Hitt. parku̯ai-
(a.) ‘rein, etc.’
(HIL. 737)
1. PIE *porku̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. parku̯ai-
(XX:XX)
PIE *porku̯oii̯o-
Hitt. parku̯aia-
(É) ‘XX’
(HIL. 738)
(Ḫi, pár-ku-ua-ia-aš [plDL])
1. PIE *porku̯oii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *parku̯aii̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. parku̯aii̯a-
* aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
RAnatGlide2 → *parku̯aia-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
3. parku̯aia-
* a i a → a i i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide3 → Hitt. parku̯ai̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
PIE *porku̯oimi-
CLu. parku̯aimi-
(pt.) ‘gereinigt’ (?)
(HHand. 123)
(CLu. pár-ku-ua-i-mi-in-zi)
1. PIE *porku̯oimi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. parku̯aimi-
(XX:XX)
PIE *porku̯olo-
Hitt. parku̯ala-
(a.) ‘rein’ (?)
(HHand. 123)
(Hitt. pár-ku-ua-al-la)
1. PIE *porku̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. parku̯ala-
(XX:XX)
PIE *porku̯on·dɑɦorei̯o-
Hitt. parku̯an·darei̯a-
(vb.) ‘rein sein/werden?’
(HHand. 123)
(Hitt. pár-ku-ua-an-ta-ri-i[a-mi?] [1sg])
1. PIE *porku̯on·dɑɦorei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *porku̯on·dɦorei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. porku̯on·dɦorei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *parku̯an·dɦarei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. parku̯an·dɦarei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. parku̯an·darei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *porku̯o·Σ-
Hitt. parku̯·aštanani-
(NINDA) (ein Gebäck)
(HHand. 123)
1. PIE *porku̯o·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. parku̯a·Σ-
(XX:XX)
PIE *perku̯ou-
Goth. fairƕau-
(m.) ‘kósmos : mundus : saeculum : Welt : world’
(GoEtD. F12)
(Goth. fairƕau, fairƕaus)
1. PIE *perku̯ou-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
AffricateK → *perxu̯ou-
2. perxu̯ou-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → *ferxu̯ou-
3. ferxu̯ou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *ferxu̯au-
(XX:XX)
4. ferxu̯au-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
RChangee2i → *firxu̯au-
5. firxu̯au-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
RGlottalicX2H → *firhu̯au-
6. firhu̯au-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → Goth. firhwau-
√porkui-
PIE *porku̯i-
Pal. parku̯i-
(vb.) ‘reinigen, säubern (?), HHand. 123’
(DPal. 67)
(Pal. pa-ar-ku-i-ti, pár-ku-i-ti [3sg])
1. PIE *porku̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Pal. parku̯i-
(XX:XX)
PIE *porku̯i-
Hitt. parku̯i-
(sb.) ‘das Reine (Metall), Bronze : ZABAR’
(HHand. 123)
1. PIE *porku̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. parku̯i-
(XX:XX)
PIE *porku̯i-
Hitt. parku̯i
(UZU) ‘pure ḫaštai= bone’
(HIL. 738)
(Hitt. UZUpár-ku-i ḫa-aš-ta-i)
1. PIE *porku̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. parku̯i-
(XX:XX)
PIE *porku̯i-
Hitt. parku̯i-
(a.) ‘rein, sauber, unschuldig’
(HHand. 123)
(Hitt. pár-ku-iš, pár-ku-in [A])
1. PIE *porku̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. parku̯i-
(XX:XX)
PIE *porku̯i-
Hitt. parku̯i-
(vb1.) ‘sich reinigen, entsühnen’
(HHand. 123)
(Hitt. pár-ku-i-ed-d[a-at])
1. PIE *porku̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. parku̯i-
(XX:XX)
PIE *porkui̯o-
Hitt. parkui̯a-
(vb1.) ‘sich reinigen, entsühnen’
(HHand. 123)
(Hitt. pár-ku-ia-ta-at)
1. PIE *porkui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. parkui̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *porkui̯o-
Kpd. parkui̯a-
(Ic.) ‘rein, sauber, unschuldig’
(NOMS. 943)
(Kpd. pá-ar-ku-i-a)
1. PIE *porkui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Kpd. parkui̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *porku̯imor-
Hitt. parku̯imar-
(n.) ‘Reinigung; ‹cf. Lat. mundatio ›’
(HHand. 123)
(Hitt. pár-ku-e-m[ar?])
1. PIE *porku̯imor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. parku̯imar-
(XX:XX)
PIE *porku̯is-
Hitt. parku̯iš-
(vb.) ‘rein werden, sich als unschuldig erweisen’
(HHand. 123)
(Hitt. pár-ku-e-eš-zi, pár-ku-eš-zi, pár-ku-iš-zi)
1. PIE *porku̯is-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *parku̯is-
(XX:XX)
2. parku̯is-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. parku̯iš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *porkui̯on-
Hitt. parkui̯an-
(n.) ‘(rituelle) Reinigung, Entsühnung’
(HHand. 123)
(Hitt. pár-ku-e-ia-an-na-aš [G])
1. PIE *porkui̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. parkui̯an-
(XX:XX)
PIE *porkui̯odɑɦor-
Hitt. parkui̯adar-
(n.) ‘(rituelle) Reinigung, Entsühnung’
(HHand. 123)
(Hitt. pár-ku-ia-a-tar)
1. PIE *porkui̯odɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *porkui̯odɦor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. porkui̯odɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *parkui̯adɦar-
(XX:XX)
3. parkui̯adɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. parkui̯adar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√porkuli-
PIE *porkuli-
Hitt. parkuli-
(.) ’ein hurr. Kult-, bzw. Tempelgerät’
(HHand. 123)
1. PIE *porkuli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. parkuli-
(XX:XX)
√porkunu-
PIE *porkunu-
Hitt. parkunu-
(vb.cs.) ‘reinigen, jmd. für rein erklären, freisprechen’
(HHand. 123)
(Hitt. pár-ku-nu-mi)
1. PIE *porkunu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. parkunu-
(XX:XX)
PIE *porkunu̯ont-
Hitt. parkunuant-
(pt.) ‘gereinigt, sauber, HHand. 123’
(HIL. 738)
1. PIE *porkunu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. parkunu̯ant-
(XX:XX)
PIE *porkunumor-
Hitt. parkunumar-
(n.) ‘XX’
(Hhand. 123)
(Hitt. pár-ku-nu-mar, par-ku-nu-um-ma-aš)
1. PIE *porkunumor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. parkunumar-
(XX:XX)
PIE *porkunuski̯e/o-
Hitt. parkunuške/a-
(pr.) ‘XX’
(HIL. 738)
(Hitt. pár-ku-nu-uš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *porkunuski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *porkunusḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. porkunusḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *parkunusḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
3. parkunusḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *parkunuske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. parkunuske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. parkunuške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√porkus-
PIE *porkus-
Hitt. parkuš-
(vb.) ‘rein werden’
(HHand. 123
1. PIE *porkus-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *parkus-
(XX:XX)
2. parkus-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. parkuš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√perkuu-
PIE *perku̯u-
Goth. fairƕu-
(m.) ‘κόσμος : mundus : saeculum : Welt’
(GoEtD. F12)
(Goth. fairƕus [sgN], fairƕu [sgA])
1. PIE *perku̯u-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
AffricateK → *perxu̯u-
2. perxu̯u-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → *ferxu̯u-
3. ferxu̯u-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
RChangee2i → *firxu̯u-
4. firxu̯u-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
RGlottalicX2H → *firhu̯u-
5. firhu̯u-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → Goth. firhwu-
PIE *perku̯u·Σ-
Goth. ·fairƕu haban-
(pt.) ‘κοσμοκράρωρ : Weltherrscher’
(GoEtD. F12)
(Goth. fairƕu habans)
1. PIE *perku̯u·Σ-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
AffricateK → *perxu̯u·Σ-
2. perxu̯u·Σ-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → *ferxu̯u·Σ-
3. ferxu̯u·Σ-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
RChangee2i → *firxu̯u·Σ-
4. firxu̯u·Σ-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
RGlottalicX2H → *firhu̯u·Σ-
5. firhu̯u·Σ-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → Goth. firhwu·Σ-
PIE *so·perku̯u·Σ-
Goth. sa·fairƕu haban-
(pt.) ‘κοσμοκράρωρ : mundi rector’
(GoEtD. F12)
1. PIE *so·perku̯u·Σ-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
AffricateK → *so·perxu̯u·Σ-
2. so·perxu̯u·Σ-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → *so·ferxu̯u·Σ-
3. so·ferxu̯u·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *sa·ferxu̯u·Σ-
(XX:XX)
4. sa·ferxu̯u·Σ-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
RChangee2i → *sa·firxu̯u·Σ-
5. sa·firxu̯u·Σ-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
RGlottalicX2H → *sa·firhu̯u·Σ-
6. sa·firhu̯u·Σ-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → Goth. sa·firhwu·Σ-


PIE √pt- √pot- √pet- (vb.) ‘lehen, bezahlen, vergelten, sich rächen’ (sb.) ‘Zuteilung, Vergeltung, Räche’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√peto-
PIE *peto-
Hitt. peta-
(n.pl.) ‘Zuteilung an Landbesitz/Nahrungsmitteln’
(HHand. 131)
(Hitt. pieda)
1. PIE *peto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. peta-
(XX:XX)
PIE *Π·peto
Hitt. ukturi peta·
(phr.) ‘ewiges Lehen’
(HHand. 131)
(Hitt. ukturi pieda)
1. PIE *Π·peto
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. Π·peta
(XX:XX)
PIE *petoi-
Hitt. petai-
(vb.dn.) ‘bezahlen’
(HHand. 131)
1. PIE *petoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. petai-
(XX:XX)
√petoni-
PIE *petonei-
Hitt. petanei-
(vb.) ‘render, pay’
(ḪudA 122)
(Hitt. píd-da-an-ni-iš)
1. PIE *petonei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. petanei-
(XX:XX)
PIE *petonoi-
Hitt. petanai-
(vb2.) ‘pfllichtgemäß entrichten’
(HHand. 133)
1. PIE *petonoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. petanai-
(XX:XX)
√petoɑh-
PIE *Π·petṓɑh-
Lith. at·petúo-
(pr.) ‘sich rächen’
(ALiEtWb. A-61)
(OLith. atpetúoti [inf.])
1. PIE *Π·petṓɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·petṓh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·petṓh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·petṓ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. Π·petṓ-
*ṓ → úo
Change of ṓ into úo
RChangeO2uo2 → Lith. Π·petúo-
PIE *Π·pētṓɑh-
Lith. at·pėtúo-
(vb.) ‘sich rächen’
(ALiEtWb. A-61)
(OLith. atpėtúoti [inf.])
1. PIE *Π·pētṓɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·pētṓh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·pētṓh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·pētṓ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. Π·pētṓ-
*ṓ → úo
Change of ṓ into úo
RChangeO2uo2 → *Π·pētúo-
4. Π·pētúo-
* ē -> ė
Orthographic change of *ē into ė
R28a → Lith. Π·pėtúo-
√petouimo-
PIE *Π·petóu̯imo-
Lith. at·petãvima-
(m.) ‘Vergeltung, Rache’
(ALiEtWb. A-61)
(OLith. atpetãvimas [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·petóu̯imo-
ó → ò
Emergence of gravis Li. ò
RAcc5 → *Π·petòu̯imo-
2. Π·petòu̯imo-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·petòu̯ima-
3. Π·petòu̯ima-
*ò → à
Change of *ò into à
RChangeO2A3 → *Π·petàu̯ima-
4. Π·petàu̯ima-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → Lith. Π·petàvima-
PIE *Π·pētóu̯imo-
Lith. at·pėtãvima-
(m.) ‘Vergeltung, Rache’
(ALiEtWb. A-61)
(OLith. atpėtãvimas [sgNa)
1. PIE *Π·pētóu̯imo-
ó → ò
Emergence of gravis Li. ò
RAcc5 → *Π·pētòu̯imo-
2. Π·pētòu̯imo-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·pētòu̯ima-
3. Π·pētòu̯ima-
*ò → à
Change of *ò into à
RChangeO2A3 → *Π·pētàu̯ima-
4. Π·pētàu̯ima-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *Π·pētàvima-
5. Π·pētàvima-
* ē -> ė
Orthographic change of *ē into ė
R28a → Lith. Π·pėtàvima-


√pt- √pet- √pot- ‘fliegen’
(IEW 825-6)
(HEG P:624)
√popti- √pepti-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *popti-
CLu. papti-
(prM.) ‘‹fliegen (?), subj. dU]TU-wa-az [sgN] ? ›’
(HHand. 119)
(CLu. pa-ap-ti-it-tar [3sg])
1. PIE *popti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. papti-
(XX:XX)
PIE *Π·pepti-
RV. áti (…) papti·-
(pfA.) ‘vorüber fliegen, darüber hinausfliegen’
(WbRV. 762)
(RV. áti paptima [1pl])
1. PIE *Π·pepti-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → RV. Π·papti-
PIE *poptiu̯ṓns-
RV. paptivā́ṃs-
(pf.pt.) ‘fliegend sein’
(WbRV. 763)
1. PIE *poptiu̯ṓns-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *paptiu̯ṓns-
2. paptiu̯ṓns-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
RChangeO2A4 → *paptiu̯ā́ns-
3. paptiu̯ā́ns-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *paptivā́ns-
4. paptivā́ns-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal vowel before *ns
RNasVowS → RV. paptivā́ṃs-


PIE √pedaɦ- (sb.) ‘foot, step’ (MidHG. grit ‘passus’), (vb.) ‘carry, bring’ (cf. Lith. grìd- ‘id.’, LiEtWb. 161)
(IEW 790-2)
(+ Pyysalo)
√pet-
PIE *petro-
OInd. patra-
(sb.) ‘vehicle, chariot, car, horse, camel’
(MonWil. XX)
1. PIE *petro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *petra-
2. petra-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → OInd. patra-
PIE *petun-
Hitt. petun-
(N.act.) ‘a utensil for carrying forward, CHD’
(HHand. 130)
(Hitt. píd-du-na-aš [sgG])
√pedɑɦo-
PIE *Π·pedo-
ODor. ϝικατί·πεδο-
(a.) ‘20 Fuss betragend’
(Grundr2 1:488)
(Heracl. ϝικατί·πεδο-)
1. PIE *Π·pedo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → ODor. Π·πεδο-
PIE *pedó-
RV. padá-
(n.) ‘Tritt, Fusstapfe, -spur, Spur, Schritt’
(WbRV. 770)
1. PIE *pedó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *pedá-
2. pedá-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → RV. padá-
PIE *pedo-
LAv. paδa-
(n.) ‘Tritt, Treten, Stapfe, Fussspur’
(AIWb. 842)
1. PIE *pedo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *peda-
2. peda-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *pada-
3. pada-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
R40c → LAv. paδa-
PIE *pedo-
Hitt. peda-
(vb2.) ‘hinschaffen, forttragen, (Zeit) vorbringen’
(HHand. 130)
(Hitt. pí-e-ta-aḫ-ḫé, pí-taḫ-ḫi [1sg], Kimball 1999:261-2)
1. PIE *pedo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. peda-
(XX:XX)
PIE *pipedo-
Hitt. pipeda-
(vbM.) ‘hinschaffen, forttragen’ (‘to carry out’)
(HHand. 130)
(Hitt. pí-pí-e-da-an-ta [3pl], CHD P: 345f. HIL. 779)
1. PIE *pipedo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. pipeda-
(XX:XX)
√pedɑɦēɑh-
PIE *pedēɑh-
Lat. pedā-
(f.) ‘Füssspur’
(WH 2:293)
1. PIE *pedēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *pedāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. pedāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pedāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pedāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Lat. pedā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *Π·pedēɑh-
Lat. re·pedā-
(pr.) ‘zurückgehen’
(WH 2: 293)
1. PIE *Π·pedēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·pedāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·pedāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·pedāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·pedāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Lat. Π·pedā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√pedɑɦi-
PIE *pédi-
RV. pádi-
(m.) ‘ein Tier, viell. Lasttier’
(WbRV. 771)
1. PIE *pédi-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → RV. pádi-
√pedɑɦu-
PIE *pedu-
Hitt. pedu-
(vb.) ‘hinschaffen, forttragen, (Zeit) vorbringen’
(HHand. 130)
(Hitt. pí-e-tu-me-ni [1pl])
PIE *pedun-
Hitt. pedun-
(N.act.) ‘a utensil for carrying forward, CHD’
(HHand. 130)
(Hitt. pí-du-na-aš [sgG])


PIE √pu- √pou-, √peu- ‘brennen’
(IEW 828)
√pun-
PIE *pun-
RV. pun-
(√aoM.) ‘8, 5’
(WbRV. 841)
(RV. punaté [3pl])
PIE *punḗɑh-
RV. punā́-
(pr9.) ‘hell machen, entflammen’
(WbRV. 841)
(RV. punā́ti [3sg])
1. PIE *punḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *punā́ɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. punā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *punā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. punā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. punā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *punin-
OIcl. funin-
(m.) ‘Feuer’
(ANEtWb. 147)
(OIcl. fŭni [sgN])
1. PIE *punin-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → OIcl. funin-
PIE *punin-
Goth. funin-
(obl.) ‘Feuer’
(GoEtD. 120)
(Goth. funins [sgG])
1. PIE *punin-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → Goth. funin-
√pur-
PIE *pou̯ori-
CLu. pau̯ari-
(pretA.) ‘Lagerfeuer anzünden : light a (camp)fire’
(HHand. 128)
(CLu. pa-ua-ar-it-ta, CHD P:12f., KLuN. 1990:570f., HIL. 709-10)
1. PIE *pou̯ori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. pau̯ari-
(XX:XX)
PIE *pur-
Gr. πυρ-
(n.obl.) ‘Feuer’
(GEW 2:627-9)
1. PIE *pur-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. πυρ-
PIE *puró-
Arm. hro-
(sb.obl.) ‘of fire’
(ArmGr. 1XX)
(Arm. hroy [sgG]
1. PIE *puró-
*p- → h-
Change of *p- into h-
RChangep2h → *huró-
2. huró-
*ó → o
Unmarkedness of accent
R23c → Arm. huro-
PIE *puró-
Gr. πυρό-
(m.) ‘Feuer’
(GEW 2:627)
(Gr. πυρός [sgN], Gr. /ŭ/)
1. PIE *puró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. πυρό-
PIE *puro-
Umbr. puro-
(.) ‘Feuer’
(WbOU. XX)
(Umbr. purom-e [sgA], pure [Abl])
PIE *purḗɑh-
Dor. πυρᾱ́-
(f.) ‘Wachtfeuer, Feuerstätte, Herd, Scheiterhaufen’
(GEW 2:627-8)
1. PIE *purḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *purā́ɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. purā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *purā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. purā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *purā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. purā́-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Dor. πυρᾱ́-


PIE √pu- ‘rechnen, zählen, denken, fragen, erforschen, vermuten’
(IEW. 827)
(Pyysalo 2013:410-1)
√pu-
(Pisani (Paideia 8 [1953]:307f.)
(HIL. 510f. , Puhvel HED 4: 66f.)
PIE *gɑɦo·puo-
Hitt. ga·pua-
(vb.) ‘abzählen, rechnen denken, usw.’
(HEG 1:493-5)
(Melchert 1994:126)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·puo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦo·puo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦo·puo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦa·pua-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦa·pua-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. ga·pua-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√pui-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gɑɦo·puoi-
Hitt. ga·puai-
(vb.) ‘abzählen, rechnen denken, usw.’
(HEG 1:493-5)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·puoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦo·puoi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦo·puoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦa·puai-
(XX:XX)
3. gɦa·puai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. ga·puai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *nḗɑh·pu̯iso-
Ion. νή·πιο-
(a.) ‘unverständig, kindisch’
(GrGr. 1:696)
(Gr. νήπιος)
1. PIE *nḗɑh·pu̯iso-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *nā́ɑh·pu̯iso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. nā́ɑh·pu̯iso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *nā́h·pu̯iso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. nā́h·pu̯iso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *nā́·pu̯iso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. nā́·pu̯iso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *nā́·pu̯iho-
5. nā́·pu̯iho-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *nā́·piho-
6. nā́·piho-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *nā́·pio-
7. nā́·pio-
*ā́ → ḗ
Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ
RChangeA2E2 → *nḗ·pio-
8. nḗ·pio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Ion. νή·πιο-
√puntɑh-
PIE *puntɑhéɑhno-
Gr. πυνθάνο-
(vb.) ‘erfragen, erforschen, vernehmen’
(GEW 2:625)
(Gr. πυνθάνω)
1. PIE *puntɑhéɑhno-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
Colouring rule for *éɑ
RColouring1d → *puntɑháɑhno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. puntɑháɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *puntháhno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. puntháhno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *puntháno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. puntháno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. πυνθάνο-
√punus-
(CHD P. 377f.)
(HIL. 788f.)
PIE *punus-
Hitt. punuš-
(vbA.) ‘fragen, erforschen : ÈN.TAR’
(HHand. 135)
(Hitt. pu-nu-uš-mi [1sg])
1. PIE *punus-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. punuš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *punusu̯o-
Hitt. punušu̯a-
(vn.bs.) ‘fragen, erforschen’
(HHand. 135)
(Hitt. pu-nu-uš-šu-ua-an-zi, pu-nu-uš-šu-u-ua-ar)
1. PIE *punusu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *punusu̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. punusu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. punušu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *punuski̯e/o-
Hitt. punuške/a-
(impf.) ‘fragen, erforschen’
(HHand. 135)
(Hitt. pu-nu-uš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *punuski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *punusḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. punusḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *punusḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
3. punusḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *punuske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. punuske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. punuške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√putɑh-
PIE *putēɑh-
Lat. putā-
(vb.) ‘berechnen, vermuten, denken, usw.’
(WH 2:393)
1. PIE *putēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *putāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. putāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *putāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. putāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Lat. putā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *pútɑho-
Gr. πύθο-
(vb.) ‘erfragen, erforschen, vernehmen’
(GEW 2:625)
1. PIE *pútɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pútho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. pútho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. πύθο-
√puti-
PIE *nēɑh·putii̯o-
LinB. να·πυτιjο-
(a.) ‘unverständig, kindisch’
(GEW 3:157)
(LinB. na-pu-ti-jo)
1. PIE *nēɑh·putii̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *nāɑh·putii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. nāɑh·putii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *nāh·putii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. nāh·putii̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *nā·putii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. nā·putii̯o-
*ā → a
Absence of quantity in LinB. script
RAbsenceA → *na·putii̯o-
5. na·putii̯o-
Change from Latin to Old Mycenean alphabet
RGr2Lat → LinB. να·πυτιjο-
PIE *nēɑh·pútii̯o-
Ion. νη·πύτιο-
(a.) ‘unverständig, kindisch’
(GEW 2:315)
(Gr. νηπύτιος)
1. PIE *nēɑh·pútii̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *nāɑh·pútii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. nāɑh·pútii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *nāh·pútii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. nāh·pútii̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *nā·pútii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. nā·pútii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *nā·pútio-
5. nā·pútio-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
RChangeA2E1 → *nē·pútio-
6. nē·pútio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Ion. νη·πύτιο-


PIE √puhɑl- (sb.) ‘Tor, Tür, Burg, fester Platz’
(IEW 799)
(Pyysalo 2013:209)
√puhɑl-
(IEW. 799)
PIE *puHɑ́l-
RV. pu.úr-
(f.) ‘ein Gott (Indra, Agni) als der Frommen Burg’
(WbRV. 823)
(in RV pū́r [zweisilbig])
1. PIE *puHɑ́l-
PIE *uḫɑ́ → uḫú
Distant assimilation of *u and *ɑ́
RAssimilation2d → *puHúl-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. puHúl-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
RChangelr1 → *puHúr-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
3. puHúr-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RVedicHiatus → RV. pu.úr-
PIE *puhɑ́l-
RV. pū́r-
(f.) ‘Burg, Fester Platz’
(WbRV 823-4)
(RV. pū́r [sgN])
1. PIE *puhɑ́l-
PIE *uḫɑ́ → uḫú
Distant assimilation of *u and *ɑ́
RAssimilation2d → *puhúl-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. puhúl-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
RChangelr1 → *puhúr-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
3. puhúr-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *puúr-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. puúr-
*uú → ū́
Contraction of u and ú
RContractuU → RV. pū́r-
PIE *puhɑ́l·Σ-
RV. pū́r·pati-
(m.) ‘Herr der Burg’
(WbRV. 844)
1. PIE *puhɑ́l·Σ-
PIE *uḫɑ́ → uḫú
Distant assimilation of *u and *ɑ́
RAssimilation2d → *puhúl·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. puhúl·Σ-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
RChangelr1 → *puhúr·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
3. puhúr·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *puúr·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. puúr·Σ-
*uú → ū́
Contraction of u and ú
RContractuU → RV. pū́r·Σ-
PIE *puhɑ́l·Σ-
RV. pūr·bhíd-
(a.) ‘Burgen zerbrechend’
(WbRV. 844)
1. PIE *puhɑ́l·Σ-
PIE *uḫɑ́ → uḫú
Distant assimilation of *u and *ɑ́
RAssimilation2d → *puhúl·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. puhúl·Σ-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
RChangelr1 → *puhúr·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
3. puhúr·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *puúr·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. puúr·Σ-
*uú → ū́
Contraction of u and ú
RContractuU → RV. pū́r·Σ-
PIE *puhɑ́l·Σ-
RV. pūr·bhídya-
(n.) ‘das Zerbrechen, Zerstören der Burgen’
(WbRV. 844)
1. PIE *puhɑ́l·Σ-
PIE *uḫɑ́ → uḫú
Distant assimilation of *u and *ɑ́
RAssimilation2d → *puhúl·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. puhúl·Σ-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
RChangelr1 → *puhúr·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
3. puhúr·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *puúr·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. puúr·Σ-
*uú → ū́
Contraction of u and ú
RContractuU → RV. pū́r·Σ-
PIE *púhɑl-
RV. púr-
(f.) ‘Burg, Fester Platz’
(WbRV 823-4)
(RV. púras [sgG])
1. PIE *púhɑl-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *púhl-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. púhl-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
RChangelr1 → *púhr-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
3. púhr-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. púr-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√puhɑlo-
PIE *puhɑlo-
Hitt. puḫla-
(c.) ‘Name eines des Stadttore von Ḫattuša’
(HHand. 134)
1. PIE *puhɑlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *puhlo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. puhlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *puhla-
(XX:XX)
3. puhla-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. puḫla-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *púhɑlo-
Gr. πύλο-
(ON.) ‘Pylos = Tor’
(GEW X:XX)
1. PIE *púhɑlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *púhlo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. púhlo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *púlo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. púlo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. πύλο-
PIE *puhɑlo-
LinB. πυλο-
(ON.) ‘Pylos’
(GEW X:XX)
1. PIE *puhɑlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *puhlo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. puhlo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pulo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. pulo-
Change from Latin to Old Mycenean alphabet
RGr2Lat → LinB. πυλο-
PIE *puhɑlo-
OInd. pura-
(n.) ‘a fortress, castle, city, town’
(MonWill. 635)
1. PIE *puhɑlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *puhlo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. puhlo-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
RChangelr1 → *puhro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
3. puhro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *puhra-
4. puhra-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → OInd. pura-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *Π·puhɑlo-
Gr. ἑπτά·πυλο-
(a.) ‘siebentorig’
(GEW 1:624)
(Gr. ἑπτάπυλος)
1. PIE *Π·puhɑlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·puhlo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·puhlo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·pulo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. Π·pulo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·πυλο-
PIE *puhɑlo·uró-
Gr. πυλο·υρό-
(a.) ‘Torwart, Wächter’
(GEW 2:623)
1. PIE *puhɑlo·uró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *puhlo·uró-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. puhlo·uró-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pulo·uró-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. pulo·uró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. πυλο·υρό-
PIE *puhɑlom·Σ-
RV. puram·dará-
(m.) ‘Burg·gestötzer’
(WbRV 824)
RV. puraṃ·dará-
1. PIE *puhɑlom·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *puhlom·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. puhlom·Σ-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
RChangelr1 → *puhrom·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
3. puhrom·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *puhram·Σ-
4. puhram·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. puram·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√puhɑlɑh-
PIE *púhɑlēɑh-
Ion.-Att. πύλη-
(f.) ‘Türflügel, Torflügel’ (pl.) ‘Tor, Pforte’
(GEW 2:623-4)
(Gr. πύλη [sgN], πύλαι)
1. PIE *púhɑlēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *púhɑlāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. púhɑlāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *púhlāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. púhlāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *púlā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. púlā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
RChangeA2E1 → *púlē-
5. púlē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Ion.-Att. πύλη-
PIE *puhɑlēɑh·u̯ōró-
Dor. πυλᾱ·ωρό-
(a.) ‘Torwart, Wächter’
(GEW 2:623)
(Dor. πυλαωρό-)
1. PIE *puhɑlēɑh·u̯ōró-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *puhɑlāɑh·u̯ōró-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. puhɑlāɑh·u̯ōró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *puhlāh·u̯ōró-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. puhlāh·u̯ōró-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pulā·u̯ōró-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. pulā·u̯ōró-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *pulā·ōró-
5. pulā·ōró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Dor. πυλᾱ·ωρό-
PIE *puhɑlēɑh·uró-
Dor. πυλα·υρό-
(a.) ‘Torwart, Wächter’
(GEW 2:623)
1. PIE *puhɑlēɑh·uró-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *puhɑlāɑh·uró-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. puhɑlāɑh·uró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *puhlāh·uró-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. puhlāh·uró-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pulā·uró-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. pulā·uró-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
ROsthoffa1 → *pula·uró-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
5. pula·uró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Dor. πυλα·υρό-
√puhɑli-
PIE *puhɑlói̯o-
Gr. πυλόο-
(pr.) ‘mit Toren versehen (werden)’
(GEW 2:624)
(Gr. πυλόω)
1. PIE *puhɑlói̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *puhlói̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. puhlói̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pulói̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. pulói̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *pulóo-
4. pulóo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. πυλόο-
PIE *puhɑli-
OInd. puri-
(n.) ‘a fortress, castle, city, town’
(MonWil. XX)
1. PIE *puhɑli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *puhli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. puhli-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
RChangelr1 → *puhri-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
3. puhri-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → OInd. puri-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *púhɑli̯o-
RV. púrya-
(a.) ‘in einem festen Platz befindlich’
(WbRV 836)
1. PIE *púhɑli̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *púhli̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. púhli̯o-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
RChangelr1 → *púhri̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
3. púhri̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *púhri̯a-
4. púhri̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *púri̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. púri̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. púrya-
PIE *púhɑli̯o-
RV. púrya-
(a.) ‘in einem festen Platz [púr] befindlich’
(WbRV. 836)
1. PIE *púhɑli̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *púhli̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. púhli̯o-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
RChangelr1 → *púhri̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
3. púhri̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *púhri̯a-
4. púhri̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *púri̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. púri̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. púrya-
PIE *puhɑlíɦɑd-
Gr. πυλίδ-
(f.dim.) ‘XX’
(GEW 2:624)
(Gr. πυλίς, πυλίδος)
1. PIE *puhɑlíɦɑd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *puhlíɦd-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. puhlíɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *puhlíd-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. puhlíd-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pulíd-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. pulíd-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. πυλίδ-


PIE √pul- (sb.) ‘Kind, Jungfrau, Füllen, Fohlen’ (a.) ‘jung, klein’
(IEW XX)
√pul-
PIE *pulo-
Hitt. pula-
(c.) ‘Kind’ (a.) ‘jung, klein’ (Sum. TUR-la)
(HHand. 143)
1. PIE *pulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. pula-
(XX:XX)
PIE *Π·puleɑhí
Gr. ἐμ·πυλαί
(f.pl.) Hes. ‘αἱ νύμφαι’
(LSJ. 549)
1. PIE *Π·puleɑhí
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *Π·pulaɑhí
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. Π·pulaɑhí
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·pulahí
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·pulahí
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·pulaí
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·pulaí
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·πυλαί
PIE *pulo·n-
Goth. fula·n-
(m.) ‘Füllen, Fohlen’
(GoEtD. XX)
1. PIE *pulo·n-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → *fulo·n-
2. fulo·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → Goth. fula·n-
(XX:XX)


PIE √pul- (sb.) ‘Brot, Nahrung’ (vb.) ‘schmausen’
(IEW XX)
(Pyysalo: Lat. + Anat.; Or *pɑhul- > phul-?)
√pul-
PIE *pulo-
Hitt. pula-
(DUG.) ‘Brotbehälter’
(HHand. 134)
1. PIE *pulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. pula-
(XX:XX)
PIE *e·pulo-
Lat. e·pulo-
(n.) ‘Mahl, Festmahl’
(WH 1:410)
PIE *e·pulēɑh-
Lat. e·pulā-
(pr1M.) ‘schmausen’
(WH 1:410)
1. PIE *e·pulēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *e·pulāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. e·pulāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *e·pulāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. e·pulāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Lat. e·pulā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *e·pulēɑh-
OLat. e·pulā-
(pl.) ‘Speise, Gerichte’
(WH 1:410)
1. PIE *e·pulēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *e·pulāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. e·pulāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *e·pulāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. e·pulāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → OLat. e·pulā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *pulosino-
Pal. pulašina-
(n/c.?) ‘Brot, HHand. 134’
(DPal. 79)
1. PIE *pulosino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *pulasina-
(XX:XX)
2. pulasina-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Pal. pulašina-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √pus- ‘divide, exclipse, become small’ (sb.) ‘half’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√pus-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *pus-
Hitt. puš-
(vb.) ‘to be eclipsed; of sun and moon’
(CHD P:398)
(Hitt. pu-uš-zi [3sg], HIL 789,)
1. PIE *pus-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. puš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *pús·Σ-
Lith. pùs·dili-
(.) ‘abnehmender Mond, Mond/Monat in letzten Viertel’
(LiEtWb. 676)
1. PIE *pús·Σ-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis Li. ù
RAcc3 → Lith. pùs·Σ-
PIE *pús·nokut-
Latv. pùs·nakt-
(.) ‘Mitternacht’
(LiEtWb. 676)
(Latv. pùsnakts; ‹XX = stem !›)
1. PIE *pús·nokut-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *pús·nokt-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
2. pús·nokt-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Latv. pús·nakt-
PIE *pouso-
OPr. pausa-
(n.) ‘Hälfte’
(LiEtWb. 676)
1. PIE *pouso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → OPr. pausa-
PIE *púsēhɑ-
Lith. pùsė-
(f.) ‘Hälfte’
(LiEtWb. 676)
(APrS. 391)
1. PIE *púsēhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *púsēh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. púsēh-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis Li. ù
RAcc3 → *pùsēh-
3. pùsēh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pùsē-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. pùsē-
* ē -> ė
Orthographic change of *ē into ė
R28a → Lith. pùsė-
PIE *pusēhɑ
Latv. puse-
(f.) ‘Hälfte, Seite, Gegend’
(APrS. 391)
1. PIE *pusēhɑ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pusēh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. pusēh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pusē
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. pusē
*-ē → -e
Shortening of ē in root-final position
R29 → Latv. puse
PIE *pusḗhɑu
Lith. pusiáu
(adv.) ‘halb, mitten, entzwei’
(LiEtWb. 676)
(Lith. pusiáu [duL.] = Latv. pušu)
1. PIE *pusḗhɑu
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pusḗhu
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. pusḗhu
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pusḗu
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. pusḗu
*ḗu -> iáu
Brechung of ḗu into iáu
RBrechungé2já → Lith. pusiáu
PIE *pusi̯o-
OInd. puṣya-
(pr4.tr.) ‘divide, distribute’
(MonWill. 638)
1. PIE *pusi̯o-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *puši̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
2. puši̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *puši̯a-
3. puši̯a-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → *puṣi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
4. puṣi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → OInd. puṣya-
PIE *pusdɑɦi̯-
Hitt. pušz-
(vb1M.) ‘klein werden, sich verfinstern’
(HHand. 136)
(Hitt. pu-uš-za [3sg])
1. PIE *pusdɑɦi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pusdɦi̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. pusdɦi̯-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *pusz-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. pusz-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. pušz-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √bɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Mittel, instrumentum’ (end.) ‘Instrumental’
(IEW XX)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√bɑɦo-
PIE *·boɦo
OGaul. ·bo
(end.) ‘instrumental case’
(XX:XX)
(In OGaul. atrebo)
1. PIE *·boɦo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → OGaul. ·boo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *torsi·bɑɦolo-
Hitt. tarši·bala-
(LÚc.) ‹‘Kutscher’ (?)›
(HHand. 170)
1. PIE *torsi·bɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *torsi·bɦolo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. torsi·bɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tarsi·bɦala-
(XX:XX)
3. tarsi·bɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *tarsi·bala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tarsi·bala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. tarši·bala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *torsi·bɑɦoli-
Hitt. tarši·bali-
(LÚc.) ‹‘Kutscher’ (?)›
(HHand. 170)
1. PIE *torsi·bɑɦoli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *torsi·bɦoli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. torsi·bɦoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tarsi·bɦali-
(XX:XX)
3. tarsi·bɦali-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *tarsi·bali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tarsi·bali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. tarši·bali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√bɑɦi-
PIE *hɑune·bɑɦi-
Hitt. ḫune·bi-
(LÚc.) (ein Funktionär)
(HHand. 54, HEG –)
1. PIE *hɑune·bɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hune·bɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hune·bɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *hune·bi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hune·bi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫune·bi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *torsibɑɦi-
Kpd. tarši·bi-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’ (ct. above)
(NOMS. 1290)
(Kpd. tár-ší-pì)
1. PIE *torsibɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *torsibɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. torsibɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tarsibɦi-
(XX:XX)
3. tarsibɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *tarsibi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tarsibi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Kpd. taršibi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *torsibɑɦi̯·olo-
Hitt. tarši·bi·ala-
(c.) ‘Kutscher’ (?)
(HHand. 170)
1. PIE *torsibɑɦi̯·olo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *torsibɦi̯·olo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. torsibɦi̯·olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tarsibɦi̯·ala-
(XX:XX)
3. tarsibɦi̯·ala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *tarsibi̯·ala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tarsibi̯·ala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. taršibi̯·ala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *·bɑɦis
RV. ·bhiṣ
(end.) ‘plural instrumental case’
(AIGr. XX:XX)
(E.g. in RV. ·bhiṣ)
1. PIE *·bɑɦis
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *·bɦis
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ·bɦis
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RRukiI → *·bɦiš
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. ·bɦiš
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → *·bɦiṣ
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
4. ·bɦiṣ
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. ·bhiṣ
PIE *hɑune·bɑɦiso-
Hitt. ḫune·biša-
(.) ‘ein Transportmittel (?)’
(HHand. 54)
Hitt. ḫunebiša
1. PIE *hɑune·bɑɦiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hune·bɦiso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hune·bɦiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hune·bɦisa-
(XX:XX)
3. hune·bɦisa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *hune·bisa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hune·bisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hune·biša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hune·biša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫune·biša-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)


PIE √bɑɦid- (vb.) ‘binden’ (sb.) ‘
(IEW XX)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Lat.)
√bɑɦidulo-
(CHD P:365, HIL 786-7)
(Not to *petah2 ‘spread out’ vs. Rieken (1999a: 471-2):
PIE *bɑɦidulo-
Hitt. bidula-
(SIGc.) ‘Zwirnzpule, Schnur’
(HHand. 134)
(Note the alternation -t- vs. -tt- below !)
1. PIE *bɑɦidulo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦidulo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦidulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *bɦidula-
(XX:XX)
3. bɦidula-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. bidula-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦidulo-
Hitt. bidula-
(SIGc.) ‘Schlinge, Knoten, Seil’
(HHand. 134)
(Hitt. pít-tu-la-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *bɑɦidulo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦidulo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦidulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *bɦidula-
(XX:XX)
3. bɦidula-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. bidula-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦidulio-
Hitt. bidulia-
(c.) ‘Einschnürung, Beengung, Angst, Knoten’
(HHand. 134)
(Hitt. pí-tu-li-ia-an [sgA])
1. PIE *bɑɦidulio-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦidulio-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦidulio-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *bɦidulia-
(XX:XX)
3. bɦidulia-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. bidulia-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√bɑɦidi-
PIE *bɑɦidi-
OLat. fidi-
(f.) ‘string of a lyre’
(WH 1:XX)
(OLat. fidis [sgN])
1. PIE *bɑɦidi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦidi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦidi-
*bɦ → f
Affricativization of labial *bɦ
RAffricatBH2f → *fidi-
3. fidi-
*ɦ → h
Change of *f into b
RChangeF2B → OLat. bidi-


PIE √bɑɦt- (vb.) ‘schroten, stößen’ (sb.) ‘Stößel’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Lu. + Av.)
√bɑɦt-
(Pyysalo)
(HIL. 764, Rieken 1999:357)
PIE *bɑɦoto-
LAv. bata-
(pf.pt.a.) ‘geschrotet (vom Getreide)’
(AIWb. 924)
(LAv. batanąm yavanąm)
1. PIE *bɑɦoto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦoto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦoto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *bɦata-
3. bɦata-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspbh → LAv. bata-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
PIE *hɑe·bɑɦoto-
LAv. a·bata-
(a.) ‘nichtgeschrotet (vom Getreide)’
(AIWb. 87)
1. PIE *hɑe·bɑɦoto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑa·bɑɦoto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa·bɑɦoto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ha·bɦoto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ha·bɦoto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ha·bɦata-
4. ha·bɦata-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *a·bɦata-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. a·bɦata-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspbh → LAv. a·bata-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
PIE *bɑɦotei̯odaɑɦor-
Hitt. batei̯adar-
(n.) ‘in Zusammenhang mit ‘Mehl’
(HHand. 128)
1. PIE *bɑɦotei̯odaɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦotei̯odaɦor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦotei̯odaɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *bɦatei̯adaɦar-
(XX:XX)
3. bɦatei̯adaɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *batei̯adaɦar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. batei̯adaɦar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. batei̯adaḫar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *bɑɦotuno-
CLu. batuna-
(n./c.?) ‘GIŠNÀGA : Stößel : mortar’
(CHD P. 247)
1. PIE *bɑɦotuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦotuno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦotuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *bɦatuna-
(XX:XX)
3. bɦatuna-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. batuna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦotur-
Hitt. batur-
(n.) ‘Stößel : mortar’
(HHand. 128)
1. PIE *bɑɦotur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦotur-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦotur-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *bɦatur-
(XX:XX)
3. bɦatur-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. batur-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦoturi-
Hitt. baturi-
(a.) ‘von kleinen Gegenständen, die gestreut werden’
(HHand. 128)
1. PIE *bɑɦoturi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦoturi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. bɦoturi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *bɦaturi-
(XX:XX)
3. bɦaturi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. baturi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √bɑɦur- (vb.) ‘greifen, stürmen’ (sb.) ‘Hand, Faust, Gewalt’
(IEW. 129)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√bɑɦur-
(HEG 1:108)
PIE *e·bɑɦuroi-
Hitt. e·burai-
(vb.) ‘ergreifen, erstürmen’ (HEG 1:296)
(HHand. 32)
Eichner (1973:79): “*H1ḗpur zu epp- ‘ergreifen, packen’.”
1. PIE *e·bɑɦuroi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *e·bɦuroi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. e·bɦuroi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *e·bɦurai-
(XX:XX)
3. e·bɦurai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. e·burai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *e·bɑɦurei̯o-
Hitt. e·burei̯a-
(vb.) ‘militärisch erstürmen, ergreifen’
(HHand. 32, 62)
1. PIE *e·bɑɦurei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *e·bɦurei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. e·bɦurei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *e·bɦurei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. e·bɦurei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. e·burei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *e·bɑɦurisor-
Hitt. e·burišar-
(n.) ‘Erdmassenbewegung, Rampenbau’
(HHand. 32)
1. PIE *e·bɑɦurisor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *e·bɦurisor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. e·bɦurisor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *e·bɦurisar-
(XX:XX)
3. e·bɦurisar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *e·burisar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. e·burisar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. e·burišar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *e·bɑɦursno
Arm. buṙn
(sb.) ‘Hand, Faust, Gewalt’ (IEW. 129)
(Arm. buṙn)
1. PIE *e·bɑɦursno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *e·bɦursno
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. e·bɦursno
*rs → ṙ
Change of *rs into ṙ
RChangers2S → *e·bɦuṙno
3. e·bɦuṙno
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspbh → Arm. e·buṙno
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)


PIE √rɑh- √orɑh- √erɑh- ‘Grenze, Gebiet, Rand, Region’ (adv.) ‘ringsum, weg(s)’
(IEW. 854-7)
(Pedersen Celtic + Pyysalo Lithuanian)
√ōrēɑh-
(HEG I:55)
PIE *ōrēɑh-
Lat. ōrā-
(f.) ‘Rand, Saum, Grenze, Meeresküste, Region’
(WH 2:218)
(Puhvel HED 1/2: 129f. Melchert 1994a: 29, 84)
1. PIE *ōrēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *ōrāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. ōrāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ōrāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ōrāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Lat. ōrā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *ōrēɑh-
Hitt. ārāḫ-
(adv.bs.) ‘ringsum, außerhalb’
(HHand. 20)
(Hitt. a-ra-aḫ-za, HIL. 291)
1. PIE *ōrēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *ōrāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. ōrāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ōrāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ōrāh-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *ārāh-
(XX:XX)
4. ārāh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ārāḫ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *orēɑh
MidCymr. or-
(f.) ‘XX, GPC ôr’
(EtDiPC 137)
1. PIE *orēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *orāɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. orāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *orāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. orāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *orā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. orā
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RShortA2a → *ora
5. ora
*a- → Ø-
Loss of root-final *a
RLossFinala → MidCymr. or
√orɑho-
(HEG I:55)
PIE *orɑho-
Hitt. arḫa-
(c.) ‘Grenze, Gebiet’ (Sum. ZAG)
(HHand. 21)
(Hitt. ar-ḫa, ar-ḫa-an, ar-ḫa-as, ar-ḫi)
1. PIE *orɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *orho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. orho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *arha-
(XX:XX)
3. arha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. arḫa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *orɑho-
Hitt. arḫa
(adv.) ‘weg, abseits’ (prev.) ‘weg-, aus-, heim-’
(HHand. 21)
1. PIE *orɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *orho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. orho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *arha-
(XX:XX)
3. arha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. arḫa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *orɑho-
HLu. arḫa
(Pstp & Prevb.) ‘ab, wegs’
(CHLu. 1.1.4)
(in ARHA-ha-wa/i la)
1. PIE *orɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *orho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. orho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *arha-
(XX:XX)
3. arha-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. arḫa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *orɑho-
MidIr. or-
(m.*o) ‘edge, limit’
(EtDiPC 137)
(LEIA O:26)
1. PIE *orɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *orho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. orho-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → MidIr. oro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *orɑho-
Corn. or-
(.) ‘XX’
(EtDiPC 137)
1. PIE *orɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
R7b → *orho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. orho-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
R10b → Corn. oro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *orɑho·Σ-
OLith. ara·ki-
(m.) ‘Grenzstein, Grenze’
(ALiEtWb. A-45)
(LiEtWb. 121f.)
1. PIE *orɑho·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *orho·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. orho·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *oro·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. oro·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → OLith. ara·Σ-
√erɑhe/o-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *erɑho-
Hitt. erḫa-
(c.) ‘Sum. ZAG : Grenze, Gebiet : border, area’
(HHand. 62)
(ir-ḫa, ir-ḫa-as, ir-ḫa-an, er-ḫi, ir-ḫa-az, ir-ḫu-us, HIL. 291)
1. PIE *erɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *erho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. erho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *erha-
(XX:XX)
3. erha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. erḫa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *erɑho-
HLu. erḫa-
(sb.) ‘frontier’
(CHLu. 1.1.19)
(HLu. (“FINES”)i+ra/i-há-za)
1. PIE *erɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *erho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. erho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *erha-
(XX:XX)
3. erha-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. erḫa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *erɑho·mu̯o
Hitt. erḫa·mu̯a-
(mc.*) (devin; autre)
(NOMS. 461)
(Hitt. ir-ḫa-A.A; ZAG-A.A.)
1. PIE *erɑho·mu̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *erho·mu̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. erho·mu̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *erha·mu̯a
(XX:XX)
3. erha·mu̯a
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. erḫa·mu̯a
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *erɑho·u̯o-
Hitt. erḫa·u̯a-
(.) ‘Reihum·beopfern’
(HHand. 62)
1. PIE *erɑho·u̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *erho·u̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. erho·u̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *erha·u̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. erha·u̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. erḫa·u̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *erɑhe·Σ-
Lith. ere·kỹ-
(m.) ‘Grenzstein, Grenze’
(ALiEtWb. A-45)
1. PIE *erɑhe·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *erhe·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. erhe·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Lith. ere·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√orɑhoi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *orɑhoi-
Hitt. arḫai-
(vb.dn.) ‘die Runde machen’
(HHand. 21)
(HIL. 291)
1. PIE *orɑhoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *orhoi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. orhoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *arhai-
(XX:XX)
3. arhai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. arḫai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *orɑhoi·Σ-
OLith. arai·ki-
(m.) ‘Grenz·stein, Grenze’
(ALiEtWb. A-45)
1. PIE *orɑhoi·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *orhoi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. orhoi·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *oroi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. oroi·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → OLith. arai·Σ-
PIE *orɑhoi·on-
Hitt. arḫai·an
(adv.) ‘abseits, gesondert’ (EḪS 351, 353)
(HHand. 21)
(HIL. 291)
1. PIE *orɑhoi·on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *orhoi·on-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. orhoi·on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *arhai·an-
(XX:XX)
3. arhai·an-
* a i a → a i i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide3 → *arhai̯·an-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
4. arhai̯·an-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. arḫai̯·an-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√erɑhoi-
PIE *erɑhoi-
Hitt. erḫai-
(vb1.) ‘die Runde machen’ (ḪudA 137)
(HHand. 62)
(Hitt. ir-ḫa-a-iz-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *erɑhoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *erhoi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. erhoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *erhai-
(XX:XX)
3. erhai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. erḫai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√orɑhi-
PIE *erɑhi-
LycA. eri-
(prevb.) ‘XX’
(XX:XX)
(Laroche: comparaison I:177f.)
1. PIE *erɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *erhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. erhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → LycA. eri-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *orɑhí·Σ-
OLith. arì·ki-
(m.) ‘Grenzstein, Grenze’
(ALiEtWb. A-45)
1. PIE *orɑhí·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *orhí·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. orhí·Σ-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis Li. ì
RAcc2 → *orhì·Σ-
3. orhì·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *orì·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. orì·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → OLith. arì·Σ-
PIE *orɑhi̯o-
OBret. orio-
(.) ‘gl. oram’
(EtDiPC 137)
(OBret. orion [sgA])
1. PIE *orɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *orhi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. orhi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ori̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. ori̯o-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
ROrthogrY2i → OBret. orio-


PIE √rl- √orl- √erl- (sb.) ‘offspring, man, boy’ (a.) ‘male’
(IEW 326+328)
(+ Pyysalo)
√orolo-
PIE *orolo-
Hitt. arala-
(c.) ‘Im Lande Tarḫuntaša.’
(OGHErg. 9)
(Hitt. a-ra-al-la-aš [N])
1. PIE *orolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. arala-
(XX:XX)
PIE *oroloi-
Hitt. aralai-
(vb1.) ‘beigesellen, verheiraten (?)’
(HHand. 20)
(Hitt. aralait [2sg], Oettinger 1979:32)
1. PIE *oroloi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. aralai-
(XX:XX)
√erlo-
PIE *erlo
OSax. erl-
(m.) ‘(noble)man, male offspring, boy’
(ASaxD. 254)
‹Helg. erl- not †irl- !›
1. PIE *erlo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *erla
(XX:XX)
2. erla
*e → i
Change of *e into i
RChangee2i → *irla
3. irla
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → OSax. irl
PIE *erlo
OSax. erl-
(m.) ‘man, nobleman, male offspring’
(ASaxD. 254)
1. PIE *erlo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *erla
(XX:XX)
2. erla
*e → i
Change of *e into i
RChangee2i → *irla
3. irla
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → OSax. irl
√orlo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ɦɑud·orlo-
Hitt. ḫud·arla-
(c.) ‘ARAD = Diener, Knecht, Sklave’
(HHand. 57)
(Lit. Hitt. ḫud+arla- ‘dienst=eilend+mann”)
1. PIE *ɦɑud·orlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦud·orlo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦud·orlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦud·arla-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦud·arla-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫud·arla-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑud·orlo-
Kpd. ḫud·arla-
(Ic.) (cf. above)
(NOMS. 411.1A)
(Kpd. ḫu-da-ar-lá)
1. PIE *ɦɑud·orlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦud·orlo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦud·orlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦud·arla-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦud·arla-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Kpd. ḫud·arla-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *orlo-
HLu. arla-
(a.) ‘‹male (?)›’
(CHLu. 9.1.15)
(HLu. ara/i-la)
1. PIE *orlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → HLu. arla-
(XX:XX)
PIE *orlo-
HLu. arla-
(.) ‘‹man (?)›?
(CHLu. 2.22.19)
(HLu. ara/i-la-´)
1. PIE *orlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → HLu. arla-
(XX:XX)
PIE *orlonto
Hitt. arlanta
(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGHErg. 12)
(Hitt. a-ar-la-an-ta)
1. PIE *orlonto
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. arlanta
(XX:XX)
PIE *orlonto-
Hitt. arlanta-
(ḪUR.SAG.) “An Ḫulaja -› dU-taša, Arlantuja”;
(OGH. 37-8)
(Hitt. ar-la-an-da, Luwiya 247f.)
1. PIE *orlonto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. arlanta-
(XX:XX)
PIE *orlont·ui̯o-
Hitt. arlant·ui̯a-
(URU.) ‘In Land Tuwanuwa, s. dort.’
(OGH. 38)
(Hitt. ar-la-an-du-ia-aš [sgN]
1. PIE *orlont·ui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. arlant·ui̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *orlo·nu̯o-
CLu. arla·nu̯a-
(cs.) ‘Kimball 1999:223, CLuwLex. 28, DLL. 31’
(Starke StBoT 31:567)
(CLu. a-ar-la-nu-ua-at-ta
1. PIE *orlo·nu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. arla·nu̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *orlo·u̯idɑɦi-
Hitt. arla·u̯izi-
(mc.) ‘if = Hitt. LÚ.UR.MAḪ (?)’
(NOMS. 130a)
(Hitt. ar-la-ui-iz-zi [abs.] = Hitt. LÚ.UR.MAḪ
1. PIE *orlo·u̯idɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *orlo·u̯idɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. orlo·u̯idɦi-
PIE *dɦi → zi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4b → *orlo·u̯izi-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. orlo·u̯izi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. arla·u̯izi-
(XX:XX)
√orli-
PIE *ɦɑud·orli-
Hitt. ḫud·arli-
(c.) ‘Diener, Knecht, Sklave’ (Sum. ARAD/ÍR)
(HHand. 57)
1. PIE *ɦɑud·orli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦud·orli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦud·orli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦud·arli-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦud·arli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫud·arli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑud·orli-
Hitt. ḫud·arli-
(mc.) (prêtre)
(NOMS. 411.2.)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-tar-li [abs.])
1. PIE *ɦɑud·orli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦud·orli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦud·orli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦud·arli-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦud·arli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫud·arli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ormo·ɦɑud·orli-
Hitt. arma·ḫud·arli-
(fdc.*) –
(NOMS. 132)
(in Hitt. fdSIN-ÍR-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *ormo·ɦɑud·orli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ormo·ɦud·orli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ormo·ɦud·orli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *arma·ɦud·arli-
(XX:XX)
3. arma·ɦud·arli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. arma·ḫud·arli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *mosono·ɦɑud·orli-
CLu. mašana·ḫud·arli-
(Ic.*) (fille de Muršili II, épouse de Masturi)
(NOMS. 775)
(Hitt. DINGIRMEšÍR-in)
1. PIE *mosono·ɦɑud·orli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *mosono·ɦud·orli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. mosono·ɦud·orli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *masana·ɦud·arli-
(XX:XX)
3. masana·ɦud·arli-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → *masana·ḫud·arli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. masana·ḫud·arli-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. mašana·ḫud·arli-
PIE *ɦɑud·orli-
CLu. ḫud·arli-
(m*.)
(XX:XX)
(in Hitt. mÌRli-)
1. PIE *ɦɑud·orli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦud·orli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦud·orli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦud·arli-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦud·arli-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫud·arli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *ɦɑud·orlei̯o-
CLu. ḫud·arlei̯a-
(a.) ‘sklavisch’
(DLL. 49)
(CLu. ḫu-tar-li-ia-an [sgA] = ÌRan [dup.]))
1. PIE *ɦɑud·orlei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦud·orlei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦud·orlei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦud·arlei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦud·arlei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫud·arlei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *ɦɑud·orloi̯o-
CLu. ḫud·arlaa-
(c.) ‘Sklave, Diener’ (‘serviteur’)
(DLL. 49)
(CLu. ḫu-tar-la-a-an [sgA])
1. PIE *ɦɑud·orloi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦud·orloi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦud·orloi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦud·arlai̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦud·arlai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide1 → *ɦud·arlaa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
4. ɦud·arlaa-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫud·arlaa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
√orlibɑɦ-
PIE *orlibɑɦ-
Hitt. arlib-
(c.) ‘ein Körperteil, Penis (?), Oberschenkel (?)’
(HEG I:61-2)
(EHS 331, Laroche RA 47:40-49)
1. PIE *orlibɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *orlibɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. orlibɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *arlibɦ-
(XX:XX)
3. arlibɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. arlib-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √rn- √orn-, √ern- (sb.) ‘Schuld’ (vb.) ‘büßen, ersetzen’
(IEW. 501)
(Pyysalo (2013:242)
√rn-
PIE *r̥nó-
RV. r̥ṇá-
(a.) ‘schuldig, sündig’
(WbRV. 281)
1. PIE *r̥nó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *r̥ná-
2. r̥ná-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
RRetrofl1 → RV. r̥ṇá-
PIE *orno
Sogd. 'rn-
(sb.) ‘Schuld’
(KEWA 1:121)
1. PIE *orno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *arna
2. arna
*a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R26 → *arn
3. arn
*a → '
Orthographic change of *a into '
R29d → Sogd. 'rn
PIE *ernet·Σ-
LAv. arǝnat·čaēša-
(pt.a.) ‘avenging debts (?), EFL 154-5’
(AIWb. 195)
(LAv. arǝnat.čaēša-)
1. PIE *ernet·Σ-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
R19b → *erǝnet·Σ-
2. erǝnet·Σ-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → LAv. arǝnat·Σ-
PIE *ōrno-
Khot. ārra-
(sb.) ‘Schuld’
(KEWA 1:121)
1. PIE *ōrno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ōrna-
2. ōrna-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *ārna-
3. ārna-
*rn → rr
Assimilation of *rn into rr
R26 → Khot. ārra-
PIE *ornu-
Hitt. arnu-
(vb.) ‘büßen, ersetzen’
(Tischler 1972:278)
1. PIE *ornu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. arnu-
(XX:XX)


PIE √rtɑh- √rdɑɦ- ‘ansiedeln, pflanzen, hegen, usw.’
(IEW XX)
(Pyysalo: OSax. + OEng.)
√ortɑhi-
(HEG A:XX)
PIE *ortɑhi̯o-
Hitt. arša-
(sb.) ‘unbekannter Gegenstand’
(HHand. 24)
1. PIE *ortɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *orthi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. orthi̯o-
PIE *thi̯ → c
Assibilation of *th before *i̯
RDentAssib2a → *orco-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. orco-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *arca-
(XX:XX)
4. arca-
OAnat. c -> š
Orthographic change of *c into š
R14 → Hitt. arša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ortɑhi̯o-
Hitt. arša-
(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘Liste von (göttlichen?) Bergen.’
(OGHErg. 12)
(Ḫi. ar-ša-aš [N])
1. PIE *ortɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *orthi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. orthi̯o-
PIE *thi̯ → c
Assibilation of *th before *i̯
RDentAssib2a → *orco-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. orco-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *arca-
(XX:XX)
4. arca-
OAnat. c -> š
Orthographic change of *c into š
R14 → Hitt. arša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ortɑhi̯oi-
Hitt. aršai-
(vb.) ‘pflanzen, hegen’ (MP.) ‘sich pflegen’
(HHand. 24)
1. PIE *ortɑhi̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *orthi̯oi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. orthi̯oi-
PIE *thi̯ → c
Assibilation of *th before *i̯
RDentAssib2a → *orcoi-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. orcoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *arcai-
(XX:XX)
4. arcai-
OAnat. c -> š
Orthographic change of *c into š
R14 → Hitt. aršai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ortɑhi̯ei-
Hitt. aršei-
(c.) ‘Pflanzung, Baumschule (?)’
(HHand. 24)
1. PIE *ortɑhi̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *orthi̯ei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. orthi̯ei-
PIE *thi̯ → c
Assibilation of *th before *i̯
RDentAssib2a → *orcei-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. orcei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *arcei-
(XX:XX)
4. arcei-
OAnat. c -> š
Orthographic change of *c into š
R14 → Hitt. aršei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ortɑhi̯eiski̯e/o-
Hitt. aršeike/a-
(vb.) ‘hegen : plant, cultivate’
(HHand. 24)
(Melchert 1994:178)
1. PIE *ortɑhi̯eiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *orthi̯eiski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. orthi̯eiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *orthi̯eisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. orthi̯eisḱe/o-
PIE *thi̯ → c
Assibilation of *th before *i̯
RDentAssib2a → *orceisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. orceisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *arceisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
5. arceisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *arceiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. arceiske/a-
OAnat. c -> š
Orthographic change of *c into š
R14 → *aršeiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. aršeiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. aršeiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ortɑhi̯o·lu-
LycC. αρσα·λο-
(I.) ‘hegend+ λο-’
(LuPG 117)
(Lyc. Aρσαλος)
1. PIE *ortɑhi̯o·lu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *orthi̯o·lu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. orthi̯o·lu-
PIE *thi̯ → c
Assibilation of *th before *i̯
RDentAssib2a → *orco·lu-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. orco·lu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *arca·lu-
(XX:XX)
4. arca·lu-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → LycC. ἀρcα·λυ-
PIE *ortɑhi̯ono-
Hitt. aršana-
(Éc.) ‘Herberge, Gasthaus’
(HEG 1:75)
(HHand. 25)
1. PIE *ortɑhi̯ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *orthi̯ono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. orthi̯ono-
PIE *thi̯ → c
Assibilation of *th before *i̯
RDentAssib2a → *orcono-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. orcono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *arcana-
(XX:XX)
4. arcana-
OAnat. c -> š
Orthographic change of *c into š
R14 → Hitt. aršana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ortɑhi̯oso-
Hitt. aršaša-
(URUa.gen.) ‘Im Gebiet von Kinara’
(OGH. 40)
(Hitt. ar-ša-a-ša [Stf.])
1. PIE *ortɑhi̯oso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *orthi̯oso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. orthi̯oso-
PIE *thi̯ → c
Assibilation of *th before *i̯
RDentAssib2a → *orcoso-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. orcoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *arcasa-
(XX:XX)
4. arcasa-
OAnat. c -> š
Orthographic change of *c into š
R14 → *aršasa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. aršasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. aršaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ortɑhi̯osi-
LycC. αρσασι-
(I.) ‘XX’
(LuPG 117)
(Lyc. Aρσασις)
1. PIE *ortɑhi̯osi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *orthi̯osi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. orthi̯osi-
PIE *thi̯ → c
Assibilation of *th before *i̯
RDentAssib2a → *orcosi-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. orcosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *arcasi-
(XX:XX)
4. arcasi-
PIE *s → h
Change of fricative *s into h
R17 → *arcahi-
5. arcahi-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → LycC. ἀρcαhι-
PIE *Π·ortɑhi̯osi-
LycC. τεδι·αρσασι-
(I.) ‘-(?)-’
(LuPG. 149)
Lyc. τεδιαρσασι-)
1. PIE *Π·ortɑhi̯osi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·orthi̯osi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·orthi̯osi-
PIE *thi̯ → c
Assibilation of *th before *i̯
RDentAssib2a → *Π·orcosi-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. Π·orcosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·arcasi-
(XX:XX)
4. Π·arcasi-
PIE *s → h
Change of fricative *s into h
R17 → *Π·arcahi-
5. Π·arcahi-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → LycC. Π·αρcαhι-
PIE *ortɑhi̯ouno-
Hitt. aršauna-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGHErg. 13)
(Hitt. ar-ša-u-na [Stf.])
1. PIE *ortɑhi̯ouno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *orthi̯ouno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. orthi̯ouno-
PIE *thi̯ → c
Assibilation of *th before *i̯
RDentAssib2a → *orcouno-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. orcouno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *arcauna-
(XX:XX)
4. arcauna-
OAnat. c -> š
Orthographic change of *c into š
R14 → Hitt. aršauna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ordɑɦ-
PIE *ordɑɦo-
OSax. ard-
(m.) ‘Aufenthaltsort’
(ASächsWb. 3)
1. PIE *ordɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ordɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ordɦo-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *ordo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ordo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → OSax. arda-
(XX:XX)
PIE *ordɑɦo-
OEng. eard-
(m.) ‘native soil, land, land, residence, etc.’
(ASaxD. 231)
1. PIE *ordɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ordɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ordɦo-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *ordo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ordo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *arda-
(XX:XX)
4. arda-
*a → ea
Change of *a into ea
RInitiala2ea → OEng. earda-
√ordɑɦi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ordɑɦi̯o-
OEng. eardia-
(vb.) ‘dwell, live, feed : habitare’
(ASaxD. 232)
1. PIE *ordɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ordɦi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ordɦi̯o-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *ordi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ordi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *ardi̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. ardi̯a-
*a → ea
Change of *a into ea
RInitiala2ea → *eardi̯a-
5. eardi̯a-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of *i̯ into i
ROrthogrY2j → OEng. eardia-
PIE *ordɑɦi̯ei̯o-
Hitt. arzeia-
(n.) ‘bestelltes Land, Kornkammer des Landes’
(HEG 1:75)
(Hitt. A.ŠÀ ar-zi-ia-aš, ar-zi-ia-an)
1. PIE *ordɑɦi̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ordɦi̯ei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ordɦi̯ei̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *orzei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. orzei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. arzei̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *ordɑɦi̯ei̯o·si-
CLu. arzeia·ši-
(a.gen.) ‘bezeichnet eine Geländeeigenschaft’
(DLL. 32)
(CLu. ar-zi-ia-aš-ši-iš [sgN], HHand. 25)
1. PIE *ordɑɦi̯ei̯o·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ordɦi̯ei̯o·si-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ordɦi̯ei̯o·si-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *orzei̯o·si-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. orzei̯o·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *arzei̯a·si-
(XX:XX)
4. arzei̯a·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. arzei̯a·ši-
PIE *ordɑɦi̯ono-
Hitt. arzana-
(É.) ‘Gasthaus, Herberge’
(HEG I:75)
(HHand. 24)
1. PIE *ordɑɦi̯ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ordɦi̯ono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ordɦi̯ono-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *orzono-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. orzono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. arzana-
(XX:XX)
PIE *ordɑɦi̯onon-
Hitt. arzanan-
(n.) ‘Ansiedlung : settlement’
(HHand. 25)
(Hitt. arzanani [sgD], EHS 296)
1. PIE *ordɑɦi̯onon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ordɦi̯onon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ordɦi̯onon-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *orzonon-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. orzonon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. arzanan-
(XX:XX)
PIE *ordɑɦi̯ou̯o-
Hitt. arzau̯a-
(URUc.) ‘Land Luwija; -› Ašarata OGHErg. 14’
(OGH. 42-5)
(Hitt. ar-za-ua-an, ar-za-u-ua-aš)
1. PIE *ordɑɦi̯ou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ordɦi̯ou̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ordɦi̯ou̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *orzou̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. orzou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. arzau̯a-
(XX:XX)
√ordɑɦu-
PIE *ordɑɦu-
OSax. ardo-
(vb.) ‘bewohnen’
(ASächsWb. 4)
(OSax. ardon [inf.])
1. PIE *ordɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ordɦu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ordɦu-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *ordu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ordu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → OSax. ardu-
(XX:XX)


PIE √ru- (vb.) ‘sich verneigen, anbeten, huldigen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√oruo-
PIE *oru̯o-
Hitt. aru̯a-
(vn.) ‘sich verneigen, anbeten, huldigen’
(HIL. 254)
(in Hitt. a-ru-ua-an-zi [1.inf.], (Akd. ŠUKENU))
1. PIE *oru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. aru̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *oru̯o-
Hitt. aru̯a-
(vb.) ‘sich verneigen, anbeten, huldigen’
(HIL. 254)
(Hitt. a-ru-ua-a-zi, a-ru-ua-an-zi, a-ru-ua-a-an-zi)
1. PIE *oru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. aru̯a-
(XX:XX)
√orui-
PIE *oru̯oi-
Hitt. aru̯ai-
(i.) ‘sich verneigen, anbeten, huldigen’ (EḪS 472)
(ḪEG 1:73-4)
(Hitt. a-ru-ua-ez-zi, a-ru-ua-i-ez-zi = Akd. UŠKEN)
1. PIE *oru̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. aru̯ai-
(XX:XX)
PIE *oru̯oiski̯e/o-
Hitt. aru̯aiške/a-
(.) ‘sich verneigen, anbeten, huldigen’
(HIL. 254)
(Hitt. a-ru-ua-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *oru̯oiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *oru̯oisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. oru̯oisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *aru̯aisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
3. aru̯aisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *aru̯aiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. aru̯aiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. aru̯aiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *oru̯eiski̯e/o-
Hitt. aru̯eiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘sich verneigen, anbeten, huldigen’
(ḪEG1:74)
(Hitt. a-ru-ú-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *oru̯eiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *oru̯eisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. oru̯eisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *aru̯eisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
3. aru̯eisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *aru̯eiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. aru̯eiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. aru̯eiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√oruoro-
PIE *oru̯oro-
HLu. aru̯ara-
(vb.) ‘bow down (?)’
(CHLu. 5.19.3)
(HLu. á-ru-wa/i+ra/i-tu [3sg])
1. PIE *oru̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → HLu. aru̯ara-
(XX:XX)
√oruski-
PIE *oruski-
MidParth. ´rws-
(vb.) ‘to turn towards’
(MPahl. 2:30)
(in MidParth. ´rws-)
1. PIE *oruski-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *oruški-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
2. oruški-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *orušć-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. orušć-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *arušć-
4. arušć-
*sć → ć
Change of sć to ć
R22 → *aruć-
5. aruć-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to Parthian
RSatem2Av1 → *arus-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. arus-
*a → ´
Orthographic change of *a to ´
R29d → *´rus-
7. ´rus-
*u → w
Orthographic change of *u into w
R29e → MidParth. ´rws-


PIE √ru- √oru- √eru- (vb.) ‘eilen, fliegen (Hitt. petai-)’ (a.) ‘flink, schnell (Hitt. petali-)’ (sb.) ‘Flügel (Hitt. petar-)
(IEW XX)
(Pyysalo)
√oru-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ru̯o-
Lat. ruo-
(vb.) ‘eilen, stürtzen’
(WH 2:453)
(GEW 2:422, Lat. ruō [1sg])
1. PIE *ru̯o-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → Lat. ruo-
PIE *Π·oru̯o-
HLu. ARHA aru̯a·-
(vb.) ‘come, arrive’
(CHLu. 11.1.fg24)
(HLu. (“PES2”)a+ra/i-wa/i))
1. PIE *Π·oru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → HLu. Π·aru̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *oru̯o-
LAv. aurva-
(a.) ‘schnell’
(AIWb. 200)
1. PIE *oru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *aru̯a-
2. aru̯a-
*aru → auru
Anaptyxis of *u
RAnaptyxARU → *auru̯a-
3. auru̯a-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → LAv. aurva-
PIE *óru̯o·ki̯o-
RV. árva·śa-
(a.) ‘eilend, schnellfahrend’
(WbRV. 117)
1. PIE *óru̯o·ki̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *óru̯o·ćo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. óru̯o·ćo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *óru̯a·ća-
3. óru̯a·ća-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *áru̯a·ća-
4. áru̯a·ća-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to OIA
RSatem2OIA1 → *áru̯a·śa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. áru̯a·śa-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → RV. árva·śa-
PIE *oru̯o
OSax. aru-
(a.) ‘schnell’
(ASaxD. XX)
(OSax. aru)
1. PIE *oru̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *aru̯a
(XX:XX)
2. aru̯a
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *aru̯
3. aru̯
*-ru̯ → -ru
Change of root-final -ru̯ into -ru
RChangeFinalRW2RU → OSax. aru
PIE *oru̯o
OEng. earu-
(a.) ‘quick, active, ready’
(ASaxD. 235)
1. PIE *oru̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *aru̯a
(XX:XX)
2. aru̯a
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *aru̯
3. aru̯
*a → ea
Change of *a into ea
RInitiala2ea → *earu̯
4. earu̯
*-ru̯ → -ru
Change of root-final -ru̯ into -ru
RChangeFinalRW2RU → OEng. earu
√orudɑɦo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *orudɑɦo-
CLu. aruda-
(c.) ‘Flügel, Schwinge’
(HHand. 25)
(CLu. a-ru-ta-ti [sgI], Rieken (1999:440): “Mittel um zu erheben”)
1. PIE *orudɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *orudɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. orudɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *arudɦa-
(XX:XX)
3. arudɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. aruda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *oruto-
Hitt. aruta-
(URU.) ‘Am Fluß Šaḫirija, › Zartajawaša’
(OGH. 42)
(Hitt. a-ru-ud-da-aš)
1. PIE *oruto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. aruta-
(XX:XX)
PIE *orudɑɦo
OEng. arod-
(a.) ‘flink, schnell : shift, fleet’
(ASaxD. XX)
(‹IEW. 331, Is OHG. arod a ghostform (?)›)
1. PIE *orudɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *orudɦo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. orudɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *orudo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. orudo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *aruda
(XX:XX)
4. aruda
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *arud
5. arud
*a → ea
Change of *a into ea
RInitiala2ea → OEng. earud


√ru- (sb.) ‘Horn, Hirsch, cervus’
(HEG R: 681-5)
√ru-
PIE *rúru-
OInd. rúru-
(.) ‘eine Hirschart’
(KEWA 3:69)
(VS. rúru)
PIE *ruru-
TochB. ruru-
(m.sg.) ‘ruru-deer’
(DTochB. 539)
(TochB. ruru-)
PIE *rúru·Σ-
RV. rúru·śīrṣan-
(a.) ‘mit hörnerner Spitze versehen’
(WbRV. 1177)
RV. rúru·śīrṣan-
√ruo-
(HEG X:XX)
PIE *ru̯o-
HLu. ru̯a
(mc.) ‘Rua-, serviteur de Tuwadi du Tabal’
(CHLu. XX)
(HLu. ru-wa/i-sá [sgN], NOMS. 1069)
1. PIE *ru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → HLu. ru̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *Π·ru̯o-
Hitt. naḫi·ru̯a-
(mc.) ‘respecting ‹nahi-› Rua-’
(NOMS. 843)
Hitt. na-ḫi-ru-ua-aš(-ša) [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·ru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. Π·ru̯a-
(XX:XX)


PIE √r- √or- √er- (a.) ‘hoch, sehr, viel’ (vb.) ‘sich regen, erheben’ (sb.) ‘Berghöhe, Akropolis, Polis’
(IEW XX)
√oro-
PIE *oro-
Hitt. ara-
(vb2.) ‘to (a)rise, lift, raise’
(ḪEG 1:52)
(Hitt. a-ra-a-i, a-ra-i [3sg])
1. PIE *oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ara-
(XX:XX)
PIE *oró-
Gr. ὀρό-
(ao.) ‘sich regen/erheben, losstürzen, eilen’
(GEW 2:422)
(Gr. ὠρόμην)
1. PIE *oró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὀρό-
PIE *eró-
Gr. ἐρό-
(ao.) ‘sich regen/erheben, losstürzen, eilen’
(GEW 2:422)
1. PIE *eró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἐρό-
√ori-
PIE *Π·ṓri-
RV. ud (…) ā́ri·-
(pf.) ‘sich erheben, sich in bewegung setzen’
(WbRV. 98-101)
(RV. ud (...) ā́rithā [2sg])
1. PIE *Π·ṓri-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
RChangeO2A4 → RV. Π·ā́ri-
PIE *ori-
CLu. ari-
(vb.) ‘erheben, tragen : raise, lift, bear, HHand. 21’
(DLL. 30-1)
(CLu. a-ri-it-t[i] [3sg],
1. PIE *ori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. ari-
(XX:XX)
PIE *orei̯o-
Hitt. arei̯a-
(vb1.) ‘to (a)rise, lift, raise’
(HIL. 239)
(Hitt. a-ri-ia-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *orei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. arei̯a-
(XX:XX)
√eri-
PIE *eri-
Gr. ἐρι-
(pref.) ‘hoch, sehr’
(GEW 1:557)
1. PIE *eri-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἐρι-
PIE *eri·Σ-
Gr. ἐρι·ώλη-
(f.) ‘Wirbelwind, Orkan’
(GEW 1:561)
(in Gr. ἐριώλη, Lit. ‘high/rising/intense wind’)
1. PIE *eri·Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἐρι·Σ-
PIE *erii̯e-
LycA. erije-
(vb.) ‘to raise, to levy’
(HIL. 240)
(CLu. erije [3sg], erijeine [inf.], erijeina [inf
1. PIE *erii̯e-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
R21 → LycA. erije-
√ri-
PIE *ri-
TochA. ri-
(f.) ‘urbs, oppidum’
(Poucha 258)
(TochA. ri [sgN])
PIE *rii-
TochA. rī-
(f.) ‘urbs, oppidum’
(Poucha 258)
(TochA. rī [sgN])
1. PIE *rii-
*ii → ī
Contraction of i and i
RContractii → TochA. rī-
PIE *rii·Σ-
TochA. rī·päṣe
(.) ‘custos urbis’
(Poucha 258)
(TochA. rīpaṣe)
1. PIE *rii·Σ-
*ii → ī
Contraction of i and i
RContractii → TochA. rī·Σ-
PIE *rii̯o-
LinB. ριjο-
(n.) ‘Berghöhe, Vorgebirge’
(GEW 2:659)
(LinB. ri-jo)
1. PIE *rii̯o-
Change from Latin to Old Mycenean alphabet
RGr2Lat → LinB. ριjο-
PIE *ríi̯o-
Gr. ρίο-
(n.) ‘Berghöhe, Vorgebirge’ (ON.) ‘in Achaia’
(GEW 2:659)
(HEG:1002, Gr. ῥίο-)
1. PIE *ríi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *río-
2. río-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ρίο-
PIE *rii̯ɑh-
TochA. riy-
(f.) ‘urbs, oppidum’
(Poucha 258)
(TochA. riyis [G], riyā, riyac [sgD.])
1. PIE *rii̯ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *rii̯h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. rii̯h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *rii̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. rii̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthY2y → TochA. riy-
√ru-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *oru-
Hitt. aru-
(a.) ‘hoch’
(HEG 1:70)
(HHand. 24)
1. PIE *oru-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. aru-
(XX:XX)
PIE *oru-
Pal. aru-
(a.) ‘viel, sehr’
(HHand. 24)
1. PIE *oru-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Pal. aru-
(XX:XX)
PIE *oru-
CLu. aru-
(a.) ‘hoch’ (adv. = n.)
(HHand. 24)
(HIL. 253)
1. PIE *oru-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. aru-
(XX:XX)
PIE *Π·rú-
RV. made·rú-
(a.) ‘sehr erfreuend’ (Sāy.)
(WbRV. 983)
(For segmentation, see RV. máde·raghu-, WbRV. 983)


PIE √r- √or- √er- (a.) ‘lang’ (vb.) ‘verlängern’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√oro-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *oro-
CLu. ara-
(a.) ‘lang’
(HEG 1:53)
1. PIE *oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. ara-
(XX:XX)
PIE *oro-
HLu. ara-
(a.) ‘lang’
(HEG 1:70)
(Melchert (1994:265): CLu. aara/i- = HLu. á-ra/i-)
1. PIE *oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → HLu. ara-
(XX:XX)
PIE *orṓɦɑrdo-
OInd. arā́ḍa-
(a.) ‘lang-hörnig’
(EWA 1:111)
(For OInd. ·ḍa- cf. Gr. ἄρδι- ‘Pfeilspitze, Stachel, MA 439)
1. PIE *orṓɦɑrdo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *orṓɦrdo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. orṓɦrdo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *arṓɦrda-
3. arṓɦrda-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
RChangeO2A4 → *arā́ɦrda-
4. arā́ɦrda-
PIE *ɦRd → ḍ
Fortunatov’s Law for *ɦRd
RFortII4 → OInd. arā́ḍa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.2)
PIE *oronu-
CLu. aranu-
(cs.) ‘verlängern, HHand. 21’
(DLL. 30)
(CLu. a-ra-an-nu-uḫ-ḫa [1sg])
1. PIE *oronu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. aranu-
(XX:XX)
PIE *oronu̯o-
Hitt. aranu̯a-
(vb.) ‘verlängern’
(HHand. 21)
(Hitt. a-ra-nu-ua-at-ta [3sg])
1. PIE *oronu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. aranu̯a-
(XX:XX)
√oriu-
PIE *ori-
CLu. ari-
(a.) ‘long’
(DLL. 30)
(CLu. ari, a-ri-i-in [sgA])
1. PIE *ori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. ari-
(XX:XX)
PIE *ori̯u-
TochA. aryu-
(a.) ‘longus de tempore = Skt. ciram ‘lang’
(Poucha 10)
(TochA. aryu-, also TochA. māryu = /mā+aryu/)
1. PIE *ori̯u-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ari̯u-
(XX:XX)
2. ari̯u-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthY2y → TochA. aryu-
√oru-
PIE *oru̯·Σ-
OPr. arw·arb-
(.) ‘langes Holz, Langwiede’
(Voc. 301)
(OPr. arwarbs [sgN]; for OPr. arb- cf. Lat. arbor)
1. PIE *oru̯·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *aru̯·Σ-
2. aru̯·Σ-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *arv·Σ-
3. arv·Σ-
*v → w
Orthographic change of v into w
ROrthogrv2w → OPr. arw·Σ-


√r- √or- √er- (vb.) ‘eilen, kommen’ (a.) ‘schnell’ (sb.) ‘Zeit’
(IEW XX)
(+ Pyysalo: CLu. + HLu.)
√oro-
PIE *oro-
HLu. ara-
(vb.) ‘come’
(CHLu. 11.1.a6)
(HLu. (“PES2”)ara/i-ta-’)
1. PIE *oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → HLu. ara-
(XX:XX)
PIE *oró-
RV. ará-
(m.) ‘aspoke or radius of the wheel’
(MonWil. 86)
1. PIE *oró-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *aró-
2. aró-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → RV. ará-
PIE *oro-
OInd. ara-
(a.) ‘speedy, swift’
(MonWil. 86)
1. PIE *oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → OInd. ara-
PIE *oró-
OInd. ará-
(m.) ‘a spoke of the time wheel’
(MonWil. 86)
1. PIE *oró-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *aró-
2. aró-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → OInd. ará-
PIE *oro-
CLu. ara-
(.) ‘Zeit’
(HHand. 20)
(Not to Goth. jer vs. Kimball 1999:361)
1. PIE *oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. ara-
(XX:XX)
PIE *oro-
HLu. ara-
(.) ‘age, time’
(CHLu. 1.1.74)
(HLu. ara/i-zi [pl])
1. PIE *oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → HLu. ara-
(XX:XX)
PIE *Π·oró-
RV. sam·ará-
(m.) ‘Zusammenkommen, Zusammenströmen’
(WbRV. 1480)
1. PIE *Π·oró-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·aró-
2. Π·aró-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → RV. Π·ará-
√ori-
PIE *ori-
CLu. ari-
(.) ‘Zeit, HHand. 20’
(DLL. 30)
(CLu. a-a-ri-i, a-a-ri-in, a-ri-i[, a-ri-i[n)
1. PIE *ori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. ari-
(XX:XX)
PIE *ori-
HLu. ari-
(.) ‘time’
(CHLu. 2.45.3)
1. PIE *ori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → HLu. ari-
(XX:XX)
PIE *ori-
OInd. ari-
(m.) ‘wheel, discus’
(MonWil. 86)
1. PIE *ori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → OInd. ari-
√ort-
PIE *orto-
HLu. arta-
(n.) ‘income’
(CHLu. 9.1.10)
(HLu. a+ra/i-tà)
1. PIE *orto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → HLu. arta-
(XX:XX)


PIE √r- √or- √er- (vb.) ‘zu Ende kommen, (nach)lassen’ (sb.) ‘Ende, After, Hinter’ (adv.) ‘nach, hinte(r/n), zurück’
(IEW. 340)
(Pyysalo: TochA+B)
√ōr- √or-
PIE *ōr-
TochA. ār-
(pretA.) ‘finire, desinere : cease, leave, forsake’
(Poucha 9)
(TochA. ār [3sg], ārinträ [opt], TochA. āraṣ [conj.Act])
1. PIE *ōr-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → TochA. ār-
(XX:XX)
PIE *ōr-
TochB. ār-
(vb.tr.) ‘leave (behind), forsake, LeTokh1:166’
(DTochB. 47)
(TochB. āri [opt], ārtsi [inf.])
1. PIE *ōr-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → TochB. ār-
(XX:XX)
PIE *or-
TochA. ar-
(prM.) ‘finire, desinere’
(Poucha 9)
(TochA. artär [3sg], araträṃ [conj?])
1. PIE *or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → TochA. ar-
(XX:XX)
√ōro- √oro-
(HEG I:51-2)
(HW2 A: 234, HIL. 239f.)
PIE *ōro-
TochB. āra-
(vb.) ‘cease’
(DTochB. 47-8)
(TochB. āratsi, āran, āroy [opt.Act.])
1. PIE *ōro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ōra-
(XX:XX)
2. ōra-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → TochB. āra-
(XX:XX)
PIE *oro-
TochA. ara-
(prM.) ‘finire, desinere’
(Poucha 9)
(TochA. aratär [3sg], arantär)
1. PIE *oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → TochA. ara-
(XX:XX)
PIE *oro-
TochB. ara-
(vb.) ‘cease’
(DTochB. 47)
(TochB. aran-me)
1. PIE *oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → TochB. ara-
(XX:XX)
PIE *oro-
Hitt. ara-
(UZUc.) ‘After, Gesäß’
(HHand. 20)
(Hitt. ar-ra-an [A], ar-ra-aš [G], ar-ri [L], ar-ru-uš)
1. PIE *oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ara-
(XX:XX)
PIE *oro·Σ
Hitt. ara·z
(adv.) ‘mit den Beinen voran, vom Hintern her’
(HHand 20)
(Hitt. ar-ra-az)
1. PIE *oro·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ara·Σ
(XX:XX)
√orɑh-
PIE *orēɑh-
TochB. arā-
(vb.) ‘come an end; ‹as Hitt. apeia- ‘zu Ende sein›’
(DTochB. 47)
(TochB. arāre)
1. PIE *orēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *orāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. orāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *orāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. orāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *arāh-
(XX:XX)
4. arāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → TochB. arā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√ori- √ri-
PIE *ori-
Hitt. ari-
(c.) ‘After, Gesäß; ‹as ModHG. After›’
(HHand. 20)
(Hitt. ar-ri-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *ori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ari-
(XX:XX)
PIE *ri-
TochA. ri-
(vb.) ‘relinquere, abicere’
(Poucha 258)
√ors-
(Pyysalo: TochB.)
PIE *orso·Σ
Ion. ὀρσο·θύρη-
(f.) ‘Hinter-thüre’
(GEW 2:427)
(Ion. ὀρσο·θύρη-)
1. PIE *orso·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Ion. ὀρσο·Σ
PIE *orso-
Hitt. arša
(adv.) ‘nach hinten’
(HHand. 25)
1. PIE *orso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *arsa-
(XX:XX)
2. arsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. arša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *orso·Σ
Hitt. ·arša teia-
(vb.) ‘abseits stehen’
(HHand. 24)
1. PIE *orso·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *arsa·Σ
(XX:XX)
2. arsa·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. arša·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *orso·Σ
Hitt. ·arša teia-
(vb.) ‘zurück treten’
(HHand. 24)
1. PIE *orso·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *arsa·Σ
(XX:XX)
2. arsa·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. arša·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ōrso-
TochB. ārsa-
(vb.) ‘cease’
(DTochB. 47)
(TochB. ārsen-ne)
1. PIE *ōrso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ōrsa-
(XX:XX)
2. ōrsa-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → TochB. ārsa-
(XX:XX)
PIE *orso
OHG. ars-
(m.) ‘Arsch’
(XX:XX)
(OHG. ars [sgN])
1. PIE *orso
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *arsa
(XX:XX)
2. arsa
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → OHG. ars
PIE *orso
OIcl. ars-
(m.) ‘Arsch, After’
(ANEtWb. 14)
(OIcl. ars [sgN])
1. PIE *orso
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *arsa
(XX:XX)
2. arsa
-a → Ø
Loss of -a in root-final position
RLossFinala1 → OIcl. ars
PIE *órso-
Gr. ὄρρο-
(m.) ‘Hinterer, After’
(GEW 2:427)
(Gr. ὄρρος)
1. PIE *órso-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὄρσο-
PIE *orso-
Arm. oṙ-
(sb.) ‘Hinterbacken, der untere Theil, Boden’
(ArmGr. 1:482)
(Arm. oṙ [sgN], oṙ-k’ [plN])
1. PIE *orso-
*rs → ṙ
Change of *rs into ṙ
RChangers2S → Arm. oṙo-
√ersēɑh-
PIE *ersēɑh-
OIr. err-
(f.) ‘Schwanz, Ende : tail, end’
(LEIA E-XX)
(OIr. err [sgN], VKG 2:101)
1. PIE *ersēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *ersāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. ersāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ersāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ersāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ersā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ersā-
*rs → rr
Assimilation of *rs into rr
RAssimRS → *errā-
5. errā-
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RShortA2a → OIr. erra-
oru-
PIE *oru-
Hitt. aru-
(c.) ‘arse, anus’
(HIL. 238)
(Hitt. ar-ru-uš [sgN])
1. PIE *oru-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. aru-
(XX:XX)


PIE √r- √or- √er- (vb.) ‘fließen, waschen’
(IEW –)
√or-
PIE *or-
Hitt. ar-
(vb2.) ‘waschen’
(HEG 1:51)
(Hitt. ar-ri [3sg])
1. PIE *or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ar-
(XX:XX)
PIE *or-
Hitt. ar-
(vb.) ‘fließen : flow’
(HIL. 249)
(MidHitt. a-ar-zi [3sg], KBo 10.45 iv 39)
1. PIE *or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ar-
(XX:XX)
√oro-
PIE *oro-
Hitt. ara-
(vb1.) ‘waschen’
(HIL. 237)
(Hitt. ar-ra-an-zi, a-ar-at-te-en [2pl])
1. PIE *oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ara-
(XX:XX)
PIE *oró-
Gr. ὀρό-
(m.) ‘die Molke, Käsewasser’
(GEW 1:425)
(No initial h-, not from PIE *soro-)
1. PIE *oró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὀρό-


PIE √s- √os- √es- (vb.) ‘(da) sein, existieren’
(IEW 340-2)
√os-
PIE *os-
Hitt. aš-
(pr.) ‘sein’
(HEG 1:109-10)
(Hi. a-ša-an-du [3pl])
1. PIE *os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *as-
(XX:XX)
2. as-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. aš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *os-
Pal. aš-
(pr.) ‘sein’
(DPal. 52)
(Pal. a-aš [ipv2sg], a-aš-du [3sg])
1. PIE *os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *as-
(XX:XX)
2. as-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Pal. aš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *os-
CLu. aš-
(pr.) ‘sein’
(DLL. 32-3)
(CLu. aš-ḫa (?), a-aš-ta, a-aš-du)
1. PIE *os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *as-
(XX:XX)
2. as-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. aš-
PIE *os-
HLu. aš-
(pr.) ‘sein’
(CHLu.)
(HLu. a-sa-ti, a-sa-ta-ni, a-sa-ha)
1. PIE *os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *as-
(XX:XX)
2. as-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. aš-
PIE *os-
OPr. as-
(pr.) ‘sein’
(IEW. 341)
(OPr. ast, assai asmai)
1. PIE *os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → OPr. as-
√es-
PIE *es-
Hitt. eš-
(pr.) ‘sein’
(HEG 1:76)
(Hitt. e-eš-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *es-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. eš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *es-
Pal. eš-
(pr.) ‘sein (?)’
(DPal. 52)
(Pal. e-eš-ta[... [3sg])
1. PIE *es-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Pal. eš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *es-
Lith. es-
(pr.) ‘sein’
(LiEtWb. 124)
Lith. esmì [1sg])
PIE *és-
RV. ás-
(prA.) ‘da sein, vorhanden sein, existieren’
(WbRV. 146)
(RV. ásti [3sg])
1. PIE *és-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → RV. ás-
PIE *es-
Gr. ἐσ-
(pr.) ‘sein’
(LSJ. 487f.)
(Gr. ἐστί [3sg])
1. PIE *es-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *eh-
2. eh-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *e-
3. e-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἐ-
PIE *es-
Lat. es-
(pr.) ‘sein’
(WH 1:XX)
(Lat. est [3sg])
√s-
PIE *s-
HLu. š-
(pr.) ‘to be’
(CHLu.)
(HLu. sa-tú [2.34.1, 3sg], sa-ta [10.17.6, 3pl])
1. PIE *s-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. š-
PIE *s-
Dor. h-
(pr.) ‘to be’
(LSJ. 487f.)
(Dor. (h)εντί [3pl])
1. PIE *s-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → Dor. h-
PIE *s-
TochB. s-
(pr.copul.) ‘be’
(DTochB. 344)
(TochB. star [2sg], ste [3sg], star [3sg])
PIE *s-
gAv. h-
(pr.) ‘sein, vorhanden sein, existieren’
(AIWb. 266-279)
(gAv. mahī, stā, hvā [1Du.], zdī)
1. PIE *s-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → gAv. h-


PIE √s- √os- √es- (vb.intr.) ‘(übrig) bleiben’  (tr.) ‘(zurück-, übrig) lassen’ (cf. Lith. lìkti ‘id.’, LiEtWb. 372)
(IEW –)
√ōs-
(Pyysalo)
(HW2 A: 366f., HIL. 256-7, HEG 1:75-6, 78, HED 1/2: 189, Oettinger 1979:187)
PIE *ōs-
Hitt. āš-
(vb1.) ‘übrig bleiben, HHand. 25, HIL. 256’
(HEG 1:75-6; 78)
(Hitt. a-aš-zi, aš-zi, a-aš-ta, a-aš-še-eš, a-aš-šer, a-aš-ša-an-zi)
1. PIE *ōs-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *ās-
(XX:XX)
2. ās-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. āš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ōs-
LAv. āh-
(pr.) ‘geblieben sein’
(AIWb. 345)
(LAv. kainīnō åŋhaire [3pl] dǝrǝγǝm aγrvō)
1. PIE *ōs-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *ās-
2. ās-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → LAv. āh-
PIE *ōsont-
Hitt. āšant-
(pt.) ‘XX’
(HIL. 256)
(Hitt. a-aš-ša-an-t-, aš-ša-an-t-)
1. PIE *ōsont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ōsant-
(XX:XX)
2. ōsant-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *āsant-
(XX:XX)
3. āsant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. āšant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ōski̯e/o-
Hitt. āške/a-
(pr.iter.) ‘übrig bleiben’
(HHand. 25)
(Hitt. a-aš-ke/a-, HIL. 256)
1. PIE *ōski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *ōsḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. ōsḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ōsḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
3. ōsḱe/a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *āsḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
4. āsḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *āske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. āske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. āške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ōsu̯o-
Hitt. āšu̯a-
(vn.bs.) ‘übrig bleiben’
(HIL. 256)
(Hitt. a-aš-šu-ua-an-zi, [inf.I] : KUB 22.70 obv. 51)
1. PIE *ōsu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ōsu̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. ōsu̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *āsu̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. āsu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. āšu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√so-
PIE *so-
HLu. ša-
(.) ‘leave, let go’
(CHLu. 11.1.b5.)
(HLu. (“*69”)sa-ha-na [1pl])
1. PIE *so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sa-
(XX:XX)
2. sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. ša-
PIE *so-
LycA. ha-
(vb.) ‘let go, release’
(XX:XX)
(Lyc. hadi [3sg])
1. PIE *so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sa-
(XX:XX)
2. sa-
PIE *s → h
Change of fricative *s into h
R17 → LycA. ha-
PIE *so-
HLu. ša-
(vb.) ‘to allow’
(CHLu. 4.2.9)
(HLu. sá-ta [3sg])
1. PIE *so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sa-
(XX:XX)
2. sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. ša-
PIE *Π·so-
HLu. INFRA ša·-
(vb.) ‘go down (??)’
(CHLu. 10.18.12)
(HLu. INFRA(-)sá-tu, cf. Hawkins !)
1. PIE *Π·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·sa-
(XX:XX)
2. Π·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. Π·ša-
PIE *Π·so-
HLu. ARHA ša·-
(vb.) ‘let go’
(CHLu. 11.1.e13)
(HLu. ARHA (“*69”)sa-tu-i )
1. PIE *Π·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·sa-
(XX:XX)
2. Π·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. Π·ša-
PIE *so-
CLu. ša-
(vb.) ‘entlassen, weglassen’
(DLL. 84)
(CLu. ša-an-du [3pl])
1. PIE *so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sa-
(XX:XX)
2. sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. ša-
√si-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *soi̯o-
HLu. šaa-
(.) ‘to allow’
(CHLu. 4.2.10)
(HLu. sá-a-ha [1sg])
1. PIE *soi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sai̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. sai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide1 → *saa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
3. saa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. šaa-
PIE *soi̯o-
CLu. šaa-
(vb.) ‘let go, leave, allow’
(DLL. 84)
(CLu. ša-a-at-ta [3sg], ša-a-an-du [3pl])
1. PIE *soi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sai̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. sai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide1 → *saa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
3. saa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. šaa-
PIE *soi̯o-
CLu. šaa-
(vb.) ‘entlassen, weglassen’
(DLL. 84)
(CLu. ša-a-i [2sg?])
1. PIE *soi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sai̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. sai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide1 → *saa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
3. saa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. šaa-
PIE *sei-
Lat. sī-
(pf.) ‘zulassen, gestatten’
(WH 2:545)
(Lat. siī [1sg])
1. PIE *sei-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → Lat. sī-


PIE √s- √es- √os- (vbA.) ‘tun, wirken, schaffen, bemühen’ (vbP.) ‘(gemacht) werden’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√s-
(Pyysalo)
(HED 1/2: 300f.)
PIE *es-
Hitt. eš-
(vb2.) ‘wirken, schaffen, (Gelübde erfüllen)’
(HIL. 450-2)
(Hitt. e-eš-šu-u-e-ni [1pl])
1. PIE *es-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. eš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ēs-
LAv. āh-
(vb.) ‘sich bemühen’
(AIWb. 340)
(in LAv. uxšne xraϑwe yaonǝm āste [inf.]; see AIWb. 1231 for translation)
1. PIE *ēs-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *ēh-
2. ēh-
PIE *ē → ā
Aryan change of *ē into ā
RAryanE2A3 → LAv. āh-
PIE *ēs-
LAv. āh-
(vb.) ‘in dem Tun dauernd verharren’
(AIWb. 340)
(LAv. čva drāǰō upamaitīm āste [inf.])
1. PIE *ēs-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *ēh-
2. ēh-
PIE *ē → ā
Aryan change of *ē into ā
RAryanE2A3 → LAv. āh-
PIE *eso-
Hitt. eša-
(vb2.) ‘wirken, schaffen, (Gelübde erfüllen)’
(HHand. 33)
(Hitt. e-eš-ša-ah-hi [1sg], e-eš-ša-i [3sg])
1. PIE *eso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *esa-
(XX:XX)
2. esa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. eša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·eso-
Lith. rem·ẽsa-
(m.) ‘Hand·werker, Zimmermann’
(LiEtWb. 717)
(Lith. remẽsas [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·eso-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Lith. Π·esa-
PIE *Π·eso
Latv. rem·es-
(m.) ‘Hand·werker, Zimmermann’
(LiEtWb. 717)
(Latv. remess [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·eso
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·esa
2. Π·esa
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final a
RLossFinala → Latv. Π·es
√si-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·esi̯ó-
RV. mānav·asyá-
(vb.) ‘nach Art den Menschen handeln, tätig sein’
(WbRV. 1031)
(RV. mānavasyáte [ptD] manavé)
1. PIE *Π·esi̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *Π·esi̯á-
2. Π·esi̯á-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *Π·asi̯á-
3. Π·asi̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. Π·asyá-
PIE *esigɑɦe/o-
Hitt. ešige/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘behandeln’
(HHand. 33)
(Hitt. eššik-)
1. PIE *esigɑɦe/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *esigɦe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. esigɦe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *esigɦe/a-
(XX:XX)
3. esigɦe/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *esige/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. esige/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. ešige/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *esiski̯e/o-
Hitt. ešiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘behandeln’
(HHand. 33)
1. PIE *esiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *esisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. esisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *esisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
3. esisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *esiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. esiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. ešiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√eskio-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *es·ēski̯e/o-
Hitt. eš·ēške/a-
(impf.) ‘machen’
(HIL. XX)
Hitt. eš-e-eš-ke/a-
1. PIE *es·ēski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *es·ēsḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. es·ēsḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *es·ēsḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
3. es·ēsḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *es·ēske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. es·ēske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. eš·ēške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *shɑēn·ēski̯o-
Lat. sān·ēsco-
(vb.) ‘heil machen, heilen’
(WH 2:476)
(Lat. sānēscō)
1. PIE *shɑēn·ēski̯o-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *shɑān·ēski̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. shɑān·ēski̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *shān·ēski̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. shān·ēski̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *shān·ēsḱo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. shān·ēsḱo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *sān·ēsḱo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. sān·ēsḱo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *sān·ēsko-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. sān·ēsko-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → Lat. sān·ēsco-
PIE *ser·ēski̯o-
Lat. ser·ēsco-
(pr.) ‘zu saurer Milch (Lat. sero-) werden’
(WH 2:525)
(Lat. serēscō)
1. PIE *ser·ēski̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *ser·ēsḱo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. ser·ēsḱo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *ser·ēsko-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ser·ēsko-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → Lat. ser·ēsco-
√esl-
PIE *Π·eslo-
Lith. rem·ẽsla-
(m.) ‘Hand·werk’
(WH 2:525)
1. PIE *Π·eslo-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Lith. Π·esla-
PIE *Π·eslēɑh
Lith. rem·esla-
(f.) ‘Hand·werk’
(LiEtWb. 717)
1. PIE *Π·eslēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·eslāɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·eslāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·eslāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·eslāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·eslā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·eslā
*ā → ō
Change of ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → *Π·eslō
5. Π·eslō
*-ō → -a
Change of ō into a in root-final
RFinalO2a1 → Lith. Π·esla
PIE *Π·eslos
Russ. rem·eslo
(n.) ‘Hand-werk, Gewerbe, Profession’
(LiEtWb. 717)
1. PIE *Π·eslos
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·eslas
2. Π·eslas
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *Π·eslos
3. Π·eslos
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in -os (root final)
RLossFinaloS → Russ. Π·eslo
√esu-
PIE *esumor-
Hitt. ešumar-
(.) ‘wirken, schaffen, Gelübde erfüllen’
(HHand. 33)
1. PIE *esumor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *esumar-
(XX:XX)
2. esumar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. ešumar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *esu̯o-
Hitt. ešu̯a-
(sup.) ‘wirken, schaffen’
(HHand. 33)
(Hitt. ešuan [sup.])
1. PIE *esu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *esu̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. esu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. ešu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √s- √os- √es- (sb.) ‘Fleisch’
(IEW 288 [Germ.])
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Pal. + OInd.)
√os-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *os·gɑɦumou̯o-
Pal. aš·gumau̯a-
(c.) ‘reines Fleisch, Hitt. UZUšupa-, HHand. 27’
(DPal. 52)
(Pal. aš-ku(um-)ma-a-u-(ua)-aš [plN])
1. PIE *os·gɑɦumou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *os·gɦumou̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. os·gɦumou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *as·gɦumau̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. as·gɦumau̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *as·gumau̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. as·gumau̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Pal. aš·gumau̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *os·gɑɦumou̯ogɑɦo-
Pal. aš·gumau̯aga-
(a.) ‘cf. above’
(DPal. 52)
(Pal. aš-ku-ma-a-u-ua-ga [plNA])
1. PIE *os·gɑɦumou̯ogɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *os·gɦumou̯ogɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. os·gɦumou̯ogɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *as·gɦumau̯agɦa-
(XX:XX)
3. as·gɦumau̯agɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *as·gumau̯aga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. as·gumau̯aga-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Pal. aš·gumau̯aga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·osó-
OInd. tar·asá-
(n.m.) ‘rohes Fleisch : raw meat’
(KEWA 1:483)
1. PIE *Π·osó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·asó-
2. Π·asó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → OInd. Π·asá-
PIE *Π·oso·Σ-
OInd. tar·asa·maya-
(a.) ‘aus rohes Fleisch bestehend’
(KEWA 1:483)
1. PIE *Π·oso·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → OInd. Π·asa·Σ-
√ēso-
(IEW. 288 *ēdsom)
PIE *Π·ēso
OSax. ·ās-
(n.) ‘Fleisch eines toten Körpers, Köder, Aas’
(Kluge √Aas)
(OSax. ·ās)
1. PIE *Π·ēso
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *Π·ēsa
(XX:XX)
2. Π·ēsa
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
RChangeE2A → *Π·āsa
3. Π·āsa
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → OSax. Π·ās
PIE *Π·ēso
OHG. ·ās-
(n.) ‘Fleisch eines toten Körpers, Köder, Aas’
(Kluge √Aas)
(OHG. ·ās)
1. PIE *Π·ēso
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *Π·ēsa
(XX:XX)
2. Π·ēsa
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
RChangeE2A → *Π·āsa
3. Π·āsa
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → OHG. Π·ās
PIE *ēso
MidHG. ās-
(n.) ‘Fleisch eines toten Körpers, Köder, Aas’
(Kluge √Aas)
(MidHG. ās)
1. PIE *ēso
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *ēsa
(XX:XX)
2. ēsa
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
RChangeE2A → *āsa
3. āsa
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → MidHG. ās
PIE *ēso-
OEng. ǣs-
(n.) ‘meat, food, carrion, dead carcase’
(ASaxD. 19)
1. PIE *ēso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *ēsa-
(XX:XX)
2. ēsa-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
RChangeE2A → OEng. āsa-
√osi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑou̯i·osi-
Hitt. ḫaui·aši-
(c.) ‘(Brot) mit Schaffleisch’
(HHand. 48)
(Hitt. ḫa-ú-i-aš-ši-in, ḫa-ú-i-ia-aš-ši-in, ḫa-ui5-ia-aš-ši, DLL 45)
1. PIE *hɑou̯i·osi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hou̯i·osi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hou̯i·osi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hau̯i·asi-
(XX:XX)
3. hau̯i·asi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hau̯i·aši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hau̯i·aši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫau̯i·aši-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)


PIE √shɑn- ‘Lehen, Lehensdienst’ (vb.) ‘verdienen’
(IEW XX)
(+ Pyysalo)
√shɑn-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG S:694-6, HIL. 798f, CHD S:7f.)
PIE *shɑon-
HLu. šḫan-
(sb.) ‘feudal service/tax’
(CHLu. 10.43.2)
(HLu. LONGUS?(-)tà-ia(-)sa-ha-na)
1. PIE *shɑon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *shon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. shon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *shan-
(XX:XX)
3. shan-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → *sḫan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. sḫan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. šḫan-
PIE *shɑon-
Hitt. šḫan-
(n.) ‘Lehen, Lehensdienst : feudal service’
(HHand. 138)
(Hitt. ša-aḫ-ḫa-an, ša-aḫ-ḫa-na-aš, KLuN §142)
1. PIE *shɑon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *shon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. shon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *shan-
(XX:XX)
3. shan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *šhan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šhan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. šḫan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *per·shɑon-
Hitt. per·šḫan-
(a.) ‘domesticus (?), of GU4 ‘bus’ and É ‘domus’
(HHand. 126)
(Hitt. pé-er-ša-aḫ-ḫa-an-na-aš, HIL 750, CHD P: 201)
1. PIE *per·shɑon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *per·shon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. per·shon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *per·shan-
(XX:XX)
3. per·shan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *per·šhan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. per·šhan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. per·šḫan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *peri·shɑon-
Hitt. peri·šḫan-
(.) ‘‹domesticus (?), CHD P:201, HIL. 749›’
(HHand. 126)
(Hitt. pé-re-eš-ḫa-an-na-aš, with PIE *shae/on !)
1. PIE *peri·shɑon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *peri·shon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. peri·shon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *peri·shan-
(XX:XX)
3. peri·shan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *peri·šhan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. peri·šhan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. peri·šḫan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *seshɑēn-
LAv. haŋhān-
(vb.) ‘verdienen’ (bes. Lohn)’
(AIWb. 1768)
(LAv. haŋhāna)
1. PIE *seshɑēn-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *seshɑān-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. seshɑān-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *seshān-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. seshān-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *sesān-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. sesān-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *hehān-
5. hehān-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *hahān-
6. hahān-
ahA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
R37b → LAv. haŋhān-
PIE *gi̯ɑɦemtu·shɑōn-
LAv. zantu·šān-
(a.) ‘der sich das Land verdient’
(AIWb. 683)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦemtu·shɑōn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gi̯ɦemtu·shōn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦemtu·shōn-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *gi̯ɦemtu·šhōn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. gi̯ɦemtu·šhōn-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *j́ɦemtu·šhōn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. j́ɦemtu·šhōn-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *j́ɦemtu·šhān-
5. j́ɦemtu·šhān-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *j́ɦemtu·šān-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. j́ɦemtu·šān-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Avestan
RSatem2Av3 → *zɦemtu·šān-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. zɦemtu·šān-
*zɦ → z
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspzh → *zemtu·šān-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
8. zemtu·šān-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *zamtu·šān-
9. zamtu·šān-
*mt → nt
Assimilation of *mt into nt
R34b → LAv. zantu·šān-
PIE *u̯osu·shɑōn-
LAv. vaŋhu·šān-
(a.) ‘der sich das Gute verdient’
(AIWb. 1350)
1. PIE *u̯osu·shɑōn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯osu·shōn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯osu·shōn-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *u̯osu·šhōn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. u̯osu·šhōn-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯asu·šhōn-
4. u̯asu·šhōn-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *u̯asu·šhān-
5. u̯asu·šhān-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯asu·šān-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. u̯asu·šān-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *u̯ahu·šān-
7. u̯ahu·šān-
ahU → aŋhU
Change of h into ŋh
R37c → *u̯aŋhu·šān-
8. u̯aŋhu·šān-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → LAv. vaŋhu·šān-
√shɑno-
PIE *shɑeno-
gAv. hana-
(pr.) ‘verdienen’
(AIWb. 1768)
(gAv. hanǝntē [3pl])
1. PIE *shɑeno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *shɑano-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. shɑano-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *shano-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. shano-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *shana-
4. shana-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *sana-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. sana-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → gAv. hana-
PIE *shɑeno-
LAv. hana-
(vb.) ‘Lohn erhalten werden’
(AIWb. 1769)
(LAv. hanānī [1sg])
1. PIE *shɑeno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *shɑano-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. shɑano-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *shano-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. shano-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *shana-
4. shana-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *sana-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. sana-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → LAv. hana-
√shɑneio-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *shɑonei̯o-
LAv. hanaya-
(cs.) ‘serve’
(AIWb. 1768)
(LAv. hanayamnō [pt.sgN])
1. PIE *shɑonei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *shonei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. shonei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *shanei̯a-
3. shanei̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *sanei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. sanei̯a-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *hanei̯a-
5. hanei̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *hanai̯a-
6. hanai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → LAv. hanaya-
PIE *shɑonei̯o-
Hitt. šḫanei̯a-
(n.) ‘Lehen, Lehensdienst’ ( ‘feudal service’)
(XX:XX)
(Hitt. ša-aḫ-ḫa-ni-i̯a-aš)
1. PIE *shɑonei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *shonei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. shonei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *shanei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. shanei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *šhanei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šhanei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. šḫanei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)


PIE √sɑhu- (sb.) ‘Sonne’ (vb.) ‘rösten, dörren, schmoren’
(IEW. 881-2+1045)
(Pyysalo 2013:122-3)
√sɑhu-
PIE *sɑ́hu-
LAv. hū-
(n.) ‘Sonne, Sonnenball, Sonnenlicht’
(AIWb. 1847)
(LAv. hača hū [sgG] vaxšāt)
1. PIE *sɑ́hu-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2c → *súhu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. súhu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *súu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. súu-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractUu → *sū́-
4. sū́-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *hū́-
5. hū́-
*ū́ → ū
Absence of accentuation
R41d → LAv. hū-
PIE *sɑhu-
LAv. hu-
(vb.) ‘schmoren, rösten’
(AIWb. 1782-3)
(LAv. huyārǝš [Opt.3pl.])
1. PIE *sɑhu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *shu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. shu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *su-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. su-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → LAv. hu-
√seɑhuo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *seɑhu̯o-
OInd. sava-
(m.) ‘the Sun’
(MonWil. 1190)
1. PIE *seɑhu̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *saɑhu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. saɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sahu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. sahu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sahu̯a-
4. sahu̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *sau̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. sau̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → OInd. sava-
PIE *seɑhu̯o-
Hitt. šaḫu̯a-
(vb.) ‘rösten, dörren : roast’
(CHD Š: 172f.)
(Hitt. ša-ḫu-ua-an KUB 29.1 iii 46, HIL. 833)
1. PIE *seɑhu̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *saɑhu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. saɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sahu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. sahu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sahu̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. sahu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *šahu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. šahu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. šaḫu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *seɑhu̯o-
Hitt. šaḫu̯a-
(vb.) ‘-(?)-’ [CHD S:12]
(HEG 1:700)
(Hitt. (-)]ša-aḫ-ḫu-ua-az-zi na=an=šan])
1. PIE *seɑhu̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *saɑhu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. saɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sahu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. sahu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sahu̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. sahu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *šahu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. šahu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. šaḫu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√soɑhueio-
PIE *soɑhu̯ei̯o-
LAv. hāvaya-
(cs.) ‘rösten’
(AIWb. 1782)
(LAv. hāvayeiti [3sg], Brugmann’s Law II)
1. PIE *soɑhu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sohu̯ei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sohu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ohCV → āhCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RBrugmII1 → *sāhu̯ei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.3.7)
3. sāhu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sāhu̯ei̯a-
4. sāhu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *sāu̯ei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. sāu̯ei̯a-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *hāu̯ei̯a-
6. hāu̯ei̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *hāu̯ai̯a-
7. hāu̯ai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → *hāu̯aya-
8. hāu̯aya-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → LAv. hāvaya-


PIE √sɑh- ‘suchen, spüren, verlangen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo 2013: 83, 311f.)
√sēɑh-
(Pyysalo)
(CHD Š: 162f. & 171f., HIL. 831-2)
PIE *sēɑh-
Hitt. šāḫ-
(1.) ‘suchen, erstreben, planen, fordern, verlangen’
(HHand. 142)
(HEG 2:818, SḪV 182, ša-a-aḫ, ša-aḫ-ta, ša-aḫ-ḫu-un)
1. PIE *sēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *sāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. sāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. sāh-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *šāh-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šāh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. šāḫ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *po·sēɑh-
OHG. fa·sō-
(vb.) ‘nach·spüren, suchen’
(EWAhd. F-XX)
(OHG. fasôn [inf.], Grundr2 I:765, WH 2:241)
1. PIE *po·sēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *po·sāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. po·sāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *po·sāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. po·sāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *po·sā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. po·sā-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → *fo·sā-
5. fo·sā-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *fa·sā-
(XX:XX)
6. fa·sā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → OHG. fa·sō-
(XX:XX)
√seɑhi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *seɑhiski̯e/o-
OHitt. šaḫiške/a-
(iter.) ‘suchen, verlangen’
(HHand. 142)
(Hitt. ša-aḫ-ḫi-iš-ke-)
1. PIE *seɑhiski̯e/o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *saɑhiski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. saɑhiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sahiski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. sahiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *sahisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. sahisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sahisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
5. sahisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *sahiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. sahiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *šahiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. šahiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → OHitt. šaḫiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *seɑhiski̯e-
Arm. haicʼe-
(vb.) ‘suchen, verlangen, bitten’
(ArmGr. 418)
(Arm. haicʼem)
1. PIE *seɑhiski̯e-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *saɑhiski̯e-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. saɑhiski̯e-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sahiski̯e-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. sahiski̯e-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *sahisće-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. sahisće-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *saisće-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. saisće-
*sć → cʼ
Change of sć into cʼ
RChangeSK2Arm → *saicʼe-
6. saicʼe-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → Arm. haicʼe-
√seɑhgi-
(IEW:XX)
PIE *sēɑhgi̯o-
Lat. sāgo-
(a.) ‘prophetic, prosciens’; ‘practicing witchcraft’
(OxLatD. 1680)
(Lat. sāgus [sgN])
1. PIE *sēɑhgi̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *sāɑhgi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. sāɑhgi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sāhgi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. sāhgi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *sāhǵo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. sāhǵo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *sāǵo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. sāǵo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → Lat. sāgo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
PIE *seɑhgi̯e-
OIr. saigi-
(.) ‘suchen’ [seek out]
(DIL .XX)
(OIr. saigim [1sg])
1. PIE *seɑhgi̯e-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *saɑhgi̯e-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. saɑhgi̯e-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sahgi̯e-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. sahgi̯e-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *sahǵe-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. sahǵe-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *saǵe-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. saǵe-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *sage-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. sage-
*age → aigi
Epenthesis of i
REpenthage → OIr. saigi-
PIE *seɑhgii̯o-
Lat. sagio-
(pt.) ‘spüren, witteren’
(WH 2:465)
(Lat. sagiō, sagīre [inf.])
1. PIE *seɑhgii̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *saɑhgii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. saɑhgii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sahgii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. sahgii̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *sahǵi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. sahǵi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *saǵi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. saǵi̯o-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *sagi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. sagi̯o-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
ROrthogrY2i → Lat. sagio-
PIE *sēɑhgii̯o-
Goth. sokja-
(vb.) ‘suchen’
(GoEtD. XX)
1. PIE *sēɑhgii̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *sāɑhgii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. sāɑhgii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sāhgii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. sāhgii̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *sāhǵi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. sāhǵi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *sāǵi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. sāǵi̯o-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *sāgi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. sāgi̯o-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
RDevoiceg → *sāki̯o-
7. sāki̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *sāki̯a-
(XX:XX)
8. sāki̯a-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → *sōki̯a-
(XX:XX)
9. sōki̯a-
*i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
ROrthogrY2j → *sōkja-
10. sōkja-
*ō → o
Orthographic change of *ō into o
ROrthogrO2o → Goth. sokja-


PIE √shɑ-, √sohɑ-, √sehɑ ‘heilen’
(IEW XX)
(+ Pyysalo)
√shɑ-
PIE *sohɑ-
Hitt. šaḫ-
(vb1.) ‘heilig machen, reinigen, fegen, abwischen’
(HHand. 142)
1. PIE *sohɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *soh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. soh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sah-
(XX:XX)
3. sah-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *šah-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šah-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. šaḫ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *sohɑ-
HLu. šaḫ-
(vb.) ‘to heal, cure, CHLu. p. 629’
(CHLu. 2.17.7)
(HLu. sá-ha-si [2sg])
1. PIE *sohɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *soh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. soh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sah-
(XX:XX)
3. sah-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → *saḫ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. saḫ-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. šaḫ-
√shɑn-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *shɑēno-
Lat. sāno-
(a.) ‘gesund, heil, vernünftig, nüchtern’
(WH 2:476)
(Lat. sānus [sgN])
1. PIE *shɑēno-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *shɑāno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. shɑāno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *shāno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. shāno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Lat. sāno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *shɑēne
Lat. sāne
(adv.) ‘heil, XX’
(WH 2:476)
1. PIE *shɑēne
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *shɑāne
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. shɑāne
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *shāne
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. shāne
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Lat. sāne
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *shɑēn·ēski̯o-
Lat. sān·ēsco-
(vb.) ‘heil machen, heilen’
(WH 2:476)
(Lat. sān·ēscō)
1. PIE *shɑēn·ēski̯o-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *shɑān·ēski̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. shɑān·ēski̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *shān·ēski̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. shān·ēski̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *shān·ēsḱo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. shān·ēsḱo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *sān·ēsḱo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. sān·ēsḱo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *sān·ēsko-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. sān·ēsko-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → Lat. sān·ēsco-
PIE *shɑēn·doɦɑki̯o-
TochA. sān·täk-
(sb.) ‘Artz : doctor ‹TochA. √täk- ‘urteilen’›’
(Poucha XX)
1. PIE *shɑēn·doɦɑki̯o-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *shɑān·doɦɑki̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. shɑān·doɦɑki̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *shān·doɦki̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. shān·doɦki̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *shān·doɦḱo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. shān·doɦḱo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *shān·daɦḱa-
(XX:XX)
5. shān·daɦḱa-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *shān·daḱa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. shān·daḱa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *sān·daḱa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. sān·daḱa-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *sān·daka-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
8. sān·daka-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
RDevoiced → TochA. sān·taka-
√shɑr-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG I:382)
PIE *Π·shɑēro-
Hitt. i·šḫāra-
(d.) ‘Göttin der Medizin’
(OHP. 1:196-202)
(Hitt. iš-ḫa-ra(-aš) [Abs.(N)])
1. PIE *Π·shɑēro-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *Π·shɑāro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·shɑāro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·shāro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·shāro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·shāra-
(XX:XX)
4. Π·shāra-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *Π·šhāra-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·šhāra-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. Π·šḫāra-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *Π·shɑēro-
Pal. i·šḫāra-
(vb.) ‘-(?)-, HHand. 64’
(DPal. 57)
(Pal. iš-ḫa-ra-an-ti)
1. PIE *Π·shɑēro-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *Π·shɑāro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·shɑāro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·shāro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·shāro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·shāra-
(XX:XX)
4. Π·shāra-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *Π·šhāra-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·šhāra-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Pal. Π·šḫāra-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *Π·shɑēro-
CLu. i·šḫāra-
(d.) ‘XX’
(OHP. 1:196-202)
(CLu. iš-ḫa-ra-aš [N])
1. PIE *Π·shɑēro-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *Π·shɑāro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·shɑāro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·shāro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·shāro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·shāra-
(XX:XX)
4. Π·shāra-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → *Π·sḫāra-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
5. Π·sḫāra-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. Π·šḫāra-
PIE *Π·shɑēro-
Hitt. i·šḫāra
(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘Wohl bei › Niriša.’
(OGH. 145)
(Hitt. iš-ḫa-ra [Stf.])
1. PIE *Π·shɑēro-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *Π·shɑāro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·shɑāro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·shāro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·shāro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·shāra-
(XX:XX)
4. Π·shāra-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *Π·šhāra-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·šhāra-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. Π·šḫāra-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *Π·shɑēroli-
Hitt. i·šḫārali-
(c.) ‘Priesterin der Išḫara-’
(HHand. 64)
1. PIE *Π·shɑēroli-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *Π·shɑāroli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·shɑāroli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·shāroli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·shāroli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·shārali-
(XX:XX)
4. Π·shārali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *Π·šhārali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·šhārali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. Π·šḫārali-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *shɑērēi̯o-
Alb. shëroj-
(pr.) ‘to heal’
(AlbEtD. 413)
1. PIE *shɑērēi̯o-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *shɑārēi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. shɑārēi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *shārēi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. shārēi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *sārēi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. sārēi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sārēi̯a-
(XX:XX)
5. sārēi̯a-
*s → sh
Change of *s into sh
RChangeS2SH → *shārēi̯a-
6. shārēi̯a-
*ā → ë
Change of *ā into Alb. ë
RChangeA2ë → *shërēi̯a-
(XX:XX)
7. shërēi̯a-
*ē → o
Affricativization of *ē into o
RChangeE2o → *shëroi̯a-
(XX:XX)
8. shëroi̯a-
* i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
ROrthogrY2j → Alb. shëroja-
PIE *Π·shɑērish-
Hitt. i·šḫārišḫ-
(vb.fient.M.) ‘XX’
(HHand. 64)
1. PIE *Π·shɑērish-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *Π·shɑārish-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·shɑārish-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·shārish-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·shārish-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *Π·šhārišh-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·šhārišh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. Π·šḫārišḫ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *Π·shɑēriski̯e/o-
Hitt. i·šḫāriške/a-
(vb.iter.M) ‘die Krankheit der Išḫara bekommen’
(HHand. 64)
1. PIE *Π·shɑēriski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *Π·shɑāriski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·shɑāriski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·shāriski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·shāriski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *Π·shārisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. Π·shārisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·shārisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
5. Π·shārisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *Π·shāriske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. Π·shāriske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *Π·šhāriške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. Π·šhāriške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. Π·šḫāriške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *shɑērēu̯o-
Alb. shërova-
(ao.) ‘to heal’
(AlbEtD. 413)
1. PIE *shɑērēu̯o-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *shɑārēu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. shɑārēu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *shārēu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. shārēu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *sārēu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. sārēu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sārēu̯a-
(XX:XX)
5. sārēu̯a-
*s → sh
Change of *s into sh
RChangeS2SH → *shārēu̯a-
6. shārēu̯a-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *shārēva-
7. shārēva-
*ā → ë
Change of *ā into Alb. ë
RChangeA2ë → *shërēva-
(XX:XX)
8. shërēva-
*ē → o
Affricativization of *ē into o
RChangeE2o → Alb. shërova-
(XX:XX)


PIE √sɑh- √osɑh- √esɑh ‘Herr, Verwalter, Meister’ √sosɑh- √sesɑh- (vb.) ‘anordnen, herrschen, bestimmen’
(IEW XX)
(Ribezzo + Oettinger + Pyysalo)
√osɑho-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *udɑhni·osɑho-
Hitt. udni·ašḫa-
(c.) ‘Bürgermeister’
(HHand. 189)
(Possibly = HLu. REGIO.DOMINUS)
1. PIE *udɑhni·osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *udhni·osho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. udhni·osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *udhni·asha-
(XX:XX)
3. udhni·asha-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *udni·asha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. udni·asha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *udni·ašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. udni·ašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. udni·ašḫa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *Π·osɑho-
Hitt. tup·ašḫa-
(LÚc.) ‘Lager-verwalter (?)’
(HHand. 181)
1. PIE *Π·osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·osho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·asha-
(XX:XX)
3. Π·asha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *Π·ašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·ašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. Π·ašḫa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *sol·osɑho-
Hitt. šal·ašḫa-
(LÚc.) ‘Stallbursche’ ?, ‘Kutscher’ (?)
(HHand. 140)
1. PIE *sol·osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sol·osho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sol·osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sal·asha-
(XX:XX)
3. sal·asha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *šal·ašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šal·ašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. šal·ašḫa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√esɑho-
(Ribezzo F. 1920:128)
(1920 = Appunta di etimologia hittitica, Rivista indo-graeco-italica 4, 127-131)
PIE *esɑho-
OHitt. ešḫa-
(c.) ‘Sum. EN : Herr : lord’
(ḪEG 2:376)
(HIL 452-3, HED ½:385f)
1. PIE *esɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *esho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. esho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *esha-
(XX:XX)
3. esha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *ešha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ešha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → OHitt. ešḫa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *esɑho
Lat. ero-
(m.) ‘Herr’
(WH 1:419)
(Lat. erus [sgN], ere [sgV])
1. PIE *esɑho
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *esho
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. esho
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *eso
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. eso
*VsV → VrV
Rhotacism of *s between vowels
RRhotacism → Lat. ero
PIE *esɑho·soro-
Hitt. ešḫa·šara-
(c.) ‘GAŠAN : Herrin’
(HHand. 63)
(Hitt. iš-ḫa-aš-ša-ri
1. PIE *esɑho·soro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *esho·soro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. esho·soro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *esha·sara-
(XX:XX)
3. esha·sara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *ešha·šara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ešha·šara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ešḫa·šara-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *esɑho·soru̯oi-
Hitt. ešḫa·šaru̯ai-
(vb.dn.) ‘herrschen’
(HHand. 64)
1. PIE *esɑho·soru̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *esho·soru̯oi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. esho·soru̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *esha·saru̯ai-
(XX:XX)
3. esha·saru̯ai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *ešha·šaru̯ai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ešha·šaru̯ai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ešḫa·šaru̯ai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *esɑhēɑh
OLat. esā-
(f.) ‘Herrin’
(WH 1:419)
(OLat. esa)
1. PIE *esɑhēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *esɑhāɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. esɑhāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *eshāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. eshāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → OLat. esā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√sosɑho-
(Oettinger 1979:498-9)
PIE *sosɑho-
Hitt. šašḫa-
(vb.) ‘anordnen, anweisen, bestimmen’
(HHand. 150)
(Hitt. šašḫaten [2pl])
1. PIE *sosɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sosho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sosho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sasha-
(XX:XX)
3. sasha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *šašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. šašḫa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√sesɑho-
(Oettinger 1979:498-9)
PIE *sesɑho-
Hitt. šešḫa-
(vb.) ‘order, arrange’
(HEG II:375-6)
(HIL. 875-)
1. PIE *sesɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sesho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sesho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sesha-
(XX:XX)
3. sesha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *šešha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šešha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. šešḫa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *sesɑho-
CLu. šešḫa-
(vb.) ‘anordnen, -weisen, bestimmen, festmachen’
(HHand. 150)
(CLu. šešḫata, SHV 499)
1. PIE *sesɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sesho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sesho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sesha-
(XX:XX)
3. sesha-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → *sesḫa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. sesḫa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. šešḫa-
PIE *sesɑhoi-
Hitt. šešḫai-
(vb2.) ‘anordnen, anweisen, bestimmen’
(HHand. 150
1. PIE *sesɑhoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *seshoi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. seshoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *seshai-
(XX:XX)
3. seshai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *šešhai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šešhai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. šešḫai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)


PIE √sehɑu- (vb.) ‘Urin, Soma’ (vb.) ‘urinieren, Soma pressen, keltern’
(IEW 912)
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sehɑu-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *séhɑu-
RV. só-
(ao.) ‘Soma pressen, keltern’
(WbRV. 1523)
(RV. sótā [2pl])
1. PIE *séhɑu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *séhu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. séhu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *séu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. séu-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *sáu-
4. sáu-
aú → ṓ
Monophthongization of *aú
RChangeAU2O2 → *sṓ-
5. sṓ-
ṓ → ó
Orthographic change of ṓ into ó
ROrthOIA7 → RV. só-
PIE *sehɑu·Σ-
Hitt. šeḫu·kani̯au̯ant-
(pt.) ‘mit Urin (šeḫu-) befleckt’
(HEG 2:972)
1. PIE *sehɑu·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sehu·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sehu·Σ-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *šehu·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. šehu·Σ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. šeḫu·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *susóhɑu̯·e
RV. suṣā́v·a
(pf.) ‘Soma pressen, keltern’
(WbRV. 1523)
(RV. suṣā́va [3sg] with Fortunatov’s Law II)
1. PIE *susóhɑu̯·e
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *susóhu̯·e
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. susóhu̯·e
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *sušóhu̯·e
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. sušóhu̯·e
PIE *óhCV → ā́hCV
Brugmann’s Law for *óhCV
RBrugmII2 → *sušā́hu̯·e
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.3.7)
4. sušā́hu̯·e
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *sušā́u̯·e
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. sušā́u̯·e
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *sušā́u̯·a
6. sušā́u̯·a
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *sušā́v·a
7. sušā́v·a
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → RV. suṣā́v·a
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
√sohɑum-
PIE *soHɑ́umo-
RV. sa.ū́ma-
(m.) ‘Soma’
(WbRV. 1579)
(RV. sómam [sgA] = să.ū́mă- (with ˘ ˉ ˘) in RV. 4.26.7)
1. PIE *soHɑ́umo-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2a → *soHúumo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. soHúumo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *saHúuma-
3. saHúuma-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RVedicHiatus → *sa.úuma-
4. sa.úuma-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractUu → RV. sa.ū́ma-
PIE *sóhɑumo-
RV. sóma-
(m.) ‘Soma, Saft der Somapflanze’
(WbRV. 1579-80)
1. PIE *sóhɑumo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sóhumo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sóhumo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sóhuma-
3. sóhuma-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *sáhuma-
4. sáhuma-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *sáuma-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. sáuma-
aú → ṓ
Monophthongization of *aú
RChangeAU2O2 → *sṓma-
6. sṓma-
ṓ → ó
Orthographic change of ṓ into ó
ROrthOIA7 → RV. sóma-
PIE *sohɑumo-
LAv. haoma-
(m.) ‘Name eines Getränks’
(AIWb. 1732)
1. PIE *sohɑumo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sohumo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sohumo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sahuma-
3. sahuma-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *sauma-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. sauma-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *hauma-
5. hauma-
*au → ao
Opening of *au
ROpeningAU → LAv. haoma-
√sehɑun-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *sehɑun-
Hitt. šeḫun-
(n.obl.) ‘Schmutz, Urin’
(HHand. 148)
1. PIE *sehɑun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sehun-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sehun-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *šehun-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. šehun-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. šeḫun-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *sehɑuno-
LAv. haona-
(m.?) = ‘Haoma’
(AIWb. 1732-4)
(LAv. ǰarōiš haonǝm zaraϑušta [P. 29], Not haoma! – Lectio difficil.)
1. PIE *sehɑuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sehuno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sehuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sehuna-
3. sehuna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *seuna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. seuna-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *heuna-
5. heuna-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *hauna-
6. hauna-
*au → ao
Opening of *au
ROpeningAU → LAv. haona-
PIE *sehɑunont-
Hitt. šeḫunant-
(c.) ‘Urin’
(HHand. 148)
1. PIE *sehɑunont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sehunont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sehunont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sehunant-
(XX:XX)
3. sehunant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *šehunant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šehunant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. šeḫunant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√sehɑur-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *sehɑur-
Hitt. šeḫur-
(n.) ‘Schmutz, Urin’
(HEG 2:973-7)
(Hitt. še-e-ḫur [sgNA], HHand. 148)
1. PIE *sehɑur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sehur-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sehur-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *šehur-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. šehur-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. šeḫur-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *sohɑuro
OIcl. saur-
(m.) ‘Schmutz, feuchte Erde’
(ANEtWb. 464)
(OIcl. saurr [sgN])
1. PIE *sohɑuro
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sohuro
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sohuro
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *souro
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. souro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *saura
(XX:XX)
4. saura
-a → Ø
Loss of -a in root-final position
RLossFinala1 → OIcl. saur
PIE *shɑ́uro
OCS. syrŭ-
(a.) ‘Nass, Feucht : wet’ (m.) ‘Käse’
(Sadnik √923)
(OCS. syrŭ [sgN])
1. PIE *shɑ́uro
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2a → *shúuro
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. shúuro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *shúura
3. shúura
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *súura
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. súura
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractUu → *sū́ra
5. sū́ra
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *sū́ro
6. sū́ro
*-o → -u
Change of -o into -u
RChangeO2U → *sū́ru
7. sū́ru
*ū́
ū → y
RChangeU2Y → *syru
Change of ū́ into y
8. syru
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
ROrthogru2u1 → OCS. syrŭ
PIE *sehɑurei̯o-
Hitt. šeḫurei̯a-
(vb.) ‘urinieren’
(HHand. 148)
1. PIE *sehɑurei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sehurei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sehurei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sehurei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. sehurei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *šehurei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šehurei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. šeḫurei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)


PIE √si- √soi- √sei- ‘Spitze, Ahle, Dolch, Nadel, usw.’ (vb.) ‘sticken, schneidern, nähen, usw.’ (a.) ‘sauer’
(IEW XX)
√si-
(Melchert KZ 91:121)
(Melchert, H. Craig. 1977. Tocharian verb stems in -tk- (KZ 91:93-130, )
PIE *Π·sisēi̯-
gAv. ā (…) hišāy·-
(pf.) ‘bedrücken’
(AIWb. 1800-1)
(gAv. ā hišāyā)
1. PIE *Π·sisēi̯-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RRukiI → *Π·sišēi̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
2. Π·sišēi̯-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *Π·hišēi̯-
3. Π·hišēi̯-
PIE *ē → ā
Aryan change of *ē into ā
RAryanE2A3 → *Π·hišāi̯-
4. Π·hišāi̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → gAv. Π·hišāy-
PIE *Π·sei̯-
gAv. ā·hay-
(vb.) ‘unterdrücken’
(AIWb. 345)
(gAv. ā.hōiϑōi [inf.])
1. PIE *Π·sei̯-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *Π·hei̯-
2. Π·hei̯-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *Π·hai̯-
3. Π·hai̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → gAv. Π·hay-
PIE *sei̯o-
Hitt. šei̯a-
(vb.) ‘festdrücken, einprängen’
(HHand. 138)
(CHD Š: 15f., CHD Š: 21, HIL 801)
1. PIE *sei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sei̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. sei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sōi̯oko-
RV. sā́ya·ka-
(m.) ‘Wurfgeschoss, Pfeil’
(EWA1:725-6)
(WbRV. 1512)
1. PIE *sōi̯oko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sōi̯aka-
2. sōi̯aka-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *sāi̯aka-
3. sāi̯aka-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. sāyaka-
√siɑhu-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *si̯ɑ́hu-
Lith. siū́-
(vb.) ‘benähen, besticken, schneidern’
(LiEtWb. 789f.)
(Lith. siū́ti [inf.])
1. PIE *si̯ɑ́hu-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2c → *si̯úhu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. si̯úhu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *si̯úu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. si̯úu-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractUu → *si̯ū́-
4. si̯ū́-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
R25 → Lith. siū́-
PIE *si̯ɑ́hu-
Latv. šũ-
(vb.) ‘nähen, (eine Wand) bekleiden’
(LiEtWb. 789f.)
(Latv. šũt [inf.])
1. PIE *si̯ɑ́hu-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2c → *si̯úhu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. si̯úhu-
*úhu → uhû
Latvian tone rule for *úhu
RAcc5 → *si̯uhû-
3. si̯uhû-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *si̯uû-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. si̯uû-
*uû → û
Contraction of u and û
R16h → *si̯û-
5. si̯û-
* si̯ → š
Change of si̯ into š
RChangeSJtoSH → Latv. šû-
PIE *siɑhu̯oi-
CLu. šiḫu̯ai-
(a.) ‘sour’
(HIL. 885-6)
(CLu. ši-e-ḫu-ua-en-zi [pl])
1. PIE *siɑhu̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sihu̯oi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sihu̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sihu̯ai-
(XX:XX)
3. sihu̯ai-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → *siḫu̯ai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. siḫu̯ai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. šiḫu̯ai-
PIE *siɑhu̯ol-
CLu. šiḫu̯al-
(n.) ‘Dolch’ = šeual?
(HHand. 148)
(HEG S:1090-1)
1. PIE *siɑhu̯ol-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sihu̯ol-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sihu̯ol-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sihu̯al-
(XX:XX)
3. sihu̯al-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → *siḫu̯al-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. siḫu̯al-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. šiḫu̯al-
PIE *siɑhu̯i-
CLu. šiḫu̯i-
(a.) ‘sour’
(HIL. 885)
1. PIE *siɑhu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sihu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sihu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → *siḫu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
3. siḫu̯i-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. šiḫu̯i-
PIE *siɑ́hu̯i̯o-
OInd. sī́vya-
(pr.) ‘nähen’
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *siɑ́hu̯i̯o-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1b → *siíhu̯i̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. siíhu̯i̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *siíhu̯i̯a-
3. siíhu̯i̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *siíu̯i̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. siíu̯i̯a-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → *sī́u̯i̯a-
5. sī́u̯i̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *sī́vi̯a-
6. sī́vi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → OInd. sī́vya-
PIE *siɑhui̯o-
Goth. siuja-
(vb.) ‘nähen’
(GoEtD. XX)
1. PIE *siɑhui̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sihui̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sihui̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *siui̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. siui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *siui̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. siui̯a-
*i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
ROrthogrY2j → Goth. siuja-
√siei-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG (S:700-8): Ḫi šai-, šiya- ‘festdrücken, usw.’, Etymology in HEG S:704-5)
PIE *si̯ei-
Hitt. ši̯ei-
(vb.) ‘sting, etc.’
(HIL. 801)
(Hitt. ši-i-e-ez-zi, ši-i-ez-z[i] [3sg])
1. PIE *si̯ei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. ši̯ei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *si̯ei-
OCS. ši-
(vb.) ‘nähen, sticken’
(Sadnik √942)
(OCS. šiti [inf.])
1. PIE *si̯ei-
* si̯ → š
Change of si̯ into š
RChangeSJtoSH → *šei-
2. šei-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → *šī-
3. šī-
*ī → i
Orthographic change of *ī into i
ROrthogrI2i1 → OCS. ši-
√sieilos-
PIE *si̯eilos
OCS. šilo-
(.) ‘Ahle’
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *si̯eilos
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *si̯eilas
2. si̯eilas
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *si̯eilos
3. si̯eilos
* si̯ → š
Change of si̯ into š
RChangeSJtoSH → *šeilos
4. šeilos
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in -os (root final)
RLossFinalS → *šeilo
5. šeilo
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → *šīlo
6. šīlo
*ī → i
Orthographic change of *ī into i
ROrthogrI2i1 → OCS. šilo
PIE *si̯eilos
Russ. šilo-
(.) ‘Ahle’
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *si̯eilos
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *si̯eilas
2. si̯eilas
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *si̯eilos
3. si̯eilos
* si̯ → š
Change of si̯ into š
RChangeSJtoSH → *šeilos
4. šeilos
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in -os (root final)
RLossFinaloS → *šeilo
5. šeilo
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → *šīlo
6. šīlo
*ī → i
Orthographic change of *ī into i
ROrthogrI2i1 → Russ. šilo
√siti-
PIE *pró·siti-
OInd. prá·siti-
(.) ‘das Dahinschießen’
(Oettinger 1979:473)
(K. Hoffmann, Aufsätze p. 417)
1. PIE *pró·siti-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → OInd. prá·siti-
√siu-
(Pyysalo)
Tischler (HEG S:1090), Kloekhorst (HIL. 885-6),
PIE *siu̯o-
CLu. šiu̯a-
(a.) ‘sour’
(HIL. 885)
(še-e-ua [plNA])
1. PIE *siu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *siu̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. siu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. šiu̯a-
PIE *siu̯oi-
Hitt. šiu̯ai-
(a.) ‘sauer : sour’
(HEG S:1090)
(HIL. 885-6, ši-ua-e-e[š] [plA] HIL. 885)
1. PIE *siu̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *siu̯ai-
(XX:XX)
2. siu̯ai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šiu̯ai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *siu̯i-
Hitt. šiu̯i-
(a.) ‘sour’
(HIL. 885)
HIL. 885-6, ši-ú-i-n=a [sgA]
1. PIE *siu̯i-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šiu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ne·siu̯eno
OCS. ne·sĭvenŭ-
(a.) ‘XX’
(Sadnik √XX)
1. PIE *ne·siu̯eno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ne·siu̯ena
2. ne·siu̯ena
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *ne·siu̯eno
3. ne·siu̯eno
*-o → -u
Change of -o into -u
RChangeO2U → *ne·siu̯enu
4. ne·siu̯enu
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *ne·sivenu
5. ne·sivenu
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
ROrthogri2i → *ne·sĭvenu
6. ne·sĭvenu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
ROrthogru2u1 → OCS. ne·sĭvenŭ
PIE *siu̯ol-
Hitt. šiu̯al-
(a.) ‘Dolch, Starke (1987:250n26)’
(HEG S:1090-1)
1. PIE *siu̯ol-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *siu̯al-
(XX:XX)
2. siu̯al-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šiu̯al-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *siu̯olondɑɦi̯o-
CLu. šiu̯alanza-
(N.) ‘-(?)-’
(HHand. 148)
(Hitt. šiualanzan [sgA?])
1. PIE *siu̯olondɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *siu̯olondɦi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. siu̯olondɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *siu̯olonzo-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. siu̯olonzo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *siu̯alanza-
(XX:XX)
4. siu̯alanza-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. šiu̯alanza-
PIE *siu̯osi-
Hitt. šiu̯aši-
(c.) ‘Art Haarnadel’
(HHand. 153)
1. PIE *siu̯osi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *siu̯asi-
(XX:XX)
2. siu̯asi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šiu̯aši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √si- √sei- √soi- (a.) ‘arm’ (sb.) ‘Armer’
(IEW XX)
(Pyysalo)
√sio-
PIE *sisi̯olo-
Hitt. šiši̯ala-
(LÚc.) ‘needy one’
(HIL. 876)
(Hitt. ši-iš-ši-ia-la-an [sgA])
1. PIE *sisi̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sisi̯ala-
(XX:XX)
2. sisi̯ala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šiši̯ala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sisi̯oni-
Hitt. šiši̯ani-
(n.) ‘need’
(HIL. 876)
(Hitt. ši-iš-ši-ia-ni-it [sgI])
1. PIE *sisi̯oni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sisi̯ani-
(XX:XX)
2. sisi̯ani-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šiši̯ani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√siou-
PIE *sisi̯ou̯ont-
Hitt. šiši̯au̯ant-
(a.) ‘being in need’
(HIL. 876)
(Hitt. [ši-i]š-ši-ia-u-an-za [sgN])
1. PIE *sisi̯ou̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sisi̯au̯ant-
(XX:XX)
2. sisi̯au̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šiši̯au̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√siout-
PIE *ō·si̯outi-
OCS. ašutĭ
(adv.) ‘umsonst, vergeblich’
(Sadnik √11)
1. PIE *ō·si̯outi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ō·si̯auti-
2. ō·si̯auti-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *ā·si̯auti-
3. ā·si̯auti-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *ā·si̯outi-
4. ā·si̯outi-
* si̯ → š
Change of si̯ into š
RChangeSJtoSH → *ā·šouti-
5. ā·šouti-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *ā·šūti-
6. ā·šūti-
*ā → a
Orthographic change of *ā into a
ROrthogrA2a1 → *a·šūti-
7. a·šūti-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
ROrthogri2i → *a·šūtĭ-
8. a·šūtĭ-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
ROrthogrU2u → OCS. a·šutĭ-
PIE *ō·si̯outi
RussCS. ašutĭ-
(a.) ‘vergebens’
(REW X:XX)
1. PIE *ō·si̯outi
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ō·si̯auti
2. ō·si̯auti
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *ā·si̯auti
3. ā·si̯auti
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *ā·si̯outi
4. ā·si̯outi
* si̯ → š
Change of si̯ into š
RChangeSJtoSH → *ā·šouti
5. ā·šouti
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *ā·šūti
6. ā·šūti
*ā → a
Orthographic change of *ā into a
ROrthogrA2a1 → *a·šūti
7. a·šūti
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
ROrthogri2i → *a·šūtĭ
8. a·šūtĭ
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
ROrthogrU2u → RussCS. a·šutĭ
PIE *o·si̯outi-
RussCS. ošutĭ-
(a.) ‘vergebens’
(REW X:XX)
1. PIE *o·si̯outi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *a·si̯auti-
2. a·si̯auti-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *o·si̯outi-
3. o·si̯outi-
* si̯ → š
Change of si̯ into š
RChangeSJtoSH → *o·šouti-
4. o·šouti-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *o·šūti-
5. o·šūti-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
ROrthogri2i → *o·šūtĭ-
6. o·šūtĭ-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
ROrthogrU2u → RussCS. o·šutĭ-
PIE *ē·si̯out·Σ-
OCzech. jašut·ný-
(a.) ‘eitel’
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *ē·si̯out·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ē·si̯aut·Σ-
2. ē·si̯aut·Σ-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *ē·si̯out·Σ-
3. ē·si̯out·Σ-
* si̯ → š
Change of si̯ into š
RChangeSJtoSH → *ē·šout·Σ-
4. ē·šout·Σ-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *ē·šūt·Σ-
5. ē·šūt·Σ-
*ē- → ja-
Change of root-initial *ē into ja
RChangeE2ja → *ja·šūt·Σ-
6. ja·šūt·Σ-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
ROrthogrU2u → OCzech. ja·šut·Σ-
PIE *si̯outo
Bulg. šut-
(a.) ‘hornlos, beschäfig von Gewässen’
(Berneker I:33)
1. PIE *si̯outo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *si̯auta
2. si̯auta
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *si̯outo
3. si̯outo
*-o → -u
Change of -o into -u
RChangeO2U → *si̯outu
4. si̯outu
* si̯ → š
Change of si̯ into š
RChangeSJtoSH → *šoutu
5. šoutu
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *šūtu
6. šūtu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
ROrthogru2u1 → *šūtŭ
7. šūtŭ
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
ROrthogrU2u → Bulg. šutŭ
PIE *si̯outémo
Russ. šutëm-
(m.) ‘Brachfeld’ (dial)
(REW 3:440)
1. PIE *si̯outémo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *si̯autéma
2. si̯autéma
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *si̯outémo
3. si̯outémo
*-o → -u
Change of -o into -u
RChangeO2U → *si̯outému
4. si̯outému
* si̯ → š
Change of si̯ into š
RChangeSJtoSH → *šoutému
5. šoutému
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *šūtému
6. šūtému
*u- → Ø
Loss of root-final -u
RLossFinalu → *šūtém
7. šūtém
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
ROrthogrU2u → Russ. šutém
√siuon-
(HEG 1:83)
(HED A-XX, HIL. 262, Starke 1990: 448f., EHS 400, DLL. 33)
PIE *osiu̯on-
Hitt. ašiu̯an-
(a.n.) ‘arm’
(HHand. 27)
(Hitt. a-aš-ši-ua-an)
1. PIE *osiu̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *asiu̯an-
(XX:XX)
2. asiu̯an-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. ašiu̯an-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *osiu̯ont-
Hitt. ašiu̯ant-
(a.) ‘arm’ (c.) ‘Armer, MÁŠDA, HEG1:839’
(HHand 27)
(Hitt. a-ši-ua-an-za, a-ši-ua-an-ta-an)
1. PIE *osiu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *asiu̯ant-
(XX:XX)
2. asiu̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. ašiu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *osiu̯ontonosi-
CLu. ašiu̯antanaši-
(a.gen.) ‘of poverty’
(HIL. 262)
(CLu. a-aš-ši-ua-an-ta-at-ta-na-a-ši-iš)
1. PIE *osiu̯ontonosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *asiu̯antanasi-
(XX:XX)
2. asiu̯antanasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. ašiu̯antanaši-
PIE *osiu̯ontotor-
CLu. ašiu̯antatar-
(n.) ‘poverty’ (KLuN. 448f.)
(HIL. 262)
(CLu. a-aš-ši-ua-an-ta-at-tar)
1. PIE *osiu̯ontotor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *asiu̯antatar-
(XX:XX)
2. asiu̯antatar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. ašiu̯antatar-
PIE *osiu̯ontodɑɦor-
Hitt. ašiu̯antadar-
(n.) ‘poverty’
(HIL. 262)
(Hitt. a-š[i-u]a-an-ta-tar)
1. PIE *osiu̯ontodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *osiu̯ontodɦor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. osiu̯ontodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *asiu̯antadɦar-
(XX:XX)
3. asiu̯antadɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *asiu̯antadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. asiu̯antadar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. ašiu̯antadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *osiu̯ontes-
Hitt. ašiu̯anteš-
(vb.fient.) ‘arm werden : become poor’
(HIL. 262)
(Hitt. a-ši-ua-an-te-eš-zi, EHS 400)
1. PIE *osiu̯ontes-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *asiu̯antes-
(XX:XX)
2. asiu̯antes-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. ašiu̯anteš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *osiu̯onteski̯e/o-
Hitt. ašiu̯anteške/a-
(pr.) ‘id.’
(HIL. 262)
(Hitt. a-ši-ua-an-te-eš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *osiu̯onteski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *osiu̯ontesḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. osiu̯ontesḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *asiu̯antesḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
3. asiu̯antesḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *asiu̯anteske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. asiu̯anteske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. ašiu̯anteške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *osiu̯ont-
Hitt. ašiu̯ant-
(a.pt.) ‘arm’ (c.) ‘Armer’
(ḪEG1:83)
1. PIE *osiu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *asiu̯ant-
(XX:XX)
2. asiu̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. ašiu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *osiu̯onton-
CLu. ašiu̯antan-
(n.obl.) ‘Armut’
(DLL 33)
(CLu. ašiuantana)
1. PIE *osiu̯onton-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *asiu̯antan-
(XX:XX)
2. asiu̯antan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. ašiu̯antan-
PIE *osiu̯ontotonosi-
CLu. ašiu̯antatanaši-
(a.gen.) ‘of poorness’
(DLL. 33)
(CLu. a-aš-ši-ua-an-ta-at-ta-na-aš-ši-[iš])
1. PIE *osiu̯ontotonosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *asiu̯antatanasi-
(XX:XX)
2. asiu̯antatanasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. ašiu̯antatanaši-


PIE √si- √soi- √sei- (sb.) ‘Lager, Vorrat, Schatz, Magazin’ (vb.) ‘legen, vorhanden sein’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√seion-
PIE *sei̯on-
Hitt. šei̯an-
(É.) ‘Schatzhaus, Magazin’
(HHand. 151)
(Hitt. É ši-ia-an-na-aš [sgG], not ‘house of sealing’ vs. Kloekhorst HIL. 868-9)
1. PIE *sei̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sei̯an-
(XX:XX)
2. sei̯an-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šei̯an-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sino-
PIE *síno-
RV. sína-
(n.) ‘Habe, Besitz’
(WbRV. 1518)
1. PIE *síno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → RV. sína-
PIE *síno-
OInd. sína-
(m.pp) ‘Vorrat, Lager, Verpflegung’
(KEWA 3:466)
1. PIE *síno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → OInd. sína-
PIE *Π·sino-
RV. tát·sina-
(a.) ‘das [= tat] als Vorrat habend’
(WbRV. 513)
1. PIE *Π·sino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → RV. Π·sina-
PIE *sínou̯ot-
RV. sína·vat-
(a.) ‘reich an Besitz’ (KEWA 3:466)
(WbRV. 1518)
1. PIE *sínou̯ot-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sínau̯at-
2. sínau̯at-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → RV. sínavat-
√sito-
PIE *sito-
Lat. sito-
(pt.a.) ‘gelegen, befindlich’
(WH 2:545)
(Lat. situs)
PIE *po.sitēɑh-
Lat. po.sitā-
(pr1.) ‘vorhanden sein’
(WH 2:335)
1. PIE *po.sitēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *po.sitāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. po.sitāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *po.sitāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. po.sitāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Lat. po.sitā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)


PIE √sin- √soin- √sein- (aff.) ‘ohne, -los, un-’ (vb.) ‘XX’
(IEW 318+907)
(+ Pyysalo)
√sein-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *seine
OLat. seine
(prepAbl.) ‘ohne’
(WH 2:542)
PIE *seinēɑh-
OIr. sēna-
(vb.) ‘nier, désavouer, rejeter’
(LEIA S:84)
(OIr. noco sénaim-si ‘je ne nie pas’)
1. PIE *seinēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *seināɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. seināɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *seināh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. seināh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *seinā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. seinā-
*ei → ē
Monophthongization of *ei into ē
RMonophthei2E → *sēnā-
5. sēnā-
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RShortA2a → OIr. sēna-
PIE *seinēɑht-
OIr. sēna-
(f.) ‘rejeter’
(LEIA S:84)
(OIr. a sēna ‘la r.’)
1. PIE *seinēɑht-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *seināɑht-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. seināɑht-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *seināht-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. seināht-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *seināt-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. seināt-
*ei → ē
Monophthongization of *ei into ē
RMonophthei2E → *sēnāt-
5. sēnāt-
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RShortA2a → OIr. sēnat-
PIE *seinēɑhto
OIr. sēnad-
(m.) ‘rejeter’
(LEIA S:84)
1. PIE *seinēɑhto
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *seināɑhto
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. seināɑhto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *seināhto
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. seināhto
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *seināto
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. seināto
*ei → ē
Monophthongization of *ei into ē
RMonophthei2E → *sēnāto
5. sēnāto
VtV → VthV
Lenition of voiceless stop *t
RLenitionT → *sēnātho
6. sēnātho
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RShortA2a → *sēnatho
7. sēnatho
*-o → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → *sēnath
8. sēnath
*-th → -d
Change of root-final *t into d
RChangeFinalth2d → OIr. sēnad
√sin-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *sine
Lat. sine
(prepAbl.) ‘ohne’
(WH 2:542)
PIE *sin·ki̯ēro-
Lat. sin·cēro-
(a.) ‘unvermischt, ohne Fehler, rein, echt’
(WH 2:541-2)
1. PIE *sin·ki̯ēro-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *sin·ḱēro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. sin·ḱēro-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *sin·kēro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. sin·kēro-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → Lat. sin·cēro-
PIE *sin·ki̯ēri-
Lat. sin·cēri-
(a.) ‘unvermischt, ohne Fehler, rein, echt’
(WH 2:541-2)
1. PIE *sin·ki̯ēri-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *sin·ḱēri-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. sin·ḱēri-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *sin·kēri-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. sin·kēri-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → Lat. sin·cēri-
PIE *sin·uro-
Hitt. šin·ura-
(a.) ‘mittellos, arm’ (Akd. makû)
(HEG II:1053-4)
(With Hitt. √urra- ‘help’)
1. PIE *sin·uro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sin·ura-
(XX:XX)
2. sin·ura-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šin·ura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √sibɑɦ- √soibɑɦ- √seibɑɦ- ‘Eiter, Rotz, Speichel’
(IEW XX)
(Pyysalo)
√seibɑɦo-
PIE *seibɑɦo-
Hitt. šeiba-
(.) ‘Eiter, Augenbutter, Akd. bubu’tu(m)’
(HHand. 149, 151)
(Hitt. šipa-, šepa-; HEG 1054-5)
1. PIE *seibɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *seibɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. seibɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *seibɦa-
(XX:XX)
3. seibɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *seiba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. seiba-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šeiba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *seibɑɦo-
OInd. sebha-
(.) ‘Eiter’
(KEWA 2:502)
1. PIE *seibɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *seibɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. seibɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *seibɦa-
3. seibɦa-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *saibɦa-
4. saibɦa-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RChangeAI2E1 → *sēbɦa-
5. sēbɦa-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → *sēbha-
6. sēbha-
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthOIA4 → OInd. sebha-
√seibɑɦl-
PIE *Π sibɑhlo-
MidIr. ro sibl·-
(vb.) ‘laisse couler (urine)’
(LEIA S:108)
(MidIr. co ro ṡiblur; with PIE *lo- *l- *le- ‘lassen’ (IEW. 666)
PIE *sibɑhleɑh-
MidIr. sibla-
(fut.) ‘couler, lasser couler’
(LEIA S:108)
(MidIr. siblad [3sg])
1. PIE *sibɑhleɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *sibɑhlaɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. sibɑhlaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sibhlah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. sibhlah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *sibhla-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. sibhla-
*h → Ø
Loss of h
RLossofh → MidIr. sibla-
√seibɑɦu-
PIE *seibɑɦu-
OInd. sebhu-
(m.) ‘Rotz, Speichel : mucus, spittle’
(EWA 2:746)
(KEWA 3:503)
1. PIE *seibɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *seibɦu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. seibɦu-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *saibɦu-
3. saibɦu-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RChangeAI2E1 → *sēbɦu-
4. sēbɦu-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → *sēbhu-
5. sēbhu-
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthOIA4 → OInd. sebhu-


√skɑhu- √sokɑhu- √sekɑhu- ‘movere’ (sb.) ‘Fussohle, Oberschenkel’
(IEW XX)
√sokɑhu-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *po·skɑhu-
Hitt. pa·šku-
(vb.) ‘remove; Hitt. pa·sku- ‘neglect’
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *po·skɑhu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *po·skhu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. po·skhu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *pa·skhu-
(XX:XX)
3. pa·skhu-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *pa·sku-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. pa·sku-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. pa·šku-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sokɑhu̯o-
LAv. haxa-
(n.) ‘Fussohle’
(AIWb. 1744)
1. PIE *sokɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sokhu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sokhu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sakhu̯a-
3. sakhu̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *sakha-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. sakha-
*k h → x
Affricativization of *kh
RAffricateKH → *saxa-
5. saxa-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → LAv. haxa-
√sokɑhuiSo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *sokɑhuiso-
Hitt. šakuiša-
(sb.) ‘a body part onto which red wool was tied’
(CHD Š:77)
(Hitt. ša-ku-iš-ša-i [sgDL])
1. PIE *sokɑhuiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sokhuiso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sokhuiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sakhuisa-
(XX:XX)
3. sakhuisa-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *sakuisa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. sakuisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šakuiša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sokɑhut-
PIE *sokɑhut-
LAv. haxt-
(n.) ‘der innere Teil des Oberschenkels’
(AIWb. 1745)
1. PIE *sokɑhut-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sokhut-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sokhut-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sakhut-
3. sakhut-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *sakht-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. sakht-
*Tht → sth
Bartholomae’s Law
RBarthII1e → *sakth-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.5.)
5. sakth-
*t h → ϑ
Affricativization of *th
RAffricateTH → *sakϑ-
6. sakϑ-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → LAv. hakϑ-
PIE *sokɑhuto-
Hitt. šakuta-
(n.) ‘Hüften, Oberschenkel, o.ä.’
(HHand. 139)
1. PIE *sokɑhuto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sokhuto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sokhuto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sakhuta-
(XX:XX)
3. sakhuta-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *sakuta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. sakuta-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šakuta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sókɑhuti-
RV. sákthi-
(n.) ‘der Schenkel, das Dickbein : thigh’
(KEWA 2:414)
1. PIE *sókɑhuti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sókhuti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sókhuti-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *sákhuti-
3. sákhuti-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *sákhti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. sákhti-
*Tht → Tth
Bartholomae’s Law
RBarthII5 → RV. sákthi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.5.)
PIE *sokɑhuti-
gAv. haxti-
(n.) ‘der innere Teil des Oberschenkels’
(AIWb. 1745)
1. PIE *sokɑhuti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sokhuti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sokhuti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sakhuti-
3. sakhuti-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *sakhti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. sakhti-
*Tht → sth
Bartholomae’s Law
RBarthII1e → *sakthi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.5.)
5. sakthi-
*t h → ϑ
Affricativization of *th
RAffricateTH → *sakϑi-
6. sakϑi-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → gAv. hakϑi-
PIE *sokɑhutón-
RV. sakthán-
(n.) ‘der Schenkel, das Dickbein’
(WbRV. 1440)
1. PIE *sokɑhutón-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sokhutón-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sokhutón-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sakhutón-
3. sakhutón-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *sakhután-
4. sakhután-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *sakhtán-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. sakhtán-
*Tht → Tth
Bartholomae’s Law
RBarthII5 → RV. sakthán-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.5.)


√sogɑɦu-
(IEW XX)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√sogɑɦun-
PIE *sogɑɦuni
Hitt. šaguni-
(LÚc.) ‘Priester = LÚšanguni-’
(HHand. 142)
1. PIE *sogɑɦuni
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sogɦuni
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sogɦuni
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sagɦuni
(XX:XX)
3. sagɦuni
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *saguni
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. saguni
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šaguni
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *segɑɦunéu-
RV. saghnó-
(pr.) ‘(zu) tragen (vermögen), festhalten, erfassen’
(WbRV. 1443)
1. PIE *segɑɦunéu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *segɦunéu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. segɦunéu-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *segɦnéu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
3. segɦnéu-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *sagɦnéu-
4. sagɦnéu-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *sagɦnáu-
5. sagɦnáu-
aú → ṓ
Monophthongization of *aú
RChangeAU2O2 → *sagɦnṓ-
6. sagɦnṓ-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → *saghnṓ-
7. saghnṓ-
ṓ → ó
Orthographic change of ṓ into ó
ROrthOIA7 → RV. saghnó-


PIE √skiɑhi- (vb.) ‘wissen’ (sb.) ‘Zeichen’
(IEW XX)
(+ Vaillant + Pyysalo)
√sogi̯ɑɦ-
(HEG S-XX)
HIL. 802, CHD S-XX)
PIE *sogi̯ɑɦoi-
Hitt. šagai-
(c.) ‘Zeichen, Vorzeichen, Omen’ (GISKIM)
(HHand. 138)
(Hitt. ša-ga-a-iš, ša-ga-iš)
1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sogi̯ɦoi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sogi̯ɦoi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *soǵɦoi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. soǵɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *saǵɦai-
(XX:XX)
4. saǵɦai-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *sagɦai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. sagɦai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *sagai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. sagai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šagai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sogi̯ɑɦei-
Hitt. šagei-
(c.obl.) ‘Zeichen, Vorzeichen, Omen’ (GISKIM)
(HHand. 138)
(Hitt. ša-ki-ia-aš, ša-a-ki-ia-az
1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sogi̯ɦei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sogi̯ɦei-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *soǵɦei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. soǵɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *saǵɦei-
(XX:XX)
4. saǵɦei-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *sagɦei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. sagɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *sagei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. sagei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šagei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ski̯ɑhi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·ski̯ɑhi·tōɑɦ-
Hitt. i·ški·tāḫ-
(vb2.) ‘ein Zeichen geben ‹Hitt. šagi- ‘Zeichen’›’
(HHand. 65)
(Hitt. iš-kit9-ta-aḫ-ḫi [3sg] with Hitt. ·daḫ- ‘geben’)
1. PIE *Π·ski̯ɑhi·tōɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ski̯hi·tōɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·ski̯hi·tōɦ-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *Π·sḱhi·tōɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. Π·sḱhi·tōɦ-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *Π·sḱhi·tāɦ-
(XX:XX)
4. Π·sḱhi·tāɦ-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *Π·skhi·tāɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. Π·skhi·tāɦ-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *Π·ski·tāɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. Π·ski·tāɦ-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *Π·ški·tāɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. Π·ški·tāɦ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. Π·ški·tāḫ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ski̯ɑ́hi-
Lat. scī-
(pf.) ‘in Erfahrung gebracht haben, wissen’
(WH 2:495-6)
(Lat. sciit [3sg])
1. PIE *ski̯ɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *ski̯íhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. ski̯íhi-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *sḱíhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. sḱíhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *sḱíi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. sḱíi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractíi → *sḱī́-
5. sḱī́-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *skī́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. skī́-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → *scī́-
7. scī́-
*ī́ → ī
Orthographic absence of accent
R42 → Lat. scī-
√ski̯ɑhiu-
(Vaillant BSL 42:84f)
PIE *ski̯ɑ́hiu
Lat. scīu-
(pf.) ‘in Erfahrung gebracht haben, wissen’
(WH 2:495-6)
(Lat. scīuit [3sg])
1. PIE *ski̯ɑ́hiu
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *ski̯íhiu
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. ski̯íhiu
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *sḱíhiu
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. sḱíhiu
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *sḱíiu
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. sḱíiu
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractíi → *sḱī́u
5. sḱī́u
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *skī́u
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. skī́u
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → *scī́u
7. scī́u
*ī́ → ī
Orthographic absence of accent
R42 → Lat. scīu
PIE *ski̯eɑhiu̯ēɑh-
Lat. scaeuā-
(f.) ‘ein Anzeichen (glücklich oder unglücklich)’
(WH 2:485)
1. PIE *ski̯eɑhiu̯ēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *ski̯aɑhiu̯ēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. ski̯aɑhiu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *ski̯aɑhiu̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. ski̯aɑhiu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ski̯ahiu̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. ski̯ahiu̯āh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *sḱahiu̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. sḱahiu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *sḱaiu̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. sḱaiu̯ā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *skaiu̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. skaiu̯ā-
*ai → ae
Opening of *ai into ae
ROpeningAI → *skaeu̯ā-
8. skaeu̯ā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → *scaeu̯ā-
9. scaeu̯ā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → Lat. scaeuā-


PIE √sgiɑɦ- √sogiɑɦ- √segiɑh- ‘sagen, mitteilen, reden’
(IEW 897f.)
(+ Pyysalo)
√sogiɑɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013:421-2)
(IEW. 897f. [diff.])
PIE *segi̯ɑɦo-
Far. siga-
(vb.) ‘sagen, mitteilen’
(ANEtWb. 459)
1. PIE *segi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *segi̯ɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. segi̯ɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *seǵɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. seǵɦo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *segɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. segɦo-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *sego-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. sego-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *sega-
(XX:XX)
6. sega-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
RChangee2i → Far. siga-
PIE *o·sogi̯ɑɦo-
HLu. a·šaza-
(vb.) ‘sprechen : speak’
(Tischler 1990:87)
(Melchert 1989:198-9)
1. PIE *o·sogi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *o·sogi̯ɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. o·sogi̯ɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *o·soj́ɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. o·soj́ɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *a·saj́ɦa-
(XX:XX)
4. a·saj́ɦa-
*j́ɦ → z
From Satem *j́ɦ to CLu.
RSatem2CLu3 → *a·saza-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.9)
5. a·saza-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. a·šaza-
PIE *sogi̯ɑɦēɑh·n-
OIcl. saga·n-
(f.) ‘Erzählung, Bericht, Saga’
(ANEtWb. 459)
1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦēɑh·n-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *sogi̯ɑɦāɑh·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. sogi̯ɑɦāɑh·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sogi̯ɦāh·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. sogi̯ɦāh·n-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *soǵɦāh·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. soǵɦāh·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *soǵɦā·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. soǵɦā·n-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
ROsthoffa1 → *soǵɦa·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
6. soǵɦa·n-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *sogɦa·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. sogɦa·n-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *soga·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
8. soga·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → OIcl. saga·n-
(XX:XX)
PIE *sosgi̯ɑɦēɑhno-
OMed. hazāna-
(sb.) ‘tongue’
(OldP. 214-5)
(OPers. hazānam [sgA])
1. PIE *sosgi̯ɑɦēɑhno-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *sosgi̯ɑɦāɑhno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. sosgi̯ɑɦāɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sosgi̯ɦāhno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. sosgi̯ɦāhno-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *sosj́ɦāhno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. sosj́ɦāhno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sasj́ɦāhna-
5. sasj́ɦāhna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *sasj́ɦāna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. sasj́ɦāna-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Median
RSatem2Med3 → *saszɦāna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. saszɦāna-
*zɦ → z
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspzh → *saszāna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
8. saszāna-
*s → h
Change of segmental *s into h
RChangeS2H → OMed. hahzāna-
PIE *sogi̯ɑɦei̯o-
OIcl. segja-
(vb.) ‘sagen, mitteilen’
(ANEtWb. 467)
(Oicl. segjan [inf.])
1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sogi̯ɦei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sogi̯ɦei̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *soǵɦei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. soǵɦei̯o-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *sogɦei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. sogɦei̯o-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *sogei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. sogei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *sagei̯a-
(XX:XX)
6. sagei̯a-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
RChangee2i → *sagii̯a-
7. sagii̯a-
*a – i i̯ → e – i̯
Umlaut for *a – ii̯
RUmlautagij → *segi̯a-
8. segi̯a-
*i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
R26 → OIcl. segja-
√sogiɑɦul-
PIE *sogi̯ɑɦúlo
OIcl. sǫgul-
(a.) ‘redselig’
(ANEtWb. 578)
1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦúlo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sogi̯ɦúlo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sogi̯ɦúlo
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *soǵɦúlo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. soǵɦúlo
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *sogɦúlo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. sogɦúlo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *sogúlo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. sogúlo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *sagúla
(XX:XX)
6. sagúla
-a → Ø
Loss of -a in root-final position
RLossFinala1 → *sagúl
7. sagúl
*a — ú → ǫ — ú
Umlaut for a — ú
RUmlautaGú → *sǫgúl
8. sǫgúl
ú → u
Absence of accentuation
R25 → OIcl. sǫgul
√sogiɑɦun-
PIE *Π·sogi̯ɑɦun-
OEng. ge·sagun-
(f.) ‘narration’
(ASaxD. 434)
(gesagun, gesagune)
1. PIE *Π·sogi̯ɑɦun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·sogi̯ɦun-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·sogi̯ɦun-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *Π·soǵɦun-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. Π·soǵɦun-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *Π·sogɦun-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. Π·sogɦun-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *Π·sogun-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. Π·sogun-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → OEng. Π·sagun-
(XX:XX)
PIE *sogi̯ɑɦun-
OIcl. sǫgn-
(f.) ‘Sage, Aussage’
(ANEtWb. 578)
1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sogi̯ɦun-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sogi̯ɦun-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *soǵɦun-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. soǵɦun-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *sogɦun-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. sogɦun-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *sogun-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. sogun-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *sagun-
(XX:XX)
6. sagun-
*a — u → ǫ — Ø
Umlaut for a — u
RUmlautaGu → OIcl. sǫgn-
√sgiɑɦ-
PIE *upo·sgi̯ɑɦo-
Gr. ὑπο·σχο-
(ao.) ‘versprechen’
(GEW 2:970)
(Gr. ὑπο·σχέσθαι)
1. PIE *upo·sgi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *upo·sgi̯ɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. upo·sgi̯ɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *upo·sǵɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. upo·sǵɦo-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
RDevoiceGh → *upo·sḱho-
4. upo·sḱho-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *upo·skho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. upo·skho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὑπο·σχο-
PIE *up.sésgiɑɦēɑh-
Ion.-Att. ὑπ.έσχη-
(pf.) ‘versprechen’
(GEW 2:970)
(Gr. ὑπέσχημαι = *sesgiaḫ-)
1. PIE *up.sésgiɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *up.sésgiɑɦāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. up.sésgiɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *up.sésgiɦāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. up.sésgiɦāh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *up.sésǵɦāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. up.sésǵɦāh-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
RDevoiceGh → *up.sésḱhāh-
5. up.sésḱhāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *up.sésḱhā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. up.sésḱhā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *up.séskhā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. up.séskhā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
RChangeA2E1 → *up.séskhē-
8. up.séskhē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Ion.-Att. ὑπ.σέσχη-
PIE *upo.sgiɑɦetsíēɑh-
Ion.-Att. ὑπο.σχεσίη-
(f.) ‘das Versprechen’
(GEW 2:970)
1. PIE *upo.sgiɑɦetsíēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *upo.sgiɑɦetsíāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. upo.sgiɑɦetsíāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *upo.sgiɦetsíāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. upo.sgiɦetsíāh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *upo.sǵɦetsíāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. upo.sǵɦetsíāh-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
RDevoiceGh → *upo.sḱhetsíāh-
5. upo.sḱhetsíāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *upo.sḱhetsíā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. upo.sḱhetsíā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *upo.skhetsíā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. upo.skhetsíā-
*t s → s
Loss of dental in *ts
RChangets2s → *upo.skhesíā-
8. upo.skhesíā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
RChangeA2E1 → *upo.skhesíē-
9. upo.skhesíē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Ion.-Att. ὑπο.σχεσίη-
PIE *upo· sgiɑɦḗɑhtso-
Ion.-Att. ὑπο.σχήσο-
(fut.) ‘versprechen’
(GEW 2:970)
(Gr. ὑποσχήσομαι)
1. PIE *upo· sgiɑɦḗɑhtso-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *upo· sgiɑɦā́ɑhtso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. upo· sgiɑɦā́ɑhtso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *upo· sgiɦā́htso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. upo· sgiɦā́htso-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *upo· sǵɦā́htso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. upo· sǵɦā́htso-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
RDevoiceGh → *upo· sḱhā́htso-
5. upo· sḱhā́htso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *upo· sḱhā́tso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. upo· sḱhā́tso-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *upo· skhā́tso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. upo· skhā́tso-
*t s → s
Loss of dental in *ts
RChangets2s → *upo· skhā́so-
8. upo· skhā́so-
*ā́ → ḗ
Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ
RChangeA2E2 → *upo· skhḗso-
9. upo· skhḗso-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Ion.-Att. ὑπο· σχήσο-
√sisgiɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *up.sísgiɑɦo-
Gr. ὑπ.ίσχο-
(vb.) ‘versprechen’
(GEW1:970)
(Gr. ὑπ·ίσχομαι = *sisgiaḫ-)
1. PIE *up.sísgiɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *up.sísgiɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. up.sísgiɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *up.sísǵɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. up.sísǵɦo-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
RDevoiceGh → *up.sísḱho-
4. up.sísḱho-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *up.sískho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. up.sískho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὑπ.σίσχο-
PIE *up,sisgiɑɦnéi̯o-
Gr. ὑπ.ισχνέο-
(vbM.) ‘versprechen’
(GEW1:970)
(Gr. ὑπ·ισχνέομαι)
1. PIE *up,sisgiɑɦnéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *up,sisgiɦnéi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. up,sisgiɦnéi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *up,sisǵɦnéi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. up,sisǵɦnéi̯o-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
RDevoiceGh → *up,sisḱhnéi̯o-
4. up,sisḱhnéi̯o-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *up,siskhnéi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. up,siskhnéi̯o-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *up,hiskhnéi̯o-
6. up,hiskhnéi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *up,hiskhnéo-
7. up,hiskhnéo-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *up,iskhnéo-
8. up,iskhnéo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὑπ,ισχνέο-
PIE *sisgi̯ɑɦu-
gAv. hizu-
(m.) ‘Zunge : ‘tongue’
(AIWb. 1815)
(gAv. hizvā [sgI], hizvō [sgG], hizubīš [plI])
1. PIE *sisgi̯ɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sisgi̯ɦu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sisgi̯ɦu-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RRukiI → *sišgi̯ɦu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. sišgi̯ɦu-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *sišj́ɦu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. sišj́ɦu-
*sj́ → j́
Change of sj́ into j́
R25d → *sij́ɦu-
5. sij́ɦu-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *hij́ɦu-
6. hij́ɦu-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Avestan
RSatem2Av3 → *hizɦu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. hizɦu-
*zɦ → z
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspzh → gAv. hizu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
PIE *sisgi̯ɑɦu̯ēɑh-
LAv. hizvā-
(f.) ‘Zunge’
(AIWb. 1816)
1. PIE *sisgi̯ɑɦu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *sisgi̯ɑɦu̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. sisgi̯ɑɦu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sisgi̯ɦu̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. sisgi̯ɦu̯āh-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RRukiI → *sišgi̯ɦu̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
4. sišgi̯ɦu̯āh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *sišj́ɦu̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. sišj́ɦu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *sišj́ɦu̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. sišj́ɦu̯ā-
*sj́ → j́
Change of sj́ to j́
R25d → *sij́ɦu̯ā-
7. sij́ɦu̯ā-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *hij́ɦu̯ā-
8. hij́ɦu̯ā-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Avestan
RSatem2Av3 → *hizɦu̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
9. hizɦu̯ā-
*zɦ → z
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspzh → *hizu̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
10. hizu̯ā-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → LAv. hizvā-
PIE *sisgi̯ɑɦu̯os-
LAv. hizvah-
(n.) ‘Zunge : tongue’
(AIWb. 1816)
1. PIE *sisgi̯ɑɦu̯os-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sisgi̯ɦu̯os-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sisgi̯ɦu̯os-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RRukiI → *sišgi̯ɦu̯os-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. sišgi̯ɦu̯os-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *sišj́ɦu̯os-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. sišj́ɦu̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sišj́ɦu̯as-
5. sišj́ɦu̯as-
*sj́ → j́
Change of sj́ to j́
R25d → *sij́ɦu̯as-
6. sij́ɦu̯as-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *hij́ɦu̯ah-
7. hij́ɦu̯ah-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Avestan
RSatem2Av3 → *hizɦu̯ah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
8. hizɦu̯ah-
*zɦ → z
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspzh → *hizu̯ah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
9. hizu̯ah-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → LAv. hizvah-


PIE √sku- √soku- √seku- (vb.) ‘sehen’
(IEW 897)
(+ Pyysalo)
√sku-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *po·sku-
Hitt. pa·šku-
(vb1.) ‘zurückweisen, vernachlässigen, vergessen’
(HHand. 127)
(CHD P:XX, HEG P:XX)
1. PIE *po·sku-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *pa·sku-
(XX:XX)
2. pa·sku-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. pa·šku-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·po·sku-
HLu. ARHA pa·šku-
(vb.) ‘overlook, neglect’
(KLuN:334f.)
(HLu. ARHA pa-sà-REL-i)
1. PIE *Π·po·sku-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·pa·sku-
(XX:XX)
2. Π·pa·sku-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. Π·pa·šku-
PIE *Π·sku̯o
OIr. ro·sc-
(m.) ‘Auge, Blick’
(DIL. XX)
1. PIE *Π·sku̯o
* ku/u̯ → q
Emergence of labiovelar q
RLabiovelarizationQ → *Π·sqo
2. Π·sqo
*q → k
Delabialization of labiovelar *q
RDelabialQ → *Π·sko
3. Π·sko
*-o → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → *Π·sk
4. Π·sk
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → OIr. Π·sc
PIE *Π·sku̯o
OIr. tā·sc-
(.) ‘Anzeige’
(DIL. XX)
1. PIE *Π·sku̯o
* ku/u̯ → q
Emergence of labiovelar q
RLabiovelarizationQ → *Π·sqo
2. Π·sqo
*q → k
Delabialization of labiovelar *q
RDelabialQ → *Π·sko
3. Π·sko
*-o → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → *Π·sk
4. Π·sk
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → OIr. Π·sc
PIE *u̯i·sku̯oi̯o-
OInd. vi·ṣkaya-
(prA.) ‘sehen’
(KEWA 3:229)
(Dhatup. viṣkayati [3sg])
1. PIE *u̯i·sku̯oi̯o-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RRukiI → *u̯i·šku̯oi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
2. u̯i·šku̯oi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯i·šku̯ai̯a-
3. u̯i·šku̯ai̯a-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *u̯i·škai̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. u̯i·škai̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *vi·škai̯a-
5. vi·škai̯a-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → *vi·ṣkai̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
6. vi·ṣkai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → OInd. vi·ṣkaya-


PIE √sku- √soku- √seku- (sb.) ‘Quelle, Spring’ (vb.) ‘hervorsprudeln’
(IEW XX)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + RV.)
√sokui-
(HEG Š:XX)
PIE *soku̯i-
Hitt. šaku̯i-
(c.) ‘Quelle, Sprudel, Quellteich : spring, well’
(HHand. 139)
(Hitt. ša-ku-iš, Not “ša-ku‹-ni›-iš” vs. HIL. 810 !)
1. PIE *soku̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *saku̯i-
(XX:XX)
2. saku̯i-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šaku̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *soku̯isi-
Hitt. šaku̯iši-
(vb.) ‘heraussprüdeln : sprinkle(?)’
(CHD Š:77)
(Hitt. ša-ku-iš-ši-it [3sg], KUB 17. 28 i 15)
1. PIE *soku̯isi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *saku̯isi-
(XX:XX)
2. saku̯isi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šaku̯iši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sokuni-
PIE *soku̯oni-
Hitt. šaku̯ani-
(c.) ‘Quelle, Sprudel, Quellteich’
(HHand. 139)
1. PIE *soku̯oni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *saku̯ani-
(XX:XX)
2. saku̯ani-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šaku̯ani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sokuni-
Hitt. šakuni-
(c.) ‘Quelle, Sprudel, Quellteich’
(HHand. 139)
1. PIE *sokuni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sakuni-
(XX:XX)
2. sakuni-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šakuni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sokunei̯o-
Hitt. šakunei̯a-
(vb1.) ‘heraussprudeln’
(HHand. 139)
1. PIE *sokunei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sakunei̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. sakunei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šakunei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sokuniski̯e/o-
Hitt. šakuniške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘heraussprudeln’
(HIL. 810)
1. PIE *sokuniski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *sokunisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. sokunisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sakunisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
3. sakunisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *sakuniske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. sakuniske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šakuniške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sokur-
PIE *sokuro-
Hitt. šakura-
(URU.) ‘Bei > Kartapaha.; DKašk. 104)’
(OGH.331)
(Hitt. ša-ak-ku-ra)
1. PIE *sokuro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sakura-
(XX:XX)
2. sakura-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šakura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sokuru̯o-
Hitt. šakuru̯a-
(vb1.) ‘tränken (Pferde)’
(HHand. 139)
1. PIE *sokuru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sakuru̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. sakuru̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šakuru̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sokuru̯oni-
HLu. šakuru̯ani-
(ÍD.) ‘XX’
(II.11.§ )
(HLu. (“FLUMEN+MINUS”)sá-ku+ra/i-wa/i-ni-i-zi-ha)
1. PIE *sokuru̯oni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sakuru̯ani-
(XX:XX)
2. sakuru̯ani-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. šakuru̯ani-
PIE *sokuru̯ou̯o-
Hitt. šakuru̯au̯a-
(vn.bs.) ‘tränken’
(HHand. 139)
(Hitt. šaguruauanzi [inf.])
1. PIE *sokuru̯ou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sakuru̯au̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. sakuru̯au̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šakuru̯au̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sokuru̯ou̯or-
Hitt. šakuru̯au̯ar-
(N.act.) ‘tränken’
(HHand. 139)
(Hitt. šakuruauar-)
1. PIE *sokuru̯ou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sakuru̯au̯ar-
(XX:XX)
2. sakuru̯au̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šakuru̯au̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sokut-
PIE *u̯i·sokutēɑh-
RV. vi·ṣaktā-
(f.) ‘eine nicht mehr Milch gebende Kuh’
(KEWA 3:227)
1. PIE *u̯i·sokutēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *u̯i·sokutāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. u̯i·sokutāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯i·sokutāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. u̯i·sokutāh-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RRukiI → *u̯i·šokutāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
4. u̯i·šokutāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯i·šakutāh-
5. u̯i·šakutāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯i·šakutā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. u̯i·šakutā-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *u̯i·šaktā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
7. u̯i·šaktā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *vi·šaktā-
8. vi·šaktā-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → RV. vi·ṣaktā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)


PIE √sgɑɦu- √sogɑɦu- √segɑɦu-
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Toch; or PIE *sku- soku- seku-)
√sogɑɦu- √sōgɑɦu-
PIE *sōgɑɦu-
TochA. sāk-
(pret.) ‘remain : bleiben’
(DTochB. 680)
(TochA. sāk)
1. PIE *sōgɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sōgɦu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sōgɦu-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *sāgɦu-
(XX:XX)
3. sāgɦu-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *sāgɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. sāgɦ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *sāg-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. sāg-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
RDevoiceg → TochA. sāk-
PIE *sogɑɦu̯o-
TochA. saka-
(vb.) ‘manere, remanere’
(Poucha 357)
1. PIE *sogɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sogɦu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sogɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sagɦu̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. sagɦu̯a-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *sagɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. sagɦa-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *saga-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. saga-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
RDevoiceg → TochA. saka-
PIE *sosōgɑɦu̯o-
TochB. sasāka-
(vb.) ‘stay, remain, be’
(DTochB. 679-70)
(TochB. [sa]sākauwa])
1. PIE *sosōgɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sosōgɦu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sosōgɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sasōgɦu̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. sasōgɦu̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *sasāgɦu̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. sasāgɦu̯a-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *sasāgɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. sasāgɦa-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *sasāga-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. sasāga-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
RDevoiceg → TochB. sasāka-
PIE *sōgɑɦu̯o-
TochA. sākä-
(vb.) ‘hold oneself back’
(DTochB. 680)
(TochA. sākässi [inf.])
1. PIE *sōgɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sōgɦu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sōgɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sōgɦu̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. sōgɦu̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *sāgɦu̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. sāgɦu̯a-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *sāgɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. sāgɦa-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *sāga-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. sāga-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
RDevoiceg → TochA. sāka-
√sogɑɦu̯on-
CHD Š: 58f.)
(Oettinger 1979: 29,352, HIL 815)
PIE *sogɑɦu̯ont-
Hitt. šagu̯ant-
(a.) [in Mg.] ‘unterbrochen, verzögert’
(HHand. 139)
Hitt. šaguant-
1. PIE *sogɑɦu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sogɦu̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sogɦu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sagɦu̯ant-
(XX:XX)
3. sagɦu̯ant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *sagu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. sagu̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šagu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·sogɑɦu̯on·dɑɦori̯o-
Hitt. šer (...) šagu̯an·dari̯a-
(vb.) ‘sich oben aufhalten’
(HHand. 139)
Hitt. šer (...) šaguandaria-
1. PIE *Π·sogɑɦu̯on·dɑɦori̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·sogɦu̯on·dɦori̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·sogɦu̯on·dɦori̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·sagɦu̯an·dɦari̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. Π·sagɦu̯an·dɦari̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *Π·sagu̯an·dari̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·sagu̯an·dari̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. Π·šagu̯an·dari̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sogɑɦu̯on·dɑɦori̯o-
Hitt. šagu̯an·dari̯a-
(vb.) ‘unterbleiben, ungefeiert lassen’
(HHand. 139)
Hitt. ša-ku-ua-an-ta-ri-ia-zi
1. PIE *sogɑɦu̯on·dɑɦori̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sogɦu̯on·dɦori̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sogɦu̯on·dɦori̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sagɦu̯an·dɦari̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. sagɦu̯an·dɦari̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *sagu̯an·dari̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. sagu̯an·dari̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šagu̯an·dari̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sogɑɦun·dɑɦori̯onu-
Hitt. šagundari̯anu-
(cs.) ‘ungefeiert bleiben (Feste)’
(HHand. 139)
Hitt. šagundarianu-
1. PIE *sogɑɦun·dɑɦori̯onu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sogɦun·dɦori̯onu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sogɦun·dɦori̯onu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sagɦun·dɦari̯anu-
(XX:XX)
3. sagɦun·dɦari̯anu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *sagun·dari̯anu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. sagun·dari̯anu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šagun·dari̯anu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sogɑɦus-
PIE *sogɑɦusi-
TochB. sakṣ-
(vbM.) ‘to hold oneself (back), abide’
(DTochB. 679)
(TochB. s[a]kṣtär)
1. PIE *sogɑɦusi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sogɦusi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sogɦusi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sagɦusi-
(XX:XX)
3. sagɦusi-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *sagɦsi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. sagɦsi-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *sagsi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. sagsi-
*si → ṣ
Palatalization of *si
R18b → *sagṣ-
6. sagṣ-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
RDevoiceg → TochB. sakṣ-
PIE *sōgɑɦu̯oski-
TochB. sākäsk-
(vb.) ‘leave behind, restrain’ (DTochB. 679)
(TochB. sākäske)
TochB. sākäsk-
1. PIE *sōgɑɦu̯oski-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sōgɦu̯oski-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sōgɦu̯oski-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *sōgɦu̯osḱ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. sōgɦu̯osḱ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sōgɦu̯asḱ-
(XX:XX)
4. sōgɦu̯asḱ-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *sāgɦu̯asḱ-
(XX:XX)
5. sāgɦu̯asḱ-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *sāgɦasḱ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. sāgɦasḱ-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *sāgɦask-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. sāgɦask-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *sāgask-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
8. sāgask-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
RDevoiceg → TochB. sākask-


PIE √sl- √sol-, √sel- (a.) ‘erwachsen, hoch, groß, wichtig, zahlreich’ (sb.) ‘Wachstum’ (vb.) ‘überheben, zunehmen’
(IEW 899)
(+ Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√solo-
PIE *solo·gi̯ɑɦordo-
Hitt. šala·garda-
(n.) ‘Hochmut’
(HHand. 14)
1. PIE *solo·gi̯ɑɦordo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *solo·gi̯ɦordo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. solo·gi̯ɦordo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *solo·ǵɦordo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. solo·ǵɦordo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sala·ǵɦarda-
(XX:XX)
4. sala·ǵɦarda-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *sala·gɦarda-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. sala·gɦarda-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *sala·garda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. sala·garda-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šala·garda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√solēɑh-
PIE *solēɑh
Latv. sala-
(f.) ‘Höhe (im Morast)’
(LiEtWb. 758)
1. PIE *solēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *solāɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. solāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *solāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. solāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *solā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. solā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *salā
5. salā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R28 → Latv. sala
PIE *solḗɑh
Lith. salà-
(f.) ‘Bodenerhebung (im Morast)’
(LiEtWb. 758)
1. PIE *solḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *solā́ɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. solā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *solā́h
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. solā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *solā́
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. solā́
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *salā́
5. salā́
*ā́ → ṓ
Change of ā́ into ṓ
RChangeA202 → *salṓ
6. salṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
RFinalo2a2 → Lith. salà
√solɑho-
PIE *solɑho-
HLu. šalḫa-
(.) ‘power’
(CHLu. 3.2.3)
(HLu. LIGNUM-la-ha)
1. PIE *solɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *solho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. solho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *salha-
(XX:XX)
3. salha-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → *salḫa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. salḫa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. šalḫa-
PIE *solɑhontei-
Hitt. šalḫantei
(.) ‘Wachstum, Gedeihen’ (?)
(HHand. 140)
1. PIE *solɑhontei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *solhontei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. solhontei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *salhantei-
(XX:XX)
3. salhantei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *šalhantei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šalhantei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. šalḫantei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *solɑhodɑɦi-
CLu. šalḫadi-
(.) ‘to Hitt. šalḫanti-’
(DLL. 85)
(CLu. ša-al-ḫa-a-ti)
1. PIE *solɑhodɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *solhodɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. solhodɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *salhadɦi-
(XX:XX)
3. salhadɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *salhadi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. salhadi-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → *salḫadi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
5. salḫadi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. šalḫadi-
PIE *solɑhodɑɦi̯o-
HLu. šalḫaza-
(.) ‘greatness, succession’
(CHLu. 2.5.3)
(HLu. (LIGNUM)sá-la-ha-za)
1. PIE *solɑhodɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *solhodɦi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. solhodɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *solhozo-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. solhozo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *salhaza-
(XX:XX)
4. salhaza-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → *salḫaza-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
5. salḫaza-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. šalḫaza-
√soli-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *soli-
Hitt. šali-
(a.) ‘gross, wichtig, erwachsen, zahlreich’
(HEG S:767-775)
(CHD Š: 82)
1. PIE *soli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sali-
(XX:XX)
2. sali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *soli-
Hitt. šali-
(c.) ‘Erwachsener’
(HHand. 140)
1. PIE *soli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sali-
(XX:XX)
2. sali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *solei̯o-
Hitt. šalei̯a-
(vb.) ‘groß machen, großziehen’
(HHand. 140)
1. PIE *solei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *salei̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. salei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šalei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·solei̯ent-
Lat. īn·solent-
(pt.) ‘überheblich, übermäßig, unverschämt’
(WH 1:704)
1. PIE *Π·solei̯ent-
*ei̯e → ee
Loss *i̯ between e and e
RLossY3 → *Π·soleent-
2. Π·soleent-
*ee → ē
Contraction of *ee into ē
RContractee2E → *Π·solēnt-
3. Π·solēnt-
*ēnt → ent
Shortening of *ē in ēnt
R30 → Lat. Π·solent-
PIE *Π·solēski̯o-
Lat. īn·solēsco-
(vb.) ‘zunehmen, überheben’
(WH 1:704)
(Lat. īn·solēscō)
1. PIE *Π·solēski̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *Π·solēsḱo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. Π·solēsḱo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *Π·solēsko-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. Π·solēsko-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → Lat. Π·solēsco-
PIE *Π·solei̯enti̯ēɑh-
Lat. īn·solentiā-
(f.) ‘Überhebung, Übertreibung, Verschwendung’
(WH 1:704)
1. PIE *Π·solei̯enti̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·solei̯enti̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·solei̯enti̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·solei̯enti̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·solei̯enti̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·solei̯enti̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·solei̯enti̯ā-
*ei̯e → ee
Loss *i̯ between e and e
RLossY3 → *Π·soleenti̯ā-
5. Π·soleenti̯ā-
*ee → ē
Contraction of *ee into ē
RContractee2E → *Π·solēnti̯ā-
6. Π·solēnti̯ā-
*ēnt → ent
Shortening of *ē in ēnt
R30 → *Π·solenti̯ā-
7. Π·solenti̯ā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
ROrthogrY2i → Lat. Π·solentiā-
PIE *Π·solei̯eto-
Lat. ob·solēto-
(pt.) ‘veraltet, abgetragen, abgenutz, gewöhnlich’
(WH 1:427-8)
1. PIE *Π·solei̯eto-
*ei̯e → ee
Loss *i̯ between e and e
RLossY3 → *Π·soleeto-
2. Π·soleeto-
*ee → ē
Contraction of *ee into ē
RContractee2E → Lat. Π·solēto-
PIE *Π·solēu
Lat. ob·solēu-
(pf.) ‘veralten, sich abnutzen, verkümmern’
(WH 1:427-8)


PIE √sl- √sol-, √sel- (vb.tr.) ‘‘strecken, dehnen’ (intr.) ‘breit/platt werden’
(IEW XX)
√sel-
PIE *sísel-
RV. sísar-
(pr2A) ‘ausstrecken, dehnen : stretch, extend’
(KEWA 3:470)
(RV. sísarti [3sg])
1. PIE *sísel-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
RChangelr1 → *síser-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
2. síser-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RRukiI → *síšer-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. síšer-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *síšar-
4. síšar-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → RV. síṣar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
PIE *Π·sísel-
RV. prá (...) sísar-
(pr2A.) ‘vorstrecken’ (Arme)
(WbRV. 1570)
(RV. prá (...) sísarti [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·sísel-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
RChangelr1 → *Π·síser-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
2. Π·síser-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RRukiI → *Π·síšer-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. Π·síšer-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *Π·síšar-
4. Π·síšar-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → RV. Π·síṣar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
√sl-
PIE *sísl-
RV. sísr-
(vb.) ‘ausstrecken, dehnen : stretch, extend’
(KEWA 3:470)
(RV. sísrate [3pl])
1. PIE *sísl-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
RChangelr1 → RV. sísr-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
soloi-
PIE *soloi-
Hitt. šalai-
(vb.) ‘breit werden/laufen, platt werden’
(HHand. 140)
1. PIE *soloi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *salai-
(XX:XX)
2. salai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šalai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·sōlei̯o-
RV. prá (…) sāraya·-
(csM.) ‘breiten sich aus’
(KEWA 3:471)
1. PIE *Π·sōlei̯o-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
RChangelr1 → *Π·sōrei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
2. Π·sōrei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·sōrei̯a-
3. Π·sōrei̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *Π·sārei̯a-
4. Π·sārei̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *Π·sārai̯a-
5. Π·sārai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. Π·sāraya-


PIE √sel- √sol- √sl- (vb.) ‘fliegen, eilen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√sol-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG S:762-X)
PIE *sol-
TochA. säl-
(pr.) ‘fliegen’
(DTochB. 686)
(in TochA. sälmāṃ [pt.])
1. PIE *sol-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → TochA. sal-
(XX:XX)
PIE *sol·osɑho-
Hitt. šal·ašḫa-
(LÚc.) ‘Kutscher, Stallbursche (?)’
(HHand. 140)
1. PIE *sol·osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sol·osho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sol·osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sal·asha-
(XX:XX)
3. sal·asha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *šal·ašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šal·ašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. šal·ašḫa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√solo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *sélo-
RV. sára-
(pr.) ‘eilen, hineilen zu’
(WbRV. 1570)
(RV. sárat [3sg])
1. PIE *sélo-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
RChangelr1 → *séro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
2. séro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *séra-
3. séra-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → RV. sára-
PIE *solou̯ono-
Hitt. šalau̯ana-
(dpl.) ‘Götter des Tores = dšatauana-’
(HHand. 140)
1. PIE *solou̯ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *salau̯ana-
(XX:XX)
2. salau̯ana-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šalau̯ana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √sl- √sol- √sel- (vb.) ‘binden’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√solo-
(HEG Š:752)
PIE *solo-
Hitt. šala-
(KUŠ.) (Teil des Zaumzeugs)
(HHand. 140)
(Hitt. ša-a-la-aš)
1. PIE *solo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sala-
(XX:XX)
2. sala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *solo-
CLu. šala-
(KUŠn.) ‘-(?)-’ (Teil des Zaumzeugs)
(DLL. 84)
(CLu. ša-a-la(-pa) [plNA])
1. PIE *solo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sala-
(XX:XX)
2. sala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. šala-
√selɑh-
PIE *selēɑhno-
OIr. selan-
(.) ‘corde, laisse de chien’
(LEIA S:79)
1. PIE *selēɑhno-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *selāɑhno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. selāɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *selāhno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. selāhno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *selāno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. selāno-
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RShortA2a → OIr. selano-
√ɦɑd·selo-
PIE *ɦɑedselo
MidIr. aisel-
(.) ‘joint’
(EtDiPC 44)
(LEIA A-94, MidIr. asil, aisil, aisel)
1. PIE *ɦɑedselo
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑadselo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadselo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦadselo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦadselo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *adselo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. adselo
*ds → s
Change of ds into s
RChangeDS2S → *aselo
5. aselo
*ase → aise
Epenthesis of i
REpenthaSe → *aiselo
6. aiselo
*o- → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → MidIr. aisel
PIE *ɦɑedselo
MidBret. esel
(m.) ‘joint’
(EtDiPC 44)
(DIL 31)
1. PIE *ɦɑedselo
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑadselo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadselo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦadselo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦadselo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *adselo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. adselo
*ds → s
Change of ds into s
R20 → *aselo
5. aselo
*o- → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → *asel
6. asel
*ase → ese
Umlaut of aCe to eCe
RUmlauta2e → MidBret. esel
PIE *ɦɑedselo
Corn. esel-
(sb.) ‘joint’
(EtDiPC 44)
1. PIE *ɦɑedselo
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
R1a → *ɦɑadselo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadselo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
R7b → *ɦadselo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦadselo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
R10a → *adselo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. adselo
*ds → s
Change of ds into s
R20b → *aselo
5. aselo
*o- → Ø-
Loss of root-final *o-
R22b → *asel
6. asel
*ase → ese
Umlaut of aCe to eCe
R26 → Corn. esel
√soli-
PIE *solei̯o
OIcl. seli-
(m.) ‘Geschirr, Seil’
(ANEtWb. 469)
1. PIE *solei̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *salei̯a
(XX:XX)
2. salei̯a
*e → i
Change of *e into i
RChangee2i → *salii̯a
3. salii̯a
-a → Ø
Loss of -a in root-final position
RLossFinala1 → *salii̯
4. salii̯
*i̯ → i
Change of root-final i̯ into i
RChangeFinaly2i → OIcl. salii
PIE *seli̯o
OIcl. sili-
(m.) ‘Geschirr, Seil’
(ANEtWb. 469)
1. PIE *seli̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *seli̯a
(XX:XX)
2. seli̯a
*e → i
Change of *e into i
RChangee2i → *sili̯a
3. sili̯a
-a → Ø
Loss of -a in root-final position
RLossFinala1 → *sili̯
4. sili̯
*i̯ → i
Change of root-final i̯ into i
RChangeFinaly2i → OIcl. sili


PIE √sent-, √sont- ‘wertvoller Gegenstand’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√sont-
PIE *sont-
Hitt. šant-
(c.) ‘wertvoller Gegenstand in Inventar’
(HHand. 143)
1. PIE *sont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sant-
(XX:XX)
2. sant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sent-
PIE *senti-
OGaul. senti-
(c?.) ‘fibula, Kostbarkeit, Wertgegenstand’
(ACSS. 2:1502)
(OGaul. sentem [sgA])
PIE *senti-
OIr. sēt-
(m.) ‘trésor, fortune, richesse, bétail’
(LEIA S, 99)
(DIL. 539, OIr. sét ‘object/unit of value, chattel, etc.’)
1. PIE *senti-
*ant/ent → ēt
Change of *ant/ent into ēt
RChangeent2Et → OIr. sēti-
PIE *sénti̯o-
OGaulG. σέντιο-
(VNm.pl.) ‘XX’
(ACSS. 2:1502)
(OGaul. σέντιοι [plN])
1. PIE *sénti̯o-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
ROrthogrY2i → *séntio-
2. séntio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → OGaulG. σέντιο-
PIE *senti̯o-
OGaul. sentio-
(m.) ‘concilium autessiodorense’
(ACSS. 2:1502)
(OGaul. sentius [XX])
1. PIE *senti̯o-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
ROrthogrY2i → OGaul. sentio-


PIE √snɑhu- ‘brennen, rösten, dörren’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√snɑhu-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG S:828-9, CHD Š: 172f. HIL. 832-3)
PIE *sonɑhu-
Hitt. šanḫu-
(vb1.) ‘rösten, dörren’
(HHand. 142)
(Hitt. šanḫuzi [3sg], Oettinger 1979:216, DLar143)
1. PIE *sonɑhu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sonhu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sonhu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sanhu-
(XX:XX)
3. sanhu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *šanhu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šanhu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. šanḫu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *sisnɑhou-
RV. siṣṇo-
(a.) ‘epithet of Agni, EWA 2:731’
(WbRV. 1521)
(RV. siṣṇo [sgV] agne [sgV], RV. 8,19,31)
1. PIE *sisnɑhou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sisnhou-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sisnhou-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RRukiI → *sišnhou-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. sišnhou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sišnhau-
4. sišnhau-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *sišnau-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. sišnau-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RChangeAU2O1 → *sišnō-
6. sišnō-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → *siṣnō-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
7. siṣnō-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
RRetrofl1 → *siṣṇō-
8. siṣṇō-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthOIA6 → RV. siṣṇo-
PIE *sonɑhu-
Hitt. šanḫu-
(vb.) ‘rösten, dörren’
(HHand. 142)
1. PIE *sonɑhu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sonhu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sonhu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sanhu-
(XX:XX)
3. sanhu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *šanhu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šanhu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. šanḫu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *sonɑhu·Σ-
Hitt. šanḫu·bia-
(d.) ‘XX’
(OHP. 1:371)
(Hitt. ša-an-ḫu-pí-aš, ša-an-ḫu-pí-ia-an)
1. PIE *sonɑhu·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sonhu·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sonhu·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sanhu·Σ-
(XX:XX)
3. sanhu·Σ-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *šanhu·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šanhu·Σ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. šanḫu·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√snɑhuo-
PIE *sonɑhu̯o-
Hitt. šanḫu̯a-
(sb.) ‘a food’
(HIL. 832-3)
(Hitt. ša-an-hu-u-ua-aš)
1. PIE *sonɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sonhu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sonhu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sanhu̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. sanhu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *šanhu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šanhu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. šanḫu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *sonɑhu̯ont-
Hitt. šanḫu̯ant-
(pt.) ‘geröstet, gedörrt’
(HHand. 142)
1. PIE *sonɑhu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sonhu̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sonhu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sanhu̯ant-
(XX:XX)
3. sanhu̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *šanhu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šanhu̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. šanḫu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√snɑhun-
PIE *sonɑhun-
Hitt. šanḫun-
(.) ‘a food’
(HIL. 832-3)
(Hitt. ša-an-hu-na-aš [sgG])
1. PIE *sonɑhun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sonhun-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sonhun-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sanhun-
(XX:XX)
3. sanhun-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *šanhun-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šanhun-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. šanḫun-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *sonɑhunt-
Hitt. šanḫunt-
(pt.) ‘geröstet, gedörrt’
(HHand. 142)
1. PIE *sonɑhunt-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sonhunt-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sonhunt-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sanhunt-
(XX:XX)
3. sanhunt-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *šanhunt-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šanhunt-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. šanḫunt-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√snɑhut-
PIE *sonɑhut-
Hitt. šanḫut-
(pt.) ‘geröstet, gedörrt’
(HHand. 142)
1. PIE *sonɑhut-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sonhut-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sonhut-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sanhut-
(XX:XX)
3. sanhut-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *šanhut-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šanhut-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. šanḫut-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)


PIE √snu- ‘Jungfrau, Brautfrau’ (vb.) ‘freien, verloben’
(IEW 977-8)
(+ Pyysalo HLu.)
√snunbɑɦ-
PIE *snúnbɑɦēɑh-
Ion.-Att. νύμφη
(f.) ‘Braut, Jungfrau, Nymphe’
(GEW 2:235-6)
1. PIE *snúnbɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *snúnbɑɦāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. snúnbɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *snúnbɦāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. snúnbɦāh-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *snúnphāh-
4. snúnphāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *snúnphā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. snúnphā-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *hnúnphā-
6. hnúnphā-
*h → Ø
Loss of *h before n
RChangeSN2N → *núnphā-
7. núnphā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
RChangeA2E1 → *núnphē-
8. núnphē-
*nP → mP
Change of nP into mP
RChangenP2mP → *númphē-
9. númphē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Ion.-Att. νύμφη-
PIE *snúnbɑɦio-
Gr. νύμφιο-
(.) ‘Bräutigam’
(GEW 2:235-6)
1. PIE *snúnbɑɦio-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *snúnbɦio-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. snúnbɦio-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *snúnphio-
3. snúnphio-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *hnúnphio-
4. hnúnphio-
*h → Ø
Loss of *h before n
RChangeSN2N → *núnphio-
5. núnphio-
*nP → mP
Change of nP into mP
RChangenP2mP → *númphio-
6. númphio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. νύμφιο-
PIE *snunbɑɦeúso-
Gr. νυμφεύο-
(pr.) ‘verloben’
(GEW 2:235-6)
1. PIE *snunbɑɦeúso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *snunbɦeúso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. snunbɦeúso-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *snunpheúso-
3. snunpheúso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *hnunpheúho-
4. hnunpheúho-
*h → Ø
Loss of *h before n
RChangeSN2N → *nunpheúho-
5. nunpheúho-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *nunpheúo-
6. nunpheúo-
*nP → mP
Change of nP into mP
RChangenP2mP → *numpheúo-
7. numpheúo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. νυμφεύο-
√snubɑɦ-
(IEW. 977-978)
(WP. 2:697)
PIE *snoubɑɦ-
Lat. nūb-
(pf.) ‘heiraten (von der Frau)’
(WH 2:183f.)
(in Lat. nūpta [pt.f.])
1. PIE *snoubɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *snoubɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. snoubɦ-
*bɦ → f
Affricativization of labial *bɦ
RAffricatBH2f → *snouf-
3. snouf-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *snūf-
4. snūf-
*ɦ → h
Change of *f into b
RChangeF2B → *snūb-
5. snūb-
*sn → n
Loss of *s before n
RChangeSN2N → Lat. nūb-
PIE *prō·snubɑɦēɑh-
Lat. prō·nubā-
(f.) ‘Ehestifterin, Brautfrau’
(WH 2:184)
(in Lat. prōnuba [sgN])
1. PIE *prō·snubɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *prō·snubɑɦāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. prō·snubɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *prō·snubɦāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. prō·snubɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *prō·snubɦā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. prō·snubɦā-
*bɦ → f
Affricativization of labial *bɦ
RAffricatBH2f → *prō·snufā-
5. prō·snufā-
*ɦ → h
Change of *f into b
RChangeF2B → Lat. prō·snubā-
PIE *snoubɑɦo-
Lat. nūbo-
(pr3.) ‘heiraten (von der Frau)’
(WH 2:183f.)
Lat. nūbō, nūbere [inf.])
1. PIE *snoubɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *snoubɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. snoubɦo-
*bɦ → f
Affricativization of labial *bɦ
RAffricatBH2f → *snoufo-
3. snoufo-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *snūfo-
4. snūfo-
*ɦ → h
Change of *f into b
RChangeF2B → *snūbo-
5. snūbo-
*sn → n
Loss of *s before n
RChangeSN2N → Lat. nūbo-
PIE *snoubɑɦiɑ́h-
RussCS. snubi-
(vb.) ‘verkuppeln’
(REW 2:XX)
(Trautmann 273)
1. PIE *snoubɑɦiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1b → *snoubɑɦiíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. snoubɑɦiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *snoubɦiíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. snoubɦiíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *snaubɦiíh-
4. snaubɦiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *snaubɦií-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. snaubɦií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → *snaubɦī́-
6. snaubɦī́-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspbh → *snaubī́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. snaubī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *snoubī́-
8. snoubī́-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *snūbī́-
9. snūbī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
ROrthogrI2i2 → *snūbi-
10. snūbi-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
ROrthogrU2u → RussCS. snubi-
PIE *snoubɑɦiɑ́h-
Czech. snoubi-
(vb.) ‘freien, verloben’
(REW 2:683)
1. PIE *snoubɑɦiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1b → *snoubɑɦiíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. snoubɑɦiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *snoubɦiíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. snoubɦiíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *snaubɦiíh-
4. snaubɦiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *snaubɦií-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. snaubɦií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → *snaubɦī́-
6. snaubɦī́-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspbh → *snaubī́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. snaubī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *snoubī́-
8. snoubī́-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *snūbī́-
9. snūbī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
ROrthogrI2i2 → *snūbi-
10. snūbi-
*ū → ou
Change of *ū into ou
RChangeU2ou → Czech. snoubi-
PIE *koɑhsnoubɑɦi̯o-
Lat. cōnūbio-
(n.) ‘gegenseitiges Heimatsrecht’
(WH 2:268)
(in Lat. cōnūbium [sgN])
1. PIE *koɑhsnoubɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kohsnoubɦi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. kohsnoubɦi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *kosnoubɦi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. kosnoubɦi̯o-
*bɦ → f
Affricativization of labial *bɦ
RAffricatBH2f → *kosnoufi̯o-
4. kosnoufi̯o-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *kosnūfi̯o-
5. kosnūfi̯o-
*ɦ → h
Change of *f into b
RChangeF2B → *kosnūbi̯o-
6. kosnūbi̯o-
*osn → ōn
Loss of *s and lengthening of *osn to ōn
RChangeoSN2ON → *kōnūbi̯o-
7. kōnūbi̯o-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → *cōnūbi̯o-
8. cōnūbi̯o-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
ROrthogrY2i → Lat. cōnūbio-
PIE *snoubɑɦili-
Lat. nūbili-
(a.) ‘in heiratsfähigem Alter’
(WH 2:183)
(Lat. nūbilis)
1. PIE *snoubɑɦili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *snoubɦili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. snoubɦili-
*bɦ → f
Affricativization of labial *bɦ
RAffricatBH2f → *snoufili-
3. snoufili-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *snūfili-
4. snūfili-
*ɦ → h
Change of *f into b
RChangeF2B → *snūbili-
5. snūbili-
*sn → n
Loss of *s before n
RChangeSN2N → Lat. nūbili-
PIE *snoubɑɦs-
Lat. nūbs-
(ao.) ‘heiraten (von der Frau)’
(WH 2:183f.)
(Lat. nūpsit)
1. PIE *snoubɑɦs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *snoubɦs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. snoubɦs-
CHs → Cs
Loss of *h between stop and *s
R13 → *snoubs-
3. snoubs-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *snūbs-
4. snūbs-
*sn → n
Loss of *s before n
RChangeSN2N → Lat. nūbs-
PIE *snoubɑɦtiēɑh-
Lat. nūptiā-
(f.pl) ‘Hochzeit’
(WH 2:183)
1. PIE *snoubɑɦtiēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *snoubɑɦtiāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. snoubɑɦtiāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *snoubɦtiāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. snoubɦtiāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *snoubɦtiā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. snoubɦtiā-
*bɦ → f
Affricativization of labial *bɦ
RAffricatBH2f → *snouftiā-
5. snouftiā-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *snūftiā-
6. snūftiā-
*ft → pt
Deaspiration of *f before t
RDevoiceFT2PT → *snūptiā-
7. snūptiā-
*sn → n
Loss of *s before n
RChangeSN2N → Lat. nūptiā-
√snusɑh-
(IEW. 978)
PIE *sú.snuso-
RV. sú.snuṣa-
(a.) ‘schöne Schwiegertochter habend’
(WbRV. 1559)
(EWA 2:771-2 [wL.], Tu. 13801)
1. PIE *sú.snuso-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *sú.snušo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
2. sú.snušo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sú.snuša-
3. sú.snuša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → RV. sú.snuṣa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
PIE *snusó-
Gr. νυό-
(f.) ‘Schwiegertochter’
[GEW 2:328, 3:158]
(Gr. νυός)
1. PIE *snusó-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *hnuhó-
2. hnuhó-
*h → Ø
Loss of *h before n
RChangeSN2N → *nuhó-
3. nuhó-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *nuó-
4. nuó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. νυό-
PIE *snusḗɑh-
AV. snuṣā́-
(f.) ‘sons wife’
(KEWA III:535)
1. PIE *snusḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *snusā́ɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. snusā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *snusā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. snusā́h-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *snušā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
4. snušā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *snušā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. snušā́-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → AV. snuṣā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
PIE *snouso-
Arm. now
(sb.) ‘Schwiegertochter’
(XX:XX)
(Arm. now [sgN], nowoy [sgG])
1. PIE *snouso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *hnouho-
2. hnouho-
*h → Ø
Loss of *h before n
RChangeSN2N → *nouho-
3. nouho-
*ouh → owh
Change of ouh into owh
RChangeou2ow → *nowho-
4. nowho-
*owh → ow
Loss of h after ow
Rowh2ow → Arm. nowo-
PIE *snusu-
Lat. nuru-
(f.) ‘Schwiegertochter’
[WH 2:190]
(Lat. nurus, nurūs [sgG])
1. PIE *snusu-
*VsV → VrV
Rhotacism of *s between vowels
RRhotacism → *snuru-
2. snuru-
*sn → n
Loss of *s before n
RChangeSN2N → Lat. nuru-
PIE *snusḗɑh·n-
OHG. snura·n-
(f.) ‘Schwiegertochter, Schnur’
(EWAhd. XX)
(OHG. snura)
1. PIE *snusḗɑh·n-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *snusā́ɑh·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. snusā́ɑh·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *snusā́h·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. snusā́h·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *snusā́·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. snusā́·n-
*ā́RC → áRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ā́RC
ROsthoffa2 → *snusá·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
5. snusá·n-
*usá -> urá
Verner's Law
RVerneruSá → *snurá·n-
6. snurá·n-
*á → a
Absence of accent in OHG
R32 → OHG. snura·n-
PIE *snusḗɑh
OEng. snoru-
(.) ‘Schwiegertochter, Schnur’
(ASaxD. XX)
(OEng. snoru [sgN], WP 2:701f.)
1. PIE *snusḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *snusā́ɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. snusā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *snusā́h
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. snusā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *snusā́
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. snusā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
RChangeA2O2 → *snusṓ
(XX:XX)
5. snusṓ
*usṓ -> urṓ
Verner's Law
RVerneruSO2 → *snurṓ
6. snurṓ
*-ṓ → -ú
Change of root-final -ṓ into -ú
RChangeFinalO2ú → *snurú
7. snurú
*ú → u
Absence of accent
R32 → OEng. snuru
PIE *snusḗɑh
OIcl. snor-
(f.) ‘Schwiegertochter, Schnur’
(ANEtWb. 528)
1. PIE *snusḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *snusā́ɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. snusā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *snusā́h
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. snusā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *snusā́
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. snusā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
RChangeA2O2 → *snusṓ
(XX:XX)
5. snusṓ
*usṓ -> urṓ
Verner's Law
RVerneruSO2 → *snurṓ
6. snurṓ
*-ṓ → -á
Change final -ṓ to -á
RChangeFinalO2a2 → OIcl. snurá
PIE *snousēɑh-
CS. snucha-
(f.) ‘son’s wife’
(Sadnik √XX)
1. PIE *snousēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *snousāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. snousāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *snousāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. snousāh-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *snoušāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
4. snoušāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *snaušāh-
5. snaušāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *snaušā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. snaušā-
*š → x
Slavonic change of *š to x
RRuki2Slav → *snauxā-
7. snauxā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *snouxā-
8. snouxā-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *snūxā-
9. snūxā-
*x → ch
Orthographic change of *x into ch
ROrthogrX2ch → *snūchā-
10. snūchā-
*ā → a
Orthographic change of *ā into a
ROrthogrA2a1 → *snūcha-
11. snūcha-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
ROrthogrU2u → CS. snucha-
PIE *snusēɑh-
SerbCS. snŭcha-
(f.) ‘Schwiegertochter’
(REW 2:682f.)
1. PIE *snusēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *snusāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. snusāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *snusāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. snusāh-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *snušāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
4. snušāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *snušā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. snušā-
*š → x
Slavonic change of *š to x
RRuki2Slav → *snuxā-
6. snuxā-
*x → ch
Orthographic change of *x into ch
ROrthogrX2ch → *snuchā-
7. snuchā-
*ā → a
Orthographic change of *ā into a
ROrthogrA2a1 → *snucha-
8. snucha-
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
ROrthogru2u1 → SerbCS. snŭcha-
√snut-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *snuto-
HLu. šnuta-
(c.) ‘a designation for females’
(CHLu. 11.1.a11)
(HLu. (“FEMINA(?)”)sà-nu-ta-sa [G])
1. PIE *snuto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *snuta-
(XX:XX)
2. snuta-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. šnuta-
PIE *snuti̯eɑhi
Alb. nuse-
(f.) ‘Braut’
(Pedersen 1900 KZ 36:279)
(Alb. nuse [pl = sg(?)])
1. PIE *snuti̯eɑhi
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *snuti̯aɑhi
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. snuti̯aɑhi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *snuti̯ahi
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. snuti̯ahi
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *snuti̯ai
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. snuti̯ai
*sn → n
Loss of sibilant *s in *sn-
R16a → *nuti̯ai
(XX:XX)
5. nuti̯ai
PIE *ti̯ → s
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
RDentAssibTJ → *nusai
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
6. nusai
*ai/i̯ → e
Monophthongization of *ai/i̯ into e
R24 → Alb. nuse
(XX:XX)


PIE √sp- √sop- √sep- ‘säubern’
(IEW XX)
(Or PIE *sopah- : *sobɑɦ- [Sturtevant’s Law] ?)
√sopo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *sopo-
Hitt. šapa-
(vb.) ‘säubern’
(HEG II:842-5)
1. PIE *sopo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sapa-
(XX:XX)
2. sapa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šapa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sopēi̯o-
Alb. shapoj-
(pr.) ‘polish’
(AlbEtD. 408)
1. PIE *sopēi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sapēi̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. sapēi̯a-
*s → sh
Change of *s into sh
RChangeS2SH → *shapēi̯a-
3. shapēi̯a-
*ē → o
Affricativization of *ē into o
RChangeE2o → *shapoi̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. shapoi̯a-
* i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
ROrthogrY2j → Alb. shapoja-
PIE *sopomon-
Pal. šapaman-
(pt.) ‘gereinigt (?) oder Reinigung (?)’
(DPal. 69)
(Pal. ša-pa-a-ma-an, [sgNA])
1. PIE *sopomon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sapaman-
(XX:XX)
2. sapaman-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Pal. šapaman-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sopomon-
Pal. šapaman-
(.) ‘-(?)-’
(DPal. 69)
(Pal. (-)]šap-pa-ma-an [sgNA])
1. PIE *sopomon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sapaman-
(XX:XX)
2. sapaman-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Pal. šapaman-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sopou-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *sopēu̯o-
Alb. shapova-
(ao.) ‘polish’
(AlbEtD. 408)
1. PIE *sopēu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sapēu̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. sapēu̯a-
*s → sh
Change of *s into sh
RChangeS2SH → *shapēu̯a-
3. shapēu̯a-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *shapēva-
4. shapēva-
*ē → o
Affricativization of *ē into o
RChangeE2o → Alb. shapova-
(XX:XX)
PIE *sopou̯ino-
Pal. šapau̯ina-
(vb.) ‘reinigen; säubern (?)’
(HHand. 143)
(DPal. 69, Pal. ša-pa-u-i-na-i))
1. PIE *sopou̯ino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sapau̯ina-
(XX:XX)
2. sapau̯ina-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Pal. šapau̯ina-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sopeio-
PIE *sopei̯o-
CLu. šapei̯a-
(vb.) ‘récurer : make clean, polish, purify’
(DLL. 85)
(CLu. ša-pí-ia-ti(-pa-a[t-ta] [3sg])
1. PIE *sopei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sapei̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. sapei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. šapei̯a-
PIE *sopei̯o-
CLu. šapei̯a-
(sb.) ‘ein Reinigungsmittel’
(HHand. 143)
1. PIE *sopei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sapei̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. sapei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. šapei̯a-
PIE *sopei̯o·si-
CLu. šapei̯a·ši-
(a.gen.) ‘of šapei̯a-’
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *sopei̯o·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sapei̯a·si-
(XX:XX)
2. sapei̯a·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. šapei̯a·ši-
√sopiSorɑh-
PIE *sopisorēɑh-
Hitt. šapišarāḫ-
(vb1.) ‘reinigen, abwaschen’
(HHand. 143)
(‹suffix unclear›)
1. PIE *sopisorēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *sopisorāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. sopisorāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sopisorāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. sopisorāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sapisarāh-
(XX:XX)
4. sapisarāh-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *šapišarāh-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. šapišarāh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. šapišarāḫ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)


PIE √sp- √sop- √sep- (sb.) ‘Fuß, Pfote, Huf (des Pferdes), Roß’
(IEW XX)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√sopl-
PIE *soplḗɑh-
Att. ὁπλή-
(f.) ‘der ungespaltene Huf des Pferdes’
(GEW 2:404)
1. PIE *soplḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *soplā́ɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. soplā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *soplā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. soplā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *soplā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. soplā́-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *hoplā́-
5. hoplā́-
*ā́ → ḗ
Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ
RChangeA2E2 → *hoplḗ-
6. hoplḗ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Att. hοπλή-
PIE *soplḗɑhu̯ent-
Att. ὁπλήεντ-
(pt.) ‘mit Huf versehen’
(GEW 2:404)
(Gr. ὁπλή(ϝ)εντ-)
1. PIE *soplḗɑhu̯ent-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *soplā́ɑhu̯ent-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. soplā́ɑhu̯ent-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *soplā́hu̯ent-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. soplā́hu̯ent-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *soplā́u̯ent-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. soplā́u̯ent-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *hoplā́u̯ent-
5. hoplā́u̯ent-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *hoplā́ent-
6. hoplā́ent-
*ā́ → ḗ
Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ
RChangeA2E2 → *hoplḗent-
7. hoplḗent-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Att. hοπλήεντ-
√sopti-
PIE *sópti-
RV. sápti-
(m.) ‘Ross’
(WbRV. 1476)
(Thus not to RV. sápti- (a.) ‘verbunden, vereint’ (WbRV. 1476)?
1. PIE *sópti-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → RV. sápti-
PIE *sópti-
RV. sápti-
(a.) ‘BW des Rosses’
(WbRV. 1476)
1. PIE *sópti-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → RV. sápti-
PIE *sóptiɑ́hu̯ent-
RV. sáptīvant-
(a.) ‘mit Rossen fahrend’
(WbRV. 1476)
1. PIE *sóptiɑ́hu̯ent-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1b → *sóptiíhu̯ent-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. sóptiíhu̯ent-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *sáptiíhu̯ent-
3. sáptiíhu̯ent-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *sáptiíu̯ent-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. sáptiíu̯ent-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → *sáptī́u̯ent-
5. sáptī́u̯ent-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *sáptī́u̯ant-
6. sáptī́u̯ant-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → RV. sáptī́vant-
√sopu-
(HEG S:853-4)
PIE *sopu-
Hitt. šapu-
(.) ‘Fuß, Pfote, Huf?’
(HEG 2:853)
(Cf. Tischler HHand. 143, also ‘Horn (?)’)
1. PIE *sopu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sapu-
(XX:XX)
2. sapu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šapu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √sr- √sor- √ser- ‘teilen, trennen’ (sb.) ‘Teil, Anteil, Los, Stand, Lage’
(IEW XX)
(Pyysalo)
√soro-
(CHD Š: 229f.)
PIE *soro-
Hitt. šara-
(c.) ‘Teil, Anteil’
(HEG S:863f.)
(Hitt. šarraz [adv.], HIL. 840, HHand. 144)
1. PIE *soro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sara-
(XX:XX)
2. sara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *soro-
Hitt. šara-
(vb2M.) ‘teilen, trennen’
(HHand. 143)
(HIL. 839)
1. PIE *soro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sara-
(XX:XX)
2. sara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sesoro-
Hitt. šešara-
(vb1.) ‘zerteilen, sortieren’
(HHand. 149)
1. PIE *sesoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sesara-
(XX:XX)
2. sesara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šešara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sori-
PIE *sorei̯o-
Hitt. šarei̯a-
(vb1.) ‘teilen, trennen’
(HEG S:XX)
1. PIE *sorei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sarei̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. sarei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šarei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *soriski̯e/o-
Hitt. šariške/a-
(vb.) ‘zerteilen, sortieren’
(HEG S:XX)
(Hitt. šareški-)
1. PIE *soriski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *sorisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. sorisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sarisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
3. sarisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *sariske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. sariske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šariške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sort-
[WP 2:500]
PIE *sort-
Lat. sort-
(f.) ‘Los, Stand, Lage, Besitz, Erdteil’
(WH 2:563)
PIE *sortiɑ́h-
Lat. sortī-
(pr4.) ‘--’
(OxLatD. XX)
(Lat. sortio, sortīre. WH 2:564)
1. PIE *sortiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1b → *sortiíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. sortiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *sortií-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. sortií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractií → *sortī́-
4. sortī́-
*ī́ → ī
Orthographic absence of accent
R42 → Lat. sortī-


PIE √sr-, √sor-, √ser- ‘Hund’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√sor-, √ser-
PIE *sihɑ́.soro-
OInd. sīsara-
(n.) ‘Benennung eines Hunde-Dämons’
(EWA 3:478)
1. PIE *sihɑ́.soro-
PIE *iḫɑ́ → iḫí
Distant assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1d → *sihí.soro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. sihí.soro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sihí.sara-
3. sihí.sara-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *sií.sara-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. sií.sara-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → OInd. sī́.sara-
PIE *sōLēɑh·u̯l̥ku̯ó-
RV. sālā·vr̥ká-
(m.) ‘ein Tier aus dem Hundegeschlechte’
(WbRV. 1513)
(etwa ‘Schakal, Hyäne’)
1. PIE *sōLēɑh·u̯l̥ku̯ó-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *sōLāɑh·u̯l̥ku̯ó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. sōLāɑh·u̯l̥ku̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sōLāh·u̯l̥ku̯ó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. sōLāh·u̯l̥ku̯ó-
PIE *l̥ → r̥
Change of *l̥ into r̥
RChangelr2 → *sōLāh·u̯r̥ku̯ó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
4. sōLāh·u̯r̥ku̯ó-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RChangelr4 → *sōlāh·u̯r̥ku̯ó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
5. sōlāh·u̯r̥ku̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *sōlāh·u̯r̥ku̯á-
6. sōlāh·u̯r̥ku̯á-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *sālāh·u̯r̥ku̯á-
7. sālāh·u̯r̥ku̯á-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *sālā·u̯r̥ku̯á-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
8. sālā·u̯r̥ku̯á-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *sālā·u̯r̥ká-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
9. sālā·u̯r̥ká-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → RV. sālā·vr̥ká-
√sorm-, √serm-
PIE *sihɑ́.soromo-
OInd. sīsarama-
(m.) ‘ein Hunde-Dämon’
(MonWil. XX)
(KEWA XX)
1. PIE *sihɑ́.soromo-
PIE *iḫɑ́ → iḫí
Distant assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1d → *sihí.soromo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. sihí.soromo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sihí.sarama-
3. sihí.sarama-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *sií.sarama-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. sií.sarama-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → OInd. sī́.sarama-
PIE *sorémēɑh-
RV. sarámā-
(f.) ‘Hündin Indras & der Götter, KEWA 3:442-3’
(WbRV. 1487)
(RV. sarámā)
1. PIE *sorémēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *sorémāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. sorémāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sorémāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. sorémāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sarémāh-
4. sarémāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *sarémā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. sarémā-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → RV. sarámā-
√sormi-, √sermi-
PIE *sormei-
Hitt. šarmei-
(d.) ‘Cult in Atarbapa-’
(OHP. 1:375)
(Hitt. šar-mi [Abs])
1. PIE *sormei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sarmei-
(XX:XX)
2. sarmei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šarmei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sormei-
Hitt. šarmei-
(LÚc.) ‘ein Funktionär’
(HHand. 146)
1. PIE *sormei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sarmei-
(XX:XX)
2. sarmei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šarmei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sormei̯o-
Hitt. šarmei̯a-
(c.) ‘Wildhund, nicht domestizierter Hund’
(HHand. 146)
1. PIE *sormei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sarmei̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. sarmei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šarmei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sormei̯o-
Hitt. šarmei̯a-
(LÚc.) (ein Funktionär)
(HHand. 146)
1. PIE *sormei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sarmei̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. sarmei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šarmei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sōromeii̯ó-
RV. sārameyá-
(m.) ‘Nachkomme der Sarámā-’
(WbRV. 1513)
1. PIE *sōromeii̯ó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sōrameii̯ó-
2. sōrameii̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *sōrameii̯á-
3. sōrameii̯á-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *sārameii̯á-
4. sārameii̯á-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *sāramaii̯á-
5. sāramaii̯á-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RChangeAI2E1 → *sāramēi̯á-
6. sāramēi̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → *sāramēyá-
7. sāramēyá-
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthOIA4 → RV. sārameyá-


PIE √sr- √ser- √sor- ‘ober, oben, über, usw.’
(IEW. –)
(Heubeck, A. 1964. Idg. *ser- ‘oben’? Orbis 13: 264-267)
√ser-
PIE *ser-
Hitt. šer
(adv.) ‘oben, oberhalb, darauf, -über’
(HHand. 149)
1. PIE *ser-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šer-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ser-
Hitt. šer
(postpDL) ‘auf, oben, in’; ‘für, wegen’
(HHand. 149)
1. PIE *ser-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šer-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sor-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *soro-
Hitt. šara-
(vb2M.) ‘überschreiten : transgress’
(HHand. 143)
1. PIE *soro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sara-
(XX:XX)
2. sara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sorto-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *sorto-
HLu. šarta
(postp.) ‘upon, over’
(CHLu. 1.1.8.)
(HLu. SUPER+ra/i-ta)
1. PIE *sorto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sarta-
(XX:XX)
2. sarta-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. šarta-
PIE *sorto-
OLat. sorto-
(pt.) ‘surrectus’
(OxLatD. 1796)
(WH 2:564, PFest. sortus)
PIE *sorto-
OGaul. sorto-
(f.) ‘‹cf. OLat. sorto-›’
(ACSS. 2:1618)
(OGaul. sorto seruilliae Eleuterioni)
√sro-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *sro-
CLu. šra
(prep.) ‘oben, auf : sur’
(DLL. 85)
1. PIE *sro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sra-
(XX:XX)
2. sra-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. šra-
PIE *sro
Hitt. šra
(pospDL.) ‘empor, hinauf, herauf’
(HHand. 143)
1. PIE *sro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sra
(XX:XX)
2. sra
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šra
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sro·mno-
Hitt. šra·mna-
(a.) ‘oben befindlich’
(HHand. 144)
(OInd. nimna- (a.) ‘tief liegend’ (Wack. 2/2:777 [wF.)
1. PIE *sro·mno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sra·mna-
(XX:XX)
2. sra·mna-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šra·mna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sro·mni-
Hitt. šra·mni-
(adv.) ‘von oben herab’
(HHand. 144)
(RV. nimná- (n.) ‘Niederung, Tiefe’ (KEWA 2:166)
1. PIE *sro·mni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sra·mni-
(XX:XX)
2. sra·mni-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šra·mni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sro·storo-
OInd. sra·stara-
(m.) ‘Lager, Streu’
(EWA 2:785)
(Gr̥Sū. srastara-, KEWA 3:555f.)
1. PIE *sro·storo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → OInd. sra·stara-
√sroem-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·sroem-
Pahl. ā·hrām-
(pr.ps.) ‘rise, lift up, lead upwards’
(MPahl. 2:11)
(With PIE *em- ‘nehmen’ !)
1. PIE *Π·sroem-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·sraem-
2. Π·sraem-
*ea → ā
Contraction of e and a
R20b → *Π·srām-
3. Π·srām-
*s → h
Change of segmental *s into h
RChangeS2H → Pahl. Π·hrām-
PIE *Π·sroemi̯o-
Pahl. ā·hrāmya-
(pr.ps.) ‘rise, lift up, lead upwards’
(MPahl. 2:11)
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *Π·sroemi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·sraemi̯a-
2. Π·sraemi̯a-
*ea → ā
Contraction of e and a
R20b → *Π·srāmi̯a-
3. Π·srāmi̯a-
*s → h
Change of segmental *s into h
RChangeS2H → *Π·hrāmi̯a-
4. Π·hrāmi̯a-
*i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R29a → Pahl. Π·hrāmya-
√sri-
PIE *sri-
CLu. šri
(adv.) ‘oben, auf, über’
(HHand. 145)
(DLL. 86, šar-ri)
1. PIE *sri-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. šri-
PIE *sri-
LycA. hri
(adv.) ‘en haut, sur’
(DLL. 26)
(Lyk&Hitt. 24)
1. PIE *sri-
PIE *s → h
Change of fricative *s into h
R17 → LycA. hri-
PIE *sri·Σ-
Hitt. šri·uašpa-
(TÚGc.) ‘Oberkleid, Jacke?’
(HHand. 145)
Hitt. šariuašpa-
1. PIE *sri·Σ-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šri·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √sr- √sor- √ser- (sb.) ‘Käsewasser, Molke’
(IEW XX)
√ser-
PIE *sero-
Lat. sero-
(n.) ‘Käsewasser, die Molke, das wässerliches Teil’
(WH 2:525)
(Lat. serum)
PIE *sero-
OGaul. sero-
(PNm.) ‘(Gaul. cognomen)’
(ACSS. 2:1525)
(OGaul. seri [sgG])
PIE *sorodɑɦi-
Hitt. šarazi-
(KUŠ) ‘Wasserschlauch, Schlauch’
(HHand. 144)
1. PIE *sorodɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sorodɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sorodɦi-
PIE *dɦi → zi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4b → *sorozi-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. sorozi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sarazi-
(XX:XX)
4. sarazi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šarazi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
sorT-
PIE *sortoi-
Hitt. šartai-
(vb2.) ‘(um)spülen, bestreichen’
(HHand. 146)
1. PIE *sortoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sartai-
(XX:XX)
2. sartai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šartai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sortou-
Hitt. šartau-
(n.) ‘Spülen’
(HHand. 146)
(Hitt. šar-ta-ua-aš [sgG])
1. PIE *sortou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sartau-
(XX:XX)
2. sartau-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šartau-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
sorunT-
XX apud Tischler HEG S:940
HIL. 852: OInd. srav- ‘to flow’, CHD Š: 299
PIE *sorunto-
Hi. šarunta-
() ‘Brunnen’
(HEG S:939-40)
(or Hitt. ussarunta (?)
Language not found or error while translating!


PIE √ses- (vb.) ‘wachsen, gedeihen’ (sb.) ‘Frucht, Getreide, Saatfeld, Ernte’
(IEW XX)
√ses-
(Kimball 1999:440)
PIE *ses-
Hitt. šeš-
(vb.) ‘gedeihen : prosper, proliferate’
(HIL. 873)
1. PIE *ses-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šeš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *seso-
Hitt. šeša-
() ((GIŠ)c.) ‘Frucht, Ernte’
(HHand. 149)
(Hitt. še-e-ša)
1. PIE *seso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sesa-
(XX:XX)
2. sesa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šeša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sesó-
RV. sasá-
(n./m.?) ‘Saatfeld, Getreide, Feldfrucht’
(EWA1:717)
(KEWA3:450, WbRV. 1494)
1. PIE *sesó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *sesá-
2. sesá-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → RV. sasá-
PIE *seso·hɑsusor-
Kpd. šeša·ḫšušar-
() ((f)c.) ‘Frucht·Königin’
(NOMS. 1158A)
(Kpd. ší-ša-aḫ-šu-šar)
1. PIE *seso·hɑsusor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *seso·hsusor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. seso·hsusor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sesa·hsusar-
(XX:XX)
3. sesa·hsusar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *šeša·hšušar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šeša·hšušar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Kpd. šeša·ḫšušar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *sesolo-
Hitt. šešala-
(c.) ‘Obst-pflücker’
(HHand. 149)
1. PIE *sesolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sesala-
(XX:XX)
2. sesala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šešala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *seson-
Hitt. šešan-
(n.) ‘Obstertrag, Obst’
(HHand. 149)
1. PIE *seson-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sesan-
(XX:XX)
2. sesan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šešan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √su- √sou- √seu- (a(dv.)) ‘schön, wohl, gut, recht, sehr, gut tüchtig’
(IEW. 342)
√osu-
PIE *osu-
Hitt. ašu-
(a.) ‘gut, nützlich, angenehm, gütig : SIG5’
(HEG 1:87)
1. PIE *osu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *asu-
(XX:XX)
2. asu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. ašu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *osu-
Hitt. ašu-
(n.) ‘das Gute, (Hab) und Gut’
(HEG 1:87)
(Hitt. a-aš-šu-i)
1. PIE *osu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *asu-
(XX:XX)
2. asu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. ašu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√esu-
PIE *esú-
Gr. ἐύ-
(a.) ‘gut’ (adv.) ‘wohl’
(GEW 1:594)
(Gr. ἐΰς, ἐΰ)
1. PIE *esú-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *ehú-
2. ehú-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *eú-
3. eú-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἐύ-
PIE *ēsú-
Gr. ἠύ-
(a.) ‘gut’ (adv.) ‘wohl’
(GEW 1:594)
(Gr. ἠΰς, ἠΰ)
1. PIE *ēsú-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *ēhú-
2. ēhú-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *ēú-
3. ēú-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἠύ-
√su-
(Saussure)
PIE *sú-
RV. sú-
(adv.) ‘schön, wohl, gut, recht, usw.’
(WbRV. 1526)
PIE *su·Σ-
Gr. ὑ·γιήσ-
(a.) ‘gesund, heilsam’
(GEW 2:954)
(Gr. ὑγιής, Bammesberger 1984:38-9, Seebold 1988:505)
1. PIE *su·Σ-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *hu·Σ-
2. hu·Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. hυ·Σ-
√suɑ́h-
(Catsanicos + Kloekhorst)
PIE *suɑ́h-
RV. sū́
(adv.) ‘schön, wohl, gut, recht, sehr, gut tüchtig’
(WbRV. 1526)
1. PIE *suɑ́h-
PIE *uɑ́ → uú
Assimilation of *u and *ɑ́
RAssimilation2b → *suúh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. suúh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *suú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. suú-
*uú → ū́
Contraction of u and ú
RContractuU → RV. sū́-
PIE *suɑ́h·mói̯o-
RV. sū·máya-
(a.) ‘schön verfertigt’
(WbRV. 1566)
1. PIE *suɑ́h·mói̯o-
PIE *uɑ́ → uú
Assimilation of *u and *ɑ́
RAssimilation2b → *suúh·mói̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. suúh·mói̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *suúh·mói̯a-
3. suúh·mói̯a-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *suúh·mái̯a-
4. suúh·mái̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *suú·mái̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. suú·mái̯a-
*uú → ū́
Contraction of u and ú
RContractuU → *sū́·mái̯a-
6. sū́·mái̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. sū́·máya-
PIE *suɑ́h·Σ-
Hitt. šuḫ·mili-
(a.) ‘wohlgeordnet, wohlgeformt, festgefügt, passend’
(HHand. 153)
1. PIE *suɑ́h·Σ-
PIE *uɑ́ → uú
Assimilation of *u and *ɑ́
RAssimilation2b → *suúh·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. suúh·Σ-
*uú → ū́
Contraction of u and ú
RContractuú → *sū́h·Σ-
3. sū́h·Σ-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *šū́h·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šū́h·Σ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → *šū́ḫ·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
5. šū́ḫ·Σ-
PIE *ū́ → u
Absence of accent and quantity in OAnat.
R17 → Hitt. šuḫ·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
PIE *suɑh·Σ-
Hitt. šuḫ·mili-
(GIŠ.) ‘Wohlgeformtes Rohr; Wohlgeformter Pfeil’
(HHand. 153)
1. PIE *suɑh·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *suh·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. suh·Σ-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *šuh·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. šuh·Σ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. šuḫ·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *suɑh·pili-
Hitt. šuḫ·pili-
(a.) ‘‹sehr fest : very firm›’
(HIL. 893-7)
1. PIE *suɑh·pili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *suh·pili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. suh·pili-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *šuh·pili-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. šuh·pili-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. šuḫ·pili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)


PIE √su- √sou- √seu- (vb.) ‘treiben’ (cf. OIcl. reka- ‘id.’) (sb.) ‘Hürde’ (cf. RV. vrajá- ‘id.’)
(IEW XX)
√sou-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *sēu-
OInd. sau-
(vb.) ‘to urge, impel, incite’
(MonWil. 1219)
(śBr. sauti [3sg])
1. PIE *sēu-
PIE *ē → ā
Aryan change of *ē into ā
RAryanE2A3 → *sāu-
2. sāu-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
ROrthOIA10 → OInd. sau-
PIE *pro.sou̯ó-
RV. pra.savá-
(m.) ‘Erregung, Antrieb, Treiben’
(WbRV. 883)
1. PIE *pro.sou̯ó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *pra.sau̯ó-
2. pra.sau̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *pra.sau̯á-
3. pra.sau̯á-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → RV. pra.savá-
PIE *ɦɑud.sou̯ó-
RV. ud.savá-
(m.) ‘die Unternehmung’
(WbRV. 251)
1. PIE *ɦɑud.sou̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦud.sou̯ó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦud.sou̯ó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦud.sau̯ó-
3. ɦud.sau̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *ɦud.sau̯á-
4. ɦud.sau̯á-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ud.sau̯á-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ud.sau̯á-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → RV. ud.savá-
PIE *o·sou̯o-
Hitt. a·šau̯a-
(n.) ‘Hürde, Pferch’
(HW2 A: 393f.)
(HED A:296f.,)
1. PIE *o·sou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *a·sau̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. a·sau̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. a·šau̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *o·sou̯or-
Hitt. a·šau̯ar-
(n.) ‘Hürde, Pferch : sheepfold, pen’
(HEG 1:79)
(Rieken 1999:351-2)
1. PIE *o·sou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *a·sau̯ar-
(XX:XX)
2. a·sau̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. a·šau̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√soun-
PIE *o·soun-
Hitt. a·šaun-
(n.) ‘Hürde, Pferch’
(HEG 1:79)
(EHS 79, 298
1. PIE *o·soun-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *a·saun-
(XX:XX)
2. a·saun-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. a·šaun-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *o·souno-
Hitt. a·šauna-
(n.) ‘Hürde, Pferch’
(HIL. 260)
(Hitt. ašaunaz [sgAbl])
1. PIE *o·souno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *a·sauna-
(XX:XX)
2. a·sauna-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. a·šauna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√su-
(Oettinger 1979:279)
PIE *su-
OInd. su-
(vb.) ‘to urge, impel, incite’
(MonWil. 1219)
(śBr. suhi [2sg])
PIE *su-
Hitt. šu-
(prM.) ‘treiben’
(HIL. 920)
(Hitt. šu-ut-ta-ti, šu-ut-ta-ru)
1. PIE *su-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√suo-
PIE *su̯o-
Hitt. šu̯a-
(vb.) ‘push’
(HIL. 920)
(Hitt. šu-u̯a-at-te-en [2pl.], šu-u̯a-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *su̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *su̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. su̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯r̥ɦɑgii̯eɑh·su̯o-
LAv. vǝrǝzya·ŋuha-
(a.) ‘des Antrieb, Schaffensdrang energisch ist’
(AIWb. 1426)
(LAv. vǝrǝzyaŋuhahe)
1. PIE *u̯r̥ɦɑgii̯eɑh·su̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *u̯r̥ɦɑgii̯aɑh·su̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. u̯r̥ɦɑgii̯aɑh·su̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯r̥ɦgii̯ah·su̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. u̯r̥ɦgii̯ah·su̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *u̯r̥ɦj́i̯ah·su̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. u̯r̥ɦj́i̯ah·su̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯r̥ɦj́i̯ah·su̯a-
5. u̯r̥ɦj́i̯ah·su̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *u̯r̥j́i̯ah·su̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. u̯r̥j́i̯ah·su̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯r̥j́i̯a·su̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. u̯r̥j́i̯a·su̯a-
*r̥ → ǝr
Change of *r̥ into ǝr
R19a → *u̯ǝrj́i̯a·su̯a-
8. u̯ǝrj́i̯a·su̯a-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
R19b → *u̯ǝrǝj́i̯a·su̯a-
9. u̯ǝrǝj́i̯a·su̯a-
*s → h
Change of segmental *s into h)
R26 → *u̯ǝrǝj́i̯a·xu̯a-
10. u̯ǝrǝj́i̯a·xu̯a-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Avestan
RSatem2Av3 → *u̯ǝrǝzi̯a·xu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
11. u̯ǝrǝzi̯a·xu̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → *u̯ǝrǝzya·xu̯a-
12. u̯ǝrǝzya·xu̯a-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → LAv. vǝrǝzya·xva-
√sui-
PIE *su̯i-
Hitt. šu̯i-
(vb.) ‘verstoßen, verdrängen, schieben’
(HHand. 157)
1. PIE *su̯i-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√suon-
PIE *su̯on-
Hitt. šu̯an-
(vb.) ‘push’
(HIL. 920)
(Hitt. šu-u̯a-nu-un, šu-u̯a-an-du-ma-at)
1. PIE *su̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *su̯an-
(XX:XX)
2. su̯an-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šu̯an-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *hɑepo·su̯enu̯o-
LAv. apa·xvanva-
(pr.) ‘repel : ablenken’
(AIWb. 1782)
(LAv. apa.anva-, Burrow 1979:15)
1. PIE *hɑepo·su̯enu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑapo·su̯enu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapo·su̯enu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hapo·su̯enu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hapo·su̯enu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hapa·su̯enu̯a-
4. hapa·su̯enu̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *apa·su̯enu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. apa·su̯enu̯a-
*s → h
Change of segmental *s into h)
R26 → *apa·xu̯enu̯a-
6. apa·xu̯enu̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *apa·xu̯anu̯a-
7. apa·xu̯anu̯a-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → LAv. apa·xvanva-
√suos-
PIE *su̯osei̯o-
LAv. xvaŋhaya-
(cs.) ‘(be)drängen, ins Gedränge bringen’
(AIWb. 1875)
1. PIE *su̯osei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *su̯asei̯a-
2. su̯asei̯a-
*s → h
Change of segmental *s into h)
R26 → *xu̯asei̯a-
3. xu̯asei̯a-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *xu̯ahei̯a-
4. xu̯ahei̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *xu̯ahai̯a-
5. xu̯ahai̯a-
ahA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
R37b → *xu̯aŋhai̯a-
6. xu̯aŋhai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → *xu̯aŋhaya-
7. xu̯aŋhaya-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → LAv. xvaŋhaya-
PIE *Π·su̯osei̯o-
LAv. paiti (…) xvaŋhaya·-
(cs.) ‘zurückdrängen, treiben’
(AIWb. 1875)
1. PIE *Π·su̯osei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·su̯asei̯a-
2. Π·su̯asei̯a-
*s → h
Change of segmental *s into h)
R26 → *Π·xu̯asei̯a-
3. Π·xu̯asei̯a-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *Π·xu̯ahei̯a-
4. Π·xu̯ahei̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *Π·xu̯ahai̯a-
5. Π·xu̯ahai̯a-
ahA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
R37b → *Π·xu̯aŋhai̯a-
6. Π·xu̯aŋhai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → *Π·xu̯aŋhaya-
7. Π·xu̯aŋhaya-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → LAv. Π·xvaŋhaya-
PIE *su̯ósoro-
RV. svásara-
(n.) ‘Hürde, (Kuh)stall, Nest der Vögel’
(WbRV. 1634)
1. PIE *su̯ósoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *su̯ósara-
2. su̯ósara-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *su̯ásara-
3. su̯ásara-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → RV. svásara-
PIE *su̯ósoro-
AV. svásara-
(n.) ‘Weide, Weideplatz’
(KEWA 3:565)
1. PIE *su̯ósoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *su̯ósara-
2. su̯ósara-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *su̯ásara-
3. su̯ásara-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → AV. svásara-
PIE *su̯osto-
LAv. xvasta-
(pt.a.) ‘gedroschen : threshed’
(AIWb. 1874-5)
1. PIE *su̯osto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *su̯asta-
2. su̯asta-
*s → h
Change of segmental *s into h)
R26 → *xu̯asta-
3. xu̯asta-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → LAv. xvasta-
PIE *hɑe·su̯osto-
LAv. a·xvasta-
(a.) ‘nicht gedroschen’
(AIWb. 299)
1. PIE *hɑe·su̯osto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑa·su̯osto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa·su̯osto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ha·su̯osto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ha·su̯osto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ha·su̯asta-
4. ha·su̯asta-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *a·su̯asta-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. a·su̯asta-
*s → h
Change of segmental *s into h)
R26 → *a·xu̯asta-
6. a·xu̯asta-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → LAv. a·xvasta-


PIE √sul- (vb.) ‘stoßen, schlagen, kampfen, streiten, zanken’
(IEW –)
(Kronasser + Pyysalo)
√sulo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *sulo-
Hitt. šula-
(vb.) ‘streiten, zanken, zornig behandeln’
(HHand. 154)
(in Hitt. šulant- [pt.])
1. PIE *sulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sula-
(XX:XX)
2. sula-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šula-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·suLo-
OInd. pra (…) sula·-
(vb.) ‘hineinstoßen’
(KEWA 3:488)
(TS. TB. pra sulati, pra sulāmi)
1. PIE *Π·suLo-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RChangelr4 → *Π·sulo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
2. Π·sulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → OInd. Π·sula-
PIE *sulon-
Hitt. šulan-
(n.) ‘Zank, Streit, (Grund zur) Aufregung’
(HEG 1142)
(Hitt. šu-ul-la-an-na-az)
1. PIE *sulon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sulan-
(XX:XX)
2. sulan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šulan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sulodɑɦor-
Hitt. šuladar-
(n.) ‘Zank, Streit, (Grund zur) Aufregung’
(HIL. 898)
(Hitt. šu-ul-la-tar)
1. PIE *sulodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sulodɦor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. sulodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *suladɦar-
(XX:XX)
3. suladɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *suladar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. suladar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šuladar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√suli-
(Kronasser)
(Sprache 6:178)
PIE *suloi-
Hitt. šulai-
(vb1.) ‘streiten, zanken, zornig behandeln’
(HHand. 154)
(Hitt. šulaizi)
1. PIE *suloi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sulai-
(XX:XX)
2. sulai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šulai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sulei̯o-
Hitt. šulei̯a-
(vb1.) ‘streiten, zanken, zornig behandeln’
(HHand. 154)
(Hitt. šu-ul-li-i̯a-at)
1. PIE *sulei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sulei̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. sulei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šulei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sulímēɑh-
Ion.-Att. ὑλίμη
(f.) ‘Kampf’
(GEW II:963)
(Hes ὑλίμη· μάχη τις)
1. PIE *sulímēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *sulímāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. sulímāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sulímāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. sulímāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *sulímā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. sulímā-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *hulímā-
5. hulímā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
RChangeA2E1 → *hulímē-
6. hulímē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Ion.-Att. hυλίμη-
PIE *sulis-
Hitt. šuliš-
(vb.) ‘in Streit geraten’
(HHand. 154)
1. PIE *sulis-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šuliš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √t- √to- √te- (vb.) ‘nehmen, rauben, stehlen’
(IEW. 1010)
[WP 2:610]
√to/e-
(Pyysalo 2013:88-9)
PIE *to-
Hitt. ta-
(vb2.) ‘nehmen : Sum. ME’
(HEG 3:5-11)
(Hitt. taḫi [1sg], da-a-i [3sg], daḫun [1sg])
1. PIE *to-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ta-
(XX:XX)
PIE *to-
HLu. ta-
(vb.) ‘nehmen : take’
(CHLu. 2.23.3)
(HLu. tà-ḫa [1sg], CAPERE)
1. PIE *to-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → HLu. ta-
(XX:XX)
PIE *to-
OInd. ta-
(m.) ‘thief : Dieb’
(MW. 431)
(Lex. taḥ [sgN])
1. PIE *to-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → OInd. ta-
PIE *té-
Lith. tè-
(ipv.) ‘take’
(LiEtWb. 1071)
(Lith. tè [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *té-
é → è
Emergence of gravis Li. è
RAcc4 → Lith. tè-
√teɑh-
PIE *tḗɑh·tēɑh-
Ion.-Att. τή·τη-
(f.) Hes. = ‘ἀπορία, ἔνδεια, στέρησις’
(GEW 2:895)
1. PIE *tḗɑh·tēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *tḗɑh·tāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. tḗɑh·tāɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *tā́ɑh·tāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. tā́ɑh·tāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tā́h·tāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. tā́h·tāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *tā́·tā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. tā́·tā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
RChangeA2E1 → *tā́·tē-
6. tā́·tē-
*ā́ → ḗ
Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ
RChangeA2E2 → *tḗ·tē-
7. tḗ·tē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Ion.-Att. τή·τη-
√teɑhi-
PIE *tēɑhtéɑhi̯o-
Dor. τᾱτάο-
(vbΜ.) ‘entbehren, darben, beraubt sein’
(GEW2:895)
1. PIE *tēɑhtéɑhi̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
Colouring rule for *éɑ
RColouring1d → *tēɑhtáɑhi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. tēɑhtáɑhi̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *tāɑhtáɑhi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. tāɑhtáɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tāhtáhi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. tāhtáhi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *tātái̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. tātái̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *tātáo-
6. tātáo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Dor. τᾱτάο-
PIE *tēɑhi̯i-
ORuss. tajĭ
(a.) ‘heimlich’ (sb.) ‘Geheimnis’
(REW 3:69)
1. PIE *tēɑhi̯i-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *tāɑhi̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. tāɑhi̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tāhi̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. tāhi̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *tāi̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. tāi̯i-
* i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
ROrthogrY2j → *tāji-
5. tāji-
*ā → a
Orthographic change of *ā into a
ROrthogrA2a1 → *taji-
6. taji-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
ROrthogri2i → ORuss. tajĭ-
√toi- √tei-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *toi-
Hitt. tai-
(vb1.) ‘stehlen, bestehlen’
(HEG 3:24-)
(Hitt. ta-a-iz-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *toi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. tai-
(XX:XX)
PIE *toi̯o-
gAv. taya-
(m.) ‘Dieb(stahl)’
(AIWb. 638)
1. PIE *toi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tai̯a-
2. tai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → gAv. taya-
PIE *toi̯o-
gAv. taya-
(a.) ‘verstohlen, heimlich’
(AIWb. 638)
1. PIE *toi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tai̯a-
2. tai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → gAv. taya-
PIE *téi̯e-
Dor. τέε-
(vb.) ‘take’
(GEW II:890)
(in Gr. τῆ [2sg], τῆτε [2pl])
1. PIE *téi̯e-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *tée-
2. tée-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Dor. τέε-
PIE *meɑhl̥ntéi̯o-
OInd. maṇṭáya-
(cs.) ‘sich wie ein Vermittler ‹maṇ-› benehmen’
(KEWA 2:557)
(For maṇ- cf. Lat. mallo- ‘Gericht’ [Lex Salica])
1. PIE *meɑhl̥ntéi̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *maɑhl̥ntéi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. maɑhl̥ntéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *mahl̥ntéi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. mahl̥ntéi̯o-
PIE *l̥ → r̥
Change of *l̥ into r̥
RChangelr2 → *mahr̥ntéi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
4. mahr̥ntéi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *mahr̥ntéi̯a-
5. mahr̥ntéi̯a-
PIE *hRn → ṇ
Fortunatov’s Law for *hRn
RFortII6 → *maṇtéi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.2)
6. maṇtéi̯a-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *maṇtái̯a-
7. maṇtái̯a-
*ṇt → ṇṭ
Assimilation of retroflex
RRetrofl2 → *maṇṭái̯a-
8. maṇṭái̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → OInd. maṇṭáya-
√ti-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *téti-
Lith. tèti-
(vb.) ‘take’
(LiEtWb. 1071)
(Lith. tèti-te [ipv2pl])
1. PIE *téti-
é → è
Emergence of gravis Li. è
RAcc4 → Lith. tèti-
PIE *Π·toti-
HLu. arḫa tati·-
(vb.) ‘take away’
(CHLu. 2.9.27)
(HLu. ARHA tà-ti-i [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·toti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → HLu. Π·tati-
(XX:XX)
√ti-
PIE *Π·ti̯-
LAv. aiwi·ϑy-
(a.) ‘sich befassend mit [G]’
(AIWb. 91)
(LAv. aiwiϑyō [plN])
1. PIE *Π·ti̯-
*tR → ϑR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
R33b → *Π·ϑi̯-
2. Π·ϑi̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → LAv. Π·ϑy-
PIE *toii̯o-
Hitt. taia-
(vb1.) ‘(be)stehlen’
(HEG 3:24f.)
(Hitt. da-a-i-ia-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *toii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *taii̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. taii̯a-
* aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
RAnatGlide2 → *taia-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
3. taia-
* a i a → a i i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide3 → Hitt. tai̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
PIE *toiski̯e/o-
Hitt. taiške/a-
(vb.) ‘nehmen’
(HHand. 158)
(Hitt. ta-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *toiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *toisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. toisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *taisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
3. taisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *taiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. taiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. taiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√tos-, √tes-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·tetos-
RV. abhí (…) tatas·-
(pf.) ‘berauben, ausplündern’
(WbRV. 509)
(RV. tatasre)
1. PIE *Π·tetos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·tetas-
2. Π·tetas-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → RV. Π·tatas-
PIE *Π·tetos-
RV. ví (…) tatas·-
(pf.) ‘bestürmen’
(WbRV. 509)
(RV. ví tatasre [3pl])
1. PIE *Π·tetos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·tetas-
2. Π·tetas-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → RV. Π·tatas-
PIE *toski̯e/o-
Hitt. taške/a-
(vb.) ‘nehmen’
(HHand. 158)
(Hitt. da-aš-ki-e-mi, da-aš-ki-e-u-e-ni)
1. PIE *toski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *tosḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. tosḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tasḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
3. tasḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *taske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. taske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. taške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tósku̯oro-
RV. táskara-
(m.) ‘Räuber, Dieb’ (: ‘a tief, robber’)
(WbRV. 533)
1. PIE *tósku̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tósku̯ara-
2. tósku̯ara-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *tásku̯ara-
3. tásku̯ara-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → RV. táskara-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
PIE *tosku̯or·Σ-
OInd. taskar·āya-
(vbM.) ‘to behave like a thief’
(MonWil. 441)
1. PIE *tosku̯or·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tasku̯ar·Σ-
2. tasku̯ar·Σ-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → OInd. taskar·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
PIE *tōsku̯ori̯o-
OInd. tāskarya-
(n.) ‘thievishness, thieving’ (KEWA 1:491)
(MonWil. 446)
1. PIE *tōsku̯ori̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tōsku̯ari̯a-
2. tōsku̯ari̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *tāsku̯ari̯a-
3. tāsku̯ari̯a-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *tāskari̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. tāskari̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → OInd. tāskarya-
PIE *tosku̯oriɑ́h-
OInd. taskarī-
(f.) ‘a passionate woman; a kind of Mimosa’
(MonWil. 446)
1. PIE *tosku̯oriɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1b → *tosku̯oriíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. tosku̯oriíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tasku̯ariíh-
3. tasku̯ariíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *tasku̯arií-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. tasku̯arií-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *taskarií-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. taskarií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → OInd. taskarī́-
PIE *tosku̯orotēɑh-
OInd. taskaratā-
(f.) ‘thievishness, thieving’
(MonWil. 441)
1. PIE *tosku̯orotēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *tosku̯orotāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. tosku̯orotāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tosku̯orotāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. tosku̯orotāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tasku̯aratāh-
4. tasku̯aratāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *tasku̯aratā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. tasku̯aratā-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → OInd. taskaratā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)


PIE √t- √to- √te- ‘ankommen, treten, gehen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√to-
PIE *to-
CLu. ta-
(vb.) ‘ankommen’
(HHand. 158)
1. PIE *to-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. ta-
(XX:XX)
PIE *to-
HLu. ta-
(vb.) ‘walk’
(CHLu. 9.1.3)
(PES2(-)tà-ta [3pl.])
1. PIE *to-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → HLu. ta-
(XX:XX)
PIE *to-
HLu. ta-
(vb.) ‘walk’
(CHLu. 1.1.35)
(HLu. PES2.PES2(-)tà-ti
1. PIE *to-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → HLu. ta-
(XX:XX)
PIE *Π·to-
HLu. sara´ ta·-
(vb.) ‘come up’
(CHLu. 10.14.15)
(HLu. SARA´ “PES”2(-)tà-i [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·to-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → HLu. Π·ta-
(XX:XX)
√toi-
PIE *toi-
HLu. tai-
(vb.) ‘treten (?)’
(CHLu. 10.44.5)
HLu. PES2.PES2(-)tà-ia; Kimball 1999:444)
1. PIE *toi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → HLu. tai-
(XX:XX)
√teio-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *tei̯o-
Hitt. teia-
(vb1.) ‘(hin)treten : step’
(HHand. 175)
(Hitt. ti-ia, HIL. 1016)
1. PIE *tei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. tei̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *tei̯o-
OInd. taya-
(prM.) ‘to go’
(MonWil. 438)
(Dhātup. tayate [3sg])
1. PIE *tei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tei̯a-
2. tei̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *tai̯a-
3. tai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → OInd. taya-
PIE *tei̯o·u̯or-
Hitt. tei̯a·u̯ar-
(n.) ‘das Eintreten’
(HHand. 176)
(HIL. 1015-6)
1. PIE *tei̯o·u̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. tei̯a·u̯ar-
(XX:XX)
√teis-
PIE *teisogɑɦe/o-
Hitt. teišage/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘treten’
(Kimball 1999:444)
(Hitt. teišakezi [3sg])
1. PIE *teisogɑɦe/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *teisogɦe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. teisogɦe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *teisagɦe/a-
(XX:XX)
3. teisagɦe/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *teisage/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. teisage/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. teišage/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *teisigɑɦe/o-
Hitt. teišige/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘treten’
(Oettinger 1979:322)
(Hitt. ti-iš-ši-ki-mi ‘ich trete (?)’)
1. PIE *teisigɑɦe/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *teisigɦe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. teisigɦe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *teisigɦe/a-
(XX:XX)
3. teisigɦe/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *teisige/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. teisige/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. teišige/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √tɑh- √dɑɦ- (vb.) ‘sehen, wünschen’ (sb.) ‘Auge’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√tɑh-
PIE *ótɑho-
Gr. ὄθο-
(prM.) ‘take heed, regard’
(LSJ. 1200)
(Gr. ὄθομαι)
1. PIE *ótɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ótho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ótho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὄθο-
√tɑhēɑh-
PIE *ótɑhēɑh-
Att. ὄθη-
(f.) ‘φροντία, ὤρα, φόβος, λόγος’
(LSJ. 1200)
1. PIE *ótɑhēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *ótɑhāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. ótɑhāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *óthāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. óthāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *óthā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. óthā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
RChangeA2E1 → *óthē-
5. óthē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Att. ὄθη-
√tɑhi-
PIE *otɑhei-
Hitt. atei-
(.) ‘ein Körperteil; ‹Auge(n) (?)›’
(HEG 1:94)
(Hitt. ad-di-)
1. PIE *otɑhei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *othei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. othei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *athei-
(XX:XX)
3. athei-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → Hitt. atei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *otɑhéi̯o-
Gr. ὀθέο-
(prA.) ‘φροντίζω’
(LSJ. 1200)
(Gr. ὀθέω [1sg])
1. PIE *otɑhéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *othéi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. othéi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *othéo-
3. othéo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὀθέο-
PIE *ótɑhi̯-
Lith. àč-
(vb.) ‘sehen’
(LiEtWb. 1)
(Li. ač ‘siehe!’, àčte)
1. PIE *ótɑhi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *óthi̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. óthi̯-
PIE *thi̯ → č h
Assibilation of *th before *i̯
RDentAssib2a → *óčh-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. óčh-
ó → ò
Emergence of gravis Li. ò
RAcc5 → *òčh-
4. òčh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *òč-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. òč-
*ò → à
Change of *ò into à
RChangeO2A3 → Lith. àč-
PIE *Π·otɑhi̯o-
OLat. praed·otio-
(pr.) ‘praeoptare’
(WH 2:212)
(PaulFest. praed·otiont [3pl])
1. PIE *Π·otɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·othi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·othi̯o-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
RDeaspth → *Π·oti̯o-
3. Π·oti̯o-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
ROrthogrY2i → OLat. Π·otio-
√tɑhm-
PIE *ótɑhmeɑht-
Dor. ὄθματ-
(n.) ‘Gl. ὄμμα; LSJ. 1200’
(GEW 2:387)
(Aiol. ὄθματα [plNA])
1. PIE *ótɑhmeɑht-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *ótɑhmaɑht-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. ótɑhmaɑht-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *óthmaht-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. óthmaht-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *óthmat-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. óthmat-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Dor. ὄθματ-


PIE √tɑh- ‘schweigen’
(IEW 1055+1056)
(Pyysalo)
√tɑh·ki-
(IEW. 1055)
[WP. I:703]
PIE *teɑhki̯o-
Goth. þaha-
(vb.) ‘be silent, keep secret’
(GoEtD. 353)
(Goth. þahan [inf.])
1. PIE *teɑhki̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *taɑhki̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. taɑhki̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tahki̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. tahki̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *tahḱo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. tahḱo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *taḱo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. taḱo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *tako-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. tako-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
AffricateK → *taxo-
7. taxo-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
AffricateT → *þaxo-
8. þaxo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *þaxa-
(XX:XX)
9. þaxa-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
RGlottalicX2H → Goth. þaha-
PIE *teɑhki̯ei̯o-
Lat. taceo-
(pr2.) ‘schweigen : be silent’
(WH 2:641-2)
(Lat. taceō [1sg])
1. PIE *teɑhki̯ei̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *taɑhki̯ei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. taɑhki̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tahki̯ei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. tahki̯ei̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *tahḱei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. tahḱei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *taḱei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. taḱei̯o-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *takei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. takei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
RLossY1 → *takeo-
7. takeo-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → Lat. taceo-
PIE *teɑhki̯ito-
Lat. tacito-
(pt.) ‘schweigsam’
(WH 2:641-2)
1. PIE *teɑhki̯ito-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *taɑhki̯ito-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. taɑhki̯ito-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tahki̯ito-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. tahki̯ito-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *tahḱito-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. tahḱito-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *taḱito-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. taḱito-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *takito-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. takito-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → Lat. tacito-
√tɑh·us-
(IEW. 1056)
PIE *teɑhusi̯o-
CLu. taḫuši̯a-
(vb.) ‘keep ‹ušia-› silent/quiet ‹taḫ-›’
(DLL 89)
(CLu. da-ḫu-ši-i̯a-aḫ-ḫa [1sg])
1. PIE *teɑhusi̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *taɑhusi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. taɑhusi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tahusi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. tahusi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tahusi̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. tahusi̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → *taḫusi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
5. taḫusi̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. taḫuši̯a-
PIE *tɑ́husniɑ́h-
RV. tūṣṇī́-
(adv.) ‘still, schweigend’
(WbRV. 547)
(RV. tūṣṇī́m [adv.])
1. PIE *tɑ́husniɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1b → *tɑ́husniíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. tɑ́husniíh-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2c → *túhusniíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
3. túhusniíh-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *túhušniíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
4. túhušniíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *túušnií-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. túušnií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → *túušnī́-
6. túušnī́-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractUu → *tū́šnī́-
7. tū́šnī́-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → *tū́ṣnī́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
8. tū́ṣnī́-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
RRetrofl1 → RV. tū́ṣṇī́-
PIE *po·teɑhúsniɑ́h-
Sloven. po·túhni-
(vb.) ‘stille werden’
(APrS. 452)
(Sloven. potúhniti [inf.])
1. PIE *po·teɑhúsniɑ́h-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *po·taɑhúsniɑ́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. po·taɑhúsniɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1b → *po·taɑhúsniíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
3. po·taɑhúsniíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *po·tahúsniíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. po·tahúsniíh-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *po·tahúšniíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
5. po·tahúšniíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *pa·tahúšniíh-
6. pa·tahúšniíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pa·taúšnií-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. pa·taúšnií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → *pa·taúšnī́-
8. pa·taúšnī́-
*š → x
Slavonic change of *š to x
RRuki2Slav → *pa·taúxnī́-
9. pa·taúxnī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *po·toúxnī́-
10. po·toúxnī́-
*oú → ū́
Monophthongization of *oú into ū́
RMonophthou2U → *po·tū́xnī́-
11. po·tū́xnī́-
*x → ch
Orthographic change of *x into ch
ROrthogrX2ch → *po·tū́chnī́-
12. po·tū́chnī́-
*ī́ → í
Orthographic change of *ī́ into í
ROrthogrI2i2 → *po·tū́chní-
13. po·tū́chní-
*ū́ → ú
Orthographic change of *ū́ into ú
ROrthogrU2U → Sloven. po·túchní-
PIE *po·teɑhusnun
OCS. po·tuchnǫ-
(vb.) ‘quiescere’
(APrS. 452)
OCS. potuchnǫti [inf.])
1. PIE *po·teɑhusnun
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *po·taɑhusnun
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. po·taɑhusnun
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *po·tahusnun
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. po·tahusnun
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *po·tahušnun
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
4. po·tahušnun
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *pa·tahušnun
5. pa·tahušnun
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pa·taušnun
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. pa·taušnun
*š → x
Slavonic change of *š to x
RRuki2Slav → *pa·tauxnun
7. pa·tauxnun
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *po·touxnun
8. po·touxnun
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *po·tūxnun
9. po·tūxnun
*-un → -ǫ
Emergence of nasal vowel ǫ
RNasalizUN2O → *po·tūxnǫ
10. po·tūxnǫ
*x → ch
Orthographic change of *x into ch
ROrthogrX2ch → *po·tūchnǫ
11. po·tūchnǫ
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
ROrthogrU2u → OCS. po·tuchnǫ


PIE √tɑh-, √dɑɦ- ‘sprechen’
(IEW 291)
(+ Pyysalo)
√tɑh-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ṓtɑh-
OInd. ā́th-
(pf.) ‘speak’
(MonWil. XX)
(Br. ā́ttha [2sg])
1. PIE *ṓtɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ṓth-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ṓth-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
RChangeO2A4 → OInd. ā́th-
PIE *tɑhotɑho-
CLu. tata-
(GKLvb.) ‘verbum dicendi, HHand. 172’
(DLL. 95)
(CLu. ta-at-ta-ah-ha [1sg])
1. PIE *tɑhotɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *thotho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. thotho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *thatha-
(XX:XX)
3. thatha-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → CLu. tata-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦ-
PIE *ō·dɑɦ-
LAv. āδ-
(pr.P.) ‘genannt werden, heißen’
(AIWb. 55)
(LAv. āiδi [3sg])
1. PIE *ō·dɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ō·dɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ō·dɦ-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *ā·dɦ-
3. ā·dɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *ā·d-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. ā·d-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
R40c → LAv. ā·δ-
PIE *Π.ō·dɑɦ-
LAv. pairi.āδ·-
(pf.) ‘aufsagen, hersagen’
(AIWb. 55)
(LAv. pairi.āδa [3sg])
1. PIE *Π.ō·dɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π.ō·dɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π.ō·dɦ-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *Π.ā·dɦ-
3. Π.ā·dɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *Π.ā·d-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. Π.ā·d-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
R40c → LAv. Π.ā·δ-
PIE *odɑɦ-
LAv. aδ-
(pfM.) ‘sagen’
(AIWb. 55)
(LAv. aδaeča [1sg] uiti)
1. PIE *odɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *odɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. odɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *adɦ-
3. adɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *ad-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. ad-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
R40c → LAv. aδ-
√dɑɦe/o-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɑɦe-
Hitt. de-
(vb.) ‘(autoritativ) sprechen’
(HEG 3:291)
(Hitt. temi, tesi, tezi, tenun, tet, tedu, HHand. 173)
1. PIE *dɑɦe-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦe-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦe-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. de-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·ō·dɑɦo-
LAv. paity·āδa-
(m.) ‘Anwort’
(AIWb. 840)
1. PIE *Π·ō·dɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ō·dɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·ō·dɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ō·dɦa-
3. Π·ō·dɦa-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *Π·ā·dɦa-
4. Π·ā·dɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *Π·ā·da-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ā·da-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
R40c → LAv. Π·ā·δa-
√dɑɦeio-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɑɦei̯o-
OCS. dejo-
(vb.) ‘sagen’
(Sadnik √XX)
(OCS. dejǫ [1sg])
1. PIE *dɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦei̯a-
3. dɦei̯a-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *dei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. dei̯a-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *dei̯o-
5. dei̯o-
* i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
ROrthogrY2j → OCS. dejo-
PIE *Π·odɑɦei̯o-
LAv. paiti·aδaya-
(pr.) ‘antworten auf [A]’
(AIWb. 55)
(LAv. paiti.aδayā)
1. PIE *Π·odɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·odɦei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·odɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·adɦei̯a-
3. Π·adɦei̯a-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *Π·adei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. Π·adei̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *Π·adai̯a-
5. Π·adai̯a-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
R40c → *Π·aδai̯a-
6. Π·aδai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → LAv. Π·aδaya-
PIE *Π·ōdɑɦei̯o-
LAv. paiti (…) āδaya·-
(iter.) ‘antworten’
(AIWb. 55)
(LAv. paiti (…) āδayoi)
1. PIE *Π·ōdɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ōdɦei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·ōdɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ōdɦei̯a-
3. Π·ōdɦei̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *Π·ādɦei̯a-
4. Π·ādɦei̯a-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *Π·ādei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ādei̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *Π·ādai̯a-
6. Π·ādai̯a-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
R40c → *Π·āδai̯a-
7. Π·āδai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → LAv. Π·āδaya-
√dɑɦomo-
PIE *en·dɑɦomo
Lyd. ẽ·tam-
(c.) ‘Bestimmung, Verordnung’
(LydWb. 108)
(Lyd. XX)
1. PIE *en·dɑɦomo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *en·dɦomo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. en·dɦomo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *en·dɦama
(XX:XX)
3. en·dɦama
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *en·dama
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. en·dama
*eN → ẽN
Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ
R15b → *ẽn·dama
5. ẽn·dama
PIE *d → t
Devoicing of PIE *d
R16 → *ẽn·tama
6. ẽn·tama
*nt → t
Loss of *n before *t
R18a → *ẽ·tama
7. ẽ·tama
*à → Ø
Loss of root-final a
R19 → Lyd. ẽ·tam
PIE *o·dɑɦomo-
HLu. a·dama-
(pt.m.) ‘name’
(CHLu. 1.1.39)
(HLu. á-ta4-ma-za Melchert 1984:82-83)
1. PIE *o·dɑɦomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *o·dɦomo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. o·dɦomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *a·dɦama-
(XX:XX)
3. a·dɦama-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → HLu. a·dama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *o·dɑɦomo-
LycA. a·dãma-
(n.) ‘name’
(XX)
(Lyc. adãma [plA])
1. PIE *o·dɑɦomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *o·dɦomo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. o·dɦomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *a·dɦama-
(XX:XX)
3. a·dɦama-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *a·dama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. a·dama-
*am/n → ãm/n
Emergence of nasal vowel ã
R14a → LycA. a·dãma-
PIE *o·dɑɦomo·ni-
HLu. a·dama·ni-
(sb.) ‘name’
(CHLu. 6.2.19)
(HLu. á-ta5-ma-ni-)
1. PIE *o·dɑɦomo·ni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *o·dɦomo·ni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. o·dɦomo·ni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *a·dɦama·ni-
(XX:XX)
3. a·dɦama·ni-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → HLu. a·dama·ni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √tɑh- √dɑɦ- (vb.) ‘geben, schenken’
(IEW. 223-226)
(+ Pyysalo √tɑh-)
√to/eɑh-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *tóɑh-
Gr. τό-
(pr.) ‘geben’
(Grundr2 1:654)
(Gr. τότω ‘dato’)
1. PIE *tóɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tóh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tóh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *tó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. tó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. τό-
PIE *Π·ski̯ɑhi·toɑh-
Hitt. iški·taḫ-
(vb2.) ‘ein Zeichen geben ‹Hitt. šagi- ‘Zeichen’›’
(HHand. 65)
(Hitt. iš-kit9-ta-aḫ-ḫi; or to Gr. δό- (?))
1. PIE *Π·ski̯ɑhi·toɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ski̯hi·toh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·ski̯hi·toh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *Π·sḱhi·toh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. Π·sḱhi·toh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·sḱhi·tah-
(XX:XX)
4. Π·sḱhi·tah-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *Π·skhi·tah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. Π·skhi·tah-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *Π·ski·tah-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. Π·ski·tah-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *Π·ški·tah-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. Π·ški·tah-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. Π·ški·taḫ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑebɑɦro·dɑ́hi·tēɑh-
Dor. ἀφρο·δί̄·τᾱ-
(f.) ‘= Gr. ἀφροτίδη’
(KVG:249)
1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦro·dɑ́hi·tēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑabɑɦro·dɑ́hi·tēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabɑɦro·dɑ́hi·tēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *ɦɑabɑɦro·dɑ́hi·tāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. ɦɑabɑɦro·dɑ́hi·tāɑh-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *ɦɑabɑɦro·díhi·tāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
4. ɦɑabɑɦro·díhi·tāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦabɦro·díhi·tāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
5. ɦabɦro·díhi·tāh-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *ɦaphro·díhi·tāh-
6. ɦaphro·díhi·tāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *aphro·díhi·tāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. aphro·díhi·tāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aphro·díi·tā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
8. aphro·díi·tā-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractíi → *aphro·dī́·tā-
9. aphro·dī́·tā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Dor. ἀφρο·δī́·τᾱ-
PIE *ɦɑebɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dēɑɦ-
Ion.-Att. ἀφρο·τί̄·δη-
(f.) ‘= Gr. ἀφροδίτα’
(KVG:249)
1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dēɑɦ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑabɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dēɑɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dēɑɦ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *ɦɑabɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dāɑɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. ɦɑabɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dāɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *ɦɑabɑɦro·tíhi·dāɑɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
4. ɦɑabɑɦro·tíhi·dāɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦabɦro·tíhi·dāɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
5. ɦabɦro·tíhi·dāɦ-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *ɦaphro·tíhi·dāɦ-
6. ɦaphro·tíhi·dāɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *aphro·tíhi·dā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. aphro·tíhi·dā-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aphro·tíi·dā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
8. aphro·tíi·dā-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractíi → *aphro·tī́·dā-
9. aphro·tī́·dā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
RChangeA2E1 → *aphro·tī́·dē-
10. aphro·tī́·dē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Ion.-Att. ἀφρο·τī́·δη-
PIE *toɑhu̯e/o-
Phryg. τοϝε/ο-
(vb.) ‘geben’
(Fryg 138)
(Phryg. τοϝο, τοϝοι, ετοϝες)
1. PIE *toɑhu̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tohu̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tohu̯e/o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *tou̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. tou̯e/o-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Phryg. τοϝε/ο-
√dōɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·ski̯ɑhi·dōɑɦ-
Hitt. iški·dāḫ-
(vb2.) ‘ein Zeichen geben’
(HED E/I:426)
(Hitt. iš-ki-da-a-aḫ-ḫi [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·ski̯ɑhi·dōɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ski̯hi·dōɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·ski̯hi·dōɦ-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *Π·sḱhi·dōɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. Π·sḱhi·dōɦ-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *Π·sḱhi·dāɦ-
(XX:XX)
4. Π·sḱhi·dāɦ-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *Π·skhi·dāɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. Π·skhi·dāɦ-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *Π·ski·dāɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. Π·ski·dāɦ-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *Π·ški·dāɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. Π·ški·dāɦ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. Π·ški·dāḫ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *dṓɑɦ-
Gr. δώ-
(ao.) ‘geben’
(GEW 1:388-9)
(Gr. ἔδων [1sg])
1. PIE *dṓɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dṓɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dṓɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *dṓ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. dṓ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. δώ-
PIE *dṓɑɦ-
OLith. dúo-
(vb.) ‘geben’
(LiEtWb. 111f.)
(OLith. dúomi, Lith. dúoti [inf.])
1. PIE *dṓɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dṓɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dṓɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *dṓ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. dṓ-
*ṓ → úo
Change of ṓ into úo
RChangeO2uo2 → OLith. dúo-
PIE *dṓɑɦ-
Latv. duô-
(vb.) ‘geben’
(LiEtWb. 111f.)
(Latv. duôt [inf.])
1. PIE *dṓɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dṓɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dṓɦ-
*ṓh/ɦ → ôh/ɦ
Latv. broken tone rule for ṓh/ɦ
RAcc7 → *dôɦ-
3. dôɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *dô-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. dô-
*ô → uô
Change of ô into uô
RChangeO2uo2 → Latv. duô-
PIE *dṓɑɦ-
RV. dā́-
(ao.) ‘geben’
(WbRV. 590)
(RV. ádāt [3sg])
1. PIE *dṓɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dṓɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dṓɦ-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
RChangeO2A4 → *dā́ɦ-
3. dā́ɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → RV. dā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *dōɑɦno-
Lat. dōno-
(n.) ‘Gabe, Geschenk, das Geben’
(WH 1:371)
(Lat. dōnum [sgN])
1. PIE *dōɑɦno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dōɦno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dōɦno-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → Lat. dōno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *dṓɑɦno-
RV. dā́na-
(n.) ‘das Geben, die Gabe’
(WbRV. 594)
1. PIE *dṓɑɦno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dṓɦno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dṓɦno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dṓɦna-
3. dṓɦna-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
RChangeO2A4 → *dā́ɦna-
4. dā́ɦna-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → RV. dā́na-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *dṓɑɦro-
Gr. δώρο-
(n.) ‘Geschenk’
(GEW 1:430)
(Gr. δῶρον)
1. PIE *dṓɑɦro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dṓɦro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dṓɦro-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *dṓro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. dṓro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. δώρο-
PIE *dōɑɦro
OCS. darŭ-
(m.) ‘Gabe, Geschenk, Dank’
(Sadnik √XX)
(OCS. darŭ)
1. PIE *dōɑɦro
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dōɦro
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dōɦro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dōɦra
3. dōɦra
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *dāɦra
4. dāɦra
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *dāra
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. dāra
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *dāro
6. dāro
*-o → -u
Change of -o into -u
RChangeO2U → *dāru
7. dāru
*ā → a
Orthographic change of *ā into a
ROrthogrA2a1 → *daru
8. daru
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
ROrthogru2u1 → OCS. darŭ
√doɑɦ-
PIE *dóɑɦ-
Gr. δό-
(aoM.) ‘geben’
(GEW 1:388-9)
(Gr. ἐδόμην)
1. PIE *dóɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dóɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dóɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *dó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. dó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. δό-
PIE *doɑɦ·te
RV. dā·ta
(ao.) ‘geben’
(WbRV. 590)
(RV. dāta [2pl] with Brugmann’s Law II)
1. PIE *doɑɦ·te
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *doɦ·te
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. doɦ·te
PIE *ohCV → āhCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RBrugmII1 → *dāɦ·te
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.3.7)
3. dāɦ·te
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *dā·te
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. dā·te
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → RV. dā·ta
PIE *Π·dóɑɦ-
RV. draviṇo·dá-
(a.m.) ‘Gut gebend, Reichtumgeber’
(WbRV. 645)
1. PIE *Π·dóɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·dóɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·dóɦ-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *Π·dáɦ-
3. Π·dáɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → RV. Π·dá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *Π·doɑɦ-
Lith. priẽ·da-
(m.) ‘Zugabe, Zulage’
(LiEtWb. 112)
(Lith. priẽdas [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·doɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·doɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·doɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·do-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. Π·do-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Lith. Π·da-
PIE *dedoɑɦ-
LAv. daδa-
(a.) ‘gebend, schenkend’
(AIWb. 678)
1. PIE *dedoɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dedoɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dedoɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dedaɦ-
3. dedaɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *deda-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. deda-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *dada-
5. dada-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
R40c → LAv. daδa-
PIE *doɑɦí-
Gr. δοί-
(ao.) ‘geben’
(GEW 1: 388-9)
(Gr. δοίην [opt1sg])
1. PIE *doɑɦí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *doɦí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. doɦí-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *doí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. doí-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. δοί-
PIE *doɑɦi-
RV. de-
(ao.) ‘geben’
(WbRV. 589)
(RV. dehí [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *doɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *doɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. doɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *daɦi-
3. daɦi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *dai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. dai-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RChangeAI2E1 → *dē-
5. dē-
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthOIA4 → RV. de-
PIE *dóɑɦmen-
Gr. δόμεν-
(vn.bs.) ‘zu geben’
(GEW 1:388-9)
(Thess. Hom. δόμεν, Hom. δόμεναι)
1. PIE *dóɑɦmen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dóɦmen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dóɦmen-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *dómen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. dómen-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. δόμεν-
PIE *dóɑɦmen-
RV. dā́man-
(n.) ‘das Geben’
(WbRV. 595)
(RV. dā́mane [sgD], Brugmann’s Law II)
1. PIE *dóɑɦmen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dóɦmen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dóɦmen-
PIE *óhCV → ā́hCV
Brugmann’s Law for *óhCV
RBrugmII2 → *dā́ɦmen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.3.7)
3. dā́ɦmen-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *dā́men-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. dā́men-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → RV. dā́man-
PIE *doɑɦu̯i-
Fal. doui-
(pr.) ‘gewähren’
(WbOU. XX)
(in Fal. douiad [conj.3sg])
1. PIE *doɑɦu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *doɦu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. doɦu̯i-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *dou̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. dou̯i-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → Fal. doui-
PIE *Π·doɑɦu̯i-
Umbr. pur·doui-
(pr.) ‘porriciō’
(WbOU. XX)
(in Umbr. purdouitu [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·doɑɦu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·doɦu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·doɦu̯i-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·dou̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. Π·dou̯i-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → Umbr. Π·doui-
PIE *doɑɦu̯onēɑh
Latv. davana-
(f.) ‘Gabe’
(LiEtWb. 112)
1. PIE *doɑɦu̯onēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *doɑɦu̯onāɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. doɑɦu̯onāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *doɦu̯onāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. doɦu̯onāh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *dou̯onāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. dou̯onāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *dou̯onā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. dou̯onā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dau̯anā
6. dau̯anā
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *davanā
7. davanā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R28 → Latv. davana
PIE *doɑɦu̯onḗɑh
Lith. davanà-
(f.) ‘Gabe’
(LiWtWb. 112)
1. PIE *doɑɦu̯onḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *doɑɦu̯onā́ɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. doɑɦu̯onā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *doɦu̯onā́h
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. doɦu̯onā́h
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *dou̯onā́h
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. dou̯onā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *dou̯onā́
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. dou̯onā́
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dau̯anā́
6. dau̯anā́
*ā́ → ṓ
Change of ā́ into ṓ
RChangeA202 → *dau̯anṓ
7. dau̯anṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
RFinalo2a2 → *dau̯anà
8. dau̯anà
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → Lith. davanà
PIE *Π·dóɑɦu̯ēɑh-
Dor. ἀπυ·δόᾱ-
(pr.) ‘XX’
(GrGr 1:745)
(in Arc. ἀπυδόας [pt.])
1. PIE *Π·dóɑɦu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·dóɑɦu̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·dóɑɦu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·dóɦu̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·dóɦu̯āh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·dóu̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·dóu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·dóu̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·dóu̯ā-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *Π·dóā-
6. Π·dóā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Dor. Π·δόᾱ-
PIE *Π·dóɑɦu̯ēɑh-
AV. bala·dā́vā-
(a.) ‘Kraftverleihung’
(WbRV. 902)
1. PIE *Π·dóɑɦu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·dóɑɦu̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·dóɑɦu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·dóɦu̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·dóɦu̯āh-
PIE *óhCV → ā́hCV
Brugmann’s Law for *óhCV
RBrugmII2 → *Π·dā́ɦu̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.3.7)
4. Π·dā́ɦu̯āh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·dā́u̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·dā́u̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·dā́u̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. Π·dā́u̯ā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → AV. Π·dā́vā-
PIE *doɑɦu̯ḗɑh-
Latv. dãvâ-
(vb.iter.) ‘anbieten, schenken’
(LiEtWb. 112)
(Latv. dãvât [inf.])
1. PIE *doɑɦu̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *doɑɦu̯ā́ɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. doɑɦu̯ā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *doɦu̯ā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. doɦu̯ā́h-
*ā́h → âh
Latvian tone rule for *ā́h
RAcc3 → *doɦu̯âh-
4. doɦu̯âh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *dou̯âh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. dou̯âh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *dou̯â-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. dou̯â-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dau̯â-
7. dau̯â-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → Latv. davâ-
PIE *doɑhu̯én-
RV. dāván-
(vn.bs.) ‘geben’
(WbRV. 596)
(RV. dāváne; With Brugmann’s Law II)
1. PIE *doɑhu̯én-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dohu̯én-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dohu̯én-
PIE *ohCV → āhCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RBrugmII1 → *dāhu̯én-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.3.7)
3. dāhu̯én-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *dāu̯én-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. dāu̯én-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *dāu̯án-
5. dāu̯án-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → RV. dāván-
PIE *dóɑhu̯en-
ODor. δόϝεν-
(vn.bs.) ‘geben’
(GEW 1:388-9)
(Gr. δόϝεναι = Hom. Att. δοῦναι)
1. PIE *dóɑhu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dóhu̯en-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dóhu̯en-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *dóu̯en-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. dóu̯en-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → ODor. δόϝεν-
√dēɑɦ-
PIE *dēɑɦ-
Lat. dā-
(ao.) ‘geben, gewähren’
(WH 2:360)
(Lat. dās [2sg])
1. PIE *dēɑɦ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *dāɑɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. dāɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dāɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dāɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → Lat. dā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *ɦɑebɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dēɑɦ-
Ion.-Att. ἀφρο·τί̄·δη-
(f.) ‘= Gr. ἀφροδίτα’
(KVG:249)
1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dēɑɦ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑabɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dēɑɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dēɑɦ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *ɦɑabɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dāɑɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. ɦɑabɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dāɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *ɦɑabɑɦro·tíhi·dāɑɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
4. ɦɑabɑɦro·tíhi·dāɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦabɦro·tíhi·dāɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
5. ɦabɦro·tíhi·dāɦ-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *ɦaphro·tíhi·dāɦ-
6. ɦaphro·tíhi·dāɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *aphro·tíhi·dā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. aphro·tíhi·dā-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aphro·tíi·dā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
8. aphro·tíi·dā-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractíi → *aphro·tī́·dā-
9. aphro·tī́·dā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
RChangeA2E1 → *aphro·tī́·dē-
10. aphro·tī́·dē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Ion.-Att. ἀφρο·τī́·δη-
PIE *dḗɑɦ-
Arm. ta-
(vb.) ‘geben’
(ArmGr. 1:XX)
(Arm. tam [1sg])
1. PIE *dḗɑɦ-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *dā́ɑɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. dā́ɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dā́ɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dā́ɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *dā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. dā́-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
RDevoiced → *tā́-
5. tā́-
*ā́ → á
Loss of quantity of *ā́
RChangeA2a2 → *tá-
6. tá-
*á → a
Unmarkedness of accent
R23a → Arm. ta-
PIE *beɦɑLo·dḗɑɦ-
RV. bala·dā́-
(a.) ‘Kraft gebend’
(WbRV. 901)
1. PIE *beɦɑLo·dḗɑɦ-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *beɦɑLo·dā́ɑɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. beɦɑLo·dā́ɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *beɦLo·dā́ɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. beɦLo·dā́ɦ-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RChangelr4 → *beɦlo·dā́ɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
4. beɦlo·dā́ɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *beɦla·dā́ɦ-
5. beɦla·dā́ɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *bela·dā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. bela·dā́-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → RV. bala·dā́-
PIE *Π.dēɑɦ-
LAv. xšaϑrō.dā·-
(a.) ‘Herrschaft schenkend’
(AIWb. 547)
(LAv. xšaϑrō.då [sgN])
1. PIE *Π.dēɑɦ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π.dāɑɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π.dāɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π.dāɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π.dāɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π.dā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π.dā-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
R40c → LAv. Π.δā·-
PIE *dēɑɦní-
Lith. donì-
(.) ‘Zins, Steuer, Tribut’ ‹ not a loan (!) ›
(LiEtWb. 99)
(Lith. donì-)
1. PIE *dēɑɦní-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *dāɑɦní-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. dāɑɦní-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dāɦní-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dāɦní-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis Li. ì
RAcc2 → *dāɦnì-
4. dāɦnì-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *dānì-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. dānì-
*ā → ō
Change of ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → *dōnì-
6. dōnì-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
R27a → Lith. donì-
PIE *dēɑɦni-
OCS. danĭ-
(f.) ‘Aufgabe, Zoll, Tribut’
(Sadnik √XX)
(OCS. danĭ)
1. PIE *dēɑɦni-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *dāɑɦni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. dāɑɦni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dāɦni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dāɦni-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *dāni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. dāni-
*ā → a
Orthographic change of *ā into a
ROrthogrA2a1 → *dani-
5. dani-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
ROrthogri2i → OCS. danĭ-
PIE *dēɑɦu̯onḗɑh
Lith. dovanà-
(3f. dó-) ‘Gabe’
(LiEtWb.112)
(Lith. dovanà [sgN])
1. PIE *dēɑɦu̯onḗɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *dāɑɦu̯onḗɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. dāɑɦu̯onḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *dāɑɦu̯onā́ɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. dāɑɦu̯onā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dāɦu̯onā́h
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. dāɦu̯onā́h
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *dāu̯onā́h
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. dāu̯onā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *dāu̯onā́
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. dāu̯onā́
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dāu̯anā́
7. dāu̯anā́
*ā → ō
Change of ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → *dōu̯anā́
8. dōu̯anā́
*ā́ → ṓ
Change of ā́ into ṓ
RChangeA202 → *dōu̯anṓ
9. dōu̯anṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
RFinalo2a2 → *dōu̯anà
10. dōu̯anà
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *dōvanà
11. dōvanà
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
R27a → Lith. dovanà
PIE *dḗɑɦu̯onēɑh
Latv. dâvana-
(f.) ‘Gabe’
(LiEtWb. 112)
1. PIE *dḗɑɦu̯onēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *dḗɑɦu̯onāɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. dḗɑɦu̯onāɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *dā́ɑɦu̯onāɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. dā́ɑɦu̯onāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dā́ɦu̯onāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. dā́ɦu̯onāh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *dā́u̯onāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. dā́u̯onāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *dā́u̯onā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. dā́u̯onā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dā́u̯anā
7. dā́u̯anā
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *dā́vanā
8. dā́vanā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R28 → Latv. dā́vana
√deɑɦ-
PIE *deɑɦ-
Lat. da-
(√pr.) ‘geben, gewähren’
(WH 1:360)
(in Lat. damus [1pl.], datum [pp.])
1. PIE *deɑɦ-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *daɑɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. daɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *daɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. daɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → Lat. da-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *déɑɦ-
Arm. ta-
(pr.)
(ArmGr. 1:XX)
1. PIE *déɑɦ-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
Colouring rule for *éɑ
RColouring1d → *dáɑɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. dáɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dáɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dáɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *dá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. dá-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
RDevoiced → *tá-
5. tá-
*á → a
Unmarkedness of accent
R23a → Arm. ta-
PIE *deɑɦ-
gAv. da-
(vb.) ‘geben’
(AIWb. 678)
(gAv. daidyāi [inf.])
1. PIE *deɑɦ-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *daɑɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. daɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *daɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. daɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → gAv. da-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *deɑɦnu-
OLat. danu-
(pr.) ‘geben’
(WH 1:362)
(in OLat. danunt [3pl])
1. PIE *deɑɦnu-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *daɑɦnu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. daɑɦnu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *daɦnu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. daɦnu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → OLat. danu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *deɑɦto-
Lat. dato-
(pt.) ‘gegeben’
(WH 1:361)
(in Lat. datus, datum, datī)
1. PIE *deɑɦto-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *daɑɦto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. daɑɦto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *daɦto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. daɦto-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → Lat. dato-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *deɑɦto-
Fal. dato-
(pt.) ‘gegeben’
(WH 1:361)
(in Fal. datu)
1. PIE *deɑɦto-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *daɑɦto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. daɑɦto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *daɦto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. daɦto-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → Fal. dato-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *deɑɦto-
Pael. dato-
(pt.) ‘gegeben’
(WH 1:361)
(in Pael. datas ‘datas’
1. PIE *deɑɦto-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *daɑɦto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. daɑɦto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *daɦto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. daɦto-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → Pael. dato-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *déɑɦtro-
RV. dátra-
(n.) ‘Gabe’
(WbRV. 573)
1. PIE *déɑɦtro-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
Colouring rule for *éɑ
RColouring1d → *dáɑɦtro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. dáɑɦtro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dáɦtro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dáɦtro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dáɦtra-
4. dáɦtra-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → RV. dátra-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *deɑɦtrɑheik-
Lat. datrīc-
(f.) ‘Geberin’
(WH 1:361)
(Lat. datrīx)
1. PIE *deɑɦtrɑheik-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *daɑɦtrɑheik-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. daɑɦtrɑheik-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *daɦtrheik-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. daɦtrheik-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *datrheik-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. datrheik-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *datreik-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. datreik-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → *datrīk-
6. datrīk-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → Lat. datrīc-
√dɑ́ɦ-
PIE *ɦɑebɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tēɑh-
Dor. ἀφρο·δί̄·τᾱ-
(f.) ‘= Gr. ἀφροτίδη’
(KVG:249)
1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑabɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *ɦɑabɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. ɦɑabɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tāɑh-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *ɦɑabɑɦro·díɦi·tāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
4. ɦɑabɑɦro·díɦi·tāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦabɦro·díɦi·tāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
5. ɦabɦro·díɦi·tāh-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *ɦaphro·díɦi·tāh-
6. ɦaphro·díɦi·tāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *aphro·díi·tāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. aphro·díi·tāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aphro·díi·tā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
8. aphro·díi·tā-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractíi → *aphro·dī́·tā-
9. aphro·dī́·tā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Dor. ἀφρο·δī́·τᾱ-
PIE *dɑ́ɦi̯o-
RV. díya-
(n.) ‘Gabe’
(WbRV. 600)
(RV. díya-)
1. PIE *dɑ́ɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi̯ → íḫi̯
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i̯
RAssimilation1g → *díɦi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. díɦi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *díɦi̯a-
3. díɦi̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *díi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. díi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. díya-
PIE *dɑ́ɦu̯-
RV. dúv-
(f.?) ‘Gabe’
(WbRV. 623)
(RV. dúvas [plN, plA])
1. PIE *dɑ́ɦu̯-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu̯ → úḫu̯
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u̯
RAssimilation2g → *dúɦu̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. dúɦu̯-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *dúu̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. dúu̯-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → RV. dúv-
PIE *dɑ́ɦu̯eɑhno-
ODor. δύϝανο-
(inf.) ‘er möge geben’
(GEW 1:388-9)
(Cypr. δυϝάνοι)
1. PIE *dɑ́ɦu̯eɑhno-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *dɑ́ɦu̯aɑhno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. dɑ́ɦu̯aɑhno-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu̯ → úḫu̯
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u̯
RAssimilation2g → *dúɦu̯aɑhno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
3. dúɦu̯aɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dúɦu̯ahno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. dúɦu̯ahno-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *dúu̯ahno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. dúu̯ahno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *dúu̯ano-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. dúu̯ano-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → ODor. δύϝανο-
√dɑɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013:154-5)
PIE *dɑɦ·Σ-
RV. dh·iṣ-
(f.) ‘Opfer·lust, Lust zu geben’
(WbRV. 683)
(RV. dhiṣā́ [sgI])
1. PIE *dɑɦ·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦ·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦ·Σ-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. dh·Σ-


PIE √tɑh- √dɑɦ- (vb.) ‘essen, fressen’ (sb.) ‘Getreide, Brot, Speise’ (Lat. frūmentum) (a.) ‘brauchbar, nützlich’ (Goth. brūk-)
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√tɑh-
PIE *tɑho-
OInd. tha-
(m.) ‘eating’
(MonWil. 464)
(Lex. thas [sgN])
1. PIE *tɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → OInd. tha-
√dɑɦ-
PIE *edɑɦ-
Hitt. ed-
(vb.) ‘essen’
(HEG 1:117-9)
(Hitt. e-te-ir [3pl])
1. PIE *edɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *edɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. edɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. ed-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *odɑɦ-
Hitt. ad-
(vb.) ‘essen, fressen’
(HEG 1:91)
(HHand. 28)
1. PIE *odɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *odɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. odɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *adɦ-
(XX:XX)
3. adɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. ad-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·odɑɦo-
HLu. ARHA ada·-
(vb.) ‘eat up, consume’
(CHLu. XX)
(HLu. ARHA á-tà-tu-u)
1. PIE *Π·odɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·odɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·odɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·adɦa-
(XX:XX)
3. Π·adɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → HLu. Π·ada-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦi-
PIE *odɑɦoi̯o-
Pal. adaa-
(vb.) ‘essen’
(DPal. 52)
(Pal. a-ta-a-an-ti [3pl])
1. PIE *odɑɦoi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *odɦoi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. odɦoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *adɦai̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. adɦai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide1 → *adɦaa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
4. adɦaa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Pal. adaa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *odɑɦi̯
CLu. az-
(vbM.) ‘essen’
(DLL. 36)
(CLu. az-tu-u-wa-ri)
1. PIE *odɑɦi̯
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *odɦi̯
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. odɦi̯
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *oz
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. oz
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. az
(XX:XX)
PIE *edɑɦi̯o-
Hitt. eza-
(vb.) ‘manger’
(XX:XX)
(Hitt. ezateni [2pl])
1. PIE *edɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *edɦi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. edɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *ezo-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. ezo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. eza-
(XX:XX)
PIE *Π·odɑɦi̯o
HLu. ARHA aza·-
(vb.) ‘eat away, consume’
(CHLu. XX)
(HLu. ARHA á-za-tu)
1. PIE *Π·odɑɦi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·odɦi̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·odɦi̯o
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *Π·ozo
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. Π·ozo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → HLu. Π·aza
(XX:XX)
PIE *o·dɑɦi̯u-
gAv. a·idyu-
(a.) ‘brauchbar, nützlich, tüchtig zu [D]’
(AIWb. 65-6)
1. PIE *o·dɑɦi̯u-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *o·dɦi̯u-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. o·dɦi̯u-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *a·dɦi̯u-
3. a·dɦi̯u-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *a·di̯u-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. a·di̯u-
*adi → aidi
Anaptyxis of *i
RAnaptyxADI → *a·idi̯u-
5. a·idi̯u-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → gAv. a·idyu-
PIE *no·dɑɦiu̯-
TochA. nä·tsw-
(vb.) ‘starve’
(Poucha XX)
1. PIE *no·dɑɦiu̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *no·dɦiu̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. no·dɦiu̯-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *na·dɦiu̯-
(XX:XX)
3. na·dɦiu̯-
PIE *dɦi → zɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4b → *na·jɦiu̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. na·jɦiu̯-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *na·jiu̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. na·jiu̯-
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
RDevoicej → *na·tsiu̯-
6. na·tsiu̯-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of u̯ into w
ROrthW2w → TochA. na·tsiw-
PIE *mo·dɑɦi̯our-
TochB. mä·tsor-
(sb.) ‘hunger’
(DTochB. 459)
(TochB. mätsors)
1. PIE *mo·dɑɦi̯our-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *mo·dɦi̯our-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. mo·dɦi̯our-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ma·dɦi̯aur-
(XX:XX)
3. ma·dɦi̯aur-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *ma·jɦaur-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. ma·jɦaur-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ma·jaur-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ma·jaur-
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
RDevoicej → *ma·tsaur-
6. ma·tsaur-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RChangeAU2O1 → *ma·tsōr-
7. ma·tsōr-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthOIA6 → TochB. ma·tsor-
√dɑɦi̯uu̯o-
PIE *dɑɦi̯uu̯o-
Hitt. zuu̯a-
(c.) ‘Brot, Speise’
(HIL. 1202)
(Hitt. zu-u-ua-aš [plD], ḪuI 99-100)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯uu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦi̯uu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯uu̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *zuu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. zuu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. zuu̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *dɑɦi̯uu̯o-
CLu. zuu̯a-
(c.) ‘NINDA : pain, nourriture’
(DLL. 116)
(Hitt. zu-u-ua-aš [plD], ḪuI 99-100)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯uu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦi̯uu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯uu̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *zuu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. zuu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. zuu̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *dɑɦi̯uu̯oi-
Hitt. zuu̯ai-
(vb1.) ‘Objekt: Rauch’
(HHand. 210)
(Hitt. zu-ua-a-iz-zi; zu-ua-a-it, HIL. 1202)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯uu̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦi̯uu̯oi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯uu̯oi-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *zuu̯oi-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. zuu̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. zuu̯ai-
(XX:XX)


PIE √ti- √toi- √tei- ‘erscheinen, brennen, glänzen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√tei-
PIE *tei̯o-
OPhryg. τεο-
(m.) ‘Gott’
(Phryg. XX)
1. PIE *tei̯o-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → OPhryg. τεi̯ο-
PIE *tei̯odɑɦ-
Pal. tei̯ad-
(c.) ‘sun-god’
(DPal. XX)
(Pal. teiaz)
1. PIE *tei̯odɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tei̯odɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tei̯odɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tei̯adɦ-
(XX:XX)
3. tei̯adɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Pal. tei̯ad-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tei̯odɑɦei-
Hitt. tei̯adei-
(c.) (eine Drogenpflanze?, ‘Teufelsdreck’ ?)
(HHand. 176)
1. PIE *tei̯odɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tei̯odɦei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tei̯odɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tei̯adɦei-
(XX:XX)
3. tei̯adɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. tei̯adei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tei̯ēɑh-
OPhryg. τειᾱ-
(f.) ‘Göttin’
(Phryg. 136)
1. PIE *tei̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *tei̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. tei̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tei̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. tei̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *tei̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. tei̯ā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → OPhryg. τεi̯ᾱ-
√ti-
PIE *ti-
OPhryg. τι-
(m.) ‘Gott’
(Phryg. 136)
(Phryg. tios ‘dei’ [sgG])
1. PIE *ti-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → OPhryg. τι-
√tikis-
PIE *tíkiso-
Gr. τίξο-
(ao.) Hes. = ‘δεῖξον’
(LSJ. 1796)
(Gr. τίξον [ipv.])
1. PIE *tíkiso-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *tíḱso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. tíḱso-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *tíkso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. tíkso-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. τίξο-
√tin-
PIE *tin·deɑɦríɦɑdeɑhi
Gr. τιν·δαρίδαι
(m.pl.) ‘Zeussöhne’
(GEW 1:611)
(Gr. τινδαρίδαι)
1. PIE *tin·deɑɦríɦɑdeɑhi
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *tin·daɑɦríɦɑdaɑhi
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. tin·daɑɦríɦɑdaɑhi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tin·daɦríɦdahi
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. tin·daɦríɦdahi
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *tin·darídahi
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. tin·darídahi
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *tin·darídai
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. tin·darídai
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. τιν·δαρίδαι
PIE *tintó-
Gr. τιντό-
(pt.) = ἑφθόν (Hes.) (alphabet. unrichtig !)
(GEW 2:902
1. PIE *tintó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. τιντό-
PIE *tintɑhó-
Gr. τινθό-
(m.) ‘heißer Wasserdampf’ (eines Kessels) (?)
(GEW 2:902)
1. PIE *tintɑhó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tinthó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tinthó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. τινθό-
PIE *tintɑh·hɑeléi̯o-
Gr. τινθ·αλέο-
(a.) ‘kochend heiß’
(GEW 2:902)
1. PIE *tintɑh·hɑeléi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *tintɑh·hɑaléi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. tintɑh·hɑaléi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tinth·haléi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. tinth·haléi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *tinth·aléi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. tinth·aléi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *tinth·aléo-
5. tinth·aléo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. τινθ·αλέο-
√tir-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *tíri-
Dor. τίρι-
(f.?) ‘summer’
(LSJ. 1796)
(Hes. τίριος · θέρους [sgG], Cret.)
1. PIE *tíri-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Dor. τίρι-
PIE *teir·Σ-
Russ. tir·júcha
(f.) ‘Fieber’
(REW 3:107)
1. PIE *teir·Σ-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → *tīr·Σ-
2. tīr·Σ-
*ī → i
Orthographic change of *ī into i
ROrthogrI2i1 → Russ. tir·Σ-
√tis-
PIE *tisíɑHo-
RV. tiṣí.a-
(m.) ‘ein Fixstern(bilde)’
(WbRV. 537)
(RV. tiṣía-)
1. PIE *tisíɑHo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tisíHo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tisíHo-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RRukiI → *tišíHo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. tišíHo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tišíHa-
4. tišíHa-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RVedicHiatus → *tiší.a-
5. tiší.a-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → RV. tiṣí.a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
PIE *tis·tri̯o-
LAv. tiš·trya-
(m.) ‘N des als Gottheit verehrten Fixterns Sirius’
(AIWb. 651-2)
(For suffix cf. Lat. triō(n), Lat. septem·triō(n), usw.)
1. PIE *tis·tri̯o-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RRukiI → *tiš·tri̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
2. tiš·tri̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tiš·tri̯a-
3. tiš·tri̯a-
*tR → ϑR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
R33b → *tiš·ϑri̯a-
4. tiš·ϑri̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → LAv. tiš·ϑrya-
PIE *tōiso-
OInd. taiṣa-
(I.) ‘‹cf. above & below›’
(EWA X:XX)
1. PIE *tōiso-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RRukiI → *tōišo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
2. tōišo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tōiša-
3. tōiša-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *tāiša-
4. tāiša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → *tāiṣa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
5. tāiṣa-
āi → ai
Orthographic change of āi into ai
ROrthOIA8 → OInd. taiṣa-
PIE *toiso-
Kaśm. teś-
(.) ‘eight lunar asterim’
(EWA1:649 [wL.])
1. PIE *toiso-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RRukiI → *toišo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
2. toišo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *taiša-
3. taiša-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RChangeAI2E1 → *tēša-
4. tēša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → *tēṣa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
5. tēṣa-
*ṣ → ś
Change of ṣ into ś
R33 → *tēśa-
6. tēśa-
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthOIA4 → Kaśm. teśa-
PIE *tis·tri̯o-
LAv. tiš·trya-
(dm.) ‘Sirius’
(AIWb. 651-2)
1. PIE *tis·tri̯o-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RRukiI → *tiš·tri̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
2. tiš·tri̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tiš·tri̯a-
3. tiš·tri̯a-
*tR → ϑR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
R33b → *tiš·ϑri̯a-
4. tiš·ϑri̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → LAv. tiš·ϑrya-
PIE *tis·tri̯oiniɑ́h-
LAv. tiš·tryaeinī-
(f.) ‘Name von Sternen in der nähe des tištrya’
(AIWb. 652)
1. PIE *tis·tri̯oiniɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1b → *tis·tri̯oiniíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. tis·tri̯oiniíh-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RRukiI → *tiš·tri̯oiniíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. tiš·tri̯oiniíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tiš·tri̯ainiíh-
4. tiš·tri̯ainiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *tiš·tri̯ainií-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. tiš·tri̯ainií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → *tiš·tri̯ainī́-
6. tiš·tri̯ainī́-
*ai → ae
Opening of *ai
ROpeningAI → *tiš·tri̯aenī́-
7. tiš·tri̯aenī́-
*tR → ϑR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
R33b → *tiš·ϑri̯aenī́-
8. tiš·ϑri̯aenī́-
*aeni → aeini
Anaptyxis of *i
RAnaptyxAENI → *tiš·ϑri̯aeinī́-
9. tiš·ϑri̯aeinī́-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → *tiš·ϑryaeinī́-
10. tiš·ϑryaeinī́-
* ī̯́ → ī
Absence of accentuation
R41c → LAv. tiš·ϑryaeinī-
PIE *tis·tri̯o.Σ-
LAv. tiš·tryō.štāra-
(m.) ‘der tištrya- (genannte) Stern’
(AIWb. 652)
1. PIE *tis·tri̯o.Σ-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RRukiI → *tiš·tri̯o.Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
2. tiš·tri̯o.Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tiš·tri̯a.Σ-
3. tiš·tri̯a.Σ-
*tR → ϑR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
R33b → *tiš·ϑri̯a.Σ-
4. tiš·ϑri̯a.Σ-
a. → ō.
Change of a into ō before morpheme border
R39 → *tiš·ϑri̯ō.Σ-
5. tiš·ϑri̯ō.Σ-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → LAv. tiš·ϑryō.Σ-
√tiu-
PIE *tiu̯-
Lyd. ciw-
(c.) ‘Gott’
(LydWb. 92)
(Lyd. ciws [sgN])
1. PIE *tiu̯-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
RDentAssib1b → *ciu̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
2. ciu̯-
PIE *u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
R22 → Lyd. ciw-
PIE *tiu-
Hitt. šiu-
(c.) ‘Gott’
(HEG 2:1073-87)
(Hitt. ši-i-uš [sgN])
1. PIE *tiu-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
RDentAssib1b → *ciu-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
2. ciu-
OAnat. c -> š
Orthographic change of *c into š
R14 → Hitt. šiu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tiu̯otēɑh-
Phryg. τιϝοτᾱ-
(.) ‘tiu̯ad-’
(FRG 138)
(Phryg. τιϝοτας)
1. PIE *tiu̯otēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *tiu̯otāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. tiu̯otāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tiu̯otāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. tiu̯otāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *tiu̯otā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. tiu̯otā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Phryg. τιϝοτᾱ-
PIE *tiu̯odɑɦ-
CLu. tiu̯ad-
(d.) ‘Sonnengott’
(OHP. 1:523)
(CLu. dti-ua-az)
1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tiu̯odɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tiu̯odɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tiu̯adɦ-
(XX:XX)
3. tiu̯adɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. tiu̯ad-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tiu̯odɑɦ-
Hitt. šiu̯ad-
(c.) ‘Tag’ (UD, UDKAM)
(HHand. 153)
1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tiu̯odɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tiu̯odɦ-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
RDentAssib1b → *ciu̯odɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. ciu̯odɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ciu̯adɦ-
(XX:XX)
4. ciu̯adɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ciu̯ad-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ciu̯ad-
OAnat. c -> š
Orthographic change of *c into š
R14 → Hitt. šiu̯ad-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·tiu̯odɑɦ-
HLu. aza·tiu̯ad-
(I) (I(LITUUS)c.) ‘loved by Tiuata’ (Phoen. ’ztwd)
(CHLu. 1.1.1.)
(HLu. I(LITUUS)á-za-ti-i-wa/i-tà-sá [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·tiu̯odɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·tiu̯odɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·tiu̯odɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·tiu̯adɦ-
(XX:XX)
3. Π·tiu̯adɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → HLu. Π·tiu̯ad-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √tɑhs- √dɑɦs- (vb.) ‘eilen, galoppieren’ (sb.) ‘Gewässername, Fisch, usw.’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√tɑhs-
PIE *Π·tóɑhstēɑh-
RV. vi·tástā-
(IDf.) ‘im Fünfstromland; neben asiknî-’
(WbRV. 1269)
1. PIE *Π·tóɑhstēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·tóɑhstāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·tóɑhstāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·tóhstāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·tóhstāh-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *Π·táhstāh-
4. Π·táhstāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. Π·tástā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *Π·toɑhsturo-
LAv. baeša·tastura-
(a.) ‘von baešatastura- abstammend, dessen Nachkomme’
(AIWb. 914)
1. PIE *Π·toɑhsturo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·tohsturo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·tohsturo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·tahstura-
3. Π·tahstura-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → LAv. Π·tastura-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *Π·toɑhsturo-
LAv. aoiγma·tastura-
(Im.) ‘EN eines Gläubigen’
(AIWb. 357)
(LAv. aoiγmatasturahe [sgG])
1. PIE *Π·toɑhsturo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·tohsturo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·tohsturo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·tahstura-
3. Π·tahstura-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → LAv. Π·tastura-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *Π·toɑhsu̯etiɑ́h-
LAv. vi·taŋuhaitī-
(IDf.) ‘N. eines Gewässers’
(AIWb. 1438-9)
1. PIE *Π·toɑhsu̯etiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1b → *Π·toɑhsu̯etiíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. Π·toɑhsu̯etiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·tohsu̯etiíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·tohsu̯etiíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·tahsu̯etiíh-
4. Π·tahsu̯etiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·tasu̯etií-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·tasu̯etií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → *Π·tasu̯etī́-
6. Π·tasu̯etī́-
*s → h
Change of segmental *s into h)
R26 → *Π·taxu̯etī́-
7. Π·taxu̯etī́-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *Π·taxu̯atī́-
8. Π·taxu̯atī́-
*ati → aiti
Anaptyxis of *i
RAnaptyxATI → *Π·taxu̯aitī́-
9. Π·taxu̯aitī́-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → *Π·taxvaitī́-
10. Π·taxvaitī́-
* ī̯́ → ī
Absence of accentuation
R41c → LAv. Π·taxvaitī-
√deɑɦs-
PIE *deɑɦski̯éɑdi̯o-
Gr. δασκάζο-
(vb.) Hes. ‘ὑποφεύγει’
(LSJ. 370)
(Gr. δασκάζει)
1. PIE *deɑɦski̯éɑdi̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *daɑɦski̯éɑdi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. daɑɦski̯éɑdi̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
Colouring rule for *éɑ
RColouring1d → *daɑɦski̯áɑdi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
3. daɑɦski̯áɑdi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *daɦski̯ádi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. daɦski̯ádi̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *daɦsḱádi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. daɦsḱádi̯o-
*di̯ → z
Palatalization of *di̯
RDentAssib1c → *daɦsḱázo-
6. daɦsḱázo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *dasḱázo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. dasḱázo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *daskázo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
8. daskázo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. δασκάζο-
PIE *déɑɦski̯ilno-
Gr. δάσκιλλο-
(.) ‘a name of a fish’
(LSJ. 370)
(Gr. δάσκιλλος)
1. PIE *déɑɦski̯ilno-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
Colouring rule for *éɑ
RColouring1d → *dáɑɦski̯ilno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. dáɑɦski̯ilno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dáɦski̯ilno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dáɦski̯ilno-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *dáɦsḱilno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. dáɦsḱilno-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *dásḱilno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. dásḱilno-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *dáskilno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. dáskilno-
*ln → ll
Assimilation of *ln into ll
RAssimLN → *dáskillo-
7. dáskillo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. δάσκιλλο-
√dɑɦes-
PIE *dɑɦesoi-
Hitt. dešai-
(vb.) ‘in Marsch setzen, mobil machen’
(HHand. 174)
1. PIE *dɑɦesoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦesoi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦesoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦesai-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦesai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *desai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. desai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. dešai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦesti-
PIE *Π·dɑɦestiɑ́h-
Lat. con.festī·-
(adv.) ‘stracks, sofort’
(WH 1:259)
(Lat. con·festim, Walde: *“mit Eile”)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦestiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1b → *Π·dɑɦestiíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. Π·dɑɦestiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·dɦestiíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·dɦestiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·dɦestií-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·dɦestií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractií → *Π·dɦestī́-
5. Π·dɦestī́-
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *bɦ
RAffricatDH2f → *Π·festī́-
6. Π·festī́-
*ɦ → h
Change of *f into b
RChangeF2B → *Π·bestī́-
7. Π·bestī́-
*ī́ → ī
Orthographic absence of accent
R42 → Lat. Π·bestī-
PIE *dɑɦestiɑ́nēɑh-
Lat. festīnā-
(pr1.) ‘sich sputen, eilen’
(WH 1:488-9)
(Lat. festīnāre [inf.])
1. PIE *dɑɦestiɑ́nēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *dɑɦestiɑ́nāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. dɑɦestiɑ́nāɑh-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1b → *dɑɦestiínāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
3. dɑɦestiínāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦestiínāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. dɦestiínāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *dɦestiínā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. dɦestiínā-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractií → *dɦestī́nā-
6. dɦestī́nā-
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *bɦ
RAffricatDH2f → *festī́nā-
7. festī́nā-
*ī́ → ī
Orthographic absence of accent
R42 → Lat. festīnā-
√dɑɦostor-
PIE *dɑɦostoro-
Hitt. daštara-
(dc.) ‘‹cf. below & above›’
(OHP. 1:460)
(Hitt. ta-aš-ta-ra-an [sgA])
1. PIE *dɑɦostoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦostoro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦostoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦastara-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦastara-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *dastara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dastara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. daštara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦostori-
CLu. daštari-
(vb.) ‘galoppieren (?)’
(HHand. 172)
(DLL 95)
1. PIE *dɑɦostori-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦostori-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦostori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦastari-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦastari-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *dastari-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dastari-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. daštari-
PIE *dɑɦostori̯eso-
Hitt. daštari̯eša-
(URUc.) ‘Nicht weit entfernt von › Kaštama’
(OGH. 412)
(“(...) › Ka˙amiša. Neben › Taptina”; OGHErg. 164-5)
1. PIE *dɑɦostori̯eso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦostori̯eso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦostori̯eso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦastari̯esa-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦastari̯esa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *dastari̯esa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dastari̯esa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. daštari̯eša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √tɑhu-
√tɑhum-
PIE *teɑhumóro-
OInd. tomára-
(m.) ‘Wurfspieß, Spieß’
(KEWA X:XX)
1. PIE *teɑhumóro-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *taɑhumóro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. taɑhumóro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tahumóro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. tahumóro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tahumóra-
4. tahumóra-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *tahumára-
5. tahumára-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *taumára-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. taumára-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RChangeAU2O1 → *tōmára-
7. tōmára-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthOIA6 → OInd. tomára-
√tɑhur-
PIE *teɑhuro-
Lat. tauro-
(m.) ‘Baumstumpf’
(WH 2:650)
1. PIE *teɑhuro-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *taɑhuro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. taɑhuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tahuro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. tahuro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Lat. tauro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *teɑhuru̯oili-
Hitt. taḫuruaili-
(mc.) ‘Seigneur de la lance ‹or LU(?)›’
(NOMS. 1205)
(Hitt. ta-ḫur-ua-i-li-iš)
1. PIE *teɑhuru̯oili-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *taɑhuru̯oili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. taɑhuru̯oili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tahuru̯oili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. tahuru̯oili-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tahuru̯aili-
(XX:XX)
4. tahuru̯aili-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. taḫuru̯aili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√tɑhut-
PIE *teɑhuteɑhno-
Lat. tautano-
(n.) ‘Wurfholz, Keule’
(WH 2:652)
1. PIE *teɑhuteɑhno-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *taɑhutaɑhno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. taɑhutaɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tahutahno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. tahutahno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Lat. tautano-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)


PIE √tl- √tol- √tel- ‘lassen, dulden, ertragen’
(IEW. 1060)
(+ Kapanjan + Pyysalo)
√tolo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *tolo-
Hitt. tala-
(vb2.) ‘beistehen, (in Ruhe) lassen’
(HHand. 161)
1. PIE *tolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. tala-
(XX:XX)
PIE *Π·tolo-
Hitt. pi·tala-
(vb.) ‘verlassen, -werfen, -nachlässigen’
(HHand. 133)
(Hitt. píd-da-la-si, píd-da-la-an-zi)
1. PIE *Π·tolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. Π·tala-
(XX:XX)
√toli-
(Kapancjan 1931)
PIE *tóli̯-
Arm. tʼoł-
(ao.) ‘lassen, dulden, ertragen’
(Arm. XX)
(in Arm. tʼołi, (HEG 3:53-4), HIL. 943-)
1. PIE *tóli̯-
*t → tʼ
Glottalization of *t
RGlottalicizeT → *tʼóli̯-
2. tʼóli̯-
*li̯ → ł
Change of *li̯ into ł
RRPalatly2lj → *tʼół-
3. tʼół-
*ó → o
Unmarkedness of accent
R23c → Arm. tʼoł-
PIE *tolei̯o-
Hitt. talei̯a-
(vb1.) ‘beistehen, (in Ruhe) lassen’
(HHand. 161)
1. PIE *tolei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. talei̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *Π·toloi-
Hitt. pi·talai-
(vb1.) ‘verlassen, -werfen, -nachlässigen’
(HHand. 133)
(Hitt. píd-da-la-it)
1. PIE *Π·toloi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. Π·talai-
(XX:XX)
√toliskio-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *toliski̯e/o-
Hitt. tališke/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘beistehen, (in Ruhe) lassen’
(HHand. 161)
1. PIE *toliski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *tolisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. tolisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *talisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
3. talisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *taliske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. taliske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. tališke/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·toliski̯e/o-
Hitt. pi·tališke/a-
(vb.iter) ‘verlassen, -werfen, -nachlässigen’
(HHand. 133)
(CHD P:358, pí-it-ta-li-es-ke/a-)
1. PIE *Π·toliski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *Π·tolisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. Π·tolisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·talisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
3. Π·talisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *Π·taliske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. Π·taliske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. Π·tališke/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√toliu-
PIE *tóli̯u-
Arm. tʼołu-
(pr.) ‘lassen, dulden, ertragen’
(XX)
(Arm. tʼołum [1sg])
1. PIE *tóli̯u-
*t → tʼ
Glottalization of *t
RGlottalicizeT → *tʼóli̯u-
2. tʼóli̯u-
*li̯ → ł
Change of *li̯ into ł
RRPalatly2lj → *tʼółu-
3. tʼółu-
*ó → o
Unmarkedness of accent
R23c → Arm. tʼołu-
√tolno-
(Petersen 1937: 210)
(Apud HIL. 944)
PIE *tolno-
Lat. tollo-
(vb.) ‘aufheben, erheben, entfernen’
(WH 2:688)
1. PIE *tolno-
*ln → ll
Assimilation of *ln into ll
RAssimLN → Lat. tollo-


PIE √tl- √tol- √tel- (vb.) ‘prügeln, stampfen, schlagen’
(IEW XX)
√telo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *toLo-
OInd. tala-
(m.) ‘Anschlagen der Saiten mit linken hand’
(KEWA 1:488)
1. PIE *toLo-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RChangelr4 → *tolo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
2. tolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → OInd. tala-
PIE *tēlo-
Lat. tēlo-
(n.) ‘speerartig lange Stange’
(WH 2:656)
(Lat. tēlum)
√tolku- √telku-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *tolku-
CLu. talku-
(vb.) ‹‘schlagen (?); obj = ‘marking’’›
(DLL 89)
(CLu. ku-lu-us-ta-na-ti ta-al-ku-du [3sg])
1. PIE *tolku-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. talku-
(XX:XX)
PIE *telku-
OCS. tlĕk-
(vb.) ‘klopfen, stossen, schlagen’
(Sadnik √975)
(OCS. tlĕšti [inf.])
1. PIE *telku-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → OCS. telk-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)


PIE √tl- √tol- √tel- ‘binden’
(IEW XX)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + CLu. + Gr.)
√tolup-
PIE *tolupo-
Hitt. talupa-
(vb1.) ‘verflechten, verzieren’
(HHand. 162)
(Hitt. ta-lu-up-pa-an-da-an, ta-lu-up-pa-an)
1. PIE *tolupo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. talupa-
(XX:XX)
PIE *tolúpēɑh-
Att. τολύπη-
(f.) ‘Knäuel von Wolle oder Garn’
(GEW 2:909)
1. PIE *tolúpēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *tolúpāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. tolúpāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tolúpāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. tolúpāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *tolúpā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. tolúpā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
RChangeA2E1 → *tolúpē-
5. tolúpē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Att. τολύπη-
PIE *tolúpēɑh-
Att. τολύπη-
(f.) ‘Zwiebelknollen, Kürbissen, kugelförmigen Kuchen’
(GEW 2:909)
1. PIE *tolúpēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *tolúpāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. tolúpāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tolúpāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. tolúpāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *tolúpā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. tolúpā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
RChangeA2E1 → *tolúpē-
5. tolúpē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Att. τολύπη-
PIE *tolupi-
Hitt. talupi-
(c.) ‘Fladen, Brotstück, Tonbrocken, Erdklumpen’
(HHand. 162)
1. PIE *tolupi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. talupi-
(XX:XX)
PIE *tolupi-
CLu. talupi-
(.) ‘Tonbrocken, Erdklumpen, HHand. 162’
(DLL. 89)
(CLu. ta-lu-up-pí-iš, ta-lu-up-pí-in)
1. PIE *tolupi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. talupi-
(XX:XX)
PIE *tolupuso-
OHitt. talupuša-
(c.) ‘-(?)-’
(HHand. 162)
1. PIE *tolupuso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *talupusa-
(XX:XX)
2. talupusa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → OHitt. talupuša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √tm- √tom- √tem- (sb.) ‘Geburt, Gebärerin’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo ?)
√tom-
PIE *tom-
TochA. tam-
(pretM.tr.) ‘generare’ (intr.) ‘nasci’
(Poucha. 121)
1. PIE *tom-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → TochA. tam-
(XX:XX)
PIE *tomo-
TochA. tamä-
(pretM.tr.) ‘generare’ (intr.) ‘nasci’
(Poucha. 121)
(TochA. tamät)
1. PIE *tomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → TochA. tama-
(XX:XX)
PIE *tomi-
HLu. tami-
(sb.) ‘parent(s) ?’
(CHLu. 2.27.13)
(HLu. 20 tá-mi 10 INFANS-ní)
1. PIE *tomi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → HLu. tami-
(XX:XX)
PIE *temoil-
TochB. camel-
(nt.) ‘birth, rebirth, birthform’
(DTochB. 251)
(TochB. camel)
1. PIE *temoil-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *temail-
(XX:XX)
2. temail-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
RChangee2Ya → *ti̯amail-
3. ti̯amail-
PIE *ti̯ → c
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
RDentAssib1a → *camail-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. camail-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RChangeAI2E1 → *camēl-
5. camēl-
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthOIA4 → TochB. camel-
PIE *Π·tōmou-
TochB. a·tāmo-
(sb.) ‘unfruitful (barren) ground’
(DTochB. 9)
1. PIE *Π·tōmou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·tōmau-
(XX:XX)
2. Π·tōmau-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *Π·tāmau-
(XX:XX)
3. Π·tāmau-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RChangeAU2O1 → *Π·tāmō-
4. Π·tāmō-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthOIA6 → TochB. Π·tāmo-


PIE √tep-, √top- ‘schlagen, hauen, schneiden’
(IEW XX)
(Pyysalo)
√tep-
PIE *tép-
Lith. tèp-
(vb.) ‘schlagen, hauen’
(LiEtWb. 1081)
1. PIE *tép-
é → è
Emergence of gravis Li. è
RAcc4 → Lith. tèp-
PIE *tepēɑh-
Bulg. tepa-
(vb.) ‘XX’
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *tepēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *tepāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. tepāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tepāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. tepāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *tepā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. tepā-
*ā → a
Orthographic change of *ā into a
ROrthogrA2a1 → Bulg. tepa-
√top-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·topo-
HLu. anta tapa·-
(vb.) ‘destroy’
(CHLu. 2.13.13)
(HLu. *261(-)ta-pa-i [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·topo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → HLu. Π·tapa-
(XX:XX)
PIE *tópēɑh-
Russ. tópa-
(vb.) ‘stampfen’
(REW 3:120)
(Russ. tópat’ [inf.])
1. PIE *tópēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *tópāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. tópāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tópāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. tópāh-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *tápāh-
4. tápāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *tápā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. tápā-
*á → ó
Change of *á into ó
RChangea2o2 → *tópā-
6. tópā-
*ā → a
Orthographic change of *ā into a
ROrthogrA2a1 → Russ. tópa-
PIE *topei̯o-
OIcl. þefja-
(vb.) ‘stampfen (von Grütze)’
(ANEtWb. 606)
1. PIE *topei̯o-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → *tofei̯o-
2. tofei̯o-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
AffricateT → *þofei̯o-
3. þofei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *þafei̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. þafei̯a-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
RChangee2i → *þafii̯a-
5. þafii̯a-
*a – i i̯ → e – i̯
Umlaut for *a – ii̯
RUmlautafij → *þefi̯a-
6. þefi̯a-
*i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
R26 → OIcl. þefja-
√topos-
PIE *toposo·dɑɦolo-
Hitt. tapaša·dala-
(LÚc.) ‘Metzger’ (?)
(HHand. 163, 165)
1. PIE *toposo·dɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *toposo·dɦolo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. toposo·dɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tapasa·dɦala-
(XX:XX)
3. tapasa·dɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *tapasa·dala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tapasa·dala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. tapaša·dala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √tr- √tor- √ter-
(IEW –, Adams)
tor-
PIE *tōro-
Khot. tāra-
(.) ‘crown of the head’
(DTochB. 281)
1. PIE *tōro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tōra-
2. tōra-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → Khot. tāra-
PIE *tōro
ModPers. tār-
(sb.) ‘crown of the head’
(DTochB. 281)
1. PIE *tōro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tōra
2. tōra
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → ModPers. tāra
√tori-
(Adams, DTochB.)
(Pyysalo: Gr. + HLu. + Goth.)
PIE *tori-
HLu. tari-
(vb.) ‘raise’
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *tori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → HLu. tari-
(XX:XX)
PIE *terí·Σ-
Gr. τερί·καρπο-
(a.) ‘Hes. = μεγαλόκαρπον’
(LSJ. 1777)
Gr. τερί·καρπο-
1. PIE *terí·Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. τερί·Σ-
PIE *toriko
Goth. þarih-
(a.) ‘unshrunk : ἄγναφος’
(GoEtWb. 355)
(Go. þarihis [sgG])
1. PIE *toriko
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
AffricateK → *torixo
2. torixo
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
AffricateT → *þorixo
3. þorixo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *þarixa
(XX:XX)
4. þarixa
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *þarix
5. þarix
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
RGlottalicX2H → Goth. þarih
PIE *tōri-
Khot. tāri-
(.) ‘crown of the head’
(DTochB. 281)
1. PIE *tōri-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → Khot. tāri-
PIE *tōrei̯o
ModPers. tāre-
(sb.) ‘crown of the head’
(DTochB. 281)
1. PIE *tōrei̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tōrei̯a
2. tōrei̯a
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *tārei̯a
3. tārei̯a
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *tārai̯a
4. tārai̯a
*i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R29a → ModPers. tāraya


PIE √tr- √otr- √etr- (vb.) ‘essen, fressen’ (sb.) ‘Nahrung, Fresser’ (a.) ‘verzehrend, gefrässig’
(IEW XX)
√otro-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *otro·ɦɑiso-
CLu. atra·ḫiša-
(n.) ‘Nahrung’
(HHand. 29)
(DLL. 34, at-ra-ḫi-ša)
1. PIE *otro·ɦɑiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *otro·ɦiso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. otro·ɦiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *atra·ɦisa-
(XX:XX)
3. atra·ɦisa-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → *atra·ḫisa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. atra·ḫisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. atra·ḫiša-
PIE *ótro-
RV. átra-
(n.) ‘Nahrungsstoff’
(WbRV. 31)
(RV. átra-)
1. PIE *ótro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ótra-
2. ótra-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → RV. átra-
PIE *otró-
RV. atrá-
(a.) ‘der Fresser’
(WbRV. 31)
(RV. atrá-)
1. PIE *otró-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *atró-
2. atró-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → RV. atrá-
√trɦɑgi-
PIE *trɦɑṓgi-
Gr. τρώγ-
(f.) ‘Kornwurm’
(GEW 2:XX)
(Gr. τρώξ)
1. PIE *trɦɑṓgi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *trɦṓgi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. trɦṓgi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *trɦṓǵ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. trɦṓǵ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *trṓǵ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. trṓǵ-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *trṓg-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. trṓg-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. τρώγ-
PIE *trɦɑṓgi̯o-
Gr. τρώγο-
(pr.) ‘zernagen, knuppern, Rohes fressen’
(GEW 2:XX)
(Gr. τρώγω)
1. PIE *trɦɑṓgi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *trɦṓgi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. trɦṓgi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *trɦṓǵo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. trɦṓǵo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *trṓǵo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. trṓǵo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *trṓgo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. trṓgo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. τρώγο-
PIE *trɦɑégi̯o-
Gr. τράγο-
(ao.) ‘zernagen, knuppern, Rohes fressen’
(GEW 2:XX)
(Gr. ἔτραγον)
1. PIE *trɦɑégi̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *trɦɑági̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. trɦɑági̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *trɦági̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. trɦági̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *trɦáǵo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. trɦáǵo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *tráǵo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. tráǵo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *trágo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. trágo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. τράγο-
PIE *trɦɑégi̯o-
Gr. τράγο-
(.) ‘Bock’
(GEW 2:XX)
(Gr. τράγος)
1. PIE *trɦɑégi̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *trɦɑági̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. trɦɑági̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *trɦági̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. trɦági̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *trɦáǵo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. trɦáǵo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *tráǵo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. tráǵo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *trágo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. trágo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. τράγο-
√etri-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG I:119)
PIE *étri-
RV. átri-
(a.) ‘verzehrend’ (m.) ‘Eigenname eines Sängers’
(WbRV. 31)
(RV. átri-)
1. PIE *étri-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → RV. átri-
PIE *etri-
Hitt. etri-
(c.) ‘Gericht, Speise, Futter, Mahlzeit, Nahrung’
(HHand. 34)
PIE *etrín-
RV. atríṇ-
(a.) ‘gefrässig’
(WbRV. 31)
(RV. atrín-)
1. PIE *etrín-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *atrín-
2. atrín-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
RRetrofl1 → RV. atríṇ-
PIE *etrionu-
Hitt. etrianu-
(cs.) ‘ernähren, füttern machen’
(HHand. 34)
1. PIE *etrionu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. etrianu-
(XX:XX)


PIE √tr-, √tor-, √ter- ‘Strick, Muskel, Wulst, Wand, usw.’ (vb.) ‘
(IEW XX)
(Pyysalo)
√toro-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *toro-
Lat. toro-
(m.) ‘Muskel, Wulst, Strick’
(WH 2:694-5)
(Lat. torus, torī)
PIE *Π·Π·toro
OCS. do·chŭp·torŭ-
(m.) ‘Kopfkissen’
(Sadnik 156)
(in OCS. dochŭtorŭ)
1. PIE *Π·Π·toro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·Π·tara
2. Π·Π·tara
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *Π·Π·toro
3. Π·Π·toro
*-o → -u
Change of -o into -u
RChangeO2U → *Π·Π·toru
4. Π·Π·toru
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
ROrthogru2u1 → OCS. Π·Π·torŭ
PIE *pro·toro
CS. pro·torŭ-
(.) ‘Aufwand’ (: XX)
(REW 3:123)
1. PIE *pro·toro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *pra·tara
2. pra·tara
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *pro·toro
3. pro·toro
*-o → -u
Change of -o into -u
RChangeO2U → *pro·toru
4. pro·toru
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
ROrthogru2u1 → CS. pro·torŭ
PIE *tor·Σ-
OInd. tar·ala-
(m.) ‘der Mittlere Edelstein in einem Halsschmuck’ (KEWA 1:481)
(KEWA 1:XX)
1. PIE *tor·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → OInd. tar·Σ-
PIE *tor·Σ-
Lat. tor·olo-
(m.) ‘Haarwulst’
(WH 2:XX)
(in Lat. torulus [sgN])
PIE *én·tero-
Gr. ἔν·τερο-
(n.) ‘piece of the guts or intestines’
(LSJ. 575)
(Gr. ἔντερα [pl.])
1. PIE *én·tero-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἔν·τερο-
√tormo-
(IEW. 1072f.)
PIE *tormo
OIcl. þarm-
(m.) ‘Darm’
(ANEtWb. 606)
(OIcl. þarmr [sgN])
1. PIE *tormo
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
AffricateT → *þormo
2. þormo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *þarma
(XX:XX)
3. þarma
-a → Ø
Loss of -a in root-final position
RLossFinala1 → OIcl. þarm
PIE *tormo
OEng. þearm-
(m.) ‘a gut, an intestine, a string for an instrument’
(ASaxD. 1042)
1. PIE *tormo
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
AffricateT → *þormo
2. þormo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *þarma
(XX:XX)
3. þarma
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → OEng. þarm
PIE *tormo
OHG. darm-
(m.) ‘fibra’
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *tormo
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
AffricateT → *þormo
2. þormo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *þarma
(XX:XX)
3. þarma
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *þarm
4. þarm
*þ → d
OHG sound shift of *þ
ROHGShiftTH2D → OHG. darm
√tormi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *tormi-
Hitt. tarmi-
(c.) ‘sympton of a disease’
(HIL. 975)
(Hitt. tar-mi-iš)
1. PIE *tormi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. tarmi-
(XX:XX)
PIE *torminēɑh-
Lat. torminā-
(n.) ‘Leibschmerz, bes. Ruhr’
(WH. 693)
1. PIE *torminēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *tormināɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. tormināɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tormināh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. tormināh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Lat. torminā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√toru-
PIE *toru̯o-
Hitt. taru̯a-
(.) ‘fetter’
(Melchert 1994:61)
(Tischler 1993:237)
1. PIE *toru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. taru̯a-
(XX:XX)
√torup-
PIE *torup-
Hitt. tarup-
(vb1A.) ‘zusammenflechten, versammeln’
(HEG T: 240)
(HHand 171, HIL. 982)
1. PIE *torup-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. tarup-
(XX:XX)
PIE *torup-
Hitt. tarup-
(vb1M.) ‘sich versammeln; fertig werden’
(HHand. XX)
1. PIE *torup-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. tarup-
(XX:XX)
√torusɑho-
PIE *torusɑho-
Hitt. tarušḫa-
(KUŠn.) ‘lederner Teil des Geschirres’
(HHand. 171)
1. PIE *torusɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *torusho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. torusho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tarusha-
(XX:XX)
3. tarusha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *tarušha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tarušha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. tarušḫa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)


PIE √tr- √tor- √ter- (sb.) ‘Fahrzeug, Fähre, Kutscher’ (vb.) ‘kutschieren’ (a.) ‘schnell, flink’
(IEW XX)
(Pyysalo)
√tor-
PIE *toró-
Gr. τορό-
(a.) [Mg.] ‘schnell, flink’
(GEW 2:XX)
(Gr. τορός [sgN))
1. PIE *toró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. τορό-
√teros-
PIE *téros-
RV. táras-
(n.) [Mg.] ‘rasches Vordringen, Schnelligkeit’
(WbRV. 529)
1. PIE *téros-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *téras-
2. téras-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → RV. táras-
PIE *téros-
RV. táras-
(n.) [Mg.] ‘Fahrzeug, Fähre’
(WbRV. 529)
1. PIE *téros-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *téras-
2. téras-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → RV. táras-
√ters-
PIE *teŕs-
Lith. ter̃š-
(vb.) ‘schnell, flink gehen’
(LiEtWb. 1083)
(Lith. tešti [inf.])
1. PIE *teŕs-
eŕ → er̃
Circumflex intonation for eŕ
RAcc12 → Lith. ter̃s-
PIE *tersi̯o-
Lith. teršia-
(vb.) ‘schnell, flink gehen’
(LiEtWb. 1083)
(Lith. teršiù [1sg])
1. PIE *tersi̯o-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiR → *terši̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
2. terši̯o-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *terši̯a-
3. terši̯a-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
R25 → Lith. teršia-
√torsi-
(HEG 9:225)
PIE *torsoi-
CLu. taršai-
(GKLvb.) ‘jmdn. kutschieren, fahren, HHand. 170’
(DLL. 94)
(CLu. tar-ša-i-in-du)
1. PIE *torsoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tarsai-
(XX:XX)
2. tarsai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. taršai-
PIE *torsei-
CLu. taršei-
(GKLvb.) ‘jmdn. kutschieren, fahren, HHand. 170’
(DLL. 94)
(CLu. tar-ši-en-ti, tar-ši-ta-(ia-ua-mu))
1. PIE *torsei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tarsei-
(XX:XX)
2. tarsei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. taršei-
PIE *torsei̯o-
CLu. taršei̯a-
(.) ‘-(?)-’
(DLL. 94)
(CLu. tar-ši-ia-[...)
1. PIE *torsei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tarsei̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. tarsei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. taršei̯a-
PIE *torsei̯oi-
CLu. taršei̯ai-
(vb.) (cf. above)
(DLL. 94)
(CLu. tar-ši-ia-i [ipv.] = Akd. i-te-eb)
1. PIE *torsei̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tarsei̯ai-
(XX:XX)
2. tarsei̯ai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. taršei̯ai-
√torsibɑɦo-
PIE *torsibɑɦolo-
Hitt. taršibala-
(LÚc.) ‹‘Kutscher’ (?)›
(HHand. 170)
1. PIE *torsibɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *torsibɦolo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. torsibɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tarsibɦala-
(XX:XX)
3. tarsibɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *tarsibala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tarsibala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. taršibala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *torsibɑɦoli-
Hitt. taršibali-
(LÚc.) ‹‘Kutscher’ (?)›
(HHand. 170)
1. PIE *torsibɑɦoli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *torsibɦoli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. torsibɦoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tarsibɦali-
(XX:XX)
3. tarsibɦali-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *tarsibali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tarsibali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. taršibali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√torsibɑɦi-
PIE *torsibɑɦi-
Kpd. taršibi-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’ (ct. above)
(NOMS. 1290)
(Kpd. tár-ší-pì)
1. PIE *torsibɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *torsibɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. torsibɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tarsibɦi-
(XX:XX)
3. tarsibɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *tarsibi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tarsibi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Kpd. taršibi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *torsibɑɦi̯·olo-
Hitt. taršibi·ala-
(c.) ‘Kutscher’ (?)
(HHand. 170)
1. PIE *torsibɑɦi̯·olo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *torsibɦi̯·olo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. torsibɦi̯·olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tarsibɦi̯·ala-
(XX:XX)
3. tarsibɦi̯·ala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *tarsibi̯·ala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tarsibi̯·ala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. taršibi̯·ala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √tor-, √ter-, √tr- ‘beschmutzen, beflecken, beschmieren, usw.’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√toro-
PIE *toro-
Bulg. tor-
(m.) ‘Dunger, Mist’
(REW 3:123)
1. PIE *toro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tara-
2. tara-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → Bulg. toro-
√terli-
PIE *teŕli̯ēɑh-
Lith. ter̃lio-
(vb.) ‘beschmutzen, beflecken, beschmieren’
(LiEtWb. 1082)
(Lith. ter̃lioti [inf.])
1. PIE *teŕli̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *teŕli̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. teŕli̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *teŕli̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. teŕli̯āh-
eŕ → er̃
Circumflex intonation for eŕ
RAcc12 → *ter̃li̯āh-
4. ter̃li̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ter̃li̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ter̃li̯ā-
*ā → ō
Change of ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → *ter̃li̯ō-
6. ter̃li̯ō-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
R25 → *ter̃liō-
7. ter̃liō-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
R27a → Lith. ter̃lio-
PIE *terli̯ḗɑh-
Lith. terlió-
(vb.) ‘beschmutzen, beflecken, beschmieren’
(LiEtWb. 1082)
(Lith. terlióti [inf.])
1. PIE *terli̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *terli̯ā́ɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. terli̯ā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *terli̯ā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. terli̯ā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *terli̯ā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. terli̯ā́-
*ā́ → ṓ
Change of ā́ into ṓ
RChangeA202 → *terli̯ṓ-
5. terli̯ṓ-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
R25 → *terliṓ-
6. terliṓ-
ṓ → ó
Orthographic change of ṓ into ó
R27b → Lith. terlió-
√term-
PIE *termḗɑh-
Lith. termó-
(vb.) ‘beschmutzen, vermengen, mischen’
(LiEtWb. 1082)
(Lith. termóti [inf.])
1. PIE *termḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *termā́ɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. termā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *termā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. termā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *termā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. termā́-
*ā́ → ṓ
Change of ā́ into ṓ
RChangeA202 → *termṓ-
5. termṓ-
ṓ → ó
Orthographic change of ṓ into ó
R27b → Lith. termó-
PIE *termḗɑh
Lith. termà-
(f.) ‘Schweinefutter, Mischmasch, Wirrwarr’
(LiEtWb. 1082)
1. PIE *termḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *termā́ɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. termā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *termā́h
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. termā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *termā́
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. termā́
*ā́ → ṓ
Change of ā́ into ṓ
RChangeA202 → *termṓ
5. termṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
RFinalo2a2 → Lith. termà
PIE *terméhɑn-
Lith. termén-
(vb.) ‘sudeln, beschmieren’
(LiEtWb. 1082)
(Lith. terménti [inf.])
1. PIE *terméhɑn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *terméhn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. terméhn-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Lith. termén-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√tors-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *torsɑ́hi-
Lith. taršý-
(vb.) ‘beschmutzen, -sudeln, vermischen, -wirren’
(LiEtWb. 1063)
(Lith. taršýti [inf.])
1. PIE *torsɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *torsíhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. torsíhi-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiR → *toršíhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. toršíhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *toršíi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. toršíi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *toršī́-
5. toršī́-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *taršī́-
6. taršī́-
*ī́ → ý
Orthographic change of ī́ into ý
R24 → Lith. taršý-
PIE *torslēɑh
Latv. tarsla-
(.) ‘unsauberer Mensch’
(LiEtWb. 1082)
(Latv. tarsla [sgN])
1. PIE *torslēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *torslāɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. torslāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *torslāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. torslāh
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
R9RukiR → *toršlāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
4. toršlāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *toršlā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. toršlā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *taršlā
6. taršlā
*š → s
Change of Balt. š into Latv. s
RChangesh2s → *tarslā
7. tarslā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R28 → Latv. tarsla
PIE *tors·Σ-
Hitt. tarš·kani̯ant-
(a.) ‘schleimverschmiert’ ?
(HHand. 167)
(Hitt. taraškaniant)
1. PIE *tors·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tars·Σ-
(XX:XX)
2. tars·Σ-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. tarš·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tors·Σ-
Hitt. tarš·kant-
(a.) ‘beschmutzt, befleckt’ ?
(HHand. 167)
(Hitt. taraškant-)
1. PIE *tors·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tars·Σ-
(XX:XX)
2. tars·Σ-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. tarš·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ters-
PIE *teŕs-
Lith. ter̃š-
(vb.) ‘schmützen, abfärben, verschlammen’
(LiEtWb. 1083)
(Lith. ter̃šti [inf.])
1. PIE *teŕs-
eŕ → er̃
Circumflex intonation for eŕ
RAcc12 → Lith. ter̃s-
PIE *tersi̯o-
Lith. teršia-
(vb.) ‘schmützen, abfärben, verschlammen’
(LiEtWb. 1083)
(Lith. teršiù [1sg])
1. PIE *tersi̯o-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiR → *terši̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
2. terši̯o-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *terši̯a-
3. terši̯a-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
R25 → Lith. teršia-
PIE *tersímo-
Lith. teršìma-
(m.) ‘Besuldeln, Schmutzen’
(LiEtWb. 1083)
1. PIE *tersímo-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiR → *teršímo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
2. teršímo-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis Li. ì
RAcc2 → *teršìmo-
3. teršìmo-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Lith. teršìma-


PIE √trɦɑu- ‘Tarḫu(nt)-, Tonitrus, Wettergott’
(IEW 1074-5)
(Pyysalo: OIcl.)
√toro-
(Pyysalo)
(Neu 1968: 167 and Oettinger 1979a: 298-9, HIL. 961-2)
PIE *toro-
Hitt. tara-
(vb.) ‘to be able, + inf = can’
(HIL. 961)
(Hitt. tar-ra-at-ta, Oettinger 1979a: 298)
1. PIE *toro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. tara-
(XX:XX)
PIE *toro
OIr. tor-
(m.) ‘champion, héros’
(LEIA T-111)
(OIr. tor, toraib [plD])
1. PIE *toro
*-o → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → OIr. tor
√tr̥ɦɑ́u-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG X:XX, HIL. 964-968)
PIE *tr̥ɦɑ́u-
Hitt. tr̥ḫu-
(vb1.) ‘mächtig sein, können’
(HHand. 167)
(Oettinger 1979a: 298)
1. PIE *tr̥ɦɑ́u-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2a → *tr̥ɦúu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)´
2. tr̥ɦúu-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractúu → *tr̥ɦū́-
3. tr̥ɦū́-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → *tr̥ḫū́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
4. tr̥ḫū́-
PIE *ū́ → u
Absence of accent and quantity in OAnat.
R17 → Hitt. tr̥ḫu-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
PIE *tr̥ɦɑ́u-
Hitt. tr̥ḫu-
(a.) ‘Benennung des Wettergottes, der Mächtige’
(HHand. 167
1. PIE *tr̥ɦɑ́u-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2a → *tr̥ɦúu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)´
2. tr̥ɦúu-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractúu → *tr̥ɦū́-
3. tr̥ɦū́-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → *tr̥ḫū́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
4. tr̥ḫū́-
PIE *ū́ → u
Absence of accent and quantity in OAnat.
R17 → Hitt. tr̥ḫu-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
PIE *tr̥ɦɑ́u-
HLu. tr̥ḫu-
(d.) ‘Wettergott’
(KLuN. § 82)
(HLu. (DEUS)TONITRUS-hu-sa)
1. PIE *tr̥ɦɑ́u-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2a → *tr̥ɦúu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. tr̥ɦúu-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractúu → *tr̥ɦū́-
3. tr̥ɦū́-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → *tr̥ḫū́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. tr̥ḫū́-
PIE *ū́ → u
R20 → HLu. tr̥ḫu-
Absence of accent and quantity in OAnat. (Pyysalo 2013: XX)
PIE *Π·tr̥ɦɑ́u-
Lat. toni·trū-
(m.) ‘Donner’
(WH 2:532)
(Lat. tonitrūs [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·tr̥ɦɑ́u-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2a → *Π·tr̥ɦúu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. Π·tr̥ɦúu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·tr̥úu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. Π·tr̥úu-
PIE *r̥ → r
Desyllafibication of r̥ after loss of h/ɦ
RDesyllR → *Π·trúu-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. Π·trúu-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractúu → *Π·trū́-
5. Π·trū́-
*ū́ → ū
Orthographic absence of accent
R43 → Lat. Π·trū-
√troɦɑu-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *troɦɑu·Σ-
Hitt. traḫu·Σ
(Ic.) ‘‹cf. below›’
(NOMS. Fr. 54)
(Hitt. taraḫu[…
1. PIE *troɦɑu·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *troɦu·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. troɦu·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *traɦu·Σ-
(XX:XX)
3. traɦu·Σ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. traḫu·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *troɦɑu̯o
OIcl. þrō-
(m.) ‘name von Odin’
(ANEtWb. 623)
(OIcl. þrór [sgN])
1. PIE *troɦɑu̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *troɦu̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. troɦu̯o
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *trou̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. trou̯o
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
AffricateT → *þrou̯o
4. þrou̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *þrau̯a
(XX:XX)
5. þrau̯a
-a → Ø
Loss of -a in root-final position
RLossFinala1 → *þrau̯
6. þrau̯
*au̯ → ō
Change of *- au̯ into -ō
R19 → OIcl. þrō
√tr̥ɦɑundɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *tr̥ɦɑundɑɦ
CLu. tr̥ḫund-
(d.) ‘Tarhunt, Wettergott, Tonitrus’
(OHP. 1:446-)
(CLu. tar-ḫu-un-za, GhR. 308-9, RDH. 89, E. Neu StBoT 18:118+n. 277, REL. 69,91,166-8,173, WbMyth. 208-214, KLuN. 142-5)
1. PIE *tr̥ɦɑundɑɦ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tr̥ɦundɦ
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tr̥ɦundɦ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *tr̥ɦund
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. tr̥ɦund
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. tr̥ḫund
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *tr̥ɦɑundɑɦo
OIcl. þrund-
(m.) ‘Odinsname (þula)’
(ANEtWb. 624)
(OIcl. þrundr [sgN])
1. PIE *tr̥ɦɑundɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tr̥ɦundɦo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tr̥ɦundɦo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *tr̥undɦo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. tr̥undɦo
PIE *r̥ → r
Desyllafibication of r̥ after loss of h/ɦ
RDesyllR → *trundɦo
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. trundɦo
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
AffricateT → *þrundɦo
5. þrundɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *þrundo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. þrundo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *þrunda
(XX:XX)
7. þrunda
-a → Ø
Loss of -a in root-final position
RLossFinala1 → OIcl. þrund
PIE *tr̥ɦɑundɑɦoso-
Hitt. tr̥ḫundaša-
(URU.) –
(OGH. 405)
(Hitt. tar-ḫu-un-da-aš-ša [Stf.], CLuLex. 212)
1. PIE *tr̥ɦɑundɑɦoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tr̥ɦundɦoso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tr̥ɦundɦoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tr̥ɦundɦasa-
(XX:XX)
3. tr̥ɦundɦasa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *tr̥ɦundasa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tr̥ɦundasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *tr̥ɦundaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. tr̥ɦundaša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. tr̥ḫundaša-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *tr̥ɦɑundɑɦeiso-
Hitt. tr̥ḫundeiša-
(Ic.) ‘= Ugar. trġds ?’
(NOMS. 1272)
(Hitt. tar-ḫu-un-ti-iš-ša [abs.])
1. PIE *tr̥ɦɑundɑɦeiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tr̥ɦundɦeiso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tr̥ɦundɦeiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tr̥ɦundɦeisa-
(XX:XX)
3. tr̥ɦundɦeisa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *tr̥ɦundeisa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tr̥ɦundeisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *tr̥ɦundeiša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. tr̥ɦundeiša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. tr̥ḫundeiša-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√toreio-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *tōrei̯o-
Hitt. tārei̯a-
(vb.) ‘XX’
(HEG T: 147)
(Hitt. tar-ia-an-da-an, KUB 12.63 + 36.70 obv. 9)
1. PIE *tōrei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tōrei̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. tōrei̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → Hitt. tārei̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *titōrei̯o-
LAv. titāraya-
(cs.) ‘überwinden, bewältigen’
(AIWb. 639)
1. PIE *titōrei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *titōrei̯a-
2. titōrei̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *titārei̯a-
3. titārei̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *titārai̯a-
4. titārai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → LAv. titāraya-
√toruɑh-
(HIL. 964-)
PIE *toruɑh-
Hitt. taruḫ-
(vb1.) ‘mächtig sein, können’
(HHand. 167)
(Hitt. tar-ru-uḫ-zi, tar-ru-uḫ-ḫa-an-zi, tar-uḫ-ḫu-un [1sg], ta-ru-uḫ-ḫu-un])
1. PIE *toruɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *toruh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. toruh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *taruh-
(XX:XX)
3. taruh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. taruḫ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *toruɑh-
Hitt. taruḫ-
(vb1.+za) ‘besiegen, bezwingen, überwinden’
(HHand. 167)
(= GÉŠPUuḫḫ-)
1. PIE *toruɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *toruh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. toruh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *taruh-
(XX:XX)
3. taruh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. taruḫ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *toruɑhei̯o-
gAv. taurvaya-
(cs.) ‘überwinden, bewältigen’
(AIWb. 639)
(gAv. taurvayāmā [1pl]
1. PIE *toruɑhei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *toruhei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. toruhei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *taruhei̯a-
3. taruhei̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *taruei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. taruei̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *taruai̯a-
5. taruai̯a-
*ua → u̯a
Loss of hiatus in ua
R32a → *taru̯ai̯a-
6. taru̯ai̯a-
*aru → auru
Anaptyxis of *u
RAnaptyxARU → *tauru̯ai̯a-
7. tauru̯ai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → *tauru̯aya-
8. tauru̯aya-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → gAv. taurvaya-
PIE *toruɑheiski̯e/o-
Hitt. taruḫeiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘XX’
(HHand. 167)
Hitt. tar-uḫ-ḫi-eš-kir)
1. PIE *toruɑheiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *toruheiski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. toruheiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *toruheisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. toruheisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *taruheisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
4. taruheisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *taruheiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. taruheiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *taruheiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. taruheiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. taruḫeiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *Π·toruɑhon-
LAv. vǝrǝϑra·taurvan-
(a.) ‘den Angriff überwindend’
(AIWb. 1423)
(LAv. vǝrǝϑra.taurvan-)
1. PIE *Π·toruɑhon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·toruhon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·toruhon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·taruhan-
3. Π·taruhan-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·taruan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·taruan-
*ua → u̯a
Loss of hiatus in ua
R32a → *Π·taru̯an-
5. Π·taru̯an-
*aru → auru
Anaptyxis of *u
RAnaptyxARU → *Π·tauru̯an-
6. Π·tauru̯an-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → LAv. Π·taurvan-
PIE *toruɑhont-
Hitt. taruḫant-
(pt.) ‘XX’
(HHand. 167)
(Hitt. tar-uḫ-ḫan)
1. PIE *toruɑhont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *toruhont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. toruhont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *taruhant-
(XX:XX)
3. taruhant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. taruḫant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *Π·toruɑhoriɑ́h-
LAv. vīspa·taurvairī-
(a.f.) ‘Allüberwinderin’
(AIWb. 1463-4)
(LAv. vīspa.taurvairī-, BN der ǝrǝdat.fǝdrī-)
1. PIE *Π·toruɑhoriɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1b → *Π·toruɑhoriíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. Π·toruɑhoriíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·toruhoriíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·toruhoriíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·taruhariíh-
4. Π·taruhariíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·taruarií-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·taruarií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → *Π·taruarī́-
6. Π·taruarī́-
*ua → u̯a
Loss of hiatus in ua
R32a → *Π·taru̯arī́-
7. Π·taru̯arī́-
*ari → airi
Anaptyxis of *i
RAnaptyxARI → *Π·taru̯airī́-
8. Π·taru̯airī́-
*aru → auru
Anaptyxis of *u
RAnaptyxARU → *Π·tauru̯airī́-
9. Π·tauru̯airī́-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → *Π·taurvairī́-
10. Π·taurvairī́-
* ī̯́ → ī
Absence of accentuation
R41c → LAv. Π·taurvairī-


√trgiɑɦ- ‘Vogel, Geier, Schwan’
(IEW XX)
(Pyysalo)
√torgiɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *torgi̯o-
CLu. tarza-
(c.) ‘ein Vogel/Qualifikation von ‘Vogel’
(HHand. 171)
1. PIE *torgi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *torj́o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. torj́o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tarj́a-
(XX:XX)
3. tarj́a-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to CLu.
RSatem2CLu4 → CLu. tarza-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.9)
PIE *tórgi̯o-
Gr. τόργο-
(m.) ‘Geier : ‘vulture’
(GEW 2:911)
(Gr. τόργος)
1. PIE *tórgi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *tórǵo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. tórǵo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *tórgo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. tórgo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. τόργο-
PIE *tórgi̯ii̯o-
Gr. τόργιο-
(.) ‘ορος (…) οπου νεττευουσιν οι γυπες’
(GEW 2:912)
(Gr. τόργιος)
1. PIE *tórgi̯ii̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *tórǵii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. tórǵii̯o-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *tórgii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. tórgii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *tórgio-
4. tórgio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. τόργιο-
PIE *tórgio·Σ-
Gr. ·τόργο-
(m.) ‘mit ὑγρόφοιτος = Schwan’
(GEW 2:911-2)
(Gr. ἐν σικελία)
1. PIE *tórgio·Σ-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *tórǵo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. tórǵo·Σ-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *tórgo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. tórgo·Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. τόργο·Σ-


PIE √tru- ‘tanzen, hüpfen, toben, usw.’
(IEW. 1100)
(+ Pyysalo: Hitt. & CLu.)
√tru-
[HIL. 972f. to tarku- ‘dance’, HHand. 168) – HIL 814]
PIE *toru-
Hitt. taru-
(vb.) ‘toben, tanzen’
(HHand. 170)
(HEG 9:235, taruzi)
1. PIE *toru-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. taru-
(XX:XX)
PIE *toru̯oli-
CLu. taru̯ali-
(c.N.ag.) ‘danseur (?)’
(DLL. 94)
1. PIE *toru̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. taru̯ali-
(XX:XX)
√truɑh-
PIE *truēɑh-
Lat. truā-
(pr1.) ‘movere’
(IEW. 1100)
(Lat. truant [3pl])
1. PIE *truēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *truāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. truāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *truāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. truāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Lat. truā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *Π·truēɑh-
Lat. amb·truā-
(pr1.) ‘tanzend im Kreis hüpfen’
(WH 1:42)
(Lat. ambtruō [1sg])
1. PIE *Π·truēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·truāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·truāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·truāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·truāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Lat. Π·truā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *Π·truēɑh-
Lat. an·truā-
(vb1.) ‘tanzend im Kreis hüpfen’
(WH 1:42)
(Lat. antruō [1sg])
1. PIE *Π·truēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·truāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·truāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·truāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·truāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Lat. Π·truā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√trui-
PIE *toru̯oi-
Hitt. taru̯ai-
(vb1.) ‘toben, tanzen’
(HHand. 171)
1. PIE *toru̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. taru̯ai-
(XX:XX)
PIE *toru̯iski̯e/o-
Hitt. taru̯iške/a-
(vb.) ‘dance in leopard-style’
(HHand. 171)
1. PIE *toru̯iski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *toru̯isḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. toru̯isḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *taru̯isḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
3. taru̯isḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *taru̯iske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. taru̯iske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. taru̯iške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *toru̯iski̯olo-
Hitt. taru̯iškala-
(c.) ‘dancer’
(HHand. 171)
1. PIE *toru̯iski̯olo-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *toru̯isḱolo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. toru̯isḱolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *taru̯isḱala-
(XX:XX)
3. taru̯isḱala-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *taru̯iskala-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. taru̯iskala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. taru̯iškala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


√ts- √tos- √tes- (vb.) ‘schreien’ (sb.) ‘Stimme’
(IEW –)
√tos-
PIE *toso-
Norw. tas-
(.) ‘Geschwätz : babble’
(ANEtWb. 606)
1. PIE *toso-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
AffricateT → *þoso-
2. þoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → Norw. þasa-
(XX:XX)
PIE *tos·Σ-
OIcl. þas·rām-
(BN.) ‹with OIcl. rāmr (a.) ‘heiser’›
(ANEtWb. 606)
1. PIE *tos·Σ-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
AffricateT → *þos·Σ-
2. þos·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → OIcl. þas·Σ-
(XX:XX)
√tosi-
PIE *tostosei̯o-
Hitt. taštašei̯a-
(vb1.) ‘flüstern, konspirieren’
(HHand. 172)
1. PIE *tostosei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tastasei̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. tastasei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. taštašei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tostosiski̯e/o-
Hitt. taštašiške/a-
(vb1iter.) ‘flüstern, konspirieren’
(HHand. 172)
1. PIE *tostosiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *tostosisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. tostosisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tastasisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
3. tastasisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *tastasiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. tastasiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. taštašiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√toski-
PIE *toski̯upoi-
Hitt. taškupai-
(vb.) ‘schreien, heulen, jammern’
(HHand. 172)
1. PIE *toski̯upoi-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *tosḱupoi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. tosḱupoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tasḱupai-
(XX:XX)
3. tasḱupai-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *taskupai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. taskupai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. taškupai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *toski̯upimi-
Hitt. taškupimi-
(N.act.c.) ‘Geschrei’
(HHand. 172)
1. PIE *toski̯upimi-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *tosḱupimi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. tosḱupimi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tasḱupimi-
(XX:XX)
3. tasḱupimi-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *taskupimi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. taskupimi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. taškupimi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *toski̯upiskie/o-
Hitt. taškupiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘schreien, heulen, jammern’
(HHand. 172)
1. PIE *toski̯upiskie/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *tosḱupisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. tosḱupisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tasḱupisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
3. tasḱupisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *taskupiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. taskupiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. taškupiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √tu- (sb.) ‘Ohr’ (gAv. gǝ̄uša- ‘id.’, AIWb 486) (a.) ‘geräuschvoll, lärmend’ (AV. ghoṣín- ‘id.’ EWA 1:518)
(IEW XX)
(Pyysalo)
√tu-
PIE *tustōu̯-
OInd. tu·ṣṭāv-
(pf.) ‘loben, preisen’
(MonWil. XX)
(OInd. tuṣṭāva)
1. PIE *tustōu̯-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *tuštōu̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
2. tuštōu̯-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *tuštāu̯-
3. tuštāu̯-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *tuštāv-
4. tuštāv-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → *tuṣtāv-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
5. tuṣtāv-
*ṣt → ṣṭ
Assimilation of retroflex
RRetrofl3 → OInd. tuṣṭāv-
PIE *tustuu̯-
RV. tu·ṣṭuv-
(pf.) ‘loben, preisen’
(WbRV. 1591)
(RV. tuṣṭuvús [3pl])
1. PIE *tustuu̯-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *tuštuu̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
2. tuštuu̯-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *tuštuv-
3. tuštuv-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → *tuṣtuv-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
4. tuṣtuv-
*ṣt → ṣṭ
Assimilation of retroflex
RRetrofl3 → RV. tuṣṭuv-
√tumon-
PIE *tumon-
CLu. tuman-
(n.) ‘Ohr’
(DLL. 99)
(CLu. tu-um-ma-an-, tum-ma-a-an)
1. PIE *tumon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. tuman-
(XX:XX)
PIE *tumono-
Kpd. tumana-
(Ic.) –
(NOMS. 1371)
(Kpd. du-ma-na)
1. PIE *tumono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Kpd. tumana-
(XX:XX)
PIE *tumono-
Hitt. tumana
(URU.) –
(OGH. 437)
(Hitt. tu-ma-na)
1. PIE *tumono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. tumana-
(XX:XX)
PIE *tumono-
Hitt. tumana-
() ((KUR) URU.) –
(OGH. 437)
(Hitt. tu-u-ma-an-na, tu-u-um-ma-an-na-an)
1. PIE *tumono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. tumana-
(XX:XX)
PIE *tumono·li-
Hitt. tumana·li-
(LÚc.) (Funktionär in Gerichtsprotokoll)
(HHand. 180)
1. PIE *tumono·li-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. tumana·li-
(XX:XX)
PIE *tumono·li-
CLu. tumana·li-
(N.) ‘-(?)-’
(HHand. 180)
1. PIE *tumono·li-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. tumana·li-
(XX:XX)
√tumont-
PIE *tumont-
CLu. tumant-
(n.) ‘Ohr’
(HHand. 180)
1. PIE *tumont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. tumant-
(XX:XX)
PIE *tumonto-
Hitt. tumanta
() ((KUR) URU.) ‘In Zusammenhang mit › Partuwata’
(OGH. 438)
(Hitt. du-um-ma-an-da, tu-u-um-ma-an-da
1. PIE *tumonto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. tumanta-
(XX:XX)
PIE *tumonto-
Hitt. tumanta-
(URU.) –
(OGH. 438)
(Hitt. tum-ma-an-ta)
1. PIE *tumonto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. tumanta-
(XX:XX)
√tumontoi-
PIE *tumontoi-
CLu. tumantai-
(vb.) ‘hören’
(HHand. 180)
(CLu. tu-u-um-ma-a-ta-i-im-mi-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *tumontoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. tumantai-
(XX:XX)
PIE *tumontoimi-
CLu. tumantaimi-
(pt.) ‘berühmt’
(HHand. 180)
1. PIE *tumontoimi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. tumantaimi-
(XX:XX)
√tumonteio-
PIE *tumontei̯o-
CLu. tumantei̯a-
(c.) ‘Gehör, Gehorsam’
(HHand. 180)
1. PIE *tumontei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. tumantei̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *tumontei̯o-
Hitt. tumantei̯a-
(c.) ‘Gehör, Gehorsam’
(HHand. 180)
1. PIE *tumontei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. tumantei̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *tumontei̯olo-
CLu. tumantei̯ala-
(.) ‘Gehörgang’ (?)
(HHand. 180)
1. PIE *tumontei̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. tumantei̯ala-
(XX:XX)
PIE *tumontei̯ot-
Hitt. tumantei̯at-
(É.) (ein Gebäude(-teil)), ‘Audienzraum’ ?
(HHand. 180)
1. PIE *tumontei̯ot-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. tumantei̯at-
(XX:XX)
√tumul-
PIE *tumuLo-
OInd. tumula-
(a.) ‘geräuschvoll, lärmend’
(MonW. 450)
(Beitr. 484)
1. PIE *tumuLo-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RChangelr4 → *tumulo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
2. tumulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → OInd. tumula-
PIE *tumulto-
Lat. tumulto-
(a.) ‘Kriegslärm, Lärm, Getöse, Unruhe, Aufstand’
(WH 2:716)


√tuɑh- (vb.) ‘schlagen, schneiden, enden, abgrenzen’
(IEW XX)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√tuɑh-
PIE *tu̯ḗɑh-
Lith. tvó-
(vb.) ‘tüchtig prügeln’
(LiEtWb. XX)
1. PIE *tu̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *tu̯ā́ɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. tu̯ā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tu̯ā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. tu̯ā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *tu̯ā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. tu̯ā́-
*ā́ → ṓ
Change of ā́ into ṓ
RChangeA202 → *tu̯ṓ-
5. tu̯ṓ-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *tvṓ-
6. tvṓ-
ṓ → ó
Orthographic change of ṓ into ó
R27b → Lith. tvó-
PIE *tu̯ḗɑhi̯o-
Lith. tvója-
(vb.) ‘tüchtig prügeln’
(LiEtWb. XX)
1. PIE *tu̯ḗɑhi̯o-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *tu̯ā́ɑhi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. tu̯ā́ɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tu̯ā́hi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. tu̯ā́hi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *tu̯ā́i̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. tu̯ā́i̯o-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tu̯ā́i̯a-
5. tu̯ā́i̯a-
*ā́ → ṓ
Change of ā́ into ṓ
RChangeA202 → *tu̯ṓi̯a-
6. tu̯ṓi̯a-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *tvṓi̯a-
7. tvṓi̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j *
R26 → *tvṓja-
8. tvṓja-
ṓ → ó
Orthographic change of ṓ into ó
R27b → Lith. tvója-
√tuɑhis-
PIE *tu̯ɑ́hisku̯in-
Lith. tvýskin-
(vb.) ‘gewaltig anklopfen’
(XX:XX)
(Lith. tvýskinti, tvýskinu)
1. PIE *tu̯ɑ́hisku̯in-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *tu̯íhisku̯in-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. tu̯íhisku̯in-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *tu̯íisku̯in-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. tu̯íisku̯in-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *tu̯íiskin-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. tu̯íiskin-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *tu̯ī́skin-
5. tu̯ī́skin-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *tvī́skin-
6. tvī́skin-
*ī́ → ý
Orthographic change of ī́ into ý
R24 → Lith. tvýskin-
√tuɑɦid-
PIE *tu̯oɑɦido
OIcl. þveit-
(.) ‘Querhieb, Einschnitt’
(ANEtWb. XX)
(OIcl. þveitr [sgN])
1. PIE *tu̯oɑɦido
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tu̯oɦido
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tu̯oɦido
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *tu̯oido
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. tu̯oido
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
AffricateT → *þu̯oido
4. þu̯oido
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
RDevoiced → *þu̯oito
5. þu̯oito
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *þu̯aita
(XX:XX)
6. þu̯aita
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
RChangeai2ei → *þu̯eita
7. þu̯eita
-a → Ø
Loss of -a in root-final position
RLossFinala1 → *þu̯eit
8. þu̯eit
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → OIcl. þveit
PIE *tu̯oɑɦido-
OIcl. þveita-
(vb.) ‘hauen, stoßen’
(ANEtWb. XX)
1. PIE *tu̯oɑɦido-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tu̯oɦido-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tu̯oɦido-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *tu̯oido-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. tu̯oido-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
AffricateT → *þu̯oido-
4. þu̯oido-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
RDevoiced → *þu̯oito-
5. þu̯oito-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *þu̯aita-
(XX:XX)
6. þu̯aita-
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
RChangeai2ei → *þu̯eita-
7. þu̯eita-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → OIcl. þveita-
√tuɑhs-
PIE *tu̯ēɑhskuin-
Lith. tvoskin-
(vb.) ‘stark schlagen’
(LiEtWb. XX)
(Lith. tvoskinti, tvoskinu
1. PIE *tu̯ēɑhskuin-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *tu̯āɑhskuin-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. tu̯āɑhskuin-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tu̯āhskuin-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. tu̯āhskuin-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *tu̯āskuin-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. tu̯āskuin-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *tu̯āskin-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. tu̯āskin-
*ā → ō
Change of ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → *tu̯ōskin-
6. tu̯ōskin-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *tvōskin-
7. tvōskin-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
R27a → Lith. tvoskin-
PIE *tuɑhs-
Hitt. tuḫš-
(vbM.) ‘abschneiden; trennen, beendigen’
(HHand. 179)
1. PIE *tuɑhs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tuhs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tuhs-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *tuhš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. tuhš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. tuḫš-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *tuɑhsont-
Hitt. tuḫšant-
(pt.) ‘abschneiden, trennen, beendigen’
(HIL. 1027-29)
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *tuɑhsont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tuhsont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tuhsont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tuhsant-
(XX:XX)
3. tuhsant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *tuhšant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tuhšant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. tuḫšant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√tuɑɦd-
PIE *tutóuɑɦd-
RV. tutód-
(pf.) ‘anstacheln’ oder ‘peitschen’
(WbRV. 540)
(RV. tutóda)
1. PIE *tutóuɑɦd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tutóuɦd-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tutóuɦd-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *tutáuɦd-
3. tutáuɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *tutáud-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. tutáud-
aú → ṓ
Monophthongization of *aú
RChangeAU2O2 → *tutṓd-
5. tutṓd-
ṓ → ó
Orthographic change of ṓ into ó
ROrthOIA7 → RV. tutód-
PIE *tutuɑɦd-
Lat. tutud-
(pf.) ‘stoßen, schlagen, hämmern’
(WH 2:XX)
(Lat. tutudī)
1. PIE *tutuɑɦd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tutuɦd-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tutuɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → Lat. tutud-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *tuɑɦdó-
RV. tudá-
(pr.) ‘anstacheln’ oder ‘peitschen’
(WbRV. 540)
(RV. tudát)
1. PIE *tuɑɦdó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tuɦdó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tuɦdó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *tuɦdá-
3. tuɦdá-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → RV. tudá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *tuɑɦder-
Umbr. tuder-
(n.) ‘Grenze’
(WbOU. 771-2)
(Umbr. tuder [sgA], tuderor [plN])
1. PIE *tuɑɦder-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tuɦder-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tuɦder-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → Umbr. tuder-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *tuɑɦderēɑh-
Umbr. tuderā-
(vb.) ‘begrenzen, abgrenzen’
(WbOU. 773)
(Umbr. tuderato est)
1. PIE *tuɑɦderēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *tuɑɦderāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. tuɑɦderāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tuɦderāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. tuɦderāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *tuderāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. tuderāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Umbr. tuderā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√tuɑhus-
PIE *tuɑhus-
Hitt. tuḫuš-
(vbA.) ‘abschneiden; trennen, beendigen’
(HHand. 179)
(in Hitt. tuḫušant- [pt.])
1. PIE *tuɑhus-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tuhus-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tuhus-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *tuhuš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. tuhuš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. tuḫuš-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)


PIE √tɑhu- ‘glänzen, leuchten, brennen’
(IEW XX)
(+ LIV2 AC + Pyysalo: CLu.)
√tɑhōu-
PIE *tɑhōu̯-
Sogd. ϑāw-
(vb.) ‘brennen’
(LIV2 AC:13)
(See LIV2 AC for additional Iranian forms)
1. PIE *tɑhōu̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *thōu̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. thōu̯-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *thāu̯-
3. thāu̯-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R29b → *thāv-
4. thāv-
th → ϑ
Orthographic change of *th into ϑ
R29f → Sogd. ϑāv-
√tɑhōuɑh-
PIE *tɑheu̯ēɑh-
OPers. ϑavā-
(vb.) ‘ausbrennen, abbrennen’
(A2 Sa 2,4)
(OPers. aϑavā- [3sg], AC LIV2:3)
1. PIE *tɑheu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *tɑheu̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. tɑheu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *theu̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. theu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *theu̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. theu̯ā-
*t h → ϑ
Affricativization of *th
AffricateTH → *ϑeu̯ā-
5. ϑeu̯ā-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *ϑau̯ā-
6. ϑau̯ā-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R29b → OPers. ϑavā-
PIE *tɑhōu̯ɑ́hi-
Chwar. ϑ´wȳ-
(vb.) ‘brennen’
(LIV2 AC:13)
1. PIE *tɑhōu̯ɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *tɑhōu̯íhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. tɑhōu̯íhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *thōu̯íhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. thōu̯íhi-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *thāu̯íhi-
4. thāu̯íhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *thāu̯íi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. thāu̯íi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *thāu̯ī́-
6. thāu̯ī́-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
R29b → *thāwī́-
7. thāwī́-
ā → ´
Orthographic change of *ā into ´
R29d → *th´wī́-
8. th´wī́-
ī́ → ī
Absence of accentuation
R29e → *th´wī-
9. th´wī-
ī → ȳ
Orthographic change of *ī into ȳ
R29f → *th´wȳ-
10. th´wȳ-
th → ϑ
Orthographic change of *th into ϑ
R29g → Chwar. ϑ´wȳ-
√tɑhōuɑhs-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *tɑhuɑ́hski-
Khot. ϑūs-
(vb.) brennen’
(LIV2 AC:13)
1. PIE *tɑhuɑ́hski-
PIE *uɑ́ → uú
Assimilation of *u and *ɑ́
RAssimilation2b → *tɑhuúhski-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. tɑhuúhski-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *thuúhski-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. thuúhski-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *thuúhsć-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. thuúhsć-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *thuúsć-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. thuúsć-
*uú → ū́
Contraction of u and ú
RContractuU → *thū́sć-
6. thū́sć-
*s → h
Change of segmental *s into h
RChangeS2H → *thū́hć-
7. thū́hć-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to Parthian
RSatem2Iran1 → *thū́hs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
8. thū́hs-
*ū́ → ū
Absence of accentuation
R29c → *thūhs-
9. thūhs-
th → ϑ
Orthographic change of *th into ϑ
R29d → Khot. ϑūhs-
PIE *tɑhōu̯ɑhsu-
TochA. tāwsu-
(pret.pt.) ‘kindle, ignite, light’ (DTochB. 298)
(Poucha 136)
(HIL. 1026f.)
1. PIE *tɑhōu̯ɑhsu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *thōu̯hsu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. thōu̯hsu-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *thāu̯hsu-
(XX:XX)
3. thāu̯hsu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *thāu̯su-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. thāu̯su-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenues aspiratae
RDeaspth → *tāu̯su-
5. tāu̯su-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of u̯ into w
ROrthW2w → TochA. tāwsu-
√tɑhuɑh-
PIE *tɑhuɑh·oro-
CLu. tuḫ·ara-
(.) ‘Bez. einer brennbaren Substanz, HHand. 158’
(DLL 88)
(CLu. tuḫ-ḫa-ra-an-zi [plN], tuḫ-ḫa-ra-an-za [A], HHand. 179)
1. PIE *tɑhuɑh·oro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *thuh·oro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. thuh·oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *thuh·ara-
(XX:XX)
3. thuh·ara-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *tuh·ara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tuh·ara-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. tuḫ·ara-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
√tɑhuɑhs-
PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōso-
TochB. twāsa-
(vb.) ‘kindle, light, ignite : anzünden ]
(DTochB. 298)
(TochB. twāsasi [inf.], VW. 519, MA. 87)
1. PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *thu̯hōso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. thu̯hōso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *thu̯hōsa-
(XX:XX)
3. thu̯hōsa-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *thu̯hāsa-
(XX:XX)
4. thu̯hāsa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *thu̯āsa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. thu̯āsa-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenues aspiratae
RDeaspth → *tu̯āsa-
6. tu̯āsa-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of u̯ into w
R19 → TochB. twāsa-
PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōs-
TochA. twās-
(vbA.) ‘kindle, ignite, light’ (DTochB. 298)
(Poucha 136)
(TochA. twāsiṣ)
1. PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *thu̯hōs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. thu̯hōs-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *thu̯hās-
(XX:XX)
3. thu̯hās-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *thu̯ās-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. thu̯ās-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenues aspiratae
RDeaspth → *tu̯ās-
5. tu̯ās-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of u̯ into w
ROrthW2w → TochA. twās-
PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōslunoi̯o
TochA. twāslune-
(sb.vb.) ‘kindle, ignite, light’ (DTochB. 298)
(Poucha 136)
1. PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōslunoi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *thu̯hōslunoi̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. thu̯hōslunoi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *thu̯hōslunai̯a
(XX:XX)
3. thu̯hōslunai̯a
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *thu̯hāslunai̯a
(XX:XX)
4. thu̯hāslunai̯a
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *thu̯āslunai̯a
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. thu̯āslunai̯a
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenues aspiratae
RDeaspth → *tu̯āslunai̯a
6. tu̯āslunai̯a
*a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *tu̯āslunai̯
7. tu̯āslunai̯
*a y → ē
Change of ay into ē in root-final
RCyangeay2E → *tu̯āslunē
8. tu̯āslunē
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthE2e1 → *tu̯āslune
9. tu̯āslune
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of u̯ into w
ROrthW2w → TochA. twāslune
PIE *tɑhuɑhsoi-
TochA. tuse-
(pr.) ‘kindle, ignite, light’ (DTochB. 298)
(Poucha 125)
(TochA. tuseñcäṃ)
1. PIE *tɑhuɑhsoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *thuhsoi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. thuhsoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *thuhsai-
(XX:XX)
3. thuhsai-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *thusai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. thusai-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenues aspiratae
RDeaspth → *tusai-
5. tusai-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RMonophthai2E1 → *tusē-
6. tusē-
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthE2e1 → TochA. tuse-
PIE *tɑhōtɑhu̯ɑhsu-
TochA. tātwsu-
(pret.pt.) ‘kindle, ignite, light’ (DTochB. 298)
(Poucha 136)
(TochA. tātwsuṣ)
1. PIE *tɑhōtɑhu̯ɑhsu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *thōthu̯hsu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. thōthu̯hsu-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *thāthu̯hsu-
(XX:XX)
3. thāthu̯hsu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *thāthu̯su-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. thāthu̯su-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenues aspiratae
RDeaspth → *tātu̯su-
5. tātu̯su-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of u̯ into w
ROrthW2w → TochA. tātwsu-
PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhosos-
TochB. twasas-
(prM.) ‘kindle, ignite, light’
(DTochB. 298)
(TochB. twasastär [3sg])
1. PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhosos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *thu̯hosos-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. thu̯hosos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *thu̯hasas-
(XX:XX)
3. thu̯hasas-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *thu̯asas-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. thu̯asas-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenues aspiratae
RDeaspth → *tu̯asas-
5. tu̯asas-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of u̯ into w
R19 → TochB. twasas-
PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhoskḗhɑ-
Lith. tvaskė́-
(vb.) ‘glänzen, leuchten flimmern, glitzern’
(LiEtWb. 1151)
1. PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhoskḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *thu̯hoskḗh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. thu̯hoskḗh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *thu̯oskḗ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. thu̯oskḗ-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *thu̯askḗ-
4. thu̯askḗ-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
RDeaspth → *tu̯askḗ-
5. tu̯askḗ-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *tvaskḗ-
6. tvaskḗ-
*ḗ -> ė́
Orthographic change of *ḗ -> ė́
R28c → Lith. tvaskė́-
PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōsoski-
TochB. twāsäsk-
(prA.) ‘kindle’
(DTochB. 298)
TochB. twāsäṣṣim, opt1sg)
1. PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōsoski-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *thu̯hōsoski-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. thu̯hōsoski-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *thu̯hōsosḱ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. thu̯hōsosḱ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *thu̯hōsasḱ-
(XX:XX)
4. thu̯hōsasḱ-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *thu̯hāsasḱ-
(XX:XX)
5. thu̯hāsasḱ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *thu̯āsasḱ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. thu̯āsasḱ-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *thu̯āsask-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. thu̯āsask-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenues aspiratae
RDeaspth → *tu̯āsask-
8. tu̯āsask-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of u̯ into w
R19 → TochB. twāsask-
PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōski-
TochB. twāsk-
(prA.) ‘kindle, ignite, light’
(DTochB. 298)
(TochB. twāṣṣäm [3sg])
1. PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōski-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *thu̯hōski-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. thu̯hōski-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *thu̯hōsḱ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. thu̯hōsḱ-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *thu̯hāsḱ-
(XX:XX)
4. thu̯hāsḱ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *thu̯āsḱ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. thu̯āsḱ-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *thu̯āsk-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. thu̯āsk-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenues aspiratae
RDeaspth → *tu̯āsk-
7. tu̯āsk-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of u̯ into w
R19 → TochB. twāsk-
PIE *tɑhuɑhsi-
TochA. tuṣ-
(prA.) ‘kindle, ignite, light’ (DTochB. 298)
(Poucha 125)
1. PIE *tɑhuɑhsi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *thuhsi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. thuhsi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *thusi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. thusi-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenues aspiratae
RDeaspth → *tusi-
4. tusi-
*si → ṣ
Palatalization of *si
R18b → TochA. tuṣ-
PIE *tɑhuɑhsí-
TochB. tuṣi
(PN.) ‘in monastic records; ‹‘enlightened’ (?)›’
(DTochB. 302)
1. PIE *tɑhuɑhsí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *thuhsí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. thuhsí-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *thusí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. thusí-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenues aspiratae
RDeaspth → *tusí-
4. tusí-
*sí → ṣí
Palatalization of *sí
R18c → *tuṣí-
5. tuṣí-
*í → i
Unmarkedness of accent
R20 → TochB. tuṣi-
√tɑhuɑhu-
PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhou-
TochB. two-
(pret.pt.) ‘kindled’
(DTochB. 298)
1. PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *thu̯hou-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. thu̯hou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *thu̯hau-
(XX:XX)
3. thu̯hau-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *thu̯au-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. thu̯au-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenues aspiratae
RDeaspth → *tu̯au-
5. tu̯au-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RChangeAU2O1 → *tu̯ō-
6. tu̯ō-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthOIA6 → *tu̯o-
7. tu̯o-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of u̯ into w
R19 → TochB. two-


PIE √tubɑɦ- ‘schlagen, töten, usw.’
(IEW XX)
(Pyysalo)
√tubɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *teubɑɦo-
OInd. tobha-
(vb.) ‘to hurt, kill’
(MonWil. XX)
(OInd. tobhate [3sg])
1. PIE *teubɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *teubɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. teubɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *teubɦa-
3. teubɦa-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *taubɦa-
4. taubɦa-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RChangeAU2O1 → *tōbɦa-
5. tōbɦa-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → *tōbha-
6. tōbha-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthOIA6 → OInd. tobha-
PIE *tubɑɦei-
LycB. tubei-
(.) ‘schlagen’
(LuPG 54)
(Lyc. tubeiti [3sg])
1. PIE *tubɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tubɦei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tubɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → LycB. tubei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tubɑɦoi-
CLu. tubai-
(vb.) ‘schlagen’
(DLL. XX)
(CLu. dupainti [3pl])
1. PIE *tubɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tubɦoi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tubɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tubɦai-
(XX:XX)
3. tubɦai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. tubai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tubɑɦoi·mi-
CLu. tubai·mi-
(pp.) ‘schlagen’
(DLL. XX)
(CLu. du-ú-pa-im-mi-i-iš, VLFḪ 210
1. PIE *tubɑɦoi·mi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tubɦoi·mi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tubɦoi·mi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tubɦai·mi-
(XX:XX)
3. tubɦai·mi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. tubai·mi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tubɑɦi-
CLu. tubi-
(.) ‘schlagen’
(DLL 99)
(CLu. dupiti [3sg], Melchert 1994:277)
1. PIE *tubɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tubɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tubɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. tubi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tubɑɦi-
LycB. tubi-
(.) ‘XX’
(XX:XX)
(Lyc. tubidi [3sg])
1. PIE *tubɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tubɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tubɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → LycB. tubi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tubɑɦi̯o-
OInd. tubhya-
(vb.) ‘to hurt, kill’
(MonWil. XX)
(OInd. tubyati [3sg])
1. PIE *tubɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tubɦi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tubɦi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tubɦi̯a-
3. tubɦi̯a-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → *tubhi̯a-
4. tubhi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → OInd. tubhya-
PIE *tubɑɦno-
OInd. tubhna-
(pf.pt.) ‘XX’
(MonWil. XX)
1. PIE *tubɑɦno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tubɦno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tubɦno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tubɦna-
3. tubɦna-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. tubhna-


PIE √dɑɦi- ‘binden’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√dɑɦe/oi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɑɦōi-
TochB. tai-
(sb.) ‘human body hair, pubic hair’
(DTochB. 308)
(TochB. taine)
1. PIE *dɑɦōi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦōi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦōi-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *dɦāi-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦāi-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *dāi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. dāi-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
RDevoiced → *tāi-
5. tāi-
āi → ai
Orthographic change of āi into ai
ROrthOIA8 → TochB. tai-
PIE *dɑɦei̯o-
Hitt. dei̯a-
(vb.) ‘binden’
(HEG III:362-4)
(Hitt. ti-ia [ipv2sg], HHand. 175, Kimball 1999:404)
1. PIE *dɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. dei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦei̯olo-
Hitt. dei̯ala-
(a.) ‘qualifiziert Leinen’
(HEG 3:364)
(HHand. 176; Mistakenly Pyysalo 2013:279 (not to BSL √til- ‘Boden’)
1. PIE *dɑɦei̯olo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦei̯olo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦei̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦei̯ala-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦei̯ala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. dei̯ala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦei̯oloi-
Hitt. dei̯alai-
(vb.) ‘bedecken, überziehen’
(HEG 3:364)
(HHand. 176)
1. PIE *dɑɦei̯oloi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦei̯oloi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦei̯oloi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦei̯alai-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦei̯alai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. dei̯alai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦei̯omon-
Hitt. dei̯aman-
(n.) ‘Schnur, Strick, Leine’
(HHand. 176)
(Hitt. ti-ia-am-ma-an-ta [sgI], HIL. 1017)
1. PIE *dɑɦei̯omon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦei̯omon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦei̯omon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦei̯aman-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦei̯aman-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. dei̯aman-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦei̯omor-
Hitt. dei̯amar-
(n.) ‘Schnur, Strick, Leine’
(HHand. 176)
(Hitt. ti-ia-mar [sgNA], Rieken 1999:368)
1. PIE *dɑɦei̯omor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦei̯omor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦei̯omor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦei̯amar-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦei̯amar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. dei̯amar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·dɑɦí-
RV. ā·dhí-
(m.) ‘Pfand’
(WbRV. 178)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·dɦí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦí-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·dhí-
PIE *Π·dɑɦí-
RV. pari·dhí-
(m.) ‘Umschließung, Schütz, Gewebe’
(WbRV. 786)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·dɦí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦí-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·dhí-
PIE *Π·dɑɦí-
RV. api·dhí-
(m.) ‘Bedeckung’
(WbRV. 76)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·dɦí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦí-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·dhí-
PIE *o·dɑɦi̯oloii̯o-
Hitt. a·zalai̯a-
(.) ‘ein Gewebe, Schleier oder Netz’
(HEG I:100)
1. PIE *o·dɑɦi̯oloii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *o·dɦi̯oloii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. o·dɦi̯oloii̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *o·zoloii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. o·zoloii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *a·zalaii̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. a·zalaii̯a-
* aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
RAnatGlide2 → *a·zalaia-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
5. a·zalaia-
* a i a → a i i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide3 → Hitt. a·zalai̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)


PIE √dɑɦi- ‘Land, Erde’
(IEW 414)
(Pyysalo)
√dɑɦei-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ɦɑebɑɦo·dɑɦei-
Hitt. ḫaba·dei-
(c.) ‘bewässertes Land, Ackerland’
(HHand. 40)
(Hitt. ḫa-pa-a-ti-in [sgA, HEG T: 21-3, HIL. 931f)
1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦo·dɑɦei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑabɑɦo·dɑɦei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabɑɦo·dɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦabɦo·dɦei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦo·dɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦabɦa·dɦei-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦabɦa·dɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ɦaba·dei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦaba·dei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaba·dei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *Π·dɑɦei-
Hitt. uba·dei-
(.) ‘landgrant’
(HIL. 1066)
(With CLu. uba- (vb.) ‘furnish, grant)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·dɦei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. Π·dei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦoio-
PIE *dɑɦoi̯o
Alb. dhe-
(m.f.n.) ‘earth, land’
(AlbEtD. 80)
‹Note the difficult dh- as in Alb. √dh- ‘geben’ !›
1. PIE *dɑɦoi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦoi̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦoi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦai̯a
(XX:XX)
3. dɦai̯a
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RRDeaspdh → *dai̯a
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. dai̯a
*a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *dai̯
5. dai̯
*ai/i̯ → e
Monophthongization of *ai/i̯ into e
R24 → Alb. de
(XX:XX)
√dɑɦeio-
(Pyysalo 2013:423)
PIE *Π·dɑɦei̯o-
Hitt. ḫada·dei̯a-
(.) ‘dry land’
(HIL. 388f.)
(Hitt. ha-ta-ti-ia-)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·dɦei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·dɦei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. Π·dɦei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. Π·dei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·dɑɦei̯o-
Hitt. ḫadan·dei̯a-
(.) ‘trockenes Land’
(HEG 1:219)
(HIL. 388-9, Puhvel HED 3: 263)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·dɦei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·dɦei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. Π·dɦei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. Π·dei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦei̯omi-
CLu. dei̯ami-
(c.) ‘earth’
(DLL 97)
(CLu. ti-ia-am-mi-iš [sgN]; not to Hitt. degan (HEG 3:292-300).
1. PIE *dɑɦei̯omi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦei̯omi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦei̯omi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦei̯ami-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦei̯ami-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. dei̯ami-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √dɑɦi- (vb.) ‘glänzen, leuchten, brennen, kochen’ (sb.) ‘Stern, Sonne, Licht, Glanz, Strahl’
(IEW XX)
(Pisani Alb + Pyysalo: Hitt. + Gr.
√dɑɦii-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɑɦi̯ei-
OHitt. zei-
(prM.) ‘gar werden, kochen’
(HHand. 207)
(OHitt. zi-e-ia [3sg], zé-e-a-ri, zi-ia-ri)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦi̯ei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯ei-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → OHitt. zei-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
PIE *dɑɦi̯eír-
Gr. σείρ-
(gl.) ὁ ἥλιος καὶ σείριος’
(GEW 2:688)
(Gr. σείρ, σειρός)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯eír-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦi̯eír-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯eír-
*dɦi̯ → zɦ
Palatalization of *dɦi̯
RDentAssib1d → *zɦeír-
3. zɦeír-
*zɦ → ch
Loss of voice of media aspirata *zɦ
RDevoicezh → *cheír-
4. cheír-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ceír-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ceír-
*c → s
Change of *c into s
RChangec2s → *seír-
6. seír-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. σείρ-
PIE *dɑɦi̯eírii̯o-
Gr. σείριο-
(m.) ‘Hundstern, Sirius’
(GEW 2:688)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯eírii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦi̯eírii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯eírii̯o-
*dɦi̯ → zɦ
Palatalization of *dɦi̯
RDentAssib1d → *zɦeírii̯o-
3. zɦeírii̯o-
*zɦ → ch
Loss of voice of media aspirata *zɦ
RDevoicezh → *cheírii̯o-
4. cheírii̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ceírii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ceírii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *ceírio-
6. ceírio-
*c → s
Change of *c into s
RChangec2s → *seírio-
7. seírio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. σείριο-
PIE *dɑɦi̯eírii̯o-
Gr. σείριο-
(a.) ‘glühend, brennend, ausdörrend’
(GEW 2:688)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯eírii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦi̯eírii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯eírii̯o-
*dɦi̯ → zɦ
Palatalization of *dɦi̯
RDentAssib1d → *zɦeírii̯o-
3. zɦeírii̯o-
*zɦ → ch
Loss of voice of media aspirata *zɦ
RDevoicezh → *cheírii̯o-
4. cheírii̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ceírii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ceírii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *ceírio-
6. ceírio-
*c → s
Change of *c into s
RChangec2s → *seírio-
7. seírio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. σείριο-
√dɑɦil-
(Pisani apud Frisk 3:177)
PIE *dɑɦeilno-
Alb. djell-
(.) ‘Sonne’
(GEW 3:177)
1. PIE *dɑɦeilno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦeilno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦeilno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦeilna-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦeilna-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RRDeaspdh → *deilna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. deilna-
*e → ja
Brechung of *e into ja
RBrechungE2JA → Alb. djailna-
PIE *dɑɦi̯éleɑhs-
Gr. σέλασ-
(n.) ‘Licht, Glanz, Strahl’
(GEW 3:177)
(Gr σέλας)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯éleɑhs-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *dɑɦi̯élaɑhs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. dɑɦi̯élaɑhs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦi̯élahs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dɦi̯élahs-
*dɦi̯ → zɦ
Palatalization of *dɦi̯
RDentAssib1d → *zɦélahs-
4. zɦélahs-
*zɦ → ch
Loss of voice of media aspirata *zɦ
RDevoicezh → *chélahs-
5. chélahs-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *célas-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. célas-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *célah-
7. célah-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *céla-
8. céla-
*c → s
Change of *c into s
RChangec2s → *séla-
9. séla-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. σέλα-
PIE *dɑɦi̯eléɑhso-
Gr. σελάο-
(pr.) ‘leuchten, glänzen’
(GEW 2:689)
Gr. σελάω
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯eléɑhso-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
Colouring rule for *éɑ
RColouring1d → *dɑɦi̯eláɑhso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. dɑɦi̯eláɑhso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦi̯eláhso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dɦi̯eláhso-
*dɦi̯ → zɦ
Palatalization of *dɦi̯
RDentAssib1d → *zɦeláhso-
4. zɦeláhso-
*zɦ → ch
Loss of voice of media aspirata *zɦ
RDevoicezh → *cheláhso-
5. cheláhso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *celáso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. celáso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *celáho-
7. celáho-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *celáo-
8. celáo-
*c → s
Change of *c into s
RChangec2s → *seláo-
9. seláo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. σελάο-
√dɑɦin-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɑɦinio-
OIcl. dini-
(m.) ‘Feuer’
(ANEtWb. 77)
1. PIE *dɑɦinio-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦinio-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦinio-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *dinio-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. dinio-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → OIcl. dinia-
(XX:XX)
PIE *dɑɦi̯enu-
Hitt. zenu-
(vb.) ‘kochen’
(HHand. 205)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯enu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦi̯enu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯enu-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → Hitt. zenu-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
PIE *dɑɦi̯onu-
Hitt. zanu-
(cs.tr.) ‘kochen’
(HHand. 205)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯onu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦi̯onu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯onu-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *zonu-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. zonu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. zanu-
(XX:XX)


PIE √dɑɦi- (vb.) ‘sehen, beschauen, bedachten, versorgen’ (sb.) ‘Traum(gesicht), (Bei)schlaf’
(IEW 243)
(+ Pyysalo)
√dɑɦei-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π.dɑɦidɑɦoi̯-
LAv. ā.diδay·-
(pfA.) ‘hinsehen auf–, betrachten’
(AIWb. 724)
(LAv. ādiδaya [3sg])
1. PIE *Π.dɑɦidɑɦoi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π.dɦidɦoi̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π.dɦidɦoi̯-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π.dɦidɦai̯-
3. Π.dɦidɦai̯-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *Π.didai̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. Π.didai̯-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
R40c → *Π.δiδai̯-
5. Π.δiδai̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → LAv. Π.δiδay·-
PIE *dɑɦei̯o-
HLu. dei̯a-
(vb.) ‘‹verbum videnti (?)›’
(CHLu. 2.32.fr3)
(HLu. (OCULUS)ti-i+a-ta)
1. PIE *dɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → HLu. dei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦidɑɦei̯o-
LAv. diδaya-
(pr.) ‘sehen, hinsehen auf –, beschauen’
(AIWb. 724)
(Av. diδayatąm [plG])
1. PIE *dɑɦidɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦidɦei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦidɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦidɦei̯a-
3. dɦidɦei̯a-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *didei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. didei̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *didai̯a-
5. didai̯a-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
R40c → *diδai̯a-
6. diδai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → LAv. diδaya-
PIE *Π.dɑɦei̯o-
LAv. paiti.daya·-
(m.) ‘der Aufsicht führt, Beuaufsichtiger’
(AIWb. 830)
(LAv. paiti.daya-)
1. PIE *Π.dɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π.dɦei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π.dɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π.dɦei̯a-
3. Π.dɦei̯a-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *Π.dei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. Π.dei̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *Π.dai̯a-
5. Π.dai̯a-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
R40c → *Π.δai̯a-
6. Π.δai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → LAv. Π.δaya·-
PIE *Π·dɑɦēi̯ēɑh-
OCS. na·dĕja-
(vb.) ‘hoffen, sich verlassen auf, Zuversicht haben’
(Sadnik √146)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦēi̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·dɑɦēi̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·dɑɦēi̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·dɦēi̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·dɦēi̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·dɦēi̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·dɦēi̯ā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *Π·dēi̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. Π·dēi̯ā-
* i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
ROrthogrY2j → *Π·dējā-
6. Π·dējā-
*ā → a
Orthographic change of *ā into a
ROrthogrA2a1 → *Π·dēja-
7. Π·dēja-
*ē → ĕ
Orthographic change of *ē into ĕ
ROrthogrE2e → OCS. Π·dĕja-
PIE *dɑɦei̯ont-
Hitt. dei̯ant-
(pt.) ‘versorgt’
(HHand. 176)
(HEG T:XX)
1. PIE *dɑɦei̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦei̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦei̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦei̯ant-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦei̯ant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. dei̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦeisɑh-
PIE *dɑɦeisɑho-
Hitt. deišḫa-
(c.) ‘Traum, Schlaf’ (Ú), ‘Beischlaf’
(HHand. 174)
(HIL. 1009)
1. PIE *dɑɦeisɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦeisho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦeisho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦeisha-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦeisha-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *deisha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. deisha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *deišha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. deišha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. deišḫa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *dɑɦeisɑho-
Hitt. deišḫa-
(vb.) ‘vorsichtig sein, sich fernhalten von’
(HHand. 177)
(Hitt. te-es-ha-, ti-es-ha-)
1. PIE *dɑɦeisɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦeisho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦeisho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦeisha-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦeisha-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *deisha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. deisha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *deišha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. deišha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. deišḫa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *dɑɦeisɑho-
Norw. dīsa-
(vb.) ‘gaze fixedly’
(GoEtD. 116)
1. PIE *dɑɦeisɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦeisho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦeisho-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *dɦeiso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. dɦeiso-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *deiso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. deiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *deisa-
(XX:XX)
5. deisa-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → Norw. dīsa-
PIE *dɑɦeisɑholi-
Hitt. deišḫali-
(a.) ‘schläfrig’
(HHand. 174)
1. PIE *dɑɦeisɑholi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦeisholi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦeisholi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦeishali-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦeishali-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *deishali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. deishali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *deišhali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. deišhali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. deišḫali-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *dɑɦeisɑhont-
Hitt. deišḫant-
(pt.) ‘bedacht auf; auf etwas achtgebend’
(HHand. 177)
1. PIE *dɑɦeisɑhont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦeishont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦeishont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦeishant-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦeishant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *deishant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. deishant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *deišhant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. deišhant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. deišḫant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *pilu·dɑɦeisɑhei·n-
Goth. filu·deisei·n-
(f.) = πανουργία : cunning’
(GoEtD. 116)
(Goth. filudeisein [sgD])
1. PIE *pilu·dɑɦeisɑhei·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pilu·dɦeishei·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. pilu·dɦeishei·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pilu·dɦeisei·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. pilu·dɦeisei·n-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → *filu·dɦeisei·n-
4. filu·dɦeisei·n-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *filu·deisei·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. filu·deisei·n-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → *filu·dīsī·n-
6. filu·dīsī·n-
*ī → ei
Orthographic change of *ī into ei
ROrthogrI2ei → Goth. filu·deisei·n-
√dɑɦiosɑh-
PIE *dɑɦi̯osɑhoi-
Hitt. zašḫai-
(c.) ‘Traum, Traumgesicht’
(HHand. 206)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯osɑhoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦi̯oshoi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯oshoi-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *zoshoi-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. zoshoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *zashai-
(XX:XX)
4. zashai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *zašhai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. zašhai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. zašḫai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *dɑɦi̯osɑhim-
Hitt. zašḫim-
(c.) ‘Traum, Traumgesicht’
(HHand. 206)
(Hitt. za-aš-hi-mu-uš)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯osɑhim-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦi̯oshim-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯oshim-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *zoshim-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. zoshim-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *zashim-
(XX:XX)
4. zashim-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *zašhim-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. zašhim-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. zašḫim-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)


PIE √dɑɦi- ‘über, jenseits’
(IEW XX)
(Pyysalo)
√dɑɦei
(HIL. 1186 [oE])
PIE *e·dɑɦei
Hitt. e·dei
(adv.) ‘jenseits, hinüber, weg’
(HHand. 33)
1. PIE *e·dɑɦei
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *e·dɦei
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. e·dɦei
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. e·dei
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *e·dɑɦei·Σ
Hitt. e·dei·z
(adv.) ‘von jenseits, vom drüben’
(HHand. 33)
(Ḫi. ediz, etez)
1. PIE *e·dɑɦei·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *e·dɦei·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. e·dɦei·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. e·dei·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦi
PIE *é·dɑɦi
RV. á·dhi
(prep.) ‘über, auf’
(Grundr. II2 2:798f.)
1. PIE *é·dɑɦi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *é·dɦi
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. é·dɦi
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *á·dɦi
3. á·dɦi
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. á·dhi
PIE *édɑɦi·poti-
AV. ádhi·pati-
(m.) ‘Oberherr’
(WbRV. 46)
1. PIE *édɑɦi·poti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *édɦi·poti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. édɦi·poti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *édɦi·pati-
3. édɦi·pati-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *ádɦi·pati-
4. ádɦi·pati-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → AV. ádhi·pati-
PIE *edɑɦi·Σ
RV. adhi·rājá-
(m.) ‘Ober-herr’
(WbRV. 47)
1. PIE *edɑɦi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *edɦi·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. edɦi·Σ
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *adɦi·Σ
3. adɦi·Σ
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. adhi·Σ
PIE *ḗ·dɑɦi·poti̯o-
RV. ā́·dhi·patya-
(n.) ‘Ober-herrlichkeit’
(WbRV 178)
1. PIE *ḗ·dɑɦi·poti̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ḗ·dɦi·poti̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ḗ·dɦi·poti̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ḗ·dɦi·pati̯a-
3. ḗ·dɦi·pati̯a-
PIE *ḗ → ā́
Aryan change of *ḗ into ā́
RAryanE2A4 → *ā́·dɦi·pati̯a-
4. ā́·dɦi·pati̯a-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → *ā́·dhi·pati̯a-
5. ā́·dhi·pati̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. ā́·dhi·patya-
dɑɦi̯
PIE *dɑɦi̯·oi-
Hitt. z·ai-
(vb2.) ‘über·schreiten’
(HHand. 204)
(Hitt. ·ai- ‘gehen’ to Hitt. ei-/i- ‘gehen’)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯·oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦi̯·oi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯·oi-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *z·oi-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. z·oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. z·ai-
(XX:XX)
PIE *dɑɦi̯·oi̯o-
Hitt. z·aa-
(vb.) ‘über·schreiten’
(HHand. 204)
(Hitt. za-a-ši)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯·oi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦi̯·oi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯·oi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *z·oi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. z·oi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *z·ai̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. z·ai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide1 → Hitt. z·aa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)


PIE √dɑɦig- (vb.) ‘berühren, beflecken’
(IEW 244-5)
√dɑɦig- √dɑɦeig-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɑɦigó-
Gr. θιγό-
(ao.) ‘mit der Hand berühren, antasten, s. befassen’
(GEW 1:674-5)
(Gr. θιγεῖν [inf.])
1. PIE *dɑɦigó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦigó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦigó-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *thigó-
3. thigó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. θιγό-
PIE *dɑɦígmeɑht-
Gr. θίγματ-
(n.) ‘Befleckung, Berührung’
(GEW 1:675)
(Gr. θίγμα [sgN])
1. PIE *dɑɦígmeɑht-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *dɑɦígmaɑht-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. dɑɦígmaɑht-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦígmaht-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dɦígmaht-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *thígmaht-
4. thígmaht-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *thígmat-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. thígmat-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. θίγματ-
PIE *dɑɦeigri-
Hitt. deigri-
(sb.) ‘Befleckung’
(HEG T:302)
(Hitt. te-ek-ri-ua na-aḫ-mi [1sg], HHand. 174)
1. PIE *dɑɦeigri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦeigri-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦeigri-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. deigri-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √dɑɦin- (vb.) ‘beendigen, fertig sein/werden’ (sb.) ‘Herbst, Ende’
(XX 1993:XX)
√dɑɦin-
PIE *dɑɦino-
Hitt. zina-
(vb2.) ‘beendigen, erledigen, fertig werden’
(XX:XX)
(Hitt. zinaḫi, zinai, zienaḫun)
1. PIE *dɑɦino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦino-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦino-
PIE *dɦi → zi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4b → *zino-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. zino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. zina-
(XX:XX)
PIE *dɑɦino-
Hitt. zina-
(vbM.) ‘zu Ende gehen, fertig sein’
(XX:XX)
(Hitt. zinatari)
1. PIE *dɑɦino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦino-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦino-
PIE *dɦi → zi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4b → *zino-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. zino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. zina-
(XX:XX)
PIE *dɑɦino-
Hitt. zina-
(c.) ‘Herbst : autumn’
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *dɑɦino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦino-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦino-
PIE *dɦi → zi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4b → *zino-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. zino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. zina-
(XX:XX)
PIE *dɑɦino·nt-
Hitt. zina·nt-
(c.) ‘Herbst’
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *dɑɦino·nt-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦino·nt-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦino·nt-
PIE *dɦi → zi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4b → *zino·nt-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. zino·nt-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. zina·nt-
(XX:XX)
√dɑɦini-
PIE *dɑɦeini-
Lat. fīni-
(.) ‘end, limit, boundary, purpose’
(XX:XX)
(Lat. fīnis)
1. PIE *dɑɦeini-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦeini-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦeini-
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *bɦ
RAffricatDH2f → *feini-
3. feini-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → Lat. fīni-
√dɑɦinuk
PIE *dɑɦinuk
Hitt. zinuk
(adv.) ‘vollends, schließlich’
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *dɑɦinuk
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦinuk
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦinuk
PIE *dɦi → zi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4b → Hitt. zinuk
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)


PIE √dɑɦm- ‘bändigen, zähmen’
(IEW XX)
√dɑɦm-
PIE *Π·deɑɦmo-
Gr. ἱππό·δαμο-
(m.) ‘Rossebändigend’
(GEW 1:346)
(Hom. ἱππόδαμος)
1. PIE *Π·deɑɦmo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *Π·daɑɦmo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. Π·daɑɦmo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·daɦmo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·daɦmo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·damo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·damo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·δαμο-
PIE *deɑɦme-
OIr. daimi-
(pr.) ‘zähmen’
(DIL 175)
(OIr. daimid [3sg])
1. PIE *deɑɦme-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *daɑɦme-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. daɑɦme-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *daɦme-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. daɦme-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → OIr. dame-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *doɑɦmēɑh-
Lat. domā-
(pr1.) ‘zähmen, bändigen’
(WH 1:367)
(Lat. domāre [inf.])
1. PIE *doɑɦmēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *doɑɦmāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. doɑɦmāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *doɦmāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. doɦmāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *domāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. domāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Lat. domā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *doɑɦmḗɑh-
RV. dāmā́-
(f.) ‘Seil’
(WbRV. 595)
(Brugmann’s Law II)
1. PIE *doɑɦmḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *doɑɦmā́ɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. doɑɦmā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *doɦmā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. doɦmā́h-
PIE *ohCV → āhCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RBrugmII1 → *dāɦmā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.3.7)
4. dāɦmā́h-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *dāmā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. dāmā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. dāmā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√dɑɦmnɑh
PIE *déɑɦmnēɑh-
Dor. δάμνᾱ-
(vb.) ‘bezähmen, bändigen, bewältigen’
(GEW 1:346)
(Aiol. δάμνα-)
1. PIE *déɑɦmnēɑh-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
Colouring rule for *éɑ
RColouring1d → *dáɑɦmnēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. dáɑɦmnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *dáɑɦmnāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. dáɑɦmnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dáɦmnāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. dáɦmnāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *dámnāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. dámnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *dámnā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. dámnā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Dor. δάμνᾱ-
PIE *doɑɦmnēɑh-
OIr. domna-
(vb.) ‘festbinden, bändigen’
(DIL 180)
(OIr. domnaid)
1. PIE *doɑɦmnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *doɑɦmnāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. doɑɦmnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *doɦmnāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. doɦmnāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *domnāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. domnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *domnā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. domnā-
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RShortA2a → OIr. domna-
√dɑɦmi-
(Pyysalo 2013:330-1)
(HIL. 951f., Oettinger 1979:145, 146 fn. 29)
PIE *dɑɦōmi-
Hitt. dāmi-
(vb.) anheften, -kleben, verkleben’ (?)
(Melchert 1994:167)
(Hitt. tamenta [3pl]; False: Oettinger 1979a: 94)
1. PIE *dɑɦōmi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦōmi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦōmi-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *dɦāmi-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦāmi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. dāmi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦōming-
Hitt. dāming-
(vb1.) ‘anheften, -kleben, verkleben’ (?)
(HEG 3:77-8)
1. PIE *dɑɦōming-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦōming-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦōming-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *dɦāming-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦāming-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. dāming-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦṓming-
Gr. θώμινγ-
(f.) ‘Strick, Schnur, Band, Bogensehne’
(GEW 1:700)
Gr. θῶμινγ-
1. PIE *dɑɦṓming-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦṓming-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦṓming-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *thṓming-
3. thṓming-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. θώμινγ-


PIE √dɑɦb- ‘schlagen’
(IEW XX)
(Pyysalo: LinB + Hitt.)
√dēɑɦb-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dḗɑɦb-
Lith. dób-
(vb.) ‘stechen, entkräften, überwältigen, zu Tode quälen’
(LiEtWb. 99)
(Li. dóbti [inf.])
1. PIE *dḗɑɦb-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *dā́ɑɦb-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. dā́ɑɦb-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dā́ɦb-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dā́ɦb-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *dā́b-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. dā́b-
*ā́ → ṓ
Change of ā́ into ṓ
RChangeA202 → *dṓb-
5. dṓb-
ṓ → ó
Orthographic change of ṓ into ó
R27b → Lith. dób-
PIE *dēɑɦb-
Latv. dāb-
(vb.) ‘schlagen’
(LiEtWb. 99)
(Latv. dābt [inf.])
1. PIE *dēɑɦb-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *dāɑɦb-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. dāɑɦb-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dāɦb-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dāɦb-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → Latv. dāb-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *dḗɑɦbi̯o-
Lith. dóbia-
(vb.) ‘stechen, entkräften, überwältigen, zu Tode quälen’
(LiEtWb. 99)
(Li. dóbiu)
1. PIE *dḗɑɦbi̯o-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *dā́ɑɦbi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. dā́ɑɦbi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dā́ɦbi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dā́ɦbi̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *dā́bi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. dā́bi̯o-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dā́bi̯a-
5. dā́bi̯a-
*ā́ → ṓ
Change of ā́ into ṓ
RChangeA202 → *dṓbi̯a-
6. dṓbi̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j *
R26 → *dṓbja-
7. dṓbja-
ṓ → ó
Orthographic change of ṓ into ó
R27b → Lith. dóbja-
PIE *dēɑɦbi̯o-
Latv. dābia-
(vb.) ‘schlagen’
(LiEtWb. 99)
(Latv. dābiu)
1. PIE *dēɑɦbi̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *dāɑɦbi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. dāɑɦbi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dāɦbi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dāɦbi̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *dābi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. dābi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dābi̯a-
5. dābi̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
R30 → Latv. dābja-
PIE *dēɑɦb·Σ-
Hitt. dāḫb·šitai-
(n.) ‘Schlachtblock’
(HHand. 158)
(Hitt. taḫapšitai-)
1. PIE *dēɑɦb·Σ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *dāɑɦb·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. dāɑɦb·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dāɦb·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dāɦb·Σ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. dāḫb·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *dēɑɦb·Σ-
Hitt. dāḫb·zitai-
(n.) ‘Schlachtblock’
(HHand. 158)
(Hitt. taḫapzitai-)
1. PIE *dēɑɦb·Σ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *dāɑɦb·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. dāɑɦb·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dāɦb·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dāɦb·Σ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. dāḫb·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *dēɑɦburindɑɦo-
LinB. δαβυρινθο-
(m.) ‘labyrinth i.e. double axe (?)’
(XX:XX)
((LinB. da-pu2-ri-to)
1. PIE *dēɑɦburindɑɦo-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *dāɑɦburindɑɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. dāɑɦburindɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dāɦburindɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dāɦburindɦo-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *dāɦburintho-
4. dāɦburintho-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *dāburintho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. dāburintho-
*ā → a
Absence of quantity in LinB. script
RAbsenceA → *daburintho-
6. daburintho-
Change from Latin to Old Mycenean alphabet
RGr2Lat → LinB. δαβυρινθο-
PIE *po·dēɑɦbusi-
Lith. pa·dobusi-
(pt.) ‘übergewältig, besiegend’
(LiEtWb. 99)
1. PIE *po·dēɑɦbusi-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *po·dāɑɦbusi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. po·dāɑɦbusi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *po·dāɦbusi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. po·dāɦbusi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *po·dābusi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. po·dābusi-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *pa·dābusi-
5. pa·dābusi-
*ā → ō
Change of ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → *pa·dōbusi-
6. pa·dōbusi-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
R27a → Lith. pa·dobusi-


PIE √dɑɦs- ‘geben, zuteilen, verleihen, opfern’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo; To PIE *dɑɦ- ‘geben’)
√dɑɦōs-
PIE *dɑɦōs-
RV. dhās-
(s.ao.) ‘hinschaffen, zuteilen, verleihen, geben’
(WbRV. 673)
(RV. dhāsathas [2du])
1. PIE *dɑɦōs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦōs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦōs-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *dɦās-
3. dɦās-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. dhās-
PIE *dɑɦos·uro-
Pal. daš·ura-
(.) ‘Opfertisch; Melchert 1994:191’
(DPal. 73)
(Pal. ta-šu-ú-ra [sgL])
1. PIE *dɑɦos·uro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦos·uro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦos·uro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦas·ura-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦas·ura-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *das·ura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. das·ura-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Pal. daš·ura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦoseni-
Lyd. taśẽν-
(.) ‘votive object’
(Melchert 1994:331)
(Lyd. taśẽν, Melchert (1994:362 = HLu. ta-sa-za)
1. PIE *dɑɦoseni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦoseni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦoseni-
PIE * s → ś
Orthographic change of *s into ś
R10 → *dɦośeni-
3. dɦośeni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦaśeni-
(XX:XX)
4. dɦaśeni-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *daśeni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. daśeni-
*eN → ẽN
Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ
R15b → *daśẽni-
6. daśẽni-
PIE *d → t
Devoicing of PIE *d
R16 → Lyd. taśẽni-
PIE *dɑɦòsen-
LycA. ϑϑẽ
(.) ‘votive object’
(Melchert 1994:2XX)
1. PIE *dɑɦòsen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦòsen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦòsen-
PIE *ò → à
Change of *ò into à
RChangeO2A5 → *dɦàsen-
3. dɦàsen-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *dàsen-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dàsen-
*en → ẽn
Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ
R14b → *dàsẽn-
5. dàsẽn-
PIE *d → t
Devoicing of PIE *d
R15a → *tàsẽn-
6. tàsẽn-
PIE *s → h
Change of fricative *s into h
R17 → *tàhẽn-
7. tàhẽn-
*à → Ø
Loss of unaccented a
R18 → *thẽn-
8. thẽn-
*t h → ϑ
Monophonemization of th into ϑ
R19 → *ϑẽn-
9. ϑẽn-
*ϑ- → ϑϑ-
Initial gemination of ϑ
R20 → LycA. ϑϑẽn-


PIE √dɑɦu- (pref.) ‘zu’
(IEW 181)
(+ Pyysalo Hitt.)
√dɑɦu-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɑɦu
Goth. du
(prep.adv.) ‘εἰς, πρός, παρά, ἐπί’ (: ‘to(wards)’)
(GoEtD. 96)
1. PIE *dɑɦu
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦu
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦu
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → Goth. du
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
PIE *dɑɦu
OIr. du
(prepD.) ‘to’ (leniting)
(DIL. 221)
1. PIE *dɑɦu
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦu
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦu
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → OIr. du
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
PIE *dɑɦu·Σ
OGaul. du·ci
(pref.) ‘to·this’
(XX)
(in Gaul. duci)
1. PIE *dɑɦu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦu·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦu·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → OGaul. du·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
PIE *dɑɦu·hɑusei̯o-
Hitt. du·ḫušei̯a-
(vb.) ‘untätig zusehen, abwarten, gewähren lassen’
(HHand. 159)
(XX: ‘ruhig zusehen’)
1. PIE *dɑɦu·hɑusei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦu·husei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦu·husei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦu·husei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦu·husei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *du·husei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. du·husei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *du·hušei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. du·hušei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. du·ḫušei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)


√diɑɦ- (vb.) ‘schlagen, kämpfen, zerstören’
(IEW 247 [Gr.])
(Pyysalo: Gr. + Hitt. + OInd.)
√deiɑɦe/o-
PIE *déi̯ɑɦo-
RV. dáya-
(pr.) ‘zerstören’
(KEWA 2:46)
(RV. dáyate [3sg])
1. PIE *déi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *déi̯ɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. déi̯ɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *déi̯ɦa-
3. déi̯ɦa-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *déi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. déi̯a-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *dái̯a-
5. dái̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. dáya-
PIE *dei̯ɑɦo-
LAv. daya-
(vb.?) ‘‹cf. RV. dáya- above (?)›’
(AIWb. 687)
(LAv. dayača [2sg] pouru.mahrkǝm)
1. PIE *dei̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dei̯ɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dei̯ɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dei̯ɦa-
3. dei̯ɦa-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *dei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. dei̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *dai̯a-
5. dai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → LAv. daya-
√dieɑɦ-
(HIL 1180)
PIE *di̯eɑɦ-
Hitt. zaḫ-
(vb.) ‘schlagen, s. prügeln, auspeitschen’
(HHand. 204)
Kimball 1999:397)
1. PIE *di̯eɑɦ-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *di̯aɑɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. di̯aɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *di̯aɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. di̯aɦ-
PIE *di̯ → z
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
RDentAssib3a → *zaɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. zaɦ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. zaḫ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *Π·di̯eɑɦ-
Hitt. šer (...) zaḫ-
(vb1.) ‘fight for’
(XX:XX)
(Hitt. še-er za-aḫ-ḫ[i]-ir [3pl])
1. PIE *Π·di̯eɑɦ-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *Π·di̯aɑɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. Π·di̯aɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·di̯aɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·di̯aɦ-
PIE *di̯ → z
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
RDentAssib3a → *Π·zaɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. Π·zaɦ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. Π·zaḫ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√dieɑɦ-
PIE *di̯eɑɦi-
Hitt. zaḫi-
(c.) ‘Kampf’
(HHand. 204)
1. PIE *di̯eɑɦi-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *di̯aɑɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. di̯aɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *di̯aɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. di̯aɦi-
PIE *di̯ → z
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
RDentAssib3a → *zaɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. zaɦi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. zaḫi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *di̯eɑɦei̯o-
Hitt. zaḫia-
(MP.) ‘sich gegenseitig bekämpfen’
(HHand. 204)
1. PIE *di̯eɑɦei̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *di̯aɑɦei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. di̯aɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *di̯aɦei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. di̯aɦei̯o-
PIE *di̯ → z
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
RDentAssib3a → *zaɦei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. zaɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *zaɦei̯a-
(XX:XX)
5. zaɦei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. zaḫei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√dieɑɦn-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *di̯eɑɦont-
Hitt. zaḫant-
(pt.) ‘schlagend’
(HHand. 204)
1. PIE *di̯eɑɦont-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *di̯aɑɦont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. di̯aɑɦont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *di̯aɦont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. di̯aɦont-
PIE *di̯ → z
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
RDentAssib3a → *zaɦont-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. zaɦont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *zaɦant-
(XX:XX)
5. zaɦant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. zaḫant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *di̯éɑɦnklo-
Gr. ζάνκλο-
(n.) ‘Sichel’
(GEW 1:606)
(Gr. ζάνκλον [sgNA])
1. PIE *di̯éɑɦnklo-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
Colouring rule for *éɑ
RColouring1d → *di̯áɑɦnklo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. di̯áɑɦnklo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *di̯áɦnklo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. di̯áɦnklo-
*di̯ → z
Palatalization of *di̯
RDentAssib1c → *záɦnklo-
4. záɦnklo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *zánklo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. zánklo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ζάνκλο-
PIE *Π·di̯eɑɦnuo-
HLu. anta zaḫnua·-
(cs.) ‘make attack’
(CHLu. 2.6.37)
(HLu. a-tá za-ha-nu-ua/i-ta)
1. PIE *Π·di̯eɑɦnuo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *Π·di̯aɑɦnuo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. Π·di̯aɑɦnuo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·di̯aɦnuo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·di̯aɦnuo-
PIE *di̯ → z
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
RDentAssib3a → *Π·zaɦnuo-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. Π·zaɦnuo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·zaɦnua-
(XX:XX)
5. Π·zaɦnua-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. Π·zaḫnua-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
√dieɑɦr-
(Pyysalo)
(Kimball 1999:410)
PIE *di̯éɑɦro
Gr. ζάρο-
(m.) ‘a bird of pray’
(LSJ. 753)
1. PIE *di̯éɑɦro
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
Colouring rule for *éɑ
RColouring1d → *di̯áɑɦro
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. di̯áɑɦro
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *di̯áɦro
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. di̯áɦro
*di̯ → z
Palatalization of *di̯
RDentAssib1c → *záɦro
4. záɦro
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *záro
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. záro
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ζάρο
PIE *di̯eɑɦroi-
Hitt. zaḫrai-
(GIŠc.) ‘e. Gegenstand am Stadttor, Stößel?’
(HHand. 204)
1. PIE *di̯eɑɦroi-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *di̯aɑɦroi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. di̯aɑɦroi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *di̯aɦroi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. di̯aɦroi-
PIE *di̯ → z
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
RDentAssib3a → *zaɦroi-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. zaɦroi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *zaɦrai-
(XX:XX)
5. zaɦrai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. zaḫrai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *di̯eɑɦoriske/o-
Hitt. zaḫariške/a-
(iter.) ‘zerquetschen, zermalmen’
(HHand. 204)
1. PIE *di̯eɑɦoriske/o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *di̯aɑɦoriske/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. di̯aɑɦoriske/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *di̯aɦoriske/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. di̯aɦoriske/o-
PIE *di̯ → z
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
RDentAssib3a → *zaɦoriske/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. zaɦoriske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *zaɦariske/a-
(XX:XX)
5. zaɦariske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *zaɦariške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. zaɦariške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. zaḫariške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√diɑɦ
PIE *diɑ́ɦ-
OInd. dī-
(f.) ‘Vernichtung’
(KEWA 2:45
1. PIE *diɑ́ɦ-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1b → *diíɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. diíɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *dií-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. dií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → OInd. dī́-
PIE *dédi̯ɑɦo-
Gr. δέζο-
(vbM.) Hes. ‘ἐπολεμεῖτο’
(LSJ. 477)
(Gr. ἐδεζετο [3sg])
1. PIE *dédi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dédi̯ɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dédi̯ɦo-
*di̯ → z
Palatalization of *di̯
RDentAssib1c → *dézɦo-
3. dézɦo-
*zɦ → ch
Loss of voice of media aspirata *zɦ
RDevoicezh → *décho-
4. décho-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *déco-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. déco-
*c → s
Change of *c into s
RChangec2s → *déso-
6. déso-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. δέσο-


PIE √dibɑɦ-, √diobɑɦ-, √diebɑɦ- ‘Tropf, Dunkel, Westen’ (vb.) ‘regen, tropfen’
(IEW. 649 [diff.])
(Pyysalo)
√diobɑɦo-
(WP 1:524)
PIE *di̯óbɑɦo-
Gr. ζόφο-
(m.) ‘Dunkel, Finsternis, Westen’
(GEW 1:614)
(Gr. ζόφος, WH1:289)
1. PIE *di̯óbɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *di̯óbɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. di̯óbɦo-
*di̯ → z
Palatalization of *di̯
RDentAssib1c → *zóbɦo-
3. zóbɦo-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *zópho-
4. zópho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ζόφο-
√diobɑɦi-
(Pyysalo)
(Thus against Sturtevant’s Law (cf. Hitt. badd- etc.))
PIE *di̯obɑɦi-
Hitt. zabi-
(.) ‘Undichtigkeit (eines Daches, das den Regen durchläßt)
(HHand. 206)
(HIL. 1192-3, za-ap-pi-ia-az)
1. PIE *di̯obɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *di̯obɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. di̯obɦi-
PIE *di̯ → z
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
RDentAssib3a → *zobɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. zobɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *zabɦi-
(XX:XX)
4. zabɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. zabi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *di̯obɑɦei̯o-
Hitt. zabei̯a-
(vbM.) ‘tropfen, lecken, undicht sein’
(HHand. 206)
(Hitt. za-ap-pi-ia-zi)
1. PIE *di̯obɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *di̯obɦei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. di̯obɦei̯o-
PIE *di̯ → z
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
RDentAssib3a → *zobɦei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. zobɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *zabɦei̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. zabɦei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. zabei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *di̯obɑɦei̯o-
Hitt. zabei̯a-
(a.) ‘Beivort von BE = Quelle’
(HHand. 206)
1. PIE *di̯obɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *di̯obɦei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. di̯obɦei̯o-
PIE *di̯ → z
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
RDentAssib3a → *zobɦei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. zobɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *zabɦei̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. zabɦei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. zabei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *di̯obɑɦei̯ó-
Gr. ζοφεό-
(a.) ‘dunkel, finster’
(GEW 2:614)
(Gr. ζοφεός)
1. PIE *di̯obɑɦei̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *di̯obɦei̯ó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. di̯obɦei̯ó-
*di̯ → z
Palatalization of *di̯
RDentAssib1c → *zobɦei̯ó-
3. zobɦei̯ó-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *zophei̯ó-
4. zophei̯ó-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *zopheó-
5. zopheó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ζοφεό-
PIE *di̯óbɑɦii̯o-
Gr. ζόφιο-
(.) ‘XX’
(GEW 2:614)
1. PIE *di̯óbɑɦii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *di̯óbɦii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. di̯óbɦii̯o-
*di̯ → z
Palatalization of *di̯
RDentAssib1c → *zóbɦii̯o-
3. zóbɦii̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *zóphii̯o-
4. zóphii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *zóphio-
5. zóphio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ζόφιο-
PIE *di̯obɑɦiski̯e/o-
Hitt. zabiške/a-
(iter.) ‘tröpfeln’
(HHand. 206)
(Hitt. za-ap-pi-is-ki-zi)
1. PIE *di̯obɑɦiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *di̯obɦiski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. di̯obɦiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *di̯obɦisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. di̯obɦisḱe/o-
PIE *di̯ → z
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
RDentAssib3a → *zobɦisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. zobɦisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *zabɦisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
5. zabɦisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *zabɦiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. zabɦiske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *zabiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. zabiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. zabiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dibɑɦoi-
PIE *di̯óbɑɦoi̯o-
Gr. ζόφοο-
(pr.) ‘dunkel werden’
(GEW 1:614)
(Gr. ζόφοομαι [1sg])
1. PIE *di̯óbɑɦoi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *di̯óbɦoi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. di̯óbɦoi̯o-
*di̯ → z
Palatalization of *di̯
RDentAssib1c → *zóbɦoi̯o-
3. zóbɦoi̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *zóphoi̯o-
4. zóphoi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *zóphoo-
5. zóphoo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ζόφοο-
PIE *di̯obɑɦoii̯u-
Hitt. zabaiu-
(ÍD.) ‘Ḫurrischer Bereich’
(OGH. 558)
(Hitt. za-pa-i-ú, ‘Flußliste im Ḫišuwa-Festritual, im Kontext zahlreiche Flußnamen’.)
1. PIE *di̯obɑɦoii̯u-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *di̯obɦoii̯u-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. di̯obɦoii̯u-
PIE *di̯ → z
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
RDentAssib3a → *zobɦoii̯u-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. zobɦoii̯u-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *zabɦaii̯u-
(XX:XX)
4. zabɦaii̯u-
* aii̯u → aiu
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *u
RAnatGlide5 → *zabɦaiu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
5. zabɦaiu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. zabaiu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dibɑɦon-
PIE *di̯obɑɦno-
Hitt. zabna-
(d.) ‘XX’
(OHP. 1:575)
(Hitt. za-ap-na-aš [N])
1. PIE *di̯obɑɦno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *di̯obɦno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. di̯obɦno-
PIE *di̯ → z
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
RDentAssib3a → *zobɦno-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. zobɦno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *zabɦna-
(XX:XX)
4. zabɦna-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. zabna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *di̯obɑɦnu-
Hitt. zabnu-
(cs1.) ‘träufeln’
(HHand. 206)
(Hitt. za-ap-nu-zi)
1. PIE *di̯obɑɦnu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *di̯obɦnu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. di̯obɦnu-
PIE *di̯ → z
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
RDentAssib3a → *zobɦnu-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. zobɦnu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *zabɦnu-
(XX:XX)
4. zabɦnu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. zabnu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dibɑɦon-
PIE *di̯obɑɦono-
Hitt. zabana-
(d.) ‘GhR. 363, RDH. 91’
(OHP. 1:575)
(Hitt. za-ap-pa-na(-aš) [Abs])
1. PIE *di̯obɑɦono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *di̯obɦono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. di̯obɦono-
PIE *di̯ → z
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
RDentAssib3a → *zobɦono-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. zobɦono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *zabɦana-
(XX:XX)
4. zabɦana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. zabana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *di̯obɑɦononto-
Hitt. zabananta-
(mc.) (homme de Partanta-)
(NOMS. 1534)
(Hitt. za-ap-pa-na-an-da)
1. PIE *di̯obɑɦononto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *di̯obɦononto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. di̯obɦononto-
PIE *di̯ → z
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
RDentAssib3a → *zobɦononto-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. zobɦononto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *zabɦananta-
(XX:XX)
4. zabɦananta-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. zabananta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *di̯obɑɦonu-
Hitt. zabanu-
(cs.1) ‘träufeln’
(HHand. 206)
(Hitt. za-ap-pa-nu-uz-zi)
1. PIE *di̯obɑɦonu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *di̯obɦonu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. di̯obɦonu-
PIE *di̯ → z
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
RDentAssib3a → *zobɦonu-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. zobɦonu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *zabɦanu-
(XX:XX)
4. zabɦanu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. zabanu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dibɑɦero-
PIE *di̯obɑɦeró-
Gr. ζοφερό-
(a.) ‘dunkel, finster’
(GEW 1:614)
(Gr. ζοφερός)
1. PIE *di̯obɑɦeró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *di̯obɦeró-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. di̯obɦeró-
*di̯ → z
Palatalization of *di̯
RDentAssib1c → *zobɦeró-
3. zobɦeró-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *zopheró-
4. zopheró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ζοφερό-
√diebɑɦur-
PIE *di̯ébɑɦuro-
Gr. ζέφυρο-
(m.) ‘Westwind’
(GEW 1:611)
(Gr. ζέφυρος
1. PIE *di̯ébɑɦuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *di̯ébɦuro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. di̯ébɦuro-
*di̯ → z
Palatalization of *di̯
RDentAssib1c → *zébɦuro-
3. zébɦuro-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *zéphuro-
4. zéphuro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ζέφυρο-
PIE *di̯ebɑɦuri-
Hitt. zeburi-
(NINDA.) (ein Gebäck)
(HHand. 209)
1. PIE *di̯ebɑɦuri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *di̯ebɦuri-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. di̯ebɦuri-
PIE *di̯ → z
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
RDentAssib3a → *zebɦuri-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. zebɦuri-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. zeburi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *kotēɑh·di̯ebɑɦuri-
Pal. katāḫ·zeburi-
(d.) ‘XX’
(PTGL 59 wL.)
(= Hitt. dkamruzeba-)
1. PIE *kotēɑh·di̯ebɑɦuri-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *kotāɑh·di̯ebɑɦuri-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. kotāɑh·di̯ebɑɦuri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kotāh·di̯ebɦuri-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. kotāh·di̯ebɦuri-
PIE *di̯ → z
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
RDentAssib3a → *kotāh·zebɦuri-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. kotāh·zebɦuri-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *katāh·zebɦuri-
(XX:XX)
5. katāh·zebɦuri-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *katāh·zeburi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. katāh·zeburi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Pal. katāḫ·zeburi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *di̯ebɑɦurii̯o-
Hitt. zeburii̯a-
(LÚc.) ‘e. Tempelfunktionär, Art Priester’
(HHand. 209)
(Hitt. LÚzipuria-)
1. PIE *di̯ebɑɦurii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *di̯ebɦurii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. di̯ebɦurii̯o-
PIE *di̯ → z
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
RDentAssib3a → *zebɦurii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. zebɦurii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *zebɦurii̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. zebɦurii̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. zeburii̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *di̯ebɑɦúrii̯o-
Gr. ζεφύριο-
(m.) ‘westlich, den Westwind gehörig’
(GEW 1:601)
(Gr. ζεφυρικός)
1. PIE *di̯ebɑɦúrii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *di̯ebɦúrii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. di̯ebɦúrii̯o-
*di̯ → z
Palatalization of *di̯
RDentAssib1c → *zebɦúrii̯o-
3. zebɦúrii̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *zephúrii̯o-
4. zephúrii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *zephúrio-
5. zephúrio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ζεφύριο-
PIE *di̯ebɑɦurii̯o·dɑɦolo-
Hitt. zeburii̯a·dala-
(LÚ.) ‘ein Tempelfunktionär, Art Priester’
(HHand. 209)
1. PIE *di̯ebɑɦurii̯o·dɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *di̯ebɦurii̯o·dɦolo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. di̯ebɦurii̯o·dɦolo-
PIE *di̯ → z
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
RDentAssib3a → *zebɦurii̯o·dɦolo-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. zebɦurii̯o·dɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *zebɦurii̯a·dɦala-
(XX:XX)
4. zebɦurii̯a·dɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. zeburii̯a·dala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √dɑɦibɑɦ- √dɑɦeibɑɦ- √dɑɦiebɑɦ- ‘schädigen, betrügen, täuschen’
(IEW 240)
(Pyysalo)
√dɑɦeibɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɑɦoibɑɦ-
RV. debh-
(pf.) ‘durch Betrug Beschädigen’
(WbRV. 575)
(RV. debhus)
1. PIE *dɑɦoibɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦoibɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦoibɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦaibɦ-
3. dɦaibɦ-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmII → *daibɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)
4. daibɦ-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RChangeAI2E1 → *dēbɦ-
5. dēbɦ-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → *dēbh-
6. dēbh-
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthOIA4 → RV. debh-
PIE *dɑɦeibɑɦu-
Hitt. deibu-
(a.) ‘gering, wenig’
(HIL. 1004)
(Hitt. [t]i-e-pu [sgNA]; Thus not a scribal error vs. Kloekhorst)
1. PIE *dɑɦeibɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦeibɦu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦeibɦu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. deibu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦibɑɦ-
PIE *dɑɦibɑɦso-
gAv. diwža-
(ds.) ‘betrügen, täuschen’
(AIWb. 747)
(gAv. diwžaidyāi [inf.])
1. PIE *dɑɦibɑɦso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦibɦso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦibɦso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦibɦsa-
3. dɦibɦsa-
*bɦs → bɦz
Voicing of *s after gɦ
R22b → *dɦibɦza-
4. dɦibɦza-
*bɦz → bɦž
Change of *z into ž after *bɦ
R23a → *dɦibɦža-
5. dɦibɦža-
*bɦž → wž
Change of bɦž into wž
R23b → *dɦiwža-
6. dɦiwža-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → gAv. diwža-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
PIE *dɑɦibɑɦso-
LAv. diwža-
(m.) ‘Betrug, Täuschung’
(AIWb. 747)
1. PIE *dɑɦibɑɦso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦibɦso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦibɦso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦibɦsa-
3. dɦibɦsa-
*bɦs → bɦz
Voicing of *s after gɦ
R22b → *dɦibɦza-
4. dɦibɦza-
*bɦz → bɦž
Change of *z into ž after *bɦ
R23a → *dɦibɦža-
5. dɦibɦža-
*bɦž → wž
Change of bɦž into wž
R23b → *dɦiwža-
6. dɦiwža-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → LAv. diwža-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
PIE *dɑɦíbɑɦso-
RV. dípsa-
(des.) ‘jemand schädigen wollen’
(WbRV. 576)
(RV. dípsati)
1. PIE *dɑɦíbɑɦso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦíbɦso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦíbɦso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦíbɦsa-
3. dɦíbɦsa-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmII → *díbɦsa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)
4. díbɦsa-
PIE *bɦs → ps
Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s
R32f → RV. dípsa-
√dɑɦiebɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɑɦi̯ebɑɦu-
Hitt. zebu-
(a.) ‘gering, wenig’
(HIL. 1004)
(Hitt. z[e]-e-pu [sgNA]; Thus not a scribal error vs. Kloekhorst)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯ebɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦi̯ebɦu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯ebɦu-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *zebɦu-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. zebɦu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. zebu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦi̯obɑɦu-
CLu. zabu-
(vb.) ‘eine schädigende Tätigkeit, HHand. 206’
(DLL 113)
(CLu. za-ap-pu-un-ta [3pl]; ‹as if with Čop’s law›)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯obɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦi̯obɦu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯obɦu-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *zobɦu-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. zobɦu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *zabɦu-
(XX:XX)
4. zabɦu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. zabu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √dɦɑm- ‘Gewalt, Zwang, Schädigung’ (vb.) ‘Gewalt üben, drücken, bedrängen’
(IEW 238)
(Pyysalo)
√dɦɑemi-
PIE *dɦɑemi-
Hitt. dami-
(1.) ‘schädigen, bedrängen, Gewalt üben, schäden’
(Melchert 1994:166)
(Hitt. tamezi [3sg])
1. PIE *dɦɑemi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *dɦɑami-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑami-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦami-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dɦami-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. dami-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɦɑemis-
PIE *dɦɑemis-
Hitt. damiš-
(vb1.) ‘drücken, (be)drängen’
(HHand. 162)
1. PIE *dɦɑemis-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *dɦɑamis-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑamis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦamis-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dɦamis-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *damis-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. damis-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. damiš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɦɑemisɑho-
Hitt. damišḫa-
(c.) ‘Gewalttat, Schädigung, Strafmaßnahme’
(HHand. 163)
1. PIE *dɦɑemisɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *dɦɑamisɑho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑamisɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦamisho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dɦamisho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦamisha-
(XX:XX)
4. dɦamisha-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *damisha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. damisha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *damišha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. damišha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. damišḫa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *dɦɑemisɑhoi-
Hitt. damišḫai-
(vb.) ‘schädigen, bedrängen, Gewalt üben, schäden’
(HHand. 163)
1. PIE *dɦɑemisɑhoi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *dɦɑamisɑhoi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑamisɑhoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦamishoi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dɦamishoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦamishai-
(XX:XX)
4. dɦamishai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *damishai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. damishai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *damišhai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. damišhai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. damišḫai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *dɦɑemiskie/o-
Hitt. damiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘schädigen, bedrängen, Gewalt üben, usw.’
(HHand. 162)
1. PIE *dɦɑemiskie/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *dɦɑamiskie/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑamiskie/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦamiskie/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dɦamiskie/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *dɦamisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. dɦamisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦamisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
5. dɦamisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *dɦamiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. dɦamiske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *damiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. damiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. damiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɦɑemen-
PIE *dɦɑḗmen-
RV. dhā́man-
(n.) ‘Gewalt, Zwang’
(WbRV. 677)
1. PIE *dɦɑḗmen-
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Colouring rule for *ɑḗ
RColouring2c → *dɦɑā́men-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. dɦɑā́men-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦā́men-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dɦā́men-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *dɦā́man-
4. dɦā́man-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. dhā́man-
√dɦɑemos-
PIE *dɦɑemos-
Hitt. damaš-
(vb1.) ‘drücken, drängen, bedrängen’
(HHand. 162)
(Hitt. damašzi [3sg], HIL. 949f.)
1. PIE *dɦɑemos-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *dɦɑamos-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑamos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦamos-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dɦamos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦamas-
(XX:XX)
4. dɦamas-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *damas-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. damas-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. damaš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɦɑemos-
CLu. damaš-
(vb.) ‘drücken, drängen, bedrängen’
(DLL. 162)
(CLu. da-ma-aš-ti [3sg])
1. PIE *dɦɑemos-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *dɦɑamos-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑamos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦamos-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dɦamos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦamas-
(XX:XX)
4. dɦamas-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *damas-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. damas-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. damaš-
PIE *dɦɑemoski̯e/o-
Hitt. damaške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘XX’
(HHand. 162)
1. PIE *dɦɑemoski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *dɦɑamoski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑamoski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦamoski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dɦamoski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *dɦamosḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. dɦamosḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦamasḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
5. dɦamasḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *dɦamaske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. dɦamaske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *damaske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. damaske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. damaške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɦɑemosont-
Hitt. damašant-
(pt.) ‘XX’
(HHand. 162)
1. PIE *dɦɑemosont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *dɦɑamosont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑamosont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦamosont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dɦamosont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦamasant-
(XX:XX)
4. dɦamasant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *damasant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. damasant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. damašant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɦɑemosu̯o-
Hitt. damašu̯a-
(inf.bs.) ‘XX’
(HHand. 162)
(Hitt. damašuanzi [inf.])
1. PIE *dɦɑemosu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *dɦɑamosu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑamosu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦamosu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dɦamosu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦamasu̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. dɦamasu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *damasu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. damasu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. damašu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


√dɑɦn- √dɑɦen- √dɑɦon- (vb.) ‘binden’ (sb.) ‘Haar, Anschirrung, Tuch’
(IEW XX)
√dɑɦōn-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɑɦedɑɦōno-
Hitt. dedāna-
(c.) ‘Haar’
(HEG T:345-6)
(Hitt. te-e-da-na-an [sgA], te-ta-nu-us [plA])
1. PIE *dɑɦedɑɦōno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦedɦōno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦedɦōno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦedɦōna-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦedɦōna-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *dɦedɦāna-
(XX:XX)
4. dɦedɦāna-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. dedāna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·dɑɦṓno-
RV. ā·dhā́na-
(n.) ‘Anschirrung’
(WbRV. 177)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦṓno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·dɦṓno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦṓno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·dɦṓna-
3. Π·dɦṓna-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
RChangeO2A4 → *Π·dɦā́na-
4. Π·dɦā́na-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·dhā́na-
PIE *Π·dɑɦōno-
LAv. paiti.dāna·-
(m.) ‘Vortuch, Schutztuch, Brusttuch’
(AIWb. 830)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦōno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·dɦōno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦōno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·dɦōna-
3. Π·dɦōna-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *Π·dɦāna-
4. Π·dɦāna-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *Π·dāna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. Π·dāna-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
R40c → LAv. Π·δāna-
PIE *dɑɦodɑɦōnei̯o-
Hitt. dadānei̯a-
() ‹URU.› ‘Bei > Šalma; OGHErg. 165)
(OGH. 413)
(Ḫi. ta-ta-ni-ia [Stf.], ta-ta-[ni-ia)
Language not found or error while translating!


PIE √dɑɦs- √dɑɦos- √dɑɦes- (a.) ‘stark, fest, schwer, wichtig’ (cf. Hitt. naki-)’ (sb.) ‘Stärke, Krafte, Gott (cf. TochA. ñkät-)’
√dɑɦes-
PIE *dɑɦés.Σ-
Gr. ·θέσ.κελο-
(a.) ‘herrlich, wunderbar’
(GEW 1:667)
1. PIE *dɑɦés.Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦés.Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦés.Σ-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *thés.Σ-
3. thés.Σ-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *théh.Σ-
4. théh.Σ-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *thé.Σ-
5. thé.Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ·θέ.Σ-
PIE *dɑɦes.Σ-
Gr. ·θεσ.πέσιο-
(a.) ‘göttlich, gewaltig, wundervoll’
(GEW 1:667)
1. PIE *dɑɦes.Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦes.Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦes.Σ-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *thes.Σ-
3. thes.Σ-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *theh.Σ-
4. theh.Σ-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *the.Σ-
5. the.Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ·θε.Σ-
PIE *dɑɦés.pi-
Gr. θέσ.πι-
(a.) ‘göttlich, gewaltig, wundervoll’
(GEW 1:667)
(Gr. θέσπις, θέσπιν)
1. PIE *dɑɦés.pi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦés.pi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦés.pi-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *thés.pi-
3. thés.pi-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *théh.pi-
4. théh.pi-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *thé.pi-
5. thé.pi-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. θέ.πι-
PIE *dɑɦés.Σ-
Gr. ·θέσ.φατο-
(a.) ‘von einem Gott verkündet, bestimmt’
(GEW 1:668)
1. PIE *dɑɦés.Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦés.Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦés.Σ-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *thés.Σ-
3. thés.Σ-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *théh.Σ-
4. théh.Σ-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *thé.Σ-
5. thé.Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ·θέ.Σ-
√dɑɦeso-
PIE *dɑɦeso-
LinB. θεο-
(m.f.) ‘Gott, Göttin’
(GEW 3:XX)
(LinB. tehohjo [sgG])
1. PIE *dɑɦeso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦeso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦeso-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *theso-
3. theso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *theho-
4. theho-
Change from Latin to Old Mycenean alphabet
RGr2Lat → LinB. θεhο-
PIE *dɑɦesó-
Gr. θεό-
(m.) ‘Gott’
(GEW 1:662-3)
(Sync. 275)
1. PIE *dɑɦesó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦesó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦesó-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *thesó-
3. thesó-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *thehó-
4. thehó-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *theó-
5. theó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. θεό-
PIE *dɑɦesó·Σ-
Gr. θεό·σσυτο-
(.) ‘XX’
(Hirt 1900:117)
1. PIE *dɑɦesó·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦesó·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦesó·Σ-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *thesó·Σ-
3. thesó·Σ-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *thehó·Σ-
4. thehó·Σ-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *theó·Σ-
5. theó·Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. θεό·Σ-
PIE *dɑɦesó·Σ-
Gr. θεό·θεστο-
(PN.) ‘XX’
(XX:XX)
(GEW –)
1. PIE *dɑɦesó·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦesó·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦesó·Σ-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *thesó·Σ-
3. thesó·Σ-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *thehó·Σ-
4. thehó·Σ-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *theó·Σ-
5. theó·Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. θεό·Σ-
√dɑɦoso-
(HEG T: 259f.)
(HIL. 985, Weitenberg 1984: 146)
PIE *dɑɦoso-
Hitt. daša-
(a.) ‘stark, fest, schwer, wichtig, drückend’
(HEG T: 259f.)
(Hitt. ta-aš-ša-i, Weitenberg 1984: 146, HIL. 985)
1. PIE *dɑɦoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦoso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦasa-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦasa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *dasa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. daša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦosonu-
Hitt. dašanu-
(cs.) ‘stark machen, stärken’
(HHand. 172)
1. PIE *dɑɦosonu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦosonu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦosonu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦasanu-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦasanu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *dasanu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dasanu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. dašanu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦosonuski̯e/o-
Hitt. dašanuške/a-
(cs.) ‘stark machen, stärken’
(HHand. 172)
(HIL. 985)
1. PIE *dɑɦosonuski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦosonuski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦosonuski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *dɦosonusḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. dɦosonusḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦasanusḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
4. dɦasanusḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *dɦasanuske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. dɦasanuske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *dasanuske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. dasanuske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. dašanuške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦosio-
PIE *dɑɦosi̯omo-
CLu. daši̯ama-
(n.) ‘Stärke, Krafte, Drück’
(HHand. 172)
1. PIE *dɑɦosi̯omo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦosi̯omo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦosi̯omo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦasi̯ama-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦasi̯ama-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *dasi̯ama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dasi̯ama-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. daši̯ama-
PIE *dɑɦosi̯omon-
CLu. daši̯aman-
(n.) ‘Bedrückung, Schwere’
(HHand. 172)
1. PIE *dɑɦosi̯omon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦosi̯omon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦosi̯omon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦasi̯aman-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦasi̯aman-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *dasi̯aman-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dasi̯aman-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. daši̯aman-
PIE *dɑɦosi̯otor-
Hitt. daši̯atar-
(n.) ‘Stärke, Krafte, Drück’
(HHand. 172)
1. PIE *dɑɦosi̯otor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦosi̯otor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦosi̯otor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦasi̯atar-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦasi̯atar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *dasi̯atar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dasi̯atar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. daši̯atar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦosi̯ou̯or-
Hitt. daši̯au̯ar-
(n.) ‘Stärke, Krafte, Drück’
(HHand. 172)
1. PIE *dɑɦosi̯ou̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦosi̯ou̯or-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦosi̯ou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦasi̯au̯ar-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦasi̯au̯ar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *dasi̯au̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dasi̯au̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. daši̯au̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦosnu-
PIE *dɑɦosnumor-
Hitt. dašnumar-
(n.) ‘Stärkung’
(HHand. 172)
1. PIE *dɑɦosnumor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦosnumor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦosnumor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦasnumar-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦasnumar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *dasnumar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dasnumar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. dašnumar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦosnuski̯e/o-
Hitt. dašnuške/a-
(cs.) ‘stark machen, stärken’
(HHand. 172)
(HIL. 985)
1. PIE *dɑɦosnuski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦosnuski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦosnuski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *dɦosnusḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. dɦosnusḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦasnusḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
4. dɦasnusḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *dɦasnuske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. dɦasnuske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *dasnuske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. dasnuske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. dašnuške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦosu-
PIE *dɑɦosou-
Hitt. dašau-
(a.) ‘stark, fest, schwer, wichtig, drückend’
(HIL. 985)
(Hitt. [d]a-aš-ša-ua-az [sgAbl])
1. PIE *dɑɦosou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦosou-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦosou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦasau-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦasau-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *dasau-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dasau-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. dašau-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦosu-
Hitt. dašu-
(a.) ‘stark, fest, schwer, wichtig, drückend’
(HHand. 172)
1. PIE *dɑɦosu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦosu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦosu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦasu-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦasu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *dasu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dasu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. dašu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦosu̯ont-
Hitt. dašu̯ant-
(a.) ‘stark, fest, schwer, wichtig, drückend’
(HHand. 172)
1. PIE *dɑɦosu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦosu̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦosu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦasu̯ant-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦasu̯ant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *dasu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dasu̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. dašu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √dɑɦu- (sb.) ‘Auge’ (a.) ‘Gesehen’
(IEW XX)
(Pyysalo)
√dɑɦeu̯o-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑé·dɑɦeu̯o-
Gr. ἄ·θεο-
(a.) ‘without vision, unseen’
(LSJ. 31)
1. PIE *hɑé·dɑɦeu̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑá·dɑɦeu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑá·dɑɦeu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *há·dɦeu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. há·dɦeu̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *há·theu̯o-
4. há·theu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *á·theu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. á·theu̯o-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *á·theo-
6. á·theo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἄ·θεο-
PIE *n·dɑheu̯e
LycA. ñ·tewe
(adv.) ‘facing, opposite, toward’
(HIL. 812)
1. PIE *n·dɑheu̯e
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *n·dheu̯e
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. n·dheu̯e
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *n·deu̯e
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. n·deu̯e
PIE *d → t
Devoicing of PIE *d
R15a → *n·teu̯e
4. n·teu̯e
*nt → ñt
Change of *n into ñ before t
R15b → *ñ·teu̯e
5. ñ·teu̯e
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
R22 → LycA. ñ·tewe
√dɑɦou̯o-
PIE *dɑɦou̯o-
CLu. dau̯a-
(n.pl.) ‘Auge, HHand. 173, HEG S:734-6’
(DLL. 96)
(CLu. da-a-u-ua [plNA])
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦou̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦau̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦau̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. dau̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦou̯o-
HLu. dau̯a-
(n.) ‘eye’
(CHLu. 10.18.8)
(HLu. ta-wa/i)
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦou̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦau̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦau̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → HLu. dau̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦou̯o-
LycA. tawa-
(n.pl.) ‘eyes’
(HIL. 812)
(Lyc. tawa [plN])
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦou̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦau̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦau̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *dau̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dau̯a-
PIE *d → t
Devoicing of PIE *d
R15a → *tau̯a-
5. tau̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
R22 → LycA. tawa-
√dɑɦou̯i-
PIE *dɑɦou̯ei-
CLu. dau̯ei-
(c.) ‘Auge’
(DLL. 96)
(CLu. da-a-u-i-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦou̯ei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯ei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦau̯ei-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦau̯ei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. dau̯ei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦou̯ei̯o-
Hitt. dau̯ei̯a-
(d.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:461)
(Hitt. da-u-i-ia-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦou̯ei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦau̯ei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦau̯ei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. dau̯ei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦou̯ei̯·on-
CLu. dau̯ei̯·an
(post.adv.) ‘gegenüber’
(HHand. 173)
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯ei̯·on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦou̯ei̯·on-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯ei̯·on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦau̯ei̯·an-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦau̯ei̯·an-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. dau̯ei̯·an-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦou̯oli-
PIE *dɑɦou̯olei̯o-
CLu. dau̯alei̯a-
(vb.) ‘mit dem bösen Blick schaden’
(HHand. 173)
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯olei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦou̯olei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯olei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦau̯alei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦau̯alei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. dau̯alei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦou̯ont-
PIE *dɑɦou̯ont-
CLu. dau̯ant-
(c.) ‘Auge’
(DLL. 96)
(CLu. ta-ua-an-ta-an [sgA])
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦou̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦau̯ant-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦau̯ant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. dau̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦou̯onto-
Hitt. dau̯anta-
(d.) ‘KLuN. 135’
(OHP. 1:463)
(Hitt. da-a-u-ua-an-ta-na [sgA])
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯onto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦou̯onto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯onto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦau̯anta-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦau̯anta-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. dau̯anta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦou̯oro-
PIE *dɑɦou̯oro-
HLu. dau̯ara-
(.) ‘eye (??)’
(CHLu. 4.9.4b)
(HLu. (VAS)ta-wa/i+ra/i)
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯oro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦou̯oro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦau̯ara-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦau̯ara-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → HLu. dau̯ara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦou̯os-
PIE *dɑɦou̯oso-
CLu. dau̯aša-
(a.gen.) ‘oculaire : of the eye(s)’
(DLL. 96)
(CLu. ta-ua-aš-ša-ti [sgI], KLuN. §15)
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯oso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦou̯oso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦau̯asa-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦau̯asa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *dau̯asa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dau̯asa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. dau̯aša-
PIE *dɑɦou̯osɑho-
HLu. dau̯ašḫa-
(c.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 6.2.20)
(HLu. (‘*476’)ta-wa/i-sa-ha-na, ta-wa/i-sa-ha-n[a])
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦou̯osho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦau̯asha-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦau̯asha-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *dau̯asha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dau̯asha-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → *dau̯asḫa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
5. dau̯asḫa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. dau̯ašḫa-
PIE *dɑɦou̯o·sondɑɦo-
HLu. dau̯a·šanda-
(.) ‘eye (??)’
(CHLu. 11.1.e10)
(HLu. (“VAS”)ta-wa/i-sà-ta-ti-ha)
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯o·sondɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦou̯o·sondɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯o·sondɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦau̯a·sandɦa-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦau̯a·sandɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *dau̯a·sanda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dau̯a·sanda-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. dau̯a·šanda-
PIE *dɑɦou̯o·sondɑɦi̯o-
CLu. dau̯a·šanza-
(.) ‘XX’
(DLL. 96)
(CLu. ta-a-u-ua-aš-ša-an-za-ti [sgI?])
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯o·sondɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦou̯o·sondɦi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯o·sondɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *dɦou̯o·sonzo-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. dɦou̯o·sonzo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦau̯a·sanza-
(XX:XX)
4. dɦau̯a·sanza-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *dau̯a·sanza-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. dau̯a·sanza-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. dau̯a·šanza-
√dɑɦou̯os-
PIE *dɑɦou̯osi-
CLu. dau̯aši-
(a.gen.*)
(DLL. 96)
(in CLu. IGIḪI.A-wa-aš-ši-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯osi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦou̯osi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯osi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦau̯asi-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦau̯asi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *dau̯asi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dau̯asi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. dau̯aši-
PIE *dɑɦou̯ostei̯o-
Hitt. dau̯aštei̯a-
(URU.) ‘mit (...) Ištitina und das Taḫara-Flußland’
(OGHErg. 166-7)
(Hitt. ta?-ua?-aš-ti-ia)
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯ostei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦou̯ostei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯ostei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦau̯astei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦau̯astei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *dau̯astei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dau̯astei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. dau̯aštei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √dɑɦu- √dɑɦeu- √dɑɦou- (vb.) ‘eilen’ (a.) ‘schnell’
(IEW XX)
√dɑɦe/ou-
PIE *dɑɦéu̯o-
Gr. θέο-
(vb.) ‘laufen, eilen’
(GEW 1:XX)
(Gr. θέω [1sg])
1. PIE *dɑɦéu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦéu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦéu̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *théu̯o-
3. théu̯o-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *théo-
4. théo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. θέο-
PIE *dɑɦeu̯o-
RV. dhava-
(prM.) ‘laufen’
(WbRV. 660)
(RV. dhavadhve, adhavanta
1. PIE *dɑɦeu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦeu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦeu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦeu̯a-
3. dɦeu̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *dɦau̯a-
4. dɦau̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *dɦava-
5. dɦava-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. dhava-
PIE *Π·dɑɦouto
Goth. us·dauþ-
(a.) ‘eifrig : keen, eager’
(GoEtD. XX)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦouto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·dɦouto
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦouto
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
AffricateT → *Π·dɦouþo
3. Π·dɦouþo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *Π·douþo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. Π·douþo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *Π·dauþa
(XX:XX)
5. Π·dauþa
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → Goth. Π·dauþ
√dɑɦu-
PIE *Π·dɑɦu-
gAv. ǝ̄ǝā·du-
(g.) ‘Eifer, Drang’
(AIWb. 331-2)
(gAv. ǝ̄ǝādū [sgI])
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·dɦu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦu-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → gAv. Π·du-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
PIE *Π·dɑɦúmeno-
Gr. ἐκ·θύμενο-
(pt.a.) Hes. ‘ταχύς’
(LSJ. 507)
(Gr. ἐκθύμενος [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦúmeno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·dɦúmeno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦúmeno-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *Π·thúmeno-
3. Π·thúmeno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·θύμενο-
PIE *Π·dɑɦutei-
HLu. a·dutei-
(c.) ‘chariot ?
(CHLu. XX)
(HLu. (“*91”)á-tu-ti-zi)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦutei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·dɦutei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦutei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → HLu. Π·dutei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·dɑɦutei-
Hitt. a·dutei-
(URU.) ‘chariot (?)’
(OGH. 57)
(Hitt. a-du-u[t-…)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦutei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·dɦutei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦutei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. Π·dutei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √dɑɦu- (vb.) ‘strömen, laufen’ (sb.) ‘uinum, vineyard’
(IEW XX)
√dɑɦeu-
PIE *dɑɦeu̯o-
RV. dhava-
(prM.) ‘strömen’
(WbRV. 660)
(RV. dhavadhve, adhavanta
1. PIE *dɑɦeu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦeu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦeu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦeu̯a-
3. dɦeu̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *dɦau̯a-
4. dɦau̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *dɦava-
5. dɦava-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. dhava-
PIE *dɑɦēutí-
RV. dhautí-
(f.) Quelle, Bach, Fluss
(WbRV. XX)
1. PIE *dɑɦēutí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦēutí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦēutí-
PIE *ē → ā
Aryan change of *ē into ā
RAryanE2A3 → *dɦāutí-
3. dɦāutí-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → *dhāutí-
4. dhāutí-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
ROrthOIA10 → RV. dhautí-
√dɑɦuno-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɑɦuno-
CLu. duna-
(n.) ‘Urin, HHand. 180’
(DLL. 100)
(CLu. du-ú-na-ti [sgI]
1. PIE *dɑɦuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦuno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦuna-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦuna-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. duna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦun·orei̯o-
Hitt. dun·arei̯a-
(.) ‘Art Wald (mit Wasser erwähnt)’
(HEG 3:549)
1. PIE *dɑɦun·orei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦun·orei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦun·orei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦun·arei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦun·arei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. dun·arei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦur-
PIE *dɑɦur-
CLu. dur-
(GKLn.) ‘Urin, HHand. 180’
(DLL. 100)
(CLu. du-ú-ur [sgA], VLFḪ 229)
1. PIE *dɑɦur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦur-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦur-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. dur-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦuori-
PIE *dɑɦu̯orito-
HLu. du̯arita-
(.) ‘vine-yard (?)’
(CHLu. 4.1.6)
(HLu. (VITIS)tu-wa/i-ri+i-ta?)
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯orito-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦu̯orito-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦu̯orito-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦu̯arita-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦu̯arita-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → HLu. du̯arita-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦuorso-
PIE *dɑɦúrso-
Ion.-Att. θύρσο-
(m.) ‘honey-dripping staff of Dionysus, the wine god’
(GEW 1:XX)
(the Bacchae were originally depicted as holding branches of vine)
1. PIE *dɑɦúrso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦúrso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦúrso-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *thúrso-
3. thúrso-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Ion.-Att. θύρσο-
PIE *dɑɦu̯orso-
HLu. du̯arša-
(c.) ‘vineyard’
(CHLu. 10.9.8)
(HLu. tu-wa/i+ra/i-sà-za-‘)
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯orso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦu̯orso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦu̯orso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦu̯arsa-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦu̯arsa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *du̯arsa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. du̯arsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. du̯arša-
PIE *dɑɦu̯orso·si-
HLu. du̯arša·ši-
(c.) ‘wineyard’
(CHLu. 10.14.2)
(HLu. tu-wa/i+ra/i-sà-si-i-na [sgA])
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯orso·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦu̯orso·si-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦu̯orso·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦu̯arsa·si-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦu̯arsa·si-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *du̯arsa·si-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. du̯arsa·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. du̯arša·ši-
√dɑɦuorsi-
(Pyysalo)
(‹A guess by form›)
PIE *dɑɦu̯orsi-
HLu. du̯arši-
(a.gen.) ‘of TUAR’
(CHLu. 10.14.8.)
(HLu. tu-wa/i+ra/i-si-i)
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯orsi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦu̯orsi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦu̯orsi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦu̯arsi-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦu̯arsi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *du̯arsi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. du̯arsi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. du̯arši-
PIE *dɑɦu̯orsi-
Hitt. du̯arši-
(.) ‘hurr. Kultterm. in heth. Kontext’
(HHand. 183)
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯orsi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦu̯orsi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦu̯orsi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦu̯arsi-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦu̯arsi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *du̯arsi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. du̯arsi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. du̯arši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √dɑɦu- (vb.) ‘schädigen, verletzen, betrügen’ (a.) ‘schlecht, böse’
(IEW XX)
(Pyysalo)
√dɑɦe/ou-
PIE *dɑɦeu̯o-
LAv. dava-
(pr.) ‘betrügen, täuschen’
(AIWb. 689)
1. PIE *dɑɦeu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦeu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦeu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦeu̯a-
3. dɦeu̯a-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *deu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. deu̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *dau̯a-
5. dau̯a-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → LAv. dava-
PIE *Π.dɑɦou̯o-
LAv. haši.dava·-
(a.) ‘die Freunde betrügend’
(AIWb. 1800)
LAv. hašidava-)
1. PIE *Π.dɑɦou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π.dɦou̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π.dɦou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π.dɦau̯a-
3. Π.dɦau̯a-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *Π.dau̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. Π.dau̯a-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
R40c → *Π.δau̯a-
5. Π.δau̯a-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → LAv. Π.δava·-
√dɑɦu-
PIE *dɑɦú·dɑɦurso-
AV. dú·dhūrṣa-
(des.) ‘beschädigen wollen’
(WbRV. 690)
(AV. dúdhūrṣati)
1. PIE *dɑɦú·dɑɦurso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦú·dɦurso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦú·dɦurso-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiR → *dɦú·dɦuršo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. dɦú·dɦuršo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦú·dɦurša-
4. dɦú·dɦurša-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmII → *dú·dɦurša-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)
5. dú·dɦurša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → *dú·dɦurṣa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
6. dú·dɦurṣa-
urṣ → ūrṣ
Lengthening of *u before rṣ
RLengthUbefRS → *dú·dɦūrṣa-
7. dú·dɦūrṣa-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → AV. dú·dhūrṣa-
PIE *o·dɑɦu̯o-
CLu. a·du̯a-
(a.) ‘böse, schlecht : evil, bad’
(HHand. 29)
(CLu. aduanza [n.sgNA])
1. PIE *o·dɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *o·dɦu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. o·dɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *a·dɦu̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. a·dɦu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. a·du̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *o·dɑɦu̯o-
HLu. a·du̯a-
(a.) ‘böse, schlecht’
Melchert (1994:238)
(HLu. MALUS1-tu-wa/i-)
1. PIE *o·dɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *o·dɦu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. o·dɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *a·dɦu̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. a·dɦu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → HLu. a·du̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦueino-
PIE *dɑɦu̯eino-
OEng. dwīna-
(vb.) ‘pine, fade, dwindle, waste away’
(ASaxD. 220)
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯eino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦu̯eino-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦu̯eino-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *du̯eino-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. du̯eino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *du̯eina-
(XX:XX)
4. du̯eina-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → *du̯īna-
5. du̯īna-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → OEng. dwīna-
PIE *dɑɦu̯eino-
OIcl. dvīna-
(vb.) ‘XX’
(ANEtWb. XX)
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯eino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦu̯eino-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦu̯eino-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *du̯eino-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. du̯eino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *du̯eina-
(XX:XX)
4. du̯eina-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → *du̯īna-
5. du̯īna-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → OIcl. dvīna-
PIE *dɑɦu̯eino-
MidDu. dwīne-
(vb.) ‘XX’
(XX:XX)
(MidDu. dwīnen [inf.])
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯eino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦu̯eino-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦu̯eino-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *du̯eino-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. du̯eino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *du̯eina-
(XX:XX)
4. du̯eina-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → *du̯īna-
5. du̯īna-
*a → e
Rising of root-final a into e
R23 → *du̯īne-
6. du̯īne-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → MidDu. dwīne-
√dɑɦuol-
(HEG 1:442-444)
(HED 1-2:487-93, HIL. 487f.)
PIE *o·dɑɦu̯ol-
CLu. a·du̯al-
(n.) ‘Schlechtigkeit : mal’
(DLL. 35)
(CLu. a-ad-du-ua-a-al, HHand. 29)
1. PIE *o·dɑɦu̯ol-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *o·dɦu̯ol-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. o·dɦu̯ol-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *a·dɦu̯al-
(XX:XX)
3. a·dɦu̯al-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. a·du̯al-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *o·dɑɦu̯olo-
CLu. a·du̯ala-
(n.) ‘mal’
(DLL. 35)
(CLu. a-ad-du-ua-la [plA], (a)-ad-du-ua-la-ti [sgI])
1. PIE *o·dɑɦu̯olo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *o·dɦu̯olo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. o·dɦu̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *a·dɦu̯ala-
(XX:XX)
3. a·dɦu̯ala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. a·du̯ala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *o·dɑɦu̯oloɦɑid-
CLu. a·du̯alaḫid-
(n.) ‘Schlechtigkeit’ (‘méchanceté’)
(DLL. 35)
(CLu. at-tu-ua-la-ḫi-ti [sgD])
1. PIE *o·dɑɦu̯oloɦɑid-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *o·dɦu̯oloɦid-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. o·dɦu̯oloɦid-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *a·dɦu̯alaɦid-
(XX:XX)
3. a·dɦu̯alaɦid-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *a·du̯alaɦid-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. a·du̯alaɦid-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. a·du̯alaḫid-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *o·dɑɦu̯oli-
CLu. a·du̯ali-
(a.) ‘böse, schlecht’ (mauvais)
(DLL. 35)
(CLu. (a-)ad-du-ua-li-is [sgN], (a)-ad-du-ua-li-in)
1. PIE *o·dɑɦu̯oli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *o·dɦu̯oli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. o·dɦu̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *a·dɦu̯ali-
(XX:XX)
3. a·dɦu̯ali-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. a·du̯ali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦuon-
PIE *dɑɦu̯eniɑ́h-
RV. dhvanī-
(ao.) ‘erlöschen’
(KEWA 2:118)
(RV. ádhvanīt ‘erlosch’)
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯eniɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1b → *dɑɦu̯eniíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. dɑɦu̯eniíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦu̯eniíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dɦu̯eniíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *dɦu̯enií-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. dɦu̯enií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → *dɦu̯enī́-
5. dɦu̯enī́-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *dɦu̯anī́-
6. dɦu̯anī́-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *dɦvanī́-
7. dɦvanī́-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. dhvanī́-
√dɑɦuor-
(Goetze (954: 403)
(Eichner 1973:75-6)
PIE *dɑɦu̯éro-
OInd. dhvára-
(pr.) ‘schädigen, verletzen’
(EWA I:802)
(Samh. dhvára-)
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯éro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦu̯éro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦu̯éro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦu̯éra-
3. dɦu̯éra-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *dɦu̯ára-
4. dɦu̯ára-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *dɦvára-
5. dɦvára-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. dhvára-
PIE *dɑɦu̯erós-
RV. dhvarás-
(a.) ‘täuschend, verblendend’
(WbRV. 699)
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯erós-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦu̯erós-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦu̯erós-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *dɦu̯erás-
3. dɦu̯erás-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *dɦu̯arás-
4. dɦu̯arás-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *dɦvarás-
5. dɦvarás-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. dhvarás-
PIE *dɑɦu̯oroski̯e/o-
Hitt. du̯araške/a-
(vb.) ‘XX’
(Kimball 1999:328)
(Hitt. du-wa-ar-a[š?]-ke-ez-zi)
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯oroski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦu̯oroski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦu̯oroski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *dɦu̯orosḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. dɦu̯orosḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦu̯arasḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
4. dɦu̯arasḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *dɦu̯araske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. dɦu̯araske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *du̯araske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. du̯araske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. du̯araške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦu̯orḗɑh-
OInd. dhvarā́-
(f.) ‘Verletzung, Schädigung, Bosheit’
(EWA I:802)
(MS. dhvarā́-)
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯orḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *dɑɦu̯orā́ɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. dɑɦu̯orā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦu̯orā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dɦu̯orā́h-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦu̯arā́h-
4. dɦu̯arā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *dɦu̯arā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. dɦu̯arā́-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *dɦvarā́-
6. dɦvarā́-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. dhvarā́-
PIE *o·dɑɦu̯ori-
HLu. a·du̯ari-
(a.) ‘bad’
(CHLu. 1.1.20)
(HLu. á-tu-wa/i-ri+i-zi [pl])
1. PIE *o·dɑɦu̯ori-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *o·dɦu̯ori-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. o·dɦu̯ori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *a·dɦu̯ari-
(XX:XX)
3. a·dɦu̯ari-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → HLu. a·du̯ari-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦu̯ornei̯o-
Hitt. du̯arnei̯a-
(vb.) ‘zerbrechen’ […]
(HIL. 1045-6)
(KEWA II 119, III 741; Oett. 151 und Anm. 36)
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯ornei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦu̯ornei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦu̯ornei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦu̯arnei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦu̯arnei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. du̯arnei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦur-
(Oettinger 1979:379)
(HIL. 1039)
PIE *dɑɦúr-
OInd. dhúr-
(sb.) ‘Verletzung’
(EWA 1:802)
1. PIE *dɑɦúr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦúr-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦúr-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. dhúr-
PIE *dɑɦurḗɑh-
OInd. dhurā́-
(adv.) ‘gewaltsam, mit Gewalt’
(EWA 1:802)
(ŚB. dhurā́-)
1. PIE *dɑɦurḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *dɑɦurā́ɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. dɑɦurā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦurā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dɦurā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *dɦurā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. dɦurā́-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. dhurā́-
PIE *dɑɦuroi̯o-
Hitt. duraa-
(GIŠsb.) ‘lanze, spear’
(Oettinger 1979:379)
(Hitt. GIŠtu-u-ra-a-ti-pa-ta tu-u-ra-[a-a]t-ta)
1. PIE *dɑɦuroi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦuroi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦuroi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦurai̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦurai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide1 → *dɦuraa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
4. dɦuraa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. duraa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦuroi̯o-
Hitt. duraa-
(vb.) ‘schädigen’
(Oettinger 1979:379)
(Hitt. GIŠtu-u-ra-a-ti-pa-ta tu-u-ra-[a-a]t-ta)
1. PIE *dɑɦuroi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦuroi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦuroi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦurai̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦurai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide1 → *dɦuraa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
4. dɦuraa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. duraa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦurs-
RV. dhūrṣ-
(s.ao.) ‘beschädigen’
(WbRV. 690)
(RV. ádhūrṣata [3pl.])
1. PIE *dɑɦurs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦurs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦurs-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiR → *dɦurš-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. dɦurš-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → *dɦurṣ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
4. dɦurṣ-
urṣ → ūrṣ
Lengthening of *u before rṣ
RLengthUbefRS → *dɦūrṣ-
5. dɦūrṣ-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. dhūrṣ-
PIE *dɑɦú·dɑhurso-
AV. dú·dhūrṣa-
(des.) ‘beschädigen wollen’
(WbRV. 690)
(AV. dúdhūrṣati)
1. PIE *dɑɦú·dɑhurso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦú·dhurso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦú·dhurso-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiR → *dɦú·dhuršo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. dɦú·dhuršo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦú·dhurša-
4. dɦú·dhurša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → *dɦú·dhurṣa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
5. dɦú·dhurṣa-
urṣ → ūrṣ
Lengthening of *u before rṣ
RLengthUbefRS → *dɦú·dhūrṣa-
6. dɦú·dhūrṣa-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → AV. dhú·dhūrṣa-
PIE *dɑɦúrto-
OInd. dhū́rta-
(a.) ‘betrügerisch’ (m.) ‘Betrüger’ (P. 277)
(EWA 1:XX)
1. PIE *dɑɦúrto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦúrto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦúrto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦúrta-
3. dɦúrta-
*urt → ūrt
Lengthening of *u before rt
RLengthUbefRT → *dɦū́rta-
4. dɦū́rta-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. dhū́rta-
PIE *dɑɦurtí-
RV. dhūrtí-
(f.) ‘Beschädigung, angetanes Leid’
(WbRV. 690
1. PIE *dɑɦurtí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦurtí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦurtí-
*urt → ūrt
Lengthening of *u before rt
RLengthUbefRT → *dɦūrtí-
3. dɦūrtí-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. dhūrtí-
PIE *dɑɦúru̯o-
RV. dhū́rva-
(pr.) ‘Leid antun, beschädigen’ (durch Täuschung)
(WbRV. 690)
(RV. dhū́rvanti [3pl])
1. PIE *dɑɦúru̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦúru̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦúru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦúru̯a-
3. dɦúru̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *dɦúrva-
4. dɦúrva-
urv → ūrv
Lengthening of *u before rv
RLengthUbefRV → *dɦū́rva-
5. dɦū́rva-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. dhū́rva-
PIE *dɑɦúru̯on-
RV. dhū́rvaṇ-
(n.) ‘das Beschädigen, die Verletzung’
(WbRV. 690)
(RV. dhū́rvaṇe [sgD])
1. PIE *dɑɦúru̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦúru̯on-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦúru̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦúru̯an-
3. dɦúru̯an-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *dɦúrvan-
4. dɦúrvan-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
RRetrofl1 → *dɦúrvaṇ-
5. dɦúrvaṇ-
urv → ūrv
Lengthening of *u before rv
RLengthUbefRV → *dɦū́rvaṇ-
6. dɦū́rvaṇ-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. dhū́rvaṇ-
PIE *dɑɦúru̯ont-
RV. dhū́rvant-
(pt.) ‘beschädigend’
(WbRV. 690)
1. PIE *dɑɦúru̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦúru̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦúru̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦúru̯ant-
3. dɦúru̯ant-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *dɦúrvant-
4. dɦúrvant-
urv → ūrv
Lengthening of *u before rv
RLengthUbefRV → *dɦū́rvant-
5. dɦū́rvant-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. dhū́rvant-


PIE √dɑɦuɑh- ‘move, shake, brandish’
[IEW. 261-3]
(+ Pyysalo)
√dɑɦuɑhi-
[MA 388]
PIE *dɑɦeu·dɑɦeu̯ɑ́hi-
RV. do·dhavī-
(vb.) ‘schütteln : shake, KEWA 2:67’
(WbRV. 689)
(RV. dodhavīti)
1. PIE *dɑɦeu·dɑɦeu̯ɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *dɑɦeu·dɑɦeu̯íhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. dɑɦeu·dɑɦeu̯íhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦeu·dɦeu̯íhi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dɦeu·dɦeu̯íhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *dɦeu·dɦeu̯íi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. dɦeu·dɦeu̯íi-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmII → *deu·dɦeu̯íi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)
5. deu·dɦeu̯íi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *deu·dɦeu̯ī́-
6. deu·dɦeu̯ī́-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *dau·dɦau̯ī́-
7. dau·dɦau̯ī́-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RChangeAU2O1 → *dō·dɦau̯ī́-
8. dō·dɦau̯ī́-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *dō·dɦavī́-
9. dō·dɦavī́-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → *dō·dhavī́-
10. dō·dhavī́-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthOIA6 → RV. do·dhavī́-
PIE *dɑɦe·dɑɦeu̯i-
Arm. de·devi-
(vb.) ‘schwanken, schaukeln, wanken’
(ArmGr. 1:438)
(IEW 262; Note Arm. v vs. †w !)
1. PIE *dɑɦe·dɑɦeu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦe·dɦeu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦe·dɦeu̯i-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → Arm. de·deu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
√dɑɦuɑh-
PIE *dɑɦeu̯ɑhei̯o-
OIcl. dȳja-
(vb.) ‘move, shake’
(ANEtWb. XX)
1. PIE *dɑɦeu̯ɑhei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦeu̯hei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦeu̯hei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *dɦeu̯ei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. dɦeu̯ei̯o-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *deu̯ei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. deu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *deu̯ei̯a-
(XX:XX)
5. deu̯ei̯a-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
RChangee2i → *diu̯ii̯a-
6. diu̯ii̯a-
*iu̯i → ȳ
*u-Umlaut for iu̯i
RUmlautiWi → *dȳi̯a-
7. dȳi̯a-
*i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
R26 → OIcl. dȳja-
PIE *dɑɦuɑh·dɑɦuɑhei̯o-
Hitt. duḫduḫei̯a-
(vb.) ‘schwingen : brandish’
(HEG T: 414)
(Hitt. túh-túh-hi-ia-an-zi KUB 30.36 iii 14; HIL. 1029, HHand. 279)
1. PIE *dɑɦuɑh·dɑɦuɑhei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦuh·dɦuhei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦuh·dɦuhei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦuh·dɦuhei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦuh·dɦuhei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *duh·duhei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. duh·duhei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. duḫ·duḫei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)


PIE √dɑɦum- √dɑɦeum- √dɑɦoum- (sb.) ‘Erde’
(Pyysalo)
√dɑɦum-
PIE *dɑɦoum-
OPhryg. δουμ-
(sb.) ‘κώμη’
(Phryg. 104)
(OPhryg. δουμθ [sgI])
1. PIE *dɑɦoum-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦoum-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦoum-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *doum-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. doum-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → OPhryg. δουμ-
PIE *dɑɦundɑɦumomi-
CLu. dundumami-
(c.) ‘parallel zu ‘Erde’ und ‘dNergal, HHand. 180’
(DLL. 99)
(CLu. du-un-du-ma-mi-in [sgA])
1. PIE *dɑɦundɑɦumomi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦundɦumomi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦundɦumomi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦundɦumami-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦundɦumami-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. dundumami-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦumēɑh-
Lat. fumā-
(f.) ‘terra’ (Gl. ed. ac. Brit. V Abba FU 18)
(WH 1:561)
1. PIE *dɑɦumēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *dɑɦumāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. dɑɦumāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦumāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dɦumāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *dɦumā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. dɦumā-
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *bɦ
RAffricatDH2f → Lat. fumā-
PIE *dɑɦoumēɑh-
OPhryg. δουμᾱ-
(f.) ‘Erde’
(Phryg. 104)
(OPhryg. δουμαν [sgA])
1. PIE *dɑɦoumēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *dɑɦoumāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. dɑɦoumāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦoumāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dɦoumāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *dɦoumā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. dɦoumā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *doumā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. doumā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → OPhryg. δουμᾱ-
PIE *dɑɦumei̯o-
OPhryg. δυμειο-
(a.) ‘of κώμη’
(Phryg. 104)
1. PIE *dɑɦumei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦumei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦumei̯o-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *dumei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. dumei̯o-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → OPhryg. δυμεi̯ο-


PIE √dɦɑ- ‘gesamt, ganz, all, voll’
√dɦɑ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɦɑē
Hitt. dā-
(a.) ‘gesamt, ganz, all’ (= Hitt. dapi(a)-)
(HHand. 157)
1. PIE *dɦɑē
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *dɦɑā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. dɦɑā
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dɦā
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. dā
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɦɑḗ
OIr. dā
(adv.) ‘in full’
(DIL. 182-3)
1. PIE *dɦɑḗ
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Colouring rule for *ɑḗ
RColouring2c → *dɦɑā́
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. dɦɑā́
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦā́
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dɦā́
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → OIr. dā́
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
√dɦɑn-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɦɑen
Hitt. dan
(.) = dapian(a) ‘gesamt, ganz, all’
(HHand. 163)
1. PIE *dɦɑen
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *dɦɑan
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑan
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦan
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dɦan
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. dan
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɦɑen·Σ-
Hitt. ·dan ata-
(.) ‘Großvater’ (?)
(HHand. 163)
1. PIE *dɦɑen·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *dɦɑan·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑan·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦan·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dɦan·Σ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. dan·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɦɑenēɑh·X
OIr. dana·X
(adv.) ‘in full’
(DIL. 182-3)
1. PIE *dɦɑenēɑh·X
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *dɦɑanēɑh·X
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑanēɑh·X
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *dɦɑanāɑh·X
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. dɦɑanāɑh·X
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦanāh·X
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. dɦanāh·X
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *dɦanā·X
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. dɦanā·X
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *danā·X
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. danā·X
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RShortA2a → OIr. dana·X
PIE *dɦɑenou
OIr. dano
(adv.) ‘in full’
(DIL. 182-3)
1. PIE *dɦɑenou
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *dɦɑanou
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑanou
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦanou
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dɦanou
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *danou
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. danou
*ou → ō
Monophthongization of ou
RMonophthou2O → *danō
5. danō
*-ō → -o
Shortening of root-final *ō
R27 → OIr. dano
PIE *dɦɑonou
OIr. dono
(adv.) ‘in full’
(DIL. 182-3)
1. PIE *dɦɑonou
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦonou
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦonou
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *donou
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. donou
*ou → ō
Monophthongization of ou
RMonophthou2O → *donō
4. donō
*-ō → -o
Shortening of root-final *ō
R27 → OIr. dono
PIE *dɦɑenomo-
CLu. danama-
(GKL.pt.) ‘all, jeder’ (?), ‘gezückt’ (?)
(DLL. 90)
(CLu. ta-na-ma-t[i] [SgI], (HHand. 163): “Beiwort von waffen”)
1. PIE *dɦɑenomo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *dɦɑanomo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑanomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦanomo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dɦanomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦanama-
(XX:XX)
4. dɦanama-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. danama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɦɑenomo-
CLu. danama-
(a.) ‘all’
(DLL 90)
(CLu. ta-na-ma-ti)
1. PIE *dɦɑenomo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *dɦɑanomo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑanomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦanomo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dɦanomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦanama-
(XX:XX)
4. dɦanama-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. danama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɦɑp-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɦɑēpi-
Hitt. dāpi-
(a.) ‘gesamt, ganz, all’
(HHand. 166)
1. PIE *dɦɑēpi-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *dɦɑāpi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. dɦɑāpi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦāpi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dɦāpi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. dāpi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɦɑḗpēɑh·X
OIr. dāa·X
(adv.) ‘in full’
(DIL. 182-3)
1. PIE *dɦɑḗpēɑh·X
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *dɦɑḗpāɑh·X
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. dɦɑḗpāɑh·X
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Colouring rule for *ɑḗ
RColouring2c → *dɦɑā́pāɑh·X
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. dɦɑā́pāɑh·X
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦā́pāh·X
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. dɦā́pāh·X
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *dɦā́pā·X
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. dɦā́pā·X
*p → h
Change of *p into h
RChangep2h → *dɦā́hā·X
6. dɦā́hā·X
*h → Ø
Loss of h
RLossofh → *dɦā́ā·X
7. dɦā́ā·X
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *dā́ā·X
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
8. dā́ā·X
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RShortA2a → OIr. dā́a·X


√dɦɑn- √dɦɑon- √dɦɑen- ‘Tot’
(IEW 266)
Frisk: Maced. + Čop: Hitt.)
√dɦɑen-
(Čop apud HEG T:112)
PIE *dɦɑen·Σ-
Hitt. dan·dugi-
(a.) ‘vergänglich, sterblich’
(HEG T:111-3)
(Hitt. ta-an-du-ki-iš; Oettinger 1979:550)
1. PIE *dɦɑen·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *dɦɑan·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑan·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦan·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dɦan·Σ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. dan·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɦɑen·Σ-
Hitt. dan·dugi-
(c.) ‘Mensch’
(HHand. 165)
(Hitt. da-an-du-ki-iš, Kimball 1999:422)
1. PIE *dɦɑen·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *dɦɑan·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑan·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦan·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dɦan·Σ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. dan·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɦɑen·Σ-
Hitt. dan·dugišn-
(n.obl.) ‘Vergänglichkeit, Sterblichkeit, Menschheit’
(HHand. 165)
(Hitt. da-an-du-ki-iš-ni [sgL], da-an-du-ki-iš-na-š·a [sgG])
1. PIE *dɦɑen·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *dɦɑan·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑan·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦan·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dɦan·Σ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. dan·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɦɑeno
PIE *dɦɑéno-
Gr. θάνο-
(ao.) ‘sterben’
(GEW 1:653)
1. PIE *dɦɑéno-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *dɦɑáno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑáno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦáno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dɦáno-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *tháno-
4. tháno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. θάνο-
PIE *dɦɑéno-
Maced. δάνο-
(m.) ‘death’
(GEW 3:103)
1. PIE *dɦɑéno-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *dɦɑáno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑáno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦáno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dɦáno-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *dáno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. dáno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Maced. δάνο-
PIE *dɦɑenónt-
Maced. δανόντ-
(pt.) ‘κτείνων’
(LSJ. 369)
1. PIE *dɦɑenónt-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *dɦɑanónt-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑanónt-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦanónt-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dɦanónt-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *danónt-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. danónt-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Maced. δανόντ-
√dɦɑeneɑh-
PIE *dɦɑéneɑhto-
Gr. θάνατο-
(m.) ‘Tod’
(GEW 1:652)
(Gr. θάνατος)
1. PIE *dɦɑéneɑhto-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *dɦɑáneɑhto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑáneɑhto-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *dɦɑánaɑhto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
3. dɦɑánaɑhto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦánahto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. dɦánahto-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *thánahto-
5. thánahto-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *thánato-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. thánato-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. θάνατο-
PIE *Π·dɦɑéneɑhto-
Gr. ἀ·θάνατο-
(a.) ‘unsterblich’
(GEW 1:652)
(Gr. ἀθάνατος)
1. PIE *Π·dɦɑéneɑhto-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *Π·dɦɑáneɑhto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·dɦɑáneɑhto-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *Π·dɦɑánaɑhto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
3. Π·dɦɑánaɑhto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·dɦánahto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. Π·dɦánahto-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *Π·thánahto-
5. Π·thánahto-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·thánato-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. Π·thánato-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·θάνατο-
√dɦɑneɑh-
PIE *dɑɦédɦɑneɑh-
Gr. τέθνα-
(pf.) ‘tot sein’
(GEW 1:653)
(Gr. τέθναμεν [1pl.])
1. PIE *dɑɦédɦɑneɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *dɑɦédɦɑnaɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. dɑɦédɦɑnaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦédɦnah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dɦédɦnah-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *théthnah-
4. théthnah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *théthna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. théthna-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. θέθνα-
PIE *dɦɑneɑhíski̯o-
Dor. θναίσκο-
(pr.) ‘to die’
(GEW 1:652-3)
(Aiol. θναίσκω [1sg])
1. PIE *dɦɑneɑhíski̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *dɦɑnaɑhíski̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. dɦɑnaɑhíski̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦnahíski̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dɦnahíski̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *dɦnahísḱo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. dɦnahísḱo-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *thnahísḱo-
5. thnahísḱo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *thnaísḱo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. thnaísḱo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *thnaísko-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. thnaísko-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Dor. θναίσκο-
PIE *Π·dɦɑnɑhi̯ou-
OPhryg. ε[.]ι·θνιου-
(vb.) ‘to die’
(DPhryg. 104)
(OPhryg. ε[.]ι·θνιουμενος)
1. PIE *Π·dɦɑnɑhi̯ou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·dɦnhi̯ou-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦnhi̯ou-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·dɦni̯ou-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. Π·dɦni̯ou-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *Π·dni̯ou-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. Π·dni̯ou-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → OPhryg. Π·δνi̯ου-
PIE *dɑɦédɦɑnēɑhk-
Ion. τέθνηκ-
(pf.) ‘tot sein’ (GEW 1:653)
(Gr. τέθνηκα [1sg])
1. PIE *dɑɦédɦɑnēɑhk-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *dɑɦédɦɑnāɑhk-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. dɑɦédɦɑnāɑhk-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦédɦnāhk-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dɦédɦnāhk-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *théthnāhk-
4. théthnāhk-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *théthnāk-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. théthnāk-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
RChangeA2E1 → *théthnēk-
6. théthnēk-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Ion. θέθνηκ-
PIE *dɦɑnēɑhtó-
Ion. θνητό-
(pp.) ‘sterblich’
(GEW 1:653)
1. PIE *dɦɑnēɑhtó-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *dɦɑnāɑhtó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. dɦɑnāɑhtó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦnāhtó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dɦnāhtó-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *thnāhtó-
4. thnāhtó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *thnātó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. thnātó-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
RChangeA2E1 → *thnētó-
6. thnētó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Ion. θνητό-


√dɦɑr- (sb.) ‘Baum, Holz, Eiche’
(IEW 214f.)
√doɦɑru-
PIE *dóɦɑru-
Gr. δόρυ-
(n.) ‘Baum(stamm), Holz, Beer’
(GEW I:XX)
(Gr. δόρυ [sgNA])
1. PIE *dóɦɑru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dóɦru-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dóɦru-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *dóru-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. dóru-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. δόρυ-
PIE *dóɦɑru-
RV. dā́ru-
(n.) ‘Holz, das Querholz’ (pl.) ‘Holzscheite’
(WbRV. 595)
RV. dā́ru [sgNA])
1. PIE *dóɦɑru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dóɦru-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dóɦru-
PIE *óhCV → ā́hCV
Brugmann’s Law for *óhCV
RBrugmII2 → *dā́ɦru-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.3.7)
3. dā́ɦru-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → RV. dā́ru-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *doɦɑru-
OPers. dāru-
(n.) ‘wood’
(OldP. 190)
(OPers. dauruv [sgN])
1. PIE *doɦɑru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *doɦru-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. doɦru-
PIE *ohCV → āhCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RBrugmII1 → *dāɦru-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.3.7)
3. dāɦru-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → OPers. dāru-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *doɦɑru-
LAv. dāru-
(n.) ‘Baumstamm, Holz, Holzstück’
(AIWb. 738-9)
(LAv. dāuru [sgNA])
1. PIE *doɦɑru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *doɦru-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. doɦru-
PIE *ohCV → āhCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RBrugmII1 → *dāɦru-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.3.7)
3. dāɦru-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → LAv. dāru-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√dɦɑro-
PIE *√dɦɑero-
Hitt. dara-
(GIŠ.) ‘ein Baum’
(HEG 2:148)
(Hitt. GIŠtar-ra-as GIŠe-ia-an[...)
1. PIE *√dɦɑero-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *√dɦɑaro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. √dɦɑaro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *√dɦaro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. √dɦaro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *√dɦara-
(XX:XX)
4. √dɦara-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. √dara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·dɦɑero-
OHG. affal·tar-
(.) ‘Apfelbaum’
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *Π·dɦɑero-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·dɦɑaro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·dɦɑaro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·dɦaro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·dɦaro-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *Π·daro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. Π·daro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *Π·dara-
(XX:XX)
5. Π·dara-
*d → t
OHG sound shift of *d
ROHGShiftD2T → OHG. Π·tara-
PIE *dɦɑerēɑhko
OIr. darach-
(.) ‘Eiche’
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *dɦɑerēɑhko
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *dɦɑarēɑhko
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑarēɑhko
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *dɦɑarāɑhko
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. dɦɑarāɑhko
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦarāhko
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. dɦarāhko
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *dɦarāko
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. dɦarāko
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *darāko
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. darāko
VkV → VkhV
Lenition of voiceless stop *k
RLenitionK → *darākho
7. darākho
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RShortA2a → *darakho
8. darakho
*-o → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → *darakh
9. darakh
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → OIr. darach
√dɦɑeri-
PIE *dɦɑeri-
OIr. dair
(f.*-i) ‘Eiche : oak’
(EtDiPC 91)
1. PIE *dɦɑeri-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *dɦɑari-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑari-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦari-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dɦari-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → OIr. dari-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
PIE *dɦɑeri-
MidCymr. deir-
(f.) ‘Eiche : oak’
(GPC I: 891f.)
1. PIE *dɦɑeri-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *dɦɑari-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑari-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦari-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. dɦari-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → MidCymr. dari-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
PIE *Π·dɦɑeri-
OSax. apal·der-
(.) ‘apple-tree’
(ASaxD. XX)
1. PIE *Π·dɦɑeri-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·dɦɑari-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·dɦɑari-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·dɦari-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·dɦari-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → OSax. Π·dari-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
√dɦɑru-
PIE *√dɦɑeru-
Hitt. daru-
(GIŠn.) ‘Baum, Holz, Stange : GIŠ’
(HEG T:230f.)
(Hitt. ta-ru [NA], GIŠ-ru, ta-ru-ú-i [DL])
1. PIE *√dɦɑeru-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *√dɦɑaru-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. √dɦɑaru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *√dɦaru-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. √dɦaru-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. √daru-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *√dɦɑeru-
CLu. daru-
(GIŠn.) ‘Holz’
(HHand. 171)
1. PIE *√dɦɑeru-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *√dɦɑaru-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. √dɦɑaru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *√dɦaru-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. √dɦaru-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. √daru-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *√dɦɑeru-
Hitt. daru-
(vb.) ‘anpflocken, (magisch) fixieren’
(HEG T:244-6)
(Ḫi. GIŠ-ru-an-zi [inf.])
1. PIE *√dɦɑeru-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *√dɦɑaru-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. √dɦɑaru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *√dɦaru-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. √dɦaru-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. √daru-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *√dɦɑeru-
OIr. daur-
(f.*-u) ‘Eiche : oak’
(EtDiPC 91)
[Stokes 148, Campanile 1974: 35, de Bernardo Stempel 1999: 237]
1. PIE *√dɦɑeru-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *√dɦɑaru-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. √dɦɑaru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *√dɦaru-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. √dɦaru-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → OIr. √daru-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
PIE *√dɦɑeru
MidCymr. dar-
(f.) ‘Eiche’
(GPC I: 891f.)
(MidCymr. dar [sg], deri [pl])
1. PIE *√dɦɑeru
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *√dɦɑaru
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. √dɦɑaru
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *√dɦaru
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. √dɦaru
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → MidCymr. √daru
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
PIE *√dɦɑeru
OBret. dar-
(.) ‘Eiche’
(EtDiPC 91)
[DGVB 129]
1. PIE *√dɦɑeru
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *√dɦɑaru
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. √dɦɑaru
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *√dɦaru
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. √dɦaru
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → OBret. √daru
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)


PIE √u- √ou- √eu- (vbA.) ‘sehen’ (vbMP.) ‘gesehen werden, sich zeigen, erscheinen’
(IEW XX)
(Pyysalo)
√u-
PIE *u-
Hitt. u-
(vb2&1.) ‘sehen’ (Sum. IGI), auch ‘lesen’
(HHand. 29, 184)
(Hitt. u-uḫ-ḫi, ú-me-ni, u-uḫ-ḫu-un)
PIE *u-
Hitt. u-
(vb2M.) ‘gesehen werden; sich zeigen’
(HHand. 184)
(XX)
√ou-
PIE *ou-
Hitt. au-
(vb2&1.) ‘sehen’ (Sum. IGI), auch ‘lesen’
(HHand. 29)
(Hitt. a-ú, a-ut-ti, a-ú-me-ni, a-ú-ma-ni, a-ut-te-ni)
1. PIE *ou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. au-
(XX:XX)
√uo
PIE *uu̯o-
Hitt. uu̯a-
(vb.) ‘XX’
(HIL. 271)
(Hitt. ú-ua-al-lu, ú-ua-an-du, u-ua-u-ua-aš-ta-ri, u-ua-an-zi)
1. PIE *uu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. uu̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *ou̯o-
CLu. au̯a-
(vb.) ‘look here, behold’
(HIL. 271)
(CLu. a-a-ua, a-ua)
1. PIE *ou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. au̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *ōu̯o-
Russ. avo-
(vb.) ‘sehen’
(REW 1:231-2)
(Russ. avo·s’ = ‘ec·ce, siehe da’)
1. PIE *ōu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ōu̯a-
2. ōu̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *āu̯a-
3. āu̯a-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *āu̯o-
4. āu̯o-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *āvo-
5. āvo-
*ā → a
Orthographic change of *ā into a
ROrthogrA2a1 → Russ. avo-
PIE *u̯ó-
Lith. và-
(vb.) ‘sehen’
(LiEtWb. 1208)
(Lith. vàt ‘siehe da, fürwahr, freilich’)
1. PIE *u̯ó-
ó → ò
Emergence of gravis Li. ò
RAcc5 → *u̯ò-
2. u̯ò-
*ò → à
Change of *ò into à
RChangeO2A3 → *u̯à-
3. u̯à-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → Lith. và-
PIE *u̯o-
ORuss. vo-
(vb.) ‘sehen’
(REW 1:231)
(ORuss. vo·se = ‘ec·ce : siehe da’)
1. PIE *u̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯a-
2. u̯a-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *u̯o-
3. u̯o-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → ORuss. vo-
PIE *u̯o-
Russ. vo-
(vb.) ‘sehen’
(REW 1:232)
(Russ. vo·t ‘sieh da, hier’)
1. PIE *u̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯a-
2. u̯a-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *u̯o-
3. u̯o-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → Russ. vo-
√ui-
PIE *u̯i-
CLu. u̯i-
(vb.) ‘sehen, erscheinen (?), HHand. 202’
(DLL. 110)
(CLu. ú-i-it-ta-ri, ú-i-it-ta-ru, ú-i-in-tar)
PIE *u̯i-
Hitt. u̯i-
(vbM.) ‘sehen’
(HHand. 191)
(in Hitt. uelut [1sgIpv.])
PIE *u̯iu̯i-
Hitt. u̯iu̯i
(intj.) ‘he!’
(HHand. 203)
√uui-
PIE *uu̯i-
CLu. uu̯i-
(vbM.) ‘sehen’ (oder ‘erscheinen’ ?)
(HHand. 191)
(CLu. ú-ui-en-tar [3pl.], DLL. 111)
PIE *uu̯i-
Hitt. uu̯i-
(vb.) ‘to see, look’
(HIL. 271)
(Hitt. u-ui5-el-lu-ut)
√uuon-
PIE *uu̯on-
Hitt. uu̯an-
(vn.bs.) ‘gesehen werden, sichtbar sein’
(HIL. 271)
(Hitt. ú-ua-an-na-aš, ú-ua-an-na=ia [inf.])
1. PIE *uu̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. uu̯an-
(XX:XX)
PIE *uu̯ont-
Hitt. uu̯ant-
(pt.)
(HIL. XX)
1. PIE *uu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. uu̯ant-
(XX:XX)
PIE *Π·uu̯ont-
Hitt. para·uu̯ant-
(LÚc.) ‘Aufseher, Beobachter, Aufpasser’
(HHand. 121)
(Hitt. parauuant-)
1. PIE *Π·uu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. Π·uu̯ant-
(XX:XX)
PIE *uu̯ontu-
Hitt. uu̯antu-
(inf.bs.)
(HHand. 189)
(Hitt. uuantu=ia [inf.])
1. PIE *uu̯ontu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. uu̯antu-
(XX:XX)
√us-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *us-
Hitt. uš-
(vb.) ‘sehen : see, look’
(HIL. 270)
(Hitt. uš-te-ni [2pl])
1. PIE *us-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. uš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ous-
Hitt. auš-
(vb1.) ‘IGI; sehen, lesen’
(HHand. 29)
(Hitt. a-uš-zi, a-uš-te-ni [2pl], a-uš-ta, a-uš-du)
1. PIE *ous-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *aus-
(XX:XX)
2. aus-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. auš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ous-
Hitt. auš-
(vb2.) ‘sehen’
(HIL. 270)
(Hitt. a-uš-ta-at [3sg])
1. PIE *ous-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *aus-
(XX:XX)
2. aus-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. auš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uskie/o-
PIE *uski̯e/o-
Hitt. uške/a-
(.) ‘sehen’
(HIL. 271)
(Hitt. ú-uš-ke/a-, uš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *uski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *usḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. usḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *usḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
3. usḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *uske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. uske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. uške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uskiskie/o-
PIE *uski̯iski̯e/o-
Hitt. uškiške/a-
(vb.) ‘sehen’
(HIL. 271)
(Hitt. uš-ki-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *uski̯iski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *usḱisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. usḱisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *usḱisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
3. usḱisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *uskiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. uskiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. uškiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *uski̯iski̯odɑɦolo-
Hitt. uškiškadala-
(c.) ‘guard, watchman’
(HIL. 271)
(Hitt. uš-ki-iš-ga-tal-la-aš)
1. PIE *uski̯iski̯odɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *uski̯iski̯odɦolo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. uski̯iski̯odɦolo-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *usḱisḱodɦolo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. usḱisḱodɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *usḱisḱadɦala-
(XX:XX)
4. usḱisḱadɦala-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *uskiskadɦala-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. uskiskadɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *uskiskadala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. uskiskadala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. uškiškadala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *uski̯iski̯otoli-
Hitt. uškiškatali-
(c.) ‘guard, watchman’
(HIL. 271)
(Hitt. uš-ki[š-kat]-tal-li-uš)
1. PIE *uski̯iski̯otoli-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *usḱisḱotoli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. usḱisḱotoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *usḱisḱatali-
(XX:XX)
3. usḱisḱatali-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *uskiskatali-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. uskiskatali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. uškiškatali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *uski̯iski̯edɑɦolon-
Hitt. uškiškedalan-
(n.) ‘guard duty’
(HIL. 271)
(Hitt. uš-ki-iš-ke-tal-la-ni)
1. PIE *uski̯iski̯edɑɦolon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *uski̯iski̯edɦolon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. uski̯iski̯edɦolon-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *usḱisḱedɦolon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. usḱisḱedɦolon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *usḱisḱedɦalan-
(XX:XX)
4. usḱisḱedɦalan-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *uskiskedɦalan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. uskiskedɦalan-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *uskiskedalan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. uskiskedalan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. uškiškedalan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *uski̯iski̯otɑholon-
Hitt. uškiškatalan-
(n.) ‘guard duty’
(HIL. 271)
(Hitt. uš-ki-iš-ga-at-tal[-la-an-ni])
1. PIE *uski̯iski̯otɑholon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *uski̯iski̯otholon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. uski̯iski̯otholon-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *usḱisḱotholon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. usḱisḱotholon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *usḱisḱathalan-
(XX:XX)
4. usḱisḱathalan-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *uskiskathalan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. uskiskathalan-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *uskiskatalan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. uskiskatalan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. uškiškatalan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√usseio-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·ousséi̯o-
Gr. μετ·ουσέο-
(pr.) ‘περιβλέπω, ἀφορῶ, ἀποβλέπω’ (Hes.)
(LSJ. 1121)
(Gr. μετ·ουσῶ [1sg])
1. PIE *Π·ousséi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *Π·ousséo-
2. Π·ousséo-
*ss → s
Degemination of *ss
RDegeminss2s → *Π·ouséo-
3. Π·ouséo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·ουσέο-
√uodɑɦ-
PIE *uu̯odɑɦolo-
Hitt. uu̯adala-
(c.) ‘Seer’
(HIL. 271)
(Hitt. ú-ua-tal-lu-uš [plA])
1. PIE *uu̯odɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *uu̯odɦolo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. uu̯odɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *uu̯adɦala-
(XX:XX)
3. uu̯adɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. uu̯adala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·uu̯odɑɦolo-
Hitt. para·uu̯adala-
(c.) ‘Späher’ (?)
(HHand. 121)
1. PIE *Π·uu̯odɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·uu̯odɦolo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·uu̯odɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·uu̯adɦala-
(XX:XX)
3. Π·uu̯adɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. Π·uu̯adala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *uu̯odɑɦor-
Hitt. uu̯adar-
(vN.) ‘XX’
(HIL. 271)
(Hitt. ú-ua-a-tar, ú-ua-tar)
1. PIE *uu̯odɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *uu̯odɦor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. uu̯odɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *uu̯adɦar-
(XX:XX)
3. uu̯adɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. uu̯adar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √u- (vb.) ‘kommen, geschehen’ (sb.) ‘das Kommen’
(IEW XX)
(Pyysalo)
√u-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *u·u̯o-
Hitt. u·u̯a-
(vb1.) ‘kommen’
(HHand. 189)
(Hitt. ú-ua-ši [2sg], ú-ua-az-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *u·u̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. u·u̯a-
(XX:XX)
√uo-
PIE *Π·u̯o-
LAv. frā·va-
(vb.) ‘geschehen : happen, come’
(AIWb. 932)
(LAv. frāvōit [3sg], §268.37)
1. PIE *Π·u̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·u̯a-
2. Π·u̯a-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → LAv. Π·va-
PIE *ou̯o-
HLu. au̯a-
(vb1.) ‘come’
(CHLu. 2.45.3)
(HLu. a-wa/i-ti [3sg])
1. PIE *ou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → HLu. au̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *ou̯o-
HLu. au̯a-
(vb.) ‘come’
(CHLu. 4.3.2)
(HLu. (“PES”)á-wa/i-tà [3pers], á-wa/i-?-ti)
1. PIE *ou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → HLu. au̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *u·u̯o-
Hitt. u·u̯a-
(vb1.) ‘kommen’
(HHand. 189)
(Hitt. uuat [ipv.2sg], uuadu [3sg])
1. PIE *u·u̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. u·u̯a-
(XX:XX)
√uɑh-
PIE *Π·u̯ēɑh-
LAv. ava·vā-
(vb.) = Pahl. apē āyet
(AIWb. 176)
(LAv. avavāite [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·u̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·u̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·u̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·u̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·u̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·u̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·u̯ā-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → LAv. Π·vā-
√uuont-
PIE *uu̯ont-
Hitt. uu̯ant-
(pt.) ‘kommend’
(HIL. 1147)
(Hitt. ú-ua-an-t-
1. PIE *uu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. uu̯ant-
(XX:XX)
√uuou-
PIE *uu̯ou̯o-
Hitt. uu̯au̯a-
(inf.) ‘XX’
(HIL. 1147)
(Hitt. ú-u̯a-u-an-zi)
1. PIE *uu̯ou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. uu̯au̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *uu̯ou̯o-
Hitt. uu̯au̯a-
(n.) ‘das (ein)Kommen’
(HHand. 191)
(Hitt. EGIR-pa uwawaš EZEN4)
1. PIE *uu̯ou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. uu̯au̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *uu̯ou̯o-
HLu. uu̯au̯a-
(PN.) –
(CHLu. 2.43.1.)
(HLu. u-wa/i-wa/i-sa)
1. PIE *uu̯ou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → HLu. uu̯au̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *uu̯ou̯or-
Hitt. uu̯au̯ar
(N.act.) ‘XX’
(XX:XX)
(HIL. –)
1. PIE *uu̯ou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. uu̯au̯ar-
(XX:XX)
√ui-
((HIL. 1147-)
PIE *u̯i-
Hitt. u̯i-
(vb.) ‘happen’
(XX:XX)
(“EGIR-pa-ma ú-it Iam-mu-na DUMU.LUGAL BA.ÚŠ)
PIE *ou̯i-
Hitt. au̯i-
(vb.) ‘to come’
(DLL. 36)
(in ‘CLu.’ a-ú-i-mi)
1. PIE *ou̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. au̯i-
(XX:XX)
PIE *ou̯i-
CLu. au̯i-
(vb.) ‘to come’
(DLL. 36)
(CLu. a-ú-i-ši [3sg], a-ú-i-ti, a-ú-i-ḫa)
1. PIE *ou̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. au̯i-
(XX:XX)
PIE *ou̯i-
HLu. au̯i-
(vb.) ‘come’
(CHLu. XX)
(HLu. á-wa/i-i-tu [3pl.])
1. PIE *ou̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → HLu. au̯i-
(XX:XX)
PIE *ou̯i-
Pal. au̯i-
(vb.) wohl ‘kommen, (HHand. 30)’
(DPal. 53)
(Pal. a-ú-in-t[a [3pl])
1. PIE *ou̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Pal. au̯i-
(XX:XX)
PIE *ou̯ei̯o-
CLu. au̯ei̯a-
(vb.) ‘to come (?)’
(DLL. 36)
(CLu. a-ui-ia-aḫ-ḫa [1sg])
1. PIE *ou̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. au̯ei̯a-
(XX:XX)
√uimo-
PIE *ou̯imo-
CLu. au̯ima-
(pt.) ‘gekommen’
(HHand. 30)
1. PIE *ou̯imo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. au̯ima-
(XX:XX)


PIE √uɑhi- (a.) ‘gut, heilig’
(Pyysalo)
√uɑhi-
PIE *u̯eɑhoii̯o-
Hitt. u̯aḫaia-
(KUR URU.) ‘=URUuašḫaia- ‘heilig (?)’
(OGH. 477)
(Hitt. ua-ḫa-ia [Stf.], ‘Auf dem Berg Ilurija (...) > Ilu[ (...) > Kapiruḫa’)
1. PIE *u̯eɑhoii̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *u̯aɑhoii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. u̯aɑhoii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ahoii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. u̯ahoii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯ahaii̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. u̯ahaii̯a-
* aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
RAnatGlide2 → *u̯ahaia-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
5. u̯ahaia-
* a i a → a i i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide3 → *u̯ahai̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
6. u̯ahai̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. u̯aḫai̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *u̯eɑhii̯-
TochB. wey-
(sgL) “having placed it weyaṃ for seven days”
(DTochB. 609)
(TochB. weyaṃ [sgL])
1. PIE *u̯eɑhii̯-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *u̯aɑhii̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. u̯aɑhii̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ahii̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. u̯ahii̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯aii̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. u̯aii̯-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RChangeAI2E1 → *u̯ēi̯-
5. u̯ēi̯-
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthOIA4 → *u̯ei̯-
6. u̯ei̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → *u̯ey-
7. u̯ey-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of u̯ into w
R19 → TochB. wey-
PIE *u̯eɑhii̯oim-
TochA. weyem-
(a.indecl.) ‘mirificus, mirus’
(Poucha 305)
(TochA. weyeṃ)
1. PIE *u̯eɑhii̯oim-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *u̯aɑhii̯oim-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. u̯aɑhii̯oim-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ahii̯oim-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. u̯ahii̯oim-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯ahii̯aim-
(XX:XX)
4. u̯ahii̯aim-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯aii̯aim-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. u̯aii̯aim-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RMonophthai2E1 → *u̯ēi̯ēm-
6. u̯ēi̯ēm-
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthE2e1 → *u̯ei̯em-
7. u̯ei̯em-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthY2y → *u̯eyem-
8. u̯eyem-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of u̯ into w
ROrthW2w → TochA. weyem-
√ueɑhi̯el-
PIE *u̯eɑhi̯el-
Arm. vayel-
(a.) ‘decent, worthy, proper’
(EtDiArm. 591-2)
1. PIE *u̯eɑhi̯el-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *u̯aɑhi̯el-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. u̯aɑhi̯el-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ahi̯el-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. u̯ahi̯el-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯ai̯el-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. u̯ai̯el-
*i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
ROrthogrY2y → Arm. u̯ayel-
PIE *u̯eɑhi̯el·Σ-
Arm. vayel·k‘-
(sb.) ‘enjoyment, delight’
(EtDiArm. 591-2)
1. PIE *u̯eɑhi̯el·Σ-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *u̯aɑhi̯el·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. u̯aɑhi̯el·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ahi̯el·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. u̯ahi̯el·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯ai̯el·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. u̯ai̯el·Σ-
*i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
ROrthogrY2y → Arm. u̯ayel·Σ-
PIE *u̯eɑhi̯ele-
Arm. vayele-
(vb.) ‘enjoy’
(EtDiArm. 591-2)
1. PIE *u̯eɑhi̯ele-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *u̯aɑhi̯ele-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. u̯aɑhi̯ele-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ahi̯ele-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. u̯ahi̯ele-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯ai̯ele-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. u̯ai̯ele-
*i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
ROrthogrY2y → Arm. u̯ayele-
PIE *u̯eɑhi̯el·Σ-
Arm. vayel·uch’
(a.) ‘decent, pleasant, delightful’
(EtDiArm. 591-2)
1. PIE *u̯eɑhi̯el·Σ-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *u̯aɑhi̯el·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. u̯aɑhi̯el·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ahi̯el·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. u̯ahi̯el·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯ai̯el·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. u̯ai̯el·Σ-
*i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
ROrthogrY2y → Arm. u̯ayel·Σ-


PIE √uehɑ-, √uohɑ-, √uhɑ- (vb.) ‘wenden, drehen, bewegen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√uehɑ-
(Pyysalo 2013:130f.)
PIE *u̯ehɑ-
Hitt. u̯eḫ-
(1A.) ‘sich wenden, drehen, (hin und her)bewegen’)
(HHand. 200)
(Hitt. ú-e-eḫ-zi [3sg.], Kimball 1999:210, HIL. 1149f)
1. PIE *u̯ehɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯eh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯eh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. u̯eḫ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *u̯ehɑ-
Umbr. ue-
(vb.) ≈ ‘wenden’
(WbOU. 835-6)
(Umbr. uetu [3sg])
1. PIE *u̯ehɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯eh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯eh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯e-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. u̯e-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → Umbr. ue-
√uehɑi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *u̯ehɑi·Σ-
LinB. ϝει·εχεσ-
(a.) ‘describing wheels’
(DMycGr. 411)
(LinB. we-je-ke-a2 [plNA PY 286 = Sa787], DMycGr. 373)
1. PIE *u̯ehɑi·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ehi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯ehi·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯ei·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. u̯ei·Σ-
Change from Latin to Old Mycenean alphabet
RGr2Lat → LinB. ϝει·Σ-
PIE *u̯éhɑi̯os-
ODor. ϝέοσ-
(n.) ‘Reihe’
(GEW X:XX)
(Locr. κατὰ ϝέος ‘der Reihe nach’)
1. PIE *u̯éhɑi̯os-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯éhi̯os-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯éhi̯os-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯éi̯os-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. u̯éi̯os-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *u̯éi̯oh-
4. u̯éi̯oh-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *u̯éoh-
5. u̯éoh-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *u̯éo-
6. u̯éo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → ODor. ϝέο-
PIE *u̯ehɑiski̯e/o-
Hitt. u̯eḫiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘sich wenden, patroullieren’
(HHand. 200)
(Hitt. ú-e-ḫi-eš-ke/a-, Also ‘hin- und herbewegen, durchstreifen’)
1. PIE *u̯ehɑiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ehiski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯ehiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *u̯ehisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. u̯ehisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯ehisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
4. u̯ehisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *u̯ehiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. u̯ehiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *u̯ehiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. u̯ehiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. u̯eḫiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *u̯ehɑiski̯odɑɦolo-
Hitt. u̯eḫiška·dala-
(LÚc.) ‘Herumstreifer, Patrouille’
(HHand. 200)
1. PIE *u̯ehɑiski̯odɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ehiski̯odɦolo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯ehiski̯odɦolo-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *u̯ehisḱodɦolo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. u̯ehisḱodɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯ehisḱadɦala-
(XX:XX)
4. u̯ehisḱadɦala-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *u̯ehiskadɦala-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. u̯ehiskadɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *u̯ehiskadala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. u̯ehiskadala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *u̯ehiškadala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. u̯ehiškadala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. u̯eḫiškadala-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *u̯ohɑisn-
Hitt. u̯aḫišn-
(n.) ‘Schwenkung’
(HHand. 191)
(Hitt. uaḫišnaš [sgG])
1. PIE *u̯ohɑisn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ohisn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯ohisn-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯ahisn-
(XX:XX)
3. u̯ahisn-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *u̯ahišn-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯ahišn-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. u̯aḫišn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√uehɑn-
PIE *u̯ehɑen-
Hitt. u̯eḫan-
(n.) ‘Wenden, Wendung’
(HHand. 191)
(Hitt. ueḫanaš [sgG])
1. PIE *u̯ehɑen-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *u̯ehɑan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. u̯ehɑan-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ehan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. u̯ehan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. u̯eḫan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *u̯ohɑen-
Hitt. u̯aḫan-
(n.) ‘Wenden, Wendung’
(HHand. 191)
(Hitt. uaḫanaš [sgG])
1. PIE *u̯ohɑen-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *u̯ohɑan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. u̯ohɑan-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ohan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. u̯ohan-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯ahan-
(XX:XX)
4. u̯ahan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. u̯aḫan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√uohɑu-
PIE *u̯ehɑu-
Hitt. u̯eḫu-
(n.N.act.) ‘Drehung, Runde’
(HHand. 200)
(Hitt. ANŠE.KUR.RA.MEŠ ueḫuaš
1. PIE *u̯ehɑu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ehu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯ehu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. u̯eḫu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *u̯ohɑu-
Hitt. u̯aḫu-
(vb.) ‘sich wenden, drehen, bewegen’
(HHand. 200)
(Hitt. ua-aḫ-ḫu-zi [KBo 3.25 iii 4])
1. PIE *u̯ohɑu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ohu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯ohu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯ahu-
(XX:XX)
3. u̯ahu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. u̯aḫu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√uhɑ-
(Goetze, Pedersen MS p. 74)
PIE *uhɑ-
Hitt. uḫ-
(vb.) ‘sich wenden’
(Oettinger 1979:100)
(Hitt. ú-uḫ-zi [3sg]; ‹or to Hitt. √unḫ- (?!)›)
1. PIE *uhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *uh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. uh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. uḫ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *uhɑéns-
ODor. ϝᾱ́ν-
(vb.) ‘winnow : worfeln’
(GEW X:XX)
(Hes. ϝᾶναι · περιπτίσαι)
1. PIE *uhɑéns-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *uhɑáns-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. uhɑáns-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *uháns-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. uháns-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *uáns-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. uáns-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *uánh-
5. uánh-
*uA → u̯A
Desyllabification of uA into u̯A
RChangeu2w → *u̯ánh-
6. u̯ánh-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *u̯án-
7. u̯án-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → ODor. ϝάν-
PIE *uhɑéni̯o-
Gr. αἵνο-
(vb.) winnow : worfeln’
(GEW X:XX)
(Gr. XX)
1. PIE *uhɑéni̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *uhɑáni̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. uhɑáni̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *uháni̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. uháni̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *uáni̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. uáni̯o-
*áni̯ → aín
Epenthesis of *i
REpenthANy → *uaíno-
5. uaíno-
*uA → u̯A
Desyllabification of uA into u̯A
RChangeu2w → *u̯aíno-
6. u̯aíno-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *aíno-
7. aíno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀίνο-


PIE √uɑhri- (a.) ‘link, schlecht’
(IEW XX)
(+ Pyysalo: Pal.)
√ueɑhro-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *u̯eɑhro-
CLu. uaḫra-
(c.) ‘Weh, Leid, Pein’
(DLL. 23)
1. PIE *u̯eɑhro-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *u̯aɑhro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. u̯aɑhro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ahro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. u̯ahro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯ahra-
(XX:XX)
4. u̯ahra-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. u̯aḫra-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *u̯eɑhro-
Hitt. uaḫra-
(.) (magisches Formelwort)
(HHand. 192)
(Hitt. aḫran uaḫran)
1. PIE *u̯eɑhro-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *u̯aɑhro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. u̯aɑhro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ahro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. u̯ahro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯ahra-
(XX:XX)
4. u̯ahra-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. u̯aḫra-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *u̯eɑhr·Σ-
OInd. ·varāka-
(a.) ‘miserable’
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *u̯eɑhr·Σ-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *u̯aɑhr·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. u̯aɑhr·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ahr·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. u̯ahr·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯ar·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. u̯ar·Σ-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → OInd. var·Σ-
√uɑhri-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *u̯eɑhri-
CLu. uaḫri-
(vb.dn.) ‘wehklagen’
(DLL. 105)
(KLu. ua-aḫ-ri-it-ti [3sg])
1. PIE *u̯eɑhri-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *u̯aɑhri-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. u̯aɑhri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ahri-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. u̯ahri-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. u̯aḫri-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE *u̯eɑhori-
Pal. u̯aḫari-
(vb.) ‘zum Schlechten hinwenden’
(HHand. 191)
(see DPal. 77)
1. PIE *u̯eɑhori-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *u̯aɑhori-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. u̯aɑhori-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ahori-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. u̯ahori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯ahari-
(XX:XX)
4. u̯ahari-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Pal. u̯aḫari-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *u̯eɑhori̯ont-
Pal. u̯aḫari̯ant-
(pt.) ‘-(?)-’
(DPal. 77)
(Pal. ua-ḫa-ri-ia-an-za [sgN])
1. PIE *u̯eɑhori̯ont-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *u̯aɑhori̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. u̯aɑhori̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ahori̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. u̯ahori̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯ahari̯ant-
(XX:XX)
4. u̯ahari̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Pal. u̯aḫari̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *u̯eɑhristeró-
Gr. ἀριστερό-
(a.) ‘der linke, links’
(GEW 1:139-40)
1. PIE *u̯eɑhristeró-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *u̯aɑhristeró-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. u̯aɑhristeró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ahristeró-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. u̯ahristeró-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯aristeró-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. u̯aristeró-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *aristeró-
5. aristeró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀριστερό-
PIE *u̯eɑhri̯ostero-
LAv. vairyastara-
(a.) ‘link(en Seite)’
(AIWb. 1373)
(LAv. vairyastarǝm)
1. PIE *u̯eɑhri̯ostero-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *u̯aɑhri̯ostero-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. u̯aɑhri̯ostero-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ahri̯ostero-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. u̯ahri̯ostero-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯ahri̯astera-
4. u̯ahri̯astera-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯ari̯astera-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. u̯ari̯astera-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *u̯ari̯astara-
6. u̯ari̯astara-
*ari → airi
Anaptyxis of *i
RAnaptyxARI → *u̯airi̯astara-
7. u̯airi̯astara-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → *u̯airyastara-
8. u̯airyastara-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → LAv. vairyastara-


√ui- (sb.) ‘Geburt, Frau, Bruder, Sohn’
√ui-
PIE *Π·u̯i-
Hitt. gašulia·u̯i-
(fc.) (fille de Ḫatušili III, femme de Bentešilna)
(NOMS. 539)
(in Akd. ga-aš-šu-li-ia-ú-i-e, gaš-šu-li-ia-ui)
√uio-
PIE *Π·ui̯o-
Hitt. gašulia·ui̯a-
(fc.) (princesse hittite, femme de Muršili II (?))
(NOMS. 539)
(Hitt. gaš-šu-li-ia-ui(-aš) [abs.N])
1. PIE *Π·ui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. Π·ui̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *ormo·ui̯o-
Hitt. arma·ui̯a-
(fdc.*) ‘Mond-XX’
(NOMS. 140)
(Hitt. fdMI-ui-ia-aš: fdSIN-ui-ia)
1. PIE *ormo·ui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. arma·ui̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *Π·ui̯o-
Hitt. ašpuna·ui̯a-
(fc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 177)
(Hitt. aš-pu-na-ui-ia)
1. PIE *Π·ui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. Π·ui̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *Π·ui̯o-
Hitt. iara·ui̯a-
(fc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 432)
(Hitt. ia-ra-ui-aš [sgN/G?])
1. PIE *Π·ui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. Π·ui̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *Π·ui̯o-
Hitt. maraša·ui̯a-
(fc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 759)
(Hitt. ma-ra-aš-ša-ui-ia-aš)
1. PIE *Π·ui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. Π·ui̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *Π·ui̯o-
Hitt. šanda·ui̯a-
(fc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1102)
(Hitt. ša-an-ta-ui-aš)
1. PIE *Π·ui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. Π·ui̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *Π·u̯i̯o-
AV. bhrātr̥·vya-
(m.) ‘Brudersohn, Vetter’
(WbRV. 967)
1. PIE *Π·u̯i̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·u̯i̯a-
2. Π·u̯i̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *Π·vi̯a-
3. Π·vi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → AV. Π·vya-
PIE *Π·u̯i̯ó-
RV. abhrātr̥·vyá-
(a.) ‘ohne Nebenbühler seiend’
(WbRV. 89)
1. PIE *Π·u̯i̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *Π·u̯i̯á-
2. Π·u̯i̯á-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *Π·vi̯á-
3. Π·vi̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. Π·vyá-
PIE *Π·ui̯o-
LAv. brātr·uya-
(m.) ‘Bruderssohn’ (f.-ā) ‘Bruderstochter’
(AIWb. 972)
1. PIE *Π·ui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ui̯a-
2. Π·ui̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → LAv. Π·uya-
PIE *Π·ui̯o-
LAv. zāma·uya-
(m.) ‘Bruder des Schwiegersohns’
(AIWb. 1689)
(LAv. zāmaoya-)
1. PIE *Π·ui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ui̯a-
2. Π·ui̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → LAv. Π·uya-
PIE *Π·ui̯o-
Lat. patruo·-
(m.) ‘Vatersbruder, Onkel väterlicherseits’
(WH 2:263)
Lat. patruus [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·ui̯o-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
ROrthogrY2i → Lat. Π·uio-
√uin-
PIE *u̯oino-
TochA. wena-
(vb.) ‘agere, (e)nasci, (pro)germinare’
(Poucha 303)
(TochA. wena)
1. PIE *u̯oino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯aina-
(XX:XX)
2. u̯aina-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RMonophthai2E1 → *u̯ēna-
3. u̯ēna-
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthE2e1 → *u̯ena-
4. u̯ena-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of u̯ into w
ROrthW2w → TochA. wena-
√uip-
PIE *u̯eipo
OIcl. vīf-
(n.) ‘Frau, Gatte, usw.’
(ANEtWb 661)
1. PIE *u̯eipo
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → *u̯eifo
2. u̯eifo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *u̯eifa
(XX:XX)
3. u̯eifa
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → *u̯īfa
4. u̯īfa
-a → Ø
Loss of -a in root-final position
RLossFinala1 → *u̯īf
5. u̯īf
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → OIcl. vīf


PIE √uois- √ueis- √uis- (vb.) ‘gedeihen, grünen, sich (ver)mehren’ (sb.) ‘Baum, Sproß, Frucht’
(IEW. 1133)
(WP I:242)
√uois-
PIE *u̯oisḗɑh
Lith. vaisà
(f.) ‘Fruchtbarkeit’
(LiEtWb. 1184)
1. PIE *u̯oisḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *u̯oisā́ɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. u̯oisā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯oisā́h
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. u̯oisā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯oisā́
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. u̯oisā́
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯aisā́
5. u̯aisā́
*ā́ → ṓ
Change of ā́ into ṓ
RChangeA202 → *u̯aisṓ
6. u̯aisṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
RFinalo2a2 → *u̯aisà
7. u̯aisà
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → Lith. vaisà
PIE *u̯oísi̯u-
Lith. vaĩsiu-
(.) ‘Frucht, Ergebnis, Resultat’
(LiEtWb. 1184)
(Lith. vaĩsius [sgN])
1. PIE *u̯oísi̯u-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis Li. ì
RAcc2 → *u̯oìsi̯u-
2. u̯oìsi̯u-
oì → oĩ
Circumflex intonation for oì
RAcc13 → *u̯oĩsi̯u-
3. u̯oĩsi̯u-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯aĩsi̯u-
4. u̯aĩsi̯u-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *vaĩsi̯u-
5. vaĩsi̯u-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
R25 → Lith. vaĩsiu-
√ueis-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *u̯eís-
Lith. veĩs-
(vb.) ‘durch Fortpflanzung sich vermehren, (er)zeugen’
(LiEtWb. 1214)
(Lith. veĩsti, veisiù)
1. PIE *u̯eís-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis Li. ì
RAcc2 → *u̯eìs-
2. u̯eìs-
eì → eĩ
Circumflex intonation for eì
RAcc14 → *u̯eĩs-
3. u̯eĩs-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → Lith. veĩs-
PIE *u̯eis-
Latv. vies-
(vb.) ‘(auf-, er-)ziehen, verbreiten (ver)mehren’
(LiEtWb. 1214)
(Latv. viest [inf.])
1. PIE *u̯eis-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *veis-
2. veis-
*ei → ie
Change of ei into ie
R26b → Latv. vies-
PIE *u̯eis-
Latv. vies-
(vb.refl.) ‘gedeihen’
(LiEtWb. 1214)
(Latv. viesties [inf.])
1. PIE *u̯eis-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *veis-
2. veis-
*ei → ie
Change of ei into ie
R26b → Latv. vies-
PIE *u̯eisi-
OPr. weisi-
(m.) ‘Frucht’
(APrS. 459)
(OPr. wēisi-)
1. PIE *u̯eisi-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *veisi-
2. veisi-
*v → w
Orthographic change of v into w
ROrthogrv2w → OPr. weisi-
PIE *u̯eiso·n-
OEng. wīsa·n-
(f.) ‘sprout, stalk’
(ASaxD. 1241)
(OEng. wíse, wísan)
1. PIE *u̯eiso·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *u̯eisa·n-
(XX:XX)
2. u̯eisa·n-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → *u̯īsa·n-
3. u̯īsa·n-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → OEng. wīsa·n-
PIE *u̯eisor-
Hitt. ueišar-
(GIŠ) ‘ein Baum oder Holz’
(HHand. 184)
(Hitt. ú-i-eš-šar [KUB 7. 37, 12], HW Erg. 1: 22, HIL. 1171)
1. PIE *u̯eisor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯eisar-
(XX:XX)
2. u̯eisar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. u̯eišar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uis-
PIE *u̯ís-
Lith. vìs-
(vb.) ‘sich fortpflanzen, vermehren’
(LiEtWb. 1265)
(Lith. vìsti [inf.])
1. PIE *u̯ís-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis Li. ì
RAcc2 → *u̯ìs-
2. u̯ìs-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → Lith. vìs-
PIE *u̯is·ei̯o-
Lat. uir·eo-
(pr2.) ‘grün sein, grünen’
(WH 2:797)
(Lat. uireō, uirēre)
1. PIE *u̯is·ei̯o-
*VsV → VrV
Rhotacism of *s between vowels
RRhotacism → *u̯ir·ei̯o-
2. u̯ir·ei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
RLossY1 → *u̯ir·eo-
3. u̯ir·eo-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → Lat. uir·eo-
PIE *u̯islù-
Lith. vislù-
(a.) ‘fruchtbar’
(LiEtWb. 1265)
1. PIE *u̯islù-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → Lith. vislù-


PIE √uidɑɦ- √uoidɑɦ- √ueidɑɦ- ‘stoßen, schießen, schädigen, versehren’
(IEW XX)
(Pyysalo)
√uidɑɦ-
PIE *Π·u̯iu̯idɑɦ-
RV. ni (…) vividh·-
(pf.) ‘niederstoßen, niederschießen’
(WbRV. 1359)
(in RV. ni vividhvâns)
1. PIE *Π·u̯iu̯idɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·u̯iu̯idɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·u̯iu̯idɦ-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *Π·vividɦ-
3. Π·vividɦ-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·vividh-
√uidɑɦο-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *u̯oidɑɦo-
LAv. vaeδa-
(m.) ‘Wurfgeschoss’
(AIWb. 1320)
1. PIE *u̯oidɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯oidɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯oidɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯aidɦa-
3. u̯aidɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *u̯aida-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. u̯aida-
*ai → ae
Opening of *ai
ROpeningAI → *u̯aeda-
5. u̯aeda-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
R40c → *u̯aeδa-
6. u̯aeδa-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → LAv. vaeδa-
PIE *u̯idɑɦo-
CLu. u̯ida-
(vb.) ‘divide’
(Melchert 1983:158)
(No attestation or locus provided by M. !)
1. PIE *u̯idɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯idɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯idɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯idɦa-
(XX:XX)
3. u̯idɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. u̯ida-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯iu̯idɑɦo-
Hitt. u̯iu̯ida-
(vvb.) ‘strike, urge’
(Melchert 1983:10)
(No attestation or locus provided by M. !)
1. PIE *u̯iu̯idɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯iu̯idɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯iu̯idɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯iu̯idɦa-
(XX:XX)
3. u̯iu̯idɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. u̯iu̯ida-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uidɑɦi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *u̯idɑɦoi-
CLu. u̯idai-
(vb.) ‘smash, strike’
(Melchert 1994:231)
(No attestation or locus provided by M. !)
1. PIE *u̯idɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯idɦoi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯idɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯idɦai-
(XX:XX)
3. u̯idɦai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. u̯idai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *o·u̯idɑɦei-
Hitt. a·u̯idei-
(.) ‘Sphinx’
(HEG 1:99-100)
(Melchert 1994:168), Puhvel 1984: 247)
1. PIE *o·u̯idɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *o·u̯idɦei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. o·u̯idɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *a·u̯idɦei-
(XX:XX)
3. a·u̯idɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. a·u̯idei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯eidɑɦi̯-
Hitt. u̯eiz-
(vb.) ‘strike, urge’
(Melchert 1983:10)
(No attestation or locus provided by M. !)
1. PIE *u̯eidɑɦi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯eidɦi̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯eidɦi̯-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → Hitt. u̯eiz-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
PIE *orlo·u̯idɑɦi-
Hitt. arla·u̯izi-
(mc.) ‘‹= Hitt. LÚ.UR.MAḪ (?)›’
(NOMS. 130a)
(Hitt. ar-la-ui-iz-zi [abs.] = Hitt. LÚ.UR.MAḪ
1. PIE *orlo·u̯idɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *orlo·u̯idɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. orlo·u̯idɦi-
PIE *dɦi → zi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4b → *orlo·u̯izi-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. orlo·u̯izi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. arla·u̯izi-
(XX:XX)
PIE *u̯ídɑɦi̯o-
RV. vídhya-
(pr.) ‘verwunden, schädigen, versehren’
(WbRV. 1358)
(RV. vidhyat)
1. PIE *u̯ídɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ídɦi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯ídɦi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯ídɦi̯a-
3. u̯ídɦi̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *vídɦi̯a-
4. vídɦi̯a-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → *vídhi̯a-
5. vídhi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. vídhya-
PIE *Π·u̯idɑɦi̯o-
RV. áva (…) vidhya·-
(pr.) ‘jemandem hinabstoßen’
(WbRV. 1358)
(RV. áva vidhyati)
1. PIE *Π·u̯idɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·u̯idɦi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·u̯idɦi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·u̯idɦi̯a-
3. Π·u̯idɦi̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *Π·vidɦi̯a-
4. Π·vidɦi̯a-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → *Π·vidhi̯a-
5. Π·vidhi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. Π·vidhya-
PIE *Π·u̯idɑɦi̯o-
RV. áti (…) vidhya·-
(pr.) ‘durchbohren, (hin)durchbrechen’
(WbRV. 1358)
(RV. áti vidhyati)
1. PIE *Π·u̯idɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·u̯idɦi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·u̯idɦi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·u̯idɦi̯a-
3. Π·u̯idɦi̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *Π·vidɦi̯a-
4. Π·vidɦi̯a-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → *Π·vidhi̯a-
5. Π·vidhi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. Π·vidhya-
√uidɑɦn-
PIE *u̯eidɑɦno-
Hitt. u̯eidna-
(c.) (ein Raubtier, ‘Hyäne’ ?)
(HHand. 202)
(Hitt. ú-e-it-na-aš ma-a-an pa-an-gur)
1. PIE *u̯eidɑɦno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯eidɦno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯eidɦno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯eidɦna-
(XX:XX)
3. u̯eidɦna-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. u̯eidna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uidɑɦri-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *u̯ídɑɦri-
Gr. ἴθρι-
(.) ‘spádvn, tomías, eunoûxos’
(GEW 1:449)
(Hes. ἴθρις ; IEW 11XX [diff.], Rieken 1999:216)
1. PIE *u̯ídɑɦri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ídɦri-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯ídɦri-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *u̯íthri-
3. u̯íthri-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *íthri-
4. íthri-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἴθρι-
PIE *u̯idɑɦris-
Hitt. u̯idriš-
(n.) ‘eine Krankheit, ein übler Zustand’
(HHand. 202)
(HIL. 1175; Tischler: ‘Auszehrung, Abmagerung?’)
1. PIE *u̯idɑɦris-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯idɦris-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯idɦris-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *u̯idris-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. u̯idris-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. u̯idriš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √uoGɑɦ- ‘bite’
(IEW XX)
(Pyysalo)
√uogɑɦ
PIE *u̯ogɑɦ-
Hitt. u̯ag-
(vb2.) ‘(an)beißen, einen Imbiß genießen’
(HHand. 192)
(Hitt. ua-a-ki [3sg], ua-ak [2sg], ua-a-ku-e-en)
1. PIE *u̯ogɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ogɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯ogɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯agɦ-
(XX:XX)
3. u̯agɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. u̯ag-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯ogɑɦo-
Hitt. u̯aga-
(vb.) ‘anbeißen, einen Imbiß genießen’
(HIL. 1085)
(Hitt. ua-ka4-aš, ua-a-ga,
1. PIE *u̯ogɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ogɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯ogɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯agɦa-
(XX:XX)
3. u̯agɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. u̯aga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯ógɑɦēɑh-
AV. vághā-
(f.) ‘ein bestimmes schädliches Tier’
(EWA 2:488)
1. PIE *u̯ógɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *u̯ógɑɦāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. u̯ógɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ógɦāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. u̯ógɦāh-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *u̯ágɦāh-
4. u̯ágɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯ágɦā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. u̯ágɦā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *vágɦā-
6. vágɦā-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → AV. vághā-
PIE *u̯ogɑɦoi-
Hitt. u̯agai-
(c.) ‘Mehlwurm : grain weevil’
(HHand. 192)
(Hitt. ua-ga-a-iš, HIL. 1088
1. PIE *u̯ogɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ogɦoi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯ogɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯agɦai-
(XX:XX)
3. u̯agɦai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. u̯agai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uogɑɦeso-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *u̯ogɑɦeso-
Hitt. u̯ageša-
(n.) ‘a kind of bread’
(HIL. 1085)
(Hitt. ua-ge-eš-ša)
1. PIE *u̯ogɑɦeso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ogɦeso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯ogɦeso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯agɦesa-
(XX:XX)
3. u̯agɦesa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *u̯agesa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯agesa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. u̯ageša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯ōgɑɦesó-
OInd. vāhasá-
(.) ‘python’
(Burrow 1979:54)
1. PIE *u̯ōgɑɦesó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ōgɦesó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯ōgɦesó-
PIE *gɦ → ǰɦ
2nd palatalization of *gɦ
R2ndPalatGH → *u̯ōǰɦesó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. u̯ōǰɦesó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *u̯ōǰɦesá-
4. u̯ōǰɦesá-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *u̯āǰɦesá-
5. u̯āǰɦesá-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *u̯āɦesá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. u̯āɦesá-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *u̯āɦasá-
7. u̯āɦasá-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *vāɦasá-
8. vāɦasá-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. vāhasá-
√uogɑɦs-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *u̯ogɑɦso-
OEng. weaxa-
(vb.) ‘schmausen : feast (Beowulf)’
(GoEtD. 406)
(Beowulf 2115 Hs. weaxan, not “wesan”)
1. PIE *u̯ogɑɦso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ogɦso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯ogɦso-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *u̯ogso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. u̯ogso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *u̯agsa-
(XX:XX)
4. u̯agsa-
*gs → ks
Devoicing of *g before *s
RChangeGS2KS → *u̯aksa-
5. u̯aksa-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → *waksa-
6. waksa-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → *wacsa-
7. wacsa-
*cs → x
Orthographic change of *cs into *x
ROrthogrCS2X → OEng. waxa-
PIE *u̯ogɑɦsur-
Hitt. u̯agšur-
(n.) ‘Abschnitt’ (Maßeinheit)
(HHand. 192)
1. PIE *u̯ogɑɦsur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ogɦsur-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯ogɦsur-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯agɦsur-
(XX:XX)
3. u̯agɦsur-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *u̯agsur-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯agsur-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. u̯agšur-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √uoki- ‘fett’
(IEW –)
√uokio-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *u̯óki̯o-
AV. váśa-
(n.) ‘Schmalz, flüßiges Fett’
(KEWA 3:168)
1. PIE *u̯óki̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *u̯óćo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. u̯óćo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯óća-
3. u̯óća-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *u̯áća-
4. u̯áća-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to OIA
RSatem2OIA1 → *u̯áśa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. u̯áśa-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → AV. váśa-
PIE *u̯oki̯ont-
Hitt. u̯akant-
(pt.a.) ‘fett = uargant-’
(HHand. 192)
1. PIE *u̯oki̯ont-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *u̯oḱont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. u̯oḱont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯aḱant-
(XX:XX)
3. u̯aḱant-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → Hitt. u̯akant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)


PIE √ugɑɦ- √ougɑɦ- √eugɑɦ- ‘TRINKEN’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√eugɑɦ-
(Pedersen 1925: 40)
(HIL 280ff., Oettinger 1979:87)
PIE *eugɑɦ-
Hitt. eug-
(vb.) ‘trinken’
(HHand. 34)
(Hitt. e-uk-ši, e-uk-zi, e-ú-uk-zi, e-uk-ta, HIL 280-1)
1. PIE *eugɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *eugɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. eugɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. eug-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *eugɑɦ-
TochB. yok-
(vb.) ‘trinken, [VW. 601-2]’
(DTochB. 509-10)
(TochB. yoku [1sg], yoktsi [inf.])
1. PIE *eugɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *eugɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. eugɦ-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
RChangee2Ya → *i̯augɦ-
3. i̯augɦ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *i̯aug-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. i̯aug-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
RDevoiceg → *i̯auk-
5. i̯auk-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RChangeAU2O1 → *i̯ōk-
6. i̯ōk-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthOIA6 → *i̯ok-
7. i̯ok-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → TochB. yok-
PIE *eugɑɦ-
TochA. yok-
(vb.) ‘bibere, potare’
(Poucha 246)
(TochA. yoktsi [inf.])
1. PIE *eugɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *eugɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. eugɦ-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
RChangee2Ya → *i̯augɦ-
3. i̯augɦ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *i̯aug-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. i̯aug-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
RDevoiceg → *i̯auk-
5. i̯auk-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RMonophthau2O1 → *i̯ōk-
6. i̯ōk-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthO2o1 → *i̯ok-
7. i̯ok-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthY2y → TochA. yok-
PIE *eugɑɦo-
TochB. yokä-
(vb.) ‘trinken, (LÉDT 170)’
(DTochB. 509-10)
(TochB. yokäṃ [3sg])
1. PIE *eugɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *eugɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. eugɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *eugɦa-
(XX:XX)
3. eugɦa-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
RChangee2Ya → *i̯augɦa-
4. i̯augɦa-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *i̯auga-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. i̯auga-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
RDevoiceg → *i̯auka-
6. i̯auka-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RChangeAU2O1 → *i̯ōka-
7. i̯ōka-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthOIA6 → *i̯oka-
8. i̯oka-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → TochB. yoka-
PIE *eugɑɦolnoi-
TochB. yokalle
(ger.) ‘to be drunk’
(DTochB. 509)
1. PIE *eugɑɦolnoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *eugɦolnoi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. eugɦolnoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *eugɦalnai-
(XX:XX)
3. eugɦalnai-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
RChangee2Ya → *i̯augɦalnai-
4. i̯augɦalnai-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *i̯augalnai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. i̯augalnai-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
RDevoiceg → *i̯aukalnai-
6. i̯aukalnai-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
RAssimLN → *i̯aukallai-
7. i̯aukallai-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RChangeAI2E1 → *i̯aukallē-
8. i̯aukallē-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RChangeAU2O1 → *i̯ōkallē-
9. i̯ōkallē-
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthOIA4 → *i̯ōkalle-
10. i̯ōkalle-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthOIA6 → *i̯okalle-
11. i̯okalle-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → TochB. yokalle-
PIE *eugɑɦoi-
TochA. yoke
(sb.m.) ‘sitis’ (: ‘Durst’ = ‘thirst’)
(Poucha 246)
(TochA. yoke [sgN.])
1. PIE *eugɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *eugɦoi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. eugɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *eugɦai-
(XX:XX)
3. eugɦai-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
RChangee2Ya → *i̯augɦai-
4. i̯augɦai-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *i̯augai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. i̯augai-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
RDevoiceg → *i̯aukai-
6. i̯aukai-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RMonophthai2E1 → *i̯aukē-
7. i̯aukē-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RMonophthau2O1 → *i̯ōkē-
8. i̯ōkē-
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthE2e1 → *i̯ōke-
9. i̯ōke-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthO2o1 → *i̯oke-
10. i̯oke-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthY2y → TochA. yoke-
PIE *eugɑɦoi·i̯u-
TochA. yoke·yu-
(a.) ‘sitiens’
(Poucha 246)
1. PIE *eugɑɦoi·i̯u-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *eugɦoi·i̯u-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. eugɦoi·i̯u-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *eugɦai·i̯u-
(XX:XX)
3. eugɦai·i̯u-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
RChangee2Ya → *i̯augɦai·i̯u-
4. i̯augɦai·i̯u-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *i̯augai·i̯u-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. i̯augai·i̯u-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
RDevoiceg → *i̯aukai·i̯u-
6. i̯aukai·i̯u-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RMonophthai2E1 → *i̯aukē·i̯u-
7. i̯aukē·i̯u-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RMonophthau2O1 → *i̯ōkē·i̯u-
8. i̯ōkē·i̯u-
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthE2e1 → *i̯ōke·i̯u-
9. i̯ōke·i̯u-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthO2o1 → *i̯oke·i̯u-
10. i̯oke·i̯u-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthY2y → TochA. yoke·yu-
PIE *eugɑɦ·dɑɦi
TochA. yok·tsi
(sb.inf.) ‘potio(n), potus’
(Poucha 247)
(TochA. yoktsi [sg.], yoktsintu [pl.])
1. PIE *eugɑɦ·dɑɦi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *eugɦ·dɦi
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. eugɦ·dɦi
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
RChangee2Ya → *i̯augɦ·dɦi
3. i̯augɦ·dɦi
PIE *dɦi → zɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4b → *i̯augɦ·jɦi
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. i̯augɦ·jɦi
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *i̯augɦ·ji
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. i̯augɦ·ji
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *i̯aug·ji
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. i̯aug·ji
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
RDevoiceg → *i̯auk·ji
7. i̯auk·ji
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
RDevoicej → *i̯auk·tsi
8. i̯auk·tsi
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RMonophthau2O1 → *i̯ōk·tsi
9. i̯ōk·tsi
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthO2o1 → *i̯ok·tsi
10. i̯ok·tsi
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthY2y → TochA. yok·tsi
PIE *eugɑɦ·oni̯í-
TochA. yok·añi-
(a.) ‘sitiens’ (: ‘durstig’ = ‘thirsty’)
(Poucha 246)
1. PIE *eugɑɦ·oni̯í-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *eugɦ·oni̯í-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. eugɦ·oni̯í-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *eugɦ·ani̯í-
(XX:XX)
3. eugɦ·ani̯í-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
RChangee2Ya → *i̯augɦ·ani̯í-
4. i̯augɦ·ani̯í-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *i̯aug·ani̯í-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. i̯aug·ani̯í-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
RDevoiceg → *i̯auk·ani̯í-
6. i̯auk·ani̯í-
*ni̯ → ñ
Palatalization of *n before i̯
RPalatNY → *i̯auk·añí-
7. i̯auk·añí-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RMonophthau2O1 → *i̯ōk·añí-
8. i̯ōk·añí-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthO2o1 → *i̯ok·añí-
9. i̯ok·añí-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthY2y → *yok·añí-
10. yok·añí-
*í → i
Unmarkedness of accent
R20 → TochA. yok·añi-
PIE *eugɑɦou-
TochB. yoko
(f.) ‘Durst’ (‘thirst’)
(DTochB. 509-10)
(TochB. yoko)
1. PIE *eugɑɦou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *eugɦou-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. eugɦou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *eugɦau-
(XX:XX)
3. eugɦau-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
RChangee2Ya → *i̯augɦau-
4. i̯augɦau-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *i̯augau-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. i̯augau-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
RDevoiceg → *i̯aukau-
6. i̯aukau-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RChangeAU2O1 → *i̯ōkō-
7. i̯ōkō-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthOIA6 → *i̯oko-
8. i̯oko-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → TochB. yoko-
PIE *eugɑɦ·ú-
TochB. yok·u-
(pret.pt.) ‘(one who has) drunk’
(DTochB. 509)
1. PIE *eugɑɦ·ú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *eugɦ·ú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. eugɦ·ú-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
RChangee2Ya → *i̯augɦ·ú-
3. i̯augɦ·ú-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *i̯aug·ú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. i̯aug·ú-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
RDevoiceg → *i̯auk·ú-
5. i̯auk·ú-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RChangeAU2O1 → *i̯ōk·ú-
6. i̯ōk·ú-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthOIA6 → *i̯ok·ú-
7. i̯ok·ú-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → *yok·ú-
8. yok·ú-
*ú → u
Unmarkedness of accent
R21 → TochB. yok·u-
PIE *eugɑɦɑ́hii̯o-
TochB. yok·īya-
(f.) ‘thirst, desire’
(DTochB. 510)
(TochB. yok·īye)
1. PIE *eugɑɦɑ́hii̯o-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *eugɑɦíhii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. eugɑɦíhii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *eugɦíhii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. eugɦíhii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *eugɦíhii̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. eugɦíhii̯a-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
RChangee2Ya → *i̯augɦíhii̯a-
5. i̯augɦíhii̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *i̯augɦíii̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. i̯augɦíii̯a-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *i̯augíii̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. i̯augíii̯a-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
RDevoiceg → *i̯aukíii̯a-
8. i̯aukíii̯a-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *i̯aukī́i̯a-
9. i̯aukī́i̯a-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RChangeAU2O1 → *i̯ōkī́i̯a-
10. i̯ōkī́i̯a-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthOIA6 → *i̯okī́i̯a-
11. i̯okī́i̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → TochB. yokī́ya-
PIE *eugɑɦonto-
TochB. yokänta
(sb.) ‘drinker’
(DTochB. 510)
1. PIE *eugɑɦonto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *eugɦonto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. eugɦonto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *eugɦanta-
(XX:XX)
3. eugɦanta-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
RChangee2Ya → *i̯augɦanta-
4. i̯augɦanta-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *i̯auganta-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. i̯auganta-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
RDevoiceg → *i̯aukanta-
6. i̯aukanta-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RChangeAU2O1 → *i̯ōkanta-
7. i̯ōkanta-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthOIA6 → *i̯okanta-
8. i̯okanta-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → TochB. yokanta-
PIE *eugɑɦostou-
TochB. yokasto
(sb.) ‘drink, nectar’
(DTochB. 510)
(TochB. yokastai [sgA])
1. PIE *eugɑɦostou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *eugɦostou-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. eugɦostou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *eugɦastau-
(XX:XX)
3. eugɦastau-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
RChangee2Ya → *i̯augɦastau-
4. i̯augɦastau-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *i̯augastau-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. i̯augastau-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
RDevoiceg → *i̯aukastau-
6. i̯aukastau-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RChangeAU2O1 → *i̯ōkastō-
7. i̯ōkastō-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthOIA6 → *i̯okasto-
8. i̯okasto-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → TochB. yokasto-
√ugɑɦo-
PIE *ugɑɦonmou-
TochB. wkanmo-
(a.) ‘drinking’
(DTochB. 614)
1. PIE *ugɑɦonmou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ugɦonmou-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ugɦonmou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ugɦanmau-
(XX:XX)
3. ugɦanmau-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *uganmau-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. uganmau-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
RDevoiceg → *ukanmau-
5. ukanmau-
PIE *uC → wC
Change of PIE *u into w in root-initial
RChangeU2W → *wkanmau-
6. wkanmau-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RChangeAU2O1 → *wkanmō-
7. wkanmō-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthOIA6 → TochB. wkanmo-
√ugɑɦu-
PIE *ougɑɦu̯o-
OInd. ogha-
(m.) ‘Flut, Strömung’
(EWA 1:277)
1. PIE *ougɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ougɦu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ougɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *augɦu̯a-
3. augɦu̯a-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *augɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. augɦa-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RChangeAU2O1 → *ōgɦa-
5. ōgɦa-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → *ōgha-
6. ōgha-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthOIA6 → OInd. ogha-
PIE *ōugɑɦu̯ó-
OInd. aughá-
(m.) ‘Flut, Strömung’
(EWA 1:277)
1. PIE *ōugɑɦu̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ōugɦu̯ó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ōugɦu̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *ōugɦu̯á-
3. ōugɦu̯á-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *āugɦu̯á-
4. āugɦu̯á-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *āugɦá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. āugɦá-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → *āughá-
6. āughá-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
ROrthOIA10 → OInd. aughá-
PIE *ougɑɦur-
OEng. eāgor-
(.) ‘Meer, Flut’
(XX:XX)
(IEW. 23)
1. PIE *ougɑɦur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ougɦur-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ougɦur-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *ougur-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. ougur-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *augur-
(XX:XX)
4. augur-
*au → eā
Change of *au into eā
RChangeau2eA → OEng. eāgur-


PIE √uogɑɦi- √uegɑɦi- √ugɑɦi- ‘fahren’
(IEW. 1118-20)
(+ Pyysalo Hitt. & HLu.)
√uegɑɦi-
PIE *u̯égɑɦi-
Lith. vèž-
(vb.) ‘fahren, befördern’
(LiEtWb. 1236)
(Lith. vèžti [inf.])
1. PIE *u̯égɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯égɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯égɦi-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RSatem5 → *u̯éj́ɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. u̯éj́ɦ-
é → è
Emergence of gravis Li. è
RAcc4 → *u̯èj́ɦ-
4. u̯èj́ɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *u̯èj́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. u̯èj́-
*j́ → ž
From Satem *j́ to Lithuanian
RSatem2Lith4 → *u̯èž-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. u̯èž-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → Lith. vèž-
PIE *u̯egɑɦi-
OCS. vez-
(vb.) ‘fahren’ (Lat. uehere)
(Sadnik √1063)
(OCS. vesti [inf.])
1. PIE *u̯egɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯egɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯egɦi-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RSatem5 → *u̯ej́ɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. u̯ej́ɦ-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Slavic
RSatem2Slav3 → *u̯ezɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. u̯ezɦ-
*zɦ → z
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspzh → *u̯ez-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. u̯ez-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → OCS. vez-
√uogɑɦio-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *u̯ogɑɦi̯o-
HLu. u̯aza-
(vb.) ‘carry’
(CHLu. 2.11.7)
(HLu. PES2(-)wa/i-za-ha [1sg])
1. PIE *u̯ogɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ogɦi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯ogɦi̯o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RSatem5 → *u̯oj́ɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. u̯oj́ɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯aj́ɦa-
(XX:XX)
4. u̯aj́ɦa-
*j́ɦ → z
From Satem *j́ɦ to CLu.
RSatem2CLu3 → HLu. u̯aza-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.9)
PIE *u̯ogɑɦi̯o-
OIcl. vaga-
(vb.) ‘hin und her bewegen, schaukeln’
(ANEtWb. 638)
1. PIE *u̯ogɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ogɦi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯ogɦi̯o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯
RCentum5 → *u̯oǵɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. u̯oǵɦo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *u̯ogɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. u̯ogɦo-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *u̯ogo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. u̯ogo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *u̯aga-
(XX:XX)
6. u̯aga-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → OIcl. vaga-
PIE *u̯ógɑɦi̯o-
Gr. ὄχο-
(m.) ‘Wagen, Fuhrwerk, Fahrzeug’
(GEW 2:457)
(Gr. (ϝ)ὄχος [sgN])
1. PIE *u̯ógɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ógɦi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯ógɦi̯o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯
RCentum5 → *u̯óǵɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. u̯óǵɦo-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
RDevoiceGh → *u̯óḱho-
4. u̯óḱho-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *u̯ókho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. u̯ókho-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *ókho-
6. ókho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὄχο-
PIE *u̯ogɑɦi̯o
OCS. vozŭ-
(m.) ‘Wagen’
(Sadnik 1063)
1. PIE *u̯ogɑɦi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ogɦi̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯ogɦi̯o
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RSatem5 → *u̯oj́ɦo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. u̯oj́ɦo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯aj́ɦa
4. u̯aj́ɦa
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Slavic
RSatem2Slav3 → *u̯azɦa
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. u̯azɦa
*zɦ → z
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspzh → *u̯aza
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. u̯aza
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *u̯ozo
7. u̯ozo
*-o → -u
Change of -o into -u
RChangeO2U → *u̯ozu
8. u̯ozu
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *vozu
9. vozu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
ROrthogru2u1 → OCS. vozŭ
√uegɑɦio-
PIE *u̯ágɑɦi̯o-
RV. váha-
(pr.) ‘fahren, herbeifahren, bringen’
(WbRV. 1240)
(RV. váhati [3sg], váhadhyāi [inf.])
1. PIE *u̯ágɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ágɦi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯ágɦi̯o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RSatem5 → *u̯áj́ɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. u̯áj́ɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯áj́ɦa-
4. u̯áj́ɦa-
*j́ɦ → ɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to OIA
RSatem2OIA3 → *u̯áɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. u̯áɦa-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *váɦa-
6. váɦa-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. váha-
PIE *u̯egɑɦi̯o-
LAv. vaza-
(prA.) ‘führen, ziehen, fliegen’
(AIWb. XX)
(Av. vazaiti [3sg])
1. PIE *u̯egɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯egɦi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯egɦi̯o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RSatem5 → *u̯ej́ɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. u̯ej́ɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯ej́ɦa-
4. u̯ej́ɦa-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Avestan
RSatem2Av3 → *u̯ezɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. u̯ezɦa-
*zɦ → z
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspzh → *u̯eza-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. u̯eza-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *u̯aza-
7. u̯aza-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → LAv. vaza-
PIE *u̯egɑɦi̯o-
Lat. ueho-
(pr3.) ‘fahren, führen, tragen, bringen’
(WH 2:742)
(Lat. uehō [1sg], uehĕre)
1. PIE *u̯egɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯egɦi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯egɦi̯o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯
RCentum5 → *u̯eǵɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. u̯eǵɦo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *u̯egɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. u̯egɦo-
*gɦ → ɦ
Loss of *g in *gɦ
RChangeGH2H → *u̯eɦo-
5. u̯eɦo-
*ɦ → h
Loss of voice of *ɦ
RChangeH2h → *u̯eho-
6. u̯eho-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → Lat. ueho-
PIE *u̯egɑɦi̯o-
Lat. ueho-
(pr3M.) ‘fahren, reiten, fliegen’
(WH 2:742)
(Lat. uehor)
1. PIE *u̯egɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯egɦi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯egɦi̯o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯
RCentum5 → *u̯eǵɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. u̯eǵɦo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *u̯egɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. u̯egɦo-
*gɦ → ɦ
Loss of *g in *gɦ
RChangeGH2H → *u̯eɦo-
5. u̯eɦo-
*ɦ → h
Loss of voice of *ɦ
RChangeH2h → *u̯eho-
6. u̯eho-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → Lat. ueho-
√uegɑɦi̯ement-
PIE *u̯egɑɦi̯ement-
Lat. uehement-
(a.) ‘heftig, hitzig, stürmisch’
(WH 2:741)
1. PIE *u̯egɑɦi̯ement-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯egɦi̯ement-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯egɦi̯ement-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯
RCentum5 → *u̯eǵɦement-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. u̯eǵɦement-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *u̯egɦement-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. u̯egɦement-
*gɦ → ɦ
Loss of *g in *gɦ
RChangeGH2H → *u̯eɦement-
5. u̯eɦement-
*ɦ → h
Loss of voice of *ɦ
RChangeH2h → *u̯ehement-
6. u̯ehement-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → Lat. uehement-
PIE *u̯egɑɦi̯ementi̯ēɑh-
Lat. uehementiā-
(f.) ‘Heftigkeit’
(WH 2:741)
1. PIE *u̯egɑɦi̯ementi̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *u̯egɑɦi̯ementi̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. u̯egɑɦi̯ementi̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯egɦi̯ementi̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. u̯egɦi̯ementi̯āh-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯
RCentum5 → *u̯eǵɦementi̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. u̯eǵɦementi̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯eǵɦementi̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. u̯eǵɦementi̯ā-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *u̯egɦementi̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. u̯egɦementi̯ā-
*gɦ → ɦ
Loss of *g in *gɦ
RChangeGH2H → *u̯eɦementi̯ā-
7. u̯eɦementi̯ā-
*ɦ → h
Loss of voice of *ɦ
RChangeH2h → *u̯ehementi̯ā-
8. u̯ehementi̯ā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
ROrthogrY2i → *u̯ehementiā-
9. u̯ehementiā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → Lat. uehementiā-
√uogɑɦi̯eio-
PIE *u̯ogɑɦi̯éi̯o-
Gr. ὀχέο-
(vbA.) ‘tragen, ertragen, aushalten, hegen’
(GEW 2:455)
(Gr. (ϝ)ὀχέω)
1. PIE *u̯ogɑɦi̯éi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ogɦi̯éi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯ogɦi̯éi̯o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯
RCentum5 → *u̯oǵɦéi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. u̯oǵɦéi̯o-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
RDevoiceGh → *u̯oḱhéi̯o-
4. u̯oḱhéi̯o-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *u̯okhéi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. u̯okhéi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *u̯okhéo-
6. u̯okhéo-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *okhéo-
7. okhéo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὀχέο-
PIE *u̯ogɑɦi̯éi̯o-
Gr. ὀχέο-
(vbM.) ‘fahren, reiten, schwimmen, vor Anker liegen’
(GEW 2:455)
(Gr. (ϝ)ὀχέομαι)
1. PIE *u̯ogɑɦi̯éi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ogɦi̯éi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯ogɦi̯éi̯o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯
RCentum5 → *u̯oǵɦéi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. u̯oǵɦéi̯o-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
RDevoiceGh → *u̯oḱhéi̯o-
4. u̯oḱhéi̯o-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *u̯okhéi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. u̯okhéi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *u̯okhéo-
6. u̯okhéo-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *okhéo-
7. okhéo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὀχέο-
PIE *Π·u̯ogɑɦi̯ei̯o-
Goth. in·wagja-
(vb.) ‘aufregen, aufwiegeln : agitare, unsetttle’
(GoEtD. XX)
1. PIE *Π·u̯ogɑɦi̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·u̯ogɦi̯ei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·u̯ogɦi̯ei̯o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯
RCentum5 → *Π·u̯oǵɦei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. Π·u̯oǵɦei̯o-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *Π·u̯ogɦei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. Π·u̯ogɦei̯o-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *Π·u̯ogei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. Π·u̯ogei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *Π·u̯agei̯a-
(XX:XX)
6. Π·u̯agei̯a-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
RChangee2i → *Π·u̯agii̯a-
7. Π·u̯agii̯a-
*ii̯a → ja
Loss of *i before i̯a
RChangeiya2ia → *Π·u̯agi̯a-
8. Π·u̯agi̯a-
*i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
ROrthogrY2j → *Π·u̯agja-
9. Π·u̯agja-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → Goth. Π·wagja-
√uogɑɦilo-
PIE *u̯ógɑɦilo-
Gr. ὄχλο-
(m.) ‘Beunruhigung, Störung, Belästigung’
(GEW 2:456)
1. PIE *u̯ógɑɦilo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ógɦilo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯ógɦilo-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯
RCentum5 → *u̯óǵɦlo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. u̯óǵɦlo-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
RDevoiceGh → *u̯óḱhlo-
4. u̯óḱhlo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *u̯ókhlo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. u̯ókhlo-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *ókhlo-
6. ókhlo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὄχλο-
PIE *u̯ógɑɦilo-
Gr. ὄχλο-
(m.) ‘Menschenmenge, große Masse, Gedrönge’
(GEW 2:456)
1. PIE *u̯ógɑɦilo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ógɦilo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯ógɦilo-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯
RCentum5 → *u̯óǵɦlo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. u̯óǵɦlo-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
RDevoiceGh → *u̯óḱhlo-
4. u̯óḱhlo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *u̯ókhlo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. u̯ókhlo-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *ókhlo-
6. ókhlo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὄχλο-
PIE *u̯ogɑɦiléi̯o-
Gr. ὀχλέο-
(vb.) ‘in (rollende) Bewegung setzen, wegwälzen’
(GEW 2:457)
(Gr. (ϝ)ὀχλέω)
1. PIE *u̯ogɑɦiléi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ogɦiléi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯ogɦiléi̯o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯
RCentum5 → *u̯oǵɦléi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. u̯oǵɦléi̯o-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
RDevoiceGh → *u̯oḱhléi̯o-
4. u̯oḱhléi̯o-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *u̯okhléi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. u̯okhléi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *u̯okhléo-
6. u̯okhléo-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *okhléo-
7. okhléo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὀχλέο-
√ugɑɦi̯oono-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *úgɑɦi̯ōno-
RV. úhāna-
(pt.) ‘strömend, dahinschiessend’
(WbRV. 1244)
1. PIE *úgɑɦi̯ōno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *úgɦi̯ōno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. úgɦi̯ōno-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RSatem5 → *új́ɦōno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. új́ɦōno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *új́ɦōna-
4. új́ɦōna-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *új́ɦāna-
5. új́ɦāna-
*j́ɦ → ɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to OIA
RSatem2OIA3 → *úɦāna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. úɦāna-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. úhāna-
PIE *hɑil·ugɑɦi̯ōni-
Hitt. ḫil·ugāni-
(.) ‘carriage’
(HIL. 322)
(Hitt. ḫi-lu-kà-ni-im [sgG])
1. PIE *hɑil·ugɑɦi̯ōni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hil·ugɦi̯ōni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hil·ugɦi̯ōni-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯
RCentum5 → *hil·uǵɦōni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. hil·uǵɦōni-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *hil·uǵɦāni-
(XX:XX)
4. hil·uǵɦāni-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *hil·ugɦāni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. hil·ugɦāni-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *hil·ugāni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hil·ugāni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫil·ugāni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√uogɑɦi̯ori-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *u̯ogɑɦi̯orei̯o-
Hitt. u̯agarei̯a-
(vb.) [Mg.] ‘gegen jemandem rebellieren’
(HHand. 192)
(Cf. LAv. yaoza- ‘sich aufregen (vom Wasser, Ländern)’, AIWb. 1231f.)
1. PIE *u̯ogɑɦi̯orei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ogɦi̯orei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯ogɦi̯orei̯o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯
RCentum5 → *u̯oǵɦorei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. u̯oǵɦorei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯aǵɦarei̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. u̯aǵɦarei̯a-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *u̯agɦarei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. u̯agɦarei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. u̯agarei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯ogɑɦi̯orisor-
Hitt. u̯agarišar-
(n.) ‘Aufruhr’
(HHand. 192)
1. PIE *u̯ogɑɦi̯orisor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ogɦi̯orisor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯ogɦi̯orisor-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯
RCentum5 → *u̯oǵɦorisor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. u̯oǵɦorisor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯aǵɦarisar-
(XX:XX)
4. u̯aǵɦarisar-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *u̯agɦarisar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. u̯agɦarisar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *u̯agarisar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. u̯agarisar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. u̯agarišar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √ul- √uol- √uel- (vb.) ‘uehere, expedire’ (sb.) ‘Oberschenkel, Keule’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√ul-
PIE *ulo-
Hitt. ula-
(UZUc.) ‘Oberschenkel’
(HHand. 185)
1. PIE *ulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ula-
(XX:XX)
√uōl-
PIE *u̯ōlo-
Hitt. u̯āla-
() ((UZU)c.) ‘Keule (Körperteil), (Ober)schenkel’
(HHand. 193)
1. PIE *u̯ōlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯ōla-
(XX:XX)
2. u̯ōla-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → Hitt. u̯āla-
(XX:XX)
PIE *u̯ōli-
CLu. u̯āli-
() ((UZU)c.) ‘Keule (Körperteil), (Ober)schenkel’
(HHand. 193)
1. PIE *u̯ōli-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → CLu. u̯āli-
(XX:XX)
PIE *u̯ōli̯i-
TochA. wālyi-
(vb.a.) ‘vehere’
(Poucha 14)
1. PIE *u̯ōli̯i-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *u̯āli̯i-
(XX:XX)
2. u̯āli̯i-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthY2y → *u̯ālyi-
3. u̯ālyi-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of u̯ into w
ROrthW2w → TochA. wālyi-
PIE *u̯ōlunoi̯o
TochA. wālune-
(vb.sb.) ‘vehere’
(Poucha 14,292)
(TochA. wālune)
1. PIE *u̯ōlunoi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯ōlunai̯a
(XX:XX)
2. u̯ōlunai̯a
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *u̯ālunai̯a
(XX:XX)
3. u̯ālunai̯a
*a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *u̯ālunai̯
4. u̯ālunai̯
*a y → ē
Change of ay into ē in root-final
RCyangeay2E → *u̯ālunē
5. u̯ālunē
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthE2e1 → *u̯ālune
6. u̯ālune
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of u̯ into w
ROrthW2w → TochA. wālune
PIE *hɑep·eulɑ́hutéi̯o-
Gr. ἀπ·ευλῡτέο-
(vb.) Gl. ‘expediō, explicō, explōrō’
(LSJ. 187)
(Gr. ἀπ·ευλῡτέω)
1. PIE *hɑep·eulɑ́hutéi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑap·eulɑ́hutéi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap·eulɑ́hutéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2c → *hɑap·eulúhutéi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
3. hɑap·eulúhutéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hap·eulúhutéi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hap·eulúhutéi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ap·eulúutéi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ap·eulúutéi̯o-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractúu → *ap·eulū́téi̯o-
6. ap·eulū́téi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *ap·eulū́téo-
7. ap·eulū́téo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀπ·ευλū́τέο-


PIE √ul- √uol- √uel- (sb.) ‘Geburt, Rang’
√uli-
PIE *ono·uli-
Hitt. ana·uli-
(a.) ‘gleichrangig, ebenbürtig’
(HEG II:29)
(Hitt. an-na-ú-li-, EHS 212)
1. PIE *ono·uli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ana·uli-
(XX:XX)
PIE *Π·uli̯o
Goth. mana·uli-
(n.) Gestalt : Human guise : σχήμα : habitus’
(GoEtDi. M-22)
1. PIE *Π·uli̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *Π·uli̯a
(XX:XX)
2. Π·uli̯a
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *Π·uli̯
3. Π·uli̯
*i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
ROrthogrY2j → Goth. Π·ulj
PIE *ono·ulei̯o-
Hitt. ana·ulei̯a-
(URUa.) ‘Im Lande Tarḫuntaša.’
(OGHErg. 5)
(Hitt. an-na-ú-li-ia-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *ono·ulei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ana·ulei̯a-
(XX:XX)
√uoli-
PIE *ono·u̯oli-
Hitt. ana·u̯ali-
(a.) ‘gleichrangig, ebenbürtig’
(HHand. 16)
(Hitt. an-na-ú-li-e-eš)
1. PIE *ono·u̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ana·u̯ali-
(XX:XX)


PIE √uolu-, √uelu-, √ulu- (vb.) ‘rauben, mit Gewalt nehmen’ (sb.) ‘Löwe’
(IEW. 1145)
√uolu-
PIE *u̯olu̯o-
CLu. u̯alu̯a-
(c.) ‘Löwe’ (Sum. UR.MAḪ)
(HHand. 194)
(Steinherr (1968): ‘UR.MAH = Lion, see HIL. 1099)
1. PIE *u̯olu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. u̯alu̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *u̯olu̯o·Σ-
CLu. u̯alu̯a·zidi-
(mc.) ‘homme de Šullamma-’
(NOMS. 1486)
(Steinherr, F. 1968. Das Wort für Löwe im Hieroglyphen-Hethitischen. Die Welt des Orients 4:320.325)
1. PIE *u̯olu̯o·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. u̯alu̯a·Σ-
(XX:XX)
PIE *u̯olu̯o·lo-
Hitt. u̯alu̯a·la-
(LÚ.MESc.) ‘Löwenmenschen’
(HHand. 194)
1. PIE *u̯olu̯o·lo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. u̯alu̯a·la-
(XX:XX)
PIE *u̯olu̯e-
Lyd. walwe-
(sb.) ‘lion’
(Melchert 1994:336)
(Lyd. walwel)
1. PIE *u̯olu̯e-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯alu̯e-
(XX:XX)
2. u̯alu̯e-
PIE *u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
R22 → Lyd. walwe-
√uelu-
PIE *u̯elu̯o-
Goth. wilwa-
(pr.) ‘mit Gewalt nehmen, rauben’
(GoEtD. XX)
(Grundr2 1:609)
1. PIE *u̯elu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *u̯elu̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. u̯elu̯a-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
RChangee2i → *u̯ilu̯a-
3. u̯ilu̯a-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → Goth. wilwa-
√ulu-
PIE *u̯ulu̯-
Goth. wulw-
(pret.) ‘mit Gewalt nehmen, rauben’
(GoEtD. XX)
1. PIE *u̯ulu̯-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → Goth. wulw-


PIE √um- √uom- √uem- ‘take, find’
(IEW –)
√um-
(Pyysalo)
(HIL. 1155)
PIE *Π·umo-
Osc. pert·umo-
(vb.) ‘perimere; neben pert-emere’
(IEW. 310)
(Osc. pertumum [inf.], Grundr2 I:836)
PIE *umei̯o-
Hitt. umei̯a-
(vb1A.) ‘finden, (an)treffen’ (Sum. KAR)
(HHand. 201)
(Hitt. umijanzi [3pl], Oettinger 1979:433)
1. PIE *umei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. umei̯a-
(XX:XX)
√uomi-
PIE *u̯omi·Σ-
HLu. u̯ami·Σ-
(vb.) ‘to find (?)’
(CHLu. 2.24.23)
(HLu. wa/i-mi-LITUUS-ha, Melchert (1994:66): “HLu. wa/i-mi-(ya)- ‘find’)
1. PIE *u̯omi·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → HLu. u̯ami·Σ-
(XX:XX)
PIE *u̯omi·Σ-
HLu. u̯ami·Σ-
(.) ‘find’
(CHLu. 5.1.3)
(HLu. wa/i-mi-OCULUS(+?))
1. PIE *u̯omi·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → HLu. u̯ami·Σ-
(XX:XX)
PIE *Π·Π·u̯omi-
Lyd. fa·kat·wãmi-
(.) ‘meet with’
(Melchert 1994:344)
(LydWb. XX, Lyd. fakatwãmid)
1. PIE *Π·Π·u̯omi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·Π·u̯ami-
(XX:XX)
2. Π·Π·u̯ami-
PIE *u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
R22 → Lyd. Π·Π·wami-
√uemi-
PIE *u̯emi̯o-
Hitt. u̯emi̯a-
(vb1A.) ‘finden, (an)treffen’ (Sum. KAR)
(HHand. 201)
(Hitt. uemia-, uimia-)
1. PIE *u̯emi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. u̯emi̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *u̯emiski̯e/o-
Hitt. u̯emiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘w-holt (an)treffen’
(HHand. 201)
1. PIE *u̯emiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *u̯emisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. u̯emisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯emisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
3. u̯emisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *u̯emiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. u̯emiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. u̯emiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √un- √uon- √uen- ‘Geburt, Familie, Frau’ (vb.) ‘geschlechtlich verkehren, beischlafen’
√uon-
(Sturtevant 1930 [Lg. 6]:218-28)
PIE *u̯on-
CLu. u̯an-
(c.) ‘woman’
(HIL. 580)
(CLu. ua-a-ni [sgDL])
1. PIE *u̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. u̯an-
(XX:XX)
PIE *u̯onont-
CLu. u̯anant-
(c.) ‘Frau’
(HIL. 580)
(CLu. ua-na-an-za [sgN])
1. PIE *u̯onont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. u̯anant-
(XX:XX)
PIE *u̯onoso-
CLu. u̯anaša-
(a.gen.) ‘of woman/wife’
(HHand. 194)
(CLu. [ua-a-]na-aš-ša-an, [ua-n]a-a-aš-ša-an])
1. PIE *u̯onoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯anasa-
(XX:XX)
2. u̯anasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. u̯anaša-
PIE *u̯onosi-
CLu. u̯anaši-
(a.gen.) ‘of woman/wife’
(HHand. 194)
(CLu. ua-na-aš-ši-in-zi [plN])
1. PIE *u̯onosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯anasi-
(XX:XX)
2. u̯anasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. u̯anaši-
PIE *u̯onosi-
HLu. u̯anaši-
(a.gen.)
(CHLu. 2.25.13)
(HLu. *406(-)wa/i-na-si-na [Fr11])-
1. PIE *u̯onosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯anasi-
(XX:XX)
2. u̯anasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. u̯anaši-
PIE *u̯onoti-
CLu. u̯anati-
(c.) ‘Frau’ (vgl. CLu. unati- ‘id.’) (DLL 106-7)
(HHand. 194)
(CLu. u̯a-na-at-ti-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *u̯onoti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. u̯anati-
(XX:XX)
PIE *uu̯onsigɑɦe/o-
Hitt. uu̯anšige/a-
(vb.iter.) (zu Hitt. uen- ‘futuere’)
(HHand. 190)
(Hitt. ú-ua-an-ši-kan-zi)
1. PIE *uu̯onsigɑɦe/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *uu̯onsigɦe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. uu̯onsigɦe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *uu̯ansigɦe/a-
(XX:XX)
3. uu̯ansigɦe/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *uu̯ansige/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. uu̯ansige/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. uu̯anšige/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uen-
(Oettinger 1979:92)
PIE *u̯en-
Hitt. u̯en-
(vb1.) ‘geschlechtlich verkehren, beischlafen’
(HHand. 201)
(Hitt. ú-en-zi [3sg], ú-e-en-ta [3sg], Weitenberg 1984:407/71)
PIE *u̯en·hɑoku̯i-
OGaul. uen·opi-
(PNc.) ‘Oeil-du-Clan’
(DLG. 313)
(DAG 419)
1. PIE *u̯en·hɑoku̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯en·hoku̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯en·hoku̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯en·oku̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. u̯en·oku̯i-
* ku/u̯ → p
Bilabialization of *ku/u̯ into p
RBilabializationKW → *u̯en·opi-
4. u̯en·opi-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → OGaul. uen·opi-
PIE *u̯enēɑh-
Mess. uenā-
(f.) ‘Venus’
(SdIll. 86)
1. PIE *u̯enēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *u̯enāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. u̯enāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯enāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. u̯enāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯enā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. u̯enā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → Mess. uenā-
√ueni-
(Delamarre)
PIE *u̯eni·keɑhro-
OGaul. ueni·caro-
(PNm.) ‘Aimé du clan’
(DLG. 313)
(OGaul. uenicarus)
1. PIE *u̯eni·keɑhro-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *u̯eni·kaɑhro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. u̯eni·kaɑhro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯eni·kahro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. u̯eni·kahro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯eni·karo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. u̯eni·karo-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → *ueni·karo-
5. ueni·karo-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → OGaul. ueni·caro-
PIE *u̯eni·kilhɑutio-
OGaul. ueni·clutio-
(PNm.) ‘Renommé par sa famille’
(DLG. 313)
(OGaul. ueni·clutius)
1. PIE *u̯eni·kilhɑutio-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯eni·kilhutio-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯eni·kilhutio-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *u̯eni·ḱlhutio-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. u̯eni·ḱlhutio-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯eni·ḱlutio-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. u̯eni·ḱlutio-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *u̯eni·klutio-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. u̯eni·klutio-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → *ueni·klutio-
6. ueni·klutio-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → OGaul. ueni·clutio-
PIE *u̯eni·Σ-
OGaul. ueni·coteni
(VNm.) ‘[qui appartient] à une ancienne famille’
(DLG. 313)
1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → OGaul. ueni·Σ-
PIE *u̯ení·Σ-
OGaulG. ουενί·κωνες
(Nm.) ‘Ptol. 2.3.9, les chiens du clan’
(DLG. 313)
(sur quoi J. Koch BBCS 29 [1980-82], 87-89)
1. PIE *u̯ení·Σ-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → *uení·Σ-
2. uení·Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → OGaulG. ὐενί·Σ-
PIE *u̯eni·Σ-
OGaul. ueni·lati
(PNm.) ‘Héros-du-clan’
(DLG. 313)
1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → OGaul. ueni·Σ-
PIE *u̯eni·Σ-
OGaul. ueni·mantii
(PNm.) ‘la Bouche-du-Clan’
(DLG. 313)
1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → OGaul. ueni·Σ-
PIE *u̯eni·Σ-
OGaul. ueni·marus
(PNm.) ‘Grand par la lignée’
(DLG. 313)
1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → OGaul. ueni·Σ-
PIE *u̯eni·Σ-
OGaul. ueni·reius,
(PNm.) ‘XX’
(DLG. 313)
1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → OGaul. ueni·Σ-
PIE *u̯eni·Σ-
OGaulG. ουενι·τοουτα
(PNm.) ‘XX’ (G-106)
(DLG. 313)
1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → *ueni·Σ-
2. ueni·Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → OGaulG. ὐενι·Σ-
PIE *u̯eni·Σ-
OGaul. ueni·uallia
(PNf.) ‘XX’
(DLG. 313)
1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → OGaul. ueni·Σ-
PIE *u̯eni·Σ-
OGaul. ueni·ala
(PNf.) ‘XX’
(DLG. 313)
1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → OGaul. ueni·Σ-
PIE *u̯eni·Σ-
OGaul. ueni·dius
(PNm.) ‘XX’
(DLG. 313)
1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → OGaul. ueni·Σ-
PIE *u̯eni·Σ-
OGaul. ueni·nia
(PNf.) ‘XX’
(DLG. 313)
1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → OGaul. ueni·Σ-
PIE *u̯eni·Σ-
OGaul. ueni·lla
(PNf.) ‘XX’
(DLG. 313)
1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → OGaul. ueni·Σ-
PIE *u̯eni·Σ-
OGaul. ueni·sa-
(PNf.) ‘XX’
(DLG. 313)
1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → OGaul. ueni·Σ-
PIE *u̯eni·Σ-
OGaul. ueni·samus
(PNm.) ‘en Cisalpine’
(DLG. 313)
1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → OGaul. ueni·Σ-
√ueniɑh-
(Delamarre)
PIE *u̯eni̯ēɑh-
Lepont. ueniā-
(PNf.) ‘chez les Lépontiens etc.’ ; ‘family (?)’
(DLG. 313)
(EtDiPC 413, H3 168-71, KGP 289-90, GPN 277-79, Lepontica 73-74, H. d’A. de Jubainville MSL 7 (1892), 294 ss
1. PIE *u̯eni̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *u̯eni̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. u̯eni̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯eni̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. u̯eni̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯eni̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. u̯eni̯ā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → *ueni̯ā-
5. ueni̯ā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
ROrthogrY2i → Lepont. ueniā-
PIE *u̯eni̯ēɑh-
OBret. guen
(.) ‘race, famille’ ‘XX’
(DLG. 313)
1. PIE *u̯eni̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *u̯eni̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. u̯eni̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯eni̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. u̯eni̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯eni̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. u̯eni̯ā-
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RShortA2a → *u̯eni̯a-
5. u̯eni̯a-
* u̯- → gu-
Change of root-initial u̯- into gu-
RChangew2gu → *gueni̯a-
6. gueni̯a-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
ROrthogrY2i → OBret. guenia-
√ueniki-
PIE *u̯eniki̯o-
OGaulG. ουενικο-
(PNm.) ‘membre du clan’
(DLG. 313)
(OGaul. ουενικοι [plN], M. Lejeune, RIG 1, G-279, 415-18)
1. PIE *u̯eniki̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *u̯eniḱo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. u̯eniḱo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *u̯eniko-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. u̯eniko-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → *ueniko-
4. ueniko-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → *uenico-
5. uenico-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → OGaulG. ὐενιcο-
PIE *u̯eniki̯ēɑh-
OGaul. uenicā-
(PNf.) ‘membre du clan’
(DLG. 313)
1. PIE *u̯eniki̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *u̯eniki̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. u̯eniki̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯eniki̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. u̯eniki̯āh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *u̯eniḱāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. u̯eniḱāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯eniḱā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. u̯eniḱā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *u̯enikā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. u̯enikā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → *uenikā-
7. uenikā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → OGaul. uenicā-
PIE *u̯enikii̯ēɑh-
OGaul. ueniciā-
(PNf.) ‘GPN 278’
(DLG. 313)
1. PIE *u̯enikii̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *u̯enikii̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. u̯enikii̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯enikii̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. u̯enikii̯āh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *u̯eniḱi̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. u̯eniḱi̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯eniḱi̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. u̯eniḱi̯ā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *u̯eniki̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. u̯eniki̯ā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → *ueniki̯ā-
7. ueniki̯ā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → *uenici̯ā-
8. uenici̯ā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
ROrthogrY2i → OGaul. ueniciā-
PIE *u̯enikiseɑhmēɑh-
OGaul. uenixamā-
(PNf.) ‘XX’
(DLG. 313)
1. PIE *u̯enikiseɑhmēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *u̯enikisaɑhmēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. u̯enikisaɑhmēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *u̯enikisaɑhmāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. u̯enikisaɑhmāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯enikisahmāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. u̯enikisahmāh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *u̯eniḱsahmāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. u̯eniḱsahmāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯eniḱsamā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. u̯eniḱsamā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *u̯eniksamā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. u̯eniksamā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → *ueniksamā-
8. ueniksamā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → *uenicsamā-
9. uenicsamā-
*cs → x
Orthographic change of cs into x
ROrthogrCS2X → OGaul. uenixamā-
√uenos-
PIE *u̯enos-
Lat. uenos-
(f.) ‘Liebe(sgenuß), Liebreiz, Geliebte’
(WH 2:752)
(Lat. uenus, ueneris)
1. PIE *u̯enos-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → Lat. uenos-
√uent-
PIE *u̯ent-
Hitt. u̯ent-
(vb.) ‘beischlafen, geschlechtlich verkehren’
(HIL. 1156)
(Hitt. ú-e-en-ti-ir [pret3pl])
PIE *u̯entēɑh-
LAv. vantā-
(f.) ‘die Geliebte, Frau’
(AIWb. 1355)
1. PIE *u̯entēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *u̯entāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. u̯entāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯entāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. u̯entāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯entā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. u̯entā-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *u̯antā-
5. u̯antā-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → LAv. vantā-
PIE *u̯entu-
LAv. vantu-
(m.) ‘Geliebte, Frau’
(AIWb. 1355)
1. PIE *u̯entu-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *u̯antu-
2. u̯antu-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → LAv. vantu-
√unoti-
PIE *unoti-
CLu. unati-
(c.) ‘Frau’
(HHand. 186)
(CLu. u-na-at-ti-iš, MUNUS-iš)
1. PIE *unoti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. unati-
(XX:XX)


PIE √un- √uon- √uen- ‘schmücken, decken’
(IEW XX)
(Pyysalo: Toch + Hitt + HLu.)
√uon-
PIE *u̯on-
TochB. wan-
(vb.) ‘cover’
(DTochB. 592)
(TochB. wantsi [inf.])
1. PIE *u̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯an-
(XX:XX)
2. u̯an-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of u̯ into w
R19 → TochB. wan-
PIE *u̯on-
TochB. wän-
(vb.) ‘cover’
(DTochB. 592)
(TochB. wänträ [3sg])
1. PIE *u̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯an-
(XX:XX)
2. u̯an-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of u̯ into w
R19 → TochB. wan-
√un-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *unosɑho-
Hitt. unašḫa-
(c.) ‘Schmuck’
(HIL. 1063)
(Hitt. ú-na-aš-ḫ-, KUB 12.31 ii 25; not a scribal error vs. Kloekhorst)
1. PIE *unosɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *unosho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. unosho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *unasha-
(XX:XX)
3. unasha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *unašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. unašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. unašḫa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *oun·Σ-
TochB. ·onkor yam-
(vb.) ‘cover’
(DTochB. 112)
1. PIE *oun·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *aun·Σ-
(XX:XX)
2. aun·Σ-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RChangeAU2O1 → *ōn·Σ-
3. ōn·Σ-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthOIA6 → TochB. on·Σ-
√unu-
(Pyysalo: HLu. here (?))
Kimball (1999:225) to PIE *ues- ‘wear, have on’
PIE *unu-
Hitt. unu-
(vb1.) ‘schmücken, putzen, herrichten, decken’
(HHand. 186)
PIE *unuemi-
LycA. unuẽ·mi-
(pt.) ‘geschmückt’
(BLyk 4:58)
PIE *unu̯osɑho-
Hitt. unu̯ašḫa-
(c.) ‘Schmuck’
(HHand. 186)
1. PIE *unu̯osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *unu̯osho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. unu̯osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *unu̯asha-
(XX:XX)
3. unu̯asha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *unu̯ašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. unu̯ašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. unu̯ašḫa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *unu·nu-
HLu. unu·nu-
(cs.) ‘‹geschmückt machen (?)›’
(CHLu. XX)


PIE √un- √uon- √uen- (sb.) ‘Baum, Pflanze, Stange, Stab, Stütze’
(IEW XX)
(Pyysalo: IIr. + Hitt. + CLu.)
√uen-
PIE *u̯én-
RV. ván-
(n.) ‘Baum, Pflanze, Holz’
(WbRV. 1206)
(RV. váṅsu [plL])
1. PIE *u̯én-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *u̯án-
2. u̯án-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → RV. ván-
√uenol-
PIE *u̯enol-
Hitt. uenal-
(n.) ‘Stange, Stab, Stütze’
(HHand. 201)
(Hitt. ú-e-na-al)
1. PIE *u̯enol-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. u̯enal-
(XX:XX)
PIE *u̯enol-
CLu. uenal-
(n.) ‘Stange, Stab, Stütze’
(HHand. 201)
(CLu. uinal-)
1. PIE *u̯enol-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. u̯enal-
(XX:XX)
PIE *u̯enol-
LAv. vanar-
(n.) ‘-(?)-’ (Pü. nddakada)
(AIWb. 1354)
(LAv. vanarǝ)
1. PIE *u̯enol-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
RChangelr1 → *u̯enor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
2. u̯enor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯enar-
3. u̯enar-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *u̯anar-
4. u̯anar-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → LAv. vanar-
PIE *u̯enōlo-
LAv. vanāra-
(m.) ‘EN eines Gläubigen’
(AIWb. 1354)
1. PIE *u̯enōlo-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
RChangelr1 → *u̯enōro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
2. u̯enōro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯enōra-
3. u̯enōra-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *u̯enāra-
4. u̯enāra-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *u̯anāra-
5. u̯anāra-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → LAv. vanāra-


PIE √un- √uon- √uen- (pref.) ‘un-, ohne-, nicht, -los, mangelnd’
(IEW XX + XX)
(Pyysalo 2013:310,88)
√uon-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ou̯on
Hitt. au̯an
(adv.) ‘weg (?)’
(HEG I:98-9)
(Hitt. a-ua-an, a-u-ua-an, HIL. 275)
1. PIE *ou̯on
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. au̯an
(XX:XX)
PIE *u̯on·umei̯o-
Hitt. u̯an·umei̯a-
(a.) ‘kinder-, elternlos, alleinstehend’
(HHand. 194)
(Hitt. uanumia-, HIL. 1106)
1. PIE *u̯on·umei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. u̯an·umei̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *u̯on·Σ-
Pal. u̯an·dangu̯ar-
(n.) ‘ohne Dunkel; ‹cf. Hitt. tankua- ‘dunkel’›’
(HHand. 194)
1. PIE *u̯on·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Pal. u̯an·Σ-
(XX:XX)
PIE *u̯on·
OIcl. van·
(pref.) ‘voran etwas zu fehlt, zu wenig’
(ANEtWb. 643)
1. PIE *u̯on·
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *u̯an·
(XX:XX)
2. u̯an·
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → OIcl. van·
PIE *u̯ono-
Goth. wan-
(n.) ‘Mangel’ ,
(GoEtD. 394)
(Goth. wan [sgN])
1. PIE *u̯ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *u̯ana-
(XX:XX)
2. u̯ana-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → Goth. wana-
√un-
PIE *oun·min
TochB. on·min-
(sb.) ‘remorse, repentance’
(DTochB. 115)
(TochB. on·miṃ-)
1. PIE *oun·min
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *aun·min
(XX:XX)
2. aun·min
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RChangeAU2O1 → *ōn·min
3. ōn·min
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthOIA6 → TochB. on·min
PIE *oun·min-
TochA. on·min-
(m.) ‘paenitentia’
(Poucha 46)
(TochA. on·miṃ-)
1. PIE *oun·min-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *aun·min-
(XX:XX)
2. aun·min-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RMonophthau2O1 → *ōn·min-
3. ōn·min-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthO2o1 → TochA. on·min-
PIE *oun·misi̯o-
TochB. on·miṣṣa-
(a.) ‘prtng to remorse’
(DTochB. 115)
(TochB. on·miṣṣe-)
1. PIE *oun·misi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *aun·misi̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. aun·misi̯a-
*si̯ → ṣ
Palatalization of *si̯
R18a → *aun·miṣa-
3. aun·miṣa-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RChangeAU2O1 → *ōn·miṣa-
4. ōn·miṣa-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthOIA6 → TochB. on·miṣa-
PIE *oun·missu-
TochB. on·missu-
(a.) ‘remorseful’
(DTochB. 115)
1. PIE *oun·missu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *aun·missu-
(XX:XX)
2. aun·missu-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RChangeAU2O1 → *ōn·missu-
3. ōn·missu-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthOIA6 → TochB. on·missu-
PIE *oun·Σ-
TochB. on·krocce-
(a.) ‘immortal’
(DTochB. 113-4)
1. PIE *oun·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *aun·Σ-
(XX:XX)
2. aun·Σ-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RChangeAU2O1 → *ōn·Σ-
3. ōn·Σ-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthOIA6 → TochB. on·Σ-
PIE *oun·Σ-
TochB. on·waññe-
(a.) ‘immortal’
(DTochB. 114-5)
TochB. on·waññe-
1. PIE *oun·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *aun·Σ-
(XX:XX)
2. aun·Σ-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RChangeAU2O1 → *ōn·Σ-
3. ōn·Σ-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthOIA6 → TochB. on·Σ-
PIE *oun·Σ-
TochB. on·kipṣe-
(a.) ‘shameless’
(DTochB. 112)
TochB. on·kipṣe-
1. PIE *oun·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *aun·Σ-
(XX:XX)
2. aun·Σ-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RChangeAU2O1 → *ōn·Σ-
3. ōn·Σ-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthOIA6 → TochB. on·Σ-
PIE *ount·Σ-
TochB. ont·soyte-
(a.) ‘insatiable, unsatisfied’
(DTochB. 116)
1. PIE *ount·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *aunt·Σ-
(XX:XX)
2. aunt·Σ-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RChangeAU2O1 → *ōnt·Σ-
3. ōnt·Σ-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthOIA6 → TochB. ont·Σ-
PIE *un·ehɑrgino
Goth. un·airkn-
(a.) ‘unheilig, gottlos : ἀνόσιος’
(GoEtD. 18)
1. PIE *un·ehɑrgino
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *un·ehrgino
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. un·ehrgino
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *un·ehrǵno
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. un·ehrǵno
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *un·erǵno
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. un·erǵno
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *un·ergno
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. un·ergno
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
RDevoiceg → *un·erkno
6. un·erkno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *un·erkna
(XX:XX)
7. un·erkna
*e → i
Change of *e into i
RChangee2i → *un·irkna
8. un·irkna
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → Goth. un·irkn
PIE *un·hɑeiu̯iskii̯o
Goth. un·aiwisk-
(a.) ‘ohne Schande : ἀνεπαίσχυντος’
(GoEtD. 21)
1. PIE *un·hɑeiu̯iskii̯o
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *un·hɑaiu̯iskii̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. un·hɑaiu̯iskii̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *un·haiu̯iskii̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. un·haiu̯iskii̯o
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *un·haiu̯isḱi̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. un·haiu̯isḱi̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *un·aiu̯isḱi̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. un·aiu̯isḱi̯o
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *un·aiu̯iski̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. un·aiu̯iski̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *un·aiu̯iski̯a
(XX:XX)
7. un·aiu̯iski̯a
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *un·aiu̯iski̯
8. un·aiu̯iski̯
*i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
ROrthogrY2j → *un·aiu̯iskj
9. un·aiu̯iskj
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → Goth. un·aiwiskj


PIE √up- √uop- √uep- ‘Fett, Fetthaut, Talg’ (a.) ‘fett(leibig)’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√uopo-
PIE *u̯opóuɦɑdero-
RV. vapódara-
(a.) ‘fettleibig’
(WbRV. 1214)
1. PIE *u̯opóuɦɑdero-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯opóuɦdero-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯opóuɦdero-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯apóuɦdera-
3. u̯apóuɦdera-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *u̯apáuɦdera-
4. u̯apáuɦdera-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *u̯apáudera-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. u̯apáudera-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *u̯apáudara-
6. u̯apáudara-
aú → ṓ
Monophthongization of *aú
RChangeAU2O2 → *u̯apṓdara-
7. u̯apṓdara-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *vapṓdara-
8. vapṓdara-
ṓ → ó
Orthographic change of ṓ into ó
ROrthOIA7 → RV. vapódara-
√uopēɑh-
PIE *u̯opḗɑh-
OInd. vapā́-
(f.) ‘die Fetthaut’
(WbRV. 1213)
(KEWA 3:144, VS. vapā́-)
1. PIE *u̯opḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *u̯opā́ɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. u̯opā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯opā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. u̯opā́h-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯apā́h-
4. u̯apā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯apā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. u̯apā́-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → OInd. vapā́-
PIE *u̯opḗɑhu̯ont-
RV. vapā́vant-
(a.) ‘mit Fett versehen’
(WbRV. 1213)
(RV. 5.43.7.)
1. PIE *u̯opḗɑhu̯ont-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *u̯opā́ɑhu̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. u̯opā́ɑhu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯opā́hu̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. u̯opā́hu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯apā́hu̯ant-
4. u̯apā́hu̯ant-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯apā́u̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. u̯apā́u̯ant-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → RV. vapā́vant-
√uopu-
PIE *u̯opudɑɦi̯ei-
Hitt. u̯apuzei-
() ((UZU)n.) ‘Talg’
(HHand. 194)
(Hitt. ua-ap-pu-uz-zi-ia)
1. PIE *u̯opudɑɦi̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯opudɦi̯ei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯opudɦi̯ei-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *u̯opuzei-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. u̯opuzei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. u̯apuzei-
(XX:XX)
PIE *u̯opudɑɦi̯ei-
Hitt. u̯apuzei-
(ENc.) ‘heth. Würdenträger’
(HHand. 194)
1. PIE *u̯opudɑɦi̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯opudɦi̯ei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯opudɦi̯ei-
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *u̯opuzei-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. u̯opuzei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. u̯apuzei-
(XX:XX)


PIE √up- √uop- √uep- (sb.) ‘Strom, Fluß, See, Teich, Sumpf’
(IEW XX)
(Pyysalo)
√uop-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *u̯opom-
Hitt. u̯apam-
(c.) ‘river bank’
(HIL. 1107)
(Hitt. ua-ap-pa-mu-uš [plA])
1. PIE *u̯opom-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. u̯apam-
(XX:XX)
PIE *u̯ōpēɑh-
OCS. vapa-
(f.) ‘Sumpf, Teich, Gehölz’
(Sadnik 1046)
(REW 168)
1. PIE *u̯ōpēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *u̯ōpāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. u̯ōpāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ōpāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. u̯ōpāh-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *u̯āpāh-
4. u̯āpāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯āpā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. u̯āpā-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *vāpā-
6. vāpā-
*ā → a
Orthographic change of *ā into a
ROrthogrA2a1 → OCS. vapa-
PIE *u̯ōpiɑ́h-
OInd. vāpī́-
(f.) ‘kleiner See, grosser Teich, Pfuhl, Zisterne’
(KEWA 3:188)
1. PIE *u̯ōpiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1b → *u̯ōpiíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. u̯ōpiíh-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *u̯āpiíh-
3. u̯āpiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯āpií-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. u̯āpií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → *u̯āpī́-
5. u̯āpī́-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → OInd. vāpī́-
PIE *u̯opu-
Hitt. u̯apu-
(n./c.) ‘Flußufer’
(HHand. 194)
(Weitenberg 1984: 52-4 for attestations’
1. PIE *u̯opu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. u̯apu-
(XX:XX)
√up-
PIE *úpēhɑ-
Lith. ùpė-
(f2.) ‘Strom, Fluß’
(LiEtWb. 1169)
1. PIE *úpēhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *úpēh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. úpēh-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis Li. ù
RAcc3 → *ùpēh-
3. ùpēh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ùpē-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ùpē-
* ē -> ė
Orthographic change of *ē into ė
R28a → Lith. ùpė-


PIE √ur- √uor- √uer- (vb.) ‘bewahren, scheuen, wachten’ (sb.) ‘Wächter, Warter’
(IEW XX)
√uoro-
PIE *o·u̯oro-
Hitt. a·u̯ara-
(ḪUR.SAG) ‘verehrt in › Šuruwa’
(OGH. 58)
(Hitt. au-ua-ra-aš [sgN], Luwiya 277)
1. PIE *o·u̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. a·u̯ara-
(XX:XX)
PIE *u̯ṓro-
ODor. ϝώρο-
(m.pl.) ‘Auge(n)’
(GEW 1:280)
(in Hes. βῶροι · οφθαλμοί)
1. PIE *u̯ṓro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → ODor. ϝώρο-
PIE *puhɑlēɑh·u̯ōró-
Dor. πυλᾱ·ωρό-
(a.) ‘Torwart, Wächter’
(GEW 2:623)
(Ep. πυλα·ωρό-)
1. PIE *puhɑlēɑh·u̯ōró-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *puhɑlāɑh·u̯ōró-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. puhɑlāɑh·u̯ōró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *puhlāh·u̯ōró-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. puhlāh·u̯ōró-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pulā·u̯ōró-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. pulā·u̯ōró-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *pulā·ōró-
5. pulā·ōró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Dor. πυλᾱ·ωρό-
PIE *u̯oro
Goth. war-
(a.) ‘sober’
(GoEtD. 395)
1. PIE *u̯oro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *u̯ara
(XX:XX)
2. u̯ara
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *u̯ar
3. u̯ar
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → Goth. war
PIE *u̯oro
OSax. war-
(a.) ‘wary, cautious, careful’
(GoEtD. 395)
1. PIE *u̯oro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *u̯ara
(XX:XX)
2. u̯ara
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *u̯ar
3. u̯ar
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → OSax. war
PIE *u̯óro-
Gr. ὄρο-
(pr.) ‘schauen, netrachten, sehen’
(GEW 2:409)
(Gr. ὄρομαι)
1. PIE *u̯óro-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *óro-
2. óro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὄρο-
√uori-
PIE *o·u̯ori-
Hitt. a·u̯ari-
(c.) ‘Ausgück, Warte, Turm’
(HHand. 30)
1. PIE *o·u̯ori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. a·u̯ari-
(XX:XX)
PIE *u̯ori
MidHG. wer
(f.) ‘caution’
(GoEtD. 395)
1. PIE *u̯ori
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *u̯ari
(XX:XX)
2. u̯ari
*-i → -e
Change of root-final -i into -e
RChangeFinali2e → *u̯are
3. u̯are
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → MidHG. ware
PIE *u̯ori̯o-
OEng. waria-
(vb.) ‘bewahren, hüten’
(ANEtWb. 645)
(OEng. warian
1. PIE *u̯ori̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *u̯ari̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. u̯ari̯a-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → *wari̯a-
3. wari̯a-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of *i̯ into i
ROrthogrY2j → OEng. waria-
PIE *u̯oridɑɦo-
Hitt. u̯arida-
(vb.) ‘sich ängstigen, scheuen’ (= Hitt. uerit-)
(HHand. 196)
1. PIE *u̯oridɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯oridɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯oridɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯aridɦa-
(XX:XX)
3. u̯aridɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. u̯arida-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uort-
PIE *u̯oŕto-
Lith. var̃ta-
(m.) ‘Wächter, Waldwart, Unterförster’
(LiEtWb. 1204)
1. PIE *u̯oŕto-
eŕ → or̃
Circumflex intonation for oŕ
RAcc11 → *u̯or̃to-
2. u̯or̃to-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯ar̃ta-
3. u̯ar̃ta-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → Lith. var̃ta-
PIE *u̯orto
OPr. wart-
(m.) ‘Warter, Waltwächter, Unterförster’
(LiEtWb. 1204)
1. PIE *u̯orto
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯arta
2. u̯arta
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *varta
3. varta
*v → w
Orthographic change of v into w
ROrthogrv2w → OPr. warta
√uordɑɦ-
PIE *Π·u̯ordɑɦo
Goth. daura·ward-
(m.) ‘doorkeeper : θυρωρός’
(GoEtD. 394)
1. PIE *Π·u̯ordɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·u̯ordɦo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·u̯ordɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *Π·u̯ordo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. Π·u̯ordo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *Π·u̯arda
(XX:XX)
4. Π·u̯arda
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *Π·u̯ard
5. Π·u̯ard
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → Goth. Π·ward
PIE *u̯ordɑɦo
OSax. ward-
(m.) ‘guard’
(GoEtD. 394)
1. PIE *u̯ordɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ordɦo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯ordɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *u̯ordo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. u̯ordo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *u̯arda
(XX:XX)
4. u̯arda
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *u̯ard
5. u̯ard
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → OSax. ward
PIE *u̯ordɑɦo
OHG. wart-
(m.) ‘guard’
(GoEtD. 394)
1. PIE *u̯ordɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ordɦo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯ordɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *u̯ordo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. u̯ordo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *u̯arda
(XX:XX)
4. u̯arda
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *u̯ard
5. u̯ard
*d → t
OHG sound shift of *d
ROHGShiftD2T → *u̯art
6. u̯art
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → OHG. wart
PIE *u̯ordɑɦu
OIcl. vǫrð-
(m.) ‘Wächter, Hüter’
(ANEtWb. 675)
1. PIE *u̯ordɑɦu
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ordɦu
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯ordɦu
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *u̯ordu
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. u̯ordu
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *u̯ardu
(XX:XX)
4. u̯ardu
*ardu → ǫrd
Umlaut *u for ardu
RUmlautardu → *u̯ǫrd
5. u̯ǫrd
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → OIcl. vǫrd
PIE *u̯ordɑɦēɑh
OHG. warta-
(f.) ‘look-out’
(GoEtD. 394)
1. PIE *u̯ordɑɦēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *u̯ordɑɦāɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. u̯ordɑɦāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ordɦāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. u̯ordɦāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯ordɦā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. u̯ordɦā
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *u̯ordā
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. u̯ordā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *u̯ardā
(XX:XX)
6. u̯ardā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → *u̯ardō
(XX:XX)
7. u̯ardō
-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
RChangeFinalo2a → *u̯arda
8. u̯arda
*d → t
OHG sound shift of *d
ROHGShiftD2T → *u̯arta
9. u̯arta
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → OHG. warta
√uoru-
PIE *u̯oru-
Gr. ὄρυ-
(prM.) ils visent
(GEW 2:XX)
(Hom. epi oruntai)
1. PIE *u̯oru-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *oru-
2. oru-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὀρυ-
PIE *u̯oru̯o-
LinB. ϝορϝο-
(m.) ‘guard’
(GEW 2:XX)
(LinB. wo-wo)
1. PIE *u̯oru̯o-
Change from Latin to Old Mycenean alphabet
RGr2Lat → LinB. ϝορϝο-
PIE *u̯óru̯o-
Gr. οὔρο-
(m.) ‘guard’
(GEW 2:XX)
(Gr. οὖρο-)
1. PIE *u̯óru̯o-
*óru̯o → oúro
Loss of *u̯ with lengthening
RChangeorwo2ouro → *u̯oúro-
2. u̯oúro-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *oúro-
3. oúro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὀύρο-
√uro-
PIE *o·uro-
Hitt. a·ura-
(n./c.) ‘Ausguck, Warte, Turm’
(HHand. 29)
1. PIE *o·uro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. a·ura-
(XX:XX)
PIE *o·uro-
Hitt. a·ura-
(URU.) ‘‹cf. above›
(OGH. 57)
1. PIE *o·uro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. a·ura-
(XX:XX)
PIE *Π·uró-
Gr. βλοσ·υρό-
(a.) ‘mit fruchtbaren Augen, gräßlich blickend’
(GEW 2:XX)
1. PIE *Π·uró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·υρό-
PIE *puhɑlo·uró-
Gr. πυλο·υρό-
(a.) ‘Torwart, Wächter’
(GEW 2:623)
1. PIE *puhɑlo·uró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *puhlo·uró-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. puhlo·uró-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pulo·uró-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. pulo·uró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. πυλο·υρό-
PIE *puhɑlēɑh·uró-
Dor. πυλα·υρό-
(a.) ‘Torwart, Wächter’
(GEW 2:623)
1. PIE *puhɑlēɑh·uró-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *puhɑlāɑh·uró-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. puhɑlāɑh·uró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *puhlāh·uró-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. puhlāh·uró-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pulā·uró-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. pulā·uró-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
ROsthoffa1 → *pula·uró-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
5. pula·uró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Dor. πυλα·υρό-
√uri-
PIE *ouri-
Hitt. a·uri-
(n./c.) ‘Ausguck, Warte, Turm’
(HHand. 29)
1. PIE *ouri-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. auri-
(XX:XX)
PIE *ouri̯o-
Hitt. a·uria
(ḪUR.SAG.) (in der Nähe von › Ḫaštira)
(OGH. 57-58)
1. PIE *ouri̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. auri̯a-
(XX:XX)
PIE *ouri̯olo-
Hitt. a·uriala-
(N.ag.) ‘Grenzwächter, Grenzschusoldat’
(HHand. 29)
1. PIE *ouri̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. auri̯ala-
(XX:XX)
PIE *uridɑɦeimo-
Hitt. urideima-
(.) ‘Angst’
(HHand. 187)
1. PIE *uridɑɦeimo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *uridɦeimo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. uridɦeimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *uridɦeima-
(XX:XX)
3. uridɦeima-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. urideima-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uru-
PIE *ouru-
LinB. οὔρυ-
(vb.) ‘guard, protect’
(GEW 2:XX)
(LinB. o-u-ru-to o-pi-a2-ra e-pi-ko-u̯o, PYLOS An 657
1. PIE *ouru-
Change from Latin to Old Mycenean alphabet
RGr2Lat → LinB. ὀυρυ-
PIE *u̯rúo-
Gr. ρύο-
(.) ‘XX’
(GEW 2:XX)
(Gr. ρύοντο)
1. PIE *u̯rúo-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *rúo-
2. rúo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ρύο-
PIE *u̯rú-
Gr. ρύ-
(.) ‘XX’
(GEW 2:XX)
(Gr. ρύατο)
1. PIE *u̯rú-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *rú-
2. rú-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ρύ-
√ueri-
(Benveniste BSL 33, 138)
PIE *u̯erei̯o-
Lat. uereo-
(pr.) ‘XX’
(WH 2:XX)
(Lat. uereō)
1. PIE *u̯erei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
RLossY1 → *u̯ereo-
2. u̯ereo-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → Lat. uereo-
PIE *u̯eridɑɦ-
Hitt. u̯erid-
(vb2.) ‘sich ängstigen, scheuen’
(HHand. 201)
1. PIE *u̯eridɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯eridɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯eridɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. u̯erid-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯eridɑɦei-
Hitt. u̯eridei-
(vb1.) ‘sich ängstigen, scheuen’
(HHand. 201
1. PIE *u̯eridɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯eridɦei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯eridɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. u̯eridei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯eridɑɦeimo-
Hitt. u̯erideima-
(.) ‘Angst’
(HHand. 187)
1. PIE *u̯eridɑɦeimo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯eridɦeimo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯eridɦeimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯eridɦeima-
(XX:XX)
3. u̯eridɦeima-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. u̯erideima-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √ur- √uor- √uer- (vb.) ‘warm werden, brennen’ (sb.) ‘Wärme, Hitze, Frühling’
(IEW XX)
(Pyysalo)
√uēr-
(Persson, Beitr. 615!)
(Not *u̯ēsr- !)
PIE *u̯ēr
Lat. uēr-
(f.) ‘Frühling’
(WH 2:755)
(Lat. uēr, uēris)
1. PIE *u̯ēr
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → Lat. uēr
PIE *u̯ēr
OIcl. vār-
(n.) ‘Frühling’
(ANEtWb. 644)
(OIcl. vār)
1. PIE *u̯ēr
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
RChangeE2A → *u̯ār
2. u̯ār
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → OIcl. vār
PIE *u̯ēr
ModSwed. vår-
(sb.) ‘Frühling’
(ANEtWb. 644)
1. PIE *u̯ēr
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
RChangeE2A → *u̯ār
2. u̯ār
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *vār
3. vār
*ā → å
Change of *ā into å
RChangeA2å → ModSwed. vår
√uēro-
PIE *u̯ēro-
OIcl. vāra-
(vb.) ‘frühling werden’
(ANEtWb. 645)
1. PIE *u̯ēro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *u̯ēra-
(XX:XX)
2. u̯ēra-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
RChangeE2A → *u̯āra-
3. u̯āra-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → OIcl. vāra-
√uoro-
PIE *u̯oro-
Hitt. u̯ara-
(vb2.) ‘start a fire’
(HIL. 1067)
(Hitt. ua-a-ra-i ‘start a fire’)
1. PIE *u̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. u̯ara-
(XX:XX)
PIE *uri·u̯oro-
Hitt. uri·u̯ara-
(.) ‘brennend, lodernd’
(HHand. 196)
1. PIE *uri·u̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. uri·u̯ara-
(XX:XX)
√uori-
PIE *u̯ori·u̯oront-
Hitt. u̯ari·u̯arant-
(pt.) ‘brennend, lodernd’
(HHand. 196)
1. PIE *u̯ori·u̯oront-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. u̯ari·u̯arant-
(XX:XX)
√uormo-
PIE *u̯ormo
OIcl. varm-
(a.) ‘warm’
(ANEtWb. 646)
(OIcl. varmr [sgN])
1. PIE *u̯ormo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *u̯arma
(XX:XX)
2. u̯arma
-a → Ø
Loss of -a in root-final position
RLossFinala1 → *u̯arm
3. u̯arm
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → OIcl. varm
PIE *u̯ormo
OEng. wearm-
(a.) ‘warm’
(ASaxD. 1177)
1. PIE *u̯ormo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *u̯arma
(XX:XX)
2. u̯arma
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *u̯arm
3. u̯arm
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → OEng. warm
PIE *u̯ormo
OHG. warm-
(a.) ‘calidus, apricus’
(ASaxD. 1177)
1. PIE *u̯ormo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *u̯arma
(XX:XX)
2. u̯arma
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *u̯arm
3. u̯arm
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → OHG. warm
PIE *u̯ormo
OSax. warm-
(a.) ‘warm’
(ASaxD. 1177)
1. PIE *u̯ormo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *u̯arma
(XX:XX)
2. u̯arma
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *u̯arm
3. u̯arm
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → OSax. warm
PIE *u̯ormo
OFr. warm-
(a.) ‘warm’
(ASaxD. 1177)
(OFr. warm)
1. PIE *u̯ormo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *u̯arma
(XX:XX)
2. u̯arma
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *u̯arm
3. u̯arm
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → OFr. warm
√uērmēɑh-
PIE *u̯ērmēɑh
OHG. wirma-
(f.) ‘Wärme, Hitze, Wärmen : warmth, heat’
(IEW. 1166)
1. PIE *u̯ērmēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *u̯ērmāɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. u̯ērmāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ērmāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. u̯ērmāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯ērmā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. u̯ērmā
*ēRC → eRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ēRC
ROsthoffe1 → *u̯ermā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
5. u̯ermā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → *u̯ermō
(XX:XX)
6. u̯ermō
*e → i
Change of *e into i
RChangee2i → *u̯irmō
7. u̯irmō
-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
RChangeFinalo2a → *u̯irma
8. u̯irma
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → OHG. wirma
PIE *u̯ērmēɑh-
OEng. wirma-
(vb.) ‘make warm’
(ASaxD. 1238)
1. PIE *u̯ērmēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *u̯ērmāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. u̯ērmāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ērmāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. u̯ērmāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯ērmā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. u̯ērmā-
*ēRC → eRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ēRC
ROsthoffe1 → *u̯ermā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
5. u̯ermā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → *u̯ermō-
(XX:XX)
6. u̯ermō-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
RChangee2i → *u̯irmō-
7. u̯irmō-
-ō → -a
Change of stem-final -ō into -a
RChangeFinalo2a → *u̯irma-
8. u̯irma-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → OEng. wirma-
√uorno-
PIE *u̯erno-
Lat. uerno-
(a.) ‘auf den Früchling bezüglich’
(WH 2:755)
1. PIE *u̯erno-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → Lat. uerno-
PIE *u̯órno-
RV. várṇa-
(m.) ‘Farbe, Glanz(escheinung)’ (schwarz, rot)
(WbRV. 1222)
1. PIE *u̯órno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯órna-
2. u̯órna-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *u̯árna-
3. u̯árna-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *várna-
4. várna-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
RRetrofl1 → RV. várṇa-
PIE *su·u̯órno-
RV. su·várṇa-
(a.) ‘schönfarbig’
(WbRV. 1551)
1. PIE *su·u̯órno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *su·u̯órna-
2. su·u̯órna-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *su·u̯árna-
3. su·u̯árna-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *su·várna-
4. su·várna-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
RRetrofl1 → RV. su·várṇa-
PIE *u̯ernos-
LAv. varǝnah-
(n.) ‘Farbe’ (als Zeichen blühender Gesundheit)
(WbRV. 1372)
1. PIE *u̯ernos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯ernas-
2. u̯ernas-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
R19b → *u̯erǝnas-
3. u̯erǝnas-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *u̯erǝnah-
4. u̯erǝnah-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *u̯arǝnah-
5. u̯arǝnah-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → LAv. varǝnah-
PIE *kiu̯ito·u̯ernos-
LAv. spita·varǝnah-
(m.) ‘Name eines Bergs oder Gebirgs’
(AIWb. 1625)
(LAv. spita- ‘weiss+farbig’)
1. PIE *kiu̯ito·u̯ernos-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *ću̯ito·u̯ernos-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
2. ću̯ito·u̯ernos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ću̯ita·u̯ernas-
3. ću̯ita·u̯ernas-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
R19b → *ću̯ita·u̯erǝnas-
4. ću̯ita·u̯erǝnas-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *ću̯ita·u̯erǝnah-
5. ću̯ita·u̯erǝnah-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to Avestan
RSatem2Av1 → *su̯ita·u̯erǝnah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. su̯ita·u̯erǝnah-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *su̯ita·u̯arǝnah-
7. su̯ita·u̯arǝnah-
*su̯ → sp
Bilabialization of u̯ after s
R35 → *spita·u̯arǝnah-
8. spita·u̯arǝnah-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → LAv. spita·varǝnah-
√urēɑh-
PIE *urēɑh-
Alb. urë-
(.) ‘Scheit, Feuerbrand’
(XX)
1. PIE *urēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *urāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. urāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *urāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. urāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *urā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. urā-
*ā → ë
Change of *ā into Alb. ë
RChangeA2ë → Alb. urë-
(XX:XX)
√uri-
PIE *uri·u̯oro-
Hitt. uri·u̯ara-
(.) ‘brennend, lodernd’
(HHand. 196)
1. PIE *uri·u̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. uri·u̯ara-
(XX:XX)
√urno-
PIE *urno-
OIcl. orna-
(vb.) ‘warm werden, wärmen’
(IEW. 1166)
1. PIE *urno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → OIcl. urna-
(XX:XX)


PIE √ur- √uor- √uer- (a.) ‘hervorstehend, weit, groß’ (sb.) ‘Tisch, Platte’
(IEW XX)
(+ Rieken + Pyysalo)
√uoro-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *u̯oro-
HLu. u̯ara-
(sb.) ‘plain’
(CHLu. 1.1.5)
(HLu. “TERRA X”(-)wá/í+ra/i-za)
1. PIE *u̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → HLu. u̯ara-
(XX:XX)
PIE *u̯oro·séɦɑd-
RV. vara·sád-
(a.) ‘im weiten Raume sich aufhaltend’
(WbRV. 1218)
1. PIE *u̯oro·séɦɑd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯oro·séɦd-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯oro·séɦd-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯ara·séɦd-
3. u̯ara·séɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *u̯ara·séd-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. u̯ara·séd-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *u̯ara·sád-
5. u̯ara·sád-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → RV. vara·sád-
√uero-
PIE *u̯ero-
Hitt. u̯era-
() ((GIŠ)c.) ‘Platte, Tablett’ ?
(HHand. 187)
(HIL 1158)
1. PIE *u̯ero-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. u̯era-
(XX:XX)
√uro-
(Rieken + Pyysalo)
PIE *uro-
Hitt. ura-
(a.) ‘GAL : groß’
(HHand. 187)
1. PIE *uro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ura-
(XX:XX)
PIE *uro-
CLu. ura-
(a.) ‘groß’
(HHand. 187)
1. PIE *uro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → CLu. ura-
(XX:XX)
PIE *ɦɑdont·uro-
OInd. dant·ura-
(a.) ‘mit hervorstehende Zähnen’
(Rieken 1999:354)
1. PIE *ɦɑdont·uro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦdont·uro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦdont·uro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦdant·ura-
3. ɦdant·ura-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → OInd. dant·ura-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE *uro-
Hitt. ura-
(GIŠc.) ‘Platte, Tablett’ (?)
(HHand. 187)
(HIL. 1069)
1. PIE *uro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ura-
(XX:XX)
PIE *Π·uro-
Lith. aũk·ura-
(m.) ‘Opfertisch, Altar’
(LiEtWb. 24-25)
(Lith. aũkuras [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·uro-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Lith. Π·ura-
PIE *leɑh·uro-
Hitt. laḫ·ura-
() ((GIŠ).) ‘Opfer·tisch’
(HEG 2:5)
1. PIE *leɑh·uro-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *laɑh·uro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. laɑh·uro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *lah·uro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. lah·uro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *lah·ura-
(XX:XX)
4. lah·ura-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. laḫ·ura-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *dɑɦos·uro-
Pal. daš·ura-
(.) ‘Opfer·tisch’
(XX)
1. PIE *dɑɦos·uro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦos·uro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦos·uro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦas·ura-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦas·ura-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *das·ura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. das·ura-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Pal. daš·ura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *isn·uro-
Hitt. išn·ura-
(c.) ‘Gefäß zur Teigbereitung, Backtrog’
(HHand. 66)
(Kimball 1999:XX):
1. PIE *isn·uro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *isn·ura-
(XX:XX)
2. isn·ura-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. išn·ura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √ur- √uor- √uer- (sb.) ‘Hilfe, Mittel’ (vb.) ‘helfen’
(IEW XX)
(Gusmani, SMEA 6 [1968]:17ff.)
√uro-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *uro-
Hitt. ura-
(vb.) ‘zu Hilfe kommen, helfen’
(HHand. 187)
(Hitt. urra-)
1. PIE *uro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ura-
(XX:XX)
PIE *sin·uro-
Hitt. šin·ura-
(a.) ‘mittellos, arm’
(HEG 2:1053-4)
(For Hitt. šin- cf. Lat. sine ‘ohne’)
1. PIE *sin·uro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sin·ura-
(XX:XX)
2. sin·ura-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. šin·ura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uoro-
PIE *uu̯oro-
Hitt. uu̯ara-
(c/n.?) ‘Hilfe’
(HHand. 190)
(Hitt. uuarra ḫalzai-).
1. PIE *uu̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. uu̯ara-
(XX:XX)
√uēr-
PIE *u̯ḗr
Gr. ἧρ-
(f.) ‘service, gratification’
(LSJ. 1:777)
(GEW 1:641, Gr. ἧρα [sgA], Melchert 1983:11, Kimball 1999:247)
1. PIE *u̯ḗr
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *ḗr
2. ḗr
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἤρ


PIE √ur- √uor- √uer- ‘Geruch’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√uor-
PIE *u̯or-
TochB. war-
(prM.tr.) ‘smell’
(DTochB. 596)
(TochB. warträ [3sg])
1. PIE *u̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯ar-
(XX:XX)
2. u̯ar-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of u̯ into w
R19 → TochB. war-
PIE *u̯oro
TochA. war-
(m.) ‘Geruch : odeur’
(Poucha XX)
(TochA. war [sgN])
1. PIE *u̯oro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯ara
(XX:XX)
2. u̯ara
*a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *u̯ar
3. u̯ar
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of u̯ into w
ROrthW2w → TochA. war
PIE *u̯oro-
TochB. wera-
(m.sg.) ‘gandha-, gandharva- : smell’
(DTochB. 609)
(TochB. were [sgN])
1. PIE *u̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯ara-
(XX:XX)
2. u̯ara-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of u̯ into w
R19 → TochB. wara-
√uors-
(CHD Š: 176)
(HIL. 1126, 1129)
PIE *u̯ors-
TochB. wars-
(vb.) ‘smell’
(DTochB. 596)
(TochB. warstsi [inf.])
1. PIE *u̯ors-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯ars-
(XX:XX)
2. u̯ars-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of u̯ into w
R19 → TochB. wars-
PIE *u̯orso-
TochA. wärsä-
(prA.) ‘spirare, respirare’
(Poucha 297)
(TochA. wärsäṣ [3sg])
1. PIE *u̯orso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯arsa-
(XX:XX)
2. u̯arsa-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of u̯ into w
ROrthW2w → TochA. warsa-
PIE *u̯orsi-
TochB. warṣ-
(vb.) ‘smell’
(DTochB. 596)
(TochB. warṣäṃ [3sg])
1. PIE *u̯orsi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯arsi-
(XX:XX)
2. u̯arsi-
*si → ṣ
Palatalization of *si
R18b → *u̯arṣ-
3. u̯arṣ-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of u̯ into w
R19 → TochB. warṣ-
PIE *u̯orsei̯o-
Hitt. uaršei̯a-
(vb.) ‘smell’
(HIL. 1126)
1. PIE *u̯orsei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯arsei̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. u̯arsei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. u̯aršei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯orsul-
Hitt. u̯aršul-
(n.) ‘angenehmer Gerucht, Duft’ (Sum. ŠIM)
(HHand. 197)
(Cf. Hitt. a·šul- (n.) ‘Güte, Heil, Grüß, Wohlergehen’)
1. PIE *u̯orsul-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯arsul-
(XX:XX)
2. u̯arsul-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. u̯aršul-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√urs-
PIE *urs-
TochA. urs-
(vbM.) ‘olfacere, olere’
(Poucha 294)
(TochA. pursār [ipv.], LÉDT 160)


PIE √urgiɑɦ- √uorgiɑɦ- √uergiɑɦ- (vb.) ‘rollen’ (sb.) ‘Wagen, Türangel’
(IEW XX)
(Pyysalo)
√urgiɑɦ-
PIE *Π·u̯r̥gi̯ɑɦo-
RV. prá (…) vr̥ha·-
(pr.) ‘vorwärtz rollen (das Rad)’
(WbRV. 900)
1. PIE *Π·u̯r̥gi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·u̯r̥gi̯ɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·u̯r̥gi̯ɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *Π·u̯r̥j́ɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. Π·u̯r̥j́ɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·u̯r̥j́ɦa-
4. Π·u̯r̥j́ɦa-
*j́ɦ → ɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to OIA
RSatem2OIA3 → *Π·u̯r̥ɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. Π·u̯r̥ɦa-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *Π·vr̥ɦa-
6. Π·vr̥ɦa-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·vr̥ha-
PIE *Π·u̯r̥gi̯ɑɦo-
RV. úd (…) vr̥ha·-
(pr.) ‘herumrollen’
(WbRV. 900)
1. PIE *Π·u̯r̥gi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·u̯r̥gi̯ɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·u̯r̥gi̯ɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *Π·u̯r̥j́ɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. Π·u̯r̥j́ɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·u̯r̥j́ɦa-
4. Π·u̯r̥j́ɦa-
*j́ɦ → ɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to OIA
RSatem2OIA3 → *Π·u̯r̥ɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. Π·u̯r̥ɦa-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *Π·vr̥ɦa-
6. Π·vr̥ɦa-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·vr̥ha-
PIE *u̯ou̯orgi̯ɑɦimo-
Hitt. u̯au̯argima-
(c.) ‘Türangel : door-hinge’
(HEG 2:302-3)
(Puhvel HED 3: 399f.)
1. PIE *u̯ou̯orgi̯ɑɦimo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ou̯orgi̯ɦimo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯ou̯orgi̯ɦimo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *u̯ou̯orǵɦimo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. u̯ou̯orǵɦimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯au̯arǵɦima-
(XX:XX)
4. u̯au̯arǵɦima-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *u̯au̯argɦima-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. u̯au̯argɦima-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. u̯au̯argima-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯orgi̯ɑɦoni-
HLu. u̯arzani-
(CURRUSc.) ‘chariot : Wagen’
(CHLu. 2.11.7)
(HLu. wa/i+ra/i-za-ni-ná)
1. PIE *u̯orgi̯ɑɦoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯orgi̯ɦoni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯orgi̯ɦoni-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *u̯orj́ɦoni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. u̯orj́ɦoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯arj́ɦani-
(XX:XX)
4. u̯arj́ɦani-
*j́ɦ → z
From Satem *j́ɦ to CLu.
RSatem2CLu3 → HLu. u̯arzani-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.9)


PIE √ur- √uor- √uer- (vb.) ‘vernichten, sterben’ (sb.) ‘Schwert’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Av. + HLu.)
√uor-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·u̯or-
HLu. ARHA uar·-
(vb.) ‘die away’
(CHLu. XX)
(HLu. (“MORI”)wa/i+ra/i-ha’ [1sg])
1. PIE *Π·u̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → HLu. Π·u̯ar-
(XX:XX)
PIE *u̯ou̯or-
HLu. uauar-
(vb.) ‘die’
(CHLu. XX)
(HLu. ...w]a/i-wa/i+ra/i-tá)
1. PIE *u̯ou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → HLu. u̯au̯ar-
(XX:XX)
PIE *Π·u̯ōrei̯o-
LAv. paiti (...) vāraya-
(csA.) ‘zu Grunde richten, vernichten’
(AIWb. 1363)
1. PIE *Π·u̯ōrei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·u̯ōrei̯a-
2. Π·u̯ōrei̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *Π·u̯ārei̯a-
3. Π·u̯ārei̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *Π·u̯ārai̯a-
4. Π·u̯ārai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → *Π·u̯āraya-
5. Π·u̯āraya-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → LAv. Π·vāraya-
√uori-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *u̯ori
OIcl. ver-
(m.) ‘Schwert’ (þula)
(ANEtWb. 657)
(OIcl. verr [sgN])
1. PIE *u̯ori
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *u̯ari
(XX:XX)
2. u̯ari
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → OIcl. vari
PIE *Π·u̯ou̯orito-
HLu. ARHA uauarita·-
(vb.) ‘die away’
(CHLu. XX)
(Not from */l/ > HLu. /r/ vs. Melchert 1994:238)
1. PIE *Π·u̯ou̯orito-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → HLu. Π·u̯au̯arita-
(XX:XX)
√u̯ordɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *pro·u̯ordɑɦi̯o-
Goth. fra·wardja-
(vb.) ‘verderben’ (vb.tr.) ‘entstellen’
(Mat 6,19 CA)
1. PIE *pro·u̯ordɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pro·u̯ordɦi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. pro·u̯ordɦi̯o-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → *fro·u̯ordɦi̯o-
3. fro·u̯ordɦi̯o-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *fro·u̯ordi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. fro·u̯ordi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *fra·u̯ardi̯a-
(XX:XX)
5. fra·u̯ardi̯a-
*i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
ROrthogrY2j → *fra·u̯ardja-
6. fra·u̯ardja-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → Goth. fra·wardja-
PIE *u̯ordɑɦi̯o-
OIcl. verða-
(pr.) ‘vernichten’
(ANEtWb. 655)
1. PIE *u̯ordɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ordɦi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯ordɦi̯o-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *u̯ordi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. u̯ordi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *u̯ardi̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. u̯ardi̯a-
*a – i → e – Ø
Umlaut for *a – i
RUmlautardj → *u̯erda-
5. u̯erda-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → OIcl. verda-
PIE *por·u̯ordɑɦi̯o-
OHG. far·werte-
(pr.) ‘XX’
(ANEtWb. 655)
(OHG. farwerten [inf.])
1. PIE *por·u̯ordɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *por·u̯ordɦi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. por·u̯ordɦi̯o-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → *for·u̯ordɦi̯o-
3. for·u̯ordɦi̯o-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *for·u̯ordi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. for·u̯ordi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *far·u̯ardi̯a-
(XX:XX)
5. far·u̯ardi̯a-
*arti̯a → arte
Umlaut for arti̯a → arte
RUmlautARDJA → *far·u̯erde-
6. far·u̯erde-
*d → t
OHG sound shift of *d
ROHGShiftD2T → *far·u̯erte-
7. far·u̯erte-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → OHG. far·werte-
PIE *pro·u̯ordɑɦeini-
Goth. fra·wardein-
(f.) ‘Verderben : ólethros : interitus’
(1Tm 6,9 A B)
(Goth. frawardein [sgA])
1. PIE *pro·u̯ordɑɦeini-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pro·u̯ordɦeini-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. pro·u̯ordɦeini-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → *fro·u̯ordɦeini-
3. fro·u̯ordɦeini-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *fro·u̯ordeini-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. fro·u̯ordeini-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *fra·u̯ardeini-
(XX:XX)
5. fra·u̯ardeini-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → *fra·u̯ardīni-
6. fra·u̯ardīni-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → *fra·wardīni-
7. fra·wardīni-
*ī → ei
Orthographic change of *ī into ei
ROrthogrI2ei → Goth. fra·wardeini-
PIE *u̯ordɑɦo·lo-
CLu. uarda·la-
(a.pt.) ‘gewunden ?, HHand. 197’
(DLL 108)
(CLu. ua-ar-da-la-an-za)
1. PIE *u̯ordɑɦo·lo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ordɦo·lo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯ordɦo·lo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯ardɦa·la-
(XX:XX)
3. u̯ardɦa·la-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. u̯arda·la-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯ordɑɦo·ku̯o-
OInd. vardha·ka-
(m.) ‘Zimmermann’
(KEWA 3:157)
1. PIE *u̯ordɑɦo·ku̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ordɦo·ku̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯ordɦo·ku̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯ardɦa·ku̯a-
3. u̯ardɦa·ku̯a-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *u̯ardɦa·ka-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
4. u̯ardɦa·ka-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *vardɦa·ka-
5. vardɦa·ka-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. vardha·ka-
PIE *Π·u̯ordɑɦono-
OInd. nābhi·vardhana-
(n.) ‘das Abschneiden der Nabelschnur’
(KEWA 3:157)
1. PIE *Π·u̯ordɑɦono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·u̯ordɦono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·u̯ordɦono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·u̯ardɦana-
3. Π·u̯ardɦana-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *Π·vardɦana-
4. Π·vardɦana-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. Π·vardhana-
√u̯erdɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *u̯erdɑɦo
OHG. wirt-
(a.) ‘tortus’
(Gl. 13. Jh)
1. PIE *u̯erdɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯erdɦo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯erdɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *u̯erdo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. u̯erdo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *u̯erda
(XX:XX)
4. u̯erda
*e → i
Change of *e into i
RChangee2i → *u̯irda
5. u̯irda
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *u̯ird
6. u̯ird
*d → t
OHG sound shift of *d
ROHGShiftD2T → *u̯irt
7. u̯irt
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → OHG. wirt
PIE *u̯erdɑɦo
OCS. vrĕdŭ-
(m.) ‘Schaden, Leibesschaden’
(Sadnik √1108)
1. PIE *u̯erdɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯erdɦo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯erdɦo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯erdɦa
3. u̯erdɦa
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *u̯erda
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. u̯erda
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *u̯erdo
5. u̯erdo
*-o → -u
Change of -o into -u
RChangeO2U → *u̯erdu
6. u̯erdu
*erd → rēd
Slavonic metathesis of erd
RMetathERD → *u̯rēdu
7. u̯rēdu
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *vrēdu
8. vrēdu
*ē → ĕ
Orthographic change of *ē into ĕ
ROrthogrE2e → *vrĕdu
9. vrĕdu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
ROrthogru2u1 → OCS. vrĕdŭ
PIE *u̯erdɑɦo
Russ. vered-
(m.) ‘Geschwür, Eiterbeule’
(REW X:XX)
1. PIE *u̯erdɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯erdɦo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯erdɦo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯erdɦa
3. u̯erdɦa
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *u̯erda
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. u̯erda
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *u̯erdo
5. u̯erdo
*-o → -u
Change of -o into -u
RChangeO2U → *u̯erdu
6. u̯erdu
*erd → e r e d
Russian anaptyxis of VRC
RAnaptRussERD → *u̯eredu
7. u̯eredu
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *veredu
8. veredu
*u- → Ø
Loss of root-final -u
RLossFinalu → Russ. vered
PIE *u̯erdɑɦiɑ́h-
OCS. vrĕdi-
(vb.) ‘verletzen, beschädigen, schaden’
(Sadnik √1108)
1. PIE *u̯erdɑɦiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1b → *u̯erdɑɦiíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. u̯erdɑɦiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯erdɦiíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. u̯erdɦiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯erdɦií-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. u̯erdɦií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → *u̯erdɦī́-
5. u̯erdɦī́-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *u̯erdī́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. u̯erdī́-
*erd → rēd
Slavonic metathesis of erd
RMetathERD → *u̯rēdī́-
7. u̯rēdī́-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *vrēdī́-
8. vrēdī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
ROrthogrI2i2 → *vrēdi-
9. vrēdi-
*ē → ĕ
Orthographic change of *ē into ĕ
ROrthogrE2e → OCS. vrĕdi-
PIE *u̯erdɑɦino
OCS. vrĕdĭnŭ-
(a.) ‘schädlich’
(Sadnik √1108)
1. PIE *u̯erdɑɦino
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯erdɦino
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯erdɦino
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯erdɦina
3. u̯erdɦina
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *u̯erdina
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. u̯erdina
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *u̯erdino
5. u̯erdino
*-o → -u
Change of -o into -u
RChangeO2U → *u̯erdinu
6. u̯erdinu
*erd → rēd
Slavonic metathesis of erd
RMetathERD → *u̯rēdinu
7. u̯rēdinu
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *vrēdinu
8. vrēdinu
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
ROrthogri2i → *vrēdĭnu
9. vrēdĭnu
*ē → ĕ
Orthographic change of *ē into ĕ
ROrthogrE2e → *vrĕdĭnu
10. vrĕdĭnu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
ROrthogru2u1 → OCS. vrĕdĭnŭ
√urdɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *urdɑɦo-
Hitt. urda-
(c.) ‘ein übler Zustand, Art Krankheit, ‹Wund›’
(HHand. 187)
(HIL. 1072-3)
1. PIE *urdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *urdɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. urdɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *urdɦa-
(XX:XX)
3. urdɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. urda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯urdɑɦo-
OIcl. urð-
(m.) ‘Unglück, Ereignis, Tod (poet.)’
(ANEtWb. 635)
1. PIE *u̯urdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯urdɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯urdɦo-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *u̯urdo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. u̯urdo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *u̯urda-
(XX:XX)
4. u̯urda-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → OIcl. vurda-
PIE *u̯urdɑɦo-
OIcl. urð-
(f.) ‘Schicksal, Schicksalsgöttin’
(ANEtWb. 635)
(ANEtWb. 635)
1. PIE *u̯urdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯urdɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯urdɦo-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *u̯urdo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. u̯urdo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *u̯urda-
(XX:XX)
4. u̯urda-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → OIcl. vurda-
PIE *u̯urdɑɦi-
OEng. wyrd-
(f.) ‘fate, fortune, chance, what happens’
(ASaxD. 1287)
1. PIE *u̯urdɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯urdɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯urdɦi-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *u̯urdi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. u̯urdi-
*urdi- → yrd
Umlaut urdi -> yrd
RUmlautURDI → *u̯yrd-
4. u̯yrd-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → OEng. wyrd-
PIE *u̯r̥dɑɦto-
OInd. vr̥ddha-
(pt.) ‘abgeschnitten’
(KEWA 3:157)
1. PIE *u̯r̥dɑɦto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯r̥dɦto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯r̥dɦto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯r̥dɦta-
3. u̯r̥dɦta-
*Dɦt → Ddɦ
Bartholomae’s Law
RBarthII6 → *u̯r̥ddɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.5.)
4. u̯r̥ddɦa-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *vr̥ddɦa-
5. vr̥ddɦa-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → OInd. vr̥ddha-


PIE √ur- √uor- √uer- ‘laufen, eilen’
(IEW XX)
√uer-
PIE *u̯er-
Latv. ver-
(vb.) ‘laufen’
(LiEtWb. 1200)
(Latv. vert [inf], verˆu [pr], vēru [pret])
1. PIE *u̯er-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → Latv. ver-
√uor
(Pyysalo)
PIE *u̯orko-
TochA. wark-
(sb.) ‘venatio : hunt’ (DTochB. 609)
(Poucha 286)
1. PIE *u̯orko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯arka-
(XX:XX)
2. u̯arka-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of u̯ into w
ROrthW2w → TochA. warka-
PIE *u̯orko-
TochB. werke-
(sb.) ‘chase, hunt, hunting’
(DTochB. 609)
1. PIE *u̯orko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯arka-
(XX:XX)
2. u̯arka-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of u̯ into w
R19 → TochB. warka-
PIE *urkei-
Hitt. urkei-
(c.) ‘Spur, Weg, Bohrgang’
(HHand. 187)
PIE *urkei̯o-
Hitt. urkei̯a-
(vb1.) ‘aufspüren, verfolgen’
(HHand. 187)
1. PIE *urkei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. urkei̯a-
(XX:XX)


PIE √ur- (sb.) ‘Pferd, Hengst’
(IEW 81)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√uro-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *u̯roini̯u·n-
OHG. reino·n
(wk.m.) ‘Hengst, Zuchthengst, gl. ad-, e-missarius’
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *u̯roini̯u·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *u̯raini̯u·n-
(XX:XX)
2. u̯raini̯u·n-
*ai → ei
Umlaut *ai → ei
RUmlautAI → *u̯reini̯u·n-
3. u̯reini̯u·n-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → *wreini̯u·n-
4. wreini̯u·n-
*i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
ROrthogrY2j → OHG. wreinju·n-
PIE *u̯roini̯u·n-
OSax. wrēnio·n
(m.) ‘Hengst’
(ASächsWb. XX)
1. PIE *u̯roini̯u·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *u̯raini̯u·n-
(XX:XX)
2. u̯raini̯u·n-
*ai → ei
Umlaut *ai → ei
RUmlautAI → *u̯reini̯u·n-
3. u̯reini̯u·n-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → *wreini̯u·n-
4. wreini̯u·n-
*i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
ROrthogrY2j → OSax. wreinju·n-
PIE *urolo-
Hitt. urala-
(LÚc.n.ag.) ‘Angestellter beim Pferdetraining’
(HHand. 187)
1. PIE *urolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. urala-
(XX:XX)
PIE *urolo·dɑɦor-
Hitt. urala·dar-
(LÚn.) ‘Amt des Pferdetrainers’
(HHand. 187)
1. PIE *urolo·dɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *urolo·dɦor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. urolo·dɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *urala·dɦar-
(XX:XX)
3. urala·dɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. urala·dar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √ues-, √uos-, √us- ‘sein, bleiben’
(IEW 1170-1)
(+ Pyysalo)
√uos-
PIE *u̯os-
Goth. was-
(pret.) ‘war’
(GoEtD. 405)
(Goth. was [1sg])
1. PIE *u̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *u̯as-
(XX:XX)
2. u̯as-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → Goth. was-
PIE *gɑɦo·u̯os-
Goth. ga·was-
(pret.) ‘bleiben’
(GoEtD. 405)
(Goth. gawas [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦo·u̯os-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦo·u̯os-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦo·u̯os-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *go·u̯os-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
3. go·u̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *ga·u̯as-
(XX:XX)
4. ga·u̯as-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → Goth. ga·was-
√ues-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *u̯es-
Hitt. ueš-
(pret.) ‘war’
(Alalah 454 II 18)
(Hitt. ú-eš-ta [3sg], Thus not e!-eš-ta vs. Eichner XX:XX)
1. PIE *u̯es-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. u̯eš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯eso-
Goth. wisa-
(vb.) ‘sein, bleiben’
(GoEtD. 405)
(Goth. wisan [inf.])
1. PIE *u̯eso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *u̯esa-
(XX:XX)
2. u̯esa-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
RChangee2i → *u̯isa-
3. u̯isa-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → Goth. wisa-
√usio-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *entér·usi̯o-
OInd. antár·uṣya-
(vb.) ‘drinnen stecken’
(XX)
(Br. antáruṣya-)
1. PIE *entér·usi̯o-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *entér·uši̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
2. entér·uši̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *entér·uši̯a-
3. entér·uši̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *antér·uši̯a-
4. antér·uši̯a-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *antár·uši̯a-
5. antár·uši̯a-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → *antár·uṣi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
6. antár·uṣi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → OInd. antár·uṣya-
PIE *teɑh·usi̯o-
CLu. taḫ·uši̯a-
(vb.) ‘keep silent/quiet’
(DLL 89)
(CLu. da-ḫu-ši-i̯a-aḫ-ḫa [1sg])
1. PIE *teɑh·usi̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *taɑh·usi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. taɑh·usi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tah·usi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. tah·usi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tah·usi̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. tah·usi̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → *taḫ·usi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
5. taḫ·usi̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. taḫ·uši̯a-
√uēsu-
PIE *u̯ēsu-
Goth. wesu-
(pret.) ‘war’
(GoEtD. 405)
(Goth. wesum [1pl])
1. PIE *u̯ēsu-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → *wēsu-
2. wēsu-
*ē → e
Orthographic change of *ē into e
ROrthogrE2e → Goth. wesu-


√us- √uos- √ues- (a.) ‘gut, heilig’ (vb.) ‘lieben; angenehm sein, gefallen’
(IEW XX)
√uos-
PIE *u̯os-
Hitt. uaš-
(vb1&2M.) ‘angenehm sein, gefallen’
(HHand. 197)
1. PIE *u̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯as-
(XX:XX)
2. u̯as-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. u̯aš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯os-
HLu. u̯aš-
(a.) ‘good’ OR (adv.) ‘well (?)’
(CHLu. 5.1.10)
(HLu. wa/i-sa)
1. PIE *u̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯as-
(XX:XX)
2. u̯as-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. u̯aš-
PIE *u̯os-
HLu. u̯aš-
(vb.) ‘to be good to’
(CHLu. 10.16b)
(HLu. wa/i-sà-tá)
1. PIE *u̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯as-
(XX:XX)
2. u̯as-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. u̯aš-
PIE *u̯os-
HLu. u̯aš-
(BONUS2vb.) ‘love’ (KLuN. § 224)
(CHLu. 10.5.2)
(HLu. (BONUS2)wa/i-sa-ti [3pl])
1. PIE *u̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯as-
(XX:XX)
2. u̯as-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. u̯aš-
√uosɑh-
PIE *u̯osɑho-
CLu. u̯ašḫa-
(n.) ‘ein Kultobjekt ?’
(HHand. 198)
1. PIE *u̯osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯osho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯asha-
(XX:XX)
3. u̯asha-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → *u̯asḫa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. u̯asḫa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. u̯ašḫa-
PIE *u̯osɑho-
HLu. u̯ašḫa-
(.) ‘XX’
(CHLu. XX)
1. PIE *u̯osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯osho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯asha-
(XX:XX)
3. u̯asha-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → *u̯asḫa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. u̯asḫa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. u̯ašḫa-
PIE *u̯osɑhoii̯o-
CLu. u̯ašḫaia-
(a.) ‘heilig (?), KLuN §317, GLBL 43n95)
(DLL 109),
1. PIE *u̯osɑhoii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯oshoii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯oshoii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯ashaii̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. u̯ashaii̯a-
* aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
RAnatGlide2 → *u̯ashaia-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
4. u̯ashaia-
* a i a → a i i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide3 → *u̯ashai̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
5. u̯ashai̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → *u̯asḫai̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
6. u̯asḫai̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. u̯ašḫai̯a-
PIE *u̯osɑhoi·Σ-
HLu. ·u̯asḫaiza
(.) ‘compensation ?’
(CHLu. XX)
1. PIE *u̯osɑhoi·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯oshoi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯oshoi·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯ashai·Σ-
(XX:XX)
3. u̯ashai·Σ-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → *u̯asḫai·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. u̯asḫai·Σ-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. u̯ašḫai·Σ-
√uosu-
PIE *u̯osu-
HLu. u̯ašu-
(vb.) ‘do well, succeed’
(CHLu. XX)
(HLu. wa/i5-sú-ha [1sg])
1. PIE *u̯osu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯asu-
(XX:XX)
2. u̯asu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. u̯ašu-
PIE *u̯ósu-
RV. vásu-
(a.) ‘licht, herrlich, gut, fromm, gut, heilsam’
(WbRV. 1234)
1. PIE *u̯ósu-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *u̯ásu-
2. u̯ásu-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → RV. vásu-
PIE *u̯ósu-
RV. vásu-
(m.) ‘die Lichten, Herrlichen, Guten’ (n.) ‘das Gut’
(WbRV. 1234)
1. PIE *u̯ósu-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *u̯ásu-
2. u̯ásu-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → RV. vásu-
PIE *u̯osu-
HLu. u̯ašu-
(a.) ‘good’ (adv.) good, well!’
(XX:XX)
(HLu. wa/i-su [adv.])
1. PIE *u̯osu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯asu-
(XX:XX)
2. u̯asu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. u̯ašu-
PIE *u̯osu-
Pal. u̯ašu-
(a.) ‘gut’
(DPal. 78)
(Pal. ua-a-šu)
1. PIE *u̯osu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯asu-
(XX:XX)
2. u̯asu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Pal. u̯ašu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √uos- √ues- √us- ‘laufen, eilen, zielen, treiben’
(IEW XX)
(Pyysalo)
√uos-
PIE *Π·u̯ōu̯es-
RV. ánu (…) vāvas·-
(vb.) ‘im Laufe hinzielen/streben nach’
(WbRV. 1233)
1. PIE *Π·u̯ōu̯es-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *Π·u̯āu̯es-
2. Π·u̯āu̯es-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *Π·u̯āu̯as-
3. Π·u̯āu̯as-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → RV. Π·vāvas-
PIE *u̯osḗhɑ-
Latv. vasê-
(vb.) ‘hin und hertreiben’
(LiEtWb. 1206)
(Latv. vasêt [inf.])
1. PIE *u̯osḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯osḗh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯osḗh-
*ḗh/ɦ → êh/ɦ
Latv. broken tone rule for ḗh/ɦ
RAcc6 → *u̯osêh-
3. u̯osêh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯osê-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. u̯osê-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯asê-
5. u̯asê-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → Latv. vasê-
√uosi-
PIE *u̯osi-
HLu. u̯aši-
(vb.) ‘come (for)’
(CHLu. 3.3.17)
(HLu. PES2(-)wa/i-si-ti)
1. PIE *u̯osi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯asi-
(XX:XX)
2. u̯asi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. u̯aši-
PIE *u̯esi-
RV. vasi-
(vb.) ‘zielen auf [L]’
(WbRV. 1233)
(RV. vasiṣva [2sg])
1. PIE *u̯esi-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *u̯asi-
2. u̯asi-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → RV. vasi-
√uoson-
PIE *u̯osono-
Hitt. uašana-
(n.) ‘Stadion, Rennbahn oder Fahrspur’
(HHand. 198)
1. PIE *u̯osono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯asana-
(XX:XX)
2. u̯asana-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. u̯ašana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯ōso·Σ-
TochA. wāsä·ṅkā-
(prM.) ‘se mouvoir’
(Poucha 292)
(TochA. wāsäṅkātär ‹suffix unclear›)
1. PIE *u̯ōso·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯ōsa·Σ-
(XX:XX)
2. u̯ōsa·Σ-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *u̯āsa·Σ-
(XX:XX)
3. u̯āsa·Σ-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of u̯ into w
ROrthW2w → TochA. wāsa·Σ-
PIE *u̯osnḗɑh-
Lith. vasnó-
(.) ‘mit den Flügeln schlagen, wedeln’
(LiEtWb. 1206)
1. PIE *u̯osnḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *u̯osnā́ɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. u̯osnā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯osnā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. u̯osnā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯osnā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. u̯osnā́-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯asnā́-
5. u̯asnā́-
*ā́ → ṓ
Change of ā́ into ṓ
RChangeA202 → *u̯asnṓ-
6. u̯asnṓ-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *vasnṓ-
7. vasnṓ-
ṓ → ó
Orthographic change of ṓ into ó
R27b → Lith. vasnó-


PIE √uos- √ues- √us- (sb.) ‘Feuchtigkeit, Saft, Fett, Arznei, Gift’
(IEW XX)
(Pyysalo)
√uos-
PIE *u̯os-
Hitt. u̯aš-
(n.) ‘Ingredienz’ (pl. von uaši- (n.) ‘id.’)
(HHand. 197)
(Hitt. uašaHI.A, Rieken (1999:46): Hitt. uaš(i)- (n.) ‘Heilkraut’)
1. PIE *u̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯as-
(XX:XX)
2. u̯as-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. u̯aš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯oso-
TochA. wäs-
(sb.) ‘venemum : poison’
(Poucha 301)
(TochA. wäs
1. PIE *u̯oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯asa-
(XX:XX)
2. u̯asa-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of u̯ into w
ROrthW2w → TochA. wasa-
PIE *u̯oso-
TochB. wasa-
(m.sg.) ‘poison’
(DTochB. 584)
(TochB. wase)
1. PIE *u̯oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯asa-
(XX:XX)
2. u̯asa-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of u̯ into w
R19 → TochB. wasa-
PIE *u̯ōso
OEng. wōs-
(n.) ‘Feuchtigkeit, Saft, ModEng. ooze’
(ASaxD. 1268)
1. PIE *u̯ōso
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *u̯ōsa
(XX:XX)
2. u̯ōsa
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *u̯ōs
3. u̯ōs
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → OEng. wōs
PIE *u̯ósēɑh-
OInd. vásā-
(f.) ‘Speck, Fett, Schmalz’
(KEWA 3:168)
(LÉDT 153)
1. PIE *u̯ósēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *u̯ósāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. u̯ósāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ósāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. u̯ósāh-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *u̯ásāh-
4. u̯ásāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯ásā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. u̯ásā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → OInd. vásā-
PIE *u̯osēɑh
Latv. vasa-
(f.) ‘feuchtigkeit des Bodens’
(XX:XX)
(Latv. vasa)
1. PIE *u̯osēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *u̯osāɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. u̯osāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯osāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. u̯osāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯osā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. u̯osā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯asā
5. u̯asā
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *vasā
6. vasā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R28 → Latv. vasa
PIE *u̯osi-
Hitt. u̯aši-
(n.) [Mg.] ‘(Ingredienz, Bestand)Teil’
(HHand. 198)
1. PIE *u̯osi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯asi-
(XX:XX)
2. u̯asi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. u̯aši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯osolo
OHG. wasal
(.) ‘Regen’
(ANEWb. 647)
1. PIE *u̯osolo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *u̯asala
(XX:XX)
2. u̯asala
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *u̯asal
3. u̯asal
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → OHG. wasal
√ues-
PIE *u̯es·tikēɑh-
Umbr. ues·tikā-
(vb.) ~ ‘Trankopfer darbringen, libare’
(WbOU. 847-8)
(Umbr. vestikatu, uesticatu)
1. PIE *u̯es·tikēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *u̯es·tikāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. u̯es·tikāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯es·tikāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. u̯es·tikāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯es·tikā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. u̯es·tikā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → Umbr. ues·tikā-
PIE *u̯eseɑhro-
Gr. ἑαρο-
(n.pl.) (cf. below)
(GEW1:433)
(OTher. hεαρα)
1. PIE *u̯eseɑhro-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *u̯esaɑhro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. u̯esaɑhro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯esahro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. u̯esahro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯esaro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. u̯esaro-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *u̯eharo-
5. u̯eharo-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *eharo-
6. eharo-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *earo-
7. earo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἐαρο-
PIE *Π·Π·u̯ēsɑ́hin-
Lith. at·si·vėsín-
(vb.) ‘seinen Durst stillen : quench one's thirst’
(Senn 2:187)
(Lith. atsivēsìnti [inf.], LiEtWb. –)
1. PIE *Π·Π·u̯ēsɑ́hin-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1c → *Π·Π·u̯ēsíhin-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. Π·Π·u̯ēsíhin-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·Π·u̯ēsíin-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. Π·Π·u̯ēsíin-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *Π·Π·u̯ēsī́n-
4. Π·Π·u̯ēsī́n-
*ī́RC → íRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ī́RC
ROsthoffi2 → *Π·Π·u̯ēsín-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
5. Π·Π·u̯ēsín-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *Π·Π·vēsín-
6. Π·Π·vēsín-
* ē -> ė
Orthographic change of *ē into ė
R28a → Lith. Π·Π·vėsín-


PIE √us- ‘ex’
(IEW XX)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√us-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *us
Goth. us
(prep.) ‘ἐκ, out of’
(GoEtD. 380)
(Goth. us)
PIE *us·ei-
Hitt. uš·ei-
(vb.) ‘draw open (curtains); ‹Hitt. ei- ‘machen’›’
(HIL. 1075)
(Hitt. ú-uš-ši-an-zi [3pl], uš-ši-ia-an-zi)
1. PIE *us·ei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. uš·ei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *us·ii̯o-
Hitt. uš·ii̯a-
(vb.) ‘draw open (curtains); ‹Hitt. ii̯a- ‘machen’›’
(HIL. 1075)
(Hitt. uš-še-it-tén [2pl]; Kimball 1987b: 165f. unlikely)
1. PIE *us·ii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *us·ii̯a-
(XX:XX)
2. us·ii̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Hitt. uš·ii̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √ut- √uot- √uet- ‘eilen, fliegen, fallen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo; or PIE *utah- (?))
√uoto-
PIE *uotoi-
Hitt. uatai-
(c.) ‘Vogel, Sum. MUŠEN ?’
(HHand. 199)
(Hitt. uattai-)
1. PIE *uotoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. uatai-
(XX:XX)
√uotK-
PIE *uotko-
Hitt. uatka-
(vb1M.) ‘springen, entspringen, fliehen’
(HIL. XX)
(Hitt. uatkaḫḫut [Ipv2sg])
1. PIE *uotko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. uatka-
(XX:XX)
PIE *uotkoi
TochB. wetke
(adv.) ‘weg, ab’
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *uotkoi
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *uatkai
(XX:XX)
2. uatkai
PIE *uC → wC
Change of PIE *u into w in root-initial
RChangeU2W → *watkai
3. watkai
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RChangeAI2E1 → *watkē
4. watkē
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthOIA4 → TochB. watke
√uotKu-
uotku-
(HHand. 200)


PIE √utɑh-, √udɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Rede, Sache, Ding, usw.’ (vb.) ‘sprechen, befehlen, bitten, mitteilen’
(IEW XX)
(Pedersen: Celt. + Pyysalo)
√utɑh-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *n·utɑhó-
Gr. ν·υθό-
(a.) [in Mg.] ‘ἄ·φωνον’ (Hes., Gr. ŭ)
(LSJ. 1183)
(Gr. νυθόν)
1. PIE *n·utɑhó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *n·uthó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. n·uthó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ν·υθό-
PIE *utɑhléi̯o-
Gr. ὑθλέο-
(vb.) ‘Nonsens sprechen’, plappern’
(GEW X:XX)
(Gr. υθλέω)
1. PIE *utɑhléi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *uthléi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. uthléi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *uthléo-
3. uthléo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὑθλέο-
PIE *utɑhon-
Hitt. utan-
(n.obl.) ‘Wort, (Ge)Rede, Sache, Ding’
(HHand. 189)
1. PIE *utɑhon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *uthon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. uthon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *uthan-
(XX:XX)
3. uthan-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → Hitt. utan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *utɑhor-
Hitt. utar-
(n.) ‘Wort, (Ge)Rede, Sache, Ding, Orakel’
(HHand. 189)
1. PIE *utɑhor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *uthor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. uthor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *uthar-
(XX:XX)
3. uthar-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → Hitt. utar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uotɑh-
PIE *u̯otɑhorei-
Hitt. u̯atarei-
(vb.) [Mg.] ‘Nonsens sprechen’, plappern (?)
(HIL. 1142-3)
(Hitt. URU ua-at-ta-ar-ua (…) ua-at-ta-ri-et-ta-ru)
1. PIE *u̯otɑhorei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯othorei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯othorei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯atharei-
(XX:XX)
3. u̯atharei-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → Hitt. u̯atarei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯otɑhoru̯o-
Hitt. u̯ataru̯a-
(URU.) ‘XX’
(HIL. 1142-3)
(Hitt. URU ua-at-ta-ar-ua (…) ua-at-ta-ri-et-ta-ru)
1. PIE *u̯otɑhoru̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯othoru̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯othoru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯atharu̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. u̯atharu̯a-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → Hitt. u̯ataru̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uetɑhi-
(Pedersen 1938:29fn1)
PIE *u̯etɑhi-
OIr. fethi-
(vb.) ‘say’
(DIL. XX)
1. PIE *u̯etɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ethi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯ethi-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
RDeaspth → *u̯eti-
3. u̯eti-
*u̯o- → fo-
Change of *u̯o- into fo-
RChangeInitWo2Fo → *feti-
4. feti-
VtV → VthV
Lenition of voiceless stop *t
RLenitionT → OIr. fethi-
PIE *u̯etɑhi-
OCymr. gueti-
(vb.) ‘say’
(XX:XX)
(OCymr. guetid [3sg.]
1. PIE *u̯etɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯ethi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯ethi-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
RDeaspth → *u̯eti-
3. u̯eti-
* u̯- → gu-
Change of root-initial u̯- into gu-
RChangew2gu → OCymr. gueti-
PIE *Π·u̯etɑhi-
MidCymr. di·wed-
(vb.) ‘say’
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *Π·u̯etɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·u̯ethi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·u̯ethi-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
RDeaspth → *Π·u̯eti-
3. Π·u̯eti-
*eti → edi
Voicing of t between vowels
RLenitionETI → *Π·u̯edi-
4. Π·u̯edi-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → MidCymr. Π·wedi-
√uodɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *u̯odɑɦornēɑh-
Hitt. u̯adarnāḫ-
(vb1.) ‘befehlen, beauftragen, bitten, mitteilen’
(HHand. 199)
(Oettinger 1979:458)
1. PIE *u̯odɑɦornēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *u̯odɑɦornāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. u̯odɑɦornāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯odɦornāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. u̯odɦornāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯adɦarnāh-
(XX:XX)
4. u̯adɦarnāh-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *u̯adarnāh-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. u̯adarnāh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. u̯adarnāḫ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *u̯odɑɦornēɑhot-
Hitt. u̯adarnāḫat-
(n.) ‘Befehl, Mitteilung,’
(HHand. 199)
1. PIE *u̯odɑɦornēɑhot-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *u̯odɑɦornāɑhot-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. u̯odɑɦornāɑhot-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯odɦornāhot-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. u̯odɦornāhot-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯adɦarnāhat-
(XX:XX)
4. u̯adɦarnāhat-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *u̯adarnāhat-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. u̯adarnāhat-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. u̯adarnāḫat-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *u̯odɑɦkú-
TochA. watku-
(sb.m.) ‘Befehl : iussum’
(Poucha 285)
(TochA. watku)
1. PIE *u̯odɑɦkú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯odɦkú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯odɦkú-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯adɦkú-
(XX:XX)
3. u̯adɦkú-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *u̯adkú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. u̯adkú-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
RDevoiced → *u̯atkú-
5. u̯atkú-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of u̯ into w
ROrthW2w → *watkú-
6. watkú-
*ú → u
Unmarkedness of accent
R21 → TochA. watku-
√udɑɦ·K
PIE *udɑɦok-
TochA. utäk-
(vb.) ‘iubere, imperare’
(Poucha 294)
(TochA. putäk [ipv.])
1. PIE *udɑɦok-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *udɦok-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. udɦok-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *udɦak-
(XX:XX)
3. udɦak-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *udak-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. udak-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
RDevoiced → TochA. utak-
PIE *u̯oudɑɦok-
TochA. wotäk-
(pretA.) ‘iubere, imperare’
(Poucha 293)
(TochA. wotäk [3sg])
1. PIE *u̯oudɑɦok-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯oudɦok-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯oudɦok-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯audɦak-
(XX:XX)
3. u̯audɦak-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *u̯audak-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. u̯audak-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
RDevoiced → *u̯autak-
5. u̯autak-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RMonophthau2O1 → *u̯ōtak-
6. u̯ōtak-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthO2o1 → *u̯otak-
7. u̯otak-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of u̯ into w
ROrthW2w → TochA. wotak-
PIE *u̯oudɑɦk-
TochA. wotk-
(pretA.) ‘iubere, imperare’
(Poucha 293)
(TochA. wotkāṃ [1sg&encl], wotkaṣt [2sg], wotkar [3pl])
1. PIE *u̯oudɑɦk-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯oudɦk-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯oudɦk-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯audɦk-
(XX:XX)
3. u̯audɦk-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *u̯audk-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. u̯audk-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
RDevoiced → *u̯autk-
5. u̯autk-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RMonophthau2O1 → *u̯ōtk-
6. u̯ōtk-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthO2o1 → *u̯otk-
7. u̯otk-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of u̯ into w
ROrthW2w → TochA. wotk-


PIE √utah-, √udaɦ- (sb.) ‘Wasser, Trank, Welle’
(IEW XX)
(+ Vries + Pyysalo)
√utɑh-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *utɑh-
OIcl. uð-
(f.) ‘Welle’
(ANEtWb. 635)
(“Die idg. Wz. *uet steht neben *ued-”)
1. PIE *utɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *uth-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. uth-
*t h → ϑ
Affricativization of *th
AffricateTH → OIcl. uϑ-
PIE *utɑhur-
Umbr. utur-
(n.) ‘Wasser’
(WbOU. 815-6)
(Umbr. utur [sgA])
1. PIE *utɑhur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *uthur-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. uthur-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
RDeaspth → Umbr. utur-
√udɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *kiɑhur·údɑɦ-
RV. śur·údh-
(f.) ‘stärkender Trank’
(WbRV. 1407)
1. PIE *kiɑhur·údɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *kihur·údɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. kihur·údɦ-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *ćhur·údɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ćhur·údɦ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ćur·údɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ćur·údɦ-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to OIA
RSatem2OIA1 → *śur·údɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. śur·údɦ-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. śur·údh-
PIE *udɑɦi-
CLu. udi-
(sb.) ‘Trank’
(HHand. 189)
(CLu. utiš [sgN])
1. PIE *udɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *udɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. udɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → CLu. udi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √udɑɦn- √uodɑɦn- √uedɑɦn- ‘Volk, Land’
(IEW XX)
(Pyysalo)
√uedɑɦnos-
PIE *u̯édɑɦnos-
Gr. ἔθνοσ-
(.) ‘Volk : people ‹see OIr. tūath ‘idem’›’
(Frisk 1:448-9)
(Bonfante (IF 52:223), Hom. (w)ἔθνος)
1. PIE *u̯édɑɦnos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯édɦnos-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯édɦnos-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *u̯éthnos-
3. u̯éthnos-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *u̯éthnoh-
4. u̯éthnoh-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *éthnoh-
5. éthnoh-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *éthno-
6. éthno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἔθνο-
√gɑɦedi·uu̯odɑɦno-
PIE *gɑɦodi·uu̯odɑɦno-
Hitt. gaz·uadna-
(URU.) ‘= Kizuwatna’
(OGHErg. 81)
(Hitt. GAZ-zu-ua-a[t-n]a)
1. PIE *gɑɦodi·uu̯odɑɦno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦodi·uu̯odɦno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦodi·uu̯odɦno-
PIE *di → zi
Assibilation of *d before *i
RDentAssib3b → *gɦozi·uu̯odɦno-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. gɦozi·uu̯odɦno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦazi·uu̯adɦna-
(XX:XX)
4. gɦazi·uu̯adɦna-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. gazi·uu̯adna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦedi·uu̯odɑɦono-
Hitt. gez·uadana-
(KUR URU.) ‘Kizuwatnean Land’
(OGH. 211-5)
(Hitt. ki-iz-zu-ua-ta-naKI)
1. PIE *gɑɦedi·uu̯odɑɦono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦedi·uu̯odɦono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦedi·uu̯odɦono-
PIE *di → zi
Assibilation of *d before *i
RDentAssib3b → *gɦezi·uu̯odɦono-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. gɦezi·uu̯odɦono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦezi·uu̯adɦana-
(XX:XX)
4. gɦezi·uu̯adɦana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. gezi·uu̯adana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦedi·uu̯odɑɦno-
Hitt. gez·uadna-
(URU.) ‘Kizuwatna- = Hur. gumani ‘Erde, Feld’
(OGH. 211-5)
(Hitt. ki-iz-zu-ua-at-na-an)
1. PIE *gɑɦedi·uu̯odɑɦno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦedi·uu̯odɦno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦedi·uu̯odɦno-
PIE *di → zi
Assibilation of *d before *i
RDentAssib3b → *gɦezi·uu̯odɦno-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. gɦezi·uu̯odɦno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦezi·uu̯adɦna-
(XX:XX)
4. gɦezi·uu̯adɦna-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. gezi·uu̯adna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√udɑɦni-
PIE *udɑɦni-
Hitt. udni-
(n.) ‘KUR : Land ‹see OIr. tūath ‘idem’›’
(HHand. 189)
1. PIE *udɑɦni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *udɦni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. udɦni-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. udni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *udɑɦni̯o-
HLu. udnia-
(.) ‘XX’
(HHand. XX)
1. PIE *udɑɦni̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *udɦni̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. udɦni̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *udɦni̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. udɦni̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → HLu. udni̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *udɑɦni̯o·hɑsu-
Kpd. udnia·ḫšu-
(Ic.) ‘Land·König’
(NOMS. 1458)
(Kpd. ud-ni-aḫ-šu)
1. PIE *udɑɦni̯o·hɑsu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *udɦni̯o·hsu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. udɦni̯o·hsu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *udɦni̯a·hsu-
(XX:XX)
3. udɦni̯a·hsu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *udni̯a·hsu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. udni̯a·hsu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *udni̯a·hšu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. udni̯a·hšu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Kpd. udni̯a·ḫšu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *udɑɦniosi-
HLu. udnia·ši-
(a.gen.)
(2.13.16)
(if in HLu. REGIO-ni-ia-si)
1. PIE *udɑɦniosi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *udɦniosi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. udɦniosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *udɦniasi-
(XX:XX)
3. udɦniasi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *udniasi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. udniasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. udniaši-
PIE *udɑɦni̯ont-
Hitt. udniant-
(c.) ‘Land’
(HHand. 189)
1. PIE *udɑɦni̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *udɦni̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. udɦni̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *udɦni̯ant-
(XX:XX)
3. udɦni̯ant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. udni̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *udɑɦni̯ont-
Hitt. udniant-
(d.) ‘XX’
(OHP. 1:544)
(Hitt. ut-ni-ia-an-ta-aš [plD])
1. PIE *udɑɦni̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *udɦni̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. udɦni̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *udɦni̯ant-
(XX:XX)
3. udɦni̯ant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → Hitt. udni̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *udɑɦni̯·osɑho-
Hitt. udni̯·ašḫa-
(c.) ‘Bürgermeister’
(HHand. 189)
1. PIE *udɑɦni̯·osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *udɦni̯·osho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. udɦni̯·osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *udɦni̯·asha-
(XX:XX)
3. udɦni̯·asha-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *udni̯·asha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. udni̯·asha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *udni̯·ašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. udni̯·ašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. udni̯·ašḫa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE *udɑɦnisi-
HLu. udniši-
(.) ‘country’
(CHLu. 2.24.21)
(if in HLu. REGIO-ni-si-i-na-‘)
1. PIE *udɑɦnisi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *udɦnisi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. udɦnisi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *udnisi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. udnisi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. udniši-
√uodɑɦni-
PIE *u̯odɑɦnistuon-
Kpd. uadništuan-
(Ic.) –
(NOMS. 1519)
(Kpd. ua-at-ni-iš-du-a-an)
1. PIE *u̯odɑɦnistuon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯odɦnistuon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯odɦnistuon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *u̯adɦnistuan-
(XX:XX)
3. u̯adɦnistuan-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *u̯adnistuan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯adnistuan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → Kpd. u̯adništuan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯odɑɦneíi̯o-
Gr. ὀθνείο-
(.) ‘XX’
(GEW 1:XX)
(Gr. ὀθνεῖος)
1. PIE *u̯odɑɦneíi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *u̯odɦneíi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. u̯odɦneíi̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
RDevoicedh → *u̯othneíi̯o-
3. u̯othneíi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *u̯othneío-
4. u̯othneío-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *othneío-
5. othneío-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὀθνείο-
√uedɑɦr-

Creative Commons License The PIE Lexicon Project licenses its data, linguistic results and finite-state encoded rules under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) license.