PIE Lexicon Project
System PIE (Pyysalo 2013)
Foma (Hulden 2009)
FIN-CLARIN

Proto-Indo-European Lexicon

The generative etymological dictionary of Indo-European languages

The Proto-Indo-European Phoneme Inventory

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"Durch zweier Zeugen Mund wird alle Wahrheit kund" — August Fick
(PRINCIPLE of POSTULATION)



Department of Modern Languages
Department of World Cultures
Indo-European Studies
Contact PIE Lexicon Project

PIE
(Introduction)
(Abbreviations & References)


PIE √o- (pron.) ‘dieser’
(IEW 281-2)
(Pyysalo: OAnat. + ORuss.)
√o-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *o·
Hitt. a·
(pers./dem.pron.) ‘er, sie, es’
(HEG A:1-3)
(Hitt. ·aš, ·an, etc., HiuA 58f.)
1. PIE *o·
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. a·
PIE *o·
Pal. a·
(pers./dem.pron.) ‘er, sie, es’
(DPal. 48-9)
(Pal. -aš, -an, -at)
1. PIE *o·
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Pal. a·
PIE *o·Σ
ORuss. o·se
(intj.) ‘ecce!’
(IEW 281-2)
(ORuss. ose)
1. PIE *o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·Σ
2. a·Σ
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → ORuss. o·Σ
√oni-
(HEG A:29)
(HW2 A:81, HIL. 209-10)
PIE *o·ni-
Hitt. a·ni-
(dem.pron.) ‘jener: [IŠ-TU AN-NI-I]Š: GÚ.R[I.TA]’
(HEG A:29-30)
(Hitt. an-ni-iš, KBo 1.42 iii 33)
1. PIE *o·ni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. a·ni-
PIE *o·ni·son
Hitt. a·ni·šan
(adv.) ‘einst, früher’
(HEG A:31)
1. PIE *o·ni·son
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·ni·san
2. a·ni·san
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. a·ni·šan
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √o- (pref.) ‘zu-, er-, dar-, hin-’ (suff.) ‘allativum’
(IEW 280-1)
(Pedersen, Pyysalo)
√o·
(Pyysalo)
PIE *o·smo
Hitt. a·šma
(adv.) ‘zuerst, erstens’
(HEG A:84)
(For a·, cf. Neu apud Tischler)
1. PIE *o·smo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·sma
2. a·sma
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. a·šma
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ó·bɑɦso-
Gr. ὄ·ψο-
(n.) ‘Zukost, Zubrot, bes. Fleisch’
(GEW 2:459)
1. PIE *ó·bɑɦso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ó·bɦso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ó·bɦso-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *ó·phso-
3. ó·phso-
*phs → ps
Loss of *h between *p and *s
Rphs›ps → *ó·pso-
4. ó·pso-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄ·ψο-
PIE *o·dɑɦi̯u-
gAv. a·idyu-
(a.) ‘tüchtig zu [D], brauchbar, nützlich’
(AIWb. 65-6)
1. PIE *o·dɑɦi̯u-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·dɦi̯u-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·dɦi̯u-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·dɦi̯u-
3. a·dɦi̯u-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *a·di̯u-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. a·di̯u-
*adi → aidi
Anaptyxis of *i
RadI›aidI → *a·idi̯u-
5. a·idi̯u-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → gAv. a·idyu-
PIE *o·Σ
TochA. a·kälyme
(postp.G) ‘versus’
(Poucha 1)
(cf. TochA. kälyme ‘Gegend, Richtung’)
1. PIE *o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → TochA. a·Σ
PIE *o·ki̯os-
LAv. a·sah-
(n.) ‘Gegend, Landstrich, Platz’
(AIWb. 209)
1. PIE *o·ki̯os-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *o·ćos-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. o·ćos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·ćas-
3. a·ćas-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *a·ćah-
4. a·ćah-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → LAv. a·sah-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
PIE *o·molo
Goth. a·mal-
(PNm.) ‘tapfer, tätig: active, brave’
(GoEtWb. 6)
(Goth. amals [sgN])
1. PIE *o·molo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·mala
2. a·mala
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Goth. a·mal
PIE *o·molo·Σ
Goth. a·mala·bairgan-
(PNm.) ‘tapfer + bergend’
(GoEtWb. 11)
(Goth. amalabairga)
1. PIE *o·molo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. a·mala·Σ
PIE *o·réɦɑgi̯o-
Gr. ὀ·ρέγο-
(pr.) ‘(die Hand) zu erreichen suchen, hinstrecken, darreichen, sich strecken’
(GEW 2:412-413)
(Gr. ὀρέγω)
1. PIE *o·réɦɑgi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·réɦgi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·réɦgi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *o·réɦǵo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. o·réɦǵo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *o·réǵo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. o·réǵo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *o·régo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. o·régo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀ·ρέγο-
PIE *o·reɦɑgi̯u-
Oss. ā·rāzu-
(vb.) ‘errichten’
(KEWA 2:425)
(Oss. ārāzun [inf.])
1. PIE *o·reɦɑgi̯u-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·reɦgi̯u-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·reɦgi̯u-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *o·reɦj́u-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. o·reɦj́u-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·reɦj́u-
4. a·reɦj́u-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *a·rej́u-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. a·rej́u-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *a·rezu-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
6. a·rezu-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *a·razu-
7. a·razu-
*u → w
Orthographic change of *u into w
Ru›w → *a·razw-
8. a·razw-
*a → '
Orthographic change of *a into '
Ra›' → Oss. '·r'zw-
√·o
(Pedersen HiuA 29)
PIE *·o
Hitt. ·a
(end.) ‘allative singular, in, to’
(HIL. 195)
1. PIE *·o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ·a
PIE *.o
Gr. .ο
(end.) ‘allative singular; in, to’
(HIL. 195)
(Gr. ἀπό, ὑπό, πρό, etc.)
1. PIE *.o
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. .ο
PIE *·o
RV. ·a
(end.) ‘allative singular; in, to’
(HIL. 195)
(RV. ápa, úpa, prá, etc.)
1. PIE *·o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → RV. ·a
PIE *·o
LAv. ·a
(end.) ‘allative singular; in, to’
(HIL. 195)
(LAv. apa, upa, fra, etc.)
1. PIE *·o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → LAv. ·a


PIE √o- ‘horse, bird, eagle’ (as OLith. ešva- (f.) ‘Stute’ and Lith. ded·ešvà- (f.) ‘Vogelwicke’)
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√o-


PIE √ō- (vb.) ‘machen’ (sb.) ‘Arm, Macht, Kraft’ (suff.) ‘Instrumental’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Anat. + IE)
√ō-
PIE *ō-
HLu. ā-
(vb.) ‘do, celebrate, make’
(CHLu. 10.19.2)
(HLu. á-ha [1sg], HLu. á-wa/i-’ [10.19.5])
1. PIE *ō-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → HLu. ā-
PIE *ō-
CLu. ā-
(vb.) ‘machen’
(DLL. 23-24)
(CLu. a-ti [3sg], a-ḫa [1sg])
1. PIE *ō-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → CLu. ā-
PIE *ō-
LycA. a-
(vb.) ‘machen’
(DLycLg. 2)
(Lyc. adi [pr3sg], ade [pret3sg], adẽ [pret3sg])
1. PIE *ō-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ā-
2. ā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → LycA. a-
PIE *·ō-
Lith. ·uo-
(end.sgI) ‘the (thematic) instrumental ending’
(Senn 1:108)
(Lith. ·u [sgI], ·uo·ju [sgI+def.])
1. PIE *·ō-
*ō → uo
Change of ō into uo
Rō›uo → Lith. ·uo-


PIE √e- (pron.) ‘dieser’
(IEW 281-2)
(Tischler, HEG A:1-3, E:106-7)
√e-
PIE *·e-
Hitt. ·e-
(pers/dem.pron.) ‘er, sie, es’
(HEG A:1-3)
(Hitt. ·ei [plN])
PIE *·e-
Pal. ·e-
(pers/dem.pron.) ‘er, sie, es’
(DPal. 48-9)
(Pal. ·ei [plN])
PIE *e·hɑu-
Hitt. e·ḫu-
(vb.A.) ‘kommen’
(HHand. 30)
(Hitt. e-ḫu [ipv2sg]; with Hitt. √ḫu- ‘eilen’)
1. PIE *e·hɑu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *e·hu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. e·hu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. e·ḫu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *e·ni-
Hitt. e·ni-
(dem.pron.) ‘that one’
(HEG E:106-7)
(HiuA §54, e-ni-iš, e-ni, e-ni-uš)
PIE *e·ni·son
Hitt. e·ni·šan
(adv.) ‘thus, as stated’
(HIL. 260-1)
(Hitt. e-ni-iš-ša-an)
1. PIE *e·ni·son
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *e·ni·san
2. e·ni·san
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. e·ni·šan
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *e·diɑHó
RV. a·di.á
(adv.) ‘an diesem Tage, heute’
(WbRV. 39)
(RV. adiá; or *o·di̯ɑɦó?)
1. PIE *e·diɑHó
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *e·diHó
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. e·diHó
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *e·diHá
3. e·diHá
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *e·di.á
4. e·di.á
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → RV. a·di.á


PIE √ɑɦgu- √ɑɦogu- √ɑɦegu- (sb.) ‘Spitze, Gipfel, Kopf, Felsgipfel’ (a.) ‘erste, oberste’ (adv.) ‘vor(an), zuerst’
(IEW 8-9)
(Pedersen HiuA 183: Hitt. + IIr., Pyysalo)
√ɑɦogu-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ɑɦógu̯o-
OInd. ága-
(m.) ‘mountain, tree’
(KEWA 1:17)
1. PIE *ɑɦógu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦógu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦógu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦógu̯a-
3. ɦógu̯a-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *ɦágu̯a-
4. ɦágu̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *águ̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. águ̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → OInd. ága-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
PIE *ɑɦogu̯o
OSax. aku-
(sb.) ‘head: Kopf: caput’
(SPsPF 950)
(OSax. acu: caput, see Quak 1999: 215)
1. PIE *ɑɦogu̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦogu̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦogu̯o
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ogu̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ogu̯o
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *oku̯o
4. oku̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aku̯a
5. aku̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *aku̯
6. aku̯
*-ku̯ → -ku̯
Change of root-final -ku̯ into -ku
R=ku̯›=ku → OSax. aku
√ɑɦegur-
(HEG H:235-6)
(HED 3:287, Weitenberg 1984:154, HIL. 395, AHPh. 144)
PIE *ɑɦegur-
Hitt. ḫegur-
(NA4.n.) ‘Felsgipfel, Felsheiligtum, Fels’
(HEG H:235)
(Hitt. ḫé-kur, ḫé-gur, HHand. 49, EHS 276-7)
1. PIE *ɑɦegur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦegur-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦegur-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫegur-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɑɦéguro-
RV. ágra-
(n.) ‘Spitze, äußerstes Ende, Gipfel, Anfang’
(WbRV. 10)
(EWA 1:45, KEWA 1:18)
1. PIE *ɑɦéguro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦéguro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦéguro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦégura-
3. ɦégura-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *égura-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. égura-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *égra-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. égra-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. ágra-
PIE *ɑɦeguro-
LAv. aγra-
(a.) ‘der erste, oberste’
(AIWb. 48)
1. PIE *ɑɦeguro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦeguro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦeguro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦegura-
3. ɦegura-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *egura-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. egura-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *egra-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. egra-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *agra-
6. agra-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
Rg›γ → LAv. aγra-
√ɑɦegurei-
(Lat. agrippa to Lat. ager against IEW)
PIE *ɑɦegurei·gu̯óɑh-
RV. agre·gá-
(a.) ‘vorangehend’
(WbRV. 11)
1. PIE *ɑɦegurei·gu̯óɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦegurei·gu̯óh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦegurei·gu̯óh-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *ɦegurei·gu̯áh-
3. ɦegurei·gu̯áh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *egurei·gu̯áh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. egurei·gu̯áh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *egurei·gu̯á-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. egurei·gu̯á-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *egrei·gá-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. egrei·gá-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *agrai·gá-
7. agrai·gá-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *agrē·gá-
8. agrē·gá-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → RV. agre·gá-
PIE *ɑɦegurei·pḗɑh-
RV. agre·pā́-
(a.) ‘zuerst trinkend’
(WbRV. 12)
1. PIE *ɑɦegurei·pḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *ɑɦegurei·pā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ɑɦegurei·pā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦegurei·pā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦegurei·pā́h-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *egurei·pā́h-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. egurei·pā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *egurei·pā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. egurei·pā́-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *egrei·pā́-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. egrei·pā́-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *agrai·pā́-
7. agrai·pā́-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *agrē·pā́-
8. agrē·pā́-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → RV. agre·pā́-
PIE *ɑɦegurei·rotɑho-
LAv. aγrae·raϑa-
(PNm.) ‘EN. eines Gläubigen’
(AIWb. 49)
(LAv. aγraeraϑahe)
1. PIE *ɑɦegurei·rotɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦegurei·rotho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦegurei·rotho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦegurei·ratha-
3. ɦegurei·ratha-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *egurei·ratha-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. egurei·ratha-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *egrei·ratha-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. egrei·ratha-
*th → ϑ
Affricativization of *th
Rth›ϑ → *egrei·raϑa-
6. egrei·raϑa-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *agrai·raϑa-
7. agrai·raϑa-
*ai → ae
Opening of *ai into ae
Rai›ae → *agrae·raϑa-
8. agrae·raϑa-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
Rg›γ → LAv. aγrae·raϑa-


PIE √hɑ- (vb.) ‘lassen, glauben, erlauben, vertrauen, bleiben’ (pref.) ‘-los, un-, nicht-, ohne-’
(IEW 512, 756-58)
(Pyysalo: OAnat. + IE; for the semantics, cf. Hitt. lai- ‘lassen’ & Hitt. li-e ‘nicht’)
√hɑe-
(HEG H:120-1)
(HW2 H:1, HED 3:9, AHPh. 176-7)
PIE *hɑe-
Hitt. ḫa-
(vb.1.) ‘akzeptieren, vertrauen, glauben’
(HEG H:120-1)
(Hitt. ḫa-mi [1sg], ḫa-ad-du, ḫa-at-tén [2pl], if ‘(zu)lassen?’, SHV 67:360f.)
1. PIE *hɑe-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ha-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑe-
HLu. ḫa-
(vb.2.) ‘allow: erlauben, zulassen’
(LuwCorp.)
(1. CEKKE Karkamiš §21, HLu. ha-i [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑe-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ha-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑe·
(IEW 756-758)
(Not *n̥, cf. TochAB a·)
PIE *hɑe·
Gr. ἀ·
(neg.pref.) ‘verneinendes, privatives’
(GEW 1:1)
1. PIE *hɑe·
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa·
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa·
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ha·
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ha·
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *a·
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. a·
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀ·
PIE *hɑé·Σ
Gr. ἄ·ϊρο-
(a.) ‘unhappy’
(LSJ. 42)
(e.g. in Gr. ἶρος ἄϊρος ‘Iros, (the) unhappy’)
1. PIE *hɑé·Σ
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑá·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑá·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *há·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. há·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *á·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. á·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄ·Σ
PIE *hɑe·Σ
TochA. a·sinät-
(adv.) ‘insatiabiliter’
(Poucha 13)
1. PIE *hɑe·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ha·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ha·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochA. a·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑe·Σ
TochA. a·pärkär
(a.adv.) ‘non longus, brevis’
(Poucha 6)
(to TochA. pärkär ‘longus’)
1. PIE *hɑe·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ha·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ha·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochA. a·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑe·Σ
RV. a·sinvá-
(a.) ‘unersättlich’
(WbRV. 154)
(RV. asinvám vavrám)
1. PIE *hɑe·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ha·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ha·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. a·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑe·Σ
TochA. a·sinät
(adv.) ‘insatiabiliter’
(Poucha 13)
(TochA. asinät)
1. PIE *hɑe·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ha·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ha·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochA. a·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑe·Σ
TochB. a·tāmo
(sb.) ‘unfruitful (barren) ground’
(DTochB. 9)
(to TochB. √täm- ‘gebären’)
1. PIE *hɑe·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ha·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ha·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochB. a·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑe·Σ
TochB. a·tākatte
(a.) ‘unfounded, untrue’
(DTochB. 9)
1. PIE *hɑe·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ha·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ha·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochB. a·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑé·Σ
RV. á·deva-
(a.) ‘nicht göttlich, gottlos, den Göttern feindlich’
(WbRV. 37-8)
1. PIE *hɑé·Σ
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑá·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑá·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *há·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. há·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. á·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑē·
(Pyysalo)
(Or *éhɑe?, cf. Latv. ã·lava-)
PIE *hɑē·Σ
Lith. o·lau-
(a.) ‘unverheiratet, ledig’
(LiEtWb. 516)
(For Lith. √lau- cf. Goth. liuga- ‘heiraten’, GoEtD. L50)
1. PIE *hɑē·Σ
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑā·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ā·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ā·Σ
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *ō·Σ
(XX:XX)
5. ō·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Lith. o·Σ
PIE *hɑē·Σ
Lith. o·lava-
(a.) ‘unverheiratet, ledig’
(LiEtWb. 516)
1. PIE *hɑē·Σ
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑā·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ā·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ā·Σ
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *ō·Σ
(XX:XX)
5. ō·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Lith. o·Σ
PIE *hɑē·Σ
Latv. ã·lava-
(f.) ‘nicht trächtige/milchende Kuh’
(LiEtWb. 516)
1. PIE *hɑē·Σ
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑā·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Latv. ā·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑḗ·Σ
RV. ā́·deva-
(a.) ‘gottlos’
(WbRV. 176-7)
(RV. ā́deva-)
1. PIE *hɑḗ·Σ
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *hɑā́·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā́·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā́·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā́·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. ā́·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑḗ·Σ
RV. ā́·sat-
(n.) ‘das Nichtseiende, Unwahrheit, Lüge’
(WbRV. 153)
1. PIE *hɑḗ·Σ
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *hɑā́·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā́·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā́·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā́·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. ā́·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑḗ·Σ
RV. ā́·sat-
(a.) ‘nicht seiend, unwahr, unheilsam’
(WbRV. 153)
1. PIE *hɑḗ·Σ
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *hɑā́·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā́·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā́·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā́·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. ā́·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑē·Σ
TochA. ā·knāts-
(a.) ‘foolish, stupid’ (sb.) ‘fool’
(DTochB. 3)
1. PIE *hɑē·Σ
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑā·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochA. ā·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑē·Σ
TochA. ā·knats-
(a.) ‘ignorans, stultus’
(Poucha 16)
1. PIE *hɑē·Σ
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑā·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochA. ā·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑē·Σ
TochA. ā·knatsune
(sb.abst.) ‘ignorantia, inscientia’
(Poucha 16)
1. PIE *hɑē·Σ
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑā·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochA. ā·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑei·Σ
TochB. e·ṣpirtatte-
(a.) ‘unturned’
(DTochB. 99)
(to TochB. √spārtt- ‘turn’)
1. PIE *hɑei·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑai·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑai·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hai·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hai·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ai·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ai·Σ
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *ē·Σ
5. ē·Σ
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochB. e·Σ
PIE *hɑei·Σ
TochB. e·trenkätte-
(a.) ‘not sticking to, unattached’
(DTochB. 81)
1. PIE *hɑei·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑai·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑai·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hai·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hai·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ai·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ai·Σ
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *ē·Σ
5. ē·Σ
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochB. e·Σ
PIE *hɑei
OIcl. ei
(adv.) ‘nicht’
(ANEtWb. 95)
(or *hɑēi = TochB. ai-?)
1. PIE *hɑei
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑai
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑai
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hai
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hai
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ai
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ai
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → OIcl. ei
PIE *hɑei·Σ
OIcl. ei·gi
(adv.) ‘nicht: nec, non’
(ANEtWb. 95)
1. PIE *hɑei·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑai·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑai·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hai·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hai·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ai·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ai·Σ
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → OIcl. ei·Σ
PIE *hɑēi·Σ
TochB. ai·kacce-
(a.) ‘not removing’
(DTochB. 102)
1. PIE *hɑēi·Σ
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāi·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āi·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. āi·Σ
āi → ai
Orthographic change of āi into ai
Rāi›ai → TochB. ai·Σ
√hɑio-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG H:120)
PIE *hɑei̯o-
Hitt. ḫaa-
(vb.) ‘vertrauen, jemandem etwas glauben’
(HHand. 34)
(Hitt. ḫa-a, ḫa-a-mi [1sg], ḫa-a-ši, ḫa-a-ir)
1. PIE *hɑei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑai̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑai̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hai̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hai̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hai̯a-
4. hai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *haa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. haa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑen·hɑeu̯ohɑoi̯o-
RV. an·avāya-
(pt.a.) ‘nicht ablassend, nicht abweichend’
(WbRV. 129)
(RV. anavāya-)
1. PIE *hɑen·hɑeu̯ohɑoi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑan·hɑau̯ohɑoi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan·hɑau̯ohɑoi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *han·hau̯ohoi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. han·hau̯ohoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *han·hau̯ahai̯a-
4. han·hau̯ahai̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *an·au̯aai̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. an·au̯aai̯a-
*aa → ā
Contraction of aa into ā
Raa›ā → *an·au̯āi̯a-
6. an·au̯āi̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *an·avāi̯a-
7. an·avāi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. an·avāya-
√hɑioi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑei̯oi-
Hitt. ḫaai-
(vb.2.) ‘believe, trust, be convinced’
(HIL. 313)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-iš [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑei̯oi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑai̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑai̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hai̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hai̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hai̯ai-
4. hai̯ai-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *haai-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. haai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑi̯oi̯o
Alb. je
(f.) ‘permission: Erlaubnis’
(AlbEtD. 158)
(WP. 1:203; for the semantics, cf. Goth. us·laubja- ‘erlauben’)
1. PIE *hɑi̯oi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hi̯oi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hi̯oi̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *i̯oi̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. i̯oi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *i̯ai̯a
4. i̯ai̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *i̯ai̯
5. i̯ai̯
*ai/i̯ → e
Monophthongization of *ai/i̯ into e
RaI›e → *i̯e
(XX:XX)
6. i̯e
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Alb. je
√hɑihɑis-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑíhɑis-
RV. īṣ-
(pf.) ‘wovon abweichen’
(WbRV. 238)
(RV. īṣé [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑíhɑis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *híhis-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. híhis-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *híhiš-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. híhiš-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íiš-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. íiš-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́š-
5. ī́š-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. ī́ṣ-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
√hɑ́iso-
PIE *hɑ́iso-
RV. ī́ṣa-
(prM.) ‘wovon abweichen’
(WbRV. 237)
(RV. ṣante [3pl])
1. PIE *hɑ́iso-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *híiso-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. híiso-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *híišo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. híišo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *híiša-
4. híiša-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íiša-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. íiša-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́ša-
6. ī́ša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. ī́ṣa-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
PIE *hɑ́iso-
RV. ī́ṣa-
(prM.) ‘von jemand [Abl] weichen, ihn verlassen’
(WbRV. 237)
(RV. ṣate [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑ́iso-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *híiso-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. híiso-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *híišo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. híišo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *híiša-
4. híiša-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íiša-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. íiša-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́ša-
6. ī́ša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. ī́ṣa-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
√hɑoisnu-
PIE *hɑoisnu-
Hitt. ḫaišnu-
(cs.+·az) ‘‹make forsake, abandon, leave(?)›’
(KBo XI 10 II 21, CTH 447)
(Oettinger 1979:177, EHS 457, Weitenberg 1984:106, antuḫšašaz antuaḫan tan ḫa-iš-nu-uz-zi, EHS 457)
1. PIE *hɑoisnu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoisnu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hoisnu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haisnu-
3. haisnu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haišnu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haišnu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaišnu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑ- √ohɑ- √ehɑ (aff.) ‘ab, un-’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Lat. + OAnat.; identical to the previous root)
√ohɑ·
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ohɑ·Σ
Lat. o·pico-
(a.) ‘ungebildet’
(WH. 2:211)
(Lat. opicus, opica, opicum, to Lat. pictura)
1. PIE *ohɑ·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oh·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. o·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *ohɑ·Σ
Lat. o·piter-
(a.) ‘cuius pater avō vivō mortuus est’
(WH. 2:213)
(Lat. opiter)
1. PIE *ohɑ·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oh·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. o·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *ohɑ·soi̯o-
CLu. aḫ·šaa-
(vb.) ‘abandon’
(HHand. 11)
(CLu. a-aḫ-ša-a(-pa-[) [ipv2sg], to CLu. šaa- ‘lassen’, DLL. 23)
1. PIE *ohɑ·soi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oh·soi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oh·soi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ah·sai̯a-
3. ah·sai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *ah·saa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. ah·saa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ah·šaa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ah·šaa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. aḫ·šaa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ohɑ·soi̯omi-
CLu. aḫ·šaami-
(pt.) ‘abandoned’
(HHand. 11)
(CLu. niš-pa-aš aḫša[m(miš)] SISKUR-iš EN-aš)
1. PIE *ohɑ·soi̯omi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oh·soi̯omi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oh·soi̯omi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ah·sai̯ami-
3. ah·sai̯ami-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *ah·saami-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. ah·saami-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ah·šaami-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ah·šaami-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. aḫ·šaami-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ohɑo/e-
PIE *ohɑo·dɑhu̯o-
CLu. aḫa·du̯a-
(vb.) put away’
(KBo 24 6 Vs. 13)
(CLu. a-aḫ-ḫa (…) du̯a)
1. PIE *ohɑo·dɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oho·dhu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oho·dhu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aha·dhu̯a-
3. aha·dhu̯a-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *aha·du̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. aha·du̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. aḫa·du̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ohɑo·soi̯o-
Hitt. aḫa·šaa-
(URU.) ‘(mit Tunip, Mušunipa, Itipa und Turpanta)’
(OGH. 1)
(Hitt. aḫ-ḫa-ša-a [Stf.])
1. PIE *ohɑo·soi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oho·soi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oho·soi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aha·sai̯a-
3. aha·sai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *aha·saa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. aha·saa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *aha·šaa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. aha·šaa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. aḫa·šaa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ohɑo·soi̯omi-
CLu. aḫa·šaami-
(pt.) ‘abandoned’ (HHand. 11)
(DLL. 23)
(CLu. a-aḫ-ḫa-ša-a[m-mi-iš] = [a-a]ḫ-ḫa-ša-a-mi-iš)
1. PIE *ohɑo·soi̯omi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oho·soi̯omi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oho·soi̯omi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aha·sai̯ami-
3. aha·sai̯ami-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *aha·saami-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. aha·saami-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *aha·šaami-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. aha·šaami-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. aḫa·šaami-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ohɑo·teiku·gɑɦuro-
HLu. aḫa·teiku·gura-
(URBSc.) ‘‹see URUti-ik-ku-ku-u̯a & HLu. gura- ‘cut’›’
(CHLu. 10.37.17)
(HLu. á-ha-ti-ku-ku+ra/i-za(URBS))
1. PIE *ohɑo·teiku·gɑɦuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oho·teiku·gɦuro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oho·teiku·gɦuro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aha·teiku·gɦura-
3. aha·teiku·gɦura-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *aha·teiku·gura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. aha·teiku·gura-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. aḫa·teiku·gura-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑ- (pref.) ‘cum’ (conj.) ‘-que’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√hɑe·
PIE *hɑe·
Gr. ἀ·
(pref.) ‘α copulativum’
(LSJ. 1)
1. PIE *hɑe·
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa·
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa·
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ha·
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ha·
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *a·
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. a·
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀ·
PIE *hɑe·Σ
Gr. ἀ·μέλδο-
(pref.vb.) ‘‹cf. μέλδω›’
(GEW 2:199)
(Hes. ἀμέλδειν· τήκειν)
1. PIE *hɑe·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ha·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ha·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *a·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. a·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀ·Σ
PIE *·hɑe
CLu. ·ḫa
(encl.conj.) ‘et, aussi’
(DLL. 37)
(CLu. ·ḫa)
1. PIE *·hɑe
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *·hɑa
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ·hɑa
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *·ha
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ·ha
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ·ḫa
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *·hɑe
Pal. ·ḫa
(encl.conj.) ‘et’
(HHand. 34)
1. PIE *·hɑe
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *·hɑa
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ·hɑa
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *·ha
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ·ha
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. ·ḫa
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑ- (pref.) ‘gleich’ (ptcl.) ‘id.’
(IEW 280-1)
(Pyysalo)
√hɑo-
PIE *·hɑo
CLu. ·ḫa
(encl.conj.) ‘même’
(DLL. 37)
1. PIE *·hɑo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *·ho
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ·ho
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *·ha
3. ·ha
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ·ḫa
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑo·Σ
Gr. ὀ·γάστωρ
(a.) ‘ὁμογάστωρ’
(LSJ. 1196)
1. PIE *hɑo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ho·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ho·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *o·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. o·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀ·Σ
PIE *hɑó·Σ
Gr. ὄ·πατρο-
(a.) ‘by the same father’
(LSJ. 1237)
1. PIE *hɑó·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hó·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hó·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ó·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ó·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄ·Σ
PIE *hɑo·Σ
LAv. a·vånt-
(pt.) ‘gleich erscheinen wie –’
(AIWb. 952)
1. PIE *hɑo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ho·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ho·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ha·Σ
3. ha·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → LAv. a·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑó·Σ
Gr. ὄ·τριχες
(a.) ‘with like hair’
(LSJ. 1266)
(Gr. ὄθριξ, ὄτριχες)
1. PIE *hɑó·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hó·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hó·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ó·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ó·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄ·Σ


PIE √hɑ- (pref.prep.postp.suff.) ‘in-, zu-’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√·hɑe
PIE *.hɑe
Gr. .α
(end.A) ‘the accusative singular ending’
(GrGr. 1:545)
(Gr. ·α = the adverbial ending ·α; not *n̥)
1. PIE *.hɑe
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *.hɑa
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. .hɑa
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *.ha
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. .ha
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *.a
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. .a
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. .α
PIE *·hɑe
Umbr. ·a
(postp.) ‘zu’
(WH. 1:11)
(OUmbr. ·a, cf. Lat. ad = Umbr. ař, WbOU. 46-7)
1. PIE *·hɑe
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *·hɑa
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ·hɑa
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *·ha
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ·ha
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Umbr. ·a
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *.hɑe
Gr. .α
(adv.end.) ‘adverbial ending’
(GrGr. 1:622-3)
(Gr. ·α = the sgA ending ·α)
1. PIE *.hɑe
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *.hɑa
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. .hɑa
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *.ha
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. .ha
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *.a
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. .a
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. .α


PIE √hɑi- (vb.) ‘glänzen, brennen’
(IEW 11-12 *ai-)
(Pyysalo)
√hɑi-
(HEG A:3)
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑoi̯o-
Pal. ḫaa-
(vb.) ‘heiß, warm sein’
(DPal. 53)
(Pal. ḫa-a-ri [3sg], ḫa-a-an-ta, ḫa-an-ta)
1. PIE *hɑoi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hai̯a-
3. hai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *haa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. haa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. ḫaa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑin-
PIE *hɑoi̯on-
Pal. ḫaan-
(pt.n.) ‘warm, heiß’
(DPal. 53)
(Pal. ḫa-a-an[(-)?)
1. PIE *hɑoi̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoi̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hoi̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hai̯an-
3. hai̯an-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *haan-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. haan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. ḫaan-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑoi̯ōn-
gAv. ayān-
(n.) ‘Tag’
(AIWb. 157)
(LAv. ayą [sgL], gAv. ayąn [sgG])
1. PIE *hɑoi̯ōn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoi̯ōn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hoi̯ōn-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hai̯ōn-
3. hai̯ōn-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *hai̯ān-
4. hai̯ān-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ai̯ān-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ai̯ān-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → gAv. ayān-
√hɑir-
(IEW 12)
(SPIE 217)
PIE *hɑei̯or-
gAv. ayar-
(n.) ‘Tag’
(AIWb. 157)
(gAv. ayarǝ̄ [sgNA])
1. PIE *hɑei̯or-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑai̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑai̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hai̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hai̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hai̯ar-
4. hai̯ar-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ai̯ar-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ai̯ar-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → gAv. ayar-
PIE *hɑeire-
Arm. aire-
(vb.) ‘verbrennen, anzünden’
(ArmGr. 1:418-9)
(Arm. airel [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑeire-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaire-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaire-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haire-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haire-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Arm. aire-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑir·ino-
Hitt. ḫir·ina-
(UDUNm.) ‘Schmeltzofen’
(HEG H:237)
(Hitt. ḫi-ri-na-aš)
1. PIE *hɑir·ino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hir·ino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hir·ino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hir·ina-
3. hir·ina-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫir·ina-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·hɑ́iros-
LAv. uz·īrah-
(n.) ‘Nachmittag’
(AIWb. 410)
1. PIE *Π·hɑ́iros-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *Π·híiros-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·híiros-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·híiras-
3. Π·híiras-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·íiras-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·íiras-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *Π·ī́ras-
5. Π·ī́ras-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *Π·ī́rah-
6. Π·ī́rah-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → LAv. Π·īrah-


PIE √hɑi- √ɦɑi- (sb.) ‘Stein, Bein, Ei, Hode’
(IEW 783-4)
(Pyysalo)
√hɑi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑōi̯-
TochA. āy-
(m.) ‘os’
(Poucha 22)
1. PIE *hɑōi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hōi̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hōi̯-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *hāi̯-
3. hāi̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āi̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. āi̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochA. āy-
PIE *hɑōi̯-
TochB. āy-
(sb.) ‘Bein: bone’
(DTochB. 45-6)
(LÉDT 15, āya [plN])
1. PIE *hɑōi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hōi̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hōi̯-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *hāi̯-
3. hāi̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āi̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. āi̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochB. āy-
√hɑoiɑh-
PIE *hɑoi̯ēɑh·si̯o-
TochB. ayā·ṣṣa-
(a.gen.) ‘pertaining to bone’
(DTochB. 45-6)
(TochB. ayāṣṣe)
1. PIE *hɑoi̯ēɑh·si̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑoi̯āɑh·si̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑoi̯āɑh·si̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoi̯āh·si̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hoi̯āh·si̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hai̯āh·si̯a-
4. hai̯āh·si̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ai̯ā·si̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ai̯ā·si̯a-
*si̯ → ṣ
Palatalization of *si̯
Rsi̯›ṣ → *ai̯ā·ṣa-
6. ai̯ā·ṣa-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochB. ayā·ṣa-
√hɑoii-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑoii̯o·hɑoii̯o-
Hitt. ḫai̯a·ḫai̯a-
(NA4.) ‘‹Stein?›’
(HHand. 35)
(Hitt. ḫai̯a(-)ḫai̯a)
1. PIE *hɑoii̯o·hɑoii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoii̯o·hoii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hoii̯o·hoii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haii̯a·haii̯a-
3. haii̯a·haii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *haia·haia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. haia·haia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *hai̯a·hai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. hai̯a·hai̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫai̯a·ḫai̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑoii̯o-
HLu. ḫai̯a-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 10.36.53)
(HLu. Iha-ia)
1. PIE *hɑoii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hoii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haii̯a-
3. haii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *haia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. haia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *hai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. hai̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫai̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑoii̯o
OHG. ei-
(n.) ‘Ei: egg’
(IEW 784)
1. PIE *hɑoii̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoii̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hoii̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oii̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. oii̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aii̯a
4. aii̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *aii̯
5. aii̯
*aii̯ → ei
Umlaut *aii̯ → ei
Raii̯›ei → OHG. ei
PIE *hɑoii̯o
OSax. ei-
(n.) ‘Ei: egg’
(ASächsWb. 15)
1. PIE *hɑoii̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoii̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hoii̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oii̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. oii̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aii̯a
4. aii̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *aii̯
5. aii̯
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → *eii̯
6. eii̯
*-i̯ → -i
Change of root-final i̯ into i
R=i̯›=i → *eii
7. eii
*ei → ē
Monophthongization of *ei into ē
Rei›ē → *ēi
8. ēi
Change of Rēi into ei
Rēi›ei → OSax. ei
√hɑisto-
PIE *hɑ́isto-
OCS. isto
(n.) ‘Hode’
(Sadnik √314)
1. PIE *hɑ́isto-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *híisto-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. híisto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *híista-
3. híista-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íista-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. íista-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́sta-
5. ī́sta-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *ī́sto-
6. ī́sto-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *ísto-
7. ísto-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → OCS. isto-
PIE *hɑoisto·n-
OIcl. eista·n-
(wk.f.) ‘Hode: testicle’
(ANEtWb. 98)
1. PIE *hɑoisto·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoisto·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hoisto·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oisto·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. oisto·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aista·n-
4. aista·n-
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → OIcl. eista·n-
√ɦɑisdo-
(HEG H:237-8)
PIE *ɦɑisdoi̯o-
Hitt. ḫišdaa-
(É.) ‘Mausoleum = É.NA4 = Steinhaus’
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫé-eš-ta-a [sgNA], ḫi-iš-ta-a-aš [G])
1. PIE *ɦɑisdoi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦisdoi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦisdoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦisdai̯a-
3. ɦisdai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *ɦisdaa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. ɦisdaa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦišdaa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦišdaa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫišdaa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑisdoi̯o-
CLu. ḫišdaa-
(GKLc.) ‘-(?)-’
(HHand. 51)
(CLu. ḫi-iš-da-a, HIL. 404)
1. PIE *ɦɑisdoi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦisdoi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦisdoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦisdai̯a-
3. ɦisdai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *ɦisdaa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. ɦisdaa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦišdaa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦišdaa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫišdaa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑisdoi̯o-
Hitt. ḫišdaa-
(d.) ‘Hištaa-’ (RDH. 74, REL. 55)
(OHP. 1:148)
(Hitt. ḫi-iš-ta-a, Hitt. ḫé-eš-ta-a-aš)
1. PIE *ɦɑisdoi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦisdoi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦisdoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦisdai̯a-
3. ɦisdai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *ɦisdaa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. ɦisdaa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦišdaa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦišdaa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫišdaa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑisdoi̯o·Σ
Kpd. ḫišdaa·ḫšu-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 374A)
(Kpd. ḫi-iš-ta-aḫ-šu)
1. PIE *ɦɑisdoi̯o·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦisdoi̯o·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦisdoi̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦisdai̯a·Σ
3. ɦisdai̯a·Σ
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *ɦisdaa·Σ
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. ɦisdaa·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦišdaa·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦišdaa·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. ḫišdaa·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑisdoi̯o·Σ
Kpd. ḫišdaa·ḫšušar-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 375A)
(Kpd. ḫi-iš-ta-aḫ-šu-šar)
1. PIE *ɦɑisdoi̯o·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦisdoi̯o·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦisdoi̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦisdai̯a·Σ
3. ɦisdai̯a·Σ
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *ɦisdaa·Σ
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. ɦisdaa·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦišdaa·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦišdaa·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. ḫišdaa·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑisdoso-
Hitt. ḫišdaša-
(LÚc.) ‘Vorsteher des Éḫešta’
(HHand. 51)
1. PIE *ɦɑisdoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦisdoso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦisdoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦisdasa-
3. ɦisdasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦišdaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦišdaša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫišdaša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑoisd·Σ
OInd. eḍ·ūka-
(m.) ‘charnel-house, reliquary’
(KEWA 1:127)
1. PIE *ɦɑoisd·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦoisd·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦoisd·Σ
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *ɦoišd·Σ
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. ɦoišd·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦaišd·Σ
4. ɦaišd·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *aišd·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aišd·Σ
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *ēšd·Σ
6. ēšd·Σ
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *ēṣd·Σ
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
7. ēṣd·Σ
*ṣd → ṣḍ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rṣd›ṣḍ → *ēṣḍ·Σ
8. ēṣḍ·Σ
PIE *ṣḍ → ẓḍ
Voicing of ṣ into ẓ before ḍ
Rṣḍ›ẓḍ → *ēẓḍ·Σ
9. ēẓḍ·Σ
PIE *ẓ → Ø
Loss of ẓ
Rẓ›0 → *ēḍ·Σ
10. ēḍ·Σ
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → OInd. eḍ·Σ
√ɦɑisdei-
PIE *ɦɑisdei-
Hitt. ḫišdei-
(Én.) ‘ein Kultgebäude, Mausoleum?’
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫé-eš-ti-i [sgNA?])
1. PIE *ɦɑisdei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦisdei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦisdei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦišdei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. ɦišdei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫišdei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑisdum-
PIE *ɦɑisdumo-
Hitt. ḫišduma-
(LÚc.) ‘am ḫešta- Beschäftigter’
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫi-iš-tu-um-ma-aš, ḫé-eš-tu-u-ma-aš)
1. PIE *ɦɑisdumo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦisdumo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦisdumo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦisduma-
3. ɦisduma-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦišduma-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦišduma-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫišduma-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑisdumon-
Kpd. ḫišduman
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 377)
(Kpd. ḫi-iš-du-ma-an)
1. PIE *ɦɑisdumon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦisdumon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦisdumon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦisduman-
3. ɦisduman-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦišduman-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦišduman-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. ḫišduman-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑisdumno-
Hitt. ḫišdumna-
(c.) ‘am ḫešta- Beschäftigter’
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫé-eš-tu-um-na-aš, ḫé-eš-tu-u-um-ni, ḫé-eš-tu-u-um-ni-eš)
1. PIE *ɦɑisdumno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦisdumno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦisdumno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦisdumna-
3. ɦisdumna-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦišdumna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦišdumna-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫišdumna-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑiou-
PIE *ɦɑōi̯ou-
TochB. āyo-
(sb.) ‘bone’
(DTochB. 45)
(TochB. āyo)
1. PIE *ɦɑōi̯ou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦōi̯ou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦōi̯ou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦōi̯au-
3. ɦōi̯au-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ɦāi̯au-
4. ɦāi̯au-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *āi̯au-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. āi̯au-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *āi̯ō-
6. āi̯ō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *āi̯o-
7. āi̯o-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochB. āyo-


PIE √hɑi- √ɦɑi- (vb.) ‘verneigen, Reverenz erweisen, verbeugen, geben, opfern’
(IEW –)
(HEG H:250: Hitt. ḫink1/2- ‘zuteilen’, Pyysalo)
√ɦɑining-
(Rieken 1999:336, AHPh. 176)
PIE *ɦɑining-
Hitt. ḫining-
(vb.) ‘sich verneigen, Reverenz erweisen’
(HIL. 315)
(Hitt. ḫi-ni-i[k], ḫi-ni-ik-zi, ḫi-in-ik-zi, ḫi-en-ik-ta)
1. PIE *ɦɑining-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦining-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦining-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫining-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑing-
(HEG H:246-251)
(HED 3:295, HIL. 314f., Puhvel HED 3:289f., 292f.)
PIE *ɦɑeing-
Hitt. ḫaing-
(vb.intr.) ‘sich verneigen, Reverenz erweisen’
(HHand. 35)
(Hitt. ḫa-ik-t[a-ri], [ḫa-i]k-ta-ri, ḫa-ik-ta)
1. PIE *ɦɑeing-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑaing-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaing-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦaing-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦaing-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaing-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑing-
Hitt. ḫing-
(vb.M.) ‘sich verneigen, Reverenz erweisen’
(HHand. 35)
(Hitt. ḫé-ik-ta, ḫi-in-ga-ri, ḫi-ik-ta)
1. PIE *ɦɑing-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦing-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦing-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫing-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑing-
Hitt. ḫing-
(vb.1.) ‘übergeben, überlassen, opfern’
(HHand. 50)
(SHV 93)
1. PIE *ɦɑing-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦing-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦing-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫing-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑingo-
PIE *ɦɑeingo-
Hitt. ḫainga-
(vb.) ‘sich verneigen, Reverenz erweisen’
(HIL. 314)
(Hitt. ḫa-in-kán-ta)
1. PIE *ɦɑeingo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑaingo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaingo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦaingo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦaingo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦainga-
4. ɦainga-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫainga-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑingo-
Hitt. ḫinga-
(vb.) ‘sich verneigen, Reverenz erweisen’
(HIL. 314)
(Hitt. ḫi-in-ga, ḫi-in-ga-zi ḫi-in-kat-ta, ḫi-i-in-kán-ta)
1. PIE *ɦɑingo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦinga-
3. ɦinga-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫinga-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑingon-
Hitt. ḫingan-
(n.*) ‘gift’
(HIL. 315)
(in Hitt. IGI.DU8.A-an-ni)
1. PIE *ɦɑingon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦingan-
3. ɦingan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫingan-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑingonu-
Hitt. ḫinganu-
(cs.1.) ‘zur Verbeugung (ver)anlassen’
(HHand. 50)
(Hitt. ḫi-in-ga-nu-zi)
1. PIE *ɦɑingonu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingonu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingonu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦinganu-
3. ɦinganu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫinganu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑingoski̯e/o-
Hitt. ḫingaške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘sich verneigen, Reverenz erweisen’
(HIL. 315)
(Hitt. ḫi-in-ga-aš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *ɦɑingoski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingoski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingoski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ɦingosḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦingosḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦingasḱe/a-
4. ɦingasḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ɦingaske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. ɦingaske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦingaške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦingaške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫingaške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑingei-
PIE *ɦɑingei-
Hitt. ḫingei-
(vb.) ‘sich verneigen, Reverenz erweisen’
(HIL. 315)
(Hitt. ḫi-in-ki-ez-zi)
1. PIE *ɦɑingei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫingei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑingeiski̯e/o-
Hitt. ḫingeiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘sich verneigen, Reverenz erweisen’
(EHS 445)
(Hitt. ḫi-in-ki-iš-ke/a-, ḫi-in-ki-eš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *ɦɑingeiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingeiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingeiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ɦingeisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦingeisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦingeisḱe/a-
4. ɦingeisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ɦingeiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. ɦingeiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦingeiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦingeiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫingeiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑingu-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ɦɑingulo-
Hitt. ḫingula-
(a.) ‘offerant’
(HIL. 315)
(Hitt. ḫi-in-ku-la-aš)
1. PIE *ɦɑingulo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingulo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦingula-
3. ɦingula-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫingula-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑingum-
Hitt. ḫingum-
(vb.sb.) ‘Geschenk, Ehrengabe’
(HEG H:249)
(Hitt. ḫingum[uš] [plA], Rieken 1999:336)
1. PIE *ɦɑingum-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingum-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingum-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫingum-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑéi̯engumeɑht-
Gr. ἄεμματ-
(n.) ‘bow, bowstring’
(GEW 1:53)
(Gr. ἄεμμα)
1. PIE *ɦɑéi̯engumeɑht-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *ɦɑái̯engumeɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑái̯engumeɑht-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ɦɑái̯engumaɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. ɦɑái̯engumaɑht-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦái̯engumaht-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ɦái̯engumaht-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ái̯engumaht-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ái̯engumaht-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ái̯engumat-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ái̯engumat-
*gu/u̯ → b
Bilabialization of labiovelar into b
RgU›b → *ái̯enbmat-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. ái̯enbmat-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *áenbmat-
8. áenbmat-
*nP → mP
Change of nP into mP
RnP›mP → *áembmat-
9. áembmat-
*bm → mm
Assimilation of b and m
Rbm›mm → *áemmmat-
10. áemmmat-
*si̯ → s
Simplification of *mmm
Rmmm›mm → *áemmat-
11. áemmat-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄεμματ-
PIE *ɦɑingun-
Hitt. ḫingun-
(n.obl.) ‘gift, offering’
(HIL. 315)
(Hitt. ḫé-en-ku-ni)
1. PIE *ɦɑingun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingun-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingun-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫingun-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑingur-
Hitt. ḫingur-
(n.) ‘Darreichung, Geschenk, Ehrengabe’
(HHand. 50)
1. PIE *ɦɑingur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingur-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingur-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫingur-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑingu̯or-
Hitt. ḫingu̯ar-
(n.) ‘Verbeugung’
(HHand. 50)
(Hitt. ḫi-in-ku-ua-ar, ḫé-en-ku-ua-aš, ḫi-in-ku-ua-an-zi)
1. PIE *ɦɑingu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦingu̯ar-
3. ɦingu̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫingu̯ar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑingu̯or-
Hitt. ḫingu̯ar-
(n.) ‘Darreichung, Geschenk, Ehrengabe’
(HHand. 50)
(Hitt. ḫinku̯ar [sgNA], ḫinku̯aš [sgG], ḫinkumuš [plA])
1. PIE *ɦɑingu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦingu̯ar-
3. ɦingu̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫingu̯ar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑingur-
Hitt. ḫingur-
(n.) ‘gift, offering’
(HIL. 315)
(Hitt. ḫé-en-gur, ḫi-in-ku-ua-ri [plN])
1. PIE *ɦɑingur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingur-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingur-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫingur-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑinu-
(AHPh. 166)
PIE *ɦɑinu-
Hitt. ḫinu-
(vb.) ‘make bow’
(AHPh. 166)
(Hitt. ḫinuzi [3sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑinu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦinu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦinu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫinu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑi- √ɦɑi- (vb.) ‘ergreifen, nehmen, fassen, halten’
(IEW 10-11)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√hɑindɑɦi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑeindɑɦi̯-
TochA. ents-
(vb.) ‘capere, praehendere: ergreifen, fassen, nehmen’
(Poucha 39)
1. PIE *hɑeindɑɦi̯-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaindɑɦi̯-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaindɑɦi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haindɦi̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haindɦi̯-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *hainjɦ-
4. hainjɦ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ainjɦ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ainjɦ-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *ainj-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ainj-
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → *aints-
7. aints-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *ēnts-
8. ēnts-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochA. ents-
PIE *hɑeindɑɦi̯o-
TochA. ents-
(m.) ‘cupiditas, suarum rerum studium’
(Poucha 39)
(TochA. ents, eṃts)
1. PIE *hɑeindɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaindɑɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaindɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haindɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haindɦi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haindɦi̯a-
4. haindɦi̯a-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *hainjɦa-
5. hainjɦa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ainjɦa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ainjɦa-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *ainja-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. ainja-
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → *aintsa-
8. aintsa-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *ēntsa-
9. ēntsa-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochA. entsa-
PIE *hɑeindɑɦi̯oi-
TochB. entse-
(m.sg) ‘greed, envy’
(DTochB. 87)
(TochB. entseño, entsesa)
1. PIE *hɑeindɑɦi̯oi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaindɑɦi̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaindɑɦi̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haindɦi̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haindɦi̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haindɦi̯ai-
4. haindɦi̯ai-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *hainjɦai-
5. hainjɦai-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ainjɦai-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ainjɦai-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *ainjai-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. ainjai-
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → *aintsai-
8. aintsai-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *ēntsē-
9. ēntsē-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochB. entse-
PIE *hɑeindɑɦi̯u-
TochA. entsu-
(pret.pt.) ‘capere, praehendere’
(Poucha 39)
(in TochA. eṃtsu)
1. PIE *hɑeindɑɦi̯u-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaindɑɦi̯u-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaindɑɦi̯u-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haindɦi̯u-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haindɦi̯u-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *hainjɦu-
4. hainjɦu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ainjɦu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ainjɦu-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *ainju-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ainju-
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → *aintsu-
7. aintsu-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *ēntsu-
8. ēntsu-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochA. entsu-
PIE *hɑindɑɦi̯u-
Hitt. ḫinzu-
(URUDU.) ‘Art Waffe’
(HHand. 49)
1. PIE *hɑindɑɦi̯u-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hindɦi̯u-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hindɦi̯u-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *hinjɦu-
3. hinjɦu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hinju-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hinju-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *hinzu-
5. hinzu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫinzu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeindɑɦi̯udɑɦo-
Hitt. ḫinzuda-
(URU.) ‘(in der Umgebung von Išuwa und Paḫuwa)’
(OGH. 110)
(Hitt. ḫé-en-zu-ta-an [sgA], ḫi-in-zu-ú-ta, ḫi]-in-zu-ta)
1. PIE *hɑeindɑɦi̯udɑɦo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaindɑɦi̯udɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaindɑɦi̯udɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haindɦi̯udɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haindɦi̯udɦo-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *hainjɦudɦo-
4. hainjɦudɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hainjɦudɦa-
5. hainjɦudɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hainjuda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hainjuda-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *hainzuda-
7. hainzuda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫainzuda-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑinu-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑeínu-
Gr. αἴνυ-
(vb.) ‘nehmen: prendre, saisir’
(GEW 1:41)
(Gr. αἴνυμαι [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑeínu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaínu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaínu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haínu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haínu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aínu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aínu-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. αἴνυ-
PIE *Π·hɑeinu-
TochA. sāṃtk·enu-
(sb.m.) ‘medicus’
(Poucha 363)
1. PIE *Π·hɑeinu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑainu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑainu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hainu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hainu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ainu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·ainu-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *Π·ēnu-
5. Π·ēnu-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochA. Π·enu-


PIE √hɑi- (sb.) ‘Wehe, Ächzen, Zauberspruch’
(IEW 10)
(Pyysalo: CLu. + Gr.)
√hɑi-
PIE *hɑeí
Gr. αἴ
(intj.) ‘Ai!’
(GEW 1:30)
1. PIE *hɑeí
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaí
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaí
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haí
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haí
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aí
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aí
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. αἴ
√hɑis-
PIE *hɑis·hɑiso·si-
CLu. ḫiš·ḫiša·ši-
(c.) ‘Zauberspruch: spell?’ (HHand. 51)
(DLL. 46)
(CLu. ḫi-iš-ḫi-ša-aš-ši-in-za [plA], ḫi-iš-ḫi-ša-aš-ši-zi OHP. 1:153-)
1. PIE *hɑis·hɑiso·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *his·hiso·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. his·hiso·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *his·hisa·si-
3. his·hisa·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hiš·hiša·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hiš·hiša·ši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫiš·ḫiša·ši-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑishɑgi-
PIE *hɑeisɦɑégii̯o-
Gr. αἰάζο-
(pr.A.) ‘ächzen, jammern, klagen’
(GEW 1:30)
(Gr. αἰάζω [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑeisɦɑégii̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaisɦɑégii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaisɦɑégii̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑaisɦɑágii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
3. hɑaisɦɑágii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haisɦágii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haisɦágii̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *haisɦáǵi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. haisɦáǵi̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *haisáǵi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. haisáǵi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aisáǵi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. aisáǵi̯o-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *aisági̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
8. aisági̯o-
*gi̯ -› z
Palatalization of gi̯ to z
Rgi̯›z → *aisázo-
9. aisázo-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *aiházo-
10. aiházo-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *aiázo-
11. aiázo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. αἰάζο-
PIE *hɑeísɦɑegimeɑht-
Gr. αἴαγματ-
(n.) ‘das Ächzen’
(GEW 1:30)
1. PIE *hɑeísɦɑegimeɑht-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaísɦɑagimeɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaísɦɑagimeɑht-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑaísɦɑagimaɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑaísɦɑagimaɑht-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haísɦagimaht-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haísɦagimaht-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *haísɦaǵmaht-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. haísɦaǵmaht-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *haísaǵmaht-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. haísaǵmaht-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aísaǵmat-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. aísaǵmat-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *aísagmat-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
8. aísagmat-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *aíhagmat-
9. aíhagmat-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *aíagmat-
10. aíagmat-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. αἴαγματ-


PIE √hɑiki- √ɦɑigi- (pref.prep.) ‘aus, von (– her), ver- ; in, an, bei, nach’
(IEW 1044 [diff.])
(Pyysalo: Anat. + BSl.)
√hɑiki-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑíki
Lith. ìš
(prep.G) ‘aus, von, von – her’
(ALiEtWb. I:19-20)
1. PIE *hɑíki
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *híki
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. híki
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *híć
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. híć
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *hìć
4. hìć
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ìć
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ìć
*ć → š
From Satem *ć to š
R曚 → Lith. ìš
(SPIE §4.8.4)
PIE *hɑiki
OPr. is
(prep.D) ‘aus’
(ALiEtWb. I:19)
1. PIE *hɑiki
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hiki
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hiki
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *hić
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hić
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ić
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ić
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → OPr. is
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
PIE *hɑ́iki
Russ. ís
(prep.G) ‘aus, von’
(REW 1:473)
(ALiEtWb. I:19)
1. PIE *hɑ́iki
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *híiki
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. híiki
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *híić
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. híić
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íić
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. íić
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́ć
5. ī́ć
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *ī́s
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
6. ī́s
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → Russ. ís
PIE *hɑiki·Σ
Lyd. is·qasãn-
(vb.) ‘besitzen?’
(LydWb. 135)
1. PIE *hɑiki·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hiki·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hiki·Σ
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *hić·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hić·Σ
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *his·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
4. his·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lyd. is·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑiki·Σ
Lyd. is·l-
(a.) ‘angefangen?’
(LydWb. 135)
(Lyd. islλ [sgDL])
1. PIE *hɑiki·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hiki·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hiki·Σ
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *hić·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hić·Σ
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *his·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
4. his·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lyd. is·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑiki·Σ
Lyd. is·kubto-
(sb.) ‘Nachkommenschaft’
(LydWb. 135)
(Lyd. iskubto)
1. PIE *hɑiki·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hiki·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hiki·Σ
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *hić·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hić·Σ
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *his·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
4. his·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lyd. is·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑiki·Σ
Lyd. is·t
(prep.) ‘in, an, bei? = Aram. ‘l’
(LydWb. 136)
(Lyd. ist)
1. PIE *hɑiki·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hiki·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hiki·Σ
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *hić·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hić·Σ
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *his·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
4. his·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lyd. is·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√ɦɑigi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ɦɑigi·oi-
CLu. ḫiz·ai-
(vb.) ‘aushändigen, anvertrauen?’
(HHand. 51)
(CLu. ḫi-iz-za-in-du [3pl], Laroche DLL. 46)
1. PIE *ɦɑigi·oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦigi·oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦigi·oi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦij́·oi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦij́·oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦij́·ai-
4. ɦij́·ai-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *ɦiz·ai-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. ɦiz·ai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫiz·ai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑigi·ou-
CLu. ḫiz·au-
(vb.) ‘aushändigen, anvertrauen?’
(HHand. 51)
(DLL. 46, CLu. ḫi-iz-za-ú-un-du [3pl])
1. PIE *ɦɑigi·ou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦigi·ou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦigi·ou-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦij́·ou-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦij́·ou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦij́·au-
4. ɦij́·au-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *ɦiz·au-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. ɦiz·au-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫiz·au-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑigi·Σ
Lith. iž·noumo-
(vb.) ‘verpachten, in Pacht haben’
(LiEtWb. 512)
(Žem. ižnoumoti)
1. PIE *ɦɑigi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦigi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦigi·Σ
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦij́·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦij́·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ij́·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ij́·Σ
*j́ → ž
From Satem *j́ to ž
Rj́›ž → Lith. iž·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
PIE *ɦɑígi·Σ
OLith. ìž·da-
(m.) ‘Schatz, Reichtum’
(ALiEtWb. I:23-24)
(Sadnik √317)
1. PIE *ɦɑígi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦígi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦígi·Σ
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦíj́·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦíj́·Σ
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *ɦìj́·Σ
4. ɦìj́·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ìj́·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ìj́·Σ
*j́ → ž
From Satem *j́ to ž
Rj́›ž → OLith. ìž·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
PIE *ɦɑigi
Latv. iz
(prep.G) ‘aus’
(ALiEtWb. I:19)
1. PIE *ɦɑigi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦigi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦigi
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦij́
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦij́
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ij́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ij́
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → Latv. iz
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
PIE *ɦɑ́igi
OCS. iz
(prep.G) ‘aus, von’
(Sadnik √317)
1. PIE *ɦɑ́igi
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *ɦíigi
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. ɦíigi
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦíij́
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦíij́
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *íij́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. íij́
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́j́
5. ī́j́
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *ī́z
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
6. ī́z
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *íz
7. íz
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → OCS. iz
PIE *ɦɑ́igios
Russ. ízo
(prep.G) ‘aus, von’
(REW 1:473)
(ALiEtWb. I:19)
1. PIE *ɦɑ́igios
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *ɦíigios
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. ɦíigios
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦíij́os
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦíij́os
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦíij́as
4. ɦíij́as
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *íij́as
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. íij́as
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́j́as
6. ī́j́as
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *ī́zas
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
7. ī́zas
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *ī́zos
8. ī́zos
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in -os (root-final)
Ros=›o= → *ī́zo
9. ī́zo
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → Russ. ízo
PIE *ɦɑ́igi
Russ. íz
(prep.G) ‘aus, von’
(REW 1:473)
(ALiEtWb. I:19)
1. PIE *ɦɑ́igi
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *ɦíigi
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. ɦíigi
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦíij́
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦíij́
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *íij́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. íij́
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́j́
5. ī́j́
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *ī́z
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
6. ī́z
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → Russ. íz
PIE *ɦɑ́igi
SCr. iz
(prep.G) ‘aus, von’
(REW 1:473)
(ALiEtWb. I:19)
1. PIE *ɦɑ́igi
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *ɦíigi
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. ɦíigi
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦíij́
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦíij́
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *íij́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. íij́
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́j́
5. ī́j́
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *ī́z
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
6. ī́z
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → SCr. íz
PIE *ɦɑ́igiōɑɦd
SCr. iza
(prep.G) ‘hinter, nach’
(REW 1:473)
(ALiEtWb. I:19)
1. PIE *ɦɑ́igiōɑɦd
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *ɦíigiōɑɦd
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. ɦíigiōɑɦd
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦíigiōɦd
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦíigiōɦd
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦíij́ōɦd
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ɦíij́ōɦd
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ɦíij́āɦd
5. ɦíij́āɦd
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *íij́ād
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. íij́ād
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́j́ād
7. ī́j́ād
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *ī́zād
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
8. ī́zād
*-d → Ø
Loss of root-final -d
R=d›=0 → *ī́zā
9. ī́zā
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *ī́za
10. ī́za
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → SCr. íza
PIE *ɦɑ́igi·Σ
Lat. īg·nōsco-
(vb.) ‘verzeihen, ein Einsehen haben, Nachsicht üben’
(WH. 1:677)
1. PIE *ɦɑ́igi·Σ
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *ɦíigi·Σ
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. ɦíigi·Σ
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ɦíiǵ·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦíiǵ·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *íiǵ·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. íiǵ·Σ
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́ǵ·Σ
5. ī́ǵ·Σ
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *ī́g·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. ī́g·Σ
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → Lat. īg·Σ
PIE *ɦɑigi·Σ
Lat. ig·itur
(adv.) ‘dann, demnach, folglich, also ‹lit. *‘ausgehend von’›’
(WH. 1:675)
1. PIE *ɦɑigi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦigi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦigi·Σ
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ɦiǵ·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦiǵ·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *iǵ·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. iǵ·Σ
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → Lat. ig·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
PIE *ɦɑ́igi·Σ
Lat. īg·nōminiā-
(f.) ‘Schimpf, Schande’
(WH. 1:676)
1. PIE *ɦɑ́igi·Σ
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *ɦíigi·Σ
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. ɦíigi·Σ
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ɦíiǵ·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦíiǵ·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *íiǵ·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. íiǵ·Σ
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́ǵ·Σ
5. ī́ǵ·Σ
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *ī́g·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. ī́g·Σ
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → Lat. īg·Σ
PIE *ɦɑoigi-
Latv. aiz
(prep.) ‘hinter, nach, wegen, statt’
(IEW 452)
1. PIE *ɦɑoigi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦoigi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦoigi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦoij́-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦoij́-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *oij́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. oij́-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aij́-
5. aij́-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → Latv. aiz-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
PIE *ɦɑoigi·Σ
Latv. aiz·mìrs-
(vb.) ‘vergessen’
(IEW 738)
(Latv. aizmìrst)
1. PIE *ɦɑoigi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦoigi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦoigi·Σ
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦoij́·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦoij́·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *oij́·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. oij́·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aij́·Σ
5. aij́·Σ
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → Latv. aiz·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)


PIE √hɑil- √ɦɑil- (vb.) (sb.) ‘Tor, Einzäunung, Stall, Hof’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√hɑilo-
PIE *hɑilo-
Hitt. ḫila-
(Éc.) ‘Hof, Einzäunung, Viehhof: Sum. TÙR’
(HEG H:241ff.)
(Hitt. ḫi-i-la-aš, ḫi-la-aš, ḫi-i-la-an, ḫi-e-la-aš [G], ḫi-li [DL])
1. PIE *hɑilo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hila-
3. hila-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫila-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑilo-
Hitt. ḫila-
(PÚc.) ‘(im Kontext der ON ›Lawata)’
(OGH. 528)
(Hitt. ḫi-la-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑilo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hila-
3. hila-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫila-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑilo·Σ
CLu. ḫila·madu-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 352a)
(Hitt. ḫi-la-ma-ad-du(-un) [All]-[A])
1. PIE *hɑilo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hila·Σ
3. hila·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫila·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑilo·ru̯odɑɦo-
CLu. ḫila·ru̯ada-
(LÚc.) ‘(prince de Malatya-)’
(NOMS. 355)
(in Urar. ḫi-la-ru-a-da)
1. PIE *hɑilo·ru̯odɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilo·ru̯odɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilo·ru̯odɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hila·ru̯adɦa-
3. hila·ru̯adɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hila·ru̯ada-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hila·ru̯ada-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫila·ru̯ada-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑilo·Σ
Hitt. ḫila·dKAL-
(LÚc.) ‘‹yard-protector›’
(NOMS. 356)
(Hitt. ḫe-el-la-dKAL)
1. PIE *hɑilo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hila·Σ
3. hila·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫila·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑilo·Σ
Hitt. ḫila·ziba-
(d.) ‘‹genius of yard›’
(OHP. 1:150)
(Hitt. ḫe-el-la-zi-pa [Abs], GhR. 281, 299, 611; RDH. 67)
1. PIE *hɑilo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hila·Σ
3. hila·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫila·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑiloi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑiloi-
Hitt. ḫilai-
(vb.dn.) ‘Einen Hof (= ḫila-) haben’
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫi-la-iz-zi; von Mond oder Sonne)
1. PIE *hɑiloi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hiloi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hiloi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilai-
3. hilai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫilai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑili-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·hɑ́ili-
Lat. agn·īli-
(n.) ‘Schafstall’
(WH. 1:23)
1. PIE *Π·hɑ́ili-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *Π·híili-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·híili-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·íili-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·íili-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *Π·ī́li-
4. Π·ī́li-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → Lat. Π·īli-
PIE *Π·hɑ́ili-
Lat. ou·īli-
(n.) ‘Schafstall’
(WH. 2:229)
1. PIE *Π·hɑ́ili-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *Π·híili-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·híili-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·íili-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·íili-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *Π·ī́li-
4. Π·ī́li-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → Lat. Π·īli-
PIE *Π·hɑ́ili-
Lat. equ·īli-
(n.) ‘Pferdestall’
(WH. 1:412)
1. PIE *Π·hɑ́ili-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *Π·híili-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·híili-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·íili-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·íili-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *Π·ī́li-
4. Π·ī́li-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → Lat. Π·īli-
PIE *hɑilei̯o-
Hitt. ḫilei̯a-
(LÚc.) ‘(scribe)’
(NOMS. 357)
(Hitt. ḫi-li-ia-aš)
1. PIE *hɑilei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilei̯a-
3. hilei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫilei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑilik-
PIE *hɑiliko-
Hitt. ḫilika-
(URU.) ‘(›Naḫita)’
(OGH. 108)
(Hitt. ḫi-li-iq-qa-za [Abl])
1. PIE *hɑiliko-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hiliko-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hiliko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilika-
3. hilika-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫilika-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑilikei-
HLu. ḫilikei-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 2.15/2.5)
(HLu. hi?-li-ki-zi(URBS) [pl])
1. PIE *hɑilikei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilikei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilikei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫilikei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑilomo-
PIE *hɑilomo-
Hitt. ḫilama-
(URU.) ‘= URUKI.LAM = Torbau’
(HEG H:243-4)
(Hitt. ḫi-lam-ma-a [All])
1. PIE *hɑilomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilomo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilama-
3. hilama-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫilama-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑilomor-
Hitt. ḫilamar-
(n.) ‘Torbau, Säulenhalle, Portikus: KI.LAM’
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫi-lam-mar)
1. PIE *hɑilomor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilomor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilomor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilamar-
3. hilamar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫilamar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑilomo·tei̯o-
Hitt. ḫilama·tei̯a-
(URU.) ‘Torbau + treten?’
(OGH. 108)
(Hitt. ḫi-lam-ma-at-ti-ia [All])
1. PIE *hɑilomo·tei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilomo·tei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilomo·tei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilama·tei̯a-
3. hilama·tei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫilama·tei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑilomodɑɦ-
Hitt. ḫilamad-
(LÚc.) ‘Tempelangestellter, Pförtner’
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫi-lam-ma-ti-eš [plN], ḫi-lam-ma-at-ta-aš)
1. PIE *hɑilomodɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilomodɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilomodɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilamadɦ-
3. hilamadɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hilamad-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hilamad-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫilamad-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑilomi-
PIE *hɑilomi-
Hitt. ḫilami-
(LÚc.) ‘Tempelangestellter, Pförtner’
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫi-lam-mi-iš [sgN], ḫi-lam-mi-e-eš [plN])
1. PIE *hɑilomi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilomi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilomi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilami-
3. hilami-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫilami-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑilomili-
Hitt. ḫilamili
(adv.) ‘in der Art eines Pförtners?’
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫi-lam-mi-li)
1. PIE *hɑilomili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilomili-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilomili-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilamili-
3. hilamili-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫilamili-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑilomini-
Hitt. ḫilamini-
(c.) ‘courtier?’
(HIL. 399)
(Hitt. ḫi-lam-mi-in-ni-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑilomini-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilomini-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilomini-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilamini-
3. hilamini-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫilamini-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑilomn-
PIE *hɑilomn-
Hitt. ḫilamn-
(n.) ‘Torbau, Säulenhalle, Portikus’
(HIL. 399)
(Hitt. ḫi-lam-na-aš, ḫi-lam-ni, ḫi-lam-na)
1. PIE *hɑilomn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilomn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilomn-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilamn-
3. hilamn-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫilamn-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑilomnont-
Hitt. ḫilamnant-
(c.) ‘Torbau, Säulenhalle, Portikus: KI.LAM’
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫi-lam-na-an-za [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑilomnont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilomnont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilomnont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilamnant-
3. hilamnant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫilamnant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑilomni-
Hitt. ḫilamni-
(c.) ‘courtier?’
(HIL. 399)
(Hitt. ḫi-lam-ni-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑilomni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilomni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilomni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilamni-
3. hilamni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫilamni-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑilon-
PIE *hɑilon-
Hitt. ḫilan-
(n.obl.) ‘yard’
(HIL. 399)
(Hitt. ḫi-l[a-a]n-na-aš [sgG])
1. PIE *hɑilon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilan-
3. hilan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫilan-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑilon·Σ
Pal. ḫilan·ziba-
(dc.) ‘‹genie of yard›’
(OHP. 1:150)
(Pal. ḫi-la-an-z[i-p]a-aš, ḫi-la-an-zi-pí, HHand. 49; DPal. 55)
1. PIE *hɑilon·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilon·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilon·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilan·Σ
3. hilan·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. ḫilan·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑilono·Σ
CLu. ḫilana·[…
(sb.) ‘yard·[…’
(CLuLex. 67)
(CLu. [ḫ]i-el-la-an-na[])
1. PIE *hɑilono·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilono·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilono·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilana·Σ
3. hilana·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫilana·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑilono-
HLu. ḫilana-
(sb.*) ‘yard’
(CHLu. 1.1.63)
(in HLu. PORTA-la-na)
1. PIE *hɑilono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilana-
3. hilana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫilana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑiloni-
PIE *hɑiloni-
Hitt. ḫilani-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 353)
(Hitt. ḫi-la-ni-iš, ḫe-el-la-ni, ḫi-il-la-an-ni-iš)
1. PIE *hɑiloni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hiloni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hiloni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilani-
3. hilani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫilani-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑilos-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·hɑ́ilos
CS. jagn·ilo-
(n.) ‘locus ubi oves ‹jagn-› parturiunt’
(IEW 9)
1. PIE *Π·hɑ́ilos
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *Π·híilos
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·híilos
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·híilas
3. Π·híilas
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·íilas
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·íilas
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *Π·ī́las
5. Π·ī́las
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·ī́los
6. Π·ī́los
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in -os (root-final)
Ros=›o= → *Π·ī́lo
7. Π·ī́lo
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *Π·ílo
8. Π·ílo
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → CS. Π·ilo
PIE *hɑiloso-
CLu. ḫilaša-
(d.) ‘god of Ḫila-’
(OHP. 1:150-52)
(CLu. ḫi-la-aš-ša-an [D])
1. PIE *hɑiloso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hiloso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hiloso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilasa-
3. hilasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hilaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hilaša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫilaša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑilosi-
Hitt. ḫilaši-
(d.) ‘god of Ḫila-’
(OHP. 1:150-52)
(Hitt. ḫi-i-la-aš-ši, GhR. 133, 281-2, 613-4, Haas 1972-75:409-410, RDH. 69, REL. 73, 1143-4)
1. PIE *hɑilosi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilosi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilasi-
3. hilasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hilaši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hilaši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫilaši-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑilosidɑɦ-
CLu. ḫilašid-
(d.) ‘‹for mng., cf. CLuLex. 68›’
(OHP. 1:150-52)
(CLu. ḫi-la-aš-ši-ti [D], Laroche RDH 67f.; RHA XV (1957) 15ff.)
1. PIE *hɑilosidɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilosidɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilosidɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilasidɦ-
3. hilasidɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hilasid-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hilasid-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hilašid-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hilašid-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫilašid-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑilosumi-
(uncertain)
PIE *hɑilosumei̯o-
Hitt. ḫilašumei̯a-
(GIŠ.) ‘(eine Pflanze mit verwertbarem Samen)’
(HHand. 49)
1. PIE *hɑilosumei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilosumei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilosumei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilasumei̯a-
3. hilasumei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hilašumei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hilašumei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫilašumei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑilodɑɦor-
PIE *hɑilodɑɦor-
Hitt. ḫiladar-
(n.) ‘Wirtschafshof?’
(HHand. 50)
1. PIE *hɑilodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilodɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hiladɦar-
3. hiladɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hiladar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hiladar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫiladar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑil- √ɦɑil- (sb.) ‘Gewässer, Naß, Schleim usw.’
(IEW 499)
(Pyysalo)
√hɑilu-
PIE *hɑilu̯o·dɑɦolo-
Hitt. ḫilu̯a·dala-
(DUGn.) ‘ein Gefäß ≈ DUGḫalu̯adala-’
(HHand. 49)
1. PIE *hɑilu̯o·dɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilu̯o·dɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilu̯o·dɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilu̯a·dɦala-
3. hilu̯a·dɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hilu̯a·dala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hilu̯a·dala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫilu̯a·dala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑ́iluɑhus-
Gr. ἴ̄λῡσ-
(f.) ‘Schlamm, Kot: mud, slime’
(LSJ. 829)
1. PIE *hɑ́iluɑhus-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *híiluɑhus-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. híiluɑhus-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *híiluhus-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. híiluhus-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íiluus-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. íiluus-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́luus-
5. ī́luus-
*uu → ū
Contraction of u and u
Ruu›ū → *ī́lūs-
6. ī́lūs-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἴ̄λῡσ-


PIE √hɑil- (vb.) ‘brennen, glänzen’ (sb.) ‘Flamme, Gold?’
(IEW 11-12)
(Pyysalo)
√hɑil-
PIE *hɑiloro-
Hitt. ḫilara-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGHErg. 38)
(Hitt. ḫi-la-ra[(-) [Stf.])
1. PIE *hɑiloro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hiloro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hiloro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilara-
3. hilara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫilara-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑilor·idɑɦi̯i-
Hitt. ḫilar·izi-
(mc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 354)
(Hitt. ḫe-el-la-ri-iz-zi [Abs]; the suffix ·izi- unexplained)
1. PIE *hɑilor·idɑɦi̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilor·idɦi̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilor·idɦi̯i-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *hilor·ijɦi-
3. hilor·ijɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilar·ijɦi-
4. hilar·ijɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hilar·iji-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hilar·iji-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *hilar·izi-
6. hilar·izi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫilar·izi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *meɑhr·hɑ́ilēɑh-
Gr. μαρ·ί̄λη-
(f.) ‘glühende Asche’
(GEW 2:175-6)
(Gr. μαρίλη)
1. PIE *meɑhr·hɑ́ilēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *maɑhr·hɑ́ilēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. maɑhr·hɑ́ilēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *maɑhr·hɑ́ilāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. maɑhr·hɑ́ilāɑh-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *maɑhr·híilāɑh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
4. maɑhr·híilāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mahr·híilāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
5. mahr·híilāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *mar·íilā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. mar·íilā-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *mar·ī́lā-
7. mar·ī́lā-
ā –> ē (Att)
Attican change of ā –› ē
Rā›ēAtt → *mar·ī́lē-
8. mar·ī́lē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. μαρ·ί̄λη-
PIE *hɑilu̯odɑɦei-
CLu. ḫilu̯adei-
(c.) ‘(Gegenstand aus Gold)’
(HHand. 49)
(CLu. ḫelu̯ati-)
1. PIE *hɑilu̯odɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilu̯odɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilu̯odɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilu̯adɦei-
3. hilu̯adɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hilu̯adei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hilu̯adei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫilu̯adei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑil- (vb.) ‘wachsen, gedeihen’ (sb.) ‘Baum, Pflanze’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√hɑil-
PIE *hɑ́il·oso
OCS. il·osŭ-
(m.) ‘(ein Baumkrankheit)’
(Sadnik p. 36)
(for the suffix cf. Suśr. rak·asā- ‘a form of leprosy’, KEWA 3:30)
1. PIE *hɑ́il·oso
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *híil·oso
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. híil·oso
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *híil·asa
3. híil·asa
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íil·asa
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. íil·asa
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́l·asa
5. ī́l·asa
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *ī́l·oso
6. ī́l·oso
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *ī́l·osu
7. ī́l·osu
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *íl·osu
8. íl·osu
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → *il·osu
9. il·osu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. il·osŭ
√hɑilu-
PIE *hɑilu̯o-
CLu. ḫilu̯a-
(GIŠn.) ‘(eine Pflanze/ein Gegenstand aus Holz)’
(DLL. 45)
(CLu. ḫi-i-lu-[ua], ḫe-e-[lu-ua])
1. PIE *hɑilu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilu̯a-
3. hilu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫilu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑil- (vb.) ‘bewegen’ (sb.) ‘Bewegung, Wagen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√hɑil-
PIE *hɑil·ugɑɦi̯oni-
Hitt. ḫil·ugani-
(sb.) ‘carriage’
(HIL. 322-3)
(Hitt. ḫi-lu-kà-ni-im [sgG])
1. PIE *hɑil·ugɑɦi̯oni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hil·ugɦi̯oni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hil·ugɦi̯oni-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *hil·uǵɦoni-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hil·uǵɦoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hil·uǵɦani-
4. hil·uǵɦani-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *hil·ugɦani-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hil·ugɦani-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hil·ugani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hil·ugani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫil·ugani-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ubɑɦo·ɦɑili-
CLu. uba·ḫili-
(GKLc.) ‘Schnelligkeit, Zielstrebigkeit, Zuverlässigkeit’
(HHand. 186)
1. PIE *ubɑɦo·ɦɑili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ubɦo·ɦili-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ubɦo·ɦili-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ubɦa·ɦili-
3. ubɦa·ɦili-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *uba·ɦili-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. uba·ɦili-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. uba·ḫili-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑ́iLei̯o-
OInd. īlaya-
(cs.) ‘in Bewegung setzen’
(KEWA 3:96)
1. PIE *hɑ́iLei̯o-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *híiLei̯o-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. híiLei̯o-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *híilei̯o-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. híilei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *híilei̯a-
4. híilei̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íilei̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. íilei̯a-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́lei̯a-
6. ī́lei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ī́lai̯a-
7. ī́lai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. ī́laya-


PIE √hɑim- √ɦɑim- (sb.) ‘Feuer, Hitze, Rauch, Dampf, Starrheit, Fieber’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√hɑimo-
(HEG H:123)
(HED 3:8, HIL. –)
PIE *hɑehɑimo-
Hitt. ḫaḫima-
(c.) ‘eine Krankheit: Erstarrung, Starrheit?’
(HEG H:123)
(HHand. 34, Hitt. ḫaḫima-)
1. PIE *hɑehɑimo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑimo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑimo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahimo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahima-
4. hahima-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaḫima-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeimo
OIcl. eim-
(m.) ‘Feuer, Rauch, Dampf’
(ANEtWb. 96)
(OIcl. eimr [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑeimo
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaimo
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaimo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haimo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haimo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aimo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aimo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aima
5. aima
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → *eima
6. eima
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OIcl. eim
PIE *hɑ́imo
OIcl. īm-
(n.) ‘Staub’
(ANEtWb. 285)
(cf. ModNorw. īm ‘Geruch’)
1. PIE *hɑ́imo
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *híimo
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. híimo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íimo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. íimo
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́mo
4. ī́mo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ī́ma
5. ī́ma
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *ī́m
6. ī́m
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → OIcl. īm
PIE *hɑ́imo
Far. īm-
(sb.) ‘Russ auf einem Kessel’
(ANEtWb. 285)
1. PIE *hɑ́imo
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *híimo
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. híimo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íimo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. íimo
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́mo
4. ī́mo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ī́ma
5. ī́ma
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *ī́m
6. ī́m
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → Far. īm
PIE *hɑ́imo-
ModIcl. īma-
(sb.) ‘Hitze’
(ANEtWb. 285)
1. PIE *hɑ́imo-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *híimo-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. híimo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íimo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. íimo-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́mo-
4. ī́mo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ī́ma-
5. ī́ma-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → ModIcl. īma-
PIE *hɑ́imo-
OIcl. īma-
(vb.) ‘heftig werden’
(ANEtWb. 285)
(OIcl. īmast [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑ́imo-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *híimo-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. híimo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íimo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. íimo-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́mo-
4. ī́mo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ī́ma-
5. ī́ma-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → OIcl. īma-
PIE *hɑeime·n-
OIcl. eimi·n-
(m.) ‘Rauch, Dampf, Feuer’
(ANEtWb. 96)
1. PIE *hɑeime·n-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaime·n-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaime·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haime·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haime·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aime·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aime·n-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *aimi·n-
5. aimi·n-
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → OIcl. eimi·n-
PIE *hɑ́imono
Norw. īmen-
(pt.) ‘erzürnt’
(ANEtWb. 285)
1. PIE *hɑ́imono
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *híimono
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. híimono
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íimono
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. íimono
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́mono
4. ī́mono
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ī́mana
5. ī́mana
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *ī́man
6. ī́man
*an → en
Rising of a into e before n-
R=an›=en → *ī́men
7. ī́men
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → Norw. īmen
PIE *hɑeim·hɑusii̯ó·n-
OIcl. eim·yrja·n-
(wk.f.) ‘glühende Asche’
(ANEtWb. 96)
1. PIE *hɑeim·hɑusii̯ó·n-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaim·hɑusii̯ó·n-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaim·hɑusii̯ó·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haim·husii̯ó·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haim·husii̯ó·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aim·usii̯ó·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aim·usii̯ó·n-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *aim·usii̯á·n-
5. aim·usii̯á·n-
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → *eim·usii̯á·n-
6. eim·usii̯á·n-
*usii̯á → ysi̯á
Umlaut for usii̯á → ysi̯á
Rusii̯á›ysi̯á → *eim·ysi̯á·n-
7. eim·ysi̯á·n-
ysi̯á → yri̯á
Verner's Law
Rysi̯á›yri̯á → *eim·yri̯á·n-
8. eim·yri̯á·n-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *eim·yrjá·n-
9. eim·yrjá·n-
*á → a
Loss/absence of accent
Rá›a → OIcl. eim·yrja·n-
PIE *hɑeim·hɑusii̯ó·n-
ArchHG. eim·uria·n-
(wk.f.) ‘Aschenglut, Glut, heiße/glühende Asche’
(EWAhd. 2:988, IEW 347)
1. PIE *hɑeim·hɑusii̯ó·n-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaim·hɑusii̯ó·n-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaim·hɑusii̯ó·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haim·husii̯ó·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haim·husii̯ó·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aim·usii̯ó·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aim·usii̯ó·n-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *aim·usii̯á·n-
5. aim·usii̯á·n-
*usii̯á → usi̯á
Change of usii̯á to usi̯á
Rusii̯á›usi̯á → *aim·usi̯á·n-
6. aim·usi̯á·n-
usi̯á → uri̯á
Verner's Law
Rusi̯á›uri̯á → *aim·uri̯á·n-
7. aim·uri̯á·n-
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → *eim·uri̯á·n-
8. eim·uri̯á·n-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → *eim·uriá·n-
9. eim·uriá·n-
*á → a
Loss/absence of accent
Rá›a → ArchHG. eim·uria·n-


PIE √hɑim- (sb.) ‘Schein, Bild, Nachbildung’
(IEW 505)
(Neumann apud Oettinger 1976b:64)
√hɑim-
(Neumann)
PIE *hɑimo-
Hitt. ḫima-
(c.) ‘Nachahmung, Nachbildung, Substitut im Opferkult’
(HEG H:245-246)
(Hitt. ḫi-im-ma-aš, ḫi-im-ma-an, ḫi-im-mi-e-[eš], ḫi-mu-uš)
1. PIE *hɑimo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *himo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. himo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hima-
3. hima-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫima-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑ́imo-
TochB. īma-
(m.) ‘consciousness, awareness, thought’
(DTochB. 66)
(TochB. īme [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑ́imo-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *híimo-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. híimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *híima-
3. híima-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íima-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. íima-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́ma-
5. ī́ma-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → TochB. īma-
PIE *hɑimoli-
Hitt. ḫimali-
(LÚc.N.ag.) ‘Betreuer des ḫima-?’
(HHand. 50)
(Hitt. ḫi-im-ma-al-li-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑimoli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *himoli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. himoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *himali-
3. himali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫimali-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑimolei̯o-
Kpd. ḫimalei̯a-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 359)
(Kpd. ḫi-ma-li-ia)
1. PIE *hɑimolei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *himolei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. himolei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *himalei̯a-
3. himalei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. ḫimalei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑimonu-
Hitt. ḫimanu-
(mc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 360)
(Hitt. ḫi-ma-nu-uš[..)
1. PIE *hɑimonu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *himonu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. himonu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *himanu-
3. himanu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫimanu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑimeɑh-
(Neumann)
PIE *hɑim·Σ
Lat. im·āgōn-
(f.) ‘Bild, Abbild, Schein, Gestalt, Vorstellung’
(WH. 1:680)
(Lat. imāgō [N], imāginis [sgG])
1. PIE *hɑim·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *him·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. him·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. im·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑim·Σ
Lat. im·āginā-
(vb.1.M.) ‘sich vorstellen, sich einbilden’
(WH. 1:680)
(Lat. imāginor, imāginārī)
1. PIE *hɑim·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *him·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. him·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. im·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑim·Σ
Lat. im·āguncula-
(f.dim.) ‘kleines Bild’
(WH. 1:680)
1. PIE *hɑim·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *him·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. him·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. im·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑimeɑhnēɑh-
Arm. imana-
(pr.) ‘reflect, imagine: vermuten’
(WH. 1:17)
(ArmGr. 1 –, imanam [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑimeɑhnēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑimaɑhnēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. hɑimaɑhnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑimaɑhnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑimaɑhnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *himahnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. himahnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *imanā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. imanā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → Arm. imana-
PIE *hɑimeɑhst-
Arm. imast-
(sb.) ‘Vermutung: intelligence’
(WH. 1:17)
(ArmGr. 1 –; stem?)
1. PIE *hɑimeɑhst-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑimaɑhst-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. hɑimaɑhst-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *himahst-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. himahst-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Arm. imast-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑimeɑhstun-
Arm. imastun-
(a.) ‘wise’
(Bedrossian 1875-79:242)
(ArmGr. 1 –, EtDiArm. –; stem?)
1. PIE *hɑimeɑhstun-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑimaɑhstun-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. hɑimaɑhstun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *himahstun-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. himahstun-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Arm. imastun-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑimeɑhssu-
TochB. imassu-
(a.) ‘mindful, aware’
(DTochB. 66)
1. PIE *hɑimeɑhssu-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑimaɑhssu-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. hɑimaɑhssu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *himahssu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. himahssu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochB. imassu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑimi-
PIE *hɑimoi̯o-
Kpd. ḫimaa-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 358)
(Kpd. ḫi-ma-a)
1. PIE *hɑimoi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *himoi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. himoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *himai̯a-
3. himai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *himaa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. himaa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. ḫimaa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑ́imoi̯o
TochA. īme-
(m.) ‘cogitatum: Skt. smr̥ti-’
(Poucha 34)
(TochA. īme)
1. PIE *hɑ́imoi̯o
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *híimoi̯o
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. híimoi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *híimai̯a
3. híimai̯a
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íimai̯a
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. íimai̯a
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́mai̯a
5. ī́mai̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *ī́mai̯
6. ī́mai̯
*a y → ē
Change of ay into ē in root-final
R=ay›=ē → *ī́mē
7. ī́mē
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochA. ī́me
PIE *hɑimoi̯o
TochA. ime-
(m.) ‘consciousness, awareness, thought’
(Poucha 34)
(TochA. ime)
1. PIE *hɑimoi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *himoi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. himoi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *himai̯a
3. himai̯a
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *imai̯a
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. imai̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *imai̯
5. imai̯
*a y → ē
Change of ay into ē in root-final
R=ay›=ē → *imē
6. imē
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochA. ime
PIE *hɑimoi·Σ
TochB. ime·ṣṣa-
(a.) ‘pertaining to awareness or thought’
(DTochB. 66)
(TochB. imeṣṣe)
1. PIE *hɑimoi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *himoi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. himoi·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *himai·Σ
3. himai·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *imai·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. imai·Σ
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *imē·Σ
5. imē·Σ
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochB. ime·Σ
PIE *hɑ́imi-
TochB. īmi-
(m.) ‘consciousness, awareness, thought’
(DTochB. 66)
1. PIE *hɑ́imi-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *híimi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. híimi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íimi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. íimi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́mi-
4. ī́mi-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → TochB. īmi-
PIE *hɑimitēɑh-
Lat. imitā-
(pr.1.M.) ‘nachahmen’
(WH. 1:680)
(Lat. imitor [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑimitēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑimitāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑimitāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *himitāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. himitāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. imitā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑimu-
PIE *hɑeimú-
OLith. aimù-
(a.) ‘von schöner Gestalt’
(LiEtWb. 2)
1. PIE *hɑeimú-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaimú-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaimú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haimú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haimú-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *haimù-
4. haimù-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OLith. aimù-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑeimulo-
Lat. aemulo-
(a.) ‘nacheifernd, wetteifernd’ (m.) ‘Nebenbühler’
(WH. 1:17)
1. PIE *hɑeimulo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaimulo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaimulo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haimulo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haimulo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aimulo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aimulo-
*ai → ae
Opening of *ai into ae
Rai›ae → Lat. aemulo-
PIE *hɑeimulēɑh-
Lat. aemulā-
(pr.1.) ‘nach-, wetteifern, eifersüchtig sein’
(WH. 1:17)
(Lat. aemulor, aemulārī)
1. PIE *hɑeimulēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaimulēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaimulēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑaimulāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑaimulāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haimulāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haimulāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aimulā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aimulā-
*ai → ae
Opening of *ai into ae
Rai›ae → Lat. aemulā-
PIE *hɑimu̯o-
Hitt. ḫimu̯a-
(KUR.URU.) ‘(bei ›Kaštama)’ (DKašk 104)
(OGH. 108-9)
(Hitt. ḫi-mu-ua, ḫi-im-mu-ua)
1. PIE *hɑimu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *himu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. himu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *himu̯a-
3. himu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫimu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑimu̯ili-
Hitt. ḫimu̯ili-
(mc.) (général de Suppil. Ier, grand échanson)
(NOMS. 361.1)
(Hitt. ḫi-im-mu-DINGIRLIM)
1. PIE *hɑimu̯ili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *himu̯ili-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. himu̯ili-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫimu̯ili-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑimu̯ili-
Hitt. ḫimu̯ili-
(mc.) ‘le même?; autre’
(NOMS. 361.2)
(Hitt. ḫi-mu-u-i-li-iš, ḫi-mu-i-li)
1. PIE *hɑimu̯ili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *himu̯ili-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. himu̯ili-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫimu̯ili-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑin- (sb.) ‘Wasser, Gewässer, Tropf’ (vb.) ‘schöpfen, nässen, abwaschen’
(IEW 774)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + CLu.)
√hɑin-
PIE *hɑin-
Hitt. ḫin-
(vb.) ‘schöpfen’
(HIL. 329)
(Hitt. ḫi-e-ni-ir, ḫi-ni-ir; see Hitt. ḫani- ‘id.’)
1. PIE *hɑin-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hin-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hin-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫin-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑining-
PIE *hɑini·[...
CLu. ḫini·[...
(?.) ‘‹here if ‘Wasser[-x?; uncertain›’
(DLL. 45)
(CLu. ḫe-en-ni-x)
1. PIE *hɑini·
... → *hini·
2. hini·
... → CLu. ḫini·
PIE *hɑiningɑh-
Hitt. ḫining-
(vb.M.) ‘nässen, abwaschen?’
(HHand. 50)
(Hitt. ḫé-u-uš ḫi-ni-ik-ta; ḫé-e-a-u-it ḫi-ni-ik-ta)
1. PIE *hɑiningɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hiningh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hiningh-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hining-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hining-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫining-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑinori-
(The reading -tal- possible instead of -ri-)
PIE *hɑinorei̯o-
Hitt. ḫinarei̯a-
(URU.) ‘(Dorf im Land Kinara)’
(OGH. 109)
(Hitt. ḫi-na-ri-ia-aš (DUGUD-Eid))
1. PIE *hɑinorei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hinorei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hinorei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hinarei̯a-
3. hinarei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫinarei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑinori-
Hitt. ḫinari-
(sb.) ‘eine Gartenpflanze?’
(HHand. 50)
(Hitt. ḫinari[(-))
1. PIE *hɑinori-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hinori-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hinori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hinari-
3. hinari-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫinari-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑinori-
Hitt. ḫinari-
(d.) ‘Ḫinari ‹cf. above and below›’
(OHP. 1:152)
(Hitt. ḫi-na-a-ri-iš [N])
1. PIE *hɑinori-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hinori-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hinori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hinari-
3. hinari-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫinari-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑinori·u̯onto-
Hitt. ḫinari·u̯anta-
() ((KUR)URU.) ‘(in kaškäischem Gebiet, ›Tumana)’
(OGH. 109-10)
(Hitt. ḫi-na-ri-ua-an-da [All], DKašk. 42, 95)
1. PIE *hɑinori·u̯onto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hinori·u̯onto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hinori·u̯onto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hinari·u̯anta-
3. hinari·u̯anta-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫinari·u̯anta-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑinoru-
PIE *hɑinoru-
CLu. ḫinaru-
(sb.) ‘(ein hydronymischer Begriff)’
(OGH. 529)
(CLu. ua-a-tar ḫi-in-na-ru-u-ua-aš [G])
1. PIE *hɑinoru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hinoru-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hinoru-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hinaru-
3. hinaru-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫinaru-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑind-
(IEW 774)
(Pyysalo: Tocharian)
PIE *ɦɑindreɑh-
TochB. intra-
(?.) ‘(in a list of medical ingredients)’
(DTochB. 64)
(TochB. intra(-))
1. PIE *ɦɑindreɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ɦɑindraɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. ɦɑindraɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦindrah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦindrah-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *indrah-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. indrah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *indra-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. indra-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → TochB. intra-
PIE *ɦɑindrēɑh
OLatv. indra-
(FlNf.) ‘Indra’
(IEW 774)
(LiEtWb. –)
1. PIE *ɦɑindrēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑindrāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ɦɑindrāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦindrāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦindrāh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *indrāh
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. indrāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *indrā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. indrā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R=ā›=a → OLatv. indra
PIE *ɦɑindrikui̯ēɑh
OLatv. indrica-
(FlNf.) ‘Indrica’
(IEW 774)
(LiEtWb. –)
1. PIE *ɦɑindrikui̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑindrikui̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ɦɑindrikui̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦindrikui̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦindrikui̯āh
PIE *kui̯ → čui̯
2nd palatalization of *ku
Rkui̯›čui̯ → *ɦindričui̯āh
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ɦindričui̯āh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *indričui̯āh
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. indričui̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *indričui̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. indričui̯ā
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *indriči̯ā
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. indriči̯ā
*č → c
From 2nd palatalization *č to c
Rč›c → *indrici̯ā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. indrici̯ā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R=ā›=a → *indrici̯a
9. indrici̯a
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → OLatv. indricja
PIE *ɦɑíndu-
RV. índu-
(m.) ‘lichter Tropfen, im RV. = Soma-’
(WbRV. 212)
1. PIE *ɦɑíndu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦíndu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦíndu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → RV. índu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *ɦɑindu-
Lith. indu-
(FlNm.) ‘Indu’
(IEW 774)
(LiEtWb. –)
1. PIE *ɦɑindu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦindu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦindu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lith. indu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)


PIE √hɑiru- (sb.) ‘Bote, Schwur, Eid’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√hɑeiru-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑeiru-
Goth. airu-
(m.) ‘Bote’
(GoEtD. A87)
(Goth. airus [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑeiru-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑairu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑairu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hairu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hairu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Goth. airu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *mitro·hɑeíru-
RV. mitra·éru-
(m.pl) ‘Verschworene’
(WbRV. 1041)
(in RV. mitraírun [plA])
1. PIE *mitro·hɑeíru-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *mitro·hɑaíru-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. mitro·hɑaíru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mitro·haíru-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. mitro·haíru-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *mitra·haíru-
4. mitra·haíru-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *mitra·aíru-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. mitra·aíru-
*aa → ā
Contraction of aa into ā
Raa›ā → *mitrā·íru-
6. mitrā·íru-
āí → aí
Orthographic change of āí into aí
Rāí›aí → RV. mitra·íru-
√hɑirun-
PIE *hɑirun-
CLu. ḫirun-
(n.) ‘Schwur, Eid: serment’ (HHand. 50)
(DLL. 45)
(CLu. ḫi(-i)-ru(-ú)-un [sgNA])
1. PIE *hɑirun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hirun-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hirun-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫirun-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑirudɑɦ-
(HEG H:252)
PIE *hɑirudɑɦo-
HLu. ḫiruda-
(sb.) ‘oath’
(CHLu. 2.45.3)
(HLu. (‘476?’)hi-ru-[tà?]-ri+i)
1. PIE *hɑirudɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hirudɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hirudɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hirudɦa-
3. hirudɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hiruda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hiruda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫiruda-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑirudɑɦo-
CLu. ḫiruda-
(n.) ‘Schwur, Eid’ (HHand. 50)
(DLL. 45)
(CLu. ḫi-i-ru-ú-ta)
1. PIE *hɑirudɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hirudɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hirudɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hirudɦa-
3. hirudɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hiruda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hiruda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫiruda-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑirudɑɦo-
Hitt. ḫiruda-
(n.) ‘Schwur, Eid’
(DLL. 45)
(Hitt. ḫi-ru-ta-za [Abl])
1. PIE *hɑirudɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hirudɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hirudɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hirudɦa-
3. hirudɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hiruda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hiruda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫiruda-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑis- √ɦɑis- (sb.) ‘Gott, Herr’ (vb.) ‘ehren’ (a.) ‘beachtenswert, sacer, divinus’
(IEW 16)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + CLu.)
√hɑis-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑeis-
Marruc. ais-
(m.) ‘Gott’
(WbOU. 69)
(Marruc. aisos ‘dis’ [plD])
1. PIE *hɑeis-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑais-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑais-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hais-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hais-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Marruc. ais-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑiso-
Lyd. iśa-
(c.) ‘Herr’ ‹cf. Gusmani 1971:6›
(LydWb. 138)
(Lyd. iśa-)
1. PIE *hɑiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hiso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hisa-
3. hisa-
PIE * s → ś
Orthographic change of *s into ś
Rs›ś → *hiśa-
4. hiśa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lyd. iśa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑeis·ono-
Umbr. ēs·ono-
(a.) ‘sacer, divinus’
(WbOU. 238)
(Umbr. esonu)
1. PIE *hɑeis·ono-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑais·ono-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑais·ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hais·ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hais·ono-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ais·ono-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ais·ono-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → Umbr. ēs·ono-
PIE *hɑeis·Σ
Uolsc. ēs·aristo-
(n.) ‘sacrificium’
(WbOU. 233)
(Uolsc. esaristom)
1. PIE *hɑeis·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑais·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑais·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hais·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hais·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ais·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ais·Σ
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → Uolsc. ēs·Σ
√hɑisolo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑisolo-
Hitt. ḫišala-
(a.) ‘beachtenswert, wichtig, erwähnenswert’
(HHand. 49)
1. PIE *hɑisolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hisolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hisolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hisala-
3. hisala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hišala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hišala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫišala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑisolo-
CLu. ḫišala-
(a.) ‘beachtenswert, wichtig, erwähnenswert’
(DLL. 45)
(CLu. ḫi-iš-ša-al-la)
1. PIE *hɑisolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hisolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hisolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hisala-
3. hisala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hišala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hišala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫišala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑisolont-
Hitt. ḫišalant-
(a.) ‘beachtet, berücksichtig’
(HHand. 49)
1. PIE *hɑisolont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hisolont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hisolont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hisalant-
3. hisalant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hišalant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hišalant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫišalant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑisolont-
Hitt. ḫišalant-
(dc.) ‘(preceded by dirḫant-)’
(OHP. 1:153-4)
(Hitt. ḫe-eš-ša-la-an-te-eš [plN], ḫi-iš-ša-al-la-an-du-uš [plA], G. McMahon (1991:247-8), REL. 93)
1. PIE *hɑisolont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hisolont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hisolont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hisalant-
3. hisalant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hišalant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hišalant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫišalant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑisu-
PIE *hɑeisu-
OGaul. aisu-
(m.) ‘Gott des Kriegs’
(ACSS 1:54)
(OGaul. AESV)
1. PIE *hɑeisu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaisu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaisu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haisu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haisu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OGaul. aisu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *ehɑisu-
OGaul. ēsu-
(m.) ‘Hauptgott der Gallier’
(WH. 1:419)
(OGaul. esus, Lucan. 1,455 ē-)
1. PIE *ehɑisu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ehisu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ehisu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *eisu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. eisu-
*ei → ē
Monophthongization of *ei into ē
Rei›ē → OGaul. ēsu-
PIE *ehɑisu·u̯io-
OGaul. ēsu·uio-
(PNm.) ‘‹cf. OGaul. ·uio-›’
(ACSS 1:1478)
(OGaul. esuuius [sgN])
1. PIE *ehɑisu·u̯io-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ehisu·u̯io-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ehisu·u̯io-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *eisu·u̯io-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. eisu·u̯io-
*ei → ē
Monophthongization of *ei into ē
Rei›ē → *ēsu·u̯io-
4. ēsu·u̯io-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OGaul. ēsu·uio-
PIE *ehɑisu·nerto-
OGaul. ēsu·nerto-
(PNm.) ‘Kraft der Esus’
(LEIA N-10)
(OGaul. esunertus)
1. PIE *ehɑisu·nerto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ehisu·nerto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ehisu·nerto-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *eisu·nerto-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. eisu·nerto-
*ei → ē
Monophthongization of *ei into ē
Rei›ē → OGaul. ēsu·nerto-
PIE *hɑeisuso-
Osc. aisuso-
(sb.) ‘sacrificiis’
(WbOU. 68-70)
(Osc. aisusis [plAbl])
1. PIE *hɑeisuso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaisuso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaisuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haisuso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haisuso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Osc. aisuso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)


PIE √hɑis- (sb.) ‘Deichsel’
(IEW 298)
(Mayrhofer 1965:253f.)
√hɑiso-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑiso-
Hitt. ḫiša-
(GIŠc.) ‘Deichsel: carriage pole’
(HEG H:252)
(Hitt. ḫi-iš-ša-an, HHand. 50)
1. PIE *hɑiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hiso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hisa-
3. hisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hiša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hiša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫiša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeíku̯ohɑiso-
RV. ékeṣa-
(a.) ‘eine [éka] Deichsel habend’
(WbRV. 297)
(RV. ékeṣam rátham)
1. PIE *hɑeíku̯ohɑiso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaíku̯ohɑiso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaíku̯ohɑiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haíku̯ohiso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haíku̯ohiso-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *haíku̯ohišo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. haíku̯ohišo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haíku̯ahiša-
5. haíku̯ahiša-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aíku̯aiša-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. aíku̯aiša-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *aíkaiša-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. aíkaiša-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *aíkēša-
8. aíkēša-
aí → ḗ
Monophthongization of *aí
Raí›ḗ → *ḗkēša-
9. ḗkēša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *ḗkēṣa-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
10. ḗkēṣa-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → *ḗkeṣa-
11. ḗkeṣa-
ḗ → é
Change of ḗ into é
Rḗ›é → RV. ékeṣa-
√hɑisɑh-
(Mayrhofer 1965:253f.)
PIE *hɑ́isḗɑh
RV. īṣā́-
(f.) ‘die Deichsel’
(WbRV. 238)
1. PIE *hɑ́isḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *hɑ́isā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑ́isā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *híisā́ɑh
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. híisā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *híisā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. híisā́h
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *híišā́h
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
5. híišā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íišā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. íišā́
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́šā́
7. ī́šā́
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. ī́ṣā́
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)


PIE √hɑiu- (sb.) ‘Gewässer’ (vb.) ‘befeuchten’
(IEW –)
(Čop 1971:141f.: Gr.; Pyysalo: OLith.)
√hɑeiu-
(Čop 1971)
PIE *hɑeiu̯o·néɑhi̯o-
Gr. αἰο·νάο-
(pr.) ‘befeuchten, bähen’
(GEW 1:42-3)
(Gr. αἰονάω, AHPh. 102)
1. PIE *hɑeiu̯o·néɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaiu̯o·néɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaiu̯o·néɑhi̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *hɑaiu̯o·náɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑaiu̯o·náɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haiu̯o·náhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haiu̯o·náhi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aiu̯o·nái̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aiu̯o·nái̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *aiu̯o·náo-
6. aiu̯o·náo-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *aio·náo-
7. aio·náo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. αἰο·νάο-
√hɑiou-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑi̯ou-
Hitt. ḫi̯au-
(c.) ‘Regen’
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫé-e-ia-ua-a, hé-e-ia-ue-eš [plN])
1. PIE *hɑi̯ou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hi̯ou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hi̯ou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hi̯au-
3. hi̯au-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫi̯au-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *o·hɑi̯ou̯o-
Hitt. a·ḫi̯au̯a-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 1-2)
(Hitt. aḫ-ḫi-ia-ua)
1. PIE *o·hɑi̯ou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·hi̯ou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·hi̯ou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·hi̯au̯a-
3. a·hi̯au̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. a·ḫi̯au̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *o·hɑi̯ou̯oi̯o-
Hitt. a·ḫi̯au̯aa-
(KUR.URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 1-2)
(Hitt. aḫ-ḫi-ia-ua-a)
1. PIE *o·hɑi̯ou̯oi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·hi̯ou̯oi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·hi̯ou̯oi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·hi̯au̯ai̯a-
3. a·hi̯au̯ai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *a·hi̯au̯aa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. a·hi̯au̯aa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. a·ḫi̯au̯aa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑiuo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑi̯u-
Hitt. ḫi̯u-
(c.) ‘Regen’
(HEG H:238-240)
(Hitt. ḫé-e-uš [sgN], ḫé-i-ú-un [A])
1. PIE *hɑi̯u-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hi̯u-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hi̯u-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫi̯u-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *o·hɑiu̯o-
Hitt. a·ḫiu̯a-
(KUR.) ‘‹cf. above & below›’
(OGH. 1-2)
(Hitt. aḫ-ḫi-ú-u[a])
1. PIE *o·hɑiu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·hiu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·hiu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·hiu̯a-
3. a·hiu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. a·ḫiu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑiu̯o·nei̯o-
Hitt. ḫiu̯a·nei̯a-
(vb.) ‘rain’
(HIL. 397)
1. PIE *hɑiu̯o·nei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hiu̯o·nei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hiu̯o·nei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hiu̯a·nei̯a-
3. hiu̯a·nei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫiu̯a·nei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑiu̯ēɑh
OLith. iva-
(f.) ‘Insel’
(ALiEtWb. I:22)
1. PIE *hɑiu̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑiu̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑiu̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hiu̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hiu̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *iu̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. iu̯ā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *iu̯ō
(XX:XX)
5. iu̯ō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *iu̯a
6. iu̯a
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OLith. iva


PIE √hɑku- √ɦɑgu- (vb.) ‘sehen’ (sb.) ‘Auge’
(IEW 775-777, *oku̯-; LIV2:297-298 *h3eku̯-)
√hɑoku-
PIE *hɑóku-
Gr. ὄπ-
(f.) ‘the eye, face’
(LSJ. 1282)
(Gr. ὄπα [sgA])
1. PIE *hɑóku-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hóku-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hóku-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *óku-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. óku-
*ku/u̯ → p
Bilabialization of labiovelar q into p
RkU›p → *óp-
4. óp-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄπ-
√hɑokusi-
PIE *hɑókusi-
Gr. ὄψι-
(f.) ‘appearance’
(LSJ. 1282-3)
(Gr. ὄψις, ὄψεως)
1. PIE *hɑókusi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hókusi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hókusi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ókusi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ókusi-
*ku/u̯ → p
Bilabialization of labiovelar q into p
RkU›p → *ópsi-
4. ópsi-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄψι-
√hɑekusiso-
PIE *hɑekusíso-
Gr. ἀψίο-
(n.) ‘τὸ πρόσωπον’
(LSJ. 299)
(Hes. ἀψίον · τὸ πρόσωπον)
1. PIE *hɑekusíso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑakusíso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑakusíso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hakusíso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hakusíso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *akusíso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. akusíso-
*ku/u̯ → p
Bilabialization of labiovelar q into p
RkU›p → *apsíso-
5. apsíso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *apsího-
6. apsího-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *apsío-
7. apsío-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀψίο-
√ɦɑgu-
√ɦɑegueɑhn-
PIE *ɦɑegu̯eɑhn-
Arm. akan-
(sb.) ‘Auge’
(Solta 1960:55)
(Arm. akn [sgN], akan [sgG])
1. PIE *ɦɑegu̯eɑhn-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑagu̯eɑhn-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑagu̯eɑhn-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ɦɑagu̯aɑhn-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. ɦɑagu̯aɑhn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦagu̯ahn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ɦagu̯ahn-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *agu̯ahn-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. agu̯ahn-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *agu̯an-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. agu̯an-
*gU → g
Loss of labial after velar
RgU›g → *agan-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. agan-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → Arm. akan-
√ɦɑgui-
PIE *Π·ɦɑegu̯í-
AV. al·ají-
(f.) ‘Entzündung des Auges’ ‹-ají- = ‘Auge’›
(EWA 1:125)
(AV. al·ají-)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑegu̯í-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·ɦɑagu̯í-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·ɦɑagu̯í-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦagu̯í-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·ɦagu̯í-
PIE *gu̯ → ǰu̯
2nd palatalization of *gu̯
Rgu̯›ǰu̯ → *Π·ɦaǰu̯í-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·ɦaǰu̯í-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·aǰu̯í-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·aǰu̯í-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·aǰí-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·aǰí-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → AV. Π·ají-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *Π·ɦɑegu̯iɑ́h-
OInd. al·ajī-
(f.) Name einer Augenkrankheit’
(EWA 1:125)
(MonWil. 94, Suśr. al·ajī-)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑegu̯iɑ́h-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·ɦɑagu̯iɑ́h-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·ɦɑagu̯iɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *Π·ɦɑagu̯iíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. Π·ɦɑagu̯iíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦagu̯iíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·ɦagu̯iíh-
PIE *gu̯ → ǰu̯
2nd palatalization of *gu̯
Rgu̯›ǰu̯ → *Π·ɦaǰu̯iíh-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦaǰu̯iíh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·aǰu̯iíh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·aǰu̯iíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·aǰu̯ií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. Π·aǰu̯ií-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·aǰií-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
8. Π·aǰií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *Π·aǰī́-
9. Π·aǰī́-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → OInd. Π·ajī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *ɦɑegu̯ino-
OPr. agina-
(m.) ‘ouge’ [Voc. 80] i.e. ‘Auge’
(APrS. 296)
(OPr. agins [sgN])
1. PIE *ɦɑegu̯ino-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑagu̯ino-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑagu̯ino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦagu̯ino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦagu̯ino-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *agu̯ino-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. agu̯ino-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *agino-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. agino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OPr. agina-


PIE √hɑku- √ɦɑgu- (sb.) ‘Wasser, Fluß, Öl, Salbe usw.’
(IEW 23, 779)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√hɑku-
(IEW 23)
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑeku-
Hitt. ḫaku-
(LÚc.) ‘(dignitaire de Šaiztawa-)’
(NOMS. 248)
(Hitt. ḫa-ak-ku; here if ‘Aquarius’)
1. PIE *hɑeku-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaku-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaku-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haku-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haku-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaku-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeku·noi-
Hitt. ḫaku·nai-
() ((DUG)c./n.) ‘Gefäß für Öl’
(HEG H:125)
(EHS 207, Hitt. ḫakkunai-)
1. PIE *hɑeku·noi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaku·noi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaku·noi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haku·noi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haku·noi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haku·nai-
4. haku·nai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaku·nai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑkuēɑh-
PIE *hɑeku̯ēɑh-
Lat. aquā-
(f.) ‘Wasser, Wasserleitung’
(WH. 1:60)
1. PIE *hɑeku̯ēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaku̯ēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaku̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑaku̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑaku̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haku̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haku̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aku̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aku̯ā-
* ku/u̯ → q
Emergence of labiovelar q
RkU›q → *aqā-
6. aqā-
q → qu
Orthographic change of q to qu
Rq›qu → Lat. aquā-
PIE *hɑeku̯ēɑh
Goth. aƕa-
(f.) ‘Fluß, Gewässer’
(GoEtD. A60)
1. PIE *hɑeku̯ēɑh
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaku̯ēɑh
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaku̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑaku̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑaku̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haku̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haku̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aku̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aku̯ā
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *axu̯ā
6. axu̯ā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *axu̯ō
(XX:XX)
7. axu̯ō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *axu̯a
8. axu̯a
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *ahu̯a
9. ahu̯a
hw → ƕ
Monophonemization of hw into ƕ
Rhu̯›ƕ → Goth. aƕa
PIE *hɑeku̯ḗɑh-
Russ. oká-
(FlNf.) ‘Wasserleitung, Fluß, Gewässer’
(REW 2:258-9)
1. PIE *hɑeku̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaku̯ḗɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaku̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *hɑaku̯ā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑaku̯ā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haku̯ā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haku̯ā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aku̯ā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aku̯ā́-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *akā́-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. akā́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *okā́-
7. okā́-
*ā́ → a
Change of *ā́ into á
Rā́›á → Russ. oká-
√ɦɑgu-
(IEW 779)
PIE *ɦɑḗgu̯iɑHo-
RV. ā́ji.a-
(n.) ‘Opferschmalz, die geschmolzene Butter’
(WbRV. 173)
(RV. ā́jia-)
1. PIE *ɦɑḗgu̯iɑHo-
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *ɦɑā́gu̯iɑHo-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ɦɑā́gu̯iɑHo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦā́gu̯iHo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦā́gu̯iHo-
PIE *gu̯ → ǰu̯
2nd palatalization of *gu̯
Rgu̯›ǰu̯ → *ɦā́ǰu̯iHo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ɦā́ǰu̯iHo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦā́ǰu̯iHa-
5. ɦā́ǰu̯iHa-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *ɦā́ǰu̯i.a-
6. ɦā́ǰu̯i.a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ā́ǰu̯i.a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. ā́ǰu̯i.a-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ā́ǰi.a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
8. ā́ǰi.a-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → RV. ā́ji.a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *ɦɑegutú-
RV. aktú-
(m.) ‘Salbe’
(WbRV. 5)
1. PIE *ɦɑegutú-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑagutú-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑagutú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦagutú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦagutú-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *agutú-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. agutú-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *agtú-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. agtú-
*g → k
Devoicing of *g before *t
Rgt›kt → RV. aktú-


PIE √hɑl- √ɦɑl- (sb.) ‘Hürde, Hof, Umrahmung’ (vb.) ‘einfassen, ausstatten’
(IEW 672)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√hɑl-
(HEG H:128-9)
PIE *hɑel-
Hitt. ḫal-
(n.) ‘Hürde für Großvieh, Viehhof, Mauer’
(HIL. 319)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-li [DL])
1. PIE *hɑel-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑal-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑal-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hal-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hal-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫal-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑli-
PIE *hɑeli-
Hitt. ḫali-
(n.) ‘Hürde für Großvieh, Viehhof, Mauer’
(HHand. 36)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-li [NA], ḫa-a-li-ia-aš, ḫa-al-li-ia)
1. PIE *hɑeli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑali-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑali-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hali-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫali-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑlis-
(HEG H:132)
PIE *hɑeliso-
Hitt. ḫališa-
(sb.) ‘Einfassung, Umrahmung?’
(HHand. 36)
(Hitt. ḫališaz [sgAbl], EHS 328)
1. PIE *hɑeliso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaliso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaliso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haliso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haliso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halisa-
4. halisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hališa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hališa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫališa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑelisei̯o-
Hitt. ḫališei̯a-
(vb.) ‘einfassen, ausstatten, schmücken’
(HEG H:132)
(in Hitt. ḫališeiauar, cf. below)
1. PIE *hɑelisei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalisei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalisei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halisei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halisei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halisei̯a-
4. halisei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hališei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hališei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫališei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑelisei̯ou̯or-
Hitt. ḫališei̯au̯ar-
(vb.sb.) ‘überzogen: Akd. uḫḫuzzu’
(EHS 492n1.)
1. PIE *hɑelisei̯ou̯or-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalisei̯ou̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalisei̯ou̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halisei̯ou̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halisei̯ou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halisei̯au̯ar-
4. halisei̯au̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hališei̯au̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hališei̯au̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫališei̯au̯ar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑlisso-
PIE *hɑlisso-
IllyrG. λισσο-
(ONm.) ‘cour, palais, forum’
(DLG. 204)
(Illyr. λισσος)
1. PIE *hɑlisso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hlisso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hlisso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *lisso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. lisso-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → IllyrG. λισσο-
PIE *hɑlisso-
Illyr. lisso-
(ONn.) ‘cour, palais, forum’
(DLG. 204)
(Illyr. lissum)
1. PIE *hɑlisso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hlisso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hlisso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Illyr. lisso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑlisso
OBret. liss-
(sb.) ‘cour’
(DLG. 204)
(DGVB 244)
1. PIE *hɑlisso
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hlisso
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hlisso
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *lisso
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. lisso
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → OBret. liss
PIE *hɑlisso
Cymr. llys-
(m.f.) ‘cour, palais, forum’
(DLG. 204)
1. PIE *hɑlisso
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hlisso
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hlisso
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *lisso
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. lisso
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → *liss
4. liss
R=ss›=s → *lis
5. lis
*l- → ll-
Gemination of root-initial *l-
Rl=›ll= → Cymr. llis
PIE *hɑlisso
Bret. less-
(f.) ‘cour, tribunal’
(DLG. 204)
(Bret. les)
1. PIE *hɑlisso
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hlisso
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hlisso
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *lisso
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. lisso
*iCo → eCo
Lowering of *i into e
Risso›esso → *lesso
4. lesso
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → Bret. less
PIE *hɑlisso
OIr. less-
(n.) ‘court yard’
(DLG. 204)
(OIr. less)
1. PIE *hɑlisso
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hlisso
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hlisso
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *lisso
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. lisso
*iCo → eCo
Lowering of *i into e
Risso›esso → *lesso
4. lesso
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr → OIr. less
√hɑlist-
(IEW 672-3)
(WP. 2:405)
PIE *hɑleistēɑh·n-
OEng. līsta·n-
(f.) ‘list, hem, border, selvage’
(ASaxD. 643)
(OEng. líste, lístane)
1. PIE *hɑleistēɑh·n-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑleistāɑh·n-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑleistāɑh·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hleistāh·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hleistāh·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *leistā·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. leistā·n-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *leista·n-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
5. leista·n-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → OEng. līsta·n-
PIE *hɑlistēɑh·n-
OIcl. lista·n-
(f.) ‘Rand, Leiste’
(ANEtWb. 358)
(Attested late)
1. PIE *hɑlistēɑh·n-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑlistāɑh·n-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑlistāɑh·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hlistāh·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hlistāh·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *listā·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. listā·n-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → OIcl. lista·n-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
PIE *hɑleistēɑh·n-
OHG. līsta·n-
(f.) ‘bandförmiger Streifen, Saum, Borte, Leiste: limbus, fimbria’
(ASaxD. 643)
1. PIE *hɑleistēɑh·n-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑleistāɑh·n-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑleistāɑh·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hleistāh·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hleistāh·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *leistā·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. leistā·n-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *leista·n-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
5. leista·n-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → OHG. līsta·n-
PIE *hɑlistinēɑh
OGaul. listinā-
(ON.) ‘(en Belgique)’
(DLG. 204)
(OGaul. listinas, ACSS 2:240-42, UKS. 247, DGVB 244, LEB 185, VGK 1:367)
1. PIE *hɑlistinēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑlistināɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑlistināɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hlistināh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hlistināh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OGaul. listinā
(SPIE §2.1.4)


PIE √hɑl- √ɦɑl- (vb.) ‘wachen, sehen’ (sb.) ‘Wächter, Hüter’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Gr.)
√hɑele/o-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG H:129)
PIE *hɑép.hɑelo-
Gr. ἄπ.αλο-
(pr.) ‘in Hes. ἀπαλέντες’
(LSJ. 176)
(Hes. ἀπαλέντες [plN] · ἀμελοῦντες)
1. PIE *hɑép.hɑelo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑép.hɑalo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑép.hɑalo-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑáp.hɑalo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
3. hɑáp.hɑalo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *háp.halo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. háp.halo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *áp.alo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. áp.alo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄπ.αλο-
PIE *hɑele·Σ
Gr. ἀλε·βεβάο-
(vb.) ‘ἐρευνᾶν’
(LSJ. 61)
(Hes. ἀλεβεβᾶν · ἐρευνᾶν)
1. PIE *hɑele·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑale·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑale·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hale·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hale·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ale·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ale·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀλε·Σ
√hɑeleio-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑelei̯o-
Hitt. ḫalei̯a-
(c.) ‘Wache, Nachtwache’
(EHS 176)
1. PIE *hɑelei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halei̯a-
4. halei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑélei̯o-
Gr. ἄλεο-
(vb.) ‘guard’
(LSJ. 61)
(Gr. ἄλεε · φύλασσε)
1. PIE *hɑélei̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑálei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑálei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hálei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hálei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *álei̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. álei̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *áleo-
5. áleo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄλεο-
PIE *hɑep.hɑélei̯o-
Gr. ἀπ.άλεο-
(vb.) ‘ἀμελεῖν (Hes.)’
(LSJ. 176)
(Gr. ἀπαλεῖν)
1. PIE *hɑep.hɑélei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap.hɑélei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap.hɑélei̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑap.hɑálei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
3. hɑap.hɑálei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hap.hálei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hap.hálei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ap.álei̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ap.álei̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *ap.áleo-
6. ap.áleo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀπ.άλεο-
PIE *hɑelei̯o·dɑɦolo-
Hitt. ḫalei̯a·dala-
(c.N.ag.) ‘Hüter, Wächter’
(HHand. 36)
1. PIE *hɑelei̯o·dɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalei̯o·dɑɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalei̯o·dɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halei̯o·dɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halei̯o·dɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halei̯a·dɦala-
4. halei̯a·dɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *halei̯a·dala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. halei̯a·dala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalei̯a·dala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑl- (sb.) ‘Höhlung’ (a.) ‘tief’ (vb.) ‘niederknien, -fallen, sich prosternieren’
(IEW 88)
(SPIE 156-7)
√hɑl-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑēlo-
OInd. āra-
(m.) ‘Höhlung’
(EWA 3:23)
(KEWA 1:77)
1. PIE *hɑēlo-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑālo-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑālo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hālo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hālo-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *hāro-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. hāro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hāra-
5. hāra-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OInd. āra-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑēlḗɑh
Lith. olà-
(f.) ‘Höhle, Grube’
(LiEtWb. 516)
(not ← MidLG. hol ‘Höhle, Grube’)
1. PIE *hɑēlḗɑh
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑālḗɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑālḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *hɑālā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑālā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hālā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hālā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ālā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ālā́
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *ōlā́
(XX:XX)
6. ōlā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *ōlṓ
(XX:XX)
7. ōlṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → *ōlà
8. ōlà
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Lith. olà
√hɑli-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑéli-
Gr. ἄλι-
(c.) ‘ὀξύβαφον (Hes.): shallow vessel, saucer’
(LSJ. 66)
(Gr. ἄλιρ [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑéli-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑáli-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *háli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. háli-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *áli-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. áli-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄλι-
PIE *hɑelí·Σ
Gr. ἀλί·βατο-
(a.) ‘high, steep, deep, abysmal’
(LSJ. 768)
(Gr. ἀλίβατος)
1. PIE *hɑelí·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalí·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalí·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halí·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halí·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alí·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alí·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀλί·Σ
PIE *hɑelei̯o-
Hitt. ḫalei̯a-
(vb.) ‘niederknien, sich prosternieren, niederfallen’
(HEG H:130-1)
1. PIE *hɑelei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halei̯a-
4. halei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑlu-
(Oettinger SHV 484-5)
(Hitt. ḫaleia- + Hitt. ḫalu-)
PIE *hɑelu-
Hitt. ḫalu-
(a.) ‘tief’ (sb.) ‘Höhlung’
(HEG H:135-6)
1. PIE *hɑelu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑelu̯o-
Lat. aluo-
(f.) ‘Höhlung, Wölbung’
(WH. 1:35)
(Lat. aluus [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑelu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alu̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alu̯o-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. aluo-
PIE *hɑelu̯·Σ
OInd. arv·īṣa-
(sb.) ‘a hole from which vapours arise’
(Burrow 1976:33)
(EWA 1:259)
1. PIE *hɑelu̯·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalu̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halu̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halu̯·Σ
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *haru̯·Σ
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. haru̯·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aru̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aru̯·Σ
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OInd. arv·Σ


PIE √hɑl- √ɦɑl- (a.) ‘gläzend, weiß, heiß, rein’ (sb.) ‘Tag’
(IEW 24 [diff.])
(Pyysalo: Anat. + IE)
√hɑli-
(SPIE 128)
(HEG H:129-130)
PIE *hɑelei-
HLu. ḫalei-
(DIESsb.) ‘day’
(CHLu. 1.1.6)
(HLu. (“DIES‹”›)ha-lí-za)
1. PIE *hɑelei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫalei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑelei-
CLu. ḫalei-
(sb.) ‘Tag’
(DLL. 38)
(CLu. ḫal-li-ia [sgD])
1. PIE *hɑelei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫalei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeli-
HLu. ḫali-
(Ic.) ‘= Ḫattušili’
(CHLu. 6.2.17c)
(HLu. HÁ+LI-i-sa)
1. PIE *hɑeli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑali-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑali-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hali-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫali-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeli·Σ
Hitt. ḫali·[…
(URU.) ‘(in der Gegend von ›Tuwanuwa?)’
(OGH. 69)
(Hitt. ḫal-li[)
1. PIE *hɑeli·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑali·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑali·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hali·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hali·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫali·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑōli-
Lat. ōli-
(adv.bs.) ‘einmal, einst, zuweilen’
(WH. 2:206-7)
(Lat. ōlim [adv.])
1. PIE *hɑōli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hōli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hōli-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. ōli-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑleio-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑelei̯o-
HLu. ḫalei̯a-
(DIESsb.) ‘day’
(CHLu. 1.1.32)
(HLu. (“DIES”)ha-li-ia-za)
1. PIE *hɑelei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halei̯a-
4. halei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫalei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *tintɑh·hɑeléi̯o-
Gr. τινθ·αλέο-
(a.) ‘kochend heiß’
(GEW 2:902)
1. PIE *tintɑh·hɑeléi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *tintɑh·hɑaléi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. tintɑh·hɑaléi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tinth·haléi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tinth·haléi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tinth·aléi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tinth·aléi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *tinth·aléo-
5. tinth·aléo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τινθ·αλέο-
PIE *hɑelei̯ot-
Hitt. ḫalei̯at-
(sb.) ‘Tag’
(HHand. 36)
1. PIE *hɑelei̯ot-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalei̯ot-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalei̯ot-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halei̯ot-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halei̯ot-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halei̯at-
4. halei̯at-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalei̯at-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑelei̯oto-
CLu. ḫalei̯ata-
(SÍSKUR.) ‘purification offering’
(DLL. 39)
(CLu. ḫal-li-ia-at-ta-an-za [plA])
1. PIE *hɑelei̯oto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalei̯oto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalei̯oto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halei̯oto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halei̯oto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halei̯ata-
4. halei̯ata-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫalei̯ata-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑlis-
PIE *hɑeliso-
CLu. ḫališa-
(sb.) ‘pureté’
(DLL. 38)
(CLu. ḫa-li-iš-ša, ḫa-li-eš-ša)
1. PIE *hɑeliso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaliso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaliso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haliso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haliso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halisa-
4. halisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hališa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hališa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫališa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑelisi-
HLu. ḫališi-
(a.gen.) ‘of Ḫattušili’
(CHLu. 6.3.1)
(HLu. HÁ+LI-si-sá)
1. PIE *hɑelisi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalisi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalisi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halisi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halisi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hališi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hališi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫališi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑl- √ɦɑl- (a.) ‘vollständig, ganz, unversehrt’
(IEW 24-5)
√hɑlo-
PIE *hɑolo·Σ
Goth. ala·mod-
(PN.m.) ‘Alamod, a deacon’
(GoEtD. A112)
1. PIE *hɑolo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *holo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. holo·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *olo·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. olo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. ala·Σ
PIE *hɑolo·Σ
Goth. ala·funs-
(PN.m.) ‘Sp. alfonso = willig’
(GoEtD. F106)
1. PIE *hɑolo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *holo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. holo·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *olo·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. olo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. ala·Σ
PIE *hɑolo·Σ
Goth. ala·mann-
(m.) ‘all people, humanity’
(GoEtD. A111)
1. PIE *hɑolo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *holo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. holo·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *olo·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. olo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. ala·Σ
√hɑli-
PIE *hɑoli̯o-
TochB. alya-
(a.) ‘entire, uncastrated (rams)’
(DTochB. 53)
(TochB. alyi yrim)
1. PIE *hɑoli̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *holi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. holi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hali̯a-
3. hali̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ali̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ali̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochB. alya-
PIE *hɑoligɑɦu̯o-
Arm. ołǰ-
(a.) ‘whole, sound: gesund, ganz, vollständig’
(ArmGr. 1:481)
1. PIE *hɑoligɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *holigɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. holigɦu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oligɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. oligɦu̯o-
gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›ǰɦ → *oliǰɦo-
4. oliǰɦo-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *oliǰo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. oliǰo-
*li → ł
Change of *li into ł
Rli›ł → Arm. ołǰo-
PIE *Π·hɑoligɑɦu̯o-
Arm. aṙ·ołǰ-
(a.) ‘gesund, vollständig, unversehrt’
(ArmGr. 1:416)
1. PIE *Π·hɑoligɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·holigɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·holigɦu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·oligɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·oligɦu̯o-
gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›ǰɦ → *Π·oliǰɦo-
4. Π·oliǰɦo-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *Π·oliǰo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·oliǰo-
*li → ł
Change of *li into ł
Rli›ł → Arm. Π·ołǰo-
PIE *Π·hɑoligɑɦu̯o-
Arm. amb·ołǰ-
(a.) ‘vollständig, ganz, unversehrt’
(ArmGr. 1:416)
1. PIE *Π·hɑoligɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·holigɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·holigɦu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·oligɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·oligɦu̯o-
gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›ǰɦ → *Π·oliǰɦo-
4. Π·oliǰɦo-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *Π·oliǰo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·oliǰo-
*li → ł
Change of *li into ł
Rli›ł → Arm. Π·ołǰo-
PIE *hɑolióɑhi
Lith. aliái
(adv.) ‘völlig’
(LiEtWb. 7)
1. PIE *hɑolióɑhi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *holióhi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. holióhi
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oliói
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. oliói
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aliói
4. aliói
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → Lith. aliái
√hɑln-
PIE *hɑelno-
Osc. allo-
(a.f.) ‘ganz, gesamt’
(WbOU. 81)
(Osc. allo [f.sgN])
1. PIE *hɑelno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalno-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alno-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → Osc. allo-
PIE *hɑeln·Σ
Lat. all·ert-
(a.) ‘doctus, eruditus, sollers: gelehrt, gebilded, geschickt’
(WH. 1:28)
1. PIE *hɑeln·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaln·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaln·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haln·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haln·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aln·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aln·Σ
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → Lat. all·Σ
PIE *hɑelno
Goth. all-
(a.) ‘all, ganz, jeder’
(GoEtD. A135)
(Goth. alls [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑelno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalno
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halno
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alno
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *alna
5. alna
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *aln
6. aln
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → Goth. all
PIE *hɑelno
OIcl. all-
(a.) ‘all, jeder’
(ANEtWb. 7)
1. PIE *hɑelno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalno
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halno
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alno
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *alna
5. alna
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *aln
6. aln
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → OIcl. all


PIE √hɑl- (sb.) ‘Wasser, Gewässer, Flüssigkeit usw.’ (a.) ‘flüssig’
(IEW 664-665)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√hɑli-
PIE *hɑeligēɑɦ-
Russ. olĭga-
(f.) ‘morastiger Sumpf: morass’
(REW 2:266)
1. PIE *hɑeligēɑɦ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaligēɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaligēɑɦ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑaligāɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑaligāɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haligāɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haligāɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *haligā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. haligā-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aligā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. aligā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *oligā-
7. oligā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *oliga-
8. oliga-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → Russ. olĭga-
PIE *hɑelí-
Arm. ali-
(sb.) ‘wave’
(ArmGr. 1:412)
(Arm. alik‘ [plN])
1. PIE *hɑelí-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalí-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halí-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alí-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alí-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → Arm. ali-
√hɑlin-
(HEG H:128)
PIE *hɑeLin·Σ
OInd. alin·jara-
(m.) ‘Wassertopf’
(EWA 3:16)
(KEWA 1:55f., OInd. aliñjara-)
1. PIE *hɑeLin·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaLin·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaLin·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haLin·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haLin·Σ
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *halin·Σ
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. halin·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OInd. alin·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑelíno-
Gr. ἀλίνο-
(pr.) ‘ἀλείφειν’
(LSJ. 66)
(Gr. ἀλίνω)
1. PIE *hɑelíno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalíno-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalíno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halíno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halíno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alíno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alíno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀλίνο-
PIE *hɑelinó-
Gr. ἀλινό-
(m.pl) ‘ἐπαφρόδιτοι’
(LSJ. 66)
(Gr. ἀλινοί · ἐπαφρόδιτοι [Cret.])
1. PIE *hɑelinó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalinó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalinó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halinó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halinó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alinó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alinó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀλινό-
PIE *hɑelin·dɑɦi̯u-
Hitt. ḫalin·zu-
(Ún.) ‘eine Teichpflanze, ‘Wasserlinse’?’
(HHand. 36)
(Hitt. ḫalinzu-)
1. PIE *hɑelin·dɑɦi̯u-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalin·dɑɦi̯u-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalin·dɑɦi̯u-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halin·dɦi̯u-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halin·dɦi̯u-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *halin·jɦu-
4. halin·jɦu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *halin·ju-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. halin·ju-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *halin·zu-
6. halin·zu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalin·zu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑelin·dɑɦi̯uu̯o-
Hitt. ḫalin·zuu̯a-
(ÍD.) ‘(im Kontext ›Kum(a)ra, ›Šalmaku, ›Šeḫrija)’
(OGH. 527)
(Hitt. ḫa-le-en-zu-ua [Stf.])
1. PIE *hɑelin·dɑɦi̯uu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalin·dɑɦi̯uu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalin·dɑɦi̯uu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halin·dɦi̯uu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halin·dɦi̯uu̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *halin·jɦuu̯o-
4. halin·jɦuu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halin·jɦuu̯a-
5. halin·jɦuu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *halin·juu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. halin·juu̯a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *halin·zuu̯a-
7. halin·zuu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalin·zuu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑelin·dɑɦi̯uu̯o-
Hitt. ḫalin·zuu̯a-
(URU.) ‘(nicht weit entfernt von Nerik)’
(OGH. 102-3)
(Hitt. ḫa-li-en-zu-ua, ḫa-li-in-zu-ua-aš)
1. PIE *hɑelin·dɑɦi̯uu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalin·dɑɦi̯uu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalin·dɑɦi̯uu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halin·dɦi̯uu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halin·dɦi̯uu̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *halin·jɦuu̯o-
4. halin·jɦuu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halin·jɦuu̯a-
5. halin·jɦuu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *halin·juu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. halin·juu̯a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *halin·zuu̯a-
7. halin·zuu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalin·zuu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑlibɑɦ-
PIE *hɑeleíbɑɦo-
Gr. ἀλείφο-
(pr.) ‘einölen, salben’
(GEW 1:67-8)
(Gr. ἀλείφω)
1. PIE *hɑeleíbɑɦo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaleíbɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaleíbɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haleíbɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haleíbɦo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aleíbɦo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aleíbɦo-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *aleípho-
5. aleípho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀλείφο-
PIE *hɑelibɑɦ·Σ
Arm. ałb·iur-
(sb.) ‘Quelle’
(EtDiArm. 32-3)
1. PIE *hɑelibɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalibɑɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalibɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halibɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halibɦ·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alibɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alibɦ·Σ
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *alib·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. alib·Σ
*li → ł
Change of *li into ł
Rli›ł → Arm. ałb·Σ
PIE *hɑelibɑɦ·Σ
Arm. ałb·ewr
(sb.) ‘spring, fountain’ (WuW. 126)
(ArmGr. 1:415)
(Arm. ałbewr; ałber [sgG])
1. PIE *hɑelibɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalibɑɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalibɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halibɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halibɦ·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alibɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alibɦ·Σ
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *alib·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. alib·Σ
*li → ł
Change of *li into ł
Rli›ł → Arm. ałb·Σ
√hɑli·X-
(the origin of Gr. -σο- uncertain)
PIE *hɑélei·Σ
Gr. ἄλει·σο-
(n.) ‘Trinkgefäß mit zwei Henkeln’
(GEW 1:67)
(WP. 2:392, IEW 664-665, ἄλεισον)
1. PIE *hɑélei·Σ
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑálei·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑálei·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hálei·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hálei·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *álei·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. álei·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄλει·Σ
√hɑliu-
PIE *hɑeliu̯o·ni-
Hitt. ḫaliu̯a·ni-
(sb.) ‘Rhyton, Trinkhorn’
(HHand. 36)
1. PIE *hɑeliu̯o·ni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaliu̯o·ni-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaliu̯o·ni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haliu̯o·ni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haliu̯o·ni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haliu̯a·ni-
4. haliu̯a·ni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaliu̯a·ni-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑlu-
PIE *hɑelu̯o·no-
Hitt. ḫalu̯a·na-
(sb.) ‘Rhyton, Trinkhorn’
(HHand. 37)
1. PIE *hɑelu̯o·no-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalu̯o·no-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯o·no-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halu̯o·no-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halu̯o·no-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halu̯a·na-
4. halu̯a·na-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalu̯a·na-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑelu̯o·no-
Hitt. ḫalu̯a·na-
(PÚc.) ‘(›Aldanni)’
(OGH. 527)
(Hitt. ḫal-ua-an-na-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑelu̯o·no-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalu̯o·no-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯o·no-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halu̯o·no-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halu̯o·no-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halu̯a·na-
4. halu̯a·na-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalu̯a·na-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑelu̯o·no-
Hitt. ḫalu̯a·na-
(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘(göttlicher Berg, verehrt in ›Urišta)’
(OGH. 74-5)
(Hitt. ḫal-ua-an-na-(an))
1. PIE *hɑelu̯o·no-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalu̯o·no-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯o·no-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halu̯o·no-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halu̯o·no-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halu̯a·na-
4. halu̯a·na-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalu̯a·na-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑelu̯o·ni-
Hitt. ḫalu̯a·ni-
(c.) ‘(Gefäß für Flüssigkeiten)’
(HEG H:132, 138-9)
1. PIE *hɑelu̯o·ni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalu̯o·ni-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯o·ni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halu̯o·ni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halu̯o·ni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halu̯a·ni-
4. halu̯a·ni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalu̯a·ni-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑelu̯o·dɑɦolo-
Hitt. ḫalu̯a·dala-
(DUG.) ‘ein Gefäß’
(HHand. 37)
(Hitt. DUGḫaluatala-)
1. PIE *hɑelu̯o·dɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalu̯o·dɑɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯o·dɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halu̯o·dɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halu̯o·dɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halu̯a·dɦala-
4. halu̯a·dɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *halu̯a·dala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. halu̯a·dala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalu̯a·dala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeludɑɦro
OIcl. ǫldr-
(n.) ‘Trinkgelage’
(ANEtWb. 686)
1. PIE *hɑeludɑɦro
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaludɑɦro
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaludɑɦro
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haludɦro
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haludɦro
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aludɦro
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aludɦro
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *aludro
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. aludro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aludra
6. aludra
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *aludr
7. aludr
*a — u → ǫ — Ø
Umlaut for a — u
Ralu›ǫl → OIcl. ǫldr
PIE *hɑeluntḗɑh
Lith. aluntà-
(f.) ‘Flußname’
(LiEtWb. 8)
1. PIE *hɑeluntḗɑh
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaluntḗɑh
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaluntḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *hɑaluntā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑaluntā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haluntā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haluntā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aluntā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aluntā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *aluntṓ
(XX:XX)
6. aluntṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → Lith. aluntà
PIE *hɑeloutḗɑh
Dac. ἀλουτᾱ́-
(sb.) ‘a river name’
(Nay 1996:367)
(Dac. ἀλουτάς)
1. PIE *hɑeloutḗɑh
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaloutḗɑh
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaloutḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *hɑaloutā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑaloutā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haloutā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haloutā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aloutā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aloutā́
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dac. ἀλουτᾱ́


PIE √hɑl- (vb.) ‘zerstören, zertreten’
(IEW 29, 306)
(HED H:13-4)
√hɑl-
PIE *hɑólehɑol
Gr. ὄλωλ-
(pf.intr.) ‘verderben’
(GEW 2:378-9)
(Gr. ὄλωλα)
1. PIE *hɑólehɑol
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hólehol
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hólehol
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *óleol
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. óleol
*eo → ō
Contraction of e and o
Reo›ō → *ólōl
4. ólōl
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄλωλ
√hɑlo-
(HW2 H:18)
(Puhvel HED 3:13, SHV 81, AHPh. 82)
PIE *hɑolo·nei̯o-
Hitt. ḫala·nei̯a-
(vb.A.) ‘zertreten, zerstören’ (HHand. 35)
(EHS 561)
1. PIE *hɑolo·nei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *holo·nei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. holo·nei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hala·nei̯a-
3. hala·nei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫala·nei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑolo·nei̯o-
Hitt. ḫala·nei̯a-
(vb.M.) ‘zertreten, zerstören ‹obj. ‘field’›’
(HHand. 35)
(Hitt. nu A.ŠÀ-aš-ti-iš ḫal-la-ni-ia-at-ta-ri)
1. PIE *hɑolo·nei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *holo·nei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. holo·nei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hala·nei̯a-
3. hala·nei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫala·nei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·hɑolo·neiski̯e/o-
Hitt. arḫa ḫala·neiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘zerstören’
(HIL. 318)
1. PIE *Π·hɑolo·neiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·holo·neiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·holo·neiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *Π·holo·neisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·holo·neisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hala·neisḱe/a-
4. Π·hala·neisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *Π·hala·neiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. Π·hala·neiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·hala·neiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. Π·hala·neiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·ḫala·neiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑli-
PIE *Π·hɑolei̯o-
Lat. ab·oleo-
(pr.) ‘destroy, do away’
(WH. 1:4-5)
(Lat. aboleō)
1. PIE *Π·hɑolei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·holei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·holei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·olei̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·olei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
Rei̯o›eo → Lat. Π·oleo-
PIE *Π·hɑelíɦɑdi̯o-
Gr. πυδ.αλίζο·-
(pr.) ‘mit dem Fuß/Huf ausschlagen’
(GEW 2:620)
(Gr. πυδαλίζω)
1. PIE *Π·hɑelíɦɑdi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑalíɦɑdi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑalíɦɑdi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·halíɦdi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·halíɦdi̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·halídi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·halídi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·alídi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·alídi̯o-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *Π·alíjo-
6. Π·alíjo-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *Π·alízo-
7. Π·alízo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·αλίζο-
√hɑlin-
PIE *hɑolino-
CLu. ḫalina-
(vb.?) ‘krank sein?’ (HHand. 36)
(DLL. 39)
1. PIE *hɑolino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *holino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. holino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halina-
3. halina-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫalina-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑlis-
PIE *hɑolis-
CLu. ḫališ-
(n.) ‘Krankheit?’
(HHand. 36)
1. PIE *hɑolis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *holis-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. holis-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halis-
3. halis-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hališ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hališ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫališ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeloiséɑhi̯o-
Gr. ἀλοιάο-
(pr.) ‘thresh, bruise, crush, destroy’
(GEW 1:82)
(Gr. ἀλοιάω)
1. PIE *hɑeloiséɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaloiséɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaloiséɑhi̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *hɑaloisáɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑaloisáɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haloisáhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haloisáhi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aloisái̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aloisái̯o-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *aloihái̯o-
6. aloihái̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *aloiháo-
7. aloiháo-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *aloiáo-
8. aloiáo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀλοιάο-
PIE *hɑep.hɑeloiséɑhi̯o-
Gr. ἀπ.αλοιάο-
(pr.) ‘thresh out, bruise, crush, destroy’
(LSJ. 176)
(Gr. ἀπάλοιάω)
1. PIE *hɑep.hɑeloiséɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap.hɑaloiséɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap.hɑaloiséɑhi̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *hɑap.hɑaloisáɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑap.hɑaloisáɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hap.haloisáhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hap.haloisáhi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ap.aloisái̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ap.aloisái̯o-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *ap.aloihái̯o-
6. ap.aloihái̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *ap.aloiháo-
7. ap.aloiháo-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *ap.aloiáo-
8. ap.aloiáo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀπ.αλοιάο-
PIE *hɑelisnó-
Gr. ἀλῑνό-
(a.) ‘schwach’
(IEW 29)
(Gr. ἀλινός)
1. PIE *hɑelisnó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalisnó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalisnó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halisnó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halisnó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alisnó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alisnó-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *alihnó-
5. alihnó-
ih -› ī
Compensatory lengthening of ih into ī
Rih›ī → *alīnó-
6. alīnó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀλῑνό-
PIE *in·hɑelhɑeliss-
Dor. ἰν·αλαλισ-
(pf.) ‘engrave, inscribe’
(LSJ. 553)
(Cypr. ἰναλαλισμένα)
1. PIE *in·hɑelhɑeliss-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *in·hɑalhɑaliss-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. in·hɑalhɑaliss-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *in·halhaliss-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. in·halhaliss-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *in·alaliss-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. in·alaliss-
*ss → s
Degemination of *ss
Rss›s → *in·alalis-
5. in·alalis-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. ἰν·αλαλισ-


PIE √hɑl- (vb.) ‘agitare, aemulare’
(IEW 28)
(Pyysalo: OAnat.)
√hɑelondɑɦio-
PIE *hɑelondɑɦi̯o-
CLu. ḫalanza-
(vb.) ‘drohen, anreizen?’ ‹or ‘agitate’?›
(HEG H:127)
(CLu. ḫalanzata [3sg], HHand. 35)
1. PIE *hɑelondɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalondɑɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalondɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halondɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halondɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *halonjɦo-
4. halonjɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halanjɦa-
5. halanjɦa-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *halanzɦa-
6. halanzɦa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫalanzḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑeli-
(IEW 28 *al- ‘brennen’)
PIE *hɑeli·Σ
Goth. ali·gernu-
(PNm.) ‘-(?)-’
(GoEtWb. 5)
(Goth. aligernus)
1. PIE *hɑeli·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑali·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑali·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hali·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hali·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Goth. ali·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑeli·Σ
Goth. ali·ulfu-
(PNm.) ‘-(?)-’
(GoEtWb. 5)
(Goth. aliulfus)
1. PIE *hɑeli·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑali·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑali·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hali·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hali·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Goth. ali·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑelion-
PIE *hɑeli̯ono
Goth. aljan-
(n.) ‘Eifer: avidity, eagerness: ζῆλος: aemulatio’
(GoEtD. A126)
(Goth. aljan Rom 10,2 A [NA], aljana Rom 10,19 A)
1. PIE *hɑeli̯ono
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑali̯ono
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑali̯ono
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hali̯ono
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hali̯ono
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ali̯ono
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ali̯ono
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ali̯ana
5. ali̯ana
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *ali̯an
6. ali̯an
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Goth. aljan
PIE *hɑelei̯onēɑh-
Goth. aljano-
(vb.) ‘eifern (für): strive for: ζηλοῦν: aemulari’
(GoEtD. A126)
(Goth. aljanon Gal 4,18 A; aljanond Gal 4,17 A; aljanonds 2Kr 11,2 B; aljanoþ 1Kr 13,4 A; Gal 4,17 A)
1. PIE *hɑelei̯onēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalei̯onēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalei̯onēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑalei̯onāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑalei̯onāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halei̯onāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. halei̯onāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alei̯onā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. alei̯onā-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *alei̯anā-
6. alei̯anā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *alei̯anō-
(XX:XX)
7. alei̯anō-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *alii̯anō-
8. alii̯anō-
*ii̯a → ja
Loss of *i before i̯a
Rii̯a›i̯a → *ali̯anō-
9. ali̯anō-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *aljanō-
10. aljanō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Goth. aljano-
PIE *en·hɑelei̯onēɑh-
Goth. in·aljano-
(vb.) ‘zornig machen: παραζηλοῦν: aemulari’
(GoEtD. A126)
(Goth. inaljanom 1Kr 10,22 A; inaljanoþ 2Kr 13,5 GlA)
1. PIE *en·hɑelei̯onēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *en·hɑalei̯onēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. en·hɑalei̯onēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *en·hɑalei̯onāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. en·hɑalei̯onāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *en·halei̯onāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. en·halei̯onāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *en·alei̯onā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. en·alei̯onā-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *en·alei̯anā-
6. en·alei̯anā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *en·alei̯anō-
(XX:XX)
7. en·alei̯anō-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *in·alii̯anō-
8. in·alii̯anō-
*ii̯a → ja
Loss of *i before i̯a
Rii̯a›i̯a → *in·ali̯anō-
9. in·ali̯anō-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *in·aljanō-
10. in·aljanō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Goth. in·aljano-
√hɑelu-
PIE *hɑélu-
Gr. ἄλυ-
(f.) ‘agitation’
(GEW 1:80)
(Gr. ἄλυς [sgN], ἄλυς [plA])
1. PIE *hɑélu-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑálu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑálu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hálu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hálu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *álu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. álu-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄλυ-
PIE *hɑélu-
Gr. ἄλυ-
(m./f.?) ‘βλάβη’
(Hirt 1900:117)
(Gr. ἄλυς · βλάβη)
1. PIE *hɑélu-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑálu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑálu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hálu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hálu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *álu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. álu-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄλυ-
√hɑeluoi-
PIE *hɑelu̯oi-
Hitt. ḫalu̯ai-
(vb.) ‘streiten’
(HHand. 37)
1. PIE *hɑelu̯oi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalu̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halu̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halu̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halu̯ai-
4. halu̯ai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalu̯ai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑelu̯oi-
Hitt. ḫalu̯ai-
(c.) ‘Streit, Zank, Feindschaft’
(HEG H:137-8)
(Weitenberg 1984:435)
1. PIE *hɑelu̯oi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalu̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halu̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halu̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halu̯ai-
4. halu̯ai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalu̯ai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑeluei-
PIE *hɑelu̯ei-
Pal. ḫalu̯ei-
(c.) ‘(Attribut oder Verbalform)’
(HHand. 37)
(Pal. ta-ba-ar-na-aš? ḫal-lu-iš)
1. PIE *hɑelu̯ei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalu̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halu̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halu̯ei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. ḫalu̯ei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑoluki-
PIE *hɑolukii̯eú-
Att. ὀλυττεύ-
(m.) ‘Odysseus’
(GEW 2:351)
(Att. ὀλυττεύς · ὀδυσσεύς)
1. PIE *hɑolukii̯eú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *holukii̯eú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. holukii̯eú-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *holuḱi̯eú-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. holuḱi̯eú-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oluḱi̯eú-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. oluḱi̯eú-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *oluki̯eú-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. oluki̯eú-
*ki̯ → tt
Assibilation of *ki̯ into tt
Rki̯›tt → *olutteú-
6. olutteú-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Att. ὀλυττεύ-
√hɑeluosi-
PIE *hɑelu̯osi-
Hitt. ḫalu̯aši-
(c.) ‘(ein Orakelvogel)’
(HHand. 37)
1. PIE *hɑelu̯osi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalu̯osi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯osi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halu̯osi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halu̯osi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halu̯asi-
4. halu̯asi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *halu̯aši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. halu̯aši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalu̯aši-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑeluodɑɦ-
PIE *hɑelu̯odɑɦei-
CLu. ḫalu̯adei-
(GKL.) ‘(ein psychischer Zustand)’
(DLL. 39)
(CLu. ḫal-ua-ti-ia [sgDL]; KLuN. 475f. ‘im Übereifer’)
1. PIE *hɑelu̯odɑɦei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalu̯odɑɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯odɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halu̯odɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halu̯odɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halu̯adɦei-
4. halu̯adɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *halu̯adei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. halu̯adei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫalu̯adei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑelu̯odɑɦnoli-
Hitt. ḫalu̯adnali-
(a.) ‘gereizt, erbost, erregt?’
(HHand. 37)
1. PIE *hɑelu̯odɑɦnoli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalu̯odɑɦnoli-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯odɑɦnoli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halu̯odɦnoli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halu̯odɦnoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halu̯adɦnali-
4. halu̯adɦnali-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *halu̯adnali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. halu̯adnali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalu̯adnali-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑelu̯odɑɦnodɑɦi̯o-
Hitt. ḫalu̯adnaza-
(vb.) ‘erregt werden’
(HHand. 37)
1. PIE *hɑelu̯odɑɦnodɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalu̯odɑɦnodɑɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯odɑɦnodɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halu̯odɦnodɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halu̯odɦnodɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *halu̯odɦnojɦo-
4. halu̯odɦnojɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halu̯adɦnajɦa-
5. halu̯adɦnajɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *halu̯adnaja-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. halu̯adnaja-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *halu̯adnaza-
7. halu̯adnaza-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalu̯adnaza-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑl- (a.) ‘klein, wenig, arm, elend, schlecht, schwach’
(IEW 310, 667)
(Pyysalo)
√hɑliK-
PIE *hɑeliku̯eɑɦdo-
Arm. ałk'at-
(a.) ‘arm, dürftig, wenig, knapp’
(EtDiArm. 42-43)
(Arm. ałk'at)
1. PIE *hɑeliku̯eɑɦdo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaliku̯eɑɦdo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaliku̯eɑɦdo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑaliku̯aɑɦdo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑaliku̯aɑɦdo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haliku̯aɦdo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haliku̯aɦdo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *haliku̯ado-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. haliku̯ado-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aliku̯ado-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. aliku̯ado-
*kU → k
Loss of labial after velar
RkU›k → *alikado-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. alikado-
*k → kʼ
Glottalization of *k
Rk›k' → *alik'ado-
8. alik'ado-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *alik'ato-
9. alik'ato-
*li → ł
Change of *li into ł
Rli›ł → Arm. ałk'ato-
PIE *hɑeliku̯eɑɦdo-
Arm. ałk'at-
(sb.) ‘armer Bettler’
(EtDiArm. 42-43)
(Arm. ałk'at)
1. PIE *hɑeliku̯eɑɦdo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaliku̯eɑɦdo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaliku̯eɑɦdo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑaliku̯aɑɦdo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑaliku̯aɑɦdo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haliku̯aɦdo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haliku̯aɦdo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *haliku̯ado-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. haliku̯ado-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aliku̯ado-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. aliku̯ado-
*kU → k
Loss of labial after velar
RkU›k → *alikado-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. alikado-
*k → kʼ
Glottalization of *k
Rk›k' → *alik'ado-
8. alik'ado-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *alik'ato-
9. alik'ato-
*li → ł
Change of *li into ł
Rli›ł → Arm. ałk'ato-
PIE *hɑeliku̯eɑɦd·hɑeneɑh-
Arm. ałk'at·ana-
(vb.) ‘arm sein/werden’
(IEW 667)
(Arm. ałk'atanam [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑeliku̯eɑɦd·hɑeneɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaliku̯eɑɦd·hɑaneɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaliku̯eɑɦd·hɑaneɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑaliku̯aɑɦd·hɑanaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑaliku̯aɑɦd·hɑanaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haliku̯aɦd·hanah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haliku̯aɦd·hanah-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *haliku̯ad·hanah-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. haliku̯ad·hanah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aliku̯ad·hana-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. aliku̯ad·hana-
*kU → k
Loss of labial after velar
RkU›k → *alikad·hana-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. alikad·hana-
*k → kʼ
Glottalization of *k
Rk›k' → *alik'ad·hana-
8. alik'ad·hana-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *alik'at·hana-
9. alik'at·hana-
*li → ł
Change of *li into ł
Rli›ł → Arm. ałk'at·hana-
PIE *hɑleiku̯o-
OIr. līach-
(a.) ‘elend, unglücklich’
(DIL. 433)
1. PIE *hɑleiku̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hleiku̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hleiku̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *leiku̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. leiku̯o-
* ku/u̯ → q
Emergence of labiovelar q
RkU›q → *leiqo-
4. leiqo-
*ei → ē
Monophthongization of *ei into ē
Rei›ē → *lēqo-
5. lēqo-
*q → k
Delabialization of labiovelar *q
Rq›k → *lēko-
6. lēko-
VkV → VkhV
Lenition of voiceless stop *k
Rk›kh → *lēkho-
7. lēkho-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → OIr. lēcho-
√hɑlig-
PIE *hɑolígo-
Gr. ὀλίγο-
(a.) ‘klein’
(IEW 667)
1. PIE *hɑolígo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *holígo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. holígo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *olígo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. olígo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀλίγο-
PIE *hɑelig·hɑelig-
Arm. ałk·ałk-
(a.) ‘armselig, dürftig, gering, schlecht’
(IEW 310 [diff.])
1. PIE *hɑelig·hɑelig-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalig·hɑalig-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalig·hɑalig-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halig·halig-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halig·halig-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alig·halig-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alig·halig-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *alik·halik-
5. alik·halik-
*li → ł
Change of *li into ł
Rli›ł → Arm. ałk·hałk-


PIE √hɑl- (vb.) ‘binden’ (sb.) ‘Band, Ring usw.’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Celt. + Gr.)
√hɑelo-
PIE *hɑelo·lei̯o-
Hitt. ḫala·lei̯a-
(KUŠ.) ‘(Gegenstand aus Leder)’
(HHand. 35)
1. PIE *hɑelo·lei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalo·lei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalo·lei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halo·lei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halo·lei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hala·lei̯a-
4. hala·lei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫala·lei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑelikɑh-
PIE *hɑelikɑh-
Arm. ałx-
(sb.) ‘lock; ring’
(EtDiArm. 24)
(Bible+)
1. PIE *hɑelikɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalikɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalikɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halikh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halikh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alikh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alikh-
*kh → x
Affricativization of *kh
Rkh›x → *alix-
5. alix-
*li → ł
Change of *li into ł
Rli›ł → Arm. ałx-
PIE *hɑelikɑh
Arm. ałx-
(sb.) ‘furniture, possessions’
(EtDiArm. 24)
(Bible+)
1. PIE *hɑelikɑh
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalikɑh
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalikɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halikh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halikh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alikh
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alikh
*kh → x
Affricativization of *kh
Rkh›x → *alix
5. alix
*li → ł
Change of *li into ł
Rli›ł → Arm. ałx
PIE *hɑelikɑh
Arm. ałx-
(sb.) ‘crowd, group of wayfarers’
(EtDiArm. 24)
(Bible+)
1. PIE *hɑelikɑh
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalikɑh
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalikɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halikh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halikh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alikh
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alikh
*kh → x
Affricativization of *kh
Rkh›x → *alix
5. alix
*li → ł
Change of *li into ł
Rli›ł → Arm. ałx
√hɑeln-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑelno
OIr. all-
(n.) ‘bride, rêne’
(LEIA A-61)
(OIr. all .i. srían, also OIr. alla ‘ab alligatione equorum’)
1. PIE *hɑelno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalno
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halno
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alno
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alno
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → *allo
5. allo
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr → OIr. all
PIE *Π·hɑelno
OIr. ad·all-
(n.) ‘bride, rêne’
(LEIA A-61)
1. PIE *Π·hɑelno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑalno
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑalno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·halno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·halno
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·alno
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·alno
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → *Π·allo
5. Π·allo
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr → OIr. Π·all
PIE *hɑélniki-
Gr. ἄλλικ-
(f.) ‘χλαμύς’
(GEW 1:76)
(in Thess. ἄλλιξ, ἄλλικα [sgA])
1. PIE *hɑélniki-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑálniki-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑálniki-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hálniki-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hálniki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hálniḱ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. hálniḱ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *álniḱ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. álniḱ-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *álnik-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. álnik-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → *állik-
7. állik-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄλλικ-


PIE √hɑl- (vb.) ‘wohnen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√hɑl-
PIE *hɑeléi̯o-
Gr. ἀλέο-
(vb.) ‘οἰκεῖ’
(LSJ. 62)
(Hes. ἀλεῖ · οἰκεῖ)
1. PIE *hɑeléi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaléi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaléi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haléi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haléi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aléi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aléi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *aléo-
5. aléo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀλέο-
√hɑlin·dɑɦu-
(HEG H:128)
(DLL. 134f., EHS 252)
PIE *hɑelin·dɑɦeu-
Hitt. ḫalin·deu-
(Én.) ‘Wohnpalast, Palast’
(HHand. 36)
1. PIE *hɑelin·dɑɦeu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalin·dɑɦeu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalin·dɑɦeu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halin·dɦeu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halin·dɦeu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *halin·deu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. halin·deu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalin·deu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑelin·dɑɦu-
Hitt. ḫalin·du-
(Én.) ‘Wohnpalast, Palast’
(HHand. 36)
1. PIE *hɑelin·dɑɦu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalin·dɑɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalin·dɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halin·dɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halin·dɦu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *halin·du-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. halin·du-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalin·du-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑelin·dɑɦu̯o-
Hitt. ḫalin·du̯a-
(Én.) ‘Wohnpalast, Palast’
(HHand. 36)
1. PIE *hɑelin·dɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalin·dɑɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalin·dɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halin·dɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halin·dɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halin·dɦu̯a-
4. halin·dɦu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *halin·du̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. halin·du̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalin·du̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑli·dɑɦu-
PIE *hɑeli·dɑɦeu-
Hitt. ḫali·deu-
(Én.) ‘Wohnpalast, Palast’
(Weitenberg 1984:318)
(Hitt. Éḫa-li-en-ti-u-i = Éḫ]a-li-ti-u-i)
1. PIE *hɑeli·dɑɦeu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑali·dɑɦeu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑali·dɑɦeu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hali·dɦeu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hali·dɦeu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hali·deu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hali·deu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫali·deu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeli·dɑɦu-
Hitt. ḫali·du-
(Én.) ‘Wohnpalast, Palast’
(Weitenberg 1984:328)
(Hitt. Éḫa-li-tu-aš [plDL])
1. PIE *hɑeli·dɑɦu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑali·dɑɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑali·dɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hali·dɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hali·dɦu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hali·du-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hali·du-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫali·du-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑl- (sb.) ‘Erde, Ton, Lehm’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo; not to Lat. lino- ‘(be)smear’)
√hɑeleio-
PIE *Π·hɑelei̯o-
Hitt. tut·ḫalei̯a-
(mc.) ‘Akd. šar kiššati: king of the Earth’
(NOMS. 1389.2)
(Hitt. du/tu-ud-ḫa-li-ia(-aš, -an, Ugar. tdġl, ttġl, Hebr. tid‘al))
1. PIE *Π·hɑelei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑalei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑalei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·halei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·halei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·halei̯a-
4. Π·halei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·ḫalei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·hɑelei̯o-
Kpd. tut·ḫalei̯a-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1389.1)
(Kpd. tù-ud-ḫa-li-a)
1. PIE *Π·hɑelei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑalei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑalei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·halei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·halei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·halei̯a-
4. Π·halei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. Π·ḫalei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·hɑelei̯o-
Hitt. tut·ḫalei̯a-
(URU.) ‘([...] Ḫatti, Löwe [...] als in der Stadt T. […])’
(OGH. 445)
(Hitt. tu-ut-ḫa-li-ia; […] die Gottheiten sind in die Stadt Ariuwa hinuntergegangen [...]’)
1. PIE *Π·hɑelei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑalei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑalei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·halei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·halei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·halei̯a-
4. Π·halei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·ḫalei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·hɑelei̯o-
Hitt. tut·ḫalei̯a-
(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘(wohl im hethitischen Kernland)’
(OGH. 446)
(Hitt. tu-ut-ḫa-li-ia, du-ut-ḫa-li-ia-aš)
1. PIE *Π·hɑelei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑalei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑalei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·halei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·halei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·halei̯a-
4. Π·halei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·ḫalei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·hɑelei̯o-
Hitt. tutu·ḫalei̯a-
(PN.) ‘Tudhalia (Ugar. tdġl, ttġl, Hebr. tid‘al)’
(NOMS. 1389.4)
(Hitt. du-ud-du-ḫa-li-ia-aš)
1. PIE *Π·hɑelei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑalei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑalei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·halei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·halei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·halei̯a-
4. Π·halei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·ḫalei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑlin-
(HEG H:131ff.)
PIE *hɑeleino-
Hitt. ḫaleina-
(c./n.?) ‘= Sum. IM: Ton, Lehm’
(HHand. 36)
(Hitt. ḫa-li-i-na-aš [sgG], with zeri ‘cup’ and tešumi ‘cup’)
1. PIE *hɑeleino-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaleino-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaleino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haleino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haleino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haleina-
4. haleina-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaleina-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑlis-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑLoistu-
OInd. leṣṭu-
(m.) ‘Erdklumpen, Scholle’
(KEWA 3:112)
1. PIE *hɑLoistu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hLoistu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hLoistu-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *hloistu-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. hloistu-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *hloištu-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. hloištu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hlaištu-
5. hlaištu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *laištu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. laištu-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *lēštu-
7. lēštu-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *lēṣtu-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
8. lēṣtu-
*ṣt → ṣṭ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rṣt›ṣṭ → *lēṣṭu-
9. lēṣṭu-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → OInd. leṣṭu-
√hɑlup-
PIE *hɑlúp-
RV. rúp-
(f.) ‘Erde’
(KEWA 3:68)
(if not ‘Kuh’ as in WbRV. 1176)
1. PIE *hɑlúp-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hlúp-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hlúp-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *hrúp-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. hrúp-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. rúp-
(SPIE §2.1.4)


PIE √hɑl- (sb.) ‘Kopf, Spitze, Höhe, Schädel’
(IEW 26)
(HEG H:126-7; Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√hɑlont-
(HEG H:126-7)
PIE *hɑelonto-
Hitt. ḫalanta-
(n.?) ‘Kopf, Schädel’
(HHand. 35)
1. PIE *hɑelonto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalonto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalonto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halonto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halonto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halanta-
4. halanta-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalanta-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑlɑh-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·hɑéleɑh
Gr. ἀμυκ·άλα-
(f.pl) ‘ἀκίδες’
(GEW 1:97-8)
(in Hes. ἀμυκάλαι · αἰ ἀκίδες τῶν βελῶν)
1. PIE *Π·hɑéleɑh
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *Π·hɑáleɑh
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑáleɑh
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·hɑálaɑh
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. Π·hɑálaɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hálah
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·hálah
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ála
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·ála
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·άλα
√hɑli-
PIE *hɑelíēɑh-
Maced. ἀλίη-
(f.) ‘κάπρος: Eber, Wildschwein’
(GEW 1:73)
(Hes. ἀλίη· κάπρος. Μακεδόνες)
1. PIE *hɑelíēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalíēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalíēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑalíāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑalíāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halíāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. halíāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alíā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. alíā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *alíē-
6. alíē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Maced. ἀλίη-
√hɑlnt-
PIE *hɑelnto-
MidIr. allt-
(m.) ‘height, cliff: Höhe, Ufer, Küste’
(DIL. 37)
(MidIr. allt)
1. PIE *hɑelnto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalnto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalnto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halnto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halnto-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alnto-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alnto-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → MidIr. allto-
PIE *hɑelntēɑh-
Cymr. allt-
(f.) ‘Seite eines Hügels, bewaldeter Hügel’
(IEW 26)
(cognate with OCorn. als ‘Küste’, Bret. aot ‘Küste’)
1. PIE *hɑelntēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalntēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalntēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑalntāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑalntāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halntāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. halntāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alntā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. alntā-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → *alltā-
6. alltā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → Cymr. allta-
√hɑlt-
(IEW 26)
PIE *hɑelto-
Lat. alto-
(a.) ‘hoch’
(WH. 1:32)
(Lat. altus [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑelto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halto-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. alto-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑelto-
MidIr. alt-
(m.) ‘height, cliff: Höhe, Ufer, Küste’
(DIL. 37)
(MidIr. alt)
1. PIE *hɑelto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halto-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → MidIr. alto-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑlu-
PIE *hɑelu̯o-
Lat. aluo-
(f.m.) ‘Wölbung’
(WH. 2:34)
1. PIE *hɑelu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alu̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alu̯o-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. aluo-
PIE *hɑelunu̯o-
Hitt. ḫalunu̯a-
(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘(verehrt in einer unbekannten Stadt)’
(OGH. 74)
(Hitt. ḫa-lu-nu-ua [Stf.])
1. PIE *hɑelunu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalunu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalunu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halunu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halunu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halunu̯a-
4. halunu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalunu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑl- (sb.) ‘Getreide, Gerste, Korn, Ernte’
(IEW 29)
(Neumann apud HEG H:133; Hamp 1965; Čop 1971)
√hɑeliki-
(Connected by Walde (LEW 2:25) to ἀλέω)
PIE *hɑéliki-
Gr. ἄλικ-
(m.) ‘Speltgraupen’
(GEW 1:73)
(Gr. ἄλιξ, -κος; Chrysipp. Tyan. ap. Ath., Chantraine 1933:382f.)
1. PIE *hɑéliki-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑáliki-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáliki-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *háliki-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. háliki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *háliḱ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. háliḱ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *áliḱ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. áliḱ-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *álik-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. álik-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄλικ-
PIE *hɑeliki̯ēɑh-
Lat. alicā-
(f.) ‘Speltgraupen’
(WH. 1:29)
(Lat. alica, halica)
1. PIE *hɑeliki̯ēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaliki̯ēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaliki̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑaliki̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑaliki̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haliki̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haliki̯āh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *haliḱāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. haliḱāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aliḱā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. aliḱā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *alikā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. alikā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. alicā-
√hɑelibɑɦ-
PIE *hɑelíbɑɦeɑht-
Dor. ἀλίφατ-
(n.) ‘ἄλφιτα ἤ ἄλευρα’
(GEW 1:81)
(Hes. ἀλίφατα · ἄλφιτα ἤ ἄλευρα)
1. PIE *hɑelíbɑɦeɑht-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalíbɑɦeɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalíbɑɦeɑht-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑalíbɑɦaɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑalíbɑɦaɑht-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halíbɦaht-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. halíbɦaht-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alíbɦat-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. alíbɦat-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *alíphat-
6. alíphat-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. ἀλίφατ-
√hɑelkii-
(HEG H:133-4)
PIE *hɑelki̯ei-
Hitt. ḫalkei-
(c.) ‘Getreide, Gerste, Korn, Ernteertrag: Sum. ŠE’
(HHand. 36)
(Hitt. ḫal-ki-iš, ḫal-ki-aš, ḫal-ki-i [DL], ḫal-ki-e-eš)
1. PIE *hɑelki̯ei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalki̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalki̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halki̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halki̯ei-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *halḱei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. halḱei-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *halkei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. halkei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalkei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑelki̯ei-
Hitt. ḫalkei-
(d.) ‘barley-god: Sum. NISABA’
(OHP. 1:72-76)
(Hitt. ḫal-ki, ḫal-ki-iš, ḫal-ki-ia [D])
1. PIE *hɑelki̯ei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalki̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalki̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halki̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halki̯ei-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *halḱei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. halḱei-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *halkei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. halkei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalkei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑelki̯ei̯·osu-
Kpd. ḫalkei̯·ašu-
(Ic.) ‘(prince de Kaneš)’
(NOMS. 251)
(Kpd. ḫal-kí-a-šu)
1. PIE *hɑelki̯ei̯·osu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalki̯ei̯·osu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalki̯ei̯·osu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halki̯ei̯·osu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halki̯ei̯·osu-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *halḱei̯·osu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. halḱei̯·osu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halḱei̯·asu-
5. halḱei̯·asu-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *halkei̯·asu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. halkei̯·asu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *halkei̯·ašu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. halkei̯·ašu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. ḫalkei̯·ašu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑelki̯ei̯·osu-
Kpd. ḫalkei̯·ašu-
(Ic.) ‘(chef des magasins; divers)’
(NOMS. 251)
(Kpd. ḫa-al-ki-a-šu)
1. PIE *hɑelki̯ei̯·osu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalki̯ei̯·osu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalki̯ei̯·osu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halki̯ei̯·osu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halki̯ei̯·osu-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *halḱei̯·osu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. halḱei̯·osu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halḱei̯·asu-
5. halḱei̯·asu-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *halkei̯·asu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. halkei̯·asu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *halkei̯·ašu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. halkei̯·ašu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. ḫalkei̯·ašu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑelkiues-
(Čop 1971:31f.)
PIE *hɑelkiu̯esn-
Hitt. ḫalku̯ešn-
(n.obl.) ‘Ernte, Erstlingsgabe’
(HHand. 36)
(Hitt. ḫal-ku-e-eš-na-aš)
1. PIE *hɑelkiu̯esn-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalkiu̯esn-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalkiu̯esn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halkiu̯esn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halkiu̯esn-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *halḱu̯esn-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. halḱu̯esn-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *halku̯esn-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. halku̯esn-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *halku̯ešn-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. halku̯ešn-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalku̯ešn-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑelkiu̯esor-
Hitt. ḫalku̯ešar-
(n.) ‘Ernte, Erstlingsgabe: Akd. melqētum’
(HHand. 36)
(Hitt. ḫal-ku-eš-šar)
1. PIE *hɑelkiu̯esor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalkiu̯esor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalkiu̯esor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halkiu̯esor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halkiu̯esor-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *halḱu̯esor-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. halḱu̯esor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halḱu̯esar-
5. halḱu̯esar-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *halku̯esar-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. halku̯esar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *halku̯ešar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. halku̯ešar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalku̯ešar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑelbɑɦit-
(Hamp 1965:132)
PIE *hɑélbɑɦit-
Gr. ἄλφιτ-
(n.) ‘Gerstengraupe, Gerstenmehl’
(GEW 1:81)
(Gr. ἄλφι [sgNA])
1. PIE *hɑélbɑɦit-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑálbɑɦit-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑálbɑɦit-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hálbɦit-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hálbɦit-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *álbɦit-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. álbɦit-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *álphit-
5. álphit-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄλφιτ-
PIE *hɑélbɑɦito-
Gr. ἄλφιτο-
(n.) ‘Gerstenmehl’
(GEW 1:81)
(Hom. ἄλφιτου ἄκτη)
1. PIE *hɑélbɑɦito-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑálbɑɦito-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑálbɑɦito-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hálbɦito-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hálbɦito-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *álbɦito-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. álbɦito-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *álphito-
5. álphito-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄλφιτο-


PIE √hɑl- (a.) ‘gelb, grün’ (sb.) ‘Grünzeug’
(IEW 302)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)
√hɑehɑel-
(IEW 1055)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Balt., HW2 H:3)
PIE *hɑehɑel-
Hitt. ḫaḫal-
(n.) ‘Grünzeug, Strauch, Busch, Gestrüpp, Unkraut: Sum. SIG7’
(HEG H:121-2)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-ḫal, ḫa-a-aḫ-ḫa-al)
1. PIE *hɑehɑel-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑal-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑal-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahal-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahal-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaḫal-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·hɑéhɑelo-
Lith. at·óla-
(m.) ‘(junges) Gras, Öhmd, Grummet’
(LiEtWb. 22)
1. PIE *Π·hɑéhɑelo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑéhɑalo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑéhɑalo-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *Π·hɑáhɑalo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
3. Π·hɑáhɑalo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·háhalo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·háhalo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·áalo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·áalo-
*áa → ā́
Contraction of áa into ā́
Ráa›ā́ → *Π·ā́lo-
6. Π·ā́lo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ā́la-
7. Π·ā́la-
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *Π·ṓla-
(XX:XX)
8. Π·ṓla-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → Lith. Π·óla-
PIE *Π·hɑehɑelo
Latv. at·ãl-
(m.) ‘(junges) Gras, Öhmd, Grummet’
(LiEtWb. 22)
1. PIE *Π·hɑehɑelo
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑahɑalo
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑahɑalo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hahalo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hahalo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·aalo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·aalo
*aa → ā
Contraction of aa into ā
Raa›ā → *Π·ālo
5. Π·ālo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·āla
6. Π·āla
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Latv. Π·āl
PIE *hɑehɑelo·lo-
Hitt. ḫaḫala·la-
(MUNUSc.) ‘(Funktionärin; luw. in heth. Kontext)’
(HHand. 34)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-ḫa-la-al-e-eš [plN], HIL. 314)
1. PIE *hɑehɑelo·lo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑalo·lo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑalo·lo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahalo·lo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahalo·lo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahala·la-
4. hahala·la-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaḫala·la-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑehɑelont-
Hitt. ḫaḫalant-
(a.) ‘(qualifiziert Gemüsepflanzen, Küchenkräuter)’
(HHand. 34)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-ḫa-al-la-an-za [sgN], ḫa-aḫ-ḫal-la-an-te-eš [plN])
1. PIE *hɑehɑelont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑalont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑalont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahalont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahalont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahalant-
4. hahalant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaḫalant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑehɑelou̯ont-
Hitt. ḫaḫalau̯ant-
(pt.) ‘grün, gelb’
(HHand. 34-5)
1. PIE *hɑehɑelou̯ont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑalou̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑalou̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahalou̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahalou̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahalau̯ant-
4. hahalau̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaḫalau̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑehɑeli-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑehɑeli-
Hitt. ḫaḫali-
(n.) ‘Grünzeug, Strauch, Busch, Gestrüpp, Unkraut’
(HHand. 34)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-ḫal-li, ḫa-aḫ-ḫa-li)
1. PIE *hɑehɑeli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑali-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑali-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahali-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaḫali-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·hɑehɑeli-
OPr. at·oli-
(sb.) ‘Grummet’
(LiEtWb. 22)
(Voc. 284)
1. PIE *Π·hɑehɑeli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑahɑali-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑahɑali-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hahali-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hahali-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·aali-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·aali-
*aa → ā
Contraction of aa into ā
Raa›ā → *Π·āli-
5. Π·āli-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *Π·ōli-
(XX:XX)
6. Π·ōli-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → OPr. Π·oli-
PIE *hɑehɑelei̯o-
Hitt. ḫaḫalei̯a-
(URU.) ‘(im Bezirk von Paršananḫila)’
(OGH. 62)
(Hitt. ḫa-ḫa-li-ia [All])
1. PIE *hɑehɑelei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑalei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑalei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahalei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahalei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahalei̯a-
4. hahalei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaḫalei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑohɑeleiski̯e/o-
Hitt. ḫaḫaleiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘gelb werden’
(HHand. 34-5)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-ḫa-li-eš-ke-et [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑohɑeleiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑohɑaleiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑohɑaleiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hohaleiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hohaleiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hohaleisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. hohaleisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahaleisḱe/a-
5. hahaleisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *hahaleiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. hahaleiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hahaleiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. hahaleiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaḫaleiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑehɑelu-
PIE *hɑehɑelu̯on-
Kpd. ḫaḫalu̯an-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 239)
(Kpd. ḫa-ḫa-lu-(u)a-an)
1. PIE *hɑehɑelu̯on-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑalu̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑalu̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahalu̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahalu̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahalu̯an-
4. hahalu̯an-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. ḫaḫalu̯an-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑehɑelu̯ont-
CLu. ḫaḫalu̯ant-
(GKLa.) ‘grün, gelb: jaune, vert (HHand. 34, HIL. 314)’
(DLL. 37-8)
(CLu. ḫa-aḫ-ḫa-lu-ua-an-ti [sgD])
1. PIE *hɑehɑelu̯ont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑalu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑalu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahalu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahalu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahalu̯ant-
4. hahalu̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫaḫalu̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑehɑl-
PIE *hɑehɑlo·Σ
Hitt. ḫaḫla·tarupašani-
(LÚc.) ‘‹(with Hitt. dtarupašani-)›’
(NOMS. 241)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-la-ta-ru-up-pa-ša-ni [All])
1. PIE *hɑehɑlo·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑlo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑlo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahlo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahlo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahla·Σ
4. hahla·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaḫla·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑehɑlohɑiski̯e/o-
Hitt. ḫaḫlaḫiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘gelb machen’
(HIL. 314)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-la-aḫ-ḫi-iš-k[e-et])
1. PIE *hɑehɑlohɑiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑlohɑiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑlohɑiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahlohiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahlohiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hahlohisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. hahlohisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahlahisḱe/a-
5. hahlahisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *hahlahiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. hahlahiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hahlahiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. hahlahiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaḫlaḫiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑehɑloniski̯e/o-
Hitt. ḫaḫlaniške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘gelb machen’
(HHand. 35)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-la-n[i-eš-k]er)
1. PIE *hɑehɑloniski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑloniski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑloniski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahloniski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahloniski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hahlonisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. hahlonisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahlanisḱe/a-
5. hahlanisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *hahlaniske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. hahlaniske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hahlaniške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. hahlaniške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaḫlaniške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑehɑlou̯ont-
Hitt. ḫaḫlau̯ant-
(a.) ‘grün, gelb: Sum. SIG7’
(HHand. 34-5)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-la-u-ua-an-da [plNA])
1. PIE *hɑehɑlou̯ont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑlou̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑlou̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahlou̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahlou̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahlau̯ant-
4. hahlau̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaḫlau̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑehɑli-
PIE *hɑehɑlei̯o-
Hitt. ḫaḫlei̯a-
(vb.fient.) ‘gelb werden’
(HHand. 34-5)
1. PIE *hɑehɑlei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑlei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑlei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahlei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahlei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahlei̯a-
4. hahlei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaḫlei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑehɑlimo-
Hitt. ḫaḫlima-
(c.) ‘gelbe Farbe’
(HHand. 34-5)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-li-im-ma-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑehɑlimo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑlimo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑlimo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahlimo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahlimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahlima-
4. hahlima-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaḫlima-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑehɑlisno-
Hitt. ḫaḫlišna-
(n.) ‘eine Droge?’
(HHand. 34-5)
1. PIE *hɑehɑlisno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑlisno-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑlisno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahlisno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahlisno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahlisna-
4. hahlisna-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hahlišna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hahlišna-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaḫlišna-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑehɑliu̯ont-
Hitt. ḫaḫliu̯ant-
(c.) (ein Kraut)
(HHand. 34-5)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-li-u-ua-an-za [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑehɑliu̯ont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑliu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑliu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahliu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahliu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahliu̯ant-
4. hahliu̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaḫliu̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑehɑliu̯ont-
Hitt. ḫaḫliu̯ant-
(a.) ‘grün, gelb’
(HHand. 34-5)
1. PIE *hɑehɑliu̯ont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑliu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑliu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahliu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahliu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahliu̯ant-
4. hahliu̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaḫliu̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑlēbɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Priester, Würdenträger’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Gr.)
√hɑelēbɑɦi-
PIE *hɑelēbɑɦi-
Hitt. ḫalēbi-
(LÚc.) ‘profaner Würdenträger; Staatsanwalt?’
(HEG H:132)
(Hitt. ḫalibi-)
1. PIE *hɑelēbɑɦi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalēbɑɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalēbɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halēbɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halēbɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *halēbi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. halēbi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalēbi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑelēbɑɦinu-
Hitt. ḫalēbinu-
(d.) ‹cf. GhR. 310-1, 609; RDH. 21›
(OHP. 1:71-2)
(Hitt. ḫa-li-pí-nu-(ú) [Abs])
1. PIE *hɑelēbɑɦinu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalēbɑɦinu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalēbɑɦinu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halēbɦinu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halēbɦinu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *halēbinu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. halēbinu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalēbinu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑelḗbɑɦt-
PIE *hɑelḗbɑɦtōr
Gr. ἀλήπτωρ-
(m.) ‘priest’
(LSJ. 64)
(Hes. ἀλήπτωρ · ἱερεύς)
1. PIE *hɑelḗbɑɦtōr
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalḗbɑɦtōr
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalḗbɑɦtōr
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halḗbɦtōr
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halḗbɦtōr
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alḗbɦtōr
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alḗbɦtōr
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *alḗphtōr
5. alḗphtōr
pht -› pt
Loss of aspiration in pht
Rpht›pt → *alḗptōr
6. alḗptōr
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀλήπτωρ
√hɑelēbɑɦu-
PIE *hɑelēbɑɦuto-
Hitt. ḫalēbuta-
(URU.) ‘(mit Katapa, Šalampa, Kartapaḫa; OGHErg. 23)’
(OGH. 70)
(Hitt. ḫa-li-pu-ut-ta, ḫa-li-pu-ut-ta-az)
1. PIE *hɑelēbɑɦuto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalēbɑɦuto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalēbɑɦuto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halēbɦuto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halēbɦuto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halēbɦuta-
4. halēbɦuta-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *halēbuta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. halēbuta-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalēbuta-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑelēbɑɦ·Σ
Hitt. ḫalēb·zura-
(URU.) ‘(Im Bezirk von ›Katapa)’
(OGH. 70)
(Hitt. ḫa-li-ip-zu-u-ra [Stf.])
1. PIE *hɑelēbɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalēbɑɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalēbɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halēbɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halēbɦ·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *halēb·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. halēb·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalēb·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑm- (vb.) ‘gebären’ (sb.) ‘Mutter, Tante, Großmutter’
(IEW 36)
(WP. 1:53, Bader 1988:33)
√hɑmo-
PIE *hɑemo·noni-
Kpd. ḫama·nani-
(Ic.) ‘‹cf. nani- ‘Bruder’›’
(NOMS. 263)
(Kpd. ḫa-ma-na-ni (or ḫa-ma-na-lí))
1. PIE *hɑemo·noni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamo·noni-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamo·noni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamo·noni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamo·noni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hama·nani-
4. hama·nani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. ḫama·nani-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑemoso-
Hitt. ḫamaša-
(c.) ‘‹here if ‘(grand)mother’ vel sim. (OGH. 75)›’
(HHand. 37)
(Hitt. ŠA É.GAL ḫa-am-ma-ša-aš [sgG], KBo 10.10 iv 9 (cf. É.GAL ḫu-uḫ-ḫa-aš [sgG]))
1. PIE *hɑemoso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamoso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamoso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hamasa-
4. hamasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hamaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hamaša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫamaša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑemo·hɑulo-
Hitt. ḫama·ḫula-
(URU.) ‘(im Bezirk von ›Katapa)’
(OGH. 75)
(Hitt. ḫa-ma-ḫu-la [All.]; uncertain)
1. PIE *hɑemo·hɑulo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamo·hɑulo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamo·hɑulo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamo·hulo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamo·hulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hama·hula-
4. hama·hula-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫama·ḫula-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑmɑh-
PIE *hɑemēɑh-
Alb. amë
(f.) ‘Tante, Mutter’
(AlbEtD. 4)
1. PIE *hɑemēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑamāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑamāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hamāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *amā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. amā-
*ā → ë
Change of *ā into Alb. ë
Rā›ë → Alb. amë-
(XX:XX)
√hɑmitɑh-
PIE *hɑemitēɑh-
Lat. amitā-
(f.) ‘Vaterschwester, Tante’
(WH. 1:39)
(Lat. amita [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑemitēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamitēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamitēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑamitāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑamitāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamitāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hamitāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. amitā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑmmɑh-
PIE *hɑemméɑh-
Gr. ἀμμά-
(f.) ‘Mutter’
(LSJ. 83)
(Gr. ἀμμάς [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑemméɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamméɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamméɑh-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *hɑammáɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑammáɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hammáh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hammáh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ammá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ammá-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀμμά-
PIE *hɑemmēɑh-
Osc. ammā-
(df.) ‘Mater’
(WbOU. 87)
(Osc. ammaí [sgD])
1. PIE *hɑemmēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑammēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑammēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑammāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑammāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hammāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hammāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Osc. ammā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑemmēɑh·n-
OIcl. amma·n-
(f.) ‘Großmutter’
(ANEtWb. 8)
1. PIE *hɑemmēɑh·n-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑammēɑh·n-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑammēɑh·n-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑammāɑh·n-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑammāɑh·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hammāh·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hammāh·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ammā·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ammā·n-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → OIcl. amma·n-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
PIE *hɑemmēɑh·n-
OHG. amma·n-
(f.) ‘Amme, Pflegemutter, Ernährerin: nutrix’
(EWAhd. 1:205)
1. PIE *hɑemmēɑh·n-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑammēɑh·n-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑammēɑh·n-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑammāɑh·n-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑammāɑh·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hammāh·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hammāh·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ammā·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ammā·n-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → OHG. amma·n-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
PIE *hɑemmeɑh·Σ
TochB. amma·kki
(f.) ‘Mutter’
(DTochB. 20)
(TochB. ammakki [sgV], MA. 386, LeTokh. 1:621)
1. PIE *hɑemmeɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑammeɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑammeɑh·Σ
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑammaɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑammaɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hammah·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hammah·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochB. amma·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑmnɑhmo-
(Bader 1988:33)
PIE *hɑémnēɑhmo-
Dor. ἄμνᾱμο-
(m.) ‘descendant’
(LSJ. 84)
1. PIE *hɑémnēɑhmo-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑámnēɑhmo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑámnēɑhmo-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑámnāɑhmo-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑámnāɑhmo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hámnāhmo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hámnāhmo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ámnāmo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ámnāmo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. ἄμνᾱμο-
PIE *hɑemnḗɑhmōn
Dor. ἀμνᾱ́μων-
(m.) ‘descendant’
(LSJ. 84)
1. PIE *hɑemnḗɑhmōn
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamnḗɑhmōn
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamnḗɑhmōn
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *hɑamnā́ɑhmōn
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑamnā́ɑhmōn
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamnā́hmōn
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hamnā́hmōn
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *amnā́mōn
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. amnā́mōn
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. ἀμνᾱ́μων
√hɑmso-
PIE *hɑemso-
CLu. ḫamša-
(c.) ‘Enkel: petit-fils’
(DLL. 39)
(CLu. [ḫ]a-am-ša-a-ti [plI], ḫa-am-ša-ti)
1. PIE *hɑemso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hamsa-
4. hamsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hamša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hamša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫamša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑemso-
Hitt. ḫamša-
(mc.) ‘(père d’Atramḫaši-)’
(NOMS. 267)
(Hitt. ḫa-am-ša-aš, -an)
1. PIE *hɑemso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hamsa-
4. hamsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hamša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hamša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫamša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑemso-
Hitt. ḫamša-
(URU.) ‘(hurrische bzw. von den Hurriern eroberte Stadt zur Zeit des Königs Muršili I)’
(OGH. 75)
(Hitt. ḫa-am-ša-[)
1. PIE *hɑemso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hamsa-
4. hamsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hamša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hamša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫamša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑmsi-
PIE *hɑemsi-
HLu. ḫamši-
() ((INFANS.)NEPOSc.) ‘grandson’
(CHLu. 2.40.6)
(HLu. (NEPOS)ha-ma-si, “INFANS.NEPOS”ha-ma-si-sa)
1. PIE *hɑemsi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamsi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamsi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamsi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamsi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hamši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hamši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫamši-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑemsi·Σ
HLu. ḫamši·kula-
(INF[ANS]c.) ‘great-grandson’
(CHLu. 4.8.2)
(HLu. (INF[ANS...)]ha-ma-si-REL-la)
1. PIE *hɑemsi·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamsi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamsi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamsi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamsi·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hamši·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hamši·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫamši·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑmsu-
PIE *hɑemsu·Σ
CLu. ḫamšu·kala-
(c.) ‘Großenkel: arrière petit-fils’
(DLL. 39)
(CLu. ḫa-am-šu-uk-kal-la-a-ti)
1. PIE *hɑemsu·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamsu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamsu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamsu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamsu·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hamšu·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hamšu·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫamšu·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑemsu·Σ
HLu. ḫamšu·kala-
(NEPOSc.) ‘great-grandson’
(CHLu. 2.40.11)
(HLu. (NEPOS)ha-ma-su-ka-la)
1. PIE *hɑemsu·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamsu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamsu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamsu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamsu·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hamšu·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hamšu·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫamšu·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑemsu·Σ
Pal. ḫamšu·kala-
(c.) ‘Urenkel’ (HHand. 38)
(DPal. 54)
(Pal. ḫa-am-šu-ka[l...)
1. PIE *hɑemsu·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamsu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamsu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamsu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamsu·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hamšu·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hamšu·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. ḫamšu·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑm- (vb.) ‘(ver)binden’ (sb.) ‘Riemen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Gr. + Hitt.)
√hɑmon-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *tel·hɑemṓn
Gr. τελ·αμών-
(m.) ‘Tragriemen, Wehrgehenk, Riemen, Binde, Verband’
(GEW 2:868)
1. PIE *tel·hɑemṓn
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *tel·hɑamṓn
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. tel·hɑamṓn
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tel·hamṓn
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tel·hamṓn
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tel·amṓn
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tel·amṓn
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τελ·αμών
√hɑemonogɑɦ-
(HEG H:141-3)
PIE *hɑemonogɑɦ-
Hitt. ḫamanag-
(vb.) ‘binden, verbinden, verheiraten’
(HIL. 325)
(Hitt. ḫa-ma-an-ak-mi [1sg], ḫa-ma-na-ak-ta)
1. PIE *hɑemonogɑɦ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamonogɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamonogɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamonogɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamonogɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hamanagɦ-
4. hamanagɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hamanag-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hamanag-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫamanag-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑemongɑɦ-
PIE *hɑemongɑɦo-
Hitt. ḫamanga-
(vb.) ‘binden, verbinden, verheiraten’
(HHand. 37)
(Hitt. ḫa-ma-an-ga-aḫ-ḫi [1sg], ḫa-ma-an-ga-mi [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑemongɑɦo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamongɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamongɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamongɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamongɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hamangɦa-
4. hamangɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hamanga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hamanga-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫamanga-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑemongɑɦont-
Hitt. ḫamangant-
(pt.) ‘binden, verbinden, verheiraten’
(HIL. 325)
(Hitt. ḫa-ma-an-kán-t-)
1. PIE *hɑemongɑɦont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamongɑɦont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamongɑɦont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamongɦont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamongɦont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hamangɦant-
4. hamangɦant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hamangant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hamangant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫamangant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑemongɑɦu̯o-
Hitt. ḫamangu̯a-
(vb.sb.) ‘binden, verbinden, verheiraten’
(HIL. 325)
(Hitt. ḫa-ma-an-ku-ua-aš)
1. PIE *hɑemongɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamongɑɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamongɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamongɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamongɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hamangɦu̯a-
4. hamangɦu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hamangu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hamangu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫamangu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑemengɑɦ-
PIE *hɑemengɑɦo-
Hitt. ḫamenga-
(vb.) ‘binden, verbinden, verheiraten’
(HHand. 37)
(Hitt. [ḫa-me-]en-ki-mi, ḫa-mi-in-kán-zi)
1. PIE *hɑemengɑɦo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamengɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamengɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamengɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamengɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hamengɦa-
4. hamengɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hamenga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hamenga-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫamenga-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑemengɑɦont-
Hitt. ḫamengant-
(pt.) ‘binden, verbinden, verheiraten’
(HIL. 326)
(Hitt. ḫa-mi-in-kán-t-, ḫa-me-in-kán-t-)
1. PIE *hɑemengɑɦont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamengɑɦont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamengɑɦont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamengɦont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamengɦont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hamengɦant-
4. hamengɦant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hamengant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hamengant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫamengant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑemengɑɦu̯o-
Hitt. ḫamengu̯a-
(vb.sb.) ‘binden, verbinden, verheiraten’
(HIL. 326)
(Hitt. ḫa-me-en-ku-ua-a[r], ḫa-me-in[-ku-ua-ar])
1. PIE *hɑemengɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamengɑɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamengɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamengɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamengɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hamengɦu̯a-
4. hamengɦu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hamengu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hamengu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫamengu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑm- (sb.) ‘Frühling, Sommer, Jahr, Zeit’
(IEW 35)
(Čop 1957:140: Hitt. + IE; Pyysalo: Goth.)
√hɑmo-
PIE *hɑemo-
OIr. am-
(n.m.) ‘time’
(EtDiPC. 33)
(LEIA A-67)
1. PIE *hɑemo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OIr. amo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑmisɑho-
PIE *hɑemisɑho-
Hitt. ḫamišḫa-
(c./n.) ‘Frühling, Frühjahr’
(HEG H:143-4)
(Hitt. ḫa-me-eš-ḫa-an)
1. PIE *hɑemisɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamisɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamisɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamisho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamisho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hamisha-
4. hamisha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hamišha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hamišha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫamišḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑemisɑhont-
Hitt. ḫamišḫant-
(c.) ‘Frühling, Frühjahr’
(HIL. 327)
(Hitt. ḫa-me-eš-ḫa-an-za, ḫa-me-iš-ḫa-an-za, ḫa-mi-eš-ḫa-an-za)
1. PIE *hɑemisɑhont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamisɑhont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamisɑhont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamishont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamishont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hamishant-
4. hamishant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hamišhant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hamišhant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫamišḫant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑmen-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·hɑēmen-
Goth. ald·omin-
(obl.) ‘γῆρας: old age’
(GoEtD. A116)
1. PIE *Π·hɑēmen-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·hɑāmen-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑāmen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hāmen-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hāmen-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·āmen-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·āmen-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *Π·ōmen-
(XX:XX)
5. Π·ōmen-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *Π·ōmin-
6. Π·ōmin-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Goth. Π·omin-


PIE √hɑn- √ɦɑn- (vb.) ‘entscheiden, richten, urteilen’
(IEW 615-6, 1084-5)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)
√hɑn-
(HEG H:146-8)
(HIL. 330-33, HW2 H:135f., Puhvel HED 3:82-3, Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑen-
Hitt. ḫan-
(vb.2.) ‘entscheiden, richten, urteilen’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-na-an-zi, ḫa-an-na-ri, Kimball (1999:414)
1. PIE *hɑen-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑan-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *han-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. han-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫan-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *sohɑumóHɑen-
RV. somá.an-
(m.) ‘Somabringer, Somabereiter’
(WbRV. 1580)
(RV. somáanam suáraṇam kr̥ṇuhí [2sg])
1. PIE *sohɑumóHɑen-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *sohɑumóHɑan-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. sohɑumóHɑan-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sohumóHan-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sohumóHan-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sahumóHan-
4. sahumóHan-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *sahumáHan-
5. sahumáHan-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *sahumá.an-
6. sahumá.an-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *saumá.an-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. saumá.an-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *sōmá.an-
8. sōmá.an-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → RV. somá.an-
√hɑno-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑeno-
Hitt. ḫana-
(vb.2.) ‘entscheiden, richten, urteilen’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-na-ḫi, ḫa-an-na-i, SHV 361fn213)
1. PIE *hɑeno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑano-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑano-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hano-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hano-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hana-
4. hana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·hɑeno-
Gr. κοίρ·ανο-
(m.) ‘commander, ruler’
(GEW 1:894)
(Hom. κοίρανε λαων [Il.7.234])
1. PIE *Π·hɑeno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑano-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑano-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hano-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hano-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ano-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·ano-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·ανο-
PIE *Π·hɑeno
Goth. þiud·an-
(m.) ‘king: König’
(GoEtD. Þ41)
(Goth. þiudans [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·hɑeno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑano
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑano
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hano
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hano
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ano
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·ano
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ana
5. Π·ana
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Goth. Π·an
PIE *Π·hɑeno
OIcl. þjōd·an-
(m.) ‘Fürst, König’
(ANEtWb. 613)
(OIcl. þjōðann [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·hɑeno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑano
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑano
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hano
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hano
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ano
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·ano
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ana
5. Π·ana
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OIcl. Π·an
PIE *Π·hɑeno
OIcl. herj·an-
(m.) ‘BN Odins, Führer des Heeres’
(ANEtWb. 223)
(OIcl. herjann [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·hɑeno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑano
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑano
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hano
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hano
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ano
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·ano
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ana
5. Π·ana
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OIcl. Π·an
PIE *Π·hɑeno
OEng. þeōd·en-
(m.) ‘the chief of a þeōd, a prince, king’
(ASaxD. 1048)
(OEng. þeōden)
1. PIE *Π·hɑeno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑano
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑano
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hano
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hano
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ano
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·ano
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ana
5. Π·ana
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *Π·an
6. Π·an
*an → en
Rising of a into e before n-
R=an›=en → OEng. Π·en
PIE *Π·hɑono·Σ
OBret. cori·ono·tota-
(m.) ‘chef du peuple en armes’
(DLG. 126)
(OBret. corionotota)
1. PIE *Π·hɑono·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hono·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hono·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OBret. Π·ono·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑnɑh-
PIE *hɑenēɑh-
Mess. anā-
(f.) ‘πότνια’
(Krahe 1928:183-185)
(Mess. ana [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑenēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑanāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑanāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hanāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Mess. anā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑenēɑh-
Illyr. anā-
(f.) ‘πότνια’
(Schulze 1910:276)
(Illyr. ana [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑenēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑanāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑanāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hanāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Illyr. anā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑénēɑh-
IllyrG. ἄνᾱ-
(PNf.) ‘πότνια’
(Schulze 1910:276)
1. PIE *hɑénēɑh-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑánēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑánēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑánāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑánāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hánāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hánāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ánā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ánā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → IllyrG. ἄνᾱ-
PIE *tɑheutɑh·hɑenēɑh-
Illyr. teut·anā-
(f.) ‘regina’
(DLG. 126)
1. PIE *tɑheutɑh·hɑenēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *tɑheutɑh·hɑanēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. tɑheutɑh·hɑanēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tɑheutɑh·hɑanāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. tɑheutɑh·hɑanāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *theuth·hanāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. theuth·hanāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *theuth·anā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. theuth·anā-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → Illyr. teut·anā-
PIE *Π·hɑenēɑh-
Goth. þiud·ano-
(vb.) ‘be king, rule’
(GoEtD. Þ41)
(Goth. þiudanon)
1. PIE *Π·hɑenēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑanēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑanēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·hɑanāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. Π·hɑanāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hanāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·hanāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·anā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·anā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *Π·anō-
(XX:XX)
6. Π·anō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Goth. Π·ano-
√hɑni-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑenoi̯o-
CLu. ḫanaa-
(vb.?) ‘entscheiden, richten?’
(DLL. 39)
(CLu. ḫa-an-na-a [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *hɑenoi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanoi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanoi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanoi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanai̯a-
4. hanai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *hanaa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. hanaa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫanaa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeni-
Hitt. ḫani-
(vb.) ‘entscheiden, richten’
(HIL. 330)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ni [2sg])
1. PIE *hɑeni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑani-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑani-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hani-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫani-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑenis-
Hitt. ḫaniš-
(vb.A.) ‘entscheiden, richten’
(HIL. 330)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ni-iš-[ta], ḫan-ni-eš-tén)
1. PIE *hɑenis-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanis-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanis-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanis-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haniš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haniš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaniš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeniski̯e/o-
Hitt. ḫaniške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘entscheiden, richten’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ni-iš-ke/a-, ḫa-an-ne-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑeniski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaniski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaniski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haniski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haniski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hanisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. hanisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanisḱe/a-
5. hanisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *haniske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. haniske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haniške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. haniške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaniške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑenisor-
Hitt. ḫanišar-
(n.N.act.) ‘Recht(ssache), Gericht’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ne-eš-šar, DI-eš-šar)
1. PIE *hɑenisor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanisor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanisor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanisor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanisor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanisar-
4. hanisar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hanišar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hanišar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanišar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑenisn-
Hitt. ḫanišn-
(n.N.act.) ‘Recht(ssache), Gericht’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ni-eš-na)
1. PIE *hɑenisn-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanisn-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanisn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanisn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanisn-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hanišn-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hanišn-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanišn-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑenisnon-
Hitt. ḫanišnan-
(n.) ‘jurisdiction’
(HIL. 331)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ni-eš-na-an-ni)
1. PIE *hɑenisnon-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanisnon-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanisnon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanisnon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanisnon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanisnan-
4. hanisnan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hanišnan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hanišnan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanišnan-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑenisnont-
Hitt. ḫanišnant-
(c.) ‘Urteil’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ni-iš-na-an-za)
1. PIE *hɑenisnont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanisnont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanisnont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanisnont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanisnont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanisnant-
4. hanisnant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hanišnant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hanišnant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanišnant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑni·riuo-
(Read -ri-, not -tal-, see √riu-)
PIE *hɑeni·riu̯o-
Hitt. ḫani·riu̯a-
(c.) ‘Gerichtsgegner’
(HHand. 38)
(Read ‘ri’ instead of tal/dal!)
1. PIE *hɑeni·riu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑani·riu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑani·riu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hani·riu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hani·riu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hani·riu̯a-
4. hani·riu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫani·riu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeni·riu̯ono-
Hitt. ḫani·riu̯ana-
(c.) ‘Gerichtsgegner’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ni-ri-ua-na-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑeni·riu̯ono-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑani·riu̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑani·riu̯ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hani·riu̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hani·riu̯ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hani·riu̯ana-
4. hani·riu̯ana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫani·riu̯ana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeni·riu̯ois-
Hitt. ḫani·riu̯aiš-
(vb.2.) ‘Prozeßgegner werden’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ni-ri-ua-eš-šer [3pl])
1. PIE *hɑeni·riu̯ois-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑani·riu̯ois-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑani·riu̯ois-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hani·riu̯ois-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hani·riu̯ois-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hani·riu̯ais-
4. hani·riu̯ais-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hani·riu̯aiš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hani·riu̯aiš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫani·riu̯aiš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑnon-
PIE *hɑenon-
Hitt. ḫanan-
(vb.) ‘entscheiden, richten’
(HIL. 330)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-na-nu-un [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑenon-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanon-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanan-
4. hanan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanan-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑenont-
Hitt. ḫanant-
(pt.) ‘entscheiden, richten’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-na-an)
1. PIE *hɑenont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanant-
4. hanant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑnos-
PIE *hɑenoski̯e/o-
Hitt. ḫanaške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘entscheiden, richten’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-na-aš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑenoski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanoski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanoski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanoski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanoski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hanosḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. hanosḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanasḱe/a-
5. hanasḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *hanaske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. hanaske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hanaške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. hanaške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanaške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑenosor-
Hitt. ḫanašar-
(n.N.act.) ‘Recht(ssache), Gericht’
(HHand. 38)
1. PIE *hɑenosor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanosor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanosor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanosor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanosor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanasar-
4. hanasar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hanašar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hanašar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanašar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑndɑɦ-
(HW2 H:163f.)
(SHV 30, 367; HED 3:96ff.; HIL. 338-340)
PIE *ɦɑendɑɦoi-
Hitt. ḫandai-
(vb.1.) ‘richtig machen, (an)ordnen, fügen’
(HEG H:153-154)
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandɑɦoi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandɦoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦandɦai-
4. ɦandɦai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦandai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦandai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫandai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑendɑɦei-
Hitt. ḫandei-
(vb.1.) ‘richtig machen, ordnen, fügen’
(HEG H:153-154)
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandɑɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦandei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦandei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫandei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑendɑɦi̯en
Lyd. ãnτẽ
(vb.) ‘verordnen, bestimmen’
(LydWb. 73)
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦi̯en
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandɑɦi̯en
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦi̯en
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandɦi̯en
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦi̯en
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ɦanjɦen
4. ɦanjɦen
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *ɦanzɦen
5. ɦanzɦen
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *anzen
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. anzen
*am/n → ãm/n
Emergence of nasal vowel ã
RaN›ãN → *ãnzen
7. ãnzen
*en → ẽn
Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ
ReN›ẽN → *ãnzẽn
8. ãnzẽn
*-ã/ẽn → -ã/ẽ
Loss of word-final nasal
R=ãn›=ã → *ãnzẽ
9. ãnzẽ
z -> τ
Orthographic change of z into τ
Rz›τ → Lyd. ãnτẽ
PIE *ɦɑendɑɦondɑɦo-
Hitt. ḫandanda-
(vb.) ‘walten, gnädig sein’
(HEG H:155)
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦondɑɦo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandɑɦondɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦondɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandɦondɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦondɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦandɦandɦa-
4. ɦandɦandɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦandanda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦandanda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫandanda-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑendɑɦodɑɦor-
Hitt. ḫandadar-
(n.) ‘göttliche Gerechtigkeit’
(HEG H:155)
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandɑɦodɑɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandɦodɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦandɦadɦar-
4. ɦandɦadɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦandadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦandadar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫandadar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑendɑɦou̯o-
Hitt. ḫandau̯a-
(URU.) ‘(Im Lande Tarḫuntaša)’
(OGHErg. 26)
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦou̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandɑɦou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandɦou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦandɦau̯a-
4. ɦandɦau̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦandau̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦandau̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫandau̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑendɑɦou̯or-
Hitt. ḫandau̯ar-
(vb.sb.) ‘anordnen usw.’
(HIL. 339)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-da-u-ar)
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦou̯or-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandɑɦou̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦou̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandɦou̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦandɦau̯ar-
4. ɦandɦau̯ar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦandau̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦandau̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫandau̯ar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑendɑɦou̯odɑɦi-
CLu. ḫandau̯adi-
(c.) ‘Anführer, Kommandant’ (DLL. 40)
(HHand. 39)
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦou̯odɑɦi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandɑɦou̯odɑɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦou̯odɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandɦou̯odɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦou̯odɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦandɦau̯adɦi-
4. ɦandɦau̯adɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦandau̯adi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦandau̯adi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫandau̯adi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑnu-
PIE *hɑenu̯o-
Hitt. ḫanu̯a-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘anordnen usw.’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-nu-ua-an [sup], [ḫ]a-an-nu-ua-an-zi [2.inf.])
1. PIE *hɑenu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanu̯a-
4. hanu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑn- √ɦɑn- (a.) ‘böse’ (vb.) ‘schelten, tadeln (sb.) ‘Bosheit, Kränkung usw.’
(IEW 799)
SPIE 157; for the semantics, cf. OIcl. ill- ‘böse’, OIcl. ill- ‘schelten, tadeln’)
√hɑn-
PIE *hɑen·hɑenei̯o-
CLu. ḫan·ḫanei̯a-
(GKLvb.2.) ‘tadeln’ (HHand. 38, HIL. 332)
(DLL. 39)
(CLu. ḫa-an-ḫa-ni-ia-i, CLuLex. 51, KLuN. 387)
1. PIE *hɑen·hɑenei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑan·hɑanei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan·hɑanei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *han·hanei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. han·hanei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *han·hanei̯a-
4. han·hanei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫan·ḫanei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑen·hɑeniu̯o-
HLu. ḫan·ḫaniu̯a-
(MALUS2sb.) ‘wickedness’
(CHLu. 3.6.20)
(HLu. (“MALUS2”)ha-ha-ní-wa/i-z[a-’])
1. PIE *hɑen·hɑeniu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑan·hɑaniu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan·hɑaniu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *han·haniu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. han·haniu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *han·haniu̯a-
4. han·haniu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫan·ḫaniu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑno-
PIE *hɑóno-
Gr. ὄνο-
(pr.) ‘schelten, tadeln, schimpfen’
(GEW 2:397)
(Gr. ὄνομαι [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑóno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hóno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hóno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *óno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. óno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄνο-
PIE *hɑono
MidIr. on-
(n.) ‘blot, stain, disgrace, discrace, dishonor, etc.’
(DIL. 490)
(OIr. on [pl])
1. PIE *hɑono
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hono
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hono
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ono
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ono
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → MidIr. on
√hɑnɑh-
PIE *hɑóneɑh-
Gr. ὄνα-
(pr.) ‘ἀτιμάζω, μέμφομαι: treat scornfully, blame’
(GEW 2:397)
(Hes. ὄναται [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑóneɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑónaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. hɑónaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hónah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hónah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *óna-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. óna-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄνα-
PIE *hɑeneɑh-
MidIr. ana-
(vb.) ‘blemish’
(DIL. 41)
(MidIr. anaid [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑeneɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaneɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaneɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑanaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑanaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hanah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → MidIr. ana-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑenɑhomon-
CLu. ḫanḫaman-
(GKLn.) ‘-(?)-’ (HHand. 38)
(DLL. 39, CLuLex. 51)
(CLu. ḫa-an-ḫa-ma-an [sgNA])
1. PIE *hɑenɑhomon-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanɑhomon-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanɑhomon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanhomon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanhomon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanhaman-
4. hanhaman-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫanḫaman-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeneɑhmou̯o
OCymr. anamou-
(sb.) ‘mendae’
(IEW 799)
1. PIE *hɑeneɑhmou̯o
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaneɑhmou̯o
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaneɑhmou̯o
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑanaɑhmou̯o
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑanaɑhmou̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanahmou̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hanahmou̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *anamou̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. anamou̯o
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → OCymr. anamou̯
PIE *hɑeneɑhmou
MidBret. anaff
(sb.) ‘Makel, Fehler’
(IEW 779)
1. PIE *hɑeneɑhmou
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaneɑhmou
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaneɑhmou
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑanaɑhmou
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑanaɑhmou
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanahmou
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hanahmou
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *anamou
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. anamou
*ou → ō
Monophthongization of *ou into ō
Rou›ō → *anamō
6. anamō
*m → ff
Change of *m into ff
Rm›ff → MidBret. anaffō
√hɑnɑhur-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑénɑhuro-
Gr. ἄνυρο-
(a.) ‘ἄδικος (Hes.)’
(LSJ. 168)
1. PIE *hɑénɑhuro-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑánɑhuro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑánɑhuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hánhuro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hánhuro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ánuro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ánuro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄνυρο-
PIE *hɑnɑhuro-
LAv. nura-
(adv.bs.) ‘in arglistiger Weise’
(AIWb. 1089)
(LAv. nurǝm)
1. PIE *hɑnɑhuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hnhuro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hnhuro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hnhura-
3. hnhura-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → LAv. nura-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Π·hɑnɑ́huro
OCS. pro·nyrŭ-
(m.) ‘das Übel’
(Sadnik √587)
1. PIE *Π·hɑnɑ́huro
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *Π·hɑnúhuro
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. Π·hɑnúhuro
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hnúhuro
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hnúhuro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hnúhura
4. Π·hnúhura
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·núura
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·núura
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *Π·nū́ra
6. Π·nū́ra
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·nū́ro
7. Π·nū́ro
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *Π·nū́ru
8. Π·nū́ru
*ū́
ū → y
Rū›y → *Π·nyru
Change of ū́ into y
9. Π·nyru
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. Π·nyrŭ
√hɑnɑhuri-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑénɑhuri-
Gr. ἄνυρι-
(a.) ‘ἄδικος, ἄσεβής (Hes.)’
(LSJ. 168)
1. PIE *hɑénɑhuri-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑánɑhuri-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑánɑhuri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hánhuri-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hánhuri-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ánuri-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ánuri-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄνυρι-
PIE *Π·hɑnɑ́huriɑ́h-
OCS. pro·nyri-
(vb.) ‘in Anspruch nehmen: διεδικεῖν’
(Sadnik √587)
1. PIE *Π·hɑnɑ́huriɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *Π·hɑnɑ́huriíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·hɑnɑ́huriíh-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *Π·hɑnúhuriíh-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
3. Π·hɑnúhuriíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hnúhuriíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·hnúhuriíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·núurií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·núurií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *Π·núurī́-
6. Π·núurī́-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *Π·nū́rī́-
7. Π·nū́rī́-
*ū́
ū → y
Rū›y → *Π·nyrī́-
Change of ū́ into y
8. Π·nyrī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *Π·nyrí-
9. Π·nyrí-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → OCS. Π·nyri-
PIE *Π·hɑnɑ́huriɑ́hi̯os
OCS. pro·nyrije-
(n.) ‘Schlechtigkeit, Übel’
(Sadnik √587)
1. PIE *Π·hɑnɑ́huriɑ́hi̯os
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *Π·hɑnɑ́huriíhi̯os
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·hɑnɑ́huriíhi̯os
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *Π·hɑnúhuriíhi̯os
(SPIE §3.2.3)
3. Π·hɑnúhuriíhi̯os
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hnúhuriíhi̯os
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·hnúhuriíhi̯os
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hnúhuriíhi̯as
5. Π·hnúhuriíhi̯as
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·núuriíi̯as
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·núuriíi̯as
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *Π·núurī́i̯as
7. Π·núurī́i̯as
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *Π·nū́rī́i̯as
8. Π·nū́rī́i̯as
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·nū́rī́i̯os
9. Π·nū́rī́i̯os
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in -os (root-final)
Ros=›o= → *Π·nū́rī́i̯o
10. Π·nū́rī́i̯o
*-i̯o → -i̯e
Change of root-final -i̯o to -i̯e
Ri̯o=›i̯e= → *Π·nū́rī́i̯e
11. Π·nū́rī́i̯e
*ū́
ū → y
Rū›y → *Π·nyrī́i̯e
Change of ū́ into y
12. Π·nyrī́i̯e
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *Π·nyrī́je
13. Π·nyrī́je
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *Π·nyríje
14. Π·nyríje
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → OCS. Π·nyrije
PIE *Π·hɑnɑ́huriɑ́h̯u̯o
OCS. pro·nyrivŭ-
(a.) ‘übel, schlecht, arglistig’
(Sadnik √587)
1. PIE *Π·hɑnɑ́huriɑ́h̯u̯o
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *Π·hɑnɑ́huriíh̯u̯o
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·hɑnɑ́huriíh̯u̯o
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *Π·hɑnúhuriíh̯u̯o
(SPIE §3.2.3)
3. Π·hɑnúhuriíh̯u̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hnúhuriíh̯u̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·hnúhuriíh̯u̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hnúhuriíh̯u̯a
5. Π·hnúhuriíh̯u̯a
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·núuriíh̯u̯a
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·núuriíh̯u̯a
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *Π·núurī́h̯u̯a
7. Π·núurī́h̯u̯a
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *Π·nū́rī́h̯u̯a
8. Π·nū́rī́h̯u̯a
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·nū́rī́h̯u̯o
9. Π·nū́rī́h̯u̯o
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *Π·nū́rī́h̯u̯u
10. Π·nū́rī́h̯u̯u
*ū́
ū → y
Rū›y → *Π·nyrī́h̯u̯u
Change of ū́ into y
11. Π·nyrī́h̯u̯u
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *Π·nyrī́h̯vu
12. Π·nyrī́h̯vu
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *Π·nyríh̯vu
13. Π·nyríh̯vu
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → *Π·nyrih̯vu
14. Π·nyrih̯vu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. Π·nyrih̯vŭ
√hɑnio-
PIE *hɑen·hɑenei̯o-
CLu. ḫan·ḫanei̯a-
(GKLvb.) ‘tadeln’ (HHand. 38, HIL. 332)
(DLL. 39)
(CLu. ḫa-an-ḫa-ni-ia-i, CLuLex. 51, KLuN. 387)
1. PIE *hɑen·hɑenei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑan·hɑanei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan·hɑanei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *han·hanei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. han·hanei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *han·hanei̯a-
4. han·hanei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫan·ḫanei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑenei̯o-
CLu. ḫanei̯a-
(a.) ‘malum’
(HHand. 38)
(CLu. ḫaniati [sgI?], HIL. 332)
1. PIE *hɑenei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanei̯a-
4. hanei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫanei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑenei̯oto-
HLu. ḫanei̯ata-
(MALUS2a.) ‘evil, bad’
(CHLu. 1.1.12)
(HLu. (“MALUS2”)ha-ní-ia-ta)
1. PIE *hɑenei̯oto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanei̯oto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanei̯oto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanei̯oto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanei̯oto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanei̯ata-
4. hanei̯ata-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫanei̯ata-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑenei̯otostor-
HLu. ḫanei̯ataštar-
(MALUS2n.) ‘evil’ vel sim.
(HIL. 332)
(HLu. (“MALUS2”)ha-ní-ia-ta-sa-tara/i-ti [sgI])
1. PIE *hɑenei̯otostor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanei̯otostor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanei̯otostor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanei̯otostor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanei̯otostor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanei̯atastar-
4. hanei̯atastar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hanei̯ataštar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hanei̯ataštar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫanei̯ataštar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑniu-
PIE *hɑen·hɑeniu̯o-
HLu. ḫan·ḫaniu̯a-
(MALUS2sb.) ‘wickedness’
(CHLu. 3.6.20)
(HLu. (“MALUS2”)ha-ha-ní-wa/i-z[a-‘])
1. PIE *hɑen·hɑeniu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑan·hɑaniu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan·hɑaniu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *han·haniu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. han·haniu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *han·haniu̯a-
4. han·haniu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫan·ḫaniu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑn- √ɦɑn- (sb.) ‘Atem, Seele, Leben’
(IEW 38-39)
(Pyysalo: HLu.)
√hɑn-
PIE *Π·hɑēn-
RV. sám (...) ān-
(pf.) ‘leben, atmen’
(WbRV. 50)
(RV. sám (...) āna [3sg]; or PIE *hɑehɑon-?)
1. PIE *Π·hɑēn-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·hɑān-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑān-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hān-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hān-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. Π·ān-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Π·hɑēn
Goth. uz·on-
(pret.) ‘ausatmen’
(GoEtD. U67)
(Goth. uzōn [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·hɑēn
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·hɑān
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑān
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hān
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hān
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ān
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·ān
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *Π·ōn
(XX:XX)
5. Π·ōn
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Goth. Π·on
√ɦɑondɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ɦɑondɑɦēɑh
OIcl. ǫnd-
(f.) ‘Seele, Atem’
(ANEtWb. 687)
(OIcl. ǫnd [sgN], andar, andi [G])
1. PIE *ɦɑondɑɦēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑondɑɦāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ɦɑondɑɦāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦondɦāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦondɦāh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ondɦāh
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ondɦāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ondɦā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ondɦā
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *ondā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ondā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *andā
7. andā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *andō
(XX:XX)
8. andō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *anda
9. anda
*-a -u
Change of root final -a into -u
R=a›=u → *andu
10. andu
andu –> ǫnd
Umlaut of andu to ǫnd
Randu›ǫnd → OIcl. ǫnd
PIE *ɦɑondɑɦoro-
HLu. ḫandara-
(c.) ‘life: Phoen. ḥym’
(CHLu. 1.1.49)
(HLu. ha-tà+ra/i-ti-i, ha-IUDEX+RA/I, ha-IUDEX+RA/I-na)
1. PIE *ɦɑondɑɦoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦondɦoro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦondɦoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦandɦara-
3. ɦandɦara-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦandara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦandara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫandara-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑn- (vb.) ‘schöpfen, verputzen, aufstreichen’
(IEW 901f.)
(Benveniste 1954:30)
√hɑn-
PIE *hɑen-
Hitt. ḫan-
(vb.) ‘schöpfen: draw liquids’
(HIL. 329)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-an, ḫa-an-tén, ḫa-a-ni, ḫa-a-ner)
1. PIE *hɑen-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑan-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *han-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. han-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫan-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑno-
PIE *hɑeno-
Hitt. ḫana-
(vb.2.) ‘schöpfen’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-na-an-zi, ḫa-na-an-zi, ḫa-na-an-na [1.inf.])
1. PIE *hɑeno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑano-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑano-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hano-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hano-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hana-
4. hana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑni-
PIE *hɑeni-
Hitt. ḫani-
(vb.) ‘schöpfen’
(HIL. 329)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-ni [2sgIpv], ḫa-a-ni-e-er [3pl])
1. PIE *hɑeni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑani-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑani-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hani-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫani-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑenei̯o-
Hitt. ḫanei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘schöpfen’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-ni-ia-mi, ḫa-ni-ia-an-zi)
1. PIE *hɑenei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanei̯a-
4. hanei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑnis-
PIE *hɑenis-
Hitt. ḫaniš-
(vb.1.) ‘verputzen, aufstreichen’
(HEG H:148)
(Hitt. ḫa-ne-eš-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑenis-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanis-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanis-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanis-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haniš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haniš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaniš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeniso-
Hitt. ḫaniša-
(DUGc.) ‘Art Schöpfgefäß’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-ni-iš-ša-a-aš, ḫa-a-ni-eš-ša-aš, ḫa-ni-iš-ša-an)
1. PIE *hɑeniso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaniso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaniso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haniso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haniso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanisa-
4. hanisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haniša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haniša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaniša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeniski̯e/o-
Hitt. ḫaniške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘schöpfen’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-ni-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑeniski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaniski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaniski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haniski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haniski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hanisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. hanisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanisḱe/a-
5. hanisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *haniske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. haniske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haniške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. haniške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaniške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑenisoni-
Hitt. ḫanišani-
(DUGc.) ‘Art Schöpfgefäß’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-ni-iš-ša-a-an-ni, ḫa-ni-ša-an-ni)
1. PIE *hɑenisoni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanisoni-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanisoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanisoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanisoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanisani-
4. hanisani-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hanišani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hanišani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanišani-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑenisont-
Hitt. ḫanišant-
(pt.) ‘plastered’
(HED 3:86-88)
1. PIE *hɑenisont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanisont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanisont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanisont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanisont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanisant-
4. hanisant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hanišant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hanišant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanišant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑenisn-
Hitt. ḫanišn-
(DUGn.) ‘Art Schöpfgefäß’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-ne-eš-n[a-aš])
1. PIE *hɑenisn-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanisn-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanisn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanisn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanisn-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hanišn-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hanišn-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanišn-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑenisor-
Hitt. ḫanišar-
(DUGn.) ‘Art Schöpfgefäß’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. [ḫa-n]e-eš-šar, ḫa-ne-eš-ša-(-)x[...])
1. PIE *hɑenisor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanisor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanisor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanisor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanisor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanisar-
4. hanisar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hanišar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hanišar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanišar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑenisu̯or-
Hitt. ḫanišu̯ar-
(n.) ‘Verputz (einer Mauer)’
(EHS 301f.)
(Hitt. ḫa-ni-iš-šu-ua-ar)
1. PIE *hɑenisu̯or-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanisu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanisu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanisu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanisu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanisu̯ar-
4. hanisu̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hanišu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hanišu̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanišu̯ar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑenisumor-
Hitt. ḫanišumar-
(n.) ‘Verputz?’
(EHS 306)
1. PIE *hɑenisumor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanisumor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanisumor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanisumor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanisumor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanisumar-
4. hanisumar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hanišumar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hanišumar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanišumar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑnt-
(Benveniste 1954:39)
PIE *hɑéntlo-
Gr. ἄντλο-
(m.) ‘bilge-water’
(GEW 1:114)
1. PIE *hɑéntlo-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑántlo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑántlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hántlo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hántlo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ántlo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ántlo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄντλο-
√hɑnu-
PIE *hɑenu̯o-
Hitt. ḫanu̯a-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘schöpfen’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-nu-ua-an-zi [2.inf.])
1. PIE *hɑenu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanu̯a-
4. hanu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑenu̯o-
Kpd. ḫanu̯a-
(Ic.) ‘(laveur, autre)’
(NOMS. 279)
(Kpd. ḫa-nu-ú-ua, ḫa-nu-ua)
1. PIE *hɑenu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanu̯a-
4. hanu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. ḫanu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑenu̯o-
HLu. ḫanu̯a-
(I.) ‘‹here if ‘laveur’ vel sim.?, cf. above›’
(CHLu. 10.40.1)
(HLu. Iha-nu-wa/i-sá [sgG])
1. PIE *hɑenu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanu̯a-
4. hanu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫanu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑenumo-
Hitt. ḫanuma-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘schöpfen’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-nu-ma-an-zi [2.inf.])
1. PIE *hɑenumo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanumo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanumo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanumo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanumo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanuma-
4. hanuma-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanuma-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑn- (vb.) ‘gebären’ (sb.) ‘Zeugung, Fortpflanzung, Großmutter, Großvater’
(IEW 36-37)
(WP. 1:55f., Sturtevant 1928b:163)
√hɑn-
PIE *hɑenei̯o-
Lat. aneo-
(pr.) ‘altersschwach sein’
(WH. 2:55)
(Lat. aneō [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑenei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *anei̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. anei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
Rei̯o›eo → Lat. aneo-
√hɑno-
PIE *hɑeno-
Hitt. ḫana-
(c.) ‘Großmutter’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ni [DL], ḫa-an-ni-iš [plN], ḫa-an-ni-iš [plA], ḫa-an-na-aš [plD])
1. PIE *hɑeno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑano-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑano-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hano-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hano-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hana-
4. hana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeno·hɑeno-
Hitt. ḫana·ḫana-
(dc.) ‘DINGIR.MAḪ, NIN.TU: the mother goddess’
(OHP. 1:82)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-na-ḫa-an-na-aš, -an [N-A], IE&IE 518)
1. PIE *hɑeno·hɑeno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑano·hɑano-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑano·hɑano-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hano·hano-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hano·hano-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hana·hana-
4. hana·hana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫana·ḫana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeno·n-
OHG. ana·n-
(f.) ‘Ahne, Großmutter: Gl. ava, Gl. avia’
(EWAhd. 1:215)
(OHG. ana [sgN], Gl. 9th/10th cent.)
1. PIE *hɑeno·n-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑano·n-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑano·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hano·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hano·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ano·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ano·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OHG. ana·n-
√hɑni-
PIE *hɑuɑho·hɑeni-
Hitt. ḫuḫa·ḫani-
(c.) ‘Ahnen’
(HEG H:146)
1. PIE *hɑuɑho·hɑeni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑuɑho·hɑani-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑuɑho·hɑani-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huho·hani-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. huho·hani-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huha·hani-
4. huha·hani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuḫa·ḫani-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑns-
PIE *hɑenso·tor-
Hitt. ḫanša·tar-
(n.) ‘Zeugung, Fortpflanzung, Familie’
(HEG H:149)
1. PIE *hɑenso·tor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanso·tor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanso·tor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanso·tor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanso·tor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hansa·tar-
4. hansa·tar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hanša·tar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hanša·tar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanša·tar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑnu-
PIE *hɑenou-
Lat. anū-
(f.) ‘altes Weib’
(WH. 1:55)
(Lat. anus, anūs)
1. PIE *hɑenou-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanou-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanou-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *anou-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. anou-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → Lat. anū-
PIE *hɑenu̯i-
OLat. anui-
(f.) ‘altes Weib’
(WH. 1:55)
(OLat. anuis [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑenu̯i-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanu̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *anu̯i-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. anu̯i-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OLat. anui-
PIE *hɑenu·n-
OHG. ano·n-
(m.) ‘Ahne, Großvater, Vorfahr: Gl. avus’
(Gl. N, O)
1. PIE *hɑenu·n-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanu·n-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanu·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanu·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanu·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *anu·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. anu·n-
R=un-›=on- → OHG. ano·n-


PIE √hɑn- (prep.) ‘(vor)über, auf, entlang’ (sb.) ‘Höhe, Stirn(seite), Frons’
(IEW 39-40)
(WP. 1:58f.; Hrozný 1917:17)
√hɑen-
PIE *hɑen
Dor. ἀν
(prep.) ‘auf, in die Höhe, entlang’
(GrGr. 1:275)
(Cypr. ἀν, Arc. ἀν, Boeot. ἀν)
1. PIE *hɑen
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑan
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *han
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. han
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *an
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. an
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. ἀν
PIE *hɑen·Σ
Arm. an·c‘-
(ao.) ‘vorübergehen’
(IEW 49 [diff.])
(Arm. ē·anc‘; Pedersen 1906:425 [diff.]; for Arm. c‘, cf. Hitt. aška- ‘gate’)
1. PIE *hɑen·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑan·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *han·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. han·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Arm. an·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑen·Σ
Arm. an·c‘ane-
(pr.) ‘vorübergehen’
(WP. 1:65-6)
(Arm. anc‘anem [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑen·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑan·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *han·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. han·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Arm. an·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑenhɑe-
PIE *hɑénhɑe
Gr. ἄνα
(adv.) ‘in die Höhe, entlang’
(GEW 1:100-1)
(Ion. ἄνα, Att. ἄνα)
1. PIE *hɑénhɑe
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑénhɑa
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑénhɑa
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑánhɑa
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
3. hɑánhɑa
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hánha
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hánha
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ána
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ána
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄνα
PIE *hɑenhɑé
Gr. ἀνά
(prep.A) ‘in die Höhe, entlang’
(GEW 1:100-1)
(Ion. ἀνά, Att. ἀνά)
1. PIE *hɑenhɑé
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanhɑé
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanhɑé
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑanhɑá
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
3. hɑanhɑá
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanhá
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hanhá
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aná
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aná
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀνά
PIE *hɑenhɑe·meno-
LAv. ana·mana-
(a.) ‘der entlang jemands Sinn ist’
(AIWb. 119)
(LAv. ana.mana-)
1. PIE *hɑenhɑe·meno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanhɑa·meno-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanhɑa·meno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanha·meno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanha·meno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanha·mena-
4. hanha·mena-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ana·mena-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ana·mena-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. ana·mana-
√hɑenō
PIE *hɑénō
Gr. ἄνω
(adv.) ‘aufwärts, empor’
(GEW 1:100f.)
(Gr. ἄνω)
1. PIE *hɑénō
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑánō
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑánō
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hánō
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hánō
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ánō
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ánō
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄνω
PIE *hɑenō
Goth. ana
(prep.AD) ‘ἐπί, εἰς: at, on: auf, an, über’
(GoEtD. A141)
1. PIE *hɑenō
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanō
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanō
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanō
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanō
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *anō
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. anō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → Goth. ana
PIE *hɑenō
LAv. ana
(prep.AI) ‘über – hin’ (prep.A) ‘entlang, auf’
(AIWb. 112)
(LAv. ana)
1. PIE *hɑenō
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanō
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanō
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanō
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanō
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *hanā
4. hanā
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *anā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. anā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R=ā›=a → LAv. ana
PIE *hɑénō·deɑh
Dor. ἄνω·δα
(adv.) = ἄνωθε(ν) ‘from above’
(LSJ. 169)
(Arc. ἄνωδα)
1. PIE *hɑénō·deɑh
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑánō·deɑh
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑánō·deɑh
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑánō·daɑh
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑánō·daɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hánō·dah
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hánō·dah
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ánō·da
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ánō·da
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. ἄνω·δα
√hɑent-
(Hrozný 1917:17+n4, 21+n2)
PIE *hɑent-
Hitt. ḫant-
(c.) ‘Stirn, Stirnseite, Gesicht, Vorderseite, Front’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ha-an-za [sgN], SAG.KI)
1. PIE *hɑent-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑant-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑant-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hant-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑent-
HLu. ḫant-
(FRONSc.) ‘forehead’
(CHLu. 2.13/14.6)
(HLu. (“FRONS”)ḫa-ta-ti)
1. PIE *hɑent-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑant-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑant-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hant-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑentí
Gr. ἀντί
(prep.G) ‘angesichts, gegenüber, anstatt’
(GEW 1:113-4)
1. PIE *hɑentí
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑantí
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑantí
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hantí
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hantí
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *antí
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. antí
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀντί
√hɑentelo-
PIE *hɑentelo-
HLu. ḫantela-
(FRONSa.*) ‘former’
(CHLu. 1.1.26)
(in HLu. FRONS-la/i/u-zi)
1. PIE *hɑentelo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑantelo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑantelo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hantelo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hantelo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hantela-
4. hantela-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫantela-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑentelo·tiu̯o-
Hitt. ḫantela·šiu̯a-
(URU.) ‘vorderster-šiu̯a- ‹= ‘Gott’?›’
(OGH. 79)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-te-la-aš-ši-ua[(-))
1. PIE *hɑentelo·tiu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑantelo·tiu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑantelo·tiu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hantelo·tiu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hantelo·tiu̯o-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *hantelo·ciu̯o-
4. hantelo·ciu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hantela·ciu̯a-
5. hantela·ciu̯a-
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → *hantela·šiu̯a-
6. hantela·šiu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫantela·šiu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑenteli-
PIE *hɑenteli-
Pal. ḫanteli-
(a.) ‘erster’
(DPal. 54)
(Pal. ḫa-an-ti-li[(-))
1. PIE *hɑenteli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanteli-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanteli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanteli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanteli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. ḫanteli-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑenteli-
CLu. ḫanteli-
(a.) ‘erster, vorderster’ (HHand. 39)
(DLL. 40)
(CLu. ḫa-an-te-le-eš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑenteli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanteli-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanteli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanteli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanteli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫanteli-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑenteli-
HLu. ḫanteli-
(FRONSa.*) ‘former, first’
(CHLu. 1.1.26)
(in HLu. FRONS-li-zi)
1. PIE *hɑenteli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanteli-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanteli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanteli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanteli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫanteli-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑenteli-
HLu. ḫanteli-
(FRONSa.*) ‘pre-eminent’
(CHLu. 1.1.50)
(HLu. FRONS-li-i-sá [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑenteli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanteli-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanteli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanteli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanteli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫanteli-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑenteli-
Hitt. ḫanteli-
(mc.) ‘(roi de l’ancien royaume)’
(NOMS. 275)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ti/e-li(-iš/in))
1. PIE *hɑenteli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanteli-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanteli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanteli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanteli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanteli-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑenteliski̯e/o-
Hitt. ḫanteliške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘-(?)-’
(HHand. 39)
1. PIE *hɑenteliski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanteliski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanteliski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanteliski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanteliski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hantelisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. hantelisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hantelisḱe/a-
5. hantelisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *hanteliske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. hanteliske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hanteliške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. hanteliške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanteliške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑn- √ɦɑn- (vb.) ‘brennen’ (sb.) ‘Feuer, Ofen’ (a.) ‘dunkel, blind’
(IEW 41)
(Pedersen 1928:48: Hitt.)
√hɑeno-
PIE *hɑenoLo-
OInd. anala-
(m.) ‘Feuer’
(EWA 1:70)
(Up. anala-)
1. PIE *hɑenoLo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanoLo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanoLo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanoLo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanoLo-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *hanolo-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. hanolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanala-
5. hanala-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OInd. anala-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑenti-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑentiɑ́h-
OInd. antī-
(f.) ‘Ofen’
(EWA 1:11)
1. PIE *hɑentiɑ́h-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑantiɑ́h-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑantiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *hɑantiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. hɑantiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hantiíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hantiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *antií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. antií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → OInd. antī́-
PIE *hɑentikēɑh
OInd. antikā-
(f.) ‘Ofen’
(EWA 1:11)
(HEG A:4, HED 1:12)
1. PIE *hɑentikēɑh
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑantikēɑh
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑantikēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑantikāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑantikāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hantikāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hantikāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OInd. antikā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑenti̯·erísseɑh-
Gr. ἀνσερίσα-
(vb.M.) ‘τὸ μόνον πρὸς τὸ πῦρ στῆναι (Hes.)’
(LSJ. 148)
(Gr. ἀνσερίσασθαι)
1. PIE *hɑenti̯·erísseɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanti̯·erísseɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanti̯·erísseɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑanti̯·eríssaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑanti̯·eríssaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanti̯·eríssah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hanti̯·eríssah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *anti̯·eríssa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. anti̯·eríssa-
PIE *ti̯ → c
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›c → *anc·eríssa-
6. anc·eríssa-
*c → s
Change of *c into s
Rc›s → *ans·eríssa-
7. ans·eríssa-
*ss → s
Degemination of *ss
Rss›s → *ans·erísa-
8. ans·erísa-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀνσ·ερίσα-
√ɦɑendɑɦ-
(IEW 41)
(WP. 1:182, WH. 1:46)
PIE *ɦɑendèɑɦ·Σ
Arm. ant·heł-
(sb.) ‘Feuer mit Asche’
(HEG A:33)
1. PIE *ɦɑendèɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandèɑɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandèɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandèɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandèɦ·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *andè·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. andè·Σ
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → Arm. antè·Σ
PIE *ɦɑendēɑɦ-
OIr. anda-
(vb.) ‘kindle, light’
(DIL. 42)
(OIr. andaid [3sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑendēɑɦ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandēɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandēɑɦ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑandāɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. ɦɑandāɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandāɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ɦandāɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *andā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. andā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OIr. anda-
PIE *ɦɑendēɑɦ·Σ
OGaul. andā·bata-
(m.) ‘Gladiator mit einem Helm ohne Öffnungen’
(WH. 1:46)
1. PIE *ɦɑendēɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandēɑɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandēɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑandāɑɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. ɦɑandāɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandāɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ɦandāɦ·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → OGaul. andā·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√ɦɑendɑɦi-
PIE *ɦɑendɑɦi̯ono-
Hitt. ḫanzana-
(a.) ‘schwarz’
(HEG H:154)
(Laroche 1953:41, HIL. 342, HHand. 39, SÍG ḫa-an-za-na-aš [sgG])
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦi̯ono-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandɑɦi̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦi̯ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandɦi̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦi̯ono-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ɦanjɦono-
4. ɦanjɦono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦanjɦana-
5. ɦanjɦana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦanjana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦanjana-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *ɦanzana-
7. ɦanzana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanzana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑendɑɦois-
Hitt. ḫandaiš-
(n.) ‘Hitze, Wärme’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-da-iš [sgN], ḫa-an-ta-i-ši)
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦois-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandɑɦois-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦois-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandɦois-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦois-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦandɦais-
4. ɦandɦais-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦandais-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦandais-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦandaiš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦandaiš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫandaiš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑendɑɦo-
PIE *ɦɑendɑɦó-
RV. andhá-
(a.) ‘blind (Beiwort von támas ‘Dunkel’)’
(WbRV. 67)
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandɑɦó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandɦó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *ɦandɦá-
4. ɦandɦá-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *andɦá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. andɦá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. andhá-
PIE *ɦɑendɑɦo-
LAv. anda-
(a.) ‘blind’
(AIWb. 134)
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦandɦa-
4. ɦandɦa-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *andɦa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. andɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → LAv. anda-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *ɦɑéndɑɦos-
RV. ándhas-
(n.) ‘Finsterniss’
(WbRV. 67)
1. PIE *ɦɑéndɑɦos-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *ɦɑándɑɦos-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑándɑɦos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦándɦos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦándɦos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦándɦas-
4. ɦándɦas-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ándɦas-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ándɦas-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. ándhas-
PIE *ɦɑendɑɦos-
Hitt. ḫandaš-
(n.) ‘heat’
(HIL. 340)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-da-š[i] [sgDL], [ḫa-an-d]a-ši)
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦos-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandɑɦos-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandɦos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦandɦas-
4. ɦandɦas-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦandas-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦandas-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦandaš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦandaš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫandaš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑn- (pron.adv.) ‘andere, zweite’ (a.) ‘getrennt, gesondert’
(IEW 37-38)
(WP. 1:56, 67, 2:337; Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)
√hɑen-
PIE *hɑén
Gr. ἄν
(adv.) ‘in irgendeinem anderen Falle’
(GEW 1:100)
1. PIE *hɑén
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑán
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑán
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hán
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hán
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *án
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. án
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄν
√hɑnɑhio-
(or √hɑniɑho-?)
PIE *hɑenɑhió-
RV. aniá-
(pron.) ‘ein anderer, der andere’
(WbRV. 68)
(RV. aniá-)
1. PIE *hɑenɑhió-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanɑhió-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanɑhió-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanhió-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanhió-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *hanhiá-
4. hanhiá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. aniá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑenɑhi̯ó-
RV. anyá-
(pron.) ‘ein anderer, der andere’
(WbRV. 68)
1. PIE *hɑenɑhi̯ó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanɑhi̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanɑhi̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanhi̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanhi̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *hanhi̯á-
4. hanhi̯á-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ani̯á-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ani̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. anyá-
PIE *hɑenɑhi̯o-
gAv. anya-
(pron.) ‘der andere: alter, reliquus’
(AIWb. 135-138)
1. PIE *hɑenɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanhi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanhi̯a-
4. hanhi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ani̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ani̯a-
*ani → aini
Anaptyxis of *i
RanI›ainI → *aini̯a-
6. aini̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → gAv. ainya-
PIE *hɑenɑhi̯o
LAv. anya
(adv.) ‘andernfalls, sonst’
(AIWb. 134)
1. PIE *hɑenɑhi̯o
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanɑhi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanɑhi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanhi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanhi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanhi̯a
4. hanhi̯a
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ani̯a
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ani̯a
*ani → aini
Anaptyxis of *i
RanI›ainI → *aini̯a
6. aini̯a
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. ainya
PIE *hɑenɑhi̯o
LAv. anya
(adv.) ‘anderswo, anderswohin’
(AIWb. 134)
1. PIE *hɑenɑhi̯o
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanɑhi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanɑhi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanhi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanhi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanhi̯a
4. hanhi̯a
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ani̯a
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ani̯a
*ani → aini
Anaptyxis of *i
RanI›ainI → *aini̯a
6. aini̯a
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. ainya
√hɑntei-
PIE *hɑentei
Hitt. ḫantei
(adv.) ‘getrennt, gesondert, in besonderem Maße’
(HHand. 39)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ti, ḫa-an-di, ḫa-an-ti-i)
1. PIE *hɑentei
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑantei
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑantei
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hantei
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hantei
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫantei
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑentei·Σ
Hitt. ḫantei·duḫš-
(vb.) ‘auseinanderschneiden’
(HHand. 179)
1. PIE *hɑentei·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑantei·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑantei·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hantei·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hantei·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫantei·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑntoro-
PIE *hɑentoro-
LAv. antara-
(a.) ‘der andere, zweite’
(AIWb. 132)
1. PIE *hɑentoro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑantoro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑantoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hantoro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hantoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hantara-
4. hantara-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → LAv. antara-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑeńtoro-
Lith. añtara-
(a.) ‘anderer, zweiter’
(LiEtWb. 12)
1. PIE *hɑeńtoro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑańtoro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑańtoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hańtoro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hańtoro-
ań → añ
Circumflex intonation for ańC
RLiAcc20 → *hañtoro-
4. hañtoro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *añtoro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. añtoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Lith. añtara-


PIE √hɑn- (sb.) ‘Mann, Mensch’
(IEW 765)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)
√hɑnē-
PIE *hɑnē-
gAv. nā-
(m.) ‘Mann, Mensch’
(AIWb. 1047-53)
(gAv. nā [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑnē-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hnē-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hnē-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *nē-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. nē-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → gAv. nā-
√hɑner-
PIE *hɑenér-
Gr. ἀνέρ-
(m.obl.) ‘Mann’
(GEW 1:107-108)
(Gr. ἀνέρα [sgA])
1. PIE *hɑenér-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanér-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanér-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanér-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanér-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *anér-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. anér-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀνέρ-
PIE *hɑnér-
RV. nár-
(m.) ‘Mann, Mensch’
(WbRV. 748)
(in RV. náram [sgA] etc., EWA 2:19-20)
1. PIE *hɑnér-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hnér-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hnér-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *nér-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. nér-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. nár-
PIE *hɑner-
gAv. nar-
(m.) ‘Mann, Mensch’
(AIWb. 1047-53)
(gAv. narǝm, narōi, narō, narąm)
1. PIE *hɑner-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hner-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hner-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ner-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ner-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → gAv. nar-
√hɑndɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑéndɑɦrōku̯o-
Gr. ἄνθρωπο-
(m.) ‘Mensch’
(GEW 1:110-1)
(Gr. ἄνθρωπος; GrGr. 1:426 n4)
1. PIE *hɑéndɑɦrōku̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑándɑɦrōku̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑándɑɦrōku̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hándɦrōku̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hándɦrōku̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ándɦrōku̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ándɦrōku̯o-
*ku/u̯ → p
Bilabialization of labiovelar q into p
RkU›p → *ándɦrōpo-
5. ándɦrōpo-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *ánthrōpo-
6. ánthrōpo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄνθρωπο-
PIE *hɑendɑɦei̯oso-
Hitt. ḫandei̯aša-
(a.) ‘männlich?’
(HEG H:157)
(EHS 189)
1. PIE *hɑendɑɦei̯oso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑandɑɦei̯oso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑandɑɦei̯oso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *handɦei̯oso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. handɦei̯oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *handɦei̯asa-
4. handɦei̯asa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *handei̯asa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. handei̯asa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *handei̯aša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. handei̯aša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫandei̯aša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑnu-
PIE *hɑénu-
RV. ánu-
(m.) ‘Mensch, Bez. nicht-arischer Leute’
(WbRV. 59)
1. PIE *hɑénu-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑánu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑánu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hánu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hánu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. ánu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑenou̯-
RV. anav-
(m.obl.) ‘Mensch, Bez. nicht-arischer Leute’
(WbRV. 59)
1. PIE *hɑenou̯-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanou̯-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanou̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanou̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanou̯-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanau̯-
4. hanau̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *anau̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. anau̯-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. anav-
PIE *hɑḗnou̯o-
RV. ā́nava-
(a.) ‘den Menschen zugethan’
(WbRV. 178)
1. PIE *hɑḗnou̯o-
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *hɑā́nou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā́nou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā́nou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā́nou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hā́nau̯a-
4. hā́nau̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ā́nau̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ā́nau̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. ā́nava-
PIE *hɑḗnou̯o-
RV. ā́nava-
(m.) ‘Mann’
(WbRV. 178)
1. PIE *hɑḗnou̯o-
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *hɑā́nou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā́nou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā́nou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā́nou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hā́nau̯a-
4. hā́nau̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ā́nau̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ā́nau̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. ā́nava-


PIE √hɑnt- √ɦɑnd- (sb.) ‘Kleidung, Kette’ (vb.) ‘binden, bekleiden’
(IEW 322)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√hɑnt-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑentēɑhko
OIr. ētach-
(n.m.) ‘Kleidung’
(DIL. 283)
1. PIE *hɑentēɑhko
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑantēɑhko
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑantēɑhko
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑantāɑhko
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑantāɑhko
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hantāhko
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hantāhko
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *antāko
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. antāko
*ant/ent → ēt
Change of *ant/ent into ēt
Rant›ēt → *ētāko
6. ētāko
VkV → VkhV
Lenition of voiceless stop *k
Rk›kh → *ētākho
7. ētākho
VtV → VthV
Lenition of voiceless stop *t
Rt›th → *ēthākho
8. ēthākho
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *ēthakho
9. ēthakho
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr → *ēthakh
10. ēthakh
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → OIr. ēthach
PIE *hɑente-
OIr. ēti-
(vb.) ‘bekleiden’
(DIL. 287)
1. PIE *hɑente-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑante-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑante-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hante-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hante-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ante-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ante-
*ant/ent → ēt
Change of *ant/ent into ēt
Rant›ēt → *ēte-
5. ēte-
VtV → VthV
Lenition of voiceless stop *t
Rt›th → *ēthe-
6. ēthe-
R=e-›=i- → OIr. ēthi-
PIE *hɑenti·Σ
OIr. ·ētiud
(m.) ‘Kleidung’
(DIL. 288)
1. PIE *hɑenti·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanti·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanti·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanti·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanti·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *anti·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. anti·Σ
*ant/ent → ēt
Change of *ant/ent into ēt
Rant›ēt → *ēti·Σ
5. ēti·Σ
VtV → VthV
Lenition of voiceless stop *t
Rt›th → OIr. ēthi·Σ
PIE *hɑénteɑhr-
Gr. ἄνταρ-
(sb.) ‘Kettenfaden: warp’
(LSJ. 150)
(Hes. ἄνταρ · δίασμα)
1. PIE *hɑénteɑhr-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑánteɑhr-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑánteɑhr-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑántaɑhr-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑántaɑhr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hántahr-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hántahr-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ántar-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ántar-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄνταρ-
PIE *hɑentḗɑhrii̯o-
Ion.-Att. ἀντήριο-
(m.) ‘Kettenfaden’
(GEW 1:113)
1. PIE *hɑentḗɑhrii̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑantḗɑhrii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑantḗɑhrii̯o-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *hɑantā́ɑhrii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑantā́ɑhrii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hantā́hrii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hantā́hrii̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *antā́rii̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. antā́rii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *antā́rio-
6. antā́rio-
*ā́ → ḗ
Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ
Rā́›ḗ → *antḗrio-
7. antḗrio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. ἀντήριο-
√ɦɑnd-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ɦɑendi̯ono-
Hitt. ḫanzana-
(c.) ‘strand, thread, yarn, web’
(HED 3:112)
(Hitt. a-u-ua-ua-aš ḫa-an-za-na-aš = Akd. QÙ-U ET-T[Ù-TI] ‘spider’s web’, HIL. 342)
1. PIE *ɦɑendi̯ono-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandi̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandi̯ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandi̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandi̯ono-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *ɦanjono-
4. ɦanjono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦanjana-
5. ɦanjana-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *ɦanzana-
6. ɦanzana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanzana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑendolo-
Hitt. ḫandala-
(SÍG.) ‘(Leinen)Verband’
(HEG H:154)
1. PIE *ɦɑendolo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandolo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦandala-
4. ɦandala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫandala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑendrómei̯o-
Gr. ἀνδρόμεο-
(n.) ‘ἱμάτιον (Hes.)’
(LSJ. 129)
(Cret.)
1. PIE *ɦɑendrómei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandrómei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandrómei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandrómei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandrómei̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *andrómei̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. andrómei̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *andrómeo-
5. andrómeo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀνδρόμεο-
PIE *ɦɑendu-
Pā. andu-
(sb.) ‘Kette, Fessel u.a.’
(EWA 3:11)
1. PIE *ɦɑendu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Pā. andu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *ɦɑenduɑ́h-
OInd. andū-
(f.) ‘Fußkette’
(EWA 3:11)
1. PIE *ɦɑenduɑ́h-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑanduɑ́h-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑanduɑ́h-
PIE *uɑ́ → uú
Assimilation of *u and *ɑ́
Ruɑ́›uú → *ɦɑanduúh-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
3. ɦɑanduúh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦanduúh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ɦanduúh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *anduúh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. anduúh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *anduú-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. anduú-
*uú → ū́
Contraction of u and ú
Ruú›ū́ → OInd. andū́-
PIE *ɦɑenduko-
OInd. anduka-
(m.) ‘Fußkette’
(EWA 3:11)
1. PIE *ɦɑenduko-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑanduko-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑanduko-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦanduko-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦanduko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦanduka-
4. ɦanduka-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → OInd. anduka-
(SPIE §2.1.4)


PIE √hɑnt- (vb.) ‘graben’ (sb.) ‘Grube, Loch’
(IEW 50)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Gr.)
√hɑnt-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑento-
Hitt. ḫanta-
(vb.) ‘graben: dig’
(Kimball 1999:319)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-da-an-da [3pl])
1. PIE *hɑento-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanta-
4. hanta-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanta-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑentesor-
Hitt. ḫantešar-
(n.) ‘Grube, Loch, Höhle’
(HEG H:155)
(Hitt. ḫanteššar; thus not for ‘ḫateššar’ against Melchert AHPh. 172)
1. PIE *hɑentesor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑantesor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑantesor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hantesor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hantesor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hantesar-
4. hantesar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hantešar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hantešar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫantešar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑentesn-
Hitt. ḫantešn-
(n.obl.) ‘Loch, Grube’
(HEG H:222)
(EHS §62.5)
1. PIE *hɑentesn-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑantesn-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑantesn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hantesn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hantesn-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hantešn-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hantešn-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫantešn-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑéntro-
Gr. ἄντρο-
(n.) ‘Höhle’
(GrGr. 1:532)
1. PIE *hɑéntro-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑántro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑántro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hántro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hántro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ántro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ántro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄντρο-


PIE √hɑnt- (vb.) ‘wagen’
(IEW 755 [diff.])
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Goth.)
√hɑnto-
PIE *hɑento·lei̯o-
Hitt. ḫanta·lei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘wagen’
(HEG H:154)
(HED H:108, Hitt. ḫa-an-da-al-li-i-e-ir [pret3pl])
1. PIE *hɑento·lei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanto·lei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanto·lei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanto·lei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanto·lei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanta·lei̯a-
4. hanta·lei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanta·lei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑento·lei̯oi-
Hitt. ḫanta·lei̯ai-
(vb.1.) ‘wagen’
(HED H:108)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-da-li-ia-it [pret3sg])
1. PIE *hɑento·lei̯oi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanto·lei̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanto·lei̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanto·lei̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanto·lei̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanta·lei̯ai-
4. hanta·lei̯ai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanta·lei̯ai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑntio-
PIE *hɑeneɑh·hɑnhɑenti̯o-
Goth. ana·nanþja-
(pr.) ‘ἀποτολμᾶν, τολμᾶν: audax esse, audere’
(GoEtD. A149)
(Goth. ana·nanþeiþ Rom 10,20 A, 2Kr 11,21 B, Feist2:31)
1. PIE *hɑeneɑh·hɑnhɑenti̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaneɑh·hɑnhɑanti̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaneɑh·hɑnhɑanti̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑanaɑh·hɑnhɑanti̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑanaɑh·hɑnhɑanti̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanah·hnhanti̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hanah·hnhanti̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ana·nanti̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ana·nanti̯o-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *ana·nanþi̯o-
6. ana·nanþi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ana·nanþi̯a-
7. ana·nanþi̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Goth. ana·nanþja-
PIE *gɦɑe·hɑnhɑenti̯o-
Goth. ga·nanþja-
(vb.) ‘aufhören: παύεσθαι: cessare’
(Feist 2:31, 143)
(Goth. gananþida [3sg]: ἐπαύσατο Luk 5,4 CA)
1. PIE *gɦɑe·hɑnhɑenti̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gɦɑa·hɑnhɑanti̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gɦɑa·hɑnhɑanti̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦa·hnhanti̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦa·hnhanti̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦa·nanti̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦa·nanti̯o-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *gɦa·nanþi̯o-
5. gɦa·nanþi̯o-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *ga·nanþi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ga·nanþi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ga·nanþi̯a-
7. ga·nanþi̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Goth. ga·nanþja-


PIE √hɑp- √ɦɑb- (sb.) ‘Glanz’ (vb.) ‘glänzen’
(IEW –)
(Tischler HEG H:162, 165, Puhvel HED 3:121-2, Pyysalo)
√hɑp-
(HEG H:165)
(HW2 H:229-30; HED 3:121-2; HIL. 348f.)
PIE *hɑep-
Hitt. ḫap-
(sb.) ‘‹fire, campfire?›’
(KUB 31.74 ii 9)
(Hitt. ḫa-ap-pa an-da še-eš-te-en... ‹‘Sleep by the (camp)fire?’›; cf. Hitt. paḫur- ‘id.’ for the semantics)
1. PIE *hɑep-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hap-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hap-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫap-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑpon-
PIE *hɑepon-
Hitt. ḫapan-
(c./n.?) ‘Herdfeuer: baking kiln, fire pit, oven’
(HIL. 348)
(Hitt. ḫa-ap-pa-na-aš; KBo 25,171 v 6; cf. HW2 H:229-30)
1. PIE *hɑepon-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapon-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hapan-
4. hapan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫapan-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeponu-
Hitt. ḫapanu-
(mc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 281)
(Hitt. ḫa-ap-pa-nu-uš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑeponu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaponu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaponu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haponu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haponu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hapanu-
4. hapanu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫapanu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑpen-
PIE *hɑepen-
Hitt. ḫapen-
(c./n.?) ‘offene Flamme’
(HHand. 40)
(Hitt. ḫa-ap-pé-(e)-ni, ḫa-ap-pe-na, ḫa-ap-pé-ni-it)
1. PIE *hɑepen-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapen-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapen-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapen-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫapen-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑepeno-
Hitt. ḫapena-
(c.) ‘offene Flamme’
(HEG H:165)
(Hitt. ḫa-ap-e-na-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑepeno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapeno-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapeno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapeno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapeno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hapena-
4. hapena-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫapena-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑepr-
(Tischler: Lat.; Pyysalo: Gr.)
PIE *hɑepr·Σ
Gr. ἀπρ·οξίδ-
(f.) ‘burning bush: dictamnus albus’
(LSJ. 230)
1. PIE *hɑepr·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapr·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapr·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapr·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapr·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *apr·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. apr·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀπρ·Σ
PIE *hɑepreiki̯o-
Lat. aprīco-
(a.) ‘sonnseitig, besonnt, sonnig warm’
(WH. 1:59)
(Lat. aprīcus [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑepreiki̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapreiki̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapreiki̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapreiki̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapreiki̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hapreiḱo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. hapreiḱo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *apreiḱo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. apreiḱo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *apreiko-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. apreiko-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *aprīko-
7. aprīko-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. aprīco-
PIE *hɑepreiki̯ēɑh-
Lat. aprīcā-
(pr.1.M.) ‘sich sonnen’
(WH. 1:59)
1. PIE *hɑepreiki̯ēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapreiki̯ēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapreiki̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑapreiki̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑapreiki̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapreiki̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hapreiki̯āh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hapreiḱāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hapreiḱāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *apreiḱā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. apreiḱā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *apreikā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. apreikā-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *aprīkā-
8. aprīkā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. aprīcā-
PIE *hɑepreiki̯ēɑhtiō·n
Lat. aprīcātiō·n-
(f.) ‘sitting in the sun, basking’
(OxLatD. 154)
1. PIE *hɑepreiki̯ēɑhtiō·n
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapreiki̯ēɑhtiō·n
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapreiki̯ēɑhtiō·n
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑapreiki̯āɑhtiō·n
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑapreiki̯āɑhtiō·n
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapreiki̯āhtiō·n
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hapreiki̯āhtiō·n
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hapreiḱāhtiō·n
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hapreiḱāhtiō·n
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *apreiḱātiō·n
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. apreiḱātiō·n
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *apreikātiō·n
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. apreikātiō·n
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *aprīkātiō·n
8. aprīkātiō·n
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. aprīcātiō·n
PIE *hɑepreiki̯itēɑht-
Lat. aprīcitāt-
(f.) ‘sunniness’
(OxLatD. 154)
1. PIE *hɑepreiki̯itēɑht-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapreiki̯itēɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapreiki̯itēɑht-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑapreiki̯itāɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑapreiki̯itāɑht-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapreiki̯itāht-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hapreiki̯itāht-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hapreiḱitāht-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hapreiḱitāht-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *apreiḱitāt-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. apreiḱitāt-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *apreikitāt-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. apreikitāt-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *aprīkitāt-
8. aprīkitāt-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. aprīcitāt-
PIE *hɑepreili-
Lat. aprīli-
(m.) ‘April, der zweite Monat’
(WH. 1:59)
(Lat. aprīlis [sgN]; suffix unclear, reconstructed according to the simplest alternative)
1. PIE *hɑepreili-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapreili-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapreili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapreili-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapreili-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *apreili-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. apreili-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → Lat. aprīli-
√hɑpornuo-
(Tischler HEG H:162)
PIE *hɑepornu̯osɑho-
Hitt. ḫaparnu̯ašḫa-
(c.) ‘Sonnenstrahl?, Kometenscheif?’
(HHand. 40)
(Hitt. ḫapparnuwašḫa-)
1. PIE *hɑepornu̯osɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapornu̯osɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapornu̯osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapornu̯osho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapornu̯osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haparnu̯asha-
4. haparnu̯asha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haparnu̯ašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haparnu̯ašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaparnu̯ašḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑepornu̯otor-
Hitt. ḫaparnu̯atar-
(n.) ‘Strahlenkranz’ (HEG H:162)
(EHS 282, 293)
(Hitt. ḫapparnuwatar)
1. PIE *hɑepornu̯otor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapornu̯otor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapornu̯otor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapornu̯otor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapornu̯otor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haparnu̯atar-
4. haparnu̯atar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaparnu̯atar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑpt-
(Puhvel HED 3:121-2)
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑepto·u̯eku̯ós-
Gr. ἀπτο·επόσ-
(a.) ‘of fiery words (Hera)’
(GEW 2:127)
(Gr. ἀπτοεπές [sgV], if not with psilosis)
1. PIE *hɑepto·u̯eku̯ós-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapto·u̯eku̯ós-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapto·u̯eku̯ós-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapto·u̯eku̯ós-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapto·u̯eku̯ós-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *apto·u̯eku̯ós-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. apto·u̯eku̯ós-
*ku/u̯ → p
Bilabialization of labiovelar q into p
RkU›p → *apto·u̯epós-
5. apto·u̯epós-
*u̯E → hE
Change of u̯ into h before e,é,ē,ḗ
Ru̯E›hE → *apto·hepós-
6. apto·hepós-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *apto·epós-
7. apto·epós-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀπτο·επόσ-
PIE *hɑoptó-
Gr. ὀπτό-
(pt.) ‘gebraten, geröstet, gebacken’
(GEW 2:406)
(Gr. ὀπτός [sgN], HED 1:121-2)
1. PIE *hɑoptó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoptó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hoptó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *optó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. optó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀπτό-
PIE *hɑoptéɑhi̯o-
Gr. ὀπτάο-
(pr.) ‘braten, rösten, backen’
(GEW 2:406)
(Gr. ὀπτάω [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑoptéɑhi̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *hɑoptáɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. hɑoptáɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoptáhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hoptáhi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *optái̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. optái̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *optáo-
5. optáo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀπτάο-
√hɑpu-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑēpú-
Lith. opù-
(a.) ‘brennend’
(LiEtWb. 517)
(Lith. opùs [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑēpú-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāpú-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāpú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāpú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāpú-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *hāpù-
4. hāpù-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āpù-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. āpù-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *ōpù-
(XX:XX)
6. ōpù-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Lith. opù-


PIE √hɑp- (sb.) ‘Hand, Handel’ (vb.) ‘vorhanden sein, Handel treiben’
(IEW 52, 780)
(Szemerényi 1954:275f.)
√hɑp-
(Szemerényi 1954:275f.)
PIE *hɑep-
Hitt. ḫap-
(vb.1.) ‘reichlich vorhanden sein’
(HHand. 40)
(HEG H:157f., ḫapzi [3sg], Laroche 1963:71f.)
1. PIE *hɑep-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hap-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hap-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫap-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑop-
Lat. op-
(f.) ‘Macht, Vermögen, Reichtum’
(WH. 2:215)
(Lat. ops, opis)
1. PIE *hɑop-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hop-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hop-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. op-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑpir-
(HEG H:157f.)
PIE *hɑopir-
Hitt. ḫapir-
(n.) ‘business, trade, payment, price’
(HIL. 345)
1. PIE *hɑopir-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hopir-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hopir-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hapir-
3. hapir-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫapir-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑopiro-
Hitt. ḫapira-
(vb.) ‘verkaufen, Handel treiben’
(HIL. 345)
1. PIE *hɑopiro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hopiro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hopiro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hapira-
3. hapira-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫapira-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ehɑpirii̯e-
LycA. epirije-
(vb.) ‘sell’
(DLycLg. 15)
(LycA. epirijeti)
1. PIE *ehɑpirii̯e-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ehpirii̯e-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ehpirii̯e-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *epirii̯e-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. epirii̯e-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → LycA. epirije-
√hɑpn-
(SPIE 157)
(WP. 1:175)
PIE *hɑepno·Σ
RV. apna·rā́j-
(a.) ‘über Reichtum gebietend’
(WbRV. 78)
1. PIE *hɑepno·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapno·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapno·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapno·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapno·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hapna·Σ
4. hapna·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. apna·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑépno·Σ
RV. ápna·vāna-
(PNm.) ‘(mit den Bhr̥gu in Zusammenhang)’
(WbRV. 78)
1. PIE *hɑépno·Σ
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑápno·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑápno·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hápno·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hápno·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hápna·Σ
4. hápna·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. ápna·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑepneɑhu̯o
OIr. anau-
(m.pl) ‘wealth, richness, property’
(DIL. 40)
(OIr. anai, anae)
1. PIE *hɑepneɑhu̯o
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapneɑhu̯o
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapneɑhu̯o
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑapnaɑhu̯o
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑapnaɑhu̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapnahu̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hapnahu̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *apnau̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. apnau̯o
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr → OIr. apnau̯
PIE *hɑepneɑhu̯o
Cymr. anaw
(m.) ‘richesse’
(VGK 2:585)
1. PIE *hɑepneɑhu̯o
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapneɑhu̯o
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapneɑhu̯o
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑapnaɑhu̯o
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑapnaɑhu̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapnahu̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hapnahu̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *apnau̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. apnau̯o
*p → h
Change of *p into h
Rp›h → *ahnau̯o
6. ahnau̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *anau̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. anau̯o
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → *anau̯
8. anau̯
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Cymr. anaw
√hɑpnos-
PIE *hɑépnos-
RV. ápnas-
(n.) ‘Besitz, Habe, Reichtum’
(WbRV. 78)
(RV. ápnas-)
1. PIE *hɑépnos-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑápnos-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑápnos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hápnos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hápnos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hápnas-
4. hápnas-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. ápnas-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑépnos-
RV. ápnas-
(n.) ‘Werk’ (a.) ‘emsig, tätig’
(WbRV. 78)
1. PIE *hɑépnos-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑápnos-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑápnos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hápnos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hápnos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hápnas-
4. hápnas-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. ápnas-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑepnos·stɑhó-
RV. apnaḥ·sthá-
(m.) ‘Gutsherr’
(WbRV. 78)
1. PIE *hɑepnos·stɑhó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapnos·stɑhó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapnos·stɑhó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapnos·sthó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapnos·sthó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hapnas·sthó-
4. hapnas·sthó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *hapnas·sthá-
5. hapnas·sthá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *apnas·sthá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. apnas·sthá-
PIE *ss → ḥs
Change of s into ḥ before s
Rss›ḥs → RV. apnaḥ·sthá-
PIE *hɑépnos·u̯ent-
RV. ápnas·vant-
(a.) ‘einträglich, ertragreich’
(WbRV. 78)
1. PIE *hɑépnos·u̯ent-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑápnos·u̯ent-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑápnos·u̯ent-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hápnos·u̯ent-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hápnos·u̯ent-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hápnas·u̯ent-
4. hápnas·u̯ent-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ápnas·u̯ent-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ápnas·u̯ent-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ápnas·u̯ant-
6. ápnas·u̯ant-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. ápnas·vant-
√hɑpor-
(HEG H:161ff.)
PIE *hɑepor-
Hitt. ḫapar-
(N.act.) ‘Handel, Kaufpreis: Sum. ŠÁM’
(HHand. 40)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-ap-pár, ḫa-ap-pár, ḫa-ap-pa-ri, ḫa-ap-pár-ra-az)
1. PIE *hɑepor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hapar-
4. hapar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫapar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeporo-
Hitt. ḫapara-
(vb.) ‘trade, sell, deliver, dispense’
(HIL. 345)
(Hitt. ḫa-ap-pár-ra-an-zi)
1. PIE *hɑeporo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaporo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaporo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haporo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haporo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hapara-
4. hapara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫapara-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeporoi-
Hitt. ḫaparai-
(vb.dn.) ‘Handel treiben, verkaufen’
(HHand. 40)
(Hitt. ḫa-ap-pa-ra-ez-zi, ḫa-ap-pa-ra-a-et)
1. PIE *hɑeporoi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaporoi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaporoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haporoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haporoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haparai-
4. haparai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaparai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑepori-
Hitt. ḫapari-
(vb.1.) ‘Handel treiben, verkaufen’
(HEG H:161ff.)
1. PIE *hɑepori-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapori-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapori-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapori-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hapari-
4. hapari-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫapari-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑepori-
Pal. ḫapari-
(vb.) ‘übergeben’
(DPal. 54)
(Pal. ḫapariši, ḫapariuani)
1. PIE *hɑepori-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapori-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapori-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapori-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hapari-
4. hapari-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. ḫapari-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑepori-
Lyd. afari-
(sb.) ‘Verkaufserklärung’
(LydWb. 52)
1. PIE *hɑepori-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapori-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapori-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapori-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hapari-
4. hapari-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *apari-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. apari-
PIE *p → b
Orthographic change of *p into b
Rp›b → Lyd. abari-
PIE *hɑeporei̯o-
Hitt. ḫaparei̯a-
(vb.dn.) ‘Handel treiben, verkaufen’
(HHand. 40)
(Hitt. ḫa-ap-pa-ri-ia-mi, ḫa-ap-pa-ri-e-nu-un)
1. PIE *hɑeporei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaporei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaporei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haporei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haporei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haparei̯a-
4. haparei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaparei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑp- √ɦɑb- (sb.) ‘Wasser, Gewässer, Nass, Saft’
(IEW 1-2, 51-2)
(Laroche 1973:179ff.)
√hɑep-
PIE *hɑep-
RV. ap-
(f.) ‘Wasser, Gewässer’
(WbRV. 70-1)
(RV. apā́ [I], apás [G], apás [A], apáām, apā́m [G], apsú [L])
1. PIE *hɑep-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hap-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hap-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. ap-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑep-
gAv. ap-
(f.) ‘Wasser’
(AIWb. 325-9)
(LAv. apǝmčit [A], apa [I], ape [D], apa [sgD], apat [Abl], gAv. apasčā [plA], apąm [G])
1. PIE *hɑep-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hap-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hap-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → gAv. ap-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑep-
TochB. ap-
(f.) ‘water, river’
(DTochB. 44)
(TochB. a[päm] [plA/obl.])
1. PIE *hɑep-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hap-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hap-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochB. ap-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑep·sḗɑh-
RV. ap·sā́-
(a.) ‘Nass spendend, erquickend, stärkend’
(WbRV. 80)
1. PIE *hɑep·sḗɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap·sḗɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap·sḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *hɑap·sā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑap·sā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hap·sā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hap·sā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. ap·sā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑep·Σ
RV. ap·savá-
(a.) ‘Wasser spendend’
(WbRV. 80)
1. PIE *hɑep·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hap·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hap·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. ap·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑēp-
PIE *hɑēp-
LAv. āp-
(f.) ‘Wasser, Gewässer’
(AIWb. 325-9)
(LAv. āfš [sgN], āpǝm [A], āpō [G], āpe [D], āpa [duNAV], āpō [plN], āpō [plA])
1. PIE *hɑēp-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāp-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāp-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāp-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāp-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → LAv. āp-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑḗp-
RV. ā́p-
(f.) ‘Wasser, Gewässer’
(WbRV. 70-1)
(RV. ā́pas [plN], ā́pas [plA], āpas [plV], āpā́m [plG])
1. PIE *hɑḗp-
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *hɑā́p-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā́p-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā́p-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā́p-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. ā́p-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑēp-
TochB. āp-
(f.) ‘water, river’ (MA. 636)
(DTochB. 44)
(TochB. āp [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑēp-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāp-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāp-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāp-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāp-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochB. āp-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑēp-
TochA. āp-
(f.) ‘eau, rivière, fleuve’ (LeTokh. 1:166)
(Poucha 21)
(TochA. āpaṃ [sgL], āpäṣ [sgAbl])
1. PIE *hɑēp-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāp-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāp-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāp-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāp-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochA. āp-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Π·hɑēp-
RV. rītí·āp-
(a.) ‘strömende Wasser habend’
(WbRV. 1169)
(RV. rītíāpā [du])
1. PIE *Π·hɑēp-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·hɑāp-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑāp-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hāp-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hāp-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. Π·āp-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Π·hɑēp-
LAv. urv·āp-
(a.) ‘des Wasser sich weit ausdehnt’
(AIWb. 404)
1. PIE *Π·hɑēp-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·hɑāp-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑāp-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hāp-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hāp-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → LAv. Π·āp-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Π.hɑep-
LAv. tači.ap·-
(f.?) ‘fließendes Wasser (enthaltend)’
(AIWb. 629)
(LAv. tači.apaya [sgL])
1. PIE *Π.hɑep-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π.hɑap-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π.hɑap-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π.hap-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π.hap-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → LAv. Π.ap·-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Π.hɑēp-
LAv. frat.āp·-
(a.) ‘die Wasser, Gewässer füllend’
(AIWb. 984)
(LAv. frat̰.āpǝm)
1. PIE *Π.hɑēp-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π.hɑāp-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π.hɑāp-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π.hāp-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π.hāp-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → LAv. Π.āp·-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑpo-
PIE *Π·hɑōpo-
LAv. up·āpa-
(a.) ‘im Wasser befindlich/lebend/hausend’
(AIWb. 398)
1. PIE *Π·hɑōpo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hōpo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hōpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hōpa-
3. Π·hōpa-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·hāpa-
4. Π·hāpa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → LAv. Π·āpa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑōpo-
LAv. āpa-
(m.) ‘Wasser, Gewässer’
(AIWb. 325)
1. PIE *hɑōpo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hōpo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hōpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hōpa-
3. hōpa-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *hāpa-
4. hāpa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → LAv. āpa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Π·hɑōpó-
Gr. ἰν·ωπό-
(FlNm.) ‘-(?)-’
(IEW 51)
(Gr. ἰνόω; Fick 1897:61-2)
1. PIE *Π·hɑōpó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hōpó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hōpó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ōpó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·ōpó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·ωπό-
PIE *Π·hɑōpó-
Gr. ἀσ·ωπό-
(FlNm.) ‘-(?)-’
(IEW 51)
(Gr. ἄσις; Fick 1897:61-2)
1. PIE *Π·hɑōpó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hōpó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hōpó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ōpó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·ōpó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·ωπό-
PIE *Π·hɑōpo-
LAv. an·āpa-
(a.) ‘wo kein Wasser ist’
(AIWb. 123)
1. PIE *Π·hɑōpo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hōpo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hōpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hōpa-
3. Π·hōpa-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·hāpa-
4. Π·hāpa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → LAv. Π·āpa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑopó-
Gr. ὀπό-
(m.) ‘(Pflanzen)saft’
(LSJ. 1241)
1. PIE *hɑopó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hopó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hopó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *opó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. opó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀπό-
PIE *Π·hɑōpo-
LAv. vīš·āpa-
(a.) ‘des Säfte Gift sind’
(AIWb. 1473)
1. PIE *Π·hɑōpo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hōpo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hōpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hōpa-
3. Π·hōpa-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·hāpa-
4. Π·hāpa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → LAv. Π·āpa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑpɑh-
PIE *hɑēpēɑh-
LAv. āpā-
(f.) ‘Gewässer’
(AIWb. 328)
(LAv. arǝdvī nąma āpa [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑēpēɑh-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāpēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāpēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑāpāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑāpāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāpāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hāpāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → LAv. āpā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑēpēɑh-
Umbr. āpā-
(f.) ‘(Leitungs-)Wasser’ oder ‘Wasserleitung’
(WbOU. 42-43)
(Umbr. aapam [sgA])
1. PIE *hɑēpēɑh-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāpēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāpēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑāpāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑāpāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāpāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hāpāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Umbr. āpā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑēpḗɑh·Σ
RV. āpā́·yā-
(f.) ‘N eines Flusses’
(WbRV. 179)
1. PIE *hɑēpḗɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāpḗɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāpḗɑh·Σ
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *hɑāpā́ɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑāpā́ɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāpā́h·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hāpā́h·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. āpā́·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑēpeɑh·Σ
RV. ·apáām napāt
(m.) ‘Enkel des Wassers’
(WbRV. 71)
1. PIE *hɑēpeɑh·Σ
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑēpaɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. hɑēpaɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāpaɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑāpaɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāpah·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hāpah·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. āpa·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑepeɑhi̯-
LAv. apay-
(f.obl.) ‘Wasser, Gewässer’
(AIWb. 326)
(LAv. apaya [sgI])
1. PIE *hɑepeɑhi̯-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapeɑhi̯-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapeɑhi̯-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑapaɑhi̯-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑapaɑhi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapahi̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hapahi̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *apai̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. apai̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. apay-
PIE *hɑēpɑhont-
LAv. āfǝnt-
(a.) ‘wasserreich’
(AIWb. 330)
(LAv. āfǝntō, āfǝntǝm)
1. PIE *hɑēpɑhont-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāpɑhont-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāpɑhont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāphont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāphont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hāphant-
4. hāphant-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āphant-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. āphant-
*ph → f
Affricativization of *ph
Rph›f → LAv. āfant-
√ɦɑb-
PIE *ɦɑebo·n-
OSax. apa·n-
(f.) ‘Bach, Fluß’
(ASächsWb. 3)
(in ON.)
1. PIE *ɦɑebo·n-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabo·n-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabo·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabo·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦabo·n-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *abo·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. abo·n-
*b → p
Loss of voice of media *b
Rb›p → *apo·n-
5. apo·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OSax. apa·n-
PIE *ɦɑebo·n-
OHG. affa·n-
(f.) ‘Bach, Fluß’
(ASächsWb. 3)
1. PIE *ɦɑebo·n-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabo·n-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabo·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabo·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦabo·n-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *abo·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. abo·n-
*b → p
Loss of voice of media *b
Rb›p → *apo·n-
5. apo·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *apa·n-
6. apa·n-
VpV -› VffV
HG sound shift for VpV 
Rp›ff → OHG. affa·n-
√ɦɑbd-
PIE *ɦɑébdo-
OInd. ábda-
(m.) ‘Wolke’
(EWA 1:90-1)
1. PIE *ɦɑébdo-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *ɦɑábdo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑábdo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦábdo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦábdo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦábda-
4. ɦábda-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → OInd. ábda-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *ɦɑebdoi̯ḗ
RV. abdayā́
(adv.) ‘mit Wasserschwall’
(EWA 1:90-1)
(WbRV. 81)
1. PIE *ɦɑebdoi̯ḗ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabdoi̯ḗ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabdoi̯ḗ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabdoi̯ḗ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦabdoi̯ḗ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabdai̯ḗ
4. ɦabdai̯ḗ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *abdai̯ḗ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. abdai̯ḗ
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → *abdai̯ā́
6. abdai̯ā́
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. abdayā́
PIE *ɦɑébdimont-
RV. ábdimant-
(a.) ‘mit Wolkenmaßen, wolkenreich’
(WbRV. 81)
1. PIE *ɦɑébdimont-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *ɦɑábdimont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑábdimont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦábdimont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦábdimont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦábdimant-
4. ɦábdimant-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → RV. ábdimant-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√ɦɑbɑɦ-
(IEW 1-2)
PIE *ɦɑebɑɦ-
Hitt. ḫab-
(c.) ‘Fluß: Sum. ÍD’ (HHand. 40)
(HEG H:159-160)
(Hitt. ḫa-ap-pa, ÍD-aš, ÍD-an, ḫa-ap-aš [D], [Í]D-pí [L])
1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦab-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦab-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫab-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑebɑɦ·oro-
HLu. ḫab·ara-
(FLUMENc.) ‘Flußland’
(CHLu. 1.1.48 Hu.)
(HLu. (“FLUMEN”)há-/pa+ra/i-sá [sgN])
1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦ·oro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦ·oro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabɑɦ·oro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦ·oro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦ·oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabɦ·ara-
4. ɦabɦ·ara-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦab·ara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦab·ara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫab·ara-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦeɑbɑɦo-
(Laroche 1973:179ff.)
(Pyysalo: Gr.)
PIE *ɦɑebɑɦo-
Hitt. ḫaba-
(c.) ‘Fluß: Sum. ÍD’ (HHand. 40)
(HEG H:159-160)
(Hitt. ḫa-pa-a, ÍD-aš, ÍD-an, ḫa-pa-a)
1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabɦa-
4. ɦabɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦaba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦaba-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaba-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑebɑɦo-
CLu. ḫaba-
(c.) ‘Fluß, Strom’
(DLL. 40, HHand. 40)
(CLu. ḫa-pa-a)
1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabɦa-
4. ɦabɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦaba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦaba-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫaba-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑebɑɦo-
CLu. ḫaba-
(c.) ‘Fluß, Strom (in Hitt. context)’
(HIL. 344)
(CLu. ḫa-pa-an-zi [plN], ÍDMEŠ-an-za)
1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabɦa-
4. ɦabɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦaba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦaba-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫaba-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑebɑɦo·Σ
Hitt. ḫaba·LÚ-
(LÚc.) ‘Aquarius’
(NOMS. 285)
(Hitt. ḫa-pa-LÚ [Abs])
1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦo·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabɑɦo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabɦa·Σ
4. ɦabɦa·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦaba·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦaba·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaba·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑebɑɦó·nitro-
Gr. ἀφό·νιτρο-
(n.) ‘ἀφρόνιτρο-’
(KVG. 40)
(Gr. ἀφόνιτρον)
1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦó·nitro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦó·nitro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabɑɦó·nitro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦó·nitro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦó·nitro-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *abɦó·nitro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. abɦó·nitro-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *aphó·nitro-
5. aphó·nitro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀφό·νιτρο-
PIE *ɦɑebɑɦo-
OGaulG. ἀβο-
(m.) (name of Humber in Ptolemy’s Geography)
(DLG. 29-30)
(OBrit. αβος)
1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *abɦo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. abɦo-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *abo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. abo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → OGaulG. ἀβο-
√ɦɑebɑɦonu-
PIE *ɦɑebɑɦonu̯o-
Hitt. ḫabanu̯a-
(URU.) ‘(Stadt von ›Mira)’
(OGH. 80-1)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-pa-nu-ua-an [sgA])
1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦonu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦonu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabɑɦonu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦonu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦonu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabɦanu̯a-
4. ɦabɦanu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦabanu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦabanu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫabanu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑebɑɦonuso-
CLu. ḫabanuša-
(cs.iter.?) ‘‹sprinkle (with water [wāriyatti])?›’
(DLL. 40)
(CLu. wāriyati [sgI] ḫa-pa-nu-ša [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦonuso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦonuso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabɑɦonuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦonuso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦonuso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabɦanusa-
4. ɦabɦanusa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦabanusa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦabanusa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦabanuša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦabanuša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫabanuša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑp- (vb.) ‘stoßen, schlagen, verletzen’
(IEW 801-2)
(Pyysalo: IE + Anat.)
√hɑpɑh-
PIE *hɑēpḗɑh
Lith. opà-
(f.) ‘eiternde Wunde, Geschwür’
(LiEtWb. 517)
1. PIE *hɑēpḗɑh
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāpḗɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāpḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *hɑāpā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑāpā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāpā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hāpā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āpā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. āpā́
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *ōpā́
(XX:XX)
6. ōpā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *ōpṓ
(XX:XX)
7. ōpṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → *ōpà
8. ōpà
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Lith. opà
√hɑepe/olos-
(SPIE 113-4)
(Note the differing stops (Sturtevant’s law))
PIE *hɑépelos-
Gr. ἄπελοσ-
(n.) ‘Wunde’
(GEW 1:120)
(Gr. ἄπελος [sgNA])
1. PIE *hɑépelos-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑápelos-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑápelos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hápelos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hápelos-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ápelos-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ápelos-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄπελοσ-
PIE *hɑepolosoi-
Hitt. ḫapalašai-
(vb.1.) ‘verletzten’
(HEG H:160)
(EHS 480, 555, ḫapallašai- with -p-, not -pp-)
1. PIE *hɑepolosoi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapolosoi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapolosoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapolosoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapolosoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hapalasai-
4. hapalasai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hapalašai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hapalašai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫapalašai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑpedeɑhno-
PIE *hɑēpedeɑhnó-
Dor. ἀ̄πεδανό-
(a.) ‘schwach, gebrechlich’
(LSJ. 182)
(Hes. ἀπεδανο- = ἠπεδανό-)
1. PIE *hɑēpedeɑhnó-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑēpedaɑhnó-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. hɑēpedaɑhnó-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāpedaɑhnó-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑāpedaɑhnó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāpedahnó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hāpedahnó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āpedanó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. āpedanó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. ἀ̄πεδανό-
PIE *hɑēpedeɑhnó-
Att. ἠπεδανό-
(a.) ‘schwach, gebrechlich’
(GEW 1:639-40)
1. PIE *hɑēpedeɑhnó-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑēpedaɑhnó-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. hɑēpedaɑhnó-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāpedaɑhnó-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑāpedaɑhnó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāpedahnó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hāpedahnó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āpedanó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. āpedanó-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *ēpedanó-
6. ēpedanó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Att. ἠπεδανό-
√hɑpodi-
(SPIE 31)
PIE *hɑepodei̯o-
Hitt. ḫapadei̯a-
(vb.) ‘schlagen, verletzen, töten’
(HHand. 40)
(HEG H:164-65, in Hitt. ḫa-pa-ti-ia-ua-ar, ḫa-pa-a-ti-ia-an-te-eš)
1. PIE *hɑepodei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapodei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapodei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapodei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapodei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hapadei̯a-
4. hapadei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫapadei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑepodi̯onu̯o-
HLu. ḫapazanu̯a-
(sb.cs.) ‘destructive action’
(CHLu. 10.9.10)
(HLu. ha-pa-za-nu-wa/i-tu-u [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑepodi̯onu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapodi̯onu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapodi̯onu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapodi̯onu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapodi̯onu̯o-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *hapojonu̯o-
4. hapojonu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hapajanu̯a-
5. hapajanu̯a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *hapazanu̯a-
6. hapazanu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫapazanu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑp- (vb.) ‘fügen, binden, passen’
(IEW 50-1)
(Oettinger 1976a:124)
√hɑep-
(Oettinger 1976a:124)
PIE *hɑep-
Hitt. ḫap-
(pr.A.) ‘gefügig machen’
(HEG H:158-9)
(Hitt. ḫa-ap-ti [2sg], ḫa-ap-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑep-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hap-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hap-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫap-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑep-
Hitt. ḫap-
(pr.M.) ‘sich fügen: arrange itself, to work out’
(HEG H:158-9)
(Hitt. ḫa-ap-da-ri, ḫa-ap-da-at, ḫa-ap-ta-at, HIL. 343, EHS 384)
1. PIE *hɑep-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hap-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hap-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫap-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑep-
Lat. ap-
(pret.) ‘fügen, passen’
(WH. 1:57)
(in Lat. aptus ‘gefügt, passend’)
1. PIE *hɑep-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hap-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hap-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. ap-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑepo-
PIE *hɑepo-
OLat. apo-
(pr.) ‘prohibere, compescere’
(WH. 1:56)
(PFest. ape : prohibe, compesce)
1. PIE *hɑepo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OLat. apo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑepo-
OLat. apo-
(pr.) ‘binden, im Zaume halten’
(WH. 1:57)
(PFest. apere : comprehendere vinculo, ritu flaminum adligare)
1. PIE *hɑepo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OLat. apo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑepo-
Hitt. ḫapa-
(pr.M.) ‘arrange itself, to work out’
(HIL. 343)
(Hitt. ḫa-ap-pa-ru [ipv3sg])
1. PIE *hɑepo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hapa-
4. hapa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫapa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑp- √hɑbɑɦ- (prep.) ‘zu, hin, dar, er-, nach, bei’
(IEW 34-35, 50-51, 287)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + CLu.)
√hɑep-
(According to WH. 1:60 to √ap- ‘erreichen’)
PIE *hɑep·Σ
Lat. ap·ud
(prep.) ‘bei’
(WH. 1:60)
(Lat. apud)
1. PIE *hɑep·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hap·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hap·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. ap·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑep·Σ
Lat. ap·or
(prep.) ‘bei’
(WH. 1:60)
(Lat. apor)
1. PIE *hɑep·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hap·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hap·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. ap·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑep·Σ
Lat. ap·ur
(prep.) ‘bei’
(WH. 1:60)
(Lat. apur; also Mars.-Lat. apur)
1. PIE *hɑep·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hap·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hap·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. ap·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√ɦɑobɑɦ-
(HEG H:168)
(HED 3:133f.)
PIE *ɦɑobɑɦ
Lat. ob
(prep.A) ‘nach – hin’
(WH. 2:193)
1. PIE *ɦɑobɑɦ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦobɦ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦobɦ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *obɦ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. obɦ
*bɦ → f
Affricativization of labial *bɦ
Rbɦ›f → *of
4. of
*f → b
Change of *f into b
Rf›b → Lat. ob
PIE *ɦɑobɑɦ
Lat. ob
(prep.A) ‘zum Entgelt für’
(WH. 2:193)
1. PIE *ɦɑobɑɦ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦobɦ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦobɦ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *obɦ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. obɦ
*bɦ → f
Affricativization of labial *bɦ
Rbɦ›f → *of
4. of
*f → b
Change of *f into b
Rf›b → Lat. ob
PIE *ɦɑobɑɦ·us-
Hitt. ḫab·uš-
(vb.M.) ‘nachholen, nachträglich darbringen, ersetzen’
(HIL. 350)
(Hitt. ḫa-p[u-ša-a-r]i, ḫa-pu-uš-ta-at)
1. PIE *ɦɑobɑɦ·us-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦobɦ·us-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦobɦ·us-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabɦ·us-
3. ɦabɦ·us-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦab·us-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦab·us-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦab·uš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦab·uš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫab·uš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑobɑɦ·us-
Hitt. ḫab·uš-
(vb.A.) make up for, make up, to bring after’
(HIL. 350)
(Hitt. ḫa-pu-uš-zi [3sg], ḫa-pu-ša-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *ɦɑobɑɦ·us-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦobɦ·us-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦobɦ·us-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabɦ·us-
3. ɦabɦ·us-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦab·us-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦab·us-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦab·uš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦab·uš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫab·uš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑobɑɦ·us-
CLu. ḫab·uš-
(vb.1.) ‘réparer, remplacer’
(DLL. 41)
(CLu. ḫa-pu-uš-ui5 [1sg]; to HLu. uša- ‘bring’)
1. PIE *ɦɑobɑɦ·us-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦobɦ·us-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦobɦ·us-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabɦ·us-
3. ɦabɦ·us-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦab·us-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦab·us-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦab·uš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦab·uš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫab·uš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑobɑɦi-
PIE *ɦɑobɑɦí
RV. abhí
(prep.A) ‘zu –, hin –’
(WbRV. 82)
(RV. abhí)
1. PIE *ɦɑobɑɦí
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦobɦí
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦobɦí
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabɦí
3. ɦabɦí
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *abɦí
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. abɦí
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. abhí


PIE √hɑr- √ɦɑr- (vb.) ‘glänzen’
(IEW –)
(Kuryłowicz 1927:101, Eichner 1978:158f.)
√hɑr-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑoro-
Hitt. ḫara-
(vb.) ‘≈ glänzend sein?’
(HHand. 41)
(in Hitt. ḫarant-, see below)
1. PIE *hɑoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hara-
3. hara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫara-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑoro·su-
Hitt. ḫara·šu-
(sb.) ‘Bronze: Sum. ZABAR?’
(HEG H:172)
(Hitt. ḫarašu-, HHand. 42)
1. PIE *hɑoro·su-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horo·su-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horo·su-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hara·su-
3. hara·su-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hara·šu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hara·šu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫara·šu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑront-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑoront-
Hitt. ḫarant-
(c.) ‘ein geschmückter Gegenstand’
(HHand. 41)
1. PIE *hɑoront-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harant-
3. harant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑoróntēɑh-
Gr. ὀρόντη-
(PNm.) ‘-(?)-’
(GEW 2:425)
1. PIE *hɑoróntēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑoróntāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑoróntāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horóntāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. horóntāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oróntā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. oróntā-
ā –> ē (Att)
Attican change of ā –› ē
Rā›ēAtt → *oróntē-
5. oróntē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀρόντη-
PIE *hɑoróntii̯o-
Gr. ὀρόντιο-
(n.) ‘ein Heilkraut gegen Gelbsucht’
(GEW 2:425)
1. PIE *hɑoróntii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horóntii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horóntii̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oróntii̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. oróntii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *oróntio-
4. oróntio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀρόντιο-
√ɦɑrgi-
(Kuryłowicz 1927:101)
PIE *ɦɑergi̯o-
Hitt. ḫarga-
(a.) ‘white, bright’
(HEG H:177)
(Hitt. ḫar-ga [plNA], ḫar-ga-a-i [D], ḫar-ga-uš [plA])
1. PIE *ɦɑergi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑargi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑargi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦargi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦargi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ɦarǵo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ɦarǵo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦarǵa-
5. ɦarǵa-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *ɦarga-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. ɦarga-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarga-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑergi̯ó-
Gr. ἀργό-
(a.) ‘weißglänzend’
(GEW 1:132)
(WuW. 282; Benveniste 1935b:12)
1. PIE *ɦɑergi̯ó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑargi̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑargi̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦargi̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦargi̯ó-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ɦarǵó-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ɦarǵó-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *arǵó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arǵó-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *argó-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. argó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀργό-
PIE *ɦɑŕgi̯·Σ
RV. ŕ̥j·īti-
(a.) ‘glühend, strahlend’
(WbRV. 279)
1. PIE *ɦɑŕgi̯·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦŕgi̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦŕgi̯·Σ
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦŕj́·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦŕj́·Σ
CŕC → Cŕ̥C
Syllabification of *ŕ in Cŕ̥C
Rŕ›ŕ̥ → *ɦŕ̥j́·Σ
4. ɦŕ̥j́·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ŕ̥j́·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ŕ̥j́·Σ
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → RV. ŕ̥j·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
√hɑe/oru-
PIE *hɑeru-
OInd. aru-
(m.) ‘Sonne’
(EWA 3:13)
1. PIE *hɑeru-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OInd. aru-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑeruono-
PIE *hɑeru̯ono-
Hitt. ḫaru̯ana-
(sb.) ‘‹Aufhellung›’
(HIL. 371)
(Hitt. ták-ku ḫar-ua-n[a-a]z ITU-aš t[a-...]
1. PIE *hɑeru̯ono-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haru̯ana-
4. haru̯ana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaru̯ana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeru̯onoi-
Hitt. ḫaru̯anai-
(vb.1.) ‘(sich) aufhellen’ (HHand. 45)
(HEG H:190)
(Hitt. ḫa-ru-ua-na-a-iz-zi, [ḫa]r-ua-na-iz-zi)
1. PIE *hɑeru̯onoi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯onoi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯onoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯onoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯onoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haru̯anai-
4. haru̯anai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaru̯anai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑeruno-
(Eichner 1978:158f.)
PIE *hɑerunó-
RV. aruṇá-
(a.) ‘rötlich, hellbraun, goldgelb’
(WbRV. 107)
1. PIE *hɑerunó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarunó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarunó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harunó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harunó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *haruná-
4. haruná-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aruná-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aruná-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → RV. aruṇá-
PIE *hɑerunó·Σ
RV. aruṇá·psu-
(a.) ‘von rötlichem Aussehen’
(WbRV. 107)
(KEWA 1:49)
1. PIE *hɑerunó·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarunó·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarunó·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harunó·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harunó·Σ
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *haruná·Σ
4. haruná·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aruná·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aruná·Σ
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → RV. aruṇá·Σ
PIE *hɑerunoi-
Hitt. ḫarunai-
(vb.1.) ‘(sich) aufhellen’ (HHand. 45)
(HEG H:190)
(Hitt. ḫa-ru-na-iz-[zi])
1. PIE *hɑerunoi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarunoi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarunoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harunoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harunoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harunai-
4. harunai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarunai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑeruso-
PIE *hɑerusó-
RV. aruṣá-
(n.) ‘die Röte’
(EWA 2:113)
(WbRV. 108)
1. PIE *hɑerusó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarusó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarusó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harusó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harusó-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *harušó-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. harušó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *harušá-
5. harušá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arušá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. arušá-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. aruṣá-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
PIE *hɑerusó-
RV. aruṣá-
(a.) ‘rot, feuerfarben’
(EWA 2:113)
(WbRV. 108)
1. PIE *hɑerusó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarusó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarusó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harusó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harusó-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *harušó-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. harušó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *harušá-
5. harušá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arušá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. arušá-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. aruṣá-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
PIE *hɑeruso-
LAv. auruša-
(a.) ‘weiß (von Tieren)’
(AIWb. 190-1)
1. PIE *hɑeruso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaruso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaruso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haruso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haruso-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *harušo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. harušo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haruša-
5. haruša-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aruša-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. aruša-
*aru → auru
Anaptyxis of *u
RarU›aurU → LAv. auruša-


PIE √hɑr- (sb.) ‘Weg, Pfad, Straße’ (vb.intr.) ‘fahren’ (vb.tr.) ‘senden’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Arm. + RV.)
√hɑrɑh-
PIE *hɑérēɑh.pédi
Arm. ara.het-
(sb.) ‘road, path’
(EtDiArm. 125-6)
(Arm. arahet [sgN], araheti-w-k‘ [plI]; cf. Arm. het- ‘track’)
1. PIE *hɑérēɑh.pédi
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑárēɑh.pédi
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑárēɑh.pédi
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑárāɑh.pédi
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑárāɑh.pédi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hárāh.pédi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hárāh.pédi
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *árā.pédi
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. árā.pédi
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *árā.péti
6. árā.péti
*p- → h-
Change of *p- into h-
Rp=›h= → *árā.héti
7. árā.héti
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *ára.héti
8. ára.héti
*á → a
Loss/absence of accent
Rá›a → *ara.héti
9. ara.héti
é → e
Change of é into e
Ré›e → Arm. ara.heti
√hɑrsondɑɦon-
PIE *hɑersondɑɦon-
CLu. ḫaršandan-
(GKLn.) ‘Rad? (Fahrzeug oder Teil eines F.)’
(HHand. 44)
(CLu. ḫa-ar-ša-an-an-ta-an [sgA])
1. PIE *hɑersondɑɦon-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarsondɑɦon-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsondɑɦon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harsondɦon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harsondɦon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harsandɦan-
4. harsandɦan-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *harsandan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. harsandan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haršandan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. haršandan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫaršandan-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑersondɑɦon-
Hitt. ḫaršandan-
(sb.) ‘Rad? (Fahrzeug oder Teil eines F.)’
(DLL. 43)
(Hitt. [ḫa-]ar-ša-an-ta-an [sgA] turianzi [3pl])
1. PIE *hɑersondɑɦon-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarsondɑɦon-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsondɑɦon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harsondɦon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harsondɦon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harsandɦan-
4. harsandɦan-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *harsandan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. harsandan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haršandan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. haršandan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaršandan-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑersondɑɦonoɦɑid-
Hitt. ḫaršandanaḫid-
(GIŠn.) ‘(Teil des Rades?)’
(HHand. 44)
(CLu. ḫar-ša-an-da-na-ḫi-ti [sgD])
1. PIE *hɑersondɑɦonoɦɑid-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarsondɑɦonoɦɑid-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsondɑɦonoɦɑid-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harsondɦonoɦid-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harsondɦonoɦid-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harsandɦanaɦid-
4. harsandɦanaɦid-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *harsandanaɦid-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. harsandanaɦid-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haršandanaɦid-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. haršandanaɦid-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaršandanaḫid-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑru-
PIE *hɑeru̯o-
CLu. ḫaru̯a-
(vb.) ‘auf den Weg bringen, schicken’
(HHand. 45)
(CLu. ḫar-ua-an-du, HED 3:203)
1. PIE *hɑeru̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haru̯a-
4. haru̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫaru̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeru̯o-
Hitt. ḫaru̯a-
(c.) ‘road, path’
(HIL. 370)
(Hitt. ḫa-ru-ua-az [KBo 24.45 rev 23])
1. PIE *hɑeru̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haru̯a-
4. haru̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaru̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeru̯o-
CLu. ḫaru̯a-
(c.) ‘Straße, Weg: road: KASKAL’
(HHand. 45)
(CLu. ḫa-ru-ua-aš, KASKAL-an)
1. PIE *hɑeru̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haru̯a-
4. haru̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫaru̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeru̯o-
HLu. ḫaru̯a-
(VIAn.*) ‘Weg’
(CHLu. 10.50fr3)
(HLu. VIA-wa/i-na, VIA-na)
1. PIE *hɑeru̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haru̯a-
4. haru̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫaru̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑruoni-
PIE *hɑeru̯oni-
CLu. ḫaru̯ani-
(c.) ‘kleiner Weg, Pfad’
(HHand. 45)
(CLu. ḫa-r[u-ua-an-ni-in-za] [plA])
1. PIE *hɑeru̯oni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯oni-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯oni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯oni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯oni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haru̯ani-
4. haru̯ani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫaru̯ani-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeru̯oni-
HLu. ḫaru̯ani-
(VIAvb.) ‘senden: send’
(CHLu. 11.1.d6)
(HLu. (VIA)ha+ra/i-wa/i-ni [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *hɑeru̯oni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯oni-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯oni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯oni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯oni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haru̯ani-
4. haru̯ani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫaru̯ani-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeru̯oni-
CLu. ḫaru̯ani-
(vb.) ‘auf den Weg bringen, schicken’ (HHand. 45)
(DLL. 43)
(CLu. ḫar-ua-an-ni-it-ta [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑeru̯oni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯oni-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯oni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯oni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯oni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haru̯ani-
4. haru̯ani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫaru̯ani-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑruoto-
PIE *hɑeru̯oto-
HLu. ḫaru̯ata-
(VIAsb.*) ‘road’
(CHLu. 7.2/2.fr7)
(HLu. VIA-wa/i-ta-za; HLu. uia = ḪAR)
1. PIE *hɑeru̯oto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯oto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯oto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯oto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯oto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haru̯ata-
4. haru̯ata-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫaru̯ata-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeru̯oto·ɦɑido-
HLu. ḫaru̯ata·ḫida-
(VIAn.) ‘wayfaring’
(CHLu. 2.24.21)
(HLu. (‘VIA’)ha+ra/i-wa/i-ta-hi-ta5-ti-i)
1. PIE *hɑeru̯oto·ɦɑido-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯oto·ɦɑido-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯oto·ɦɑido-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯oto·ɦido-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯oto·ɦido-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haru̯ata·ɦida-
4. haru̯ata·ɦida-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫaru̯ata·ḫida-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑruoti-
PIE *hɑeru̯oti-
HLu. ḫaru̯ati-
(URBS.) ‘‹Weg + TI›’
(CHLu. 10.36.33)
(HLu. ha-ru-wa/i-ti(URBS))
1. PIE *hɑeru̯oti-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯oti-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯oti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯oti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯oti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haru̯ati-
4. haru̯ati-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫaru̯ati-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑr- √ɦɑr- (vb.) ‘schlagen, vergraben’ (sb.) ‘Grab; Schlucht, Tal, malleus ’
(IEW 62)
(Sturtevant 1942:62; Pyysalo: Gr.)
√hɑer-
(Sturtevant 1942:62)
(HEG H:169f.)
PIE *hɑer-
Hitt. ḫar-
(pr.1.A.) ‘zerstoßen, zerreiben’
(HEG H:169f.)
(HIL. 351, Hitt. ḫar-ru-ua-ni [1pl])
1. PIE *hɑer-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑar-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑar-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *har-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. har-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑer-
HLu. ḫar-
(vb.) ‘zerstören’
(CHLu. 1.12.36)
(HLu. ha+ra/i-tú-u [3pl] 1.12.36; ha+ra/i-t[ú-u] [3pl], 10.12.38)
1. PIE *hɑer-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑar-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑar-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *har-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. har-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑerēɑh-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑerēɑh-
Lat. arā-
(vb1.) ‘pflügen, ackern’
(WH 1:69)
(Lat. arāre, arō)
1. PIE *hɑerēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑarāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑarāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. harāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. arā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑerēɑh-
OCS. ora-
(vb.) ‘pflügen’
(Sadnik √606)
(OCS. orati [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑerēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑarāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑarāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. harāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *orā-
6. orā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OCS. ora-
PIE *uru̯·hɑérēɑh-
RV. urv·árā-
(f.) ‘Fruchtfeld, Saatland’
(WbRV. 265)
(KEWA 1:110, RV. urvárā [sgN])
1. PIE *uru̯·hɑérēɑh-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *uru̯·hɑárēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. uru̯·hɑárēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *uru̯·hɑárāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. uru̯·hɑárāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *uru̯·hárāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. uru̯·hárāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *uru̯·árā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. uru̯·árā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *urv·árā-
6. urv·árā-
urv → ūrv
Lengthening of *u before rv
Rurv›ūrv → RV. ūrv·árā-
PIE *uru̯·hɑerēɑh-
gAv. urv·arā-
(f.pl) ‘Pflanze (oft göttlich verehrt)’
(AIWb. 401)
(gAv. urvarā-)
1. PIE *uru̯·hɑerēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *uru̯·hɑarēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. uru̯·hɑarēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *uru̯·hɑarāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. uru̯·hɑarāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *uru̯·harāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. uru̯·harāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *uru̯·arā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. uru̯·arā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → gAv. urv·arā-
√hɑri-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *mɦɑegi.hɑerí-
Gr. μαγ.αρί-
(sb.) ‘μικρὰ σπάθη’
(GEW 2:154)
(Gr. μαγαρίς [sgN]; Gr. μαγ- = Lith. màž- ‘klein’)
1. PIE *mɦɑegi.hɑerí-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *mɦɑagi.hɑarí-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. mɦɑagi.hɑarí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mɦagi.harí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. mɦagi.harí-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *mɦaǵ.harí-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. mɦaǵ.harí-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *maǵ.harí-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. maǵ.harí-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *maǵ.arí-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. maǵ.arí-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *mag.arí-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. mag.arí-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. μαγ.αρί-
PIE *hɑeri-
Hitt. ḫari-
(c.) ‘Schlucht, Tal’
(HHand. 42)
(HEG H:172-3, Kimball 1999:141)
1. PIE *hɑeri-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑari-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑari-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hari-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hari-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫari-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeri̯o-
Hitt. ḫari̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘vergraben: bury’
(EHS 492)
(HHand. 42)
1. PIE *hɑeri̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑari̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑari̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hari̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hari̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hari̯a-
4. hari̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫari̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑériɦɑdi̯o-
Gr. ἄριζο-
(m.) ‘Grab’
(LSJ. 239)
(Hes. ἄριζος· τάφος)
1. PIE *hɑériɦɑdi̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑáriɦɑdi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáriɦɑdi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *háriɦdi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. háriɦdi̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *háridi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. háridi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *áridi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. áridi̯o-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *árijo-
6. árijo-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *árizo-
7. árizo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄριζο-
PIE *pud.hɑeríhɑdi̯o-
Gr. πυδ.αρίζο-
(pr.) ‘mit dem Fuß/Huf ausschlagen’
(GEW 2:620)
(Gr. πυδαρίζω)
1. PIE *pud.hɑeríhɑdi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *pud.hɑaríhɑdi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. pud.hɑaríhɑdi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pud.haríhdi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pud.haríhdi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pud.arídi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pud.arídi̯o-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *pud.aríjo-
5. pud.aríjo-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *pud.arízo-
6. pud.arízo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πυδ.αρίζο-
√hɑeromo-
PIE *hɑeromo-
Hitt. ḫarama-
(a./pt.) ‘spezifiert Speisen = ḫaršaima-’
(HHand. 41)
1. PIE *hɑeromo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaromo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaromo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haromo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haromo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harama-
4. harama-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarama-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeromo-
HLu. ḫarama-
(a.) ‘verderblich?’
(CHLu. 5.19.6)
(HLu. (*464)ha+ra/i-ma [adv.])
1. PIE *hɑeromo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaromo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaromo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haromo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haromo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harama-
4. harama-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫarama-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑrninGɑɦ-
(HEG H:176f.; HIL. 357f.)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + OIcl.)
PIE *hɑerningɑɦ-
Hitt. ḫarning-
(pr.) ‘verwüsten, vernichten’
(HHand. 43)
(Hitt. ḫar-ni-in-ku-un, ḫar-ni-in-kán-du)
1. PIE *hɑerningɑɦ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarningɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarningɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harningɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harningɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *harning-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. harning-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarning-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑerningɑɦont-
Hitt. ḫarningant-
(pt.) ‘verwüsten, vernichten’
(HHand. 43)
(Hitt. ḫar-ni-in-kán-t-)
1. PIE *hɑerningɑɦont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarningɑɦont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarningɑɦont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harningɦont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harningɦont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harningɦant-
4. harningɦant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *harningant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. harningant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarningant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑerningɑɦēɑh
OIcl. arning-
(f.) ‘das Pflügen’
(ANEtWb. 14)
1. PIE *hɑerningɑɦēɑh
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarningɑɦēɑh
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarningɑɦēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑarningɑɦāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑarningɑɦāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harningɦāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. harningɦāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arningɦā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arningɦā
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *arningā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. arningā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *arningō
(XX:XX)
7. arningō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *arninga
8. arninga
*-a -u
Change of root final -a into -u
R=a›=u → *arningu
9. arningu
*-u → Ø
Loss of -u in root-final position
R=u›=0 → OIcl. arning
PIE *hɑerningɑɦi̯eiske/o-
Hitt. ḫarningeiške/a-
(iter.) ‘verwüsten, vernichten’
(HHand. 43)
(Hitt. ḫar-ni-in-ki-eš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑerningɑɦi̯eiske/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarningɑɦi̯eiske/o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarningɑɦi̯eiske/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harningɦi̯eiske/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harningɦi̯eiske/o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *harninǵɦeiske/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. harninǵɦeiske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harninǵɦeiske/a-
5. harninǵɦeiske/a-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *harningɦeiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. harningɦeiske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *harningeiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. harningeiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *harningeiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
8. harningeiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarningeiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑerningɑɦu̯o-
Hitt. ḫarningu̯a-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘verwüsten, vernichten’
(HHand. 43)
(Hitt. ḫar-ni-in-ku-ua-an-zi)
1. PIE *hɑerningɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarningɑɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarningɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harningɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harningɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harningɦu̯a-
4. harningɦu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *harningu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. harningu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarningu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑerningɑɦu̯or-
Hitt. ḫarningu̯ar-
(N.act.) ‘Verwüstung ‹cf. above›’
(HHand. 43)
(Hitt. ḫar-ni-in-ku-ar, ḫar-ni-in-ku-u-ar)
1. PIE *hɑerningɑɦu̯or-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarningɑɦu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarningɑɦu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harningɦu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harningɦu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harningɦu̯ar-
4. harningɦu̯ar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *harningu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. harningu̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarningu̯ar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑeror-
PIE *Π·hɑeror-
HLu. ARHA ḫarar·-
(vb.2.) ‘smash, crush: zerstören’
(CHLu. 10.12.34)
(HLu. ha+ra/i-ri+i [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·hɑeror-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑaror-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑaror-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·haror-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·haror-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·harar-
4. Π·harar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. Π·ḫarar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeroro-
Hitt. ḫarara-
(vb.1.) ‘crush, destroy, etc.’
(HIL. 351)
(Hitt. ḫa-ra-ra-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑeroro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaroro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaroro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haroro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haroro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harara-
4. harara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarara-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeroro·Σ
Hitt. ḫarara·zi-
(NA4n.) ‘Mahl-, Mühlstein’
(HEG H:171)
(Hitt. ḫa-ra-ra-zi [NA]; HHand. 41, EHS 240; suffix uncertain)
1. PIE *hɑeroro·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaroro·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaroro·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haroro·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haroro·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harara·Σ
4. harara·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarara·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑrd-
(Pyysalo: CLu.)
PIE *ɦɑordo-
CLu. ḫarda-
(c./n.?) ‘‹(cutting, i.e. spiked) war hammer?›’
(HHand. 44)
(CLu. kuramati ḫardati [sgI] (…) talkudu ‘let him strike with the cutting ḫarda-’ KUB xxxv 54 Vs. ii 9)
1. PIE *ɦɑordo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦordo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦordo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦarda-
3. ɦarda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫarda-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑordo·Σ
OGaul. ordo·uic-
(VN.) ‘combattan(s) au marteau’
(DLG. 243-4)
(OGaul. ordouices [plN])
1. PIE *ɦɑordo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦordo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦordo·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → OGaul. ordo·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *ɦɑordo
OIr. ord-
(m*o) ‘Gl. malleus: hammer’
(EtDiPC. 300)
(LEIA O-29)
1. PIE *ɦɑordo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦordo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦordo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ordo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ordo
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr → OIr. ord
PIE *ɦɑordo
OBret. ord-
(sb.) ‘Gl. malleus’
(EtDiPC. 300)
1. PIE *ɦɑordo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦordo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦordo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ordo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ordo
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → OBret. ord
PIE *ɦɑordēɑh
MidBret. ord-
(f.) ‘hammer’
(EtDiPC. 300)
1. PIE *ɦɑordēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑordāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ɦɑordāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦordāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦordāh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ordāh
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ordāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ordā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ordā
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *orda
6. orda
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → MidBret. ord
PIE *ɦɑordéi̯o-
RV. ardáya-
(cs.) ‘töten, vernichten’
(WbRV. 114)
(RV. árdayas [2sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑordéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦordéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦordéi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦardéi̯a-
3. ɦardéi̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ardéi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ardéi̯a-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *ardái̯a-
5. ardái̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. ardáya-
PIE *Π·ɦɑordéi̯o-
RV. ví (...) ardáya-
(cs.) ‘zerstieben machen, vernichten’
(WbRV. 114)
(RV. árdayas [2sg])
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑordéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦordéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦordéi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ɦardéi̯a-
3. Π·ɦardéi̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·ardéi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·ardéi̯a-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *Π·ardái̯a-
5. Π·ardái̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·ardáya-
PIE *ɦɑordus-
MAv. arǝduš-
(n.) ‘Verletzung, Hieb’
(AIWb. 194)
(MAv. arǝduš-)
1. PIE *ɦɑordus-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦordus-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦordus-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *ɦorduš-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. ɦorduš-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦarduš-
4. ɦarduš-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *arduš-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arduš-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
Rr›rǝ → MAv. arǝduš-
PIE *ɦɑordilo-
OGaul. ordilo-
(PN.) ‘au (petit?) marteau’
(DLG. 243-4)
1. PIE *ɦɑordilo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦordilo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦordilo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → OGaul. ordilo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *ɦɑorduto-
HLu. ḫarduta-
(MALUSadv.) ‘evilly’
(CHLu. 2.41.5.)
(HLu. (‘MALUS’)ha+ra/i-tú-tá; for the suffix, cf. HLu. hiputa-, HLu. arzuta-, Weitenberg (1984:396))
1. PIE *ɦɑorduto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦorduto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦorduto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦarduta-
3. ɦarduta-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫarduta-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑr- (a.) ‘dünn, dürr, fein, sehr klein, zart’
(IEW 28 [diff.])
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√hɑhɑr-
PIE *hɑehɑeri-
Hitt. ḫaḫari-
(a.) ‘dünn, dürr: SIG?’
(HHand. 34)
(HEG H:122, EHS 226, Hitt. ḫaḫḫari-)
1. PIE *hɑehɑeri-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑari-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑari-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahari-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahari-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaḫari-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑhɑrnu-
PIE *hɑéhɑrnu-
RV. áṇu-
(a.) ‘dünn, fein, sehr klein, zart’
(WbRV. 26)
(Fortunatov’s law II, SPIE 224ff.)
1. PIE *hɑéhɑrnu-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑáhɑrnu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáhɑrnu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *háhrnu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. háhrnu-
PIE *hRn → ṇ
Fortunatov’s Law for *hRn
RhRn›ṇ → *háṇu-
(SPIE §3.3.2)
4. háṇu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. áṇu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑehɑrnu̯iɑ́h-
RV. aṇvī-
(f.) ‘die Zarte, Feine’ (als Bezeichnung der Finger)
(WbRV. 26)
1. PIE *hɑehɑrnu̯iɑ́h-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑrnu̯iɑ́h-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑrnu̯iɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *hɑahɑrnu̯iíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. hɑahɑrnu̯iíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahrnu̯iíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hahrnu̯iíh-
PIE *hRn → ṇ
Fortunatov’s Law for *hRn
RhRn›ṇ → *haṇu̯iíh-
(SPIE §3.3.2)
5. haṇu̯iíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aṇu̯ií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. aṇu̯ií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *aṇu̯ī́-
7. aṇu̯ī́-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. aṇvī́-
PIE *hɑéhɑrntu̯o-
RV. áṇva-
(n.) ‘die feinen Zwischenräume in der Somaseihe’
(WbRV. 26)
1. PIE *hɑéhɑrntu̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑáhɑrntu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáhɑrntu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *háhrntu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. háhrntu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *háhrntu̯a-
4. háhrntu̯a-
PIE *hRn → ṇ
Fortunatov’s Law for *hRn
RhRn›ṇ → *háṇtu̯a-
(SPIE §3.3.2)
5. háṇtu̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *áṇtu̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. áṇtu̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *áṇtva-
7. áṇtva-
*ṇt → ṇṭ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rṇt›ṇṭ → RV. áṇṭva-


PIE √hɑr- (sb.) ‘Wasser, Strom usw.’ (vb.) ‘benetzen, verunreinigen, beschmutzen’ (a.) ‘feucht, nass, wogend’
(IEW 334)
(Pyysalo: Gr.; for Gr. √νεκτ- ‘Gott’, see √neki- √noki- (a.) ‘wichtig, wert, lieb (sb.) ‘Ehre, Bedeutung, Kraft, Gott’)
√hɑr-
(SPIE 375)
PIE *nékit.hɑer-
Gr. νέκτ.αρ-
(n.) ‘Göttertrank’
(GEW 2:300)
(Gr. νέκταρ, νέκταρος)
1. PIE *nékit.hɑer-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *nékit.hɑar-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. nékit.hɑar-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nékit.har-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nékit.har-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *néḱt.har-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. néḱt.har-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *néḱt.ar-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. néḱt.ar-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *nékt.ar-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. nékt.ar-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. νέκτ.αρ-
PIE *hɑero-
Hitt. ḫara-
(vb.) ‘verunreinigen’
(HEG H:169)
(HHand. 41, Hitt. ḫarra-)
1. PIE *hɑero-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hara-
4. hara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫara-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑéro-
Gr. ἄρο-
(m.) ‘τὰ λιβάδια’
(LSJ. 245)
(Gr. ἄρους · τὰ λιβάδια)
1. PIE *hɑéro-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑáro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *háro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. háro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *áro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. áro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄρο-
√hɑri-
PIE *nekit.hɑérei̯o-
Gr. νεκτ.άρεο-
(a.) ‘aus N., wie N. duftend’
(GEW 2:300)
(Gr. νεκτάρεος)
1. PIE *nekit.hɑérei̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *nekit.hɑárei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. nekit.hɑárei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nekit.hárei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nekit.hárei̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *neḱt.hárei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. neḱt.hárei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *neḱt.árei̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. neḱt.árei̯o-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *nekt.árei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. nekt.árei̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *nekt.áreo-
7. nekt.áreo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. νεκτ.άρεο-
PIE *nekit.hɑérii̯o-
Gr. νεκτ.άριο-
(n.) ‘Pflanzenname, ἑλένιον’
(GEW 2:300-1)
(Gr. νεκτάριον)
1. PIE *nekit.hɑérii̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *nekit.hɑárii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. nekit.hɑárii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nekit.hárii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nekit.hárii̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *neḱt.hárii̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. neḱt.hárii̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *neḱt.árii̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. neḱt.árii̯o-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *nekt.árii̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. nekt.árii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *nekt.ário-
7. nekt.ário-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. νεκτ.άριο-
√hɑrn-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑerno-
Hitt. ḫarna-
(vb.dn.) ‘besprengen, befeuchten’
(HEG H:305)
1. PIE *hɑerno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarno-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harna-
4. harna-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarna-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑérno-
RV. árṇa-
(m.) ‘die Woge, Flut’
(WbRV. 113)
1. PIE *hɑérno-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑárno-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑárno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hárno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hárno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hárna-
4. hárna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *árna-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. árna-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → RV. árṇa-
PIE *hɑerno-
Lat. arno-
(m.) ‘a river in Etruria, the Arno’
(OxLatD. 173)
1. PIE *hɑerno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarno-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. arno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑérnēhɑ-
Dor. ἄρνη-
(ONf.) ‘(Quellname)’
(HEG A:57)
(Arc. ἄρνη-)
1. PIE *hɑérnēhɑ-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑárnēhɑ-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑárnēhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hárnēh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hárnēh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *árnē-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. árnē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. ἄρνη-
√hɑrs-
PIE *hɑers·ogɑɦe-
Arm. aṙ·oge-
(pr.) ‘benetzen’
(Beekes 1969:21)
(Arm. aṙogel [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑers·ogɑɦe-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑars·ogɑɦe-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑars·ogɑɦe-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hars·ogɦe-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hars·ogɦe-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ars·ogɦe-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ars·ogɦe-
*rs → ṙ
Change of *rs into ṙ
Rrs›ṙ → *aṙ·ogɦe-
5. aṙ·ogɦe-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → Arm. aṙ·oge-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *hɑors·ogɑɦe-
Arm. oṙ·oge-
(pr.) ‘irrigate’
(Godel 1975:71)
(Arm. oṙogel [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑors·ogɑɦe-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hors·ogɦe-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hors·ogɦe-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ors·ogɦe-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ors·ogɦe-
*rs → ṙ
Change of *rs into ṙ
Rrs›ṙ → *oṙ·ogɦe-
4. oṙ·ogɦe-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → Arm. oṙ·oge-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
√hɑrsu-
SPIE 158)
(IEW 1003 [diff.])
PIE *hɑersu-
Arm. aṙu-
(sb.) ‘Canal, Bach, Strom’
(ArmGr. 1:420-1)
(Arm. aṙu ‹stem uncertain›)
1. PIE *hɑersu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarsu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harsu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harsu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arsu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. arsu-
*rs → ṙ
Change of *rs into ṙ
Rrs›ṙ → Arm. aṙu-
PIE *hɑersu·mno-
Hitt. ḫaršu·mna-
(n.) ‘Quellgebiet’
(HEG H:187-8)
(Hitt. ḫaršumna [plNA], Rieken 1999:311)
1. PIE *hɑersu·mno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarsu·mno-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsu·mno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harsu·mno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harsu·mno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harsu·mna-
4. harsu·mna-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haršu·mna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haršu·mna-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaršu·mna-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑrd-
PIE *hɑérdeɑh-
Gr. ἄρδα-
(f.) ‘Schmutz’
(GEW 1:134)
(Gr. ἄρδα [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑérdeɑh-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑárdeɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑárdeɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑárdaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑárdaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hárdah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hárdah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *árda-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. árda-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄρδα-
PIE *hɑerdeɑh·lóu̯o-
Gr. ἀρδα·λόο-
(vb.) ‘beschmutzen’
(GEW 1:134)
(Gr. ἀρδαλόω)
1. PIE *hɑerdeɑh·lóu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑardeɑh·lóu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑardeɑh·lóu̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑardaɑh·lóu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑardaɑh·lóu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hardah·lóu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hardah·lóu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arda·lóu̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arda·lóu̯o-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *arda·lóo-
6. arda·lóo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀρδα·λόο-
PIE *hɑērdló-
RV. ārdrá-
(a.) ‘feucht, naß, wogend’
(EWA 1:117-8)
1. PIE *hɑērdló-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑārdló-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑārdló-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hārdló-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hārdló-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *hārdró-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. hārdró-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *hārdrá-
5. hārdrá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. ārdrá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)


PIE √hɑr- √ɦɑr- (sb.) ‘Geburt, Sohn, Nachkommenschaft, Mutter(leib)’
(IEW 382)
(Weitenberg 1984)
√hɑornoi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑornoi-
Hitt. ḫarnai-
(c.) ‘‹a substance used in birth rituals›’
(HEG H:178-9)
(Hitt. ḫar-na-a-in [sgA])
1. PIE *hɑornoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hornoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hornoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harnai-
3. harnai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarnai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑornoi-
HLu. ḫarnai-
(c.) ‘‹a substance used in birth rituals›’
(CHLu. 11.1.fg16)
(HLu. INFANS-ni-i ha+ra/i-na-i-na [sgA] CUM-ni-’ *77-ḫa- ‘I *77'd the children with ḫarnai-’)
1. PIE *hɑornoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hornoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hornoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harnai-
3. harnai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫarnai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑrnu-
PIE *hɑornou-
Hitt. ḫarnau-
(c.n.) ‘Gebärgestell’
(HEG H:178-9)
(HIL. 362, HW2 H:321f.)
1. PIE *hɑornou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hornou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hornou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harnau-
3. harnau-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarnau-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑornu-
Hitt. ḫarnu-
(c.n.) ‘Gebärgestell’
(HEG H:178-9)
(HIL. 362, HW2 H:321f.)
1. PIE *hɑornu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hornu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hornu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harnu-
3. harnu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarnu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑrtu-
(HEG H:189)
(Weitenberg 1984:266; HIL. 370; HED 3:202; HW2 H:379f.)
PIE *hɑortu-
Hitt. ḫartu-
(c.) ‘Urenkel, Nachkomme’
(HHand. 45)
1. PIE *hɑortu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hortu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hortu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hartu-
3. hartu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫartu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑortu-
HLu. ḫartu-
(INFANSc.) ‘descendant’
(CHLu. 4.4.1)
(HLu. (INFANS)ha+ra/i-tu-sá)
1. PIE *hɑortu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hortu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hortu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hartu-
3. hartu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫartu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑórtù
Arm. ort'-
(sb.) ‘Kalb (des Rindes oder Hirsches)’
(ArmGr. 1:483)
1. PIE *hɑórtù
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hórtù
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hórtù
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *órtù
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. órtù
*t → tʼ
Glottalization of *t
Rt›t' → *órt'ù
4. órt'ù
ù -› 0
Loss of unaccented u
Rù›0 → *órt'
5. órt'
*ó → o
Loss/Absence of accent
Ró›o → Arm. ort'
PIE *hɑortu̯o-
CLu. ḫartu̯a-
(c.) ‘Nachkommenschaft’
(HHand. 45)
1. PIE *hɑortu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hortu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hortu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hartu̯a-
3. hartu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫartu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑortu̯o·hɑortu̯odɑɦ-
CLu. ḫartu̯a·ḫartu̯ad-
(sb.) ‘arrière-descendance’
(DLL. 43)
(CLu. ḫar-tu-u-ua-ḫar-tu-ua-ti [D = adv.])
1. PIE *hɑortu̯o·hɑortu̯odɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hortu̯o·hortu̯odɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hortu̯o·hortu̯odɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hartu̯a·hartu̯adɦ-
3. hartu̯a·hartu̯adɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hartu̯a·hartu̯ad-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hartu̯a·hartu̯ad-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫartu̯a·ḫartu̯ad-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑortou-
Lat. ortū-
(m.) ‘Aufgang, Geburt, Abstammung’
(WH. 2:222)
1. PIE *hɑortou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hortou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hortou-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ortou-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ortou-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → Lat. ortū-
√ɦɑordɑɦi-
PIE *hɑordɑɦei-
CLu. ḫardei-
(vb.) ‘‹≈ produce offspring?›’ (HHand. 44-5)
(DLL. 43)
(CLu. wanattiš kuišḫa ḫar-ti-t[i [3sg] KUB xxxv 88 Rs. iii 4)
1. PIE *hɑordɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hordɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hordɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hardɦei-
3. hardɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hardei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hardei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫardei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑohɑordɑɦei-
Hitt. ḫaḫardei-
(fc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 240)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-ḫar-ti-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑohɑordɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hohordɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hohordɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahardɦei-
3. hahardɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hahardei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hahardei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaḫardei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑordɑɦi̯ò
Arm. ordi-
(sb.) ‘son, daughter, offspring, generation’
(EtDiArm. 536)
1. PIE *ɦɑordɑɦi̯ò
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦordɦi̯ò
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦordɦi̯ò
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ordɦi̯ò
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ordɦi̯ò
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *ordi̯ò
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ordi̯ò
*o → Ø
Loss of *ò
Rò›0 → *ordi̯
5. ordi̯
*-i̯ → -i
Change of root-final i̯ into i
R=i̯›=i → Arm. ordi
√hɑru-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑorouni-
Hitt. ḫarauni-
(sb.) ‘Gebärgestell’
(HHand. 42)
1. PIE *hɑorouni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horouni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horouni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harauni-
3. harauni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarauni-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑr- (vb.) ‘bleiben, ruhen, still sein, sich verhalten’
(IEW 338-339)
√hɑrɑh-
PIE *hɑéreɑh-
Gr. ἄρα-
(pr.A.) Hes. = ‘μένειν’
(LSJ. 233)
(Gr. ἄραμεν)
1. PIE *hɑéreɑh-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑáreɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáreɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑáraɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑáraɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hárah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hárah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ára-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ára-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄρα-
PIE *hɑeréɑhmo-
Gr. ἀράμο-
(vb.) Hes. = ‘ἡσυχάζειν’
(LSJ. 233)
(Gr. ἀράμεναι)
1. PIE *hɑeréɑhmo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaréɑhmo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaréɑhmo-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *hɑaráɑhmo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑaráɑhmo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haráhmo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haráhmo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arámo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arámo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀράμο-
PIE *hɑereɑhmo
Cymr. araf-
(a.) ‘ruhig, mild, langsam’
(IEW 338-339)
(Güntert 1916:117)
1. PIE *hɑereɑhmo
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑareɑhmo
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑareɑhmo
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑaraɑhmo
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑaraɑhmo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harahmo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. harahmo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aramo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aramo
VmV -› VfV
 Lenition of m into f
Rm›f → *arafo
6. arafo
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → Cymr. araf
√hɑrimo-
PIE *hɑerimo-
LAv. airima-
(adv.) ‘still, ruhig’
(IEW 338)
(Av. airime [sgL])
1. PIE *hɑerimo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarimo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarimo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harimo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harima-
4. harima-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arima-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arima-
*ari → airi
Anaptyxis of *i
RarI›airI → LAv. airima-
PIE *hɑerìmo
OIr. airm-
(f.) ‘place’
(DIL. 29)
(OIr. airm [sgN], armand [plN])
1. PIE *hɑerìmo
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarìmo
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarìmo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harìmo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harìmo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arìmo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. arìmo
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr → OIr. arìm
√hɑermoi-
PIE *hɑermoi·Σ
LAv. armae·šād-
(a.) ‘still, ruhig sitzend, sich verhaltend’
(AIWb. 197)
1. PIE *hɑermoi·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarmoi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarmoi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harmoi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harmoi·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harmai·Σ
4. harmai·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *armai·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. armai·Σ
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
Rr›rǝ → *arǝmai·Σ
6. arǝmai·Σ
*ai → ae
Opening of *ai into ae
Rai›ae → LAv. arǝmae·Σ
PIE *hɑermoi·Σ
LAv. armae·štā-
(a.) ‘still stehend, stagnierend’
(AIWb. 197)
1. PIE *hɑermoi·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarmoi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarmoi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harmoi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harmoi·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harmai·Σ
4. harmai·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *armai·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. armai·Σ
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
Rr›rǝ → *arǝmai·Σ
6. arǝmai·Σ
*ai → ae
Opening of *ai into ae
Rai›ae → LAv. arǝmae·Σ
√hɑrostēɑh-
PIE *hɑrostēɑh
Goth. rasta-
(f.) ‘Meile’
(IEW 339)
1. PIE *hɑrostēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑrostāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑrostāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hrostāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hrostāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *rostā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. rostā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *rastā
5. rastā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *rastō
(XX:XX)
6. rastō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → Goth. rasta
PIE *hɑrostēɑh
OHG. rasta-
(f.) ‘Ruhe, Rast, Wegstrecke, Zeitraum’
(IEW 339)
1. PIE *hɑrostēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑrostāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑrostāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hrostāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hrostāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *rostā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. rostā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *rastā
5. rastā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *rastō
(XX:XX)
6. rastō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → OHG. rasta
√hɑru-
PIE *hɑrōu̯ēɑh
OHG. ruowa-
(f.) ‘Ruhe’
(IEW 338-339)
(OHG. ruowa)
1. PIE *hɑrōu̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑrōu̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑrōu̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hrōu̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hrōu̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *rōu̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. rōu̯ā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *rōu̯ō
(XX:XX)
5. rōu̯ō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *rōu̯a
6. rōu̯a
*ō → uo
Change of ō into uo
Rō›uoOHG → *ruou̯a
7. ruou̯a
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. ruowa
PIE *e·hɑrōu̯ḗɑh-
Att. ἐ·ρωή-
(f.) ‘Ruhe’
(IEW 338-339)
(Gr. ἐρωή)
1. PIE *e·hɑrōu̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *e·hɑrōu̯ā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. e·hɑrōu̯ā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *e·hrōu̯ā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. e·hrōu̯ā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *e·rōu̯ā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. e·rōu̯ā́-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *e·rōā́-
5. e·rōā́-
*ā́ → ḗ
Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ
Rā́›ḗ → *e·rōḗ-
6. e·rōḗ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Att. ἐ·ρωή-
PIE *hɑrēu̯ēɑh
OHG. rāwa-
(f.) ‘Ruhe’
(IEW 338-339)
(OHG. râwa)
1. PIE *hɑrēu̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑrēu̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑrēu̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hrēu̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hrēu̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *rēu̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. rēu̯ā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *rēu̯ō
(XX:XX)
5. rēu̯ō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *rēu̯a
6. rēu̯a
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *rāu̯a
7. rāu̯a
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. rāwa


PIE √hɑr- √ɦɑr (sb.) ‘Adler, Vogel’
(IEW 325-6, 854-5)
(Mudge 1931:252f., SPIE 255)
√ɦɑr-
(HEG H:170f.)
(HW2 H:265f.)
PIE *hɑoro-
Hitt. ḫara-
(c.) ‘Adler’
(HHand. 41)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-ra-aš [sgN], ḫa-ra-aš, ḫa-ra-an)
1. PIE *hɑoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hara-
3. hara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫara-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑoro-
Pal. ḫara-
(c.) ‘Adler’
(HIL. 352)
(Pal. ḫa-ra-a-aš(-ku-ua-ar-zi) [sgN], DPal. 50, 54, 74)
1. PIE *hɑoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hara-
3. hara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. ḫara-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑóro-
Lith. ãra-
(m.) ‘Adler’
(LiEtWb. 122)
(Lith. ãras [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑóro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hóro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hóro-
ó → ò
Emergence of gravis PLith. ò
RLiAcc5 → *hòro-
3. hòro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *òro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. òro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *òra-
5. òra-
PIE *ò → à
Change of *ò into à
Rò›à → *àra-
6. àra-
àra -› ãra
Circumflex intonation à -› ã
Ràra›ãra → Lith. ãra-
√ɦɑri-
PIE *hɑoroi-
Hitt. ḫarai-
(c.) ‘Adler’
(HIL. 352)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-ra-e-eš [KUB 50.1. ii 12])
1. PIE *hɑoroi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harai-
3. harai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑrgii-
(IEW 854-5)
(SPIE 255)
PIE *hɑrgi̯i·pi̯o-
LAv. ǝrǝzi·fya-
(m.) ‘Adler’ (m.) ‘Name eines Bergs oder Gebirgs’
(AIWb. 354)
1. PIE *hɑrgi̯i·pi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hrgi̯i·pi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hrgi̯i·pi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *hrj́i·pi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hrj́i·pi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hrj́i·pi̯a-
4. hrj́i·pi̯a-
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → *hr̥j́i·pi̯a-
5. hr̥j́i·pi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *r̥j́i·pi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. r̥j́i·pi̯a-
*r̥ → ǝr
Change of *r̥ into ǝr
Rr̥›ǝr → *ǝrj́i·pi̯a-
7. ǝrj́i·pi̯a-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
Rr›rǝ → *ǝrǝj́i·pi̯a-
8. ǝrǝj́i·pi̯a-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *ǝrǝzi·pi̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
9. ǝrǝzi·pi̯a-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
RpR›fR → *ǝrǝzi·fi̯a-
10. ǝrǝzi·fi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. ǝrǝzi·fya-
PIE *hɑrgi̯i·pi̯o.perno-
LAv. ǝrǝzi·fyō.parǝna-
(a.) ‘mit Adlerfedern besetzt’
(AIWb. 354)
1. PIE *hɑrgi̯i·pi̯o.perno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hrgi̯i·pi̯o.perno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hrgi̯i·pi̯o.perno-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *hrj́i·pi̯o.perno-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hrj́i·pi̯o.perno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hrj́i·pi̯a.perna-
4. hrj́i·pi̯a.perna-
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → *hr̥j́i·pi̯a.perna-
5. hr̥j́i·pi̯a.perna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *r̥j́i·pi̯a.perna-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. r̥j́i·pi̯a.perna-
*r̥ → ǝr
Change of *r̥ into ǝr
Rr̥›ǝr → *ǝrj́i·pi̯a.perna-
7. ǝrj́i·pi̯a.perna-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
Rr›rǝ → *ǝrǝj́i·pi̯a.perǝna-
8. ǝrǝj́i·pi̯a.perǝna-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *ǝrǝzi·pi̯a.perǝna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
9. ǝrǝzi·pi̯a.perǝna-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ǝrǝzi·pi̯a.parǝna-
10. ǝrǝzi·pi̯a.parǝna-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
RpR›fR → *ǝrǝzi·fi̯a.parǝna-
11. ǝrǝzi·fi̯a.parǝna-
a. → ō.
Change of a. into ō. in morpheme border
Ra›ō → *ǝrǝzi·fi̯ō.parǝna-
12. ǝrǝzi·fi̯ō.parǝna-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. ǝrǝzi·fyō.parǝna-
PIE *hɑrgi̯i·pi̯ó-
RV. r̥ji·pyá-
(a.) ‘going straight upwards (epith. of śyená-)’
(MonWil. 225)
1. PIE *hɑrgi̯i·pi̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hrgi̯i·pi̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hrgi̯i·pi̯ó-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *hrj́i·pi̯ó-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hrj́i·pi̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *hrj́i·pi̯á-
4. hrj́i·pi̯á-
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → *hr̥j́i·pi̯á-
5. hr̥j́i·pi̯á-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *r̥j́i·pi̯á-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. r̥j́i·pi̯á-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → *r̥ji·pi̯á-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. r̥ji·pi̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. r̥ji·pyá-
PIE *hɑérgi̯i·pì-
Arm. arci·v-
(sb.) ‘Adler’
(ArmGr. 1:424)
1. PIE *hɑérgi̯i·pì-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑárgi̯i·pì-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑárgi̯i·pì-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hárgi̯i·pì-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hárgi̯i·pì-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *hárj́i·pì-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. hárj́i·pì-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *árj́i·pì-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. árj́i·pì-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → *árji·pì-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. árji·pì-
*j → c
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›c → *árci·pì-
7. árci·pì-
ipì -> ivì
Affricativization of p between i _ i
Ripì›ivì → *árci·vì-
8. árci·vì-
*i → Ø
Loss of unaccented *i
Rì›0 → *árci·v-
9. árci·v-
*á → a
Loss/absence of accent
Rá›a → Arm. arci·v-
PIE *hɑergi̯ió·poud-
Maced. ἀργιό·πουδ-
(m.) ‘ἀετός’
(LSJ. 235)
(Maced. ἀργιόπους)
1. PIE *hɑergi̯ió·poud-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑargi̯ió·poud-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑargi̯ió·poud-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hargi̯ió·poud-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hargi̯ió·poud-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *harǵió·poud-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. harǵió·poud-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arǵió·poud-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arǵió·poud-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *argió·poud-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. argió·poud-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Maced. ἀργιό·πουδ-
√ɦɑrn-
(IEW 325-6)
(Mudge 1931, HIL. 352f., Kimball 1999:385)
PIE *hɑoron-
Hitt. ḫaran-
(c.obl.) ‘Adler’
(HEG H:170f.)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-ra-na-an [sgA], ḫa-ra-na-aš [sgG], ḫa-ra-a-ni)
1. PIE *hɑoron-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haran-
3. haran-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaran-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑoron-
Pal. ḫaran-
(c.) ‘Adler’ (DPal. 50, 74)
(DPal. 54)
(Pal. [ḫa]-a-ra-na-aš [G])
1. PIE *hɑoron-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haran-
3. haran-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. ḫaran-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑoron-
Goth. aran-
(m.) ‘Aar, Adler’
(GoEtD. A191)
(Goth. arans [plN])
1. PIE *hɑoron-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horon-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oron-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. oron-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. aran-
PIE *hɑorno
OHG. arn
(m.) ‘Adler’
(ASaxD. 234)
(OHG. arn [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑorno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horno
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *orno
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. orno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arna
4. arna
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OHG. arn
PIE *hɑorno
OEng. earn
(m.) ‘aquila: eagle’
(ASaxD. 234)
(OEng. earn, earnes)
1. PIE *hɑorno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horno
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *orno
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. orno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arna
4. arna
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *arn
5. arn
*a → ea
Change of *a into ea
Ra=›ea= → OEng. earn
√ɦɑrni-
PIE *hɑoroni-
Hitt. ḫarani-
(c.) ‘Adler’
(HIL. 352)
(Hitt. ḫa-ra-ni-ia-aš [KUB 41.32 obv 12])
1. PIE *hɑoroni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harani-
3. harani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarani-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑoroni-
CLu. ḫarani-
(c.) ‘a bird’
(HIL. 352)
(CLu. ḫar-ra-ni-en-za)
1. PIE *hɑoroni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harani-
3. harani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫarani-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑoroni-
Hitt. ḫarani-
(c.) ‘(ein Orakelvogel)’
(EHS 222)
(HHand. 41, Hitt. ḫar-ra-ni-iš, ḫar-ra-ni-in, [ḫar-r]a-ni-uš!)
1. PIE *hɑoroni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harani-
3. harani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarani-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑoronili-
Hitt. ḫaranili
(adv.) ‘nach Art eines Adlers, nach Adlerart’
(HHand. 41)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-ra-ni-li)
1. PIE *hɑoronili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horonili-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horonili-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haranili-
3. haranili-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaranili-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑórnei̯o-
Gr. ὄρνεο-
(n.) ‘Vogel’
(GEW 2:421-2)
(Gr. ὄρνεον)
1. PIE *hɑórnei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hórnei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hórnei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *órnei̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. órnei̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *órneo-
4. órneo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄρνεο-
√ɦɑru-
PIE *hɑoru·n-
OHG. aro·n-
(m.) ‘Adler’
(ASaxD. 234)
(OHG. aro [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑoru·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horu·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horu·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oru·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. oru·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aru·n-
4. aru·n-
R=un-›=on- → OHG. aro·n-
PIE *hɑoruno
OIcl. ǫrn-
(m.) ‘Adler’
(ANEtWb. 688)
1. PIE *hɑoruno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horuno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horuno
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oruno
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. oruno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aruna
4. aruna
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *arun
5. arun
*a — u → ǫ — Ø
Umlaut for a — u
Raru›ǫr → OIcl. ǫrn


PIE √hɑr- (vb.) ‘gewichtig sprechen, preisen, rufen’ (a.) ‘berühmt, edel’
(IEW 781, LIV2:271)
(Pyysalo: HLu.)
√hɑri-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑeri-
HLu. ḫari-
(LOQUIvb.) ‘speak’
(CHLu. 11.1a.1)
((“LOQUI”)ha-ri-i-ti-i; no rhotacism. see SPIE 250-1)
1. PIE *hɑeri-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑari-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑari-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hari-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hari-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫari-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeri
Hitt. ḫari
(intj.) ‘ein Zuruf im Ritual’
(HHand. 42)
(uncertain)
1. PIE *hɑeri
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑari
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑari
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hari
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hari
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫari
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑḗhɑri-
OInd. āri-
(pret.) ‘preisen, rühmen, anerkennen’ (EWA 1:172)
(KEWA 1:78-9)
(in OInd. āritá- [pt.])
1. PIE *hɑḗhɑri-
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *hɑā́hɑri-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā́hɑri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā́hri-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā́hri-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OInd. ā́ri-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑrio-
PIE *hɑeri̯o-
LAv. airya-
(a.) ‘arisch ‹i.e. ‘noble’›’
(AIWb. 198)
(LAv. airyō)
1. PIE *hɑeri̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑari̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑari̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hari̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hari̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hari̯a-
4. hari̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ari̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ari̯a-
*ari → airi
Anaptyxis of *i
RarI›airI → *airi̯a-
6. airi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. airya-
PIE *hɑeri̯o-
OPers. arya-
(sb.) ‘Aryan language’
(OldP. 170)
(OPers. ariyā [sgI]; for the semantics cf. OCS. slav-)
1. PIE *hɑeri̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑari̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑari̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hari̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hari̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hari̯a-
4. hari̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ari̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ari̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OPers. arya-
PIE *hɑeri̯o·ku̯itro-
OPers. arya·ciça-
(m.) ‘of aryan seed (i.e. lineage)’
(OldP. 170)
(OPers. ariyaciça-)
1. PIE *hɑeri̯o·ku̯itro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑari̯o·ku̯itro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑari̯o·ku̯itro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hari̯o·ku̯itro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hari̯o·ku̯itro-
PIE *ku̯ → ču̯
2nd palatalization of *ku̯
Rku̯›ču̯ → *hari̯o·ču̯itro-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. hari̯o·ču̯itro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hari̯a·ču̯itra-
5. hari̯a·ču̯itra-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ari̯a·ču̯itra-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ari̯a·ču̯itra-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ari̯a·čitra-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. ari̯a·čitra-
*č → c
From 2nd palatalization *č to c
Rč›c → *ari̯a·citra-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. ari̯a·citra-
tr → ç
 Change of tr into ç
Rtr›ç → *ari̯a·ciça-
9. ari̯a·ciça-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OPers. arya·ciça-
PIE *hɑen·hɑeri̯o-
LAv. an·airya-
(a.) ‘unarisch’
(AIWb. 120)
(LAv. anairya-)
1. PIE *hɑen·hɑeri̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑan·hɑari̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan·hɑari̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *han·hari̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. han·hari̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *han·hari̯a-
4. han·hari̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *an·ari̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. an·ari̯a-
*ari → airi
Anaptyxis of *i
RarI›airI → *an·airi̯a-
6. an·airi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. an·airya-
PIE *hɑḗhɑri̯o-
RV. ā́rya-
(m.) ‘Benenn. der indischen & iranischen Stämme’
(WbRV. 185)
1. PIE *hɑḗhɑri̯o-
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *hɑā́hɑri̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā́hɑri̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā́hri̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā́hri̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hā́hri̯a-
4. hā́hri̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ā́ri̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ā́ri̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. ā́rya-
PIE *hɑḗhɑri̯o-
RV. ā́rya-
(a.) ‘den Arien betreffend = TochA. klyom- ‘edel’’
(WbRV. 186)
(OInd. ārya- = TochA. klyom- ‘edel’)
1. PIE *hɑḗhɑri̯o-
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *hɑā́hɑri̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā́hɑri̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā́hri̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā́hri̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hā́hri̯a-
4. hā́hri̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ā́ri̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ā́ri̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. ā́rya-
PIE *hɑēhɑri̯o·Σ
Pahl. ārya·stān-
(ON.) ‘the country, kingdom of Aryans’
(MPahl. 2:30)
1. PIE *hɑēhɑri̯o·Σ
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāhɑri̯o·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāhɑri̯o·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāhri̯o·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāhri̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hāhri̯a·Σ
4. hāhri̯a·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āri̯a·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. āri̯a·Σ
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → Pahl. ārya·Σ
PIE *hɑḗhɑri̯o-
OInd. ā́rya-
(pr.A.) ‘preisen, rühmen, anerkennen’ (EWA 1:172)
(KEWA 1:78-9)
(OInd. ā́ryati [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑḗhɑri̯o-
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *hɑā́hɑri̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā́hɑri̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā́hri̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā́hri̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hā́hri̯a-
4. hā́hri̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ā́ri̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ā́ri̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. ā́rya-
PIE *Π·hɑēhɑri̯o-
Hitt. para ḫāḫri̯a·-
(vb.) ‘verspotten’
(HHand. 34)
(Hitt. para ḫaḫria-; uncertain)
1. PIE *Π·hɑēhɑri̯o-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·hɑāhɑri̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑāhɑri̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hāhri̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hāhri̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hāhri̯a-
4. Π·hāhri̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·ḫāḫri̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeri̯o·no-
LAv. airyana-
(a.) ‘arisch’
(AIWb. 198)
(suffix uncertain)
1. PIE *hɑeri̯o·no-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑari̯o·no-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑari̯o·no-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hari̯o·no-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hari̯o·no-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hari̯a·na-
4. hari̯a·na-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ari̯a·na-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ari̯a·na-
*ari → airi
Anaptyxis of *i
RarI›airI → *airi̯a·na-
6. airi̯a·na-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. airya·na-
PIE *hɑeri̯ohɑu̯o-
LAv. airyāva-
(PN.) ‘EN eines Gläubigen ‹‘für/über die A. sorgend/wachend?’›
(AIWb. 199)
1. PIE *hɑeri̯ohɑu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑari̯ohɑu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑari̯ohɑu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hari̯ohu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hari̯ohu̯o-
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *hari̯āhu̯o-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
4. hari̯āhu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hari̯āhu̯a-
5. hari̯āhu̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ari̯āu̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ari̯āu̯a-
*ari → airi
Anaptyxis of *i
RarI›airI → *airi̯āu̯a-
7. airi̯āu̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *airyāu̯a-
8. airyāu̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. airyāva-
√hɑriɑh-
PIE *hɑḗhɑriɑHo-
RV. ā́ria-
(m.) ‘Benenn. der indischen & iranischen Stämme’
(WbRV. 185)
1. PIE *hɑḗhɑriɑHo-
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *hɑā́hɑriɑHo-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā́hɑriɑHo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā́hriHo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā́hriHo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hā́hriHa-
4. hā́hriHa-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *hā́hri.a-
5. hā́hri.a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. ā́ri.a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑeriɑ́h
Serb. ori-
(vb.refl.) ‘widerhallen’
(IEW 781)
(Serb. oriti se)
1. PIE *hɑeriɑ́h
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑariɑ́h
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑariɑ́h
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *hɑariíh
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. hɑariíh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hariíh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hariíh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arií
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arií
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *arī́
6. arī́
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *orī́
7. orī́
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → Serb. orí
√hɑrn-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑérneɑh-
Gr. ἄρνα-
(f.) ‘τὸν ὅρκον’
(LSJ. 244)
(Hes. ἄρναν· τὸν ὅρκον)
1. PIE *hɑérneɑh-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑárneɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑárneɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑárnaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑárnaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hárnah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hárnah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *árna-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. árna-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄρνα-
PIE *hɑerneɑhnt-
Lat. arnant-
(vb.1.pt.) ‘fremens, murmurans’
(WH. 1:69)
(Lat. arnantī ‘frementi, murmuranti’)
1. PIE *hɑerneɑhnt-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarneɑhnt-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarneɑhnt-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑarnaɑhnt-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑarnaɑhnt-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harnahnt-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. harnahnt-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. arnant-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑer·nu̯o-
HLu. ḫar·nu̯a-
(LOQUIcs.) ‘cause to say’
(CHLu. 2.22.21)
(HLu. (LOQUI)ha+ra/i-nu-wa/i-i)
1. PIE *hɑer·nu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑar·nu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑar·nu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *har·nu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. har·nu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *har·nu̯a-
4. har·nu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫar·nu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑr- (sb.) ‘Mann, Penis’
(IEW 336-7)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√hɑr-
PIE *hɑer-
Arm. ar-
(sb.obl.) ‘Mann’
(ArmGr. 1:417)
(Arm. ark‘ [pl], ars [A])
1. PIE *hɑer-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑar-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑar-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *har-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. har-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Arm. ar-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑrniu-
PIE *hɑerni̯u-
Hitt. ḫarni̯u-
(UZUc.) ‘Penis? (ein Körperteil)’
(HEG H:179)
(EHS 252, HHand. 43; if not to be read ḫurni̯u-)
1. PIE *hɑerni̯u-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarni̯u-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarni̯u-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harni̯u-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harni̯u-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarni̯u-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑrs-
PIE *hɑérsēn
Ion.-Att. ἄρσην-
(a.) ‘männlich’
(GEW 1:152-3)
(Ep. ἄρσην)
1. PIE *hɑérsēn
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑársēn
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑársēn
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hársēn
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hársēn
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ársēn
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ársēn
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. ἄρσην
PIE *hɑersen-
LAv. aršan-
(m.) ‘Mann, Männchen (geschlechtlich), Held’
(AIWb. 203-4)
1. PIE *hɑersen-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarsen-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harsen-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harsen-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiIr → *haršen-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. haršen-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aršen-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aršen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. aršan-
PIE *hɑersen-
LAv. aršan-
(PNm.) ‘(EN. eines iranischen Fürsten)’
(AIWb. 204)
1. PIE *hɑersen-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarsen-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harsen-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harsen-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiIr → *haršen-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. haršen-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aršen-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aršen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. aršan-
PIE *hɑersèn-
Arm. aṙn-
(sb.obl.) ‘Mann’
(ArmGr. 1:417)
(Arm. aṙn [G])
1. PIE *hɑersèn-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarsèn-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsèn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harsèn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harsèn-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arsèn-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. arsèn-
*rs → ṙ
Change of *rs into ṙ
Rrs›ṙ → Arm. aṙèn-
√hɑrtio-
PIE *hɑerdɑɦi̯
OIcl. erð-
(n.) ‘männliches Glied’
(ANEtWb. 103)
(OIcl. erðr)
1. PIE *hɑerdɑɦi̯
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑardɑɦi̯
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑardɑɦi̯
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hardɦi̯
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hardɦi̯
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ardɦi̯
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ardɦi̯
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *ardi̯
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. ardi̯
*a – i → e – Ø
Umlaut for *a – i
Rardi̯›erd → *erd
6. erd
*d -› ð
Change of d into ð
Rd›ð → OIcl. erð
√hɑru-
PIE *hɑeru-
Arm. aru-
(a.) ‘männlich’
(ArmGr. 1:418)
1. PIE *hɑeru-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Arm. aru-
(SPIE §2.1.4)


PIE √hɑr- (vb.) ‘lieben’ (sb.) ‘Liebe’
(IEW 57 [diff.])
(Adams: Gr. + TochAB.; Pyysalo: HLu.)
√hɑr-
PIE *hɑērt-
TochA. ārt-
(vb.M.) ‘amare’
(Poucha 10)
(TochA. ārtimār [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑērt-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑārt-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑārt-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hārt-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hārt-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochA. ārt-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑērto-
TochB. ārta-
(pr.M.) ‘praise, love, be agreeable to, acknowledge’
(DTochB. 51)
(TochB. ārt[o]yträ = Skt. bhujet)
1. PIE *hɑērto-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑārto-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑārto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hārto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hārto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hārta-
4. hārta-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochB. ārta-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑrtu-
(Adams DTochB. 52)
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑērtú-
Gr. ἀρτύ-
(sb.) ‘φιλία’
(DTochB. 52)
(Hes. ἀρτύς)
1. PIE *hɑērtú-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑārtú-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑārtú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hārtú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hārtú-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ārtú-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ārtú-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *artú-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
5. artú-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀρτύ-
PIE *hɑērtú-
TochA. ārtu-
(pret.pt.) ‘amatus’
(Poucha 10)
(TochA. ārtus, ārtunt)
1. PIE *hɑērtú-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑārtú-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑārtú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hārtú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hārtú-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ārtú-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ārtú-
*ú → u
Orthographic change of *ú into u
Rú›u → TochA. ārtu-
PIE *hɑertu̯i-
HLu. ḫartu̯i-
(187a.) ‘beloved, dear’
(CHLu. 11.1.c7)
(if in HLu. "*187"-tu-wa/i-i-sá [sgN], cf. LuwCorp.)
1. PIE *hɑertu̯i-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑartu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑartu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hartu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hartu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫartu̯i-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑr- (vb.) ‘nehmen, holen, halten, haben’ (sb.) ‘Hand’
(IEW 65-66)
(Sturtevant 1930b:215; Pyysalo: RV.)
√hɑr-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑer-
Hitt. ḫar-
(pr.1.) ‘hold, have, keep’
(HIL. 355)
(Hitt. ḫar-mi, ḫar-ši, ḫar-ua-ni-, ḫar-ú-e-ni, ḫar-te-ni)
1. PIE *hɑer-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑar-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑar-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *har-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. har-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·hɑṓro-
RV. abhy·ā́ra-
(adv.bs.) ‘zur Hand, bereit’
(WbRV. 88)
(RV. abhyā́raṃ; or *hɑḗro-?)
1. PIE *Π·hɑṓro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hṓro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hṓro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hṓra-
3. Π·hṓra-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *Π·hā́ra-
4. Π·hā́ra-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. Π·ā́ra-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑeri-
PIE *ep.hɑéri-
Gr. ἐπ.άρι-
(pret.) ‘choose’
(GEW 1:532)
(in Gr. ἐπάριτοι [plN] ‘the chosen ones’)
1. PIE *ep.hɑéri-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *ep.hɑári-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ep.hɑári-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ep.hári-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ep.hári-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ep.ári-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ep.ári-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐπ.άρι-
√hɑrki-
(Sturtevant 1930b:215)
PIE *hɑerki-
Hitt. ḫark-
(vb.) ‘halten, haben: hold, have’
(HIL. 355)
(Hitt. ḫar-ak [ipv2sg], ḫar-kir, ḫar-ku-un [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑerki-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarki-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarki-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harki-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *harḱ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. harḱ-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *hark-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hark-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫark-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑerki-
Lat. arc-
(f.) ‘feste Höhe, Burg’
(WH. 1:62-63)
(Lat. arx, arcis)
1. PIE *hɑerki-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarki-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarki-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harki-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *harḱ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. harḱ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arḱ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arḱ-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ark-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. ark-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. arc-
√hɑrkie/o-
PIE *hɑerki̯o-
HLu. ḫarza-
(69vb.) ‘in Besitz nehmen?: get into one's possession?’
(CHLu. 11.2.6)
(HLu. (“*69”)ha+ra/i-za [ipv2sg] 11.2.6, 11.6.39, 11.6.46)
1. PIE *hɑerki̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarki̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarki̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harki̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harki̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *harćo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. harćo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harća-
5. harća-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *harsa-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
6. harsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *harša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. harša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫarša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑerki̯o-
CLu. ḫarza-
(vb.) ‘‹cf. above?›’
(DLL. 43)
(CLu. ḫar-za-ta-an [2pl?], KBo VII 68+ Rs. iii 8, 14, 18)
1. PIE *hɑerki̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarki̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarki̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harki̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harki̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *harćo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. harćo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harća-
5. harća-
*ć → z
From Satem *ć to z
Rć›z → *harza-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
6. harza-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫarza-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑerki̯ó-
Maced. ἀρκό-
(m./n.?) ‘σχολήν (Hes.)’
(LSJ. 242)
(Maced. ἀρκόν)
1. PIE *hɑerki̯ó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarki̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarki̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harki̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harki̯ó-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *harḱó-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. harḱó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arḱó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arḱó-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *arkó-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. arkó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Maced. ἀρκό-
PIE *hɑerki̯ei̯o-
Lat. arceo-
(pr.2.) ‘shut off, enclose, hold off’
(WH. 1:62-63)
(Lat. arceō)
1. PIE *hɑerki̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarki̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarki̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harki̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harki̯ei̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *harḱei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. harḱei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arḱei̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arḱei̯o-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *arkei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. arkei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
Rei̯o›eo → *arkeo-
7. arkeo-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. arceo-


PIE √hɑr- (sb.) ‘Kopf, Person, Spitze, Haufen, Berg, Hirsch’ (vb.) ‘anhäufen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Gr. + Anat.)
√hɑereɑh-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑereɑh·su̯o-
Hitt. ḫaraḫ·šu̯a-
(URU.) ‘(in der Umgebung von Zalpa)’
(OGH. 83)
(Hitt. ḫa-ra-aḫ-šu(-ua) [Dir], OGHErg. 28 ‹·šua- ‘voll’?›)
1. PIE *hɑereɑh·su̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑareɑh·su̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑareɑh·su̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑaraɑh·su̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑaraɑh·su̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harah·su̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. harah·su̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harah·su̯a-
5. harah·su̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *harah·šu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. harah·šu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaraḫ·šu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑéreɑh·ni-
Gr. ἄρανι-
(c.) ‘Hirsch’
(LSJ. 233)
(in Hes. ‹ἄ›ρανις· ἔλαφος)
1. PIE *hɑéreɑh·ni-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑáreɑh·ni-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáreɑh·ni-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑáraɑh·ni-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑáraɑh·ni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hárah·ni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hárah·ni-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ára·ni-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ára·ni-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄρα·νι-
√hɑerɑh-
PIE *hɑerɑho·su̯onto-
Hitt. ḫarḫa·šu̯anta-
(URU.) ‘(Grenzstadt vom ›Ḫulaja-Flußland)’
(OGHErg. 29)
(Hitt. ḪAR-ḫa-šu-ua-an-ta-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑerɑho·su̯onto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarɑho·su̯onto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarɑho·su̯onto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harho·su̯onto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harho·su̯onto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harha·su̯anta-
4. harha·su̯anta-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *harha·šu̯anta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. harha·šu̯anta-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarḫa·šu̯anta-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑerɑho·si-
HLu. ḫarḫa·ši-
(CAPUTa.gen.) ‘of the head’
(CHLu. 10.11.16)
(HLu. (CAPUT)ha+ra/i‹-ma-›ha-si-ha-wa/i-tu-u)
1. PIE *hɑerɑho·si-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarɑho·si-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarɑho·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harho·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harho·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harha·si-
4. harha·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *harha·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. harha·ši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫarḫa·ši-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑerɑh·i̯o-
Kpd. ḫarḫ·i̯a-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 303)
(Kpd. ḫa-ar-ḫi-a)
1. PIE *hɑerɑh·i̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarɑh·i̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarɑh·i̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harh·i̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harh·i̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harh·i̯a-
4. harh·i̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. ḫarḫ·i̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑerɑh·oii̯o-
Hitt. ḫarḫ·ai̯a-
(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘(›Lalawainta)’
(OGH. 86)
(Hitt. ḪAR-ḫa-ia [Stf.])
1. PIE *hɑerɑh·oii̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarɑh·oii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarɑh·oii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harh·oii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harh·oii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harh·aii̯a-
4. harh·aii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *harh·aia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. harh·aia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *harh·ai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
6. harh·ai̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarḫ·ai̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑermeɑho-
PIE *hɑermeɑho-
CLu. ḫarmaḫa-
(c.) ‘Kopf, Haupt, Schädel: tête’
(DLL. 42)
(CLu. ḫar-ma-ḫa(-a)-ti [sgI])
1. PIE *hɑermeɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarmeɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarmeɑho-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑarmaɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑarmaɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harmaho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. harmaho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harmaha-
5. harmaha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫarmaḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑermeɑho·so-
CLu. ḫarmaḫa·ša-
(a.gen.*) ‘de la tête’
(DLL. 42)
(CLu. [SAG.D]U-aš-ša-an-za)
1. PIE *hɑermeɑho·so-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarmeɑho·so-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarmeɑho·so-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑarmaɑho·so-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑarmaɑho·so-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harmaho·so-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. harmaho·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harmaha·sa-
5. harmaha·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *harmaha·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. harmaha·ša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫarmaḫa·ša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑermeɑho·si-
CLu. ḫarmaḫa·ši-
(a.gen.) ‘de la tête’
(DLL. 42)
(CLu. ḫar-ma-ḫa-aš-ši-iš)
1. PIE *hɑermeɑho·si-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarmeɑho·si-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarmeɑho·si-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑarmaɑho·si-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑarmaɑho·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harmaho·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. harmaho·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harmaha·si-
5. harmaha·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *harmaha·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. harmaha·ši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫarmaḫa·ši-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑermeɑi-
PIE *hɑermeɑhi-
CLu. ḫarmaḫi-
(c.) ‘Kopf, Haupt, Schädel: tête’
(DLL. 42)
(CLu. ḫar-ma-ḫi-in, SAG.DU-in)
1. PIE *hɑermeɑhi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarmeɑhi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarmeɑhi-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑarmaɑhi-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑarmaɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harmahi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. harmahi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫarmaḫi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑermeɑhi-
HLu. ḫarmaḫi-
(CAPUTc.) ‘head’
(CHLu. 2.27.18)
(HLu. (‘CAPUT’)ha+ra/i-ma-hi)
1. PIE *hɑermeɑhi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarmeɑhi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarmeɑhi-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑarmaɑhi-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑarmaɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harmahi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. harmahi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫarmaḫi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑerP-
PIE *hɑerpoi-
Hitt. ḫarpai-
(vb.) ‘aufhäufen’
(HHand. 43)
(Hitt. ḫar-pa-an-zi, ḫar-ap-pa-an-zi)
1. PIE *hɑerpoi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarpoi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarpoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harpoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harpoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpai-
4. harpai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarpai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑerpo-
CLu. ḫarpa-
(c./n.) ‘Haufen, aufgeschütteter Hügel: tas’
(DLL. 42)
(CLu. ḫar-pí [sgDL] ŠA MUN)
1. PIE *hɑerpo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarpo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarpo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harpo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpa-
4. harpa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫarpa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑerpo-
Hitt. ḫarpa-
(GIŠc./n.) ‘Holzhaufen, Altar: pile, heap, mound’
(HHand. 43)
(Hitt. ḫar-pa-aš, ḫar-pa-an, ḫar-pa)
1. PIE *hɑerpo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarpo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarpo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harpo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpa-
4. harpa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarpa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑerpoli-
Hitt. ḫarpali-
(n.) ‘Haufen, Hügel’
(HHand. 43)
(Hitt. ḫar-pa-li [DL], ḫar-pa-li [NA], ḫar-pa-al-li-ia-aš)
1. PIE *hɑerpoli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarpoli-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarpoli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harpoli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harpoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpali-
4. harpali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarpali-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑerponto-
Hitt. ḫarpanta-
(URU.) ‘(›Zartajawaša)’ (OGHErg. 31)
(OGH. 89)
(Hitt. ḫa-ar-pa-an-da-aš ḫar-pa-an-ta-aš)
1. PIE *hɑerponto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarponto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarponto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harponto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harponto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpanta-
4. harpanta-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarpanta-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑerpo·Σ
Kpd. ḫarpa·diu̯a-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 308)
(Kpd. ḫa-a[r]-pá-tí-ua)
1. PIE *hɑerpo·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarpo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarpo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harpo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harpo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpa·Σ
4. harpa·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. ḫarpa·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑerpoi-
PIE *hɑerpoi-
Hitt. ḫarpai-
(vb.) ‘aufhäufen’
(HHand. 43)
(Hitt. ḫar-pa-a-mi, ḫar-pa-a-iz-zi, ḫar-pa-a-an-zi)
1. PIE *hɑerpoi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarpoi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarpoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harpoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harpoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpai-
4. harpai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarpai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑerpoi̯o-
Hitt. ḫarpaa-
(d.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:96)
(Hitt. ḪAR-pa-a-(an) [Abs-(A)])
1. PIE *hɑerpoi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarpoi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarpoi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harpoi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harpoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpai̯a-
4. harpai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *harpaa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. harpaa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarpaa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑerpi-
Hitt. ḫarpi-
(GIŠ.) ‘Holzhaufen, Altar: pile, heap, mound’
(HIL. 363)
(Hitt. ḫar-pí-in, ḫar-pí-ia-aš, ḫar-pí-ia, ḫar-pí-uš)
1. PIE *hɑerpi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarpi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarpi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harpi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harpi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarpi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑerpino-
Hitt. ḫarpina-
(URU.) ‘(Rit. für dU von Zipalanta & Zinkurua in Ḫ)’
(OGHErg. 31)
(Hitt. ḪAR-pí-na [Stf.])
1. PIE *hɑerpino-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarpino-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarpino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harpino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harpino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpina-
4. harpina-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarpina-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑerpis-
Hitt. ḫarpiš-
(U]RU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGHErg. 31)
(Hitt. ḪAR-piš)
1. PIE *hɑerpis-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarpis-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarpis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harpis-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harpis-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *harpiš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. harpiš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarpiš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑerpiso-
Hitt. ḫarpiša-
(URU.) ‘(Ḫalmašuit von Ḫ. (...) ›Tawinija)’
(OGH. 89)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-ar-pí-ša, ḫa-ar-pí-ša [Stf.])
1. PIE *hɑerpiso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarpiso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarpiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harpiso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harpiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpisa-
4. harpisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *harpiša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. harpiša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarpiša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑerpiso-
Hitt. ḫarpiša-
(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘(Evocatio des dU von Nerik ›Ḫaḫarwa)’
(OGH. 89)
(Hitt. ḫa-ar-pí-ša-za [sgAbl])
1. PIE *hɑerpiso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarpiso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarpiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harpiso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harpiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpisa-
4. harpisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *harpiša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. harpiša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarpiša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑoros-
PIE *hɑóros-
Gr. ὄροσ-
(n.) ‘Berg: mountain’
(GEW 2:426)
1. PIE *hɑóros-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hóros-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hóros-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *óros-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. óros-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄροσ-
√hɑerson-
PIE *hɑerson-
Hitt. ḫaršan-
(n.obl.) ‘Kopf, Person, Ähre: SAG.DU’
(HEG H:184)
(Hitt. ḫar-ša-na-aš, ḫar-aš-ša-na-aš, ḫar-ša-ni, ḫa-ar-aš-ni)
1. PIE *hɑerson-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarson-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarson-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harson-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harson-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harsan-
4. harsan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haršan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haršan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaršan-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑerson·hɑilo-
Hitt. ḫaršan·ḫila-
(URU.) ‘(neben Šukzija in br. Zusammenhang)’
(OGH. 90-1)
(HEG H:184; Hitt. ḪAR-ša-an-ḫi-la-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑerson·hɑilo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarson·hɑilo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarson·hɑilo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harson·hilo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harson·hilo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harsan·hila-
4. harsan·hila-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haršan·hila-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haršan·hila-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaršan·ḫila-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑerson·oli-
Hitt. ḫaršan·ali-
(n.) ‘Kranz: Sum. GILIM’
(HHand. 44)
(HEG H:184)
1. PIE *hɑerson·oli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarson·oli-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarson·oli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harson·oli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harson·oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harsan·ali-
4. harsan·ali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haršan·ali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haršan·ali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaršan·ali-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑerson·oloi-
Hitt. ḫaršan·alai-
(vb.1.) ‘bekränzen’
(EHS 476)
(HHand. 44)
1. PIE *hɑerson·oloi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarson·oloi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarson·oloi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harson·oloi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harson·oloi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harsan·alai-
4. harsan·alai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haršan·alai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haršan·alai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaršan·alai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑerson·tɑhoni-
HLu. ḫaršan·tani-
(DOMUSc.) ‘building of upper storeys, balcony’
(CHLu. 2.9.19)
(HLu. (DOMUS)ha+ra/i-sà-tá-ni-zi)
1. PIE *hɑerson·tɑhoni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarson·tɑhoni-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarson·tɑhoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harson·thoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harson·thoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harsan·thani-
4. harsan·thani-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *harsan·tani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. harsan·tani-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haršan·tani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. haršan·tani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫaršan·tani-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑersor-
PIE *hɑersor-
Hitt. ḫaršar-
(n.) ‘Kopf, Person, Ähre’ (HHand. 44)
(HEG H:184f.)
(Hitt. ḫa-ar-ša-ar [sgNA])
1. PIE *hɑersor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarsor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harsor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harsor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harsar-
4. harsar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haršar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haršar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaršar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑeruo-
PIE *hɑeru̯o·u̯osɑho-
Hitt. ḫaru̯a·u̯ašḫa-
(fc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 316)
(Hitt. ḫar-ua-ú-ua-aš-ḫa-aš)
1. PIE *hɑeru̯o·u̯osɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯o·u̯osɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯o·u̯osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯o·u̯osho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯o·u̯osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haru̯a·u̯asha-
4. haru̯a·u̯asha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haru̯a·u̯ašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haru̯a·u̯ašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaru̯a·u̯ašḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeru̯o·Σ
CLu. ḫaru̯a·zidi-
(prêtre) ‘’
(NOMS. 317)
(CLu. ḫar-ua-ú-ua-aš-ḫa-aš)
1. PIE *hɑeru̯o·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯o·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯o·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯o·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haru̯a·Σ
4. haru̯a·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫaru̯a·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑeruo-
PIE *hɑeru̯ont-
Hitt. ḫaru̯ant-
(LÚ/MUNUSc.pt.) ‘Wärter(in), Hebamme: ÙMMEDA’
(HEG H:190)
(Hitt. ḫar-ua-an-za, ḫa-ru-ua-an-da-an, ḫar-ua-an-da-ša-an)
1. PIE *hɑeru̯ont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haru̯ant-
4. haru̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaru̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeru̯onto-
Hitt. ḫaru̯anta-
(URU.) ‘(›Šananta; OGHErg. 32)’
(OGH. 92)
(Hitt. ḫa-ru-an-da [Stf.])
1. PIE *hɑeru̯onto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯onto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯onto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯onto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯onto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haru̯anta-
4. haru̯anta-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaru̯anta-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeru̯antuli-
Hitt. ḫaru̯antuli-
(mc.) ‘‹cf. above›’
(NOMS. 315)
(Hitt. ḫa-ru-ua-an-du-li-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑeru̯antuli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯antuli-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯antuli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯antuli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯antuli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaru̯antuli-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑr- (vb.) ‘anschließen, hineinstecken, befestigen’ (sb.) ‘Hecke, Zaun, Festung’
(IEW 55-56)
(Sturtevant 1928b:164; Pyysalo: Gr.)
√hɑron-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑorono-
OInd. araṇa-
(n.) ‘Zuflucht’
(EWA 3:13)
(cf. also Tamil araṇ ‘defence, fort, castle’; KEWA 1:551)
1. PIE *hɑorono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harana-
3. harana-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arana-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. arana-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → OInd. araṇa-
PIE *hɑoroniso-
HLu. ḫaraniša-
(CASTRUMn.) ‘Festung: fortress’
(CHLu. 1.1.19)
(HLu. (“CASTRUM”)ha+ra-ní-sà-pa-wá/í)
1. PIE *hɑoroniso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horoniso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horoniso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haranisa-
3. haranisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haraniša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haraniša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫaraniša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑrp-
(Sturtevant 1928b:164)
PIE *hɑorpei̯o-
Hitt. ḫarpei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘sich anschliessen’
(HEG H:179-80, 181)
(Hitt. ḫarpeia-)
1. PIE *hɑorpei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horpei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horpei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpei̯a-
3. harpei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarpei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑorpéi̯o-
OInd. arpáya-
(cs.A.) ‘hineinstecken, befestigen’
(HEG H:179)
(OInd. arpáyati)
1. PIE *hɑorpéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horpéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horpéi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpéi̯a-
3. harpéi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arpéi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. arpéi̯a-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *arpái̯a-
5. arpái̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. arpáya-
PIE *hɑérp·Σ
Gr. ἄρπ·εζα-
(f.) ‘Hecke, Zaun’
(GEW 1:150)
(Gr. ἄρπεζα)
1. PIE *hɑérp·Σ
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑárp·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑárp·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hárp·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hárp·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *árp·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. árp·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄρπ·Σ


PIE √hɑrki- √ɦɑrgi- (vb.) ‘strecken, eilen’
(IEW 854-857)
(Pyysalo)
√hɑrki-
PIE *hɑerki̯ḗs-
Gr. ἀρκήσ-
(a.) ‘ταχύς (Hes.)’
(LSJ. 242)
1. PIE *hɑerki̯ḗs-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarki̯ḗs-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarki̯ḗs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harki̯ḗs-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harki̯ḗs-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *harḱḗs-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. harḱḗs-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arḱḗs-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arḱḗs-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *arkḗs-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. arkḗs-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀρκήσ-
PIE *pod.hɑérki̯ēs-
Gr. ποδ.άρκησ-
(a.) ‘having swift feet (Achilleus)’
(Iliad 1:121)
(Gr. ποδάρκησ-)
1. PIE *pod.hɑérki̯ēs-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *pod.hɑárki̯ēs-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. pod.hɑárki̯ēs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pod.hárki̯ēs-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pod.hárki̯ēs-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *pod.hárḱēs-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. pod.hárḱēs-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pod.árḱēs-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. pod.árḱēs-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *pod.árkēs-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. pod.árkēs-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ποδ.άρκησ-
PIE *hɑerki̯ú-
Lith. aršù-
(a.) ‘celer, agilis’
(LiEtWb. 15-16)
(Lith. aršùs [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑerki̯ú-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarki̯ú-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarki̯ú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harki̯ú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harki̯ú-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *harćú-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. harćú-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *harćù-
5. harćù-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arćù-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. arćù-
*ć → š
From Satem *ć to š
R曚 → Lith. aršù-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
√ɦɑrgi-
(IEW 854-7)
PIE *ɦɑergi̯ó-
Gr. ἀργό-
(a.) ‘schnell beweglich: swift’
(GEW 1:132)
(Gr. ἀργός)
1. PIE *ɦɑergi̯ó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑargi̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑargi̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦargi̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦargi̯ó-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ɦarǵó-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ɦarǵó-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *arǵó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arǵó-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *argó-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. argó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀργό-
PIE *pód.ɦɑergi̯o-
Gr. πόδ.αργο-
(PNm.) ‘fußschnell’ (name of a horse)’
(IEW 64)
1. PIE *pód.ɦɑergi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *pód.ɦɑargi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. pód.ɦɑargi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pód.ɦargi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pód.ɦargi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *pód.ɦarǵo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. pód.ɦarǵo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *pód.arǵo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. pód.arǵo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *pód.argo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. pód.argo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πόδ.αργο-
PIE *ɦɑrgi̯·Σ
RV. r̥j·īṣá-
(a.) ‘vorvärtsdringend, gerade darauf los eilend’
(WbRV. 279)
1. PIE *ɦɑrgi̯·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦrgi̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦrgi̯·Σ
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦrj́·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦrj́·Σ
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → *ɦr̥j́·Σ
4. ɦr̥j́·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *r̥j́·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. r̥j́·Σ
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → RV. r̥j·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
PIE *ɦɑergi̯o·nou-
Hitt. ḫarga·nau-
(n.) ‘Sohle, Ferse?’
(HHand. 42)
(Hitt. ḫar-ga-na-ú [sgN])
1. PIE *ɦɑergi̯o·nou-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑargi̯o·nou-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑargi̯o·nou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦargi̯o·nou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦargi̯o·nou-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ɦarǵo·nou-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ɦarǵo·nou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦarǵa·nau-
5. ɦarǵa·nau-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *ɦarga·nau-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. ɦarga·nau-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarga·nau-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑergi̯o·nou̯i-
Hitt. ḫarga·nau̯i-
(n.) ‘Sohle, Ferse?’
(HHand. 42)
(Hitt. ḫar-ga-na-ú-i)
1. PIE *ɦɑergi̯o·nou̯i-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑargi̯o·nou̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑargi̯o·nou̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦargi̯o·nou̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦargi̯o·nou̯i-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ɦarǵo·nou̯i-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ɦarǵo·nou̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦarǵa·nau̯i-
5. ɦarǵa·nau̯i-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *ɦarga·nau̯i-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. ɦarga·nau̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarga·nau̯i-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑergi̯o·nou̯ont-
Hitt. ḫarga·nau̯ant-
(c.) ‘Sohle, Ferse?’
(HHand. 42)
1. PIE *ɦɑergi̯o·nou̯ont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑargi̯o·nou̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑargi̯o·nou̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦargi̯o·nou̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦargi̯o·nou̯ont-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ɦarǵo·nou̯ont-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ɦarǵo·nou̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦarǵa·nau̯ant-
5. ɦarǵa·nau̯ant-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *ɦarga·nau̯ant-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. ɦarga·nau̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarga·nau̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑrn- (vb.tr.) ‘erheben, gären’ (intr.) ‘(sich) erheben’
(HEG H:178)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Arm.)
√hɑrn-
(HW2 H:315f.)
(HED 3:171-3; SHV 307f.; HIL. 360-2)
PIE *hɑerno-
Hitt. ḫarna-
(vb.1.) ‘gären?’
(HEG H:178)
(Hitt. ḫar-na-mi)
1. PIE *hɑerno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarno-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harna-
4. harna-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarna-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·hɑerne-
Arm. y·aṙne-
(vb.) ‘sich erheben’
(ArmGr. 1:477)
(Arm. yaṙnel [inf.])
1. PIE *Π·hɑerne-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑarne-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑarne-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·harne-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·harne-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·arne-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·arne-
rn → ṙn
Change of *r into ṙ before *n
Rrn›ṙn → Arm. Π·aṙne-
PIE *Π·hɑernēɑh-
Arm. amb·aṙna-
(vb.) ‘erheben’
(IEW 39)
1. PIE *Π·hɑernēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑarnēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑarnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·hɑarnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. Π·hɑarnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·harnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·harnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·arnā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·arnā-
rn → ṙn
Change of *r into ṙ before *n
Rrn›ṙn → *Π·aṙnā-
6. Π·aṙnā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → Arm. Π·aṙna-
PIE *hɑernei-
Hitt. ḫarnei-
(vb.) ‘stir, churn, ferment, foment’
(HIL. 361)
(Hitt. ḫar-ni-et [KBo 40.272, 9])
1. PIE *hɑernei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarnei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarnei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harnei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harnei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarnei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑernei̯a-
Hitt. ḫarnei̯a-
(cs.) ‘stir, churn, ferment, foment’
(Neu 1983:552n61)
(Hitt. ḫa-ar-ni-ia-ad-du)
1. PIE *hɑernei̯a-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarnei̯a-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarnei̯a-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harnei̯a-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harnei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarnei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑernom-
PIE *hɑernomo-
Hitt. ḫarnama-
(n.) ‘Hefe, Gärung, Unruhe’
(HIL. 361)
(Hitt. ḫa-ar-na-am-ma)
1. PIE *hɑernomo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarnomo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarnomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harnomo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harnomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harnama-
4. harnama-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarnama-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑernomor-
Hitt. ḫarnamar
(n.) ‘Hefe, Gärung, Unruhe: yeast, ferment’
(HIL. 361)
(Hitt. ḫa-ar-na-am-mar, ḫar-nam-mar)
1. PIE *hɑernomor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarnomor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarnomor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harnomor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harnomor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harnamar-
4. harnamar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarnamar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑernomnei-
Hitt. ḫarnamnei-
(pr.) ‘stir, incite, churn, cause to ferment’
(HIL. 361)
(Hitt. ḫar-nam-ni-ez-zi, ḫar-nam-ni-et)
1. PIE *hɑernomnei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarnomnei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarnomnei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harnomnei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harnomnei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harnamnei-
4. harnamnei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarnamnei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑernomnei̯o-
Hitt. ḫarnamnei̯a-
(pr.) ‘‹cf. above›’
(HIL. 361)
(Hitt. ḫar-nam-ni-ia-ši, ḫar-nam-ni-ia-az-zi)
1. PIE *hɑernomnei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarnomnei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarnomnei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harnomnei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harnomnei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harnamnei̯a-
4. harnamnei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarnamnei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·hɑernomnei̯o-
Hitt. kata ḫarnamnei̯a·-
(vb.) ‘in Gärung bringen, aufwiegeln’
(EHS 320, 492)
(Hitt. kata ḫarnamnia-)
1. PIE *Π·hɑernomnei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑarnomnei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑarnomnei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·harnomnei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·harnomnei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·harnamnei̯a-
4. Π·harnamnei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·ḫarnamnei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑernomnei̯ont-
Hitt. ḫarnamnei̯ant-
(pt.) ‘in Gärung bringen, aufwiegeln’
(HIL. 361)
(Hitt. ḫar-nam-ni-ia-an-t-)
1. PIE *hɑernomnei̯ont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarnomnei̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarnomnei̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harnomnei̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harnomnei̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harnamnei̯ant-
4. harnamnei̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarnamnei̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑernomnei̯osɑho-
Hitt. ḫarnamnei̯ašḫa-
(c.) ‘Aufruhr: stir, commotion’
(EHS 167)
(Hitt. ḫar-nam-ni-ia-aš–ḫa-aš, [ḫar-nam]-ni-ia-aš-ḫa-an)
1. PIE *hɑernomnei̯osɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarnomnei̯osɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarnomnei̯osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harnomnei̯osho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harnomnei̯osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harnamnei̯asha-
4. harnamnei̯asha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *harnamnei̯ašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. harnamnei̯ašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarnamnei̯ašḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑernomneiski̯e/o-
Hitt. ḫarnamneiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘stir (up), incite, churn, cause to ferment’
(HIL. 361)
(Hitt. ḫar-nam-ma-ni-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑernomneiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarnomneiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarnomneiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harnomneiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harnomneiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *harnomneisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. harnomneisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harnamneisḱe/a-
5. harnamneisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *harnamneiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. harnamneiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *harnamneiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. harnamneiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarnamneiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑernon-
PIE *hɑernont-
Hitt. ḫarnant-
(pt.) ‘aufgegangen (von Sauerteig)’
(HEG H:178)
(Hitt. ḫa-ar-na-a-an, HHand. 43)
1. PIE *hɑernont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarnont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarnont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harnont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harnont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harnant-
4. harnant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarnant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑernonto·si-
CLu. ḫarnanta·ši-
(NINDAa.) ‘(qualifiziert ‘Brot’, etwa ‘aufgehend’)’
(DLL. 42)
(CLu. ḫar-na-an-ta-aš-ši-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑernonto·si-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarnonto·si-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarnonto·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harnonto·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harnonto·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harnanta·si-
4. harnanta·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *harnanta·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. harnanta·ši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫarnanta·ši-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑrp- (vb.) ‘berauben, trennen, absondern, rebellieren’ √hɑrbɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Waise’ (a.) ‘beraubt’
(IEW 781)
(Szemerényi, Polomé 1954b:159f.)
√hɑrop- ‘absondern’
PIE *hɑerop-
Hitt. ḫarap-
(vb.1.A.) ‘absondern’
(HEG H:182ff.)
(Hitt. ḫar-ap-pu-u-e-ni [1pl], NS)
1. PIE *hɑerop-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarop-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarop-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harop-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harop-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harap-
4. harap-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarap-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeropiski̯e/o-
Hitt. ḫarapiške/a-
(vb.) ‘absondern’
(HIL. 363)
(Hitt. ḫar-ap-pí-[iš-ke/a-])
1. PIE *hɑeropiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaropiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaropiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haropiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haropiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *haropisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. haropisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harapisḱe/a-
5. harapisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *harapiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. harapiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *harapiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. harapiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarapiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑrep- ‘harpy’
PIE *hɑerépusieɑh-
Gr. ἀρέπυια-
(pf.pt.) ‘harpy’
(Sync. 203-6, 209-13)
(in Aegin. ἀρέπυια = ἀρεπυία [du?])
1. PIE *hɑerépusieɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarépusieɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarépusieɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑarépusiaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑarépusiaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harépusiah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. harépusiah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arépusia-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arépusia-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *arépuhia-
6. arépuhia-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *arépuia-
7. arépuia-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀρέπυια-
√hɑrp-
PIE *hɑerp-
Hitt. ḫarp-
(vb.M.) ‘sich trennen’
(HEG H:182ff.)
(Hitt. ḫar-pa-an-ta-ri [3pl])
1. PIE *hɑerp-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarp-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarp-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harp-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harp-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarp-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑorpo-
HLu. ḫarpa-
(219c.) ‘rebel’
(CHLu. 458)
(HLu. (*219)ha+ra/i-pa-zi/a-[ha] [plD])
1. PIE *hɑorpo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horpo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpa-
3. harpa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫarpa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑrpi-
PIE *hɑorpei̯o-
Hitt. ḫarpei̯a-
(vb.1.A.) ‘abtrünnig machen’
(HHand. 43)
(Hitt. ḫar-pí-ia-mi, ḫar-pí-ia-ši)
1. PIE *hɑorpei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horpei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horpei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpei̯a-
3. harpei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarpei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑerpiski̯e/o-
Hitt. ḫarpiške/a-
(vb.) ‘absondern’
(HIL. 363)
(Hitt. ḫar-pí-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑerpiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarpiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarpiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harpiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harpiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *harpisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. harpisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpisḱe/a-
5. harpisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *harpiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. harpiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *harpiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. harpiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarpiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑrpon-
PIE *hɑorponolo-
CLu. ḫarpanala-
(GKLadv.) ‘aufständisch, rebellisch’
(DLL. 42)
(CLu. ḫar-pa-na-al-la [n.plA])
1. PIE *hɑorponolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horponolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horponolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpanala-
3. harpanala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫarpanala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑorponolo-
Hitt. ḫarpanala-
(c.) ‘Feind, Gegner’
(HIL. 363)
(Hitt. ḫar-pa-na-al-la-aš [G])
1. PIE *hɑorponolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horponolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horponolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpanala-
3. harpanala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarpanala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑorponoli-
Hitt. ḫarpanali-
(c.) ‘Feind, Gegner’
(DLL. 42)
(Hitt. ḫar-pa-na-al-li-ia-an, ḫar-pa-na-li-uš [plA])
1. PIE *hɑorponoli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horponoli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horponoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpanali-
3. harpanali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarpanali-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑorponolei̯o-
Hitt. ḫarpanalei̯a-
(a.) ‘aufständisch, rebellisch’
(DLL. 42)
(Hitt. ḫar-pa-na-al-li-ia-an [sgA])
1. PIE *hɑorponolei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horponolei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horponolei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpanalei̯a-
3. harpanalei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarpanalei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑrpu-
PIE *hɑerpu-
Hitt. ḫarpu-
(a.) ‘uneinig, feindlich’ (HHand. 44)
(HEG H:182)
(Hitt. ḫar-pu ša-ru-pa le-e i-ia-ši)
1. PIE *hɑerpu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarpu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarpu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harpu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harpu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarpu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑerpu̯o-
Hitt. ḫarpu̯a-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘absondern’
(HIL. 363)
(Hitt. ḫar-pu-u-ua-aš)
1. PIE *hɑerpu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarpu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarpu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harpu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harpu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpu̯a-
4. harpu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarpu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑrbɑɦ-
(IEW 781)
(Polomé 1954b:159f.)
PIE *hɑorbɑɦò-
Arm. orb-
(sb.) ‘Waise’
(ArmGr. 1:482)
(Arm. orb [N], orboy [G])
1. PIE *hɑorbɑɦò-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horbɦò-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horbɦò-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *orbɦò-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. orbɦò-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *orbò-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. orbò-
*o → Ø
Loss of *ò
Rò›0 → Arm. orb-
PIE *hɑorbɑɦo-
Lat. orbo-
(a.) ‘einer Sache beraubt, verwaist’
(WH. 2:219-220)
(Lat. orbus [sgN], orbī [sgG])
1. PIE *hɑorbɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horbɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horbɦo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *orbɦo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. orbɦo-
*bɦ → f
Affricativization of labial *bɦ
Rbɦ›f → *orfo-
4. orfo-
*f → b
Change of *f into b
Rf›b → Lat. orbo-
PIE *hɑorbɑɦo·Σ
Gr. ὀρφο·βότα-
(c.) ‘ἐπίτροποι ὀρφανῶν’
(GEW 2:431)
(Hes. ὀρφοβόται · ἐπίτροποι ὀρφανῶν)
1. PIE *hɑorbɑɦo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horbɦo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horbɦo·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *orbɦo·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. orbɦo·Σ
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *orpho·Σ
4. orpho·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀρφο·Σ
PIE *hɑorbɑɦeɑhnó-
Gr. ὀρφανό-
(m.) ‘verwaist: orphan’
(GEW 2:431)
(Gr. ὀρφανός [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑorbɑɦeɑhnó-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑorbɑɦaɑhnó-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. hɑorbɑɦaɑhnó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horbɦahnó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. horbɦahnó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *orbɦanó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. orbɦanó-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *orphanó-
5. orphanó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀρφανό-


PIE √hɑrs- (sb.) ‘Gewitter, Feuer, Blitz, Arsenik’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)
√hɑrsi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑersi·hɑersi
Hitt. ḫarši·ḫarši-
(n.) ‘Gewitter, Unwetter: Sum. ḪI.ḪI’
(HHand. 44)
(HIL. 367, 369)
1. PIE *hɑersi·hɑersi
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarsi·hɑarsi
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsi·hɑarsi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harsi·harsi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harsi·harsi
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *harši·harši
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. harši·harši
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarši·ḫarši
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑersi
OLat. arsi-
(n.) ‘ignis’ (PFest.)
(WH. 1:70)
(PFest.: arse uerse ‘averte ignem’)
1. PIE *hɑersi
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarsi
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harsi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harsi
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OLat. arsi
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑrson-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑersono-
Hitt. ḫaršana-
(n.) ‘Gewitter, Blitz’
(HHand. 44)
1. PIE *hɑersono-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarsono-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harsono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harsono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harsana-
4. harsana-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haršana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haršana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaršana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑersonosi-
Hitt. ḫaršanaši-
(a.gen.) ‘(Epith. des Wettergottes)’
(HHand. 44)
1. PIE *hɑersonosi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarsonosi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsonosi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harsonosi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harsonosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harsanasi-
4. harsanasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haršanaši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haršanaši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaršanaši-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑersenikó-
Ion. ἀρσενικό-
(n.) ‘Arsenik’
(GEW 1:152)
(The meaning ‘Arsenik’ from the yellow substance)
1. PIE *hɑersenikó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarsenikó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsenikó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harsenikó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harsenikó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arsenikó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. arsenikó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion. ἀρσενικό-


PIE √hɑs- (vb.) ‘zeugen, gebären’ (sb.) Familie, Sippe, Enkel’
(IEW –)
(SPIE 158)
√hɑs-
(HEG H:191-4)
(HW2 H:391f.; HIL. 372-4; HED 3:217ff.)
PIE *hɑes-
Hitt. ḫaš-
(vb.1.2.) ‘zeugen, gebären’
(HEG H:191f.)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-ta, ḫa-a-ši, ḫa-aš-ši, ḫa-aš-ša-an-zi, ḫa-a-šu-un, AHPh. 163)
1. PIE *hɑes-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑas-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑas-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *has-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. has-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑes-
HLu. ḫaš-
(vb.) ‘beget’ (HED 3:217)
(CHLu. 1.1.56)
(HLu. ha-sá-tu, ha-sá-tu-‘ [3pers])
1. PIE *hɑes-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑas-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑas-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *has-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. has-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫaš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑso-
PIE *hɑeso-
Hitt. ḫaša-
(c.) ‘Enkel(in)’ (VLFH 222)
(HHand. 45)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-ša-aš, ḫa-a-aš-ši, ḫa-aš-še-eš)
1. PIE *hɑeso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasa-
4. hasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑesodɑhor-
Hitt. ḫašadar-
(n.) ‘Zeugung(skraft), Familie, Sippe’
(HHand. 45)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-ša-tar, ḫa-ša-a-tar)
1. PIE *hɑesodɑhor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasodɑhor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasodɑhor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasodhor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasodhor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasadhar-
4. hasadhar-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hasadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hasadar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hašadar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫašadar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑski-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑoski̯o-
Hitt. ḫaška-
(vb.iter.) ‘zeugen, gebären’
(HHand. 45)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑoski̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoski̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hoski̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hosḱo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hosḱo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasḱa-
4. hasḱa-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *haska-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. haska-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haška-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. haška-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaška-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑson-
PIE *hɑeson-
Hitt. ḫašan-
(n.obl.) ‘Zeugung(skraft), Familie, Sippe’
(HHand. 45)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-ša-an-na-aš, ḫa-aš-ša-an-na-i)
1. PIE *hɑeson-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑason-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑason-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hason-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hason-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasan-
4. hasan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫašan-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑesono-
Hitt. ḫašana-
(a.) ‘zur Familie gehörig’
(HHand. 45)
1. PIE *hɑesono-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasono-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasana-
4. hasana-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫašana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑsori-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑōsoriɑ́h-
LAv. åŋhairī-
(f.) ‘Gebärerin’ (pl) ‘Bez. myst.-teol. Gestalten’
(AIWb. 358)
(LAv. åŋhairyō [plN])
1. PIE *hɑōsoriɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *hɑōsoriíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. hɑōsoriíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hōsoriíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hōsoriíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hōsariíh-
4. hōsariíh-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *hāsariíh-
5. hāsariíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āsarií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. āsarií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *āsarī́-
7. āsarī́-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *āharī́-
8. āharī́-
*ari → airi
Anaptyxis of *i
RarI›airI → *āhairī́-
9. āhairī́-
āhA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
RāhA›āŋhA → *āŋhairī́-
10. āŋhairī́-
āŋhA → åŋhA
Change of āŋhA into åŋhA
RāŋhA›åŋhA → *åŋhairī́-
11. åŋhairī́-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → LAv. åŋhairī-
PIE *hɑōsoriɑ́h-
LAv. åŋhairī-
(a.) ‘von den å- stammend, zu ihnen Gehörig’
(AIWb. 358)
(LAv. åŋhairyō [plN])
1. PIE *hɑōsoriɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *hɑōsoriíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. hɑōsoriíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hōsoriíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hōsoriíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hōsariíh-
4. hōsariíh-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *hāsariíh-
5. hāsariíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āsarií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. āsarií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *āsarī́-
7. āsarī́-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *āharī́-
8. āharī́-
*ari → airi
Anaptyxis of *i
RarI›airI → *āhairī́-
9. āhairī́-
āhA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
RāhA›āŋhA → *āŋhairī́-
10. āŋhairī́-
āŋhA → åŋhA
Change of āŋhA into åŋhA
RāŋhA›åŋhA → *åŋhairī́-
11. åŋhairī́-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → LAv. åŋhairī-
√hɑst-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑéste-
Arm. aste-
(vb.) ‘look for a bride, as in marriage’
(EtDiArm. 119)
(Arm. astem)
1. PIE *hɑéste-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑáste-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáste-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *háste-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. háste-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *áste-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. áste-
*á → a
Loss/absence of accent
Rá›a → Arm. aste-
PIE *Π·hɑōstéɑh-
Gr. χηρ·ωστά-
(m.pl) ‘kinsmen, who divide the property of one who dies without heirs’
(LSJ. 1990)
(Gr. χηρωσταί [plN])
1. PIE *Π·hɑōstéɑh-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *Π·hɑōstáɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·hɑōstáɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hōstáh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hōstáh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ōstá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·ōstá-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·ωστά-
PIE *pro·hɑsti-
Goth. fra·sti-
(sb.) ‘Kind: child: τέκνον: filius’
(GoEtD. F85)
(Goth. frastim [plD])
1. PIE *pro·hɑsti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pro·hsti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pro·hsti-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pro·sti-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. pro·sti-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *fro·sti-
4. fro·sti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. fra·sti-
PIE *pro·hɑsti·Σ
Goth. fra·sti·sibjo-
(f.) ‘Kindschaft’
(GoEtD. F85)
1. PIE *pro·hɑsti·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pro·hsti·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pro·hsti·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pro·sti·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. pro·sti·Σ
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *fro·sti·Σ
4. fro·sti·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. fra·sti·Σ
√hɑsu-
PIE *hɑosu-
HLu. ḫašu-
(n.?) ‘birth, family’ (HED 3:218-221)
(CHLu. 1.1.15)
(HLu. ha-su-‘ [sgD])
1. PIE *hɑosu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hosu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hosu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasu-
3. hasu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hašu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫašu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑosu̯o-
Hitt. ḫašu̯a-
(URU.) ‘= URUḪaši ‹= URUNachkommeschaft?›’
(OGH. 97-99)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-šu-i, ḫa-a-aš-šu-ua “vgl. › Ḫaḫa.”)
1. PIE *hɑosu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hosu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hosu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasu̯a-
3. hasu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hašu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫašu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑosu̯o-
Kpd. ḫašu̯a-
(LÚc.) ‘‹cf. above›’
(NOMS. 331)
(Kpd. ḫa-šu-ua, ḫa-šu-e/i)
1. PIE *hɑosu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hosu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hosu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasu̯a-
3. hasu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hašu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. ḫašu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑosu̯o·su-
Hitt. ḫašu̯a·šu-
(LÚc.) ‘‹offspring + good?›’
(NOMS. 332)
(in Akd. ḫa-aš-šu-ua-aš-[šu?])
1. PIE *hɑosu̯o·su-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hosu̯o·su-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hosu̯o·su-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasu̯a·su-
3. hasu̯a·su-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašu̯a·šu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hašu̯a·šu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫašu̯a·šu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑsuel-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑsu̯elo
OIcl. svil-
(m.) ‘Schwäger, deren Frauen Schwestern sind’
(ANEtWb. 569)
(OIcl. svilar [plN])
1. PIE *hɑsu̯elo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hsu̯elo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hsu̯elo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *su̯elo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. su̯elo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su̯ela
4. su̯ela
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *su̯ila
5. su̯ila
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *su̯il
6. su̯il
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OIcl. svil
PIE *hɑesu̯eli-
Hitt. ḫašu̯eli-
(LÚc.*) ‘(père de Zidanta)’
(NOMS. 326)
(in Hitt. ḫa-aš-šu-DINGIRLIM)
1. PIE *hɑesu̯eli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasu̯eli-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasu̯eli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasu̯eli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasu̯eli-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašu̯eli-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hašu̯eli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫašu̯eli-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑesu̯élii̯o-
Gr. ἀέλιο-
(m.) ‘οἱ ἀδελφὰς γυναῖκας ἐσχηκότες (Hes.)’
(GEW 1:24)
(Gr. ἀέλιοι [plN], Wyatt 1972:60)
1. PIE *hɑesu̯élii̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasu̯élii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasu̯élii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasu̯élii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasu̯élii̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asu̯élii̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. asu̯élii̯o-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *ahu̯élii̯o-
5. ahu̯élii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *ahu̯élio-
6. ahu̯élio-
*u̯E → hE
Change of u̯ into h before e,é,ē,ḗ
Ru̯E›hE → *ahhélio-
7. ahhélio-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *aélio-
8. aélio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀέλιο-
√hɑesumo-
PIE *hɑesumo-
Hitt. ḫašuma-
(EZEN4?.) ‘Zeugungsfähigkeit’
(HHand2 51)
(Hitt. ḫašumaš [sgG])
1. PIE *hɑesumo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasumo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasumo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasumo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasumo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasuma-
4. hasuma-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašuma-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašuma-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫašuma-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑesumo-
Hitt. ḫašuma-
(a.ethn.) ‘‹cf. above?›’
(OGH. 97-99)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-šu-ma-aš)
1. PIE *hɑesumo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasumo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasumo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasumo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasumo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasuma-
4. hasuma-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašuma-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašuma-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫašuma-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑesumoi̯o-
Hitt. ḫašumaa-
(dpt.) ‘(cult in Karaḫna-)’
(OHP. 1:108)
(Hitt. ḫa-šu-ma-a-aš [N])
1. PIE *hɑesumoi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasumoi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasumoi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasumoi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasumoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasumai̯a-
4. hasumai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *hasumaa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. hasumaa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašumaa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hašumaa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫašumaa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑesumor-
Hitt. ḫašumar-
(n.) ‘Zeugungsfähigkeit’
(HHand. 46)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-šu-mar, ḫa-aš-šu-ma-aš)
1. PIE *hɑesumor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasumor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasumor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasumor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasumor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasumar-
4. hasumar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašumar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašumar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫašumar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑesumori·Σ
CLu. ḫašumari·[...
(?.) ‘(unklare Worform) ‹‘Zeugungsfähigkeit?[...’›’
(DLL. 44)
(or to Hur. ḫašumara-?)
1. PIE *hɑesumori·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasumori·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasumori·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasumori·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasumori·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasumari·Σ
4. hasumari·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašumari·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašumari·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫašumari·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑs- (sb.) ‘Frucht, Obst, Ähre, Herbst, Erntezeit’ (vb.) ‘wachsen, ernten’
(IEW 343, 782)
√hɑes-
(IEW 782)
PIE *hɑes-
Hitt. ḫaš-
(n.) ‘Span o.ä.’
(HEG H:194-5)
1. PIE *hɑes-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑas-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑas-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *has-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. has-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑeso-
PIE *hɑeso-
Hitt. ḫaša-
(c.) ‘Span o.ä.’
(HEG H:194-5)
(EHS 161, 339)
1. PIE *hɑeso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasa-
4. hasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeso-
HLu. ḫaša-
(LINGEREsb.) ‘Wachstum, Überfluß?’
(CHLu. 2.9.11)
(HLu. LINGERE(-)ha-sa-ti [sgAbl])
1. PIE *hɑeso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasa-
4. hasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫaša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeso·so-
HLu. ḫašaša-
(LINGEREa.gen.) ‘luxurious’
(CHLu. 1.1.6.)
(HLu. LINGERE(-)ha-sa-sa)
1. PIE *hɑeso·so-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaso·so-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaso·so-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haso·so-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haso·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasa·sa-
4. hasa·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haša·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haša·ša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫaša·ša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑsen-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑéseni-
Russ. ósenĭ-
(f.) ‘Herbst: fall, harvest time’
(REW 2:281)
1. PIE *hɑéseni-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑáseni-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáseni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *háseni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. háseni-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *áseni-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. áseni-
*á → ó
Change of *á into ó
Rá›ó → *óseni-
5. óseni-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → Russ. ósenĭ-
PIE *hɑesenu̯o-
Hitt. ḫašenu̯a-
(URU.) ‘(Erntefest EZEN4 EBUR für Pirwa von Ḫ.)’
(OGH. 94)
(Hitt. ḫa-še?-nu?-ua [All])
1. PIE *hɑesenu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasenu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasenu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasenu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasenu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasenu̯a-
4. hasenu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašenu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašenu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫašenu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑson-
PIE *hɑesoni-
OPr. asani-
(f.) ‘herbist, i.e. Herbst’
(APrS. 304)
1. PIE *hɑesoni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasoni-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasoni-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asoni-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. asoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OPr. asani-
PIE *hɑesoni-
Goth. asan-
(f.) ‘Ernte(zeit), Sommer’
(GoEtD. A206)
1. PIE *hɑesoni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasoni-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasoni-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asoni-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. asoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. asani-
√hɑsr-
PIE *Π·hɑḗsrēɑh-
Dor. ὀπ·ᾱ́ρᾱ-
(f.) ‘Sommersende, Erntezeit’
(GEW 2:408)
(Alkm. ὀπάρᾱ-)
1. PIE *Π·hɑḗsrēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·hɑḗsrāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑḗsrāɑh-
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *Π·hɑā́srāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. Π·hɑā́srāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hā́srāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·hā́srāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ā́srā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·ā́srā-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *Π·ā́hrā-
6. Π·ā́hrā-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *Π·ā́rā-
7. Π·ā́rā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. Π·ᾱ́ρᾱ-
PIE *Π·hɑṓsrēɑh-
Gr. ὀπ·ώρᾱ-
(f.) ‘Frühherbst, Enteertrag, Frucht, Obst’
(GEW 2:408)
(Gr. ὀπώρᾱ-)
1. PIE *Π·hɑṓsrēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·hɑṓsrāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑṓsrāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hṓsrāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hṓsrāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ṓsrā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·ṓsrā-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *Π·ṓhrā-
5. Π·ṓhrā-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *Π·ṓrā-
6. Π·ṓrā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·ώρᾱ-


PIE √hɑs- (sb.) ‘Stich, Dolch, Schwert, Geschoß’ (vb.) ‘zerstücken, schießen’ (vb.intr.) ‘abschaben, -kratzen’
(IEW 771)
(Eichner 1980:127; SPIE 305: Gr.)
√hɑs-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑes·hɑes-
Hitt. ḫaš·ḫaš-
(pr.1.) ‘abschaben, -kratzen’ (HHand. 46)
(HEG H:199)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-du-ir te-pu ḫa-aš-ḫa-aš-ša-an [pt.])
1. PIE *hɑes·hɑes-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑas·hɑas-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑas·hɑas-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *has·has-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. has·has-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haš·haš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haš·haš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaš·ḫaš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·hɑes-
RV. ví (…) as·-
(ao.) ‘zersprengen, zerstücken’ (EWA 1:144-5)
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. ví (...) asan [3pl], obj.: ádrim)
1. PIE *Π·hɑes-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑas-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑas-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·has-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·has-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. Π·as-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Π·hɑḗs-
RV. parā (…) ā́s·-
(pf.A.) ‘verstoßen, aussetzen’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. parā (...) ā́sa [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·hɑḗs-
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *Π·hɑā́s-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑā́s-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hā́s-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hā́s-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. Π·ā́s-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Π·hɑēs-
RV. ví (…) ās·-
(pf.M.) ‘zersprengen, auseinandertreiben’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. ví (...) āse [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·hɑēs-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·hɑās-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑās-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hās-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hās-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. Π·ās-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *gi̯ɑhr̥dsuHɑés-
RV. hr̥tsu.ás-
(a.) ‘in die Herzen treffend’
(WbRV. 1678)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑhr̥dsuHɑés-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *gi̯ɑhr̥dsuHɑás-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gi̯ɑhr̥dsuHɑás-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯hr̥dsuHás-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gi̯hr̥dsuHás-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́hr̥dsuHás-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. j́hr̥dsuHás-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *j́hr̥dsu.ás-
5. j́hr̥dsu.ás-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → *jhr̥dsu.ás-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. jhr̥dsu.ás-
*ds → ts
Devoicing of d before s
Rds›ts → RV. jhr̥tsu.ás-
√hɑso-
PIE *hɑeso-
LAv. aŋha-
(vb.) ‘werfen (eine Waffe), schießen’
(AIWb. 279)
(LAv. aŋhat̰ [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑeso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasa-
4. hasa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. asa-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *aha-
6. aha-
ahA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
RahA›aŋhA → LAv. aŋha-
PIE *Π·hɑeso-
RV. ví (…) asa·-
(pr.) ‘zersprengen, zerstücken’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. ví asan [inj3pl] ádrim)
1. PIE *Π·hɑeso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑaso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑaso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·haso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·haso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hasa-
4. Π·hasa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. Π·asa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑeso-
Khot. aha-
(vb.) ‘werfen, schießen’ (DKhotS. 13b)
(EWA 1:145)
1. PIE *hɑeso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasa-
4. hasa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. asa-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → Khot. aha-
PIE *Π·hɑēso-
LAv. uz·åŋha-
(vb.) ‘hinaus-, hinaufschicken’
(AIWb. 279)
(LAv. uzåŋhat̰ [3sg] aŋro mainyuš)
1. PIE *Π·hɑēso-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·hɑāso-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑāso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hāso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hāso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hāsa-
4. Π·hāsa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·āsa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·āsa-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *Π·āha-
6. Π·āha-
āhA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
RāhA›āŋhA → *Π·āŋha-
7. Π·āŋha-
āŋhA → åŋhA
Change of āŋhA into åŋhA
RāŋhA›åŋhA → LAv. Π·åŋha-
√hɑsɑh-
PIE *peɑhrēɑhhɑēsēɑh-
LAv. paråŋhā-
(pret.) ‘umwerfen, umschütten’
(AIWb. 279)
(LAv. paråŋhāt [3sg])
1. PIE *peɑhrēɑhhɑēsēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhrēɑhhɑēsēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. paɑhrēɑhhɑēsēɑh-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *paɑhrēɑhhɑāsēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. paɑhrēɑhhɑāsēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *paɑhrāɑhhɑāsāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
4. paɑhrāɑhhɑāsāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pahrāhhāsāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
5. pahrāhhāsāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *parāāsā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. parāāsā-
*āā → ā
Contraction of āā into ā
Rāā›ā → *parāsā-
7. parāsā-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *parāhā-
8. parāhā-
āhA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
RāhA›āŋhA → *parāŋhā-
9. parāŋhā-
āŋhA → åŋhA
Change of āŋhA into åŋhA
RāŋhA›åŋhA → LAv. paråŋhā-
√hɑsi-
(IEW 771)
(Grundr2 1:407)
PIE *hɑosei̯o-
LAv. aŋhaya-
(pr.) ‘werfen, eine Waffe schießen’
(AIWb. 279)
(LAv. aŋhayeiti [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑosei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hosei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hosei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasei̯a-
3. hasei̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asei̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. asei̯a-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *ahei̯a-
5. ahei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ahai̯a-
6. ahai̯a-
ahA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
RahA›aŋhA → *aŋhai̯a-
7. aŋhai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. aŋhaya-
PIE *hɑosí-
RV. así-
(m.) ‘das Schwert’ (EWA 2:145, WP. 1:134f.)
(WbRV. 154)
(RV. asís [sgN], asím [sgA])
1. PIE *hɑosí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hosí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hosí-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasí-
3. hasí-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. así-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑesi·meno-
LAv. aŋhi·mana-
(pt.M.) ‘werfend’
(AIWb. 110)
(LAv. aŋhimanayå [G])
1. PIE *hɑesi·meno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasi·meno-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasi·meno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasi·meno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasi·meno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasi·mena-
4. hasi·mena-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asi·mena-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. asi·mena-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *ahi·mena-
6. ahi·mena-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ahi·mana-
7. ahi·mana-
ahI → aŋhI
Change of h into ŋh
RahI›aŋhI → LAv. aŋhi·mana-
PIE *hɑési̯o-
RV. ásya-
(pr.A.) ‘schleudern, schießen, werfen’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. ásyati)
1. PIE *hɑési̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑási̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑási̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hási̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hási̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hási̯a-
4. hási̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ási̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ási̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. ásya-
PIE *hɑesi̯o-
AV. asya-
(pr.P.) ‘geworfen werden’
(EWA 1:144)
(AV. asyate [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑesi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasi̯a-
4. hasi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. asi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → AV. asya-
PIE *hɑesi̯o-
LAv. aŋhya-
(vb.) ‘werfen (eine Waffe), schießen’
(AIWb. 279)
(LAv. aŋhyeiti [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑesi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasi̯a-
4. hasi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. asi̯a-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *ahi̯a-
6. ahi̯a-
ahI → aŋhI
Change of h into ŋh
RahI›aŋhI → *aŋhi̯a-
7. aŋhi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. aŋhya-
PIE *Π·hɑesi̯o-
LAv. ava·aŋhya-
(vb.) ‘herabwerfen’
(AIWb. 279)
(LAv. avåŋhyeiti [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·hɑesi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑasi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑasi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hasi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hasi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hasi̯a-
4. Π·hasi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·asi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·asi̯a-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *Π·ahi̯a-
6. Π·ahi̯a-
ahI → aŋhI
Change of h into ŋh
RahI›aŋhI → *Π·aŋhi̯a-
7. Π·aŋhi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. Π·aŋhya-
PIE *hɑesi̯o-
OPers. ahya-
(pr.P.) ‘be thrown’
(OldP. 174)
(OPers. [ā]h[yat]ā [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑesi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasi̯a-
4. hasi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. asi̯a-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *ahi̯a-
6. ahi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OPers. ahya-
PIE *Π·hɑési̯o-
RV. prá (…) ásya·-
(pr.A.) ‘vorwärtssenden, hinsenden’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. prá (...) ásyasi [obj. perúm])
1. PIE *Π·hɑési̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *Π·hɑási̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑási̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hási̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hási̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hási̯a-
4. Π·hási̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ási̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·ási̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·ásya-
PIE *Π·hɑési̯o
RV. pra (…) ásya·
(absol.) ‘fortschleudern’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. pra ásya)
1. PIE *Π·hɑési̯o
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *Π·hɑási̯o
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑási̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hási̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hási̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hási̯a
4. Π·hási̯a
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ási̯a
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·ási̯a
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·ásya
PIE *Π·hɑesi̯o-
RV. ápa (…) asya·-
(pr.A.) ‘fortstoßen, wegjagen’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. ápa (...) asya [2sg])
1. PIE *Π·hɑesi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑasi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑasi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hasi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hasi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hasi̯a-
4. Π·hasi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·asi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·asi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·asya-
PIE *Π·hɑesi̯o-
RV. ā́ (…) asya·-
(pr.A.) ‘hingießen, hineingießen [A]’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. ā́ (...) asya [2sg])
1. PIE *Π·hɑesi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑasi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑasi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hasi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hasi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hasi̯a-
4. Π·hasi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·asi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·asi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·asya-
PIE *hɑési̯ont-
RV. ásyant-
(pt.) ‘schleudern, schießen, werfen, aufwirbeln’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. ásyan [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑési̯ont-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑási̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑási̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hási̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hási̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hási̯ant-
4. hási̯ant-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ási̯ant-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ási̯ant-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. ásyant-
√hɑsin-
PIE *hɑesín-
RV. asín-
(m.) ‘das Schwert’
(WbRV. 154)
(RV. asínā [sgI])
1. PIE *hɑesín-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasín-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasín-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasín-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasín-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. asín-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑsir-
(Eichner 1980:127fn30)
PIE *hɑesiro-
Pal. ḫašira-
(c.) ‘Dolch’ (HHand. 46)
(DPal. 55)
(Pal. ḫa-ši-i-ra-am(-pi) [sgA] = dupl. GÍR-an(-pat))
1. PIE *hɑesiro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasiro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasiro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasiro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasiro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasira-
4. hasira-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašira-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašira-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. ḫašira-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑésiro-
RV. ásira-
(m.) ‘Strahlengeschoss (der Sonne); Geschoss’ (KEWA 1:64)
(WbRV. 155)
(RV. ásirena [sgI])
1. PIE *hɑésiro-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑásiro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑásiro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hásiro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hásiro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hásira-
4. hásira-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. ásira-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑsis-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑesisi̯ó-
RV. asiṣyá-
(fut.) ‘schleudern, schießen, werfen’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. asiṣyán [pt.] ástā ivā)
1. PIE *hɑesisi̯ó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasisi̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasisi̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasisi̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasisi̯ó-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *hasiši̯ó-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. hasiši̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *hasiši̯á-
5. hasiši̯á-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asiši̯á-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. asiši̯á-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *asiṣi̯á-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
7. asiṣi̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. asiṣyá-
PIE *hɑosistó-
Gr. οἰστό-
(m.) ‘Pfeil: arrow’
(GEW 2:369)
(Gr. ὀϊστός, Att. οἰστός)
1. PIE *hɑosistó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hosistó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hosistó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *osistó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. osistó-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *ohistó-
4. ohistó-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *oistó-
5. oistó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. οἰστό-
PIE *hɑosístro-
Gr. οἴστρο-
(m.) ‘Bremse, Stich, Stachel, heftige Trieb/Begier’
(GEW 2:369)
(Gr. οἶστρος, IEW 300 [diff.])
1. PIE *hɑosístro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hosístro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hosístro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *osístro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. osístro-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *ohístro-
4. ohístro-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *oístro-
5. oístro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. οἴστρο-
√hɑsiɦɑdo-
PIE *hɑesihɑdo-
OInd. asida-
(m.) ‘Sichel: sickle’
(EWA 1:146 [diff.])
1. PIE *hɑesihɑdo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasihɑdo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasihɑdo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasihdo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasihdo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasihda-
4. hasihda-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OInd. asida-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑski-
PIE *hɑeski̯o-
OInd. acha-
(m.) ‘a bear’
(MonWil. 9)
(EWA 3:6; not corruption of r̥kṣa-)
1. PIE *hɑeski̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaski̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaski̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haski̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haski̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *hasćo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. hasćo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasća-
5. hasća-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asća-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. asća-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → *asśa-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. asśa-
*sś → ch
Change of sś to ch
Rsś›ch → OInd. acha-
PIE *peɑhr·hɑeski̯o
MidIr. ar·asc-
(sb.) ‘abgehauener Hals-Stumpf’
(IEW 895)
1. PIE *peɑhr·hɑeski̯o
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *peɑhr·hɑaski̯o
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. peɑhr·hɑaski̯o
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhr·hɑaski̯o
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. paɑhr·hɑaski̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pahr·haski̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. pahr·haski̯o
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *pahr·hasḱo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. pahr·hasḱo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *par·asḱo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. par·asḱo
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *par·asko
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. par·asko
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → *par·ask
8. par·ask
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → MidIr. par·asc
PIE *hɑeskii̯ēɑh-
Lat. asciā-
(f.) ‘Axt der Zimmerleute’
(WH. 1:71)
(Lat. ascia [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑeskii̯ēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaskii̯ēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaskii̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑaskii̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑaskii̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haskii̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haskii̯āh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hasḱi̯āh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hasḱi̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asḱi̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. asḱi̯ā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *aski̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. aski̯ā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *asci̯ā-
8. asci̯ā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → Lat. asciā-
PIE *hɑeskii̯olēɑh-
Lat. asciolā-
(f.dim.) ‘small axe’
(WH. 1:71)
1. PIE *hɑeskii̯olēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaskii̯olēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaskii̯olēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑaskii̯olāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑaskii̯olāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haskii̯olāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haskii̯olāh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hasḱi̯olāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hasḱi̯olāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asḱi̯olā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. asḱi̯olā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *aski̯olā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. aski̯olā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *asci̯olā-
8. asci̯olā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → Lat. asciolā-
√hɑson-
PIE *hɑésono-
RV. ásana-
(n.) ‘das Schleudern, Schießen’
(WbRV. 153)
(RV. ásanāya [sgD])
1. PIE *hɑésono-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑásono-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑásono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hásono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hásono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hásana-
4. hásana-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. ásana-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑesonḗɑh-
RV. asanā́-
(f.) ‘Geschoss, Pfeil, Wurfgeschoss’
(WbRV. 153)
(RV. asanā́ [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑesonḗɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasonḗɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasonḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *hɑasonā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑasonā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasonā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hasonā́h-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasanā́h-
5. hasanā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. asanā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑeshɑesont-
Hitt. ḫašḫašant-
(pr.1.) ‘abschaben, -kratzen’ (HHand. 46)
(HEG H:199)
1. PIE *hɑeshɑesont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑashɑasont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑashɑasont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hashasont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hashasont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hashasant-
4. hashasant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašhašant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašhašant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫašḫašant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑsn-
(uncertain)
PIE *hɑesno
Latv. asn-
(m.) ‘hervorbrechender Keim’
(LiEtWb. 18)
1. PIE *hɑesno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasno
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasno
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asno
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. asno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asna
5. asna
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Latv. asn
PIE *hɑesno
Russ. osn-
(m.) ‘Spitze, Stachel’
(REW 2:284)
(LiEtWb. 18)
1. PIE *hɑesno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasno
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasna
4. hasna
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asna
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. asna
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *osno
6. osno
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *osnu
7. osnu
*-u → Ø
Loss of -u in root-final position
R=u›=0 → Russ. osn
PIE *hɑesní-
Lith. asnì-
(f.) ‘Schneide, Schärfe der Sense; Roggenschösslinge; hervorstehende Haare’
(LiEtWb. 18)
1. PIE *hɑesní-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasní-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasní-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasní-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasní-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *hasnì-
4. hasnì-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lith. asnì-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑsp-
(Pyysalo)
Oettinger 1979:194)
PIE *hɑesp-
Hitt. ḫašp-
(vb.1.) ‘völlig vernichten, zerschmettern, zerstören’
(HEG H:201-2)
(Hitt. ḫašpun [1sg], SHV 194)
1. PIE *hɑesp-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasp-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasp-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasp-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasp-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašp-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hašp-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫašp-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑespo-
CLu. ḫašpa-
(GKLvb.1.) ‘détruire, piller’
(DLL. 44)
(CLu. (arḫa) ḫa-aš-pa-ti, ḫa-aš-pa-ḫa [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑespo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaspo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaspo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haspo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haspo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haspa-
4. haspa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašpa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašpa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫašpa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑespont-
Hitt. ḫašpant-
(pt.) ‘vernichtet’
(HHand. 46)
1. PIE *hɑespont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaspont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaspont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haspont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haspont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haspant-
4. haspant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašpant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašpant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫašpant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑspr-
PIE *hɑesper-
Lat. asper-
(a.) ‘rauh, herb, holperig, struppig, beißend, barsch’
(WH. 1:73)
1. PIE *hɑesper-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasper-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasper-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasper-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasper-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. asper-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Π·hɑspr̥nu-
RV. apa (...) spr̥ṇu-
(pr.) ‘abwehren’
(KEWA 3:538)
(OInd. spr̥ṇoti [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·hɑspr̥nu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hspr̥nu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hspr̥nu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·spr̥nu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·spr̥nu-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → RV. Π·spr̥ṇu-
PIE *hɑespernēɑh-
Lat. aspernā-
(pr.1.) ‘abweisen, repellere’
(WH. 1:73)
(Lat. aspernor, aspernāri [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑespernēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaspernēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaspernēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑaspernāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑaspernāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haspernāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haspernāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. aspernā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑst-
PIE *hɑesto-
LAv. asta-
(pf.pt.) ‘geworfen, geschossen’
(AIWb. 279)
(LAv. asta [sgI?])
1. PIE *hɑesto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasta-
4. hasta-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → LAv. asta-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *víHɑesto-
RV. ví.asta-
(pret.pt.) ‘zersprengen, zerstücken’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. víastas vr̥trás)
1. PIE *víHɑesto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *víHɑasto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. víHɑasto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *víHasto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. víHasto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *víHasta-
4. víHasta-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → RV. ví.asta-
PIE *su·hɑesto-
LAv. hv·asta-
(pf.pt.a.) ‘gut geworfen, geschossen’
(AIWb. 1852)
1. PIE *su·hɑesto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *su·hɑasto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. su·hɑasto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *su·hasto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. su·hasto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su·hasta-
4. su·hasta-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *su·asta-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. su·asta-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *hu·asta-
6. hu·asta-
*uA → u̯A
Desyllabification of uA into u̯A
RuA›u̯A → *hu̯·asta-
7. hu̯·asta-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. hv·asta-
PIE *su·hɑebɑɦi·hɑēstēɑh-
LAv. hv·aiwy·āstā-
(pf.pt.a.f.) ‘gut geworfen, geschossen’
(AIWb. 1847)
1. PIE *su·hɑebɑɦi·hɑēstēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *su·hɑabɑɦi·hɑēstēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. su·hɑabɑɦi·hɑēstēɑh-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *su·hɑabɑɦi·hɑāstēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. su·hɑabɑɦi·hɑāstēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *su·hɑabɑɦi·hɑāstāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
4. su·hɑabɑɦi·hɑāstāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *su·habɦi·hāstāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
5. su·habɦi·hāstāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *su·abɦi·āstā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. su·abɦi·āstā-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *hu·abɦi·āstā-
7. hu·abɦi·āstā-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *hu·abi·āstā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. hu·abi·āstā-
*uA → u̯A
Desyllabification of uA into u̯A
RuA›u̯A → *hu̯·abi·āstā-
9. hu̯·abi·āstā-
*ia/ā → i̯a/ā
Loss of hiatus in iA
RiA›i̯A → *hu̯·abi̯·āstā-
10. hu̯·abi̯·āstā-
*abi → aibi
Anaptyxis of *i
RabI›aibI → *hu̯·aibi̯·āstā-
11. hu̯·aibi̯·āstā-
ibI → iwI
Change of *b into w
Ribi›iwi → *hu̯·aiwi̯·āstā-
12. hu̯·aiwi̯·āstā-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *hu̯·aiwy·āstā-
13. hu̯·aiwy·āstā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. hv·aiwy·āstā-
PIE *su·hɑesto-
LAv. hv·asta-
(absol.) ‘mit gutem Werfen’
(AIWb. 1852)
(LAv. hvastǝm)
1. PIE *su·hɑesto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *su·hɑasto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. su·hɑasto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *su·hasto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. su·hasto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su·hasta-
4. su·hasta-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *su·asta-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. su·asta-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *hu·asta-
6. hu·asta-
*uA → u̯A
Desyllabification of uA into u̯A
RuA›u̯A → *hu̯·asta-
7. hu̯·asta-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. hv·asta-
√hɑsti-
PIE *Π·hɑēstiɑ́h-
gAv. paity·āstī-
(f.) ‘Einschärfen durch Wiederholung, Einschärfer’
(AIWb. 841)
1. PIE *Π·hɑēstiɑ́h-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·hɑāstiɑ́h-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑāstiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *Π·hɑāstiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. Π·hɑāstiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hāstiíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·hāstiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·āstií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·āstií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *Π·āstī́-
6. Π·āstī́-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → gAv. Π·āstī-
PIE *Π·hɑēstei̯o-
LAv. paity·āstaya-
(cs.) ‘wiederholen’
(AIWb. 841)
(LAv. paityāstayaēča [inf.])
1. PIE *Π·hɑēstei̯o-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·hɑāstei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑāstei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hāstei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hāstei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hāstei̯a-
4. Π·hāstei̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·āstei̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·āstei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·āstai̯a-
6. Π·āstai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. Π·āstaya-
√hɑstr-
PIE *hɑéstor-
RV. ástar-
(m.) ‘Schleuderer: thrower’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. ástā [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑéstor-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑástor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑástor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hástor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hástor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hástar-
4. hástar-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. ástar-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑestór-
RV. astár-
(m.) ‘Schleuderer, Schütze’
(WbRV. 158)
1. PIE *hɑestór-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑastór-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastór-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hastór-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hastór-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *hastár-
4. hastár-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. astár-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑestor-
LAv. astar-
(m.) ‘Schleuderer, Schütze’
(AIWb. 214)
1. PIE *hɑestor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑastor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hastor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hastor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hastar-
4. hastar-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → LAv. astar-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Π·hɑēstōr-
gAv. paity·āstār-
(m.) ‘der wiederholt, durch W-holung einschärft’
(AIWb. 841)
(gAv. paityāstārǝm)
1. PIE *Π·hɑēstōr-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·hɑāstōr-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑāstōr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hāstōr-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hāstōr-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·hāstār-
4. Π·hāstār-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → gAv. Π·āstār-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑēstro·Σ
RV. āstra·budhná-
(m.) ‘Eigenname eines Mannes’
(WbRV. 191)
1. PIE *hɑēstro·Σ
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāstro·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāstro·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāstro·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāstro·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hāstra·Σ
4. hāstra·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. āstra·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑestró-
AV. astrá-
(n.) ‘Wurfwaffe, Geschoß’
(EWA 1:144)
(AV. astrá- [AV. 11.10.16])
1. PIE *hɑestró-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑastró-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hastró-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hastró-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *hastrá-
4. hastrá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → AV. astrá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑēstro-
TochB. āsträ-
(sb.) ‘bolt, arrow (Māra’s weapon)’
(DTochB. 59)
(‹ TochB. -ä → a loanword?›)
1. PIE *hɑēstro-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāstro-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāstro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāstro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāstro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hāstra-
4. hāstra-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochB. āstra-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑstu-
PIE *hɑéstou̯-
OInd. ástav-
(inf.bs.) ‘werfen’
(EWA 1:144)
(Br. ástave, ástavaí)
1. PIE *hɑéstou̯-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑástou̯-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑástou̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hástou̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hástou̯-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hástau̯-
4. hástau̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ástau̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ástau̯-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OInd. ástav-
√hɑsu-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *pi̯·hɑesu-
LAv. fy·aŋhu-
(m.) ‘Hagel’
(AIWb. 973)
(LAv. fyaŋhum [sgA])
1. PIE *pi̯·hɑesu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *pi̯·hɑasu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. pi̯·hɑasu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pi̯·hasu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pi̯·hasu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pi̯·asu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pi̯·asu-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *pi̯·ahu-
5. pi̯·ahu-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
RpR›fR → *fi̯·ahu-
6. fi̯·ahu-
ahU → aŋhU
Change of h into ŋh
Rahu›aŋhU → *fi̯·aŋhu-
7. fi̯·aŋhu-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. fy·aŋhu-
PIE *pi̯·hɑesu-
LAv. fy·aŋhu-
(pr.) ‘hageln’
(AIWb. 973)
(LAv. fyaŋhuntaeča)
1. PIE *pi̯·hɑesu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *pi̯·hɑasu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. pi̯·hɑasu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pi̯·hasu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pi̯·hasu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pi̯·asu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pi̯·asu-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *pi̯·ahu-
5. pi̯·ahu-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
RpR›fR → *fi̯·ahu-
6. fi̯·ahu-
ahU → aŋhU
Change of h into ŋh
Rahu›aŋhU → *fi̯·aŋhu-
7. fi̯·aŋhu-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. fy·aŋhu-
PIE *pi̯·hɑesu̯etiɑ́h-
LAv. fy·aŋhvatī-
(pt.f.) ‘hagelnd, wenn es hagelt’
(AIWb. 973)
(LAv. fyaŋhvaityå)
1. PIE *pi̯·hɑesu̯etiɑ́h-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *pi̯·hɑasu̯etiɑ́h-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. pi̯·hɑasu̯etiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *pi̯·hɑasu̯etiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. pi̯·hɑasu̯etiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pi̯·hasu̯etiíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. pi̯·hasu̯etiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pi̯·asu̯etií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. pi̯·asu̯etií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *pi̯·asu̯etī́-
6. pi̯·asu̯etī́-
su̯ -> ŋuh
Change of su̯ into ŋuh
Rsu̯›ŋuh → *pi̯·aŋuhetī́-
7. pi̯·aŋuhetī́-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *pi̯·aŋuhatī́-
8. pi̯·aŋuhatī́-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
RpR›fR → *fi̯·aŋuhatī́-
9. fi̯·aŋuhatī́-
*ati → aiti
Anaptyxis of *i
RatI›aitI → *fi̯·aŋuhaitī́-
10. fi̯·aŋuhaitī́-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *fy·aŋuhaitī́-
11. fy·aŋuhaitī́-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → LAv. fy·aŋuhaitī-
√hɑsuiɑh-
(IEW 771 [diff.])
(WP. 1:324, WH. 2:406)
PIE *hɑosui̯ēɑh-
LAv. aŋhuyā-
(f.) ‘Schwert’
(AIWb. 110)
(Av. ϑaxtayāt parō aŋhuyāt̰)
1. PIE *hɑosui̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑosui̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑosui̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hosui̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hosui̯āh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasui̯āh-
4. hasui̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asui̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. asui̯ā-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *ahui̯ā-
6. ahui̯ā-
ahU → aŋhU
Change of h into ŋh
Rahu›aŋhU → *aŋhui̯ā-
7. aŋhui̯ā-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. aŋhuyā-
√hɑsuor-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑes·hɑesu̯or-
Hitt. ḫaš·ḫašu̯ar-
(N.act.) ‘abschaben, abkratzen’
(HHand. 46)
1. PIE *hɑes·hɑesu̯or-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑas·hɑasu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑas·hɑasu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *has·hasu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. has·hasu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *has·hasu̯ar-
4. has·hasu̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haš·hašu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haš·hašu̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaš·ḫašu̯ar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·hɑesuro-
LAv. vy·aŋura-
(m.) ‘N eines Insekts, das sich auf Hunden findet’
(AIWb. 1476)
(Not ‘mit unförmlichen Gliedmassen’, to OInd. vyànga- against AIWb. 1476)
1. PIE *Π·hɑesuro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑasuro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑasuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hasuro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hasuro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hasura-
4. Π·hasura-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·asura-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·asura-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *Π·ahura-
6. Π·ahura-
ahU → aŋhU
Change of h into ŋh
Rahu›aŋhU → LAv. Π·aŋhura-


PIE √hɑs- (vb.) ‘fill, satiate’
(IEW 876)
(Juret 1942:35, SPIE 85)
√hɑs-
(Pyysalo)
(HIL. 379f.; HW2 H:421f.)
PIE *hɑes-
Pal. ḫaš-
(pr.) ‘sich satt trinken/essen: satiate’
(DPal. 46)
(Pal. ḫa-ša-an-ti [3pl])
1. PIE *hɑes-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑas-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑas-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *has-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. has-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. ḫaš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·hɑēs-
LAv. upa (…) āh·-
(pr.M.) ‘erfüllen’
(AIWb. 345)
(LAv. upa āhīša [opt2sg])
1. PIE *Π·hɑēs-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·hɑās-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑās-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hās-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hās-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ās-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·ās-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → LAv. Π·āh-
√hɑso-
(Juret 1942:35)
PIE *hɑés
Gr. ἄ-
(ao.) ‘sich sättigen’
(GEW 1:159)
(Gr. ἄμεναι [inf.] ‹no initial *h-›)
1. PIE *hɑés
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑás
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑás
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hás
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hás
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ás
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ás
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄσ
PIE *hɑéso-
Gr. ἄο-
(pr.) ‘sich sättigen’
(GEW 1:159)
(Gr. ἄεται [3sg] ‹no initial *h-›)
1. PIE *hɑéso-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑáso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *háso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. háso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *áso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. áso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *áho-
5. áho-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *áo-
6. áo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄο-
√hɑsiK-
PIE *hɑesik-
Hitt. ḫašik-
(vb.1.) ‘sich sättigen, sich satt trinken’
(HEG H:200)
(HED 3:230-2)
1. PIE *hɑesik-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasik-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasik-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasik-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasik-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašik-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hašik-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫašik-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑesiko-
Hitt. ḫašika-
(GIŠn.) ‘ein Obstbaum und seine Frucht’
(HHand. 46)
(Hitt. ḫa-ši-ig-ga-)
1. PIE *hɑesiko-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasiko-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasiko-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasiko-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasiko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasika-
4. hasika-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašika-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašika-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫašika-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑs- (sb.) ‘Feuer, Asche’ (vb.) ‘brennen, glänzen’
(IEW 68-69)
(Pedersen HiuA 164)
√hɑes-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑes-
Hitt. ḫaš-
(n.) ‘Asche’
(HHand. 45)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-aš [sgN = n.?])
1. PIE *hɑes-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑas-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑas-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *has-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. has-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑés-Σ
Gr. ·ἄσβολο--
(m./f.) ‘soot’
(LSJ. 255)
(Gr. ἄσβολο-)
1. PIE *hɑés-Σ
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑás-Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑás-Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hás-Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hás-Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ás-Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ás-Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ·ἄσΣ-
PIE *hɑes-Σ
Gr. ·ἀσβολόο--
(vb.) ‘cover with soot’
(LSJ. 255)
(Gr. ἀσβολόω)
1. PIE *hɑes-Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑas-Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑas-Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *has-Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. has-Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *as-Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. as-Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ·ἀσΣ-
√hɑoso-
PIE *hɑoso-
Hitt. ḫaša-
(c.) ‘Feuer(stelle): GUNNI’ (HHand. 45)
(HEG H:197)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-ša-aš, ḫa-a-aš-ša [sgN], ḫa-aš-ša-an, ḫa-aš-ši)
1. PIE *hɑoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasa-
3. hasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeso-
Hitt. ḫaša-
(c.) ‘Asche = Seife’
(HEG H:197 [wL.])
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-ša-aš, ḫa-a-aš-ša-an, ḫa-aš-uš [plA])
1. PIE *hɑeso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasa-
4. hasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑsɑh-
(Pedersen HiuA 164)
PIE *hɑēsēɑh-
OLat. āsā-
(f.) ‘Aufbau zum Opfern, Altar’
(WH. 1:61)
(OLat. āsa, Lat. āra)
1. PIE *hɑēsēɑh-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāsēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāsēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑāsāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑāsāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāsāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hāsāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OLat. āsā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑēsēɑh-
Osc. āsā-
(f.) ‘Altar’
(WbOU. 43f.)
(Osc. AASAÍ [sgL])
1. PIE *hɑēsēɑh-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāsēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāsēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑāsāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑāsāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāsāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hāsāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Osc. āsā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑesi-
PIE *hɑesi-
HLu. ḫaši-
(FLAMMAEn.) ‘fire, flame, vel sim.?’
(CHLu. 9.14.3)
(HLu. FLAMMAE(-)hax-si)
1. PIE *hɑesi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫaši-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑs- (sb.) ‘Bein, Stein, Kraft’ (a.) ‘kräftig’
(IEW 783)
(Benveniste 1932b:139)
√hɑoso-
PIE *hɑoso-
CLu. ḫaša-
(n.) ‘Bein: bone’ (cf. Singer 1983:112f.)
(DLL. 43)
(CLu. ḫa-ša-ti [plAbl])
1. PIE *hɑoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasa-
3. hasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫaša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑoso-
HLu. ḫaša-
(sb.) ‘force’
(CHLu. 2.11.30)
(HLu. (“314”)ha-sá-ti-i [sgI])
1. PIE *hɑoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasa-
3. hasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫaša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑosēɑh-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·hɑosēɑh-
RV. kī́k·asā-
(f.) ‘Brustbein’ (pl) ‘Brustrippen’
(WbRV. 327)
1. PIE *Π·hɑosēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·hɑosāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑosāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hosāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hosāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hasāh-
4. Π·hasāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. Π·asā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑstɑhK-
PIE *hɑosteɑhkó-
Gr. ὀστακό-
(m.) ‘Meerkrebs’
(GEW 1:169)
1. PIE *hɑosteɑhkó-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑostaɑhkó-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. hɑostaɑhkó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hostahkó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hostahkó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ostakó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ostakó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀστακό-
PIE *hɑesteɑhkó-
Gr. ἀστακό-
(m.) ‘Meerkrebs’
(GEW 1:169)
(Gr. ἀστακός; Lindeman 1997: §40)
1. PIE *hɑesteɑhkó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasteɑhkó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasteɑhkó-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑastaɑhkó-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑastaɑhkó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hastahkó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hastahkó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *astakó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. astakó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀστακό-
√hɑsti-
PIE *hɑostoi-
Hitt. ḫaštai-
(n.) ‘Knochen, Gebeine, Widerstandskraft’
(HEG H:202-3)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-ta-a-i [NA], ḫa-aš-ti-i-aš [G])
1. PIE *hɑostoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hostoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hostoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hastai-
3. hastai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haštai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haštai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaštai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑostéi̯o-
Gr. ὀστέο-
(n.) ‘Knochen, Kern einer Frucht’
(GEW 2:436-7)
(Gr. ὀστέον [sgNA])
1. PIE *hɑostéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hostéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hostéi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ostéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ostéi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *ostéo-
4. ostéo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀστέο-
√hɑstr-
PIE *hɑóstr·Σ
Gr. ὄστρ·ακο-
(n.) ‘knöcherne Schale (von Schneken usw.)’
(GEW 2:437)
1. PIE *hɑóstr·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hóstr·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hóstr·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *óstr·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. óstr·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄστρ·Σ
PIE *hɑestr·Σ
Gr. ἀστρ·άγαλο-
(m.) ‘Knöchel’
(GEW 1:173)
(Gr. ἀστράγαλος [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑestr·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑastr·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastr·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hastr·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hastr·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *astr·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. astr·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀστρ·Σ
√ɦɑesdo-
PIE *ɦɑésdo-
Gr. ἄσδο-
(sb.) ‘στήλη λιθίνη’
(LSJ. 255)
(Gr. ἄσδος)
1. PIE *ɦɑésdo-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *ɦɑásdo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑásdo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦásdo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦásdo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ásdo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ásdo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄσδο-
√ɦɑezdɑɦ-
PIE *ɦɑezdɑɦi-
gAv. azdi-
(n.) ‘Knochen, stofflicher Leib’
(AIWb. 211-2)
(gAv. azbibīš [plI])
1. PIE *ɦɑezdɑɦi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑazdɑɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑazdɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦazdɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦazdɦi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *azdɦi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. azdɦi-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → gAv. azdi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *ɦɑezdɑɦr-
Arm. azdr-
(sb.) ‘Hüfte’
(EtDiArm. 10)
1. PIE *ɦɑezdɑɦr-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑazdɑɦr-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑazdɑɦr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦazdɦr-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦazdɦr-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *azdɦr-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. azdɦr-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → Arm. azdr-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)


PIE √hɑstɑh- √ɦɑsdɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Held’ (a.) ‘heldenhaft, tüchtig, brav, edel’
(IEW –)
(Szemerényi 1974:153f.)
√hɑestɑheli-
PIE *hɑestɑhelei
Hitt. ḫaštelei-
(c.) ‘Held: Sum. UR.SAG’
(HEG H:203-4)
(HIL. 379, Hitt. ḫa-aš-te-li-ia-an, ḫa-aš-ti-li-i[a-...], UR.SAG-li)
1. PIE *hɑestɑhelei
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑastɑhelei
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastɑhelei
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasthelei
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasthelei
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hastelei
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hastelei
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haštelei
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haštelei
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaštelei
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑestɑhelei̯ont-
Hitt. ḫaštelei̯ant-
(a.) ‘brave’
(HIL. 379)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-te-li-an-za)
1. PIE *hɑestɑhelei̯ont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑastɑhelei̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastɑhelei̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasthelei̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasthelei̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasthelei̯ant-
4. hasthelei̯ant-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hastelei̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hastelei̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haštelei̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. haštelei̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaštelei̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑestɑhelei̯odɑɦor-
Hitt. ḫaštelei̯adar-
(n.) ‘heroic bearing, heroism, bravery’
(HIL. 379)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-t[i-li-ia-tar])
1. PIE *hɑestɑhelei̯odɑɦor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑastɑhelei̯odɑɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastɑhelei̯odɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasthelei̯odɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasthelei̯odɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasthelei̯adɦar-
4. hasthelei̯adɦar-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hastelei̯adɦar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hastelei̯adɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hastelei̯adar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hastelei̯adar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haštelei̯adar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. haštelei̯adar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaštelei̯adar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑestɑholi-
PIE *hɑestɑholei-
Kpd. ḫaštalei-
(Ic.) ‹‘Held?’›
(NOMS. 323)
(Kpd. ḫa-áš-ta-li)
1. PIE *hɑestɑholei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑastɑholei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastɑholei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hastholei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hastholei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasthalei-
4. hasthalei-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hastalei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hastalei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haštalei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. haštalei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. ḫaštalei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑestɑholeis-
Hitt. ḫaštaleiš-
(vb.1.) ‘heldenhaft werden: become a hero’
(HHand. 46)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-ta-le-eš-zi, ḫa-aš-ta-li-iz-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑestɑholeis-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑastɑholeis-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastɑholeis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hastholeis-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hastholeis-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasthaleis-
4. hasthaleis-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hastaleis-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hastaleis-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haštaleiš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. haštaleiš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaštaleiš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑestɑholei̯odɑɦor-
Hitt. ḫaštalei̯adar-
(n.) ‘Heldenhaftigkeit: heroism’
(HHand. 46)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-ta-li-ia-tar)
1. PIE *hɑestɑholei̯odɑɦor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑastɑholei̯odɑɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastɑholei̯odɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hastholei̯odɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hastholei̯odɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasthalei̯adɦar-
4. hasthalei̯adɦar-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hastalei̯adɦar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hastalei̯adɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hastalei̯adar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hastalei̯adar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haštalei̯adar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. haštalei̯adar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaštalei̯adar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ehɑstɑhlo-
(Szemerényi 1974:153f.)
PIE *ehɑstɑhló-
Gr. ἐσθλό-
(a.) ‘tüchtig, brav, edel’
(GEW 1:574)
(Gr. ἐσθλός, Dor. ἐσλός)
1. PIE *ehɑstɑhló-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ehsthló-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ehsthló-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *esthló-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. esthló-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐσθλό-
PIE *ehɑstɑhló·tēɑht-
Ion.-Att. ἐσθλό·τητ-
(f.) ‘Tüchtigkeit’
(GrGr. 1:533)
(Gr. ἐσθλότης)
1. PIE *ehɑstɑhló·tēɑht-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ehɑstɑhló·tāɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ehɑstɑhló·tāɑht-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ehsthló·tāht-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ehsthló·tāht-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *esthló·tāt-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. esthló·tāt-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *esthló·tēt-
5. esthló·tēt-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. ἐσθλό·τητ-
√hɑestɑhori-
PIE *hɑestɑhorei̯odɑɦor-
Hitt. ḫaštarei̯adar-
(n.) ‘Heldenhaftigkeit’
(HHand. 46)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-ta-ri-ia-tar)
1. PIE *hɑestɑhorei̯odɑɦor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑastɑhorei̯odɑɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastɑhorei̯odɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasthorei̯odɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasthorei̯odɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hastharei̯adɦar-
4. hastharei̯adɦar-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hastarei̯adɦar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hastarei̯adɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hastarei̯adar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hastarei̯adar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haštarei̯adar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. haštarei̯adar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaštarei̯adar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑstr- (sb.) ‘Stern’
(IEW 1029)
(Forrer apud Feist 1939:448: Hitt.)
√hɑster-
PIE *hɑestḗr
Gr. ἀστήρ-
(m.) ‘Stern’
(GEW 1:170-1)
(Gr. ἀστήρ-)
1. PIE *hɑestḗr
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑastḗr
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastḗr
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hastḗr
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hastḗr
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *astḗr
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. astḗr
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀστήρ
PIE *hɑstēr-
LAv. stār-
(m.) ‘Stern’
(AIWb. 1598)
(LAv. stārǝm [sgA], stārō [G], stāra [plV], stārō [plN], stārąm [plG])
1. PIE *hɑstēr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hstēr-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hstēr-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *stēr-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. stēr-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → LAv. stār-
PIE *hɑster-
LAv. star-
(m.) ‘Stern’
(AIWb. 1598)
(LAv. starasča [plN])
1. PIE *hɑster-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hster-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hster-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ster-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ster-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. star-
√hɑstr-
PIE *hɑstr̥-
RV. str̥-
(m.) ‘Stern’
(WbRV. 1589)
(RV. str̥bhíṣ [plI])
1. PIE *hɑstr̥-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hstr̥-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hstr̥-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. str̥-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑstr-
gAv. str-
(m.) ‘Stern’
(AIWb. 1598)
(gAv. strǝ̄m, LAv. strąm)
1. PIE *hɑstr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hstr-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hstr-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → gAv. str-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑstr̥-
LAv. stǝr-
(m.) ‘Stern’
(AIWb. 1598)
(LAv. stǝrǝbyō)
1. PIE *hɑstr̥-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hstr̥-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hstr̥-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *str̥-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. str̥-
*r̥ → ǝr
Change of *r̥ into ǝr
Rr̥›ǝr → LAv. stǝr-
√hɑstero-
PIE *hɑestero-
Hitt. ḫaštera-
(URUc.) ‘URUMUL-ra = URUStern’ (DKašk. 95)
(OGH. 95-96)
(Hitt. URUḫa-aš-te-ra-an, ”In der Umgebung von Nerik (...) ›Ḫakmiš ›Nira”)
1. PIE *hɑestero-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑastero-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastero-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hastero-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hastero-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hastera-
4. hastera-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haštera-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haštera-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaštera-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑstero·Σ
LAv. ·starō.sāra-
(m.) ‘die Sterne als Haupt tragend (Name eines Gebirgs)’
(AIWb. 1599)
1. PIE *hɑstero·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hstero·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hstero·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hstera·Σ
3. hstera·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *stera·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. stera·Σ
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. stara·Σ
√hɑestro-
PIE *hɑéstro-
Gr. ἄστρο-
(n.) ‘Gestirn’
(GEW 1:170)
(Gr. ἄστρον)
1. PIE *hɑéstro-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑástro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑástro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hástro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hástro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ástro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ástro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄστρο-
PIE *hɑestro-
Lat. astro-
(n.) ‘Stern, Gestirn’
(WH. 2:587)
(Lat. astrum)
1. PIE *hɑestro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑastro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hastro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hastro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. astro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑstereio-
PIE *hɑesterei̯o-
Hitt. ḫašterei̯a-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 96)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-te-ri-ia [Stf.])
1. PIE *hɑesterei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasterei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasterei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasterei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasterei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasterei̯a-
4. hasterei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašterei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašterei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫašterei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑsternɑh·n-
PIE *hɑsternēɑh·n
Goth. stairno·n-
(f.) ‘Stern: star: stella: ἀστήρ’
(GoEtD. S131)
(Goth. stairnons [plN] Mrk 13,25 CA, HbGo. 139,1)
1. PIE *hɑsternēɑh·n
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑsternāɑh·n
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑsternāɑh·n
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hsternāh·n
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hsternāh·n
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sternā·n
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sternā·n
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *sternō·n
(XX:XX)
5. sternō·n
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *stirnō·n
6. stirnō·n
i → ai
Opening of i into ai
Ri›ai → *stairnō·n
7. stairnō·n
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Goth. stairno·n
√hɑstert-
(HEG H:204ff.)
PIE *hɑestert-
Hitt. ḫaštert-
(c.) ‘Stern: MUL: Akd. kakkabu’
(HHand. 46)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-te-er-za [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑestert-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑastert-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastert-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hastert-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hastert-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haštert-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haštert-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaštert-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑsu- (sb.) ‘König, Gott’
(IEW 48)
(Oettinger 1976b:24)
√hɑesu-
(Oettinger 1976b:24)
PIE *hɑesu-
Hitt. ḫašu-
(c.) ‘LUGAL: Großkönig’
(HEG H:207)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-šu-uš [sgN], ḫa-aš-šu-u[a-aš], ḫa-aš-šu-u-ú-i)
1. PIE *hɑesu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hašu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫašu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑesu-
HLu. ḫašu-
(DEUSc.) ‘König’
(CHLu. 13.11c)
(HLu. DEUSha-su-sa)
1. PIE *hɑesu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hašu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫašu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑesu-
gAv. ahu-
(m.) ‘Oberherr’
(AIWb. 281-3)
1. PIE *hɑesu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. asu-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *ahu-
5. ahu-
ahU → aŋhU
Change of h into ŋh
Rahu›aŋhU → gAv. aŋhu-
PIE *Π·hɑsu-
Hitt. niu̯a·ḫšu-
(mc.) ‘-(?)-’
(HIL. 382-3)
(Hitt. ni-ua-aḫ-šu)
1. PIE *Π·hɑsu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hsu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hsu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·hšu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. Π·hšu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·ḫšu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·hɑsu-
Hitt. ḫišta·ḫšu-
(mc.) ‘-(?)-’
(HIL. 382-3)
(Hitt. ḫi-iš-ta-aḫ-šu)
1. PIE *Π·hɑsu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hsu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hsu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·hšu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. Π·hšu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·ḫšu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑesuei-
PIE *hɑesu̯ei-
Hitt. ḫašu̯ei-
(vb1.) ‘herrschen, als LUGAL reichen’
(HHand. 46)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-šu-u-e-et, LU.GAL-u-e-et)
1. PIE *hɑesu̯ei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasu̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasu̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasu̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasu̯ei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašu̯ei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hašu̯ei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫašu̯ei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑesuRo-
PIE *hɑésuro-
RV. ásura-
(m.) ‘Gott’
(WbRV. 155-6)
1. PIE *hɑésuro-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑásuro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑásuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hásuro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hásuro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hásura-
4. hásura-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. ásura-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑesuro-
gAv. ahura-
(m.) ‘Gott’
(AIWb. 285-93)
1. PIE *hɑesuro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasuro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasuro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasuro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasura-
4. hasura-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asura-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. asura-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *ahura-
6. ahura-
ahU → aŋhU
Change of h into ŋh
Rahu›aŋhU → gAv. aŋhura-
PIE *hɑesuro-
LAv. ahura-
(m.) ‘Machthaber, Herr, Fürst’
(AIWb. 285-93)
1. PIE *hɑesuro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasuro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasuro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasuro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasura-
4. hasura-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asura-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. asura-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *ahura-
6. ahura-
ahU → aŋhU
Change of h into ŋh
Rahu›aŋhU → LAv. aŋhura-
√hɑsusoro-
PIE *hɑesu·soro-
HLu. ḫašu·šara-
(MAGNUS.DOMINAc.) ‘Großkönigin’
(CHLu. 2.20.6)
(HLu. (MAGNUS.DOMINA)ha-su-sa5+ra/i-[i?])
1. PIE *hɑesu·soro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasu·soro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasu·soro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasu·soro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasu·soro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasu·sara-
4. hasu·sara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašu·šara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašu·šara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫašu·šara-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑesu·soro-
Hitt. ḫašu·šara-
(c.*) ‘Großkönigin’
(HIL. 382-3)
(Hitt. MUNUS.LUGAL-ra)
1. PIE *hɑesu·soro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasu·soro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasu·soro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasu·soro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasu·soro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasu·sara-
4. hasu·sara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašu·šara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašu·šara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫašu·šara-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑesu·soro-
Hitt. ḫašu·šara-
(c.) ‘(eine Pflanze)’
(HHand. 46)
1. PIE *hɑesu·soro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasu·soro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasu·soro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasu·soro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasu·soro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasu·sara-
4. hasu·sara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašu·šara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašu·šara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫašu·šara-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑesu·sro-
Hitt. ḫašu·šra-
(fc.) ‘-(?)-’
(HIL. 382-3)
(Hitt. ḫa-šu-uš-ra)
1. PIE *hɑesu·sro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasu·sro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasu·sro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasu·sro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasu·sro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasu·sra-
4. hasu·sra-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašu·šra-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašu·šra-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫašu·šra-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑt- √ɦɑd- (vb.) ‘glänzen, brennen, weiß sein’ (a.) ‘glänzend, weiß’ (sb.) ‘Sonne’
(IEW 69)
(WP. 1:42; Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)
√hɑet-
(Pyysalo)
(IEW 69)
PIE *hɑet·Σ
Hitt. ḫat·alkišna-
(n.) ‘Weißdorn’
(HEG H:218-9)
(HHand. 47)
1. PIE *hɑet·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑat·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑat·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hat·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hat·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫat·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑetó-
Gr. ἀτό-
(pret.) ‘glänzend, weiß sein’
(LSJ. 269)
(in Hes. ἀτετόν [pret.pt.]· λευκόν)
1. PIE *hɑetó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑató-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑató-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ható-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ható-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ató-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ató-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀτό-
PIE *hɑēto·Σ
OInd. āta·pattra-
(n.) ‘Sonnenschirm’
(KEWA 1:72)
(‹Thus not a haplology against Mayrhofer; or *hɑōto-?›)
1. PIE *hɑēto·Σ
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāto·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāto·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāto·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāto·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hāta·Σ
4. hāta·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OInd. āta·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√ɦɑd-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG H:213-4, HED 3:247-8, HIL. 383-4, )
PIE *ɦɑed-
Hitt. ḫad-
(vb.) ‘brennen?’
(HIL. 384)
(Hitt. ...k]a-a-aš-za ki-ša na!-ap ḫa-a-ti [3sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑed-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑad-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑad-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦad-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦad-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫad-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑed-
Hitt. ḫad-
(vb.1.2.) ‘vertrocknen’
(HHand. 47)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-az-ta [3sg], ḫa-te-ir, ḫa-a-du)
1. PIE *ɦɑed-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑad-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑad-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦad-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦad-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫad-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑed-
Hitt. ḫad-
(c.) ‘(ein Gegenstand aus Gold)’
(HHand. 47)
(Hitt. ḫadi)
1. PIE *ɦɑed-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑad-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑad-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦad-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦad-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫad-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑed·Σ
Hitt. ḫad·alki-
(c.) ‘Weißdorn?’
(HEG H:218-219)
(Hitt. ḫatalkiš [plA])
1. PIE *ɦɑed·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑad·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑad·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦad·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦad·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫad·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑed·Σ
Hitt. ḫad·alkišna-
(c.) ‘Weißdorn’
(HEG H:218-219)
(Hitt. ḫatalkišna-)
1. PIE *ɦɑed·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑad·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑad·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦad·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦad·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫad·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·ɦɑed-
OInd. pār·ad-
(m.) ‘Quecksilber’
(KEWA 2:257)
(‹cf. Lat. pro·pero- for ‘quick’›)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑed-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·ɦɑad-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·ɦɑad-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦad-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·ɦad-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → OInd. Π·ad-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Π·ɦɑéd-
Gr. κηλ·άδ-
(f.) ‘dark day (Hes.)’
(GEW 1:840)
(Gr. κηλάς, κηλάδος)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑéd-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *Π·ɦɑád-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·ɦɑád-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦád-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·ɦád-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·ád-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·ád-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·άδ-


PIE √hɑt- √ɦɑd- (vb.) ‘gebären’ (sb.) ‘Vater, Mutter, Geburt, Jugend’
(IEW 71)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√hɑt-
(IEW 71)
PIE *hɑet.hɑeuɑho-
Lat. at.auo-
(m.) ‘Vater des Urgroßvaters/der Urgroßmutter’
(WH. 1:73)
1. PIE *hɑet.hɑeuɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑat.hɑauɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑat.hɑauɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hat.hauho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hat.hauho-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. at.auo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑtoko-
PIE *hɑetoko-
Hitt. ḫataka-
(d.) ‘queen’
(OHP. 1:228-35)
(Hitt. URUankuaš dḫa-at-tág-ga, IE&IE 779)
1. PIE *hɑetoko-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatoko-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatoko-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatoko-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hatoko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hataka-
4. hataka-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫataka-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑetoko·Σ
Hitt. ḫataka·LÚ-
(mc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 335)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-tág-ga-LÚ)
1. PIE *hɑetoko·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatoko·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatoko·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatoko·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hatoko·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hataka·Σ
4. hataka·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫataka·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑtɑh-
PIE *hɑetēɑh-
Alb. atë-
(m.) ‘Vater: father’
(AlbEtD. 11)
1. PIE *hɑetēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑatāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑatāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hatāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *atā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. atā-
*ā → ë
Change of *ā into Alb. ë
Rā›ë → Alb. atë-
(XX:XX)
PIE *hɑetēɑhno
Alb. atën-
(m.pl) ‘Vater: father’
(AlbEtD. 11)
1. PIE *hɑetēɑhno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatēɑhno
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatēɑhno
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑatāɑhno
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑatāɑhno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatāhno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hatāhno
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *atāno
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. atāno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *atāna
6. atāna
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *atān
7. atān
*ā → ë
Change of *ā into Alb. ë
Rā›ë → Alb. atën
(XX:XX)
√hɑtɑhl-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑeteɑhló-
Gr. ἀταλό-
(a.) ‘kindlich, jugendlich, zart’
(GEW 1:176)
1. PIE *hɑeteɑhló-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑateɑhló-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑateɑhló-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑataɑhló-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑataɑhló-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatahló-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hatahló-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ataló-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ataló-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀταλό-
PIE *hɑetéɑhlno-
Gr. ἀτάλλο-
(pr.) ‘munter umherhüpfen, aufziehen’
(GEW 1:175)
(Gr. ἀταλλω)
1. PIE *hɑetéɑhlno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatéɑhlno-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatéɑhlno-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *hɑatáɑhlno-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑatáɑhlno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatáhlno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hatáhlno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *atálno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. atálno-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → *atállo-
6. atállo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀτάλλο-
PIE *hɑeteɑhl·Σ
Gr. ἀταλ·άντη-
(f.) ‘N. einer mythischen Jungfrau’
(GEW 1:175)
1. PIE *hɑeteɑhl·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑateɑhl·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑateɑhl·Σ
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑataɑhl·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑataɑhl·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatahl·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hatahl·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *atal·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. atal·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀταλ·Σ
PIE *hɑeteɑhl·Σ
Gr. ἀταλ·υμνο-
(f.) ‘κοκκυμηλέα: Pflaumenbaum’
(GEW 1:175)
1. PIE *hɑeteɑhl·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑateɑhl·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑateɑhl·Σ
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑataɑhl·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑataɑhl·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatahl·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hatahl·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *atal·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. atal·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀταλ·Σ
PIE *hɑtɑhl·Σ
Goth. þl·aqu-
(a.) ‘ἁπαλός: tener: zart: pliant, supple, tender’
(GoEtD. Þ47)
(Goth. þlaqus [sgN] Mrk 13,28 CA, HbGo. 104,5, 161)
1. PIE *hɑtɑhl·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hthl·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hthl·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *thl·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. thl·Σ
*t h → þ
Affricativization of *th
Rth›þ → Goth. þl·Σ
√ɦɑd-
√ɦɑdoɑho-
PIE *ɦɑedoɑho-
Hitt. ḫadaḫa-
(d.) ‘queen’
(OHP. 1:228-35)
(Hitt. URUankua dḫa-taḫ-ḫa-aš, ḫa-taḫaḫ-ḫa, IE&IE 779; GhR. 310-311, 590 with n. 348 and 349, 620, 743; RDH. 28; Otten 1971:46; REL. 72, 113-4, 143)
1. PIE *ɦɑedoɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadoɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadoɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadoho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadoho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦadaha-
4. ɦadaha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫadaḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑedoɑhko-
Hitt. ḫadaḫka-
(d.) ‘(ARADMEŠ dḫadaḫga, cult in Ḫatanta-)’
(OHP. 1:228-35)
(Hitt. ḫa-taḫ-ga-an)
1. PIE *ɦɑedoɑhko-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadoɑhko-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadoɑhko-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadohko-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadohko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦadahka-
4. ɦadahka-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫadaḫka-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑedoɑhko-
Hitt. ḫadaḫka-
(É.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:228-35)
(Hitt. ḫa-taḫ-ka)
1. PIE *ɦɑedoɑhko-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadoɑhko-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadoɑhko-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadohko-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadohko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦadahka-
4. ɦadahka-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫadaḫka-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑdoko-
PIE *ɦɑedoko-
Hitt. ḫadaka-
(d.) ‘queen’
(OHP. 1:228-35)
(Hitt. URUankuaš dḫa-tág-ga, IE&IE 779)
1. PIE *ɦɑedoko-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadoko-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadoko-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadoko-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadoko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦadaka-
4. ɦadaka-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫadaka-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑdi-
PIE *ɦɑōdí-
Gr. ὠδί-
(f.) ‘das Geborene’
(GEW 1:1143-4)
(Gr. ὠδίς)
1. PIE *ɦɑōdí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦōdí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦōdí-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ōdí-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ōdí-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὠδί-
√ɦɑed·deɑɦ-
PIE *ɦɑed·deɑɦ-
Arm. at·ta-
(sb.) ‘mother, mummy’
(EtDiArm. 124)
1. PIE *ɦɑed·deɑɦ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑad·deɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑad·deɑɦ-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ɦɑad·daɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. ɦɑad·daɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦad·daɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ɦad·daɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ad·da-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ad·da-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → Arm. at·ta-
PIE *ɦɑeddeɑɦ·n-
Goth. atta·n-
(m.) ‘father’
(GoEtD. A218)
(Goth. atta)
1. PIE *ɦɑeddeɑɦ·n-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑaddeɑɦ·n-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaddeɑɦ·n-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ɦɑaddaɑɦ·n-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. ɦɑaddaɑɦ·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦaddaɦ·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ɦaddaɦ·n-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *adda·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. adda·n-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → Goth. atta·n-
√ɦɑdokei-
PIE *ɦɑedokei-
Hitt. ḫadakei-
(d.) ‘queen’
(OHP. 1:228-35)
(Hitt. ḫa-ták-ki [Abs])
1. PIE *ɦɑedokei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadokei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadokei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadokei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadokei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦadakei-
4. ɦadakei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫadakei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑt- √ɦɑd- (vb.) ‘essen, fressen, verzehren’ (a.) ‘gefräßig’ (sb.pt.) ‘Zahn’
(IEW 287-289)
(WP. 1:118f.)
√hɑet-
PIE *hɑét·Σ
Gr. ἄτ·αιθο-
(a.) ‘gefrässig, gierig, lüstern, gefallsüchtig’
(LSJ. 267)
(Hes. ἄταιθα · λαμυρά)
1. PIE *hɑét·Σ
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑát·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑát·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hát·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hát·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *át·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. át·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄτ·Σ
PIE *Π·hɑet·Σ
Gr. ἀκρ·ατ·ισμό-
(m.) ‘eating first thing in the morning’
(LSJ. 54)
(Gr. ἀκρατισμὸς γὰρ λέγεται τὸ πρωϊνὸν φαγεῖν)
1. PIE *Π·hɑet·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑat·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑat·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hat·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hat·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·at·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·at·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·ατ·Σ
√ɦɑed-
PIE *medɑɦuHɑéd-
RV. madhu.ád-
(a.) ‘Süsses, süsse Frucht essend’
(WbRV. 990)
(RV. madhuádas [plN])
1. PIE *medɑɦuHɑéd-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *medɑɦuHɑád-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. medɑɦuHɑád-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *medɦuHád-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. medɦuHád-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *medɦu.ád-
4. medɦu.ád-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *madɦu.ád-
5. madɦu.ád-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. madhu.ád-
PIE *ɦɑedeɑhmeɑhn-
Arm. ataman-
(sb.) ‘Zahn’
(IEW 289)
(Arm. atamn [N], ataman [G])
1. PIE *ɦɑedeɑhmeɑhn-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadeɑhmeɑhn-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadeɑhmeɑhn-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ɦɑadaɑhmaɑhn-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. ɦɑadaɑhmaɑhn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadahmahn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ɦadahmahn-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *adahmahn-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. adahmahn-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *adaman-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. adaman-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → Arm. ataman-
√ēɦɑd-
PIE *ḗɦɑd-
Lith. ė́d-
(vb.) ‘essen, fressen: eat, swallow’
(LiEtWb. 124-5)
(Lith. ė́sti [inf.])
1. PIE *ḗɦɑd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ḗɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ḗɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ḗd-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ḗd-
*ḗ -> ė́
Change of *ḗ -> ė́
Rḗ›ė́ → Lith. ė́d-
PIE *ēɦɑd-
Lat. ēd-
(pf.) ‘essen’
(WH. 1:392-3)
(Lat. ēdit [3sg])
1. PIE *ēɦɑd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ēɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ēɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. ēd-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *eɦɑd·ēɦɑd-
Gr. ἐδ·ηδ-
(pf.) ‘essen, fressen’
(GEW 1:444-445)
(Hom. ἐδηδώς [pf.pt., Ρ 542])
1. PIE *eɦɑd·ēɦɑd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eɦd·ēɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eɦd·ēɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ed·ēd-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ed·ēd-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐδ·ηδ-
√eɦɑd-
PIE *éɦɑd-
RV. ád-
(ao.) ‘essen, verzehren [A, G]’
(WbRV. 33)
(RV. átsi [2sg], átti [3sg])
1. PIE *éɦɑd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *éɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. éɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *éd-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. éd-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. ád-
PIE *éɦɑd-
Gr. ἔδ-
(ao.) ‘essen, fressen’
(GEW 1:444-445)
(Gr. ἔδμεναι [inf.])
1. PIE *éɦɑd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *éɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. éɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *éd-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. éd-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἔδ-
√eɦɑdo-
PIE *eɦɑdo-
Lat. edo-
(pr.3.) ‘essen’
(WH. 1:392-3)
(Lat. edō [1sg])
1. PIE *eɦɑdo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eɦdo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eɦdo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. edo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *éɦɑdo-
Gr. ἔδο-
(vb.) ‘essen, fressen’
(GEW 1:444-445)
(Gr. ἔδω [1sg])
1. PIE *éɦɑdo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *éɦdo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. éɦdo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *édo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. édo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἔδο-
PIE *éɦɑdont-
Aeol. ἔδοντ-
(m.) ‘Zahn’
(GEW 1:352-353)
(Aeol. ἔδοντες [plN])
1. PIE *éɦɑdont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *éɦdont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. éɦdont-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *édont-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. édont-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Aeol. ἔδοντ-
PIE *éɦɑdont-
RV. ádant-
(pt.) ‘essend, fressend (ohne Objekt)’
(WbRV. 33)
(RV. ádan [agnís])
1. PIE *éɦɑdont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *éɦdont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. éɦdont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *éɦdant-
3. éɦdant-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *édant-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. édant-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. ádant-
√ōɦɑd-
PIE *ōɦɑde-
Arm. ute-
(pr.) ‘eat’
(ArmGr. 1:485)
(Arm. utem)
1. PIE *ōɦɑde-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ōɦde-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ōɦde-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ōde-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ōde-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *ōte-
4. ōte-
*ō → u
Change of *ō into u
Rō›u → Arm. ute-
PIE *eɦɑd·ōɦɑdó-
Gr. ἐδ·ωδό-
(a.) ‘zur Speise geeignet’
(GEW 1:444-445)
(Gr. ἐδωδός (Hp.))
1. PIE *eɦɑd·ōɦɑdó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eɦd·ōɦdó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eɦd·ōɦdó-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ed·ōdó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ed·ōdó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐδ·ωδό-
PIE *n·ōɦɑdó-
Gr. ν·ωδό-
(a.) ‘zahnlos’
(GEW 2:330)
(Gr. νωδός)
1. PIE *n·ōɦɑdó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *n·ōɦdó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. n·ōɦdó-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *n·ōdó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. n·ōdó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ν·ωδό-
√oɦɑd-
PIE *oɦɑdónt-
Gr. ὀδόντ-
(m.) ‘Zahn’
(GEW 1:352-353)
(Ion.-Att. ὀδών, ὀδόντος)
1. PIE *oɦɑdónt-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oɦdónt-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oɦdónt-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *odónt-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. odónt-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀδόντ-
PIE *Π·oɦɑdi̯o-
Goth. fra·atja-
(vb.) ‘ψωμίζειν: distribuere in cibos’
(GoEtD. 208)
(Goth. fraatjau [opt.sg] 1Kr 13,3 A, HbGo. 239,4)
1. PIE *Π·oɦɑdi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·oɦdi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·oɦdi̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·odi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·odi̯o-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *Π·oti̯o-
4. Π·oti̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ati̯a-
5. Π·ati̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Goth. Π·atja-
√ɦɑdent-
PIE *ɦɑdent-
Lat. dent-
(m.) ‘Zahn’
(WH. 1:340-1)
(Lat. dēns, dentis)
1. PIE *ɦɑdent-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦdent-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦdent-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. dent-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *ɦɑdént-
RV. dánt-
(m.) ‘Zahn’
(WbRV. 573)
(RV. dán [sgN])
1. PIE *ɦɑdént-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦdént-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦdént-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dént-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dént-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. dánt-
PIE *hɑe·ɦɑdént-
RV. a·dánt-
(a.) ‘keinen Zahn habend, zahnlos’
(WbRV. 33)
1. PIE *hɑe·ɦɑdént-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa·ɦɑdént-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa·ɦɑdént-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ha·ɦdént-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ha·ɦdént-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ha·dént-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ha·dént-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *a·dént-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. a·dént-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. a·dánt-


PIE √hɑt- √ɦɑd- (sb.) ‘Hass, Furcht, Widerwille, Ekel’ (vb.) ‘hassen’
(IEW 773)
(WP. 1:174f., Benveniste MélPedersen 496-9; Pyysalo: Gr.)
√hɑetugi-
(Benveniste MélPedersen 496-9)
PIE *hɑetúgii̯o-
Gr. ἀτύζο-
(pr.M.) ‘erschrecken’
(GEW 1:183)
(Gr. ἀτύζομαι)
1. PIE *hɑetúgii̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatúgii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatúgii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatúgii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hatúgii̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *hatúǵi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. hatúǵi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *atúǵi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. atúǵi̯o-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *atúgi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. atúgi̯o-
*gi̯ -› z
Palatalization of gi̯ to z
Rgi̯›z → *atúzo-
7. atúzo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀτύζο-
PIE *hɑtugii̯ó-
OInd. tujyá-
(vb.P.) ‘erschreckt fliehen’
(KEWA 1:509)
(OInd. tujyáte [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑtugii̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *htugii̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. htugii̯ó-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *htuj́i̯ó-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. htuj́i̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *htuj́i̯á-
4. htuj́i̯á-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tuj́i̯á-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. tuj́i̯á-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → *tuji̯á-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. tuji̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. tujyá-
√ɦɑd-
PIE *ɦɑōd-
Lat. ōd-
(pf.) ‘Widerwillen haben, hassen’
(WH. 2:202-3)
(Lat. ōdī [1sg]; for *ō, see Lat. fōd- etc.)
1. PIE *ɦɑōd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦōd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦōd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. ōd-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√ɦɑdi-
PIE *ɦɑodio-
Lat. odio-
(n.) ‘Widerstreben, Haß, Ekel’
(WH. 2:202)
1. PIE *ɦɑodio-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦodio-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦodio-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. odio-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *ɦɑedei̯ēɑh-
Arm. atea-
(vb.) ‘hassen’
(ArmGr. 1:422)
(Arm. ateam [1sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑedei̯ēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadei̯ēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadei̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑadei̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. ɦɑadei̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadei̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ɦadei̯āh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *adei̯āh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. adei̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *adei̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. adei̯ā-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *atei̯ā-
7. atei̯ā-
*ei̯ā → eā
Loss *i̯ between e and ā
Rei̯ā›eā → *ateā-
8. ateā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → Arm. atea-
√ɦɑede/ol-
PIE *ɦɑedolo
OIcl. atal-
(a.) ‘streitsüchtig, verhasst, grimmig’
(ANEtWb. 17)
(GoEtD. A216)
1. PIE *ɦɑedolo
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadolo
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadolo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadolo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadolo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *adolo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. adolo
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *atolo
5. atolo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *atala
6. atala
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OIcl. atal
PIE *ɦɑedelē-
Arm. ateli-
(a.) ‘verhasst, feindlich’
(ArmGr. 1:422)
1. PIE *ɦɑedelē-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadelē-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadelē-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadelē-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadelē-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *adelē-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. adelē-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *atelē-
5. atelē-
*ē → i
Change of *ē into i
Rē›i → Arm. ateli-
√ɦɑodomo-
PIE *ɦɑodomo-
CLu. ḫadama-
(pt.) ‘furchtbar?’
(HHand. 47)
(CLu. ḫa-ta-am-ma-an-za [plA]; DLL. 44)
1. PIE *ɦɑodomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦodomo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦodomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦadama-
3. ɦadama-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫadama-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑds-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ɦɑōdso-
Lat. ōso-
(pf.pt.) ‘hated’
(WH. 2:202-3)
(Lat. ōsus sum)
1. PIE *ɦɑōdso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦōdso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦōdso-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ōdso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ōdso-
*ds → ss
Assimilation of *ds
Rds›ss → Lat. ōsso-
PIE *ɦɑédsēɑh-
Aeol. ἄσᾱ-
(f.) ‘loathing, nausea, surfeit’
(LSJ. 255)
(Aeol. ἄσα)
1. PIE *ɦɑédsēɑh-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *ɦɑádsēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑádsēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑádsāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. ɦɑádsāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦádsāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ɦádsāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ádsāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ádsāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ádsā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ádsā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Aeol. ἄδσᾱ-
PIE *ɦɑédsēɑh-
Ion.-Att. ἄση-
(f.) ‘surfeit, loathing, nausea’
(LSJ. 255)
(Ion.-Att. ἄση)
1. PIE *ɦɑédsēɑh-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *ɦɑádsēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑádsēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑádsāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. ɦɑádsāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦádsāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ɦádsāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ádsāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ádsāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ádsā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ádsā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *ádsē-
7. ádsē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. ἄδση-
PIE *ɦɑedséɑhi̯o-
Gr. ἀσάο-
(pr.A.) ‘feel loathing, nausea’
(LSJ. 255)
(Gr. ἀσαω)
1. PIE *ɦɑedséɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadséɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadséɑhi̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *ɦɑadsáɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. ɦɑadsáɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadsáhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ɦadsáhi̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *adsáhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. adsáhi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *adsái̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. adsái̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *adsáo-
7. adsáo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀδσάο-
PIE *ɦɑedsēró-
Gr. ἀσηρό-
(a.) ‘causing nausea, discomfort’
(LSJ. 256)
1. PIE *ɦɑedsēró-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadsēró-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadsēró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadsēró-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadsēró-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *adsēró-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. adsēró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀδσηρό-
√ɦɑedugi-
(HEG H:227-9)
(HED 3:274-7, HIL. 392-)
PIE *ɦɑedugi-
Hitt. ḫadug-
(vb.1.) ‘schrecklich sein: KAL’
(HHand. 48)
(Hitt. ḫa-tu-uk-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑedugi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadugi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadugi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadugi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadugi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ɦaduǵ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ɦaduǵ-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *ɦadug-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. ɦadug-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫadug-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑedugio-
Hitt. ḫaduga-
(a.) ‘furchtbar, schrecklich’ (n.) ‘fearsome deed’
(HHand. 48)
(Hitt. ḫa-tu-ga-aš [N], ḫa-du-ga-an [A], ḫa-tu-ga, ḫa-tu-ga-i)
1. PIE *ɦɑedugio-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadugio-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadugio-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadugio-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadugio-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ɦaduǵo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ɦaduǵo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦaduǵa-
5. ɦaduǵa-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *ɦaduga-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. ɦaduga-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaduga-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑedulo-
PIE *ɦɑedulo-
OEng. atol-
(a.) ‘schrecklich, hässlich, abstoßend: dīrus, ātrox’
(ASaxD. 59)
(OEng. atol, GoEtD. A216)
1. PIE *ɦɑedulo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadulo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadulo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadulo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadulo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *adulo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. adulo-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *atulo-
5. atulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *atula-
6. atula-
*a → ea
Change of *a into ea
Ra=›ea= → OEng. eatula-


PIE √hɑtɑh- √ɦɑdɑɦ- (vb.) ‘denken’ (sb.) ‘Weisheit, Verstand’ (a.) ‘weise, verständig, klug’
(IEW 705)
(SPIE 359)
√hɑetɑho-
(HEG H:214-7, 219)
(HIL. 388, HED 3:260ff.)
PIE *hɑetɑho-
Hitt. ḫata-
(vb.) ‘denken’
(HHand. 47)
(in Hitt. ḫa-at-ta-an-za [pt.])
1. PIE *hɑetɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hatho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hatha-
4. hatha-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hata-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hata-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫata-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑetɑho-
Hitt. ḫata-
(URU.) ‘(20 Schuhe von URUḪata-)’
(OGH. 99)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-ta [All])
1. PIE *hɑetɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hatho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hatha-
4. hatha-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hata-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hata-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫata-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑetɑheɑh-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑetɑhēɑh-
Hitt. ḫatāḫ-
(vb.2.) ‘verständig machen’
(HHand. 47)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-ta-aḫ [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *hɑetɑhēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑatɑhāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑatɑhāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hathāh-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatāh-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatāh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫatāḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑetɑheɑhiski̯e/o-
Hitt. ḫataḫiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘verständig machen’
(HHand. 47)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-ta-ḫi-iš-ke-te-en [2pl])
1. PIE *hɑetɑheɑhiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑheɑhiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑheɑhiski̯e/o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑatɑhaɑhiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑatɑhaɑhiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathahiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hathahiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hathahisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hathahisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathahisḱe/a-
6. hathahisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *hathahiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. hathahiske/a-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatahiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
8. hatahiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hatahiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
9. hatahiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫataḫiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑetɑhḗɑhnēɑh-
Dor. ἀθᾱ́νᾱ-
(GNf.) ‘Athene’
(GEW 1:28)
(Dor. ἀθάνα)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhḗɑhnēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhḗɑhnēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhḗɑhnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑatɑhḗɑhnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑatɑhḗɑhnāɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *hɑatɑhā́ɑhnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
4. hɑatɑhā́ɑhnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathā́hnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
5. hathā́hnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *athā́nā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. athā́nā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. ἀθᾱ́νᾱ-
PIE *hɑetɑhḗɑhnēɑh-
Att. ἀθήνη-
(GNf.) ‘Athene’
(GEW 1:28)
(Att. ἀθήνη)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhḗɑhnēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhḗɑhnēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhḗɑhnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑatɑhḗɑhnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑatɑhḗɑhnāɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *hɑatɑhā́ɑhnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
4. hɑatɑhā́ɑhnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathā́hnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
5. hathā́hnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *athā́nā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. athā́nā-
ā –> ē (Att)
Attican change of ā –› ē
Rā›ēAtt → *athā́nē-
7. athā́nē-
*ā́ → ḗ
Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ
Rā́›ḗ → *athḗnē-
8. athḗnē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Att. ἀθήνη-
√hɑtɑhomo-
PIE *hɑetɑhomo·noii̯o-
HLu. ḫatama·nai̯a-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’ ‹or to √hɑtɑh- ‘schneiden, abstechen, schlagen’?›
(CHLu. 2.6.37)
(HLu. ha-ta-ma-na-ia)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhomo·noii̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhomo·noii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhomo·noii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathomo·noii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathomo·noii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathama·naii̯a-
4. hathama·naii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *hathama·naia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. hathama·naia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *hathama·nai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
6. hathama·nai̯a-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatama·nai̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. hatama·nai̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫatama·nai̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑtɑhon-
PIE *hɑetɑhon-
Hitt. ḫatan-
(n.) ‘intelligence, council, wisdom’
(HIL. 388)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-ta-an-na-aš [sgG])
1. PIE *hɑetɑhon-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhon-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathan-
4. hathan-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫatan-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑetɑhono-
Hitt. ḫatana-
(URU.) ‘(›Šananta)’ (OGHErg. 35)
(OGH. 99)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-ta-an-na [Stf.])
1. PIE *hɑetɑhono-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhono-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathana-
4. hathana-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫatana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑetɑhono-
Hitt. ḫatana-
(n.) ‘intelligence, council, wisdom’
(HIL. 388)
(Hitt. ḫa-ad-da-na-za [sgAbl])
1. PIE *hɑetɑhono-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhono-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathana-
4. hathana-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫatana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑetɑhoneimo-
HLu. ḫataneima-
(Ipt.) ‘-(?)-’ ‹or to √hɑtɑh- ‘schneiden, abstechen, schlagen’?›
(CHLu. 2.6.3)
(HLu. [h]a-ta-[n]í-ma-sa)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhoneimo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhoneimo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhoneimo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathoneimo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathoneimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathaneima-
4. hathaneima-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hataneima-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hataneima-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫataneima-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑetɑhont-
Hitt. ḫatant-
(pt.) ‘verständig, weise, klug’
(HHand. 47)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-ta-an-za, ḫa-at-ta-an-ta-an)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathant-
4. hathant-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫatant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑtɑhoso-
PIE *hɑetɑho·Σ
HLu. ḫata·šatarama-
(sb.) ‘wisdom?’
(CHLu. 10.45.6)
(HLu. ha-tà-sà-tara/i-ma-ti [Abl])
1. PIE *hɑetɑho·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑho·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑho·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatho·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hatho·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hatha·Σ
4. hatha·Σ
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hata·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hata·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫata·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑetɑho·si-
Hitt. ḫata·ši-
(ø.) ‘of ḪATA’
(OHP. 1:109)
(Hitt. ḫ]a-ad-da-aš-ši-iš [sgN?])
1. PIE *hɑetɑho·si-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑho·si-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑho·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatho·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hatho·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hatha·si-
4. hatha·si-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hata·si-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hata·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hata·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hata·ši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫata·ši-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑtɑhodɑho-
PIE *hɑetɑhodɑɦo-
Hitt. ḫatada-
(n.) ‘Weisheit, Verstand’
(HIL. 388)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-ta-ta, ḫa-at-ta-a-da)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhodɑɦo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhodɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhodɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathodɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathodɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathadɦa-
4. hathadɦa-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatadɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatadɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hatada-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hatada-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫatada-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑetɑhodɑɦo-
HLu. ḫatada-
(URBS.) ‘‹wisdom?›
(CHLu. 3.10.2)
(HLu. ha-ta-ta-na(URBS))
1. PIE *hɑetɑhodɑɦo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhodɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhodɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathodɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathodɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathadɦa-
4. hathadɦa-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatadɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatadɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hatada-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hatada-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫatada-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑetɑhodɑɦor-
Hitt. ḫatadar-
(n.) ‘Weisheit, Verstand: Sum. GALGA-tar’
(HHand. 47)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-ta-tar, ḫa-at-ta-a-tar)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhodɑɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathodɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathadɦar-
4. hathadɦar-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatadɦar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatadɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hatadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hatadar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫatadar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑetɑhdɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦḗ
RV. addhā́
(adv.) ‘fürwahr: certainly, truly’ (KEWA 1:29)
(WbRV. 38)
(RV. addhā́ [adv.])
1. PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦḗ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhdɑɦḗ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhdɑɦḗ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathdɦḗ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathdɦḗ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *athdɦḗ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. athdɦḗ
*thdɦ → ddɦ
Bartholomae’s Law
Rthdɦ›ddɦ → *addɦḗ
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
5. addɦḗ
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → *addɦā́
6. addɦā́
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. addhā́
PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦē·tí-
RV. addhā·tí-
(m.) ‘der die Wahrheit erkannt hat, ein Weiser’
(WbRV. 38)
(RV. addhātí-)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦē·tí-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhdɑɦē·tí-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhdɑɦē·tí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathdɦē·tí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathdɦē·tí-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *athdɦē·tí-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. athdɦē·tí-
*thdɦ → ddɦ
Bartholomae’s Law
Rthdɦ›ddɦ → *addɦē·tí-
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
5. addɦē·tí-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *addɦā·tí-
6. addɦā·tí-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. addhā·tí-
PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦē
gAv. azdā
(adv.) ‘kund, gewiss’
(AIWb. 228-9)
(gAv. azdā [f.sgI = adv.])
1. PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦē
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhdɑɦē
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhdɑɦē
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathdɦē
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathdɦē
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *athdɦē
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. athdɦē
*thdɦ → zdɦ
Bartholomae’s Law
Rthdɦ›zdɦ → *azdɦē
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
5. azdɦē
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *azdē
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. azdē
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → gAv. azdā
PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦē
OPers. azdā
(adv.) ‘kund, gewiss’
(AIWb. 228-9)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦē
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhdɑɦē
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhdɑɦē
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathdɦē
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathdɦē
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *athdɦē
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. athdɦē
*thdɦ → zdɦ
Bartholomae’s Law
Rthdɦ›zdɦ → *azdɦē
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
5. azdɦē
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *azdē
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. azdē
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → OPers. azdā
PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦē
Pahl. azd
(adv.) ‘kund, gewiss’
(AIWb. 228-9)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦē
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhdɑɦē
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhdɑɦē
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathdɦē
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathdɦē
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *athdɦē
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. athdɦē
*thdɦ → zdɦ
Bartholomae’s Law
Rthdɦ›zdɦ → *azdɦē
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
5. azdɦē
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *azdē
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. azdē
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → Pahl. azdā
√ɦɑodɑɦoiiono-
PIE *ɦɑodɑɦoii̯ono-
CLu. ḫadai̯ana-
(a.) ‘weise, klug?’
(HHand. 47)
(CLu. ḫa-ta-ia-an-na-an-za [plA]; DLL. 44)
1. PIE *ɦɑodɑɦoii̯ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦodɦoii̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦodɦoii̯ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦadɦaii̯ana-
3. ɦadɦaii̯ana-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *ɦadɦaiana-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. ɦadɦaiana-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *ɦadɦai̯ana-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. ɦadɦai̯ana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦadai̯ana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦadai̯ana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫadai̯ana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑedɑɦi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑedɑɦi
TochB. ats
(adv.) ‘indeed, verily’
(DTochB. 34)
1. PIE *hɑedɑɦi
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑadɑɦi
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑadɑɦi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hadɦi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hadɦi
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi›jɦi → *hajɦi
4. hajɦi
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ajɦi
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ajɦi
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *aji
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. aji
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → *atsi
7. atsi
*-i → Ø
Loss of root-final -i
R=Ci›=C → TochB. ats
PIE *hɑedɑɦi
TochA. ats
(encl.adv.) ‘Skt. eva: autem, vero: indeed, verily’
(THED 51-2)
(Poucha 13)
1. PIE *hɑedɑɦi
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑadɑɦi
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑadɑɦi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hadɦi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hadɦi
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi›jɦi → *hajɦi
4. hajɦi
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ajɦi
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ajɦi
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *aji
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. aji
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → *atsi
7. atsi
*-i → Ø
Loss of root-final -i
R=Ci›=C → TochA. ats
PIE *hɑedɑɦi̯·Σ
TochB. ats·aik
(adv.) ‘completely, only’
(DTochB. 10)
1. PIE *hɑedɑɦi̯·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑadɑɦi̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑadɑɦi̯·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hadɦi̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hadɦi̯·Σ
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *hajɦ·Σ
4. hajɦ·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ajɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ajɦ·Σ
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *aj·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. aj·Σ
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → TochB. ats·Σ
PIE *hɑedɑɦi̯·Σ
TochA. ats·ek
(ptcl.) ‘autem, vero’
(Poucha 14)
1. PIE *hɑedɑɦi̯·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑadɑɦi̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑadɑɦi̯·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hadɦi̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hadɦi̯·Σ
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *hajɦ·Σ
4. hajɦ·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ajɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ajɦ·Σ
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *aj·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. aj·Σ
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → TochA. ats·Σ
PIE *hɑedɑɦi̯·Σ
TochA. ats·aṃ
(ptcl.) ‘autem, vero’
(Poucha 14)
1. PIE *hɑedɑɦi̯·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑadɑɦi̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑadɑɦi̯·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hadɦi̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hadɦi̯·Σ
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *hajɦ·Σ
4. hajɦ·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ajɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ajɦ·Σ
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *aj·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. aj·Σ
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → TochA. ats·Σ
√hɑedɑɦdɑɦi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑedɑɦdɑɦi̯o
ArchIr. adde
(adv.) ‘en verité, certes’
(LEIA A-99)
(OIr. adde)
1. PIE *hɑedɑɦdɑɦi̯o
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑadɑɦdɑɦi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑadɑɦdɑɦi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hadɦdɦi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hadɦdɦi̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *adɦdɦi̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. adɦdɦi̯o
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *addi̯o
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. addi̯o
*i̯o/i̯a -›ē
Monophthongization of final -i̯o/i̯a into -ē
R=i̯V›=ē → *addē
6. addē
*-ē → -e
Shortening of ē in root-final position
R=ē›=e → ArchIr. adde
PIE *hɑetɑhtɑhi̯o
OIr. ate
(adv.) ‘en verité, certes’
(LEIA A-99)
(OIr. ate, cf. VGK 2:261f. and GOI. 541-2)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhtɑhi̯o
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhtɑhi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhtɑhi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haththi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haththi̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aththi̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aththi̯o
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *atti̯o
5. atti̯o
*i̯o/i̯a -›ē
Monophthongization of final -i̯o/i̯a into -ē
R=i̯V›=ē → *attē
6. attē
tt → t
Degemination of *tt
Rtt›t → *atē
7. atē
*-ē → -e
Shortening of ē in root-final position
R=ē›=e → OIr. ate
PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦi̯·Σ
TochB. atts·aik-
(adv.) ‘verily, indeed’
(THED 51-3)
(DTochB. 10 ‘completely, only’)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦi̯·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhdɑɦi̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhdɑɦi̯·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathdɦi̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathdɦi̯·Σ
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *hathjɦ·Σ
4. hathjɦ·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *athjɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. athjɦ·Σ
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *atjɦ·Σ
6. atjɦ·Σ
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *atj·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. atj·Σ
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → TochB. atts·Σ
PIE *hɑētɑhdɑɦi̯·Σ
TochA. ātts·ek
(adv.) ‘indeed’
(THED 51-3)
(TochA. āttsek, SSS 304)
1. PIE *hɑētɑhdɑɦi̯·Σ
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑātɑhdɑɦi̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑātɑhdɑɦi̯·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāthdɦi̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāthdɦi̯·Σ
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *hāthjɦ·Σ
4. hāthjɦ·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āthjɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. āthjɦ·Σ
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *ātjɦ·Σ
6. ātjɦ·Σ
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *ātj·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. ātj·Σ
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → TochA. ātts·Σ


PIE √hɑtɑh- √ɦɑdɑɦ- (vb.) ‘schneiden, abstechen, schlagen’
(IEW –)
(Čop apud HEG H:216: Hitt. + Av., Pyysalo: RV. + Hitt.)
√hɑtɑh-
(HEG H:215-7)
(HED 3:248-54, HIL. 384-7)
PIE *hɑetɑh-
Hitt. ḫat-
(pr.M.) ‘schneiden, abstechen, schlagen’
(HIL. 384)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-ri, ḫa-at-ta)
1. PIE *hɑetɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hath-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hath-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hat-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hat-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫat-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑetɑh-
Hitt. ḫat-
(pr.A.) ‘schneiden, abstechen, schlagen’
(HIL. 384)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑetɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hath-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hath-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hat-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hat-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫat-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑtɑho-
(Čop apud HEG H:216)
PIE *hɑetɑho-
Hitt. ḫata-
(vb.2.) ‘abstechen, (ab)schneiden, (ab)schlagen usw.’
(HEG H:215-217, HIL. 385)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-ta-i, ḫa-at-ta-a-i, ḫa-at-ta-an-zi, EHS 529, HHand. 47)
1. PIE *hɑetɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hatho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hatha-
4. hatha-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hata-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hata-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫata-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑetɑho-
Hitt. ḫata-
(vb.M.) ‘abstechen, abschneiden, abschlagen usw.’
(HIL. 384)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-ta-ri, ḫa-ad-da-aḫ-ḫa-ri [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑetɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hatho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hatha-
4. hatha-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hata-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hata-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫata-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑetɑho-
CLu. ḫata-
(c.) ‘Schlag, Hieb, Schaden’ (HHand. 47)
(DLL. 44)
(CLu. ḫa-at-ta-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑetɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hatho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hatha-
4. hatha-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hata-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hata-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫata-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·hɑetɑho-
HLu. ARHA ḫata·-
(vb.) ‘destroy’
(CHLu. 10.18.1)
(HLu. ARHA ha-ta+ra/i? [3pl])
1. PIE *Π·hɑetɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑatɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑatɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hatho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hatho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hatha-
4. Π·hatha-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·hata-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·hata-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. Π·ḫata-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑētɑho-
LAv. āϑa-
(pr.) ‘verderben, zu Grunde gehen’
(AIWb. 322)
(LAv. āϑaiti [3sg]; or PIE *ō?)
1. PIE *hɑētɑho-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑātɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑātɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hātho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hātho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hātha-
4. hātha-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ātha-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ātha-
*th → ϑ
Affricativization of *th
Rth›ϑ → LAv. āϑa-
√hɑtɑholo-
(HEG H:217-8)
(HED 3:255, HIL. 387-, EHS 172, 529)
PIE *hɑotɑholo-
Hitt. ḫatala-
(GIŠ.) ‘Keule, Stab, Szepter: club, mace’
(HEG H:217-8)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-tal-la-an, ḫat-tal-la-an, ḫa-at-tal-la)
1. PIE *hɑotɑholo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hotholo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hotholo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathala-
3. hathala-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hatala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫatala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑotɑholo-
CLu. ḫatala-
(GKL.) ‘Keule, Stab, Szepter’
(DLL. 44)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-tal-li-it [sgI])
1. PIE *hɑotɑholo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hotholo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hotholo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathala-
3. hathala-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hatala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫatala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑotɑholo-
Kpd. ḫatala-
(fc.) ‘‹cf. above›’
(NOMS. 336)
(Kpd. ḫa-ta-lá)
1. PIE *hɑotɑholo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hotholo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hotholo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathala-
3. hathala-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hatala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. ḫatala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑotɑholoi-
HLu. ḫatalai-
(274vb.) ‘smite’
(CHLu. 1.1.26)
(HLu. (*274)ha-ta-la-i-ta)
1. PIE *hɑotɑholoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hotholoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hotholoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathalai-
3. hathalai-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatalai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hatalai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫatalai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑotɑholei-
HLu. ḫatalei-
(274vb.) ‘smite’
(CHLu. 1.1.25)
(HLu. (*274)há-ta-li-ha [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑotɑholei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hotholei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hotholei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathalei-
3. hathalei-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatalei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hatalei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫatalei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑtɑhomo-
PIE *hɑetɑhomo-
HLu. ḫatama-
(pt.) ‘slain, demolished’
(CHLu. 2.13+14.11)
(HLu. ha-tà-ma, ha-ta-ma, CHLu. 10.9.2)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhomo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhomo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathomo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathama-
4. hathama-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatama-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫatama-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑtɑhono-
(HEG H:219)
PIE *hɑetɑhono-
Hitt. ḫatana-
(vb.2.dur.) ‘hauen, stechen’ (HHand. 47)
(HIL. 385)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-ta-an-na-i [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑetɑhono-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhono-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathana-
4. hathana-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫatana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑtɑhonei-
PIE *hɑetɑhonei-
Hitt. ḫatanei-
(vb.dur.) ‘hauen, stechen’
(HIL. 385)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-ta-an-n[i-an-zi], ḫa-at-ta-an-ni-ir)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhonei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhonei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhonei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathonei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathonei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathanei-
4. hathanei-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatanei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatanei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫatanei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑetɑhonei̯a-
Hitt. ḫatanei̯a-
(vb.2.) ‘hauen, stechen’
(HHand. 47)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhonei̯a-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhonei̯a-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhonei̯a-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathonei̯a-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathonei̯a-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathanei̯a-
4. hathanei̯a-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatanei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatanei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫatanei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑetɑhoneiski̯e/o-
Hitt. ḫataneiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘hauen, stechen’
(HIL. 385)
(Hitt. ḫa-ad-da-an-ni-eš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhoneiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhoneiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhoneiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathoneiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathoneiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hathoneisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. hathoneisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathaneisḱe/a-
5. hathaneisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *hathaneiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. hathaneiske/a-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hataneiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. hataneiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hataneiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
8. hataneiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫataneiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑdɑɦi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ɦɑedɑɦi̯ei-
HLu. ḫazei-
(vb.) ‘engrave’
(CHLu. 2.27.15)
(HLu. ha-zi-mi-na)
1. PIE *ɦɑedɑɦi̯ei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadɑɦi̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadɑɦi̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadɦi̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadɦi̯ei-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ɦajɦei-
4. ɦajɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦajei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦajei-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *ɦazei-
6. ɦazei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫazei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑedɑɦi̯ei̯o-
Hitt. ḫazei̯a-
(vb.M.) ‘schlagen, treffen’
(HHand. 48)
(Hitt. ḫa-az-zi-ia-at-ta-at [3sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑedɑɦi̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadɑɦi̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadɑɦi̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadɦi̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadɦi̯ei̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ɦajɦei̯o-
4. ɦajɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦajɦei̯a-
5. ɦajɦei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦajei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦajei̯a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *ɦazei̯a-
7. ɦazei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫazei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑedɑɦi̯osiki̯ɑɦe/o-
Hitt. ḫazašike/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘(Musikinstrument) schlagen’
(HHand. 48)
1. PIE *ɦɑedɑɦi̯osiki̯ɑɦe/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadɑɦi̯osiki̯ɑɦe/o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadɑɦi̯osiki̯ɑɦe/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadɦi̯osiki̯ɦe/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadɦi̯osiki̯ɦe/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ɦadɦi̯osiḱɦe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ɦadɦi̯osiḱɦe/o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ɦajɦosiḱɦe/o-
5. ɦajɦosiḱɦe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦajɦasiḱɦe/a-
6. ɦajɦasiḱɦe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ɦajɦasikɦe/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. ɦajɦasikɦe/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦajasike/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
8. ɦajasike/a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *ɦazasike/a-
9. ɦazasike/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦazašike/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
10. ɦazašike/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫazašike/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·ɦɑédɑɦiti-
RV. sv·ádhiti-
(f.) ‘Axt, Beil, Hackmesser’
(EWA 2:790)
(For the prefix, cf. Hitt. šu·mitani-)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑédɑɦiti-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *Π·ɦɑádɑɦiti-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·ɦɑádɑɦiti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦádɦiti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·ɦádɦiti-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·ádɦiti-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·ádɦiti-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ádhiti-
PIE *Π·ɦɑédɑɦiti-
RV. van·ádhiti-
(f.) ‘Holz-Axt’
(EWA 2:790)
(RV. vanádhiti-)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑédɑɦiti-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *Π·ɦɑádɑɦiti-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·ɦɑádɑɦiti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦádɦiti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·ɦádɦiti-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·ádɦiti-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·ádɦiti-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ádhiti-


PIE √hɑu- (vb.) ‘sehen, bemerken, wahrnehmen’ (sb.) ‘Sicht’ (adv.) ‘offenbar, vor Augen’ (a.) ‘offenkundig’
(IEW 78)
(+ Pyysalo CLu. + Hitt.)
√hɑuo-
PIE *ɦɑud.hɑeu̯o-
OInd. ud.ava-
(pr.1.) ‘beachten, bemerken’
(KEWA 1:57)
(OInd. udavati [3sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑud.hɑeu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑud.hɑau̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑud.hɑau̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦud.hau̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦud.hau̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦud.hau̯a-
4. ɦud.hau̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ud.hau̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ud.hau̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ud.au̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ud.au̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OInd. ud.ava-
√hɑui-
PIE *hɑeu̯i·Σ
ArchHG. awi·zoraht-
(a.) ‘manifestus: augenscheinlich’
(IEW 776)
1. PIE *hɑeu̯i·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑau̯i·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯i·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hau̯i·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hau̯i·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *au̯i·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. au̯i·Σ
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → ArchHG. awi·Σ
PIE *hɑēu̯iɑ́h-
OCS. avi-
(vb.) ‘zeigen, offenbaren; sich (sę) erscheinen’
(Sadnik √12A)
(OCS. aviti [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑēu̯iɑ́h-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāu̯iɑ́h-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāu̯iɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *hɑāu̯iíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. hɑāu̯iíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāu̯iíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hāu̯iíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āu̯ií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. āu̯ií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *āu̯ī́-
6. āu̯ī́-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *āvī́-
7. āvī́-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *avī́-
8. avī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *aví-
9. aví-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → OCS. avi-
√hɑuoi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑēu̯oi
OCS. avĕ
(adv.) ‘kund, deutlich, offenbar’
(WP. 1:17)
1. PIE *hɑēu̯oi
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāu̯oi
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāu̯oi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāu̯oi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāu̯oi
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hāu̯ai
4. hāu̯ai
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āu̯ai
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. āu̯ai
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *āu̯oi
6. āu̯oi
*oi → ē
Monophthongization of *oi into ē
Roi›ē → *āu̯ē
7. āu̯ē
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *āvē
8. āvē
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *avē
9. avē
*ē → ĕ
Change of *ē into ĕ
Rē›ĕ → OCS. avĕ
PIE *hɑu̯oi·olo-
CLu. ḫu̯ai·ala-
(a.) ‘(épith. du Soleil; dupl. ‘kutrui = témoin’)’
(DLL. 49)
(HEG H:325, CLu. ḫu-u-ua-ia-al-li [sgD]; for kutru- ‘Zeuge’, see HEG K:683)
1. PIE *hɑu̯oi·olo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯oi·olo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯oi·olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ai·ala-
3. hu̯ai·ala-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *hu̯ai̯·ala-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. hu̯ai̯·ala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯ai̯·ala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuis-
(HEG A:96-7)
PIE *hɑēu̯ís
RV. āvíṣ
(adv.) ‘sichtbar, vor Augen, offenbar’
(WbRV. 186)
(RV. āvíṣ)
1. PIE *hɑēu̯ís
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāu̯ís
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāu̯ís
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāu̯ís
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāu̯ís
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *hāu̯íš
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. hāu̯íš
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āu̯íš
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. āu̯íš
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *āvíš
6. āvíš
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. āvíṣ
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
PIE *hɑēu̯is
gAv. āviš
(adv.) ‘offenbar, vor Augen’
(AIWb. 334)
(gAv. āviš, LAv. āviš)
1. PIE *hɑēu̯is
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāu̯is
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāu̯is
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāu̯is
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāu̯is
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIIr → *hāu̯iš
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. hāu̯iš
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āu̯iš
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. āu̯iš
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → gAv. āviš
PIE *hɑéu̯iso-
Gr. ἄιο-
(pr.) ‘wahrnehmen, hören’
(GEW 1:48)
(in Gr. ἄϊον)
1. PIE *hɑéu̯iso-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑáu̯iso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáu̯iso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *háu̯iso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. háu̯iso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *áu̯iso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. áu̯iso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *áu̯iho-
5. áu̯iho-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *áiho-
6. áiho-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *áio-
7. áio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄιο-
PIE *Π·hɑeu̯íso-
Gr. εἰσ·αίο-
(vb.) ‘hear, listen, perceive’
(LSJ. 493)
(Gr. εἰσαΐο-)
1. PIE *Π·hɑeu̯íso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑau̯íso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑau̯íso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hau̯íso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hau̯íso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·au̯íso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·au̯íso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *Π·au̯ího-
5. Π·au̯ího-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *Π·aího-
6. Π·aího-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *Π·aío-
7. Π·aío-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·αίο-
PIE *hɑou̯íso-
Gr. οἴο-
(pr.) ‘ahnen, erwarten, vermuten, glauben, meinen’
(GEW 1:366)
(Gr. οἴομαι [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑou̯íso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hou̯íso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hou̯íso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ou̯íso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ou̯íso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *ou̯ího-
4. ou̯ího-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *oího-
5. oího-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *oío-
6. oío-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. οἴο-
PIE *hɑēu̯isi̯o-
gAv. āvišya-
(a.) ‘offenkundig: visible, obvious’
(AIWb. 334)
(gAv. āvišyā [sgI])
1. PIE *hɑēu̯isi̯o-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāu̯isi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāu̯isi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāu̯isi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāu̯isi̯o-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIIr → *hāu̯iši̯o-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. hāu̯iši̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hāu̯iši̯a-
5. hāu̯iši̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āu̯iši̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. āu̯iši̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *āu̯išya-
7. āu̯išya-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → gAv. āvišya-
√hɑus-
(HEG T:421, Pyysalo)
(SHV 29)
PIE *dɑɦu·hɑusei̯o-
Hitt. du·ḫušei̯a-
(vb.) ‘untätig zusehen, abwarten, gewähren lassen’
(HHand. 159)
(Hitt. tu-u-ḫu-uš-ši-ia- ‘ruhig zusehen’, Kimball 1999:112)
1. PIE *dɑɦu·hɑusei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu·husei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦu·husei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦu·husei̯a-
3. dɦu·husei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *du·husei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. du·husei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *du·hušei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. du·hušei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. du·ḫušei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuski-
(HEG H:315f.)
(HIL. 425; HED 3:410f.)
PIE *hɑuski̯e/o-
Hitt. ḫuške/a-
(vb.) ‘warten, erwarten, abwarten: wait for, linger’
(HHand. 57)
(Hitt. ḫu-uš-ki, ḫu-uš-ki-it, ḫu-uš-kán-zi)
1. PIE *hɑuski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *husḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. husḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *husḱe/a-
4. husḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *huske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. huske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *huške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. huške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑuski̯eu̯ont-
Hitt. ḫuškeu̯ant-
(a.) ‘zaudernd’
(HHand. 57)
(Hitt. ḫu-uš-ke-ua-an-te-eš)
1. PIE *hɑuski̯eu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huski̯eu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huski̯eu̯ont-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *husḱeu̯ont-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. husḱeu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *husḱeu̯ant-
4. husḱeu̯ant-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *huskeu̯ant-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. huskeu̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *huškeu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. huškeu̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuškeu̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑust-
(Pyysalo)
(uncertain, or *ust-?)
PIE *Π·hɑusti̯o·n-
OIcl. for·ysta·n-
(f.) ‘Aufsicht; Führerschaft’
(ANEtWb. 139a)
1. PIE *Π·hɑusti̯o·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·husti̯o·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·husti̯o·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·usti̯o·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·usti̯o·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·usti̯a·n-
4. Π·usti̯a·n-
usti̯ -> yst
Umlaut for usti̯ -> yst
Rusti̯›yst → OIcl. Π·ysta·n-
PIE *Π·hɑusto·n-
OIcl. for·osta·n-
(f.) ‘Aufsicht; Führerschaft’
(ANEtWb. 139a)
1. PIE *Π·hɑusto·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·husto·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·husto·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·usto·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·usto·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OIcl. Π·usta·n-


PIE √hɑu- (vb.) ‘eilen, laufen, fliegen’ (sb.) ‘Vogel’
(IEW 86, 784)
(Sturtevant 1930c:128: Ital.; Pyysalo: Gr.)
√hɑu-
PIE *hɑu·hɑu̯ei̯o-
CLu. ḫu·ḫu̯ei̯a-
(vb.) ‘courir, fuir’
(DLL. 46)
(CLu. ḫu-u-ḫu-i-ia-an-da [3pl])
1. PIE *hɑu·hɑu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu·hu̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu·hu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu·hu̯ei̯a-
3. hu·hu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu·ḫu̯ei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ehɑu-
Hitt. eḫu-
(vb.A.) ‘kommen’ (with Hitt. e· ‘here’)
(HHand. 30)
(Hitt. e-ḫu [2sg])
1. PIE *ehɑu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ehu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ehu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. eḫu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ehɑu·Σ
CLu. eḫu·ziba-
(c.?) ‘the genie of eḫu-?’
(HHand. 30)
(here if in CLu. eḫu·zipaš [sgN]; DLL. –)
1. PIE *ehɑu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ehu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ehu·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. eḫu·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuo-
(HEG H:321)
(HIL. 426f., HED 3:419f., 428)
PIE *hɑu̯o-
Hitt. ḫu̯a-
(vb.2.) ‘run, hurry, spread (of vegetation), escape’
(HIL. 426-7)
(Hitt. ḫu-ua-i, ḫu-u-ua-i, ḫu-ua-a-i, ḫu-ua-aš [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯a-
3. hu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑoui-
PIE *hɑou̯i·Σ
Gr. ὀι·ωνό-
(m.) ‘Raubvogel, der vom Vogelschauer beobachtet wurde’
(GEW 2:372)
(Gr. ὀιωνό-, Lindeman 1997:69 ‹the suffix requires confirmation›)
1. PIE *hɑou̯i·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hou̯i·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hou̯i·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ou̯i·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ou̯i·Σ
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *oi·Σ
4. oi·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. οἰ·Σ
√hɑeui-
(Sturtevant 1930c:128)
PIE *hɑeu̯i-
Lat. aui-
(f.) ‘Vogel, spez. Weissagevogel’
(WH. 1:84)
(Lat. auis, auis)
1. PIE *hɑeu̯i-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑau̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hau̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hau̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *au̯i-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. au̯i-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. aui-
PIE *hɑeu̯i-
Umbr. aui-
(f.) ‘Vogel (als Object der Auspizien)’
(WbOU. 140-1)
(Umbr. auif [plA])
1. PIE *hɑeu̯i-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑau̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hau̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hau̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *au̯i-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. au̯i-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Umbr. aui-
PIE *hɑeu̯i·Σ
Umbr. aui·eka-
(vb.) ‘augur’
(WbOU. 139)
1. PIE *hɑeu̯i·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑau̯i·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯i·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hau̯i·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hau̯i·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *au̯i·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. au̯i·Σ
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Umbr. aui·Σ
PIE *hɑeu̯i·Σ
Umbr. aui·ekla-
(a.f.) ‘für die Vogelschau bestimmt’
(WbOU. 139-40)
1. PIE *hɑeu̯i·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑau̯i·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯i·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hau̯i·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hau̯i·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *au̯i·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. au̯i·Σ
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Umbr. aui·Σ
√hɑuoi-
(Sturtevant 1930c:128)
PIE *hɑu̯oi-
Hitt. ḫu̯ai-
(vb.) ‘courir, fuir’
(DLL. 46)
(Hitt. (piran) ḫu-ua-iš, ḫu-u-ua-iz-zi, ḫu-ua-i[t])
1. PIE *hɑu̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ai-
3. hu̯ai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯ói̯-
RV. váy-
(m.) ‘Vogel, fliegendes Ross’
(WbRV. 1265-6)
(RV. véṣ [N], véṣ [G], váyas)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ói̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ói̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ói̯-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *hu̯ái̯-
3. hu̯ái̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯ái̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯ái̯-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vái̯-
5. vái̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. váy-
PIE *hɑu̯oi̯-
LAv. vay-
(m.) ‘Vogel (im Allgemeinen)’
(AIWb. 1356)
(LAv. vayąm [plG])
1. PIE *hɑu̯oi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯oi̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯oi̯-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ai̯-
3. hu̯ai̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯ai̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯ai̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *u̯ay-
5. u̯ay-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. vay-
PIE *hɑu̯oiski̯e/o-
Hitt. ḫu̯aiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘eilen, laufen’
(HIL. 426-7)
(Hitt. ḫu-ua-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑu̯oiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯oiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯oiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hu̯oisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hu̯oisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯aisḱe/a-
4. hu̯aisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *hu̯aiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hu̯aiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯aiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hu̯aiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯aiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑui-
PIE *hɑu̯ei-
Hitt. ḫu̯ei-
(vb.2.) ‘run, hurry, spread (of vegetation), escape’
(HIL. 426-7)
(Hitt. ḫu-i-iḫ-ḫi [1sg], ḫu-e-eḫ-ḫu-un, SHV 480, pi-e-ra-an hu-e-ir)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯ei-
CLu. ḫu̯ei-
(vb.) ‘laufen, eilen’
(HHand. 53)
(CLu. ḫu-u-i-un-ni [1pl])
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯ei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·hɑu̯ei-
HLu. anta hu̯ei·-
(vb.) ‘run in’
(CHLu. 7.6.1)
(HLu. a-ta HWI-ha)
1. PIE *Π·hɑu̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hu̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hu̯ei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. Π·ḫu̯ei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯i·hɑu̯i-
HLu. ḫu̯i·ḫu̯i-
(PES2vb.) eilen, laufen?: run’
(CHLu. 2.22.9)
(HLu. (“PES2”)HWI-HWI-ta )
1. PIE *hɑu̯i·hɑu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯i·hu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯i·hu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫu̯i·ḫu̯i-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯í-
RV. ví-
(m.) ‘Vogel, fliegendes Ross’
(WbRV. 1265-6)
(RV. víṣ [N], vím [A], víbhiṣ [plI])
1. PIE *hɑu̯í-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯í-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯í-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯í-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. u̯í-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. ví-
√hɑuei-
PIE *hɑu̯ei·hɑu̯iɑ́hi̯o-
RV. vevīya-
(vb.int.M.) ‘fly’
(WbRV. 1314)
(RV. vér ná vevīyate matiḥ [RV. 10.33.2])
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei·hɑu̯iɑ́hi̯o-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *hɑu̯ei·hɑu̯iíhi̯o-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. hɑu̯ei·hɑu̯iíhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ei·hu̯iíhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hu̯ei·hu̯iíhi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ei·hu̯iíhi̯a-
4. hu̯ei·hu̯iíhi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯ei·u̯iíi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯ei·u̯iíi̯a-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *u̯ei·u̯ī́i̯a-
6. u̯ei·u̯ī́i̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *u̯ai·u̯ī́i̯a-
7. u̯ai·u̯ī́i̯a-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *u̯ē·u̯ī́i̯a-
8. u̯ē·u̯ī́i̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vē·vī́i̯a-
9. vē·vī́i̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *vē·vī́ya-
10. vē·vī́ya-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → RV. ve·vī́ya-
PIE *Π·hɑu̯ei̯o-
LAv. ā·vaya-
(pr.) ‘heranfliegen (von Göttern)’
(AIWb. 1356)
(LAv. āvayatąm, āvayeinti)
1. PIE *Π·hɑu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hu̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hu̯ei̯a-
3. Π·hu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·u̯ei̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·u̯ei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·u̯ai̯a-
5. Π·u̯ai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *Π·u̯aya-
6. Π·u̯aya-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. Π·vaya-
PIE *hɑu̯oii̯ont-
Hitt. ḫu̯ai̯ant-
(pt.) ‘eilend, laufend’
(HIL. 426-7)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-ua-ia-an-t-)
1. PIE *hɑu̯oii̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯oii̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯oii̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯aii̯ant-
3. hu̯aii̯ant-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *hu̯aiant-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. hu̯aiant-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *hu̯ai̯ant-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. hu̯ai̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ai̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯ei̯o-
CLu. ḫu̯ei̯a-
(vb.) ‘eilen, laufen’
(DLL. 46)
(CLu. ḫu-u-ia-ad-da [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ei̯a-
3. hu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯ei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯ei̯o-
HLu. ḫu̯ei̯a-
(PES2vb.) ‘march’
(CHLu. 2.11.11)
(HLu. PRAE-na (PES2)HWI-ia-ta)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ei̯a-
3. hu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫu̯ei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯ei̯o-
Pal. ḫu̯ei̯a-
(vb.) ‘laufen lassen?’
(HHand. 53)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ei̯a-
3. hu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. ḫu̯ei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯ei̯o-
Hitt. ḫu̯ei̯a-
(vb.) ‘run, hurry, spread (of vegetation), escape’
(HIL. 426-7)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-e-ia-ši, ḫu-u-ia-zi, ḫu-u-i-ia-u-e-ni, ḫu-ia-an-zi)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ei̯a-
3. hu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯ei̯o-
Hitt. ḫu̯ei̯a-
(LÚc.) ‘Renner?’
(NOMS. 386)
(Hitt. ḫu-u(-i)-ia-aš, -an)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ei̯a-
3. hu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯i·hɑu̯ei̯o-
CLu. ḫu̯i·ḫu̯ei̯a-
(vb.) ‘courir, fuir’
(DLL. 46)
(CLu. ḫu-i-ḫu-i-ia [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *hɑu̯i·hɑu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯i·hu̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯i·hu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯i·hu̯ei̯a-
3. hu̯i·hu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯i·ḫu̯ei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu·hɑu̯ei̯o-
CLu. ḫu·ḫu̯ei̯a-
(vb.) ‘courir, fuir’
(DLL. 46)
(CLu. ḫu-u-ḫu-i-ia-an-da)
1. PIE *hɑu·hɑu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu·hu̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu·hu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu·hu̯ei̯a-
3. hu·hu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu·ḫu̯ei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯ei̯on-
Hitt. ḫu̯ei̯an-
(vb.) ‘run, hurry’
(HIL. 426-7)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-i-ia-nu-un, ḫu-ia-nu-un)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ei̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ei̯an-
3. hu̯ei̯an-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ei̯an-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯i·hɑu̯ei̯on[…
CLu. ḫu̯i·ḫu̯ei̯an[…
(?.) ‘-(?)-’
(HIL. 426-7)
(CLu. ḫu-i-ḫu-ia-a[n...])
1. PIE *hɑu̯i·hɑu̯ei̯on
… → *hu̯i·hu̯ei̯on
2. hu̯i·hu̯ei̯on
… → *hu̯i·hu̯ei̯an
3. hu̯i·hu̯ei̯an
… → CLu. ḫu̯i·ḫu̯ei̯an
PIE *hɑu̯ei̯ont-
Hitt. ḫu̯ei̯ant-
(pt.) ‘eilend, laufend’
(HIL. 426-7)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-ia-an-t-, ḫu-u-i-ia-an-t-)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ei̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ei̯ant-
3. hu̯ei̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ei̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯ei̯odɑɦolo-
Hitt. ḫu̯ei̯adala-
(c.) ‘Führer’
(HEG H:325)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei̯odɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ei̯odɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei̯odɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ei̯adɦala-
3. hu̯ei̯adɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hu̯ei̯adala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯ei̯adala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ei̯adala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·hɑu̯ei̯odɑɦolo-
Hitt. piran (…) ḫu̯ei̯adala·-
(c.) ‘head marcher, helper’
(HIL. 426-7)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-i-ia-tal-la-aš, ḫu-u-i-ia-at-tal-lu-uš)
1. PIE *Π·hɑu̯ei̯odɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hu̯ei̯odɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hu̯ei̯odɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hu̯ei̯adɦala-
3. Π·hu̯ei̯adɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·hu̯ei̯adala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·hu̯ei̯adala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·ḫu̯ei̯adala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuimo-
PIE *hɑu̯imo-
Hitt. ḫu̯ima-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘laufen, eilen’
(HIL. 426-7)
(Hitt. ḫu-i-ma-an-zi [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑu̯imo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯imo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯imo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ima-
3. hu̯ima-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ima-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuino-
PIE *hɑu̯ino-
Pal. ḫu̯ina-
(vb.) ‘gehen’
(HHand. 52)
(DPal. –)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ina-
3. hu̯ina-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. ḫu̯ina-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuinu-
PIE *hɑu̯inu-
Hitt. ḫu̯inu-
(cs.) ‘zum Laufen veranlassen’
(HHand. 51)
(Hitt. ḫu-i-nu-mi, ḫu-i-nu-zi, ḫu-u-e-nu-uz-zi, ḫu-i-nu-ua-an-zi)
1. PIE *hɑu̯inu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯inu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯inu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯inu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯inu̯o-
CLu. ḫu̯inu̯a-
(cs.) ‘antreiben, laufen lassen: faire fuir’
(DLL. 46)
(CLu. ḫu-i-nu-ua-aḫ-ḫa [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑu̯inu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯inu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯inu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯inu̯a-
3. hu̯inu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯inu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯inu̯o-
HLu. ḫu̯inu̯a-
(cs.) ‘make run’
(CHLu. 3.3.4)
(HLu. HWI-nu-wa/i-tá)
1. PIE *hɑu̯inu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯inu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯inu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯inu̯a-
3. hu̯inu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫu̯inu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯inum-
Hitt. ḫu̯inum-
(n.N.act.) ‘the act of making run’
(HIL. 426-7)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-e-nu-ma-aš)
1. PIE *hɑu̯inum-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯inum-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯inum-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯inum-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯inuski̯e/o-
Hitt. ḫu̯inuške/a-
(vb.) ‘eilen, laufen’
(HIL. 426-7)
(Hitt. ḫu-i-nu-uš-ke/a-, ḫu-u-i-nu-uš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑu̯inuski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯inuski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯inuski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hu̯inusḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hu̯inusḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯inusḱe/a-
4. hu̯inusḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *hu̯inuske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hu̯inuske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯inuške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hu̯inuške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯inuške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuis-
PIE *hɑu̯éi̯os-
RV. váyas-
(n.) ‘das Geflügel (Kollektiv); Vogel’
(WbRV. 1214)
1. PIE *hɑu̯éi̯os-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯éi̯os-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯éi̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯éi̯as-
3. hu̯éi̯as-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯éi̯as-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯éi̯as-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *u̯ái̯as-
5. u̯ái̯as-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vái̯as-
6. vái̯as-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. váyas-
PIE *hɑu̯ihɑu̯iso-
HLu. ḫu̯iḫu̯iša-
(vb.) ‘march’
(CHLu. 2.11.8)
(HLu. HWI-HWI-sá-ta-si [3pl??])
1. PIE *hɑu̯ihɑu̯iso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ihu̯iso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ihu̯iso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ihu̯isa-
3. hu̯ihu̯isa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯ihu̯iša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯ihu̯iša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫu̯iḫu̯iša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯ōi̯osó-
RV. vāyasá-
(m.) ‘ein grösserer Vogel’
(WbRV. 1259)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ōi̯osó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ōi̯osó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ōi̯osó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ōi̯asó-
3. hu̯ōi̯asó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *hu̯ōi̯asá-
4. hu̯ōi̯asá-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *hu̯āi̯asá-
5. hu̯āi̯asá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯āi̯asá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. u̯āi̯asá-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vāi̯asá-
7. vāi̯asá-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. vāyasá-
PIE *hɑu̯eiski̯e/o-
Hitt. ḫu̯eiške/a-
(vb.) ‘eilen, laufen’
(HIL. 426-7)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-e-eš-ke/a-, ḫu-eš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑu̯eiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯eiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯eiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hu̯eisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hu̯eisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯eisḱe/a-
4. hu̯eisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *hu̯eiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hu̯eiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯eiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hu̯eiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯eiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuit-
PIE *hɑu̯ito-
CLu. ḫu̯ita-
(N.) ‘running (ability)’
(HHand. 52)
(CLu. azzuwanza (…) huittan piyandu ‘let them give horses ability to run’)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ito-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ito-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ito-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ita-
3. hu̯ita-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯ita-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuont-
PIE *hɑu̯ont-
Hitt. ḫu̯ant-
(pt.) ‘eilend’
(HIL. 426)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-ua-an-t-)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ant-
3. hu̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑun-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑoúno-
Gr. οὔνο-
(n.) ‘Lauf’
(LSJ. 1272)
(Hes. οὖνον · δρόμον)
1. PIE *hɑoúno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoúno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hoúno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oúno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. oúno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. οὔνο-
PIE *hɑounéi̯o-
Gr. οὐνέο-
(vb.) ‘laufen’
(LSJ. 1272)
(Hes. οὔνει · δράμε)
1. PIE *hɑounéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hounéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hounéi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ounéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ounéi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *ounéo-
4. ounéo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. οὐνέο-
PIE *hɑunebɑɦi-
Hitt. ḫunebi-
(LÚc.) ‘(ein Funktionär)’
(HHand. 54, HEG –)
1. PIE *hɑunebɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hunebɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hunebɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hunebi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hunebi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫunebi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑunebɑɦi·so-
Hitt. ḫunebi·ša-
(sb.) ‘ein Transportmittel?’
(HHand. 54)
Hitt. ḫunebiša
1. PIE *hɑunebɑɦi·so-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hunebɦi·so-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hunebɦi·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hunebɦi·sa-
3. hunebɦi·sa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hunebi·sa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hunebi·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hunebi·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hunebi·ša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫunebi·ša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑunu-
Hitt. ḫunu-
(cs.) ‘laufen lassen’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-nu-ut, ḫu-nu-ut)
1. PIE *hɑunu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hunu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hunu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫunu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑundɑɦori-
(HEG H:288)
PIE *hɑundɑɦori-
CLu. ḫundari-
(MUŠENc.) ‘ein Vogel’
(HHand. 54)
1. PIE *hɑundɑɦori-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hundɦori-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hundɦori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hundɦari-
3. hundɦari-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hundari-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hundari-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫundari-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑundɑɦori-
Hitt. ḫundari-
(c.) ‘ein Tier’
(HHand. 54)
1. PIE *hɑundɑɦori-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hundɦori-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hundɦori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hundɦari-
3. hundɦari-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hundari-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hundari-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫundari-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑeur-
PIE *hɑeuró-
Gr. αὐρό-
(m.) ‘λαγοί’
(GEW 1:190)
(Gr. αὐροί · λαγοί)
1. PIE *hɑeuró-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑauró-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑauró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hauró-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hauró-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *auró-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. auró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. αὐρό-
PIE *hɑeúri-
Gr. αὔρι
(adv.) ‘schnell’
(GEW 1:189)
(Hes. αὖρι · ταχέως)
1. PIE *hɑeúri-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaúri-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaúri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haúri-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haúri-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aúri-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aúri-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. αὔρι-
PIE *hɑeuri·Σ
Gr. αὐρι·βάταντ-
(a.) ‘schnellschreitend’
(GEW 1:189)
(Gr. αὐριβάτας)
1. PIE *hɑeuri·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑauri·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑauri·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hauri·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hauri·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *auri·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. auri·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. αὐρι·Σ
√hɑurno-
PIE *hɑurnolo-
HLu. ḫurnala-
(c.) ‘Jäger’
(CHLu. 10.36.38)
(HLu. hú+ra/i-na-la-za [plD], 10.37.15 hu-ra/i-na-li 10.36.38 [sgD]
1. PIE *hɑurnolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hurnolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hurnolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hurnala-
3. hurnala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫurnala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuorni-
PIE *hɑu̯orniski̯e/o-
Hitt. ḫu̯arniške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘jagen’
(HHand. 56)
(Hitt. [ḫ]u-u-ua-ar-ni-iš-ke-ez-zi)
1. PIE *hɑu̯orniski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯orniski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯orniski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hu̯ornisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hu̯ornisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯arnisḱe/a-
4. hu̯arnisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *hu̯arniske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hu̯arniske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯arniške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hu̯arniške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯arniške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑurni-
PIE *hɑurni-
Hitt. ḫurni-
(d.) ‘-(?)-’ (RHD. 49)
(OHP. 1:162)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-ur-ni-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑurni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hurni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hurni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫurni-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑurnei̯o-
Hitt. ḫurnei̯a-
(URU.) ‘(wohl identisch mit ›Ḫurna)’
(OGH. 126-7)
(Hitt. ḫur-ni-ia, ḫu-ur-ni-ia-aš)
1. PIE *hɑurnei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hurnei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hurnei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hurnei̯a-
3. hurnei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫurnei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑurniski̯e/o-
Hitt. ḫurniške/a-
(vb.) ‘jagen’
(HIL. 432)
(Hitt. ḫu-ur-[ni-iš-ke-ez-zi] [KBo 12.59 i 2])
1. PIE *hɑurniski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hurniski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hurniski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hurnisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hurnisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hurnisḱe/a-
4. hurnisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *hurniske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hurniske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hurniške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hurniške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫurniške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑurnu-
PIE *hɑurnu-
Hitt. ḫurnu-
(vb.2.) ‘jagen’
(HHand. 56)
(in Hitt. ḫu-ur-nu-ua-an-zi [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑurnu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hurnu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hurnu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫurnu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑus-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑuso-
Hitt. ḫuša-
(c.) ‘(ein Orakelvogel, Eulenart?)’ ‹if ‘eilig, fliegend’›
(HEG H:314-5)
(HHand. 57)
1. PIE *hɑuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *husa-
3. husa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *huša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. huša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑousó-
RV. oṣá-
(a.) ‘schnell, eifrig’
(WbRV. 306)
1. PIE *hɑousó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *housó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. housó-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *houšó-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. houšó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haušó-
4. haušó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *haušá-
5. haušá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aušá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. aušá-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōšá-
7. ōšá-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *ōṣá-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
8. ōṣá-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → RV. oṣá-
√ɦɑuD-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *e·ɦɑud
OHitt. e·ḫud-
(vb.) ‘kommen ‹hierher + eilen›’
(HEG E:101)
(OHitt. eḫut [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *e·ɦɑud
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *e·ɦud
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. e·ɦud
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → OHitt. e·ḫud
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑudo-
Hitt. ḫuda-
(c.) ‘Eile’
(HEG H:318-9)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-da-aš, ḫu-u-ta-aš [sgN], HIL. 425-6, HED 3:414ff.)
1. PIE *ɦɑudo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦudo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦudo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦuda-
3. ɦuda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuda-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑudo-
Hitt. ḫuda-
(n.) ‘Eile’
(HEG H:318-9)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-da [plNA], Starke KLuN. 359-65)
1. PIE *ɦɑudo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦudo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦudo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦuda-
3. ɦuda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuda-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑudok
Hitt. ḫudak
(adv.) ‘eilends: suddenly, immediately’
(HHand. 57)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-da-ak, ḫu-u-ta-ak-, ḫu-u-ta-a-ak)
1. PIE *ɦɑudok
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦudok
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦudok
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦudak
3. ɦudak
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫudak
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑeudeniskui-
Latv. audeniski
(adv.) ‘âtri: schnell: rapidly’
(KARULIS 1:86)
(Latv. audeniski)
1. PIE *ɦɑeudeniskui-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑaudeniskui-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaudeniskui-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦaudeniskui-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦaudeniskui-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *audeniskui-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. audeniskui-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → Latv. audeniski-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
PIE *ɦɑeudoli̯ēɑh
Latv. audaļa-
(m.) ‘ein eifriger, energischer Arbeiter’
(LiEtWb. 64)
1. PIE *ɦɑeudoli̯ēɑh
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑaudoli̯ēɑh
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaudoli̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑaudoli̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. ɦɑaudoli̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦaudoli̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ɦaudoli̯āh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *audoli̯āh
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. audoli̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *audoli̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. audoli̯ā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *audali̯ā
7. audali̯ā
*li̯ → ļ
Emergence of palatolateral
Rli̯›ļ → *audaļā
8. audaļā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R=ā›=a → Latv. audaļa
PIE *ɦɑeúdrumo
Latv. aũdrum-
(m.) ‘ein wildes, unbändiges Kind’
(ALiEtWb. A:62)
1. PIE *ɦɑeúdrumo
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑaúdrumo
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaúdrumo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦaúdrumo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦaúdrumo
ú -› ù
Latvian tone rule ú -› ù
RAccLatv11 → *ɦaùdrumo
4. ɦaùdrumo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *aùdrumo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aùdrumo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aùdruma
6. aùdruma
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Latv. aùdrum
√ɦɑuDorl-
(HIL. 425-6)
PIE *ɦɑud·orlo-
Hitt. ḫud·arla-
(c.) ‘ARAD: Diener, Knecht, Sklave’
(HHand. 57)
(Hitt. ḫutarla-, cf. Gr. ἀμφί·πολο- ‘Diener’)
1. PIE *ɦɑud·orlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦud·orlo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦud·orlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦud·arla-
3. ɦud·arla-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫud·arla-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑud·orlo-
Kpd. ḫud·arla-
(LÚc.) ‘Diener, Knecht, Sklave’
(NOMS. 411.1A)
(Kpd. ḫu-da-ar-lá)
1. PIE *ɦɑud·orlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦud·orlo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦud·orlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦud·arla-
3. ɦud·arla-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. ḫud·arla-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑud·orli-
Hitt. ḫud·arli-
(c.) ‘Diener, Knecht, Sklave: ARAD/ÌR’
(HHand. 57)
1. PIE *ɦɑud·orli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦud·orli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦud·orli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦud·arli-
3. ɦud·arli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫud·arli-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑud·orli-
Hitt. ḫud·arli-
(LÚc.) ‘(prêtre)’
(NOMS. 411.2.)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-tar-li [All])
1. PIE *ɦɑud·orli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦud·orli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦud·orli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦud·arli-
3. ɦud·arli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫud·arli-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ormo·ɦɑud·orli-
CLu. arma·ḫud·arli-
(fdc.*) ‘servant of the moon-god’
(NOMS. 132)
(in Hitt. fdSIN-ÌR-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *ormo·ɦɑud·orli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ormo·ɦud·orli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ormo·ɦud·orli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arma·ɦud·arli-
3. arma·ɦud·arli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. arma·ḫud·arli-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *mosono·ɦɑud·orli-
CLu. mašana·ḫud·arli-
(LÚc.*) ‘(fille de Muršili II, épouse de Mašturi)’
(NOMS. 775)
(Hitt. DINGIR.MEŠ ÌR-in)
1. PIE *mosono·ɦɑud·orli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mosono·ɦud·orli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. mosono·ɦud·orli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *masana·ɦud·arli-
3. masana·ɦud·arli-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *mašana·ɦud·arli-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. mašana·ɦud·arli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. mašana·ḫud·arli-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑud·orlei̯o-
CLu. ḫud·arlei̯a-
(a.) ‘sklavisch’
(HHand. 57)
(DLL. 49, CLu. ḫu-tar-li-ia-an [sgA] = ÌR-an [dupl.])
1. PIE *ɦɑud·orlei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦud·orlei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦud·orlei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦud·arlei̯a-
3. ɦud·arlei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫud·arlei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑud·orloi̯o-
CLu. ḫud·arlaa-
(c.) ‘Sklave, Diener: serviteur’
(DLL. 49)
(CLu. ḫu-tar-la-a-an [sgA])
1. PIE *ɦɑud·orloi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦud·orloi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦud·orloi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦud·arlai̯a-
3. ɦud·arlai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *ɦud·arlaa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. ɦud·arlaa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫud·arlaa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑu- √ɦɑu- (vb.) ‘lead, bring, conduct’
(IEW 1115-6)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Gr.)
√ɦɑui-
(CHD P:257ff.)
PIE *Π·ɦɑu̯i-
Hitt. pi·ḫu̯i-
(vb.) ‘hinschaffen, hinführen, bewerkstelligen’
(HIL. 767f.)
(Hitt. pí-e-hu-it-ta-ni [2pl]; not: “pé-e-hu-‹te-›et-ta-ni” against HIL.)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·ḫu̯i-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑud-
(CHD P:257ff.)
(Watkins 1969:69; Eichner 1973:55; SHV 37, 122, 125; AHPh. 133)
PIE *Π·ɦɑudont-
Hitt. pi·ḫudant-
(pt.) ‘hinschaffen, hinführen, bewerkstelligen’
(HHand. 129)
(Hitt. piḫudant- [pt.])
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑudont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦudont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦudont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ɦudant-
3. Π·ɦudant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·ḫudant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·ɦɑudei-
Hitt. pi·ḫudei-
(vb.) ‘hinschaffen, hinführen, bewerkstelligen’
(HHand. 129)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑudei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦudei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦudei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·ḫudei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·ɦɑudeiski̯e/o-
Hitt. pi·ḫudeiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘hinschaffen, hinführen, bewerkstelligen’
(HHand. 129)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑudeiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦudeiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦudeiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *Π·ɦudeisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·ɦudeisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ɦudeisḱe/a-
4. Π·ɦudeisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *Π·ɦudeiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. Π·ɦudeiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·ɦudeiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. Π·ɦudeiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·ḫudeiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑued-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·ɦɑéu̯edno-
Gr. ἀν·άεδνο-
(a.) ‘having no wedding present’
(GEW 1:442)
(Hom. ἀνάεδνος)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑéu̯edno-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *Π·ɦɑáu̯edno-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·ɦɑáu̯edno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦáu̯edno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·ɦáu̯edno-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·áu̯edno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·áu̯edno-
*u̯E → hE
Change of u̯ into h before e,é,ē,ḗ
Ru̯E›hE → *Π·áhedno-
5. Π·áhedno-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *Π·áedno-
6. Π·áedno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·άεδνο-


PIE √hɑu- √ɦɑu- (vb.) ‘leben’
(IEW 1171)
(Puhvel HED H:355, Pyysalo)
√hɑuoiun-
PIE *hɑu̯oi̯uno-
CLu. ḫu̯ai̯una-
(sb.) ‘‹cf. below›’
(HHand. 58)
(CLu. dšivata [V] ḫu̯ai̯unati [sgI] aaš- ‹Mund?›)
1. PIE *hɑu̯oi̯uno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯oi̯uno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯oi̯uno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ai̯una-
3. hu̯ai̯una-
* ai̯u → au
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *u
Rai̯u›au → *hu̯auna-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. hu̯auna-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯auna-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯oi̯únēɑh-
RV. vayúnā-
(f.) ‘Lebenskraft’
(WbRV. 1216)
1. PIE *hɑu̯oi̯únēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑu̯oi̯únāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑu̯oi̯únāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯oi̯únāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hu̯oi̯únāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ai̯únāh-
4. hu̯ai̯únāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯ai̯únā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯ai̯únā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vai̯únā-
6. vai̯únā-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. vayúnā-
√hɑui-
(HEG H:268-71)
(HHand. 52, HED 3:352-5, AHPh. 273)
PIE *hɑu̯i·hɑu̯isu̯oli-
CLu. ḫu̯i·ḫu̯išu̯ali-
(a.) ‘leiblich’
(HEG S:699)
(CLu. ḫu-u-i-ḫu-iš-šu-ua-li-iš, DLL. 84 ‹for the semantics cf. RV. kravya· ‘Leichname’›)
1. PIE *hɑu̯i·hɑu̯isu̯oli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯i·hu̯isu̯oli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯i·hu̯isu̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯i·hu̯isu̯ali-
3. hu̯i·hu̯isu̯ali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯i·hu̯išu̯ali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯i·hu̯išu̯ali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯i·ḫu̯išu̯ali-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯i·noimo-
CLu. ḫu̯i·naima-
(vb.) ‘‹blood/life·pasture/food, i.e. ambrosia?›’
(DLL. 46)
(CLu. (gods) ḫu-u-i-na-i-ma-an lalanti, but you feed yourself, KUB ix 31 Vs. ii 30-32)
1. PIE *hɑu̯i·noimo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯i·noimo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯i·noimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯i·naima-
3. hu̯i·naima-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯i·naima-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑuib(ɑɦ)-
(HEG H:264)
(Or *ɦɑuēb(ɑɦ)-?)
PIE *ɦɑu̯ibɑɦomo-
CLu. ḫu̯ibama-
(pt.) ‘Grausamkeit?’
(HHand. 52)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯ibɑɦomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯ibɦomo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯ibɦomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯ibɦama-
3. ɦu̯ibɦama-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦu̯ibama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦu̯ibama-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯ibama-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑu̯ibɑɦosonu-
HLu. ḫu̯ibašanu-
(SIGILLUMvb.caus.) ‘schaden’
(CHLu. 11.1.fg13)
(HLu. (“SIGILLUM”)HWI-pa-sa-nu [ipv2sg], Hluwlex. 51)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯ibɑɦosonu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯ibɦosonu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯ibɦosonu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯ibɦasanu-
3. ɦu̯ibɦasanu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦu̯ibasanu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦu̯ibasanu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦu̯ibašanu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦu̯ibašanu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫu̯ibašanu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑu̯ibɑɦodɑɦo-
CLu. ḫu̯ibada-
(sb.) ‘Grausamkeit?’
(HHand. 52)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯ibɑɦodɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯ibɦodɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯ibɦodɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯ibɦadɦa-
3. ɦu̯ibɦadɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦu̯ibada-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦu̯ibada-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯ibada-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑu̯ibɑɦou̯ot-
Hitt. ḫu̯ibau̯at-
(c.) ‘Grausamkeit’
(HHand. 52)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯ibɑɦou̯ot-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯ibɦou̯ot-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯ibɦou̯ot-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯ibɦau̯at-
3. ɦu̯ibɦau̯at-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦu̯ibau̯at-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦu̯ibau̯at-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ibau̯at-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑu̯ibɑɦei-
Hitt. ḫu̯ibei-
(a.) ‘grausam?’
(HHand. 53)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯ibɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯ibɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯ibɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦu̯ibei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. ɦu̯ibei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ibei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑu̯ibɑɦoii̯ot-
Hitt. ḫu̯ibai̯at-
(c.) ‘Ruchlosigkeit: cruelty’
(HEG H:264)
(for the semantics cf. OInd. krūrá- (a.) ‘blutig, grausam’)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯ibɑɦoii̯ot-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯ibɦoii̯ot-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯ibɦoii̯ot-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯ibɦaii̯at-
3. ɦu̯ibɦaii̯at-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *ɦu̯ibɦaiat-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. ɦu̯ibɦaiat-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *ɦu̯ibɦai̯at-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. ɦu̯ibɦai̯at-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦu̯ibai̯at-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦu̯ibai̯at-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ibai̯at-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuis-
(HEG H:264ff.)
(Weitenberg 1984:108f., 275; HED 3:332ff.; Kimball 1999:438; Kloekhorst HIL. 412-3)
PIE *hɑu̯is-
Hitt. ḫu̯iš-
(vb.) ‘leben, am Leben bleiben: Sum. TI’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-iš-zi, ḫu-i-iš-zi, ḫu-i-iš-te-ni)
1. PIE *hɑu̯is-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯is-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯is-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯iš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hu̯iš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯iš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯isont-
Hitt. ḫu̯išant-
(pt.) ‘lebend’
(HIL. 412)
(Hitt. TI-eš-ša-an-t- ‹for the semantics cf. Lith. at·krũsti ‘wiederauf·leben’›)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯isont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯isont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯isant-
3. hu̯isant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯išant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯išant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯išant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuiski-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑu̯iski̯os-
Lat. uiscos-
(n.sg) ‘alles unter der Haut liegende Fleischige’
(WH. 2:802)
(Lat. uiscos [sgNA], ‹cf. LAv. xrū- ‘blutiges Fleisch’›)
1. PIE *hɑu̯iski̯os-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯iski̯os-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯iski̯os-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hu̯isḱos-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hu̯isḱos-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯isḱos-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯isḱos-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *u̯iskos-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. u̯iskos-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *u̯iscos-
6. u̯iscos-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. uiscos-
PIE *hɑu̯iski̯esēɑh-
Lat. uiscerā-
(n.pl) ‘the organs in the cavities of the body’
(WH. 2:802)
(Lat. uiscera [plNA])
1. PIE *hɑu̯iski̯esēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑu̯iski̯esāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑu̯iski̯esāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯iski̯esāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hu̯iski̯esāh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hu̯isḱesāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. hu̯isḱesāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯isḱesā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯isḱesā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *u̯iskesā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. u̯iskesā-
*VsV → VrV
Rhotacism of *s between vowels
RVsV›VrV → *u̯iskerā-
7. u̯iskerā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *u̯iscerā-
8. u̯iscerā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. uiscerā-
√hɑuisn-
PIE *hɑu̯isonomi-
HLu. ḫu̯išanami-
(BESTIAc.) ‘wild animal’
(CHLu. 7.2/2.fr3)
(in HLu. BESTIA-sa-na-mi-zi [pl])
1. PIE *hɑu̯isonomi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯isonomi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯isonomi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯isanami-
3. hu̯isanami-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯išanami-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯išanami-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫu̯išanami-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯isonomoi-
HLu. ḫu̯išanamai-
(BESTIA.) ‘wild animal’
(CHLu. 11.1.a10)
(HLu. (BESTIA)HWI-sá-na-ma-ia)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isonomoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯isonomoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯isonomoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯isanamai-
3. hu̯isanamai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯išanamai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯išanamai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫu̯išanamai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯isnu-
Hitt. ḫu̯išnu-
(cs.) ‘am Leben erhalten, lebendig machen’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-iš-nu-zi, ḫu-iš-nu-mé-ni, ḫu-iš-nu-an-zi)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isnu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯isnu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯isnu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯išnu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hu̯išnu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯išnu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯isnuski̯e/o-
Hitt. ḫu̯išnuške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘am Leben erhalten’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-iš-nu-uš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isnuski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯isnuski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯isnuski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hu̯isnusḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hu̯isnusḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯isnusḱe/a-
4. hu̯isnusḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *hu̯isnuske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hu̯isnuske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯išnuške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hu̯išnuške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯išnuške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯isnumor-
Hitt. ḫu̯išnumar-
(N.act.*) ‘≈ keeping alive’
(HHand. 52)
(in Hitt. TI-numar)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isnumor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯isnumor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯isnumor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯isnumar-
3. hu̯isnumar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯išnumar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯išnumar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯išnumar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuisr-
PIE *hɑu̯isoro-
HLu. ḫu̯išara-
(BESTIAn.) ‘wild animal(s), game’
(CHLu. 10.45.7)
(HLu. (BESTIA)HWI-sa5+ra/i-’, AHPh. 273)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯isoro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯isoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯isara-
3. hu̯isara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯išara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯išara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫu̯išara-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯isoro-
HLu. ḫu̯išara-
(ANIMAL.BESTIAn.) ‘wild animal’
(CHLu. 10.17.5)
(HLu. (“ANIMAL.BESTIA”)HWI-sa+ra/i)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯isoro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯isoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯isara-
3. hu̯isara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯išara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯išara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫu̯išara-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuisu-
PIE *hɑu̯isou-
Hitt. ḫu̯išau-
(a.) ‘lebendig: fresh, raw’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-i-ša-u-ua-az)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯isou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯isou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯isau-
3. hu̯isau-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯išau-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯išau-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯išau-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯isu-
Hitt. ḫu̯išu-
(a.) ‘lebendig: ‘fresh, raw’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-e-šu, ḫu-i-šu ‹for the semantics cf. OEng. hreāw ‘raw’›)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯isu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯isu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯išu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hu̯išu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯išu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯isu̯oi-
Hitt. ḫu̯išu̯ai-
(vb.) ‘stay alive, to be alive, survive’
(HIL. 412)
(Hitt. ḫu-iš-ua-it, ḫu-iš-ua-a-iš)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isu̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯isu̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯isu̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯isu̯ai-
3. hu̯isu̯ai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯išu̯ai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯išu̯ai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯išu̯ai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯isu̯o-
Hitt. ḫu̯išu̯a-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘= Sum. TI-an-’
(HIL. 412)
(Hitt. ḫu-iš-ua-an-ni, TI-an-ni-it)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯isu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯isu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯isu̯a-
3. hu̯isu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯išu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯išu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯išu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯isu̯i-
Hitt. ḫu̯išu̯i-
(vb.) ‘leben, am Leben sein’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-iš-ú-e-ez-zi, ḫu-iš-ú-e-te-en)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯isu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯isu̯i-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯išu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hu̯išu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯išu̯i-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯i·hɑu̯isu̯oli-
CLu. ḫu̯i·ḫu̯išu̯ali-
(a.) ‘leiblich’ (HEG S:699)
(DLL. 84)
(CLu. ḫu-u-i-ḫu-iš-šu-ua-li-iš)
1. PIE *hɑu̯i·hɑu̯isu̯oli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯i·hu̯isu̯oli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯i·hu̯isu̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯i·hu̯isu̯ali-
3. hu̯i·hu̯isu̯ali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯i·hu̯išu̯ali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯i·hu̯išu̯ali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯i·ḫu̯išu̯ali-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯isu̯ont-
Hitt. ḫu̯išu̯ant-
(pt.a.) ‘lebend’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-iš-ua-an-t-, ḫu-i-šu-ua-an-t-)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯isu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯isu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯isu̯ant-
3. hu̯isu̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯išu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯išu̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯išu̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯isu̯odɑhor-
Hitt. ḫu̯išu̯adar-
(vb.sb.n.) ‘Leben’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-iš-ua-tar, ḫu-u-iš-ua-tar)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isu̯odɑhor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯isu̯odhor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯isu̯odhor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯isu̯adhar-
3. hu̯isu̯adhar-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hu̯isu̯adar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯isu̯adar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯išu̯adar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hu̯išu̯adar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯išu̯adar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuit-
PIE *hɑu̯it-
Hitt. ḫu̯it-
(n.) ‘Tier(welt), Getier: MÁŠ.ANŠE’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-it-ta-aš [sgG])
1. PIE *hɑu̯it-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯it-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯it-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯it-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯it...
Hitt. ḫu̯it...
(URU.) ‘(›Parkantia)’
(OGH. 114)
(Hitt. ḫu-i[t-)
1. PIE *hɑu̯it...
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯it...
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯it...
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯it...
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑuidn-
(Puhvel HED H:355)
PIE *ɦɑu̯idn-
Hitt. ḫu̯idn-
(n.) ‘Tier(welt), Getier: MÁŠ.ANŠE’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-it-na-aš, ḫu-u-it-ni-it)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯idn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idn-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯idn-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑu̯idnont-
Hitt. ḫu̯idnant-
(c.) ‘Tier(welt), Getier’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-it-na-an-za)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idnont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯idnont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idnont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯idnant-
3. ɦu̯idnant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯idnant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑu̯idonei̯o-
HLu. ḫu̯idnei̯a-
(a.) ‘(of) wild beasts’
(CHLu. 5.19.4)
(HLu. HWI-tà-ni-ia-za)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idonei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯idonei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idonei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯idanei̯a-
3. ɦu̯idanei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫu̯idanei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑu̯idni-
OIcl. vitni-
(m.) ‘creature’
(HED 3:355)
(OIcl. vitnir [sgN])
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯idni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idni-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *u̯idni-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. u̯idni-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *u̯itni-
4. u̯itni-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OIcl. vitni-
PIE *ɦɑu̯idnoimo-
CLu. ḫu̯idnaima-
(pt.) ‘-(?)- (ein jagdbares Tier?)’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-i-it-na-i-ma-aš)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idnoimo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯idnoimo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idnoimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯idnaima-
3. ɦu̯idnaima-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯idnaima-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑuidor-
(HEG H:269-71)
PIE *ɦɑu̯idor-
Hitt. ḫu̯idar-
(n.) ‘Tier(welt), Getier: MÁŠ.ANŠE’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-i-ta-ar, ḫu-u-i-tar)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯idor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯idar-
3. ɦu̯idar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯idar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑu̯idor-
HLu. ḫu̯idar-
(BESTIAn.) ‘(wild) beast’
(CHLu. 4.4.11)
(HLu. (BESTIA)HWI-tara/i-)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯idor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯idar-
3. ɦu̯idar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫu̯idar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑu̯idorso-
CLu. ḫu̯idarša-
(n.) ‘Tier(welt), Getier’
(HHand. 52)
(CLu. ḫu-u-i-tar-ša)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idorso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯idorso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idorso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯idarsa-
3. ɦu̯idarsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦu̯idarša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦu̯idarša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯idarša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑuiduol-
PIE *ɦɑu̯idu̯oli-
CLu. ḫu̯idu̯ali-
(a.) ‘lebend, lebendig: vivant’
(DLL. 47)
(CLu. ḫu-i-du-ua-li-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idu̯oli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯idu̯oli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idu̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯idu̯ali-
3. ɦu̯idu̯ali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯idu̯ali-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑu̯idu̯olei̯o-
CLu. ḫu̯idu̯alei̯a-
(a.) ‘vivant: lebend’
(DLL. 47)
(CLu. ḫu-u-it-ua-li-ia-an [sgA])
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idu̯olei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯idu̯olei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idu̯olei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯idu̯alei̯a-
3. ɦu̯idu̯alei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯idu̯alei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑu̯idu̯olo·ɦɑiso-
CLu. ḫu̯idu̯ala·ḫiša-
(n.) ‘vie: Leben’
(DLL. 47)
(CLu. ḫu-u-it-ua-la-a-ḫi-ša(-ḫa)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idu̯olo·ɦɑiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯idu̯olo·ɦiso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idu̯olo·ɦiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯idu̯ala·ɦisa-
3. ɦu̯idu̯ala·ɦisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦu̯idu̯ala·ɦiša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦu̯idu̯ala·ɦiša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯idu̯ala·ḫiša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑu̯idu̯olo·ɦɑid-
CLu. ḫu̯idu̯ala·ḫid-
(n.) ‘Leben: vie’
(DLL. 47)
(CLu. ḫu-it-ua-la-ḫi-ti [D], ḫu-i-du-ua-la-a-ḫi-ta-ti [I])
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idu̯olo·ɦɑid-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯idu̯olo·ɦid-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idu̯olo·ɦid-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯idu̯ala·ɦid-
3. ɦu̯idu̯ala·ɦid-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯idu̯ala·ḫid-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑu̯idu̯olu̯oro
CLu. ḫu̯idu̯alu̯ara
(adv.) ‘zu Lebzeiten?, froh?’ (HHand. 53)
(DLL. 47)
(CLu. ḫu-u-i-du-u-ua-lu-ua-ra [adv.])
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idu̯olu̯oro
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯idu̯olu̯oro
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idu̯olu̯oro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯idu̯alu̯ara
3. ɦu̯idu̯alu̯ara
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯idu̯alu̯ara
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑuidumn-
PIE *ɦɑu̯idumno·ɦɑid-
CLu. ḫu̯idumna·ḫid-
(n.) ‘Lebenskraft: vitalité?’
(DLL. 47)
(CLu. ḫu-i-tum-na-(a-)ḫi-ta-ti)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idumno·ɦɑid-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯idumno·ɦid-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idumno·ɦid-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯idumna·ɦid-
3. ɦu̯idumna·ɦid-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯idumna·ḫid-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑu̯idumono·ɦɑid-
CLu. ḫu̯idumana·ḫid-
(n.) ‘vitalité?’
(DLL. 47)
(CLu. ḫu-i-tum-ma-na-(a-)ḫi-ta-ti)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idumono·ɦɑid-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯idumono·ɦid-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idumono·ɦid-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯idumana·ɦid-
3. ɦu̯idumana·ɦid-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯idumana·ḫid-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑu̯idumorso-
Pal. ḫu̯idumarša-
(n.) ‘Leben, Lebewesen’ (HHand. 52)
(DPal. 56)
(Pal. [ḫu-i]tu-mar-ša [plNA])
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idumorso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯idumorso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idumorso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯idumarsa-
3. ɦu̯idumarsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦu̯idumarša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦu̯idumarša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. ḫu̯idumarša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑues-
PIE *hɑu̯es-
Hitt. ḫu̯eš-
(vb.) ‘leben, am Leben bleiben’
(HEG H:264ff.)
(Hitt. ḫu-e-eš [2sg], TI-eš-zi [3sg]
1. PIE *hɑu̯es-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯es-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯es-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯eš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hu̯eš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯eš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuso-
PIE *hɑuso-
HLu. ḫuša-
(185sb.) ‘life?’
(CHLu. 2.27.28)
(HLu. *185(-)hu-sa-za [n.sgA?]
1. PIE *hɑuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *husa-
3. husa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *huša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. huša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫuša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
hɑu̯eski̯e/o-
PIE *hɑu̯eski̯e/o-
Hitt. ḫu̯eške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘leben’
(HIL. 412)
(Hitt. ḫu-eš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑu̯eski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯eski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯eski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hu̯esḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hu̯esḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯esḱe/a-
4. hu̯esḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *hu̯eske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hu̯eske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯eške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hu̯eške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯eške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑusnu-
PIE *hɑusnu-
Hitt. ḫušnu-
(cs.) ‘am Leben erhalten, lebendig machen’
(HHand. 57)
1. PIE *hɑusnu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *husnu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. husnu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hušnu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hušnu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫušnu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑusro-
(Pyysalo)
(MA. 109, LIV2:432, LP 26)
PIE *hɑ́usro
MidIr. ūr-
(a.) ‘fresh, fair, bright, green: frisch usw.’
(EtDiPC. 143)
(MidIr. úr, LEIA U-26, IEW 827)
1. PIE *hɑ́usro
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *húusro
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. húusro
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *úusro
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. úusro
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *ū́sro
4. ū́sro
*sr → r
Loss of *s before r
Rsr›r → *ū́ro
5. ū́ro
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → *ū́r
6. ū́r
*ū́ → ū
Absence of accent
Rū́›ū → MidIr. ūr
PIE *hɑ́usro
MidCymr. ir-
(a.) ‘verdant, green, sappy’
(EtDiPC. 143)
(MidCymr. ir)
1. PIE *hɑ́usro
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *húusro
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. húusro
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *úusro
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. úusro
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *ū́sro
4. ū́sro
*ū́ → ī́
Change of *ū́ into ī́
Rū́›ī́ → *ī́sro
5. ī́sro
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → *ī́sr
6. ī́sr
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → *īsr
7. īsr
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → MidCymr. isr
√hɑusto-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑusto-
Lyd. wśta-
(a.) ‘alive’
(AHPh. 330)
(Gusmani (LydWb. 288) also translates ‘Erbe’)
1. PIE *hɑusto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *husto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. husto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *husta-
3. husta-
PIE * s → ś
Orthographic change of *s into ś
Rs›ś → *huśta-
4. huśta-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *uśta-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. uśta-
PIE *uC → u̯C
Change of PIE *u into u̯ in root-initial
Ru=›u̯= → *u̯śta-
6. u̯śta-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Lyd. wśta-
√hɑus·tɑhn-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑus·teɑhno-
gAv. uštana-
(m./n.) ‘Lebenskraft’
(AIWb. 418-9)
(gAv. astvantǝm dadå uštanǝm [sgA])
1. PIE *hɑus·teɑhno-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑus·taɑhno-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. hɑus·taɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hus·tahno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hus·tahno-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *huš·tahno-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. huš·tahno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huš·tahna-
5. huš·tahna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → gAv. uš·tana-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑus·toɑhno-
gAv. uštāna-
(m./n.) ‘Lebenskraft, Leben’
(AIWb. 418-9)
(gAv. astvaitē uštānāi [sgD] dātā)
1. PIE *hɑus·toɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hus·tohno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hus·tohno-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *huš·tohno-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. huš·tohno-
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *huš·tāhno-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
4. huš·tāhno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huš·tāhna-
5. huš·tāhna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → gAv. uš·tāna-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑus·toɑhno-
gAv. uštāna-
(a.) ‘mit Lebenskraft begabt’
(AIWb. 420)
1. PIE *hɑus·toɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hus·tohno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hus·tohno-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *huš·tohno-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. huš·tohno-
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *huš·tāhno-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
4. huš·tāhno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huš·tāhna-
5. huš·tāhna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → gAv. uš·tāna-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Π·hɑus·toɑhno-
LAv. činvat·uštāna-
(a.) ‘der (einem) nach dem Leben trachtet’
(AIWb. 596)
(LAv. činvat.uštāna-)
1. PIE *Π·hɑus·toɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hus·tohno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hus·tohno-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *Π·huš·tohno-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. Π·huš·tohno-
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *Π·huš·tāhno-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
4. Π·huš·tāhno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·huš·tāhna-
5. Π·huš·tāhna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → LAv. Π·uš·tāna-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Π·hɑus·toɑhno-
LAv. uz·uštāna-
(a.) ‘leblos’
(AIWb. 411)
(LAv. uzuštanå ... uštanavaitīš [plA])
1. PIE *Π·hɑus·toɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hus·tohno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hus·tohno-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *Π·huš·tohno-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. Π·huš·tohno-
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *Π·huš·tāhno-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
4. Π·huš·tāhno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·huš·tāhna-
5. Π·huš·tāhna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → LAv. Π·uš·tāna-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Π·hɑus·toɑhno-
LAv. vīkǝrǝt·uštāna-
(a.) ‘das Leben, die Lebenskraft zerstörend’
(AIWb. 1436)
(LAv. vīkǝrǝt.uštāna-)
1. PIE *Π·hɑus·toɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hus·tohno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hus·tohno-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *Π·huš·tohno-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. Π·huš·tohno-
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *Π·huš·tāhno-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
4. Π·huš·tāhno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·huš·tāhna-
5. Π·huš·tāhna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → LAv. Π·uš·tāna-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑus·teɑhnou̯o-
LAv. uštanava-
(a.) ‘leibhaftig’
(AIWb. 419)
(LAv. astvå hąm uštanavå [n.plNA])
1. PIE *hɑus·teɑhnou̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑus·taɑhnou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. hɑus·taɑhnou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hus·tahnou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hus·tahnou̯o-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *huš·tahnou̯o-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. huš·tahnou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huš·tahnau̯a-
5. huš·tahnau̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *uš·tanau̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. uš·tanau̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. uš·tanava-
PIE *hɑus·teɑhnou̯etiɑ́h-
LAv. uštanavatī-
(pt.a.) ‘lebendig, lebend’
(AIWb. 419)
(LAv. uzuštanå ... uštanavaitīš [plA])
1. PIE *hɑus·teɑhnou̯etiɑ́h-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑus·taɑhnou̯etiɑ́h-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. hɑus·taɑhnou̯etiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *hɑus·taɑhnou̯etiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. hɑus·taɑhnou̯etiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hus·tahnou̯etiíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hus·tahnou̯etiíh-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *huš·tahnou̯etiíh-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
5. huš·tahnou̯etiíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huš·tahnau̯etiíh-
6. huš·tahnau̯etiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *uš·tanau̯etií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. uš·tanau̯etií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *uš·tanau̯etī́-
8. uš·tanau̯etī́-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *uš·tanau̯atī́-
9. uš·tanau̯atī́-
*ati → aiti
Anaptyxis of *i
RatI›aitI → *uš·tanau̯aitī́-
10. uš·tanau̯aitī́-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *uš·tanavaitī́-
11. uš·tanavaitī́-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → LAv. uš·tanavaitī-
PIE *hɑus·toɑhnou̯ont-
gAv. uštānavant-
(a.) ‘mit Leben, Lebenskraft, lebenskräftig’
(AIWb. 419)
1. PIE *hɑus·toɑhnou̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hus·tohnou̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hus·tohnou̯ont-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *huš·tohnou̯ont-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. huš·tohnou̯ont-
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *huš·tāhnou̯ont-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
4. huš·tāhnou̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huš·tāhnau̯ant-
5. huš·tāhnau̯ant-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *uš·tānau̯ant-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. uš·tānau̯ant-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → gAv. uš·tānavant-
√hɑuesu-
PIE *hɑu̯esou-
Hitt. ḫu̯ešau-
(a.) ‘fresh, raw’
(HIL. 412)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-e-ša-u-e-eš [N], ḫu-e-ša-ua-az)
1. PIE *hɑu̯esou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯esou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯esou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯esau-
3. hu̯esau-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯ešau-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯ešau-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ešau-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯esu-
Hitt. ḫu̯ešu-
(a.) ‘fresh, raw’
(HIL. 412)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-e-šu, hu-e-šu [NA])
1. PIE *hɑu̯esu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯esu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯esu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯ešu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hu̯ešu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ešu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯esu̯o-
Hitt. ḫu̯ešu̯a-
(a.) ‘fresh, raw’
(HIL. 412)
(Hitt. ḫu-e-šu-ua-za [sgAbl])
1. PIE *hɑu̯esu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯esu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯esu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯esu̯a-
3. hu̯esu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯ešu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯ešu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ešu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯esu̯o-
Lyd. weśfa-
(a.) ‘living’
(AHPh. 335)
1. PIE *hɑu̯esu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯esu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯esu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯esu̯a-
3. hu̯esu̯a-
PIE * s → ś
Orthographic change of *s into ś
Rs›ś → *hu̯eśu̯a-
4. hu̯eśu̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯eśu̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯eśu̯a-
*śu̯ → śb
Bilabialization of *u̯ after ś
Rśu̯›śb → *u̯eśba-
6. u̯eśba-
PIE *b → f
Orthographic change of *b into f
Rb›f → *u̯eśfa-
7. u̯eśfa-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Lyd. weśfa-
PIE *hɑu̯esu̯on-
Hitt. ḫu̯ešu̯an-
(vb.sb.) ‘Leben’
(HIL. 412)
(Hitt. ḫu-e-eš-ua-an-na-aš [sgG])
1. PIE *hɑu̯esu̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯esu̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯esu̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯esu̯an-
3. hu̯esu̯an-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯ešu̯an-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯ešu̯an-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ešu̯an-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑusu-
PIE *hɑusu-
Hitt. ḫušu-
(a.) ‘lebendig: fresh, raw’
(HIL. 412)
(Hitt. ḫu-šu)
1. PIE *hɑusu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *husu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. husu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hušu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hušu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫušu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑusu̯o-
Hitt. ḫušu̯a-
(a.) ‘lebendig: fresh, raw’
(HIL. 412)
(Hitt. ḫu-šu-ua-za)
1. PIE *hɑusu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *husu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. husu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *husu̯a-
3. husu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hušu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hušu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫušu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑusu̯ont-
Hitt. ḫušu̯ant-
(pt.a.) ‘lebend’
(HHand. 57)
(Hitt. ḫu-šu-ua-an-t-, ḫu-uš-ua-an-t-)
1. PIE *hɑusu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *husu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. husu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *husu̯ant-
3. husu̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hušu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hušu̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫušu̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑusu̯i-
Hitt. ḫušu̯i-
(vb.) ‘stay alive, to be alive, survive’
(HIL. 412)
(Hitt. [ḫ]u-šu-e-ua-ni, ḫu-šu-e-er)
1. PIE *hɑusu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *husu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. husu̯i-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hušu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hušu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫušu̯i-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑudo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *én·ɦɑeudo-
Gr. ἔν·αυδο-
(a.) ‘living (Hes.)’
(LSJ. 557)
1. PIE *én·ɦɑeudo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *én·ɦɑaudo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. én·ɦɑaudo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *én·ɦaudo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. én·ɦaudo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *én·audo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. én·audo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἔν·αυδο-
√ɦɑuedor-
PIE *ɦɑu̯edor-
Hitt. ḫu̯edar-
(n.) ‘Tier(welt), Getier: Sum. MÁŠ.ANŠE’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-e-da-ar [sgNA])
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯edor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯edor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯edor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯edar-
3. ɦu̯edar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯edar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑudum-
PIE *ɦɑudumono-
Hitt. ḫudumana-
(d.) ‘-(?)-’ (RDH. 50)
(OHP. 1:168)
(Hitt. ḫu-tu-ma-na, ḫu-tu-ma-an-na)
1. PIE *ɦɑudumono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦudumono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦudumono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦudumana-
3. ɦudumana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫudumana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑudumnoɦɑid-
CLu. ḫudumnaḫid-
(n.) ‘vitalité?’
(DLL. 47)
(CLu. [ḫ]u-u-tumum-na-ḫi-ta-ti)
1. PIE *ɦɑudumnoɦɑid-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦudumnoɦid-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦudumnoɦid-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦudumnaɦid-
3. ɦudumnaɦid-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫudumnaḫid-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑu- (sb.) ‘Schaf, Widder’
(IEW 784)
√hɑu-
PIE *hɑu·Σ
OIr. u·gaire
(m.) ‘shepherd’
(DIL. 485)
(OIr. ugaire, DIL. sub ‘oegaire’)
1. PIE *hɑu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OIr. u·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑou̯·éhɑinēɑh
Lith. av·íena-
(f.) ‘Schaffleisch, Hammelfleisch’
(LiEtWb. 28)
1. PIE *hɑou̯·éhɑinēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑou̯·éhɑināɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑou̯·éhɑināɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hou̯·éhināh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hou̯·éhināh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ou̯·éinā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ou̯·éinā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *au̯·éinā
5. au̯·éinā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *au̯·éinō
(XX:XX)
6. au̯·éinō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *au̯·éina
7. au̯·éina
*éi -> íe
Change of *éi into íe
Réi›íe → *au̯·íena
8. au̯·íena
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. av·íena
PIE *hɑou̯·ehɑinēɑh-
Lat. ou·īnā-
(f.) ‘Schaffleisch’
(WH. 2:229)
1. PIE *hɑou̯·ehɑinēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑou̯·ehɑināɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑou̯·ehɑināɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hou̯·ehināh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hou̯·ehināh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ou̯·einā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ou̯·einā-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *ou̯·īnā-
5. ou̯·īnā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. ou·īnā-
PIE *hɑou̯·hɑ́ili-
Lat. ou·īli-
(n.) ‘Schafstall’
(WH. 2:229)
(Lat. ouīle [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑou̯·hɑ́ili-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *hɑou̯·híili-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. hɑou̯·híili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hou̯·híili-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hou̯·híili-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ou̯·íili-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ou̯·íili-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ou̯·ī́li-
5. ou̯·ī́li-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → *ou·ī́li-
6. ou·ī́li-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → Lat. ou·īli-
PIE *hɑou·Σ
Lat. ū·piliō(n)-
(m.) ‘Schafhirt’
(WH. 2:211)
1. PIE *hɑou·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hou·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hou·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ou·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ou·Σ
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → Lat. ū·Σ
√hɑuo-
(SPIE 207)
PIE *hɑou̯o-
HLu. ḫau̯a-
(OVISc.) ‘sheep’
(CHLu. 10.37.1)
(OVIS)ha-wa/i-na [sgA])
1. PIE *hɑou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hau̯a-
3. hau̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫau̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑou̯o-
Hitt. ḫau̯a-
(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 105)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-ua-aš ‹uncertain whether this entry belongs to this root›)
1. PIE *hɑou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hau̯a-
3. hau̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫau̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑóhɑu̯o-
Lith. áva-
(m.) ‘Widder’
(APrS. 309)
(Lith. ávas [Jušk. I,179])
1. PIE *hɑóhɑu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hóhu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hóhu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *óu̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. óu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *óu̯a-
4. óu̯a-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *áu̯a-
5. áu̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. áva-
√hɑui-
(HEG H:230-1)
PIE *hɑou̯i-
CLu. ḫau̯i-
(c.) ‘Schaf’
(KLuN. 70)
(DLL. 45, Laroche BSL 62 [1967], HIL. 393)
1. PIE *hɑou̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hou̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hou̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hau̯i-
3. hau̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫau̯i-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑóu̯i-
ODor. ὄϝι-
(c.) ‘Schaf’
(GEW 2:367)
(Arg. ὄϝινς [plA])
1. PIE *hɑóu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hóu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hóu̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *óu̯i-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. óu̯i-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → ODor. ὄϝι-
PIE *triHɑóu̯i-
RV. tri.ávi-
(a.) ‘drei Lammzeiten zählend’
(WbRV. 561)
1. PIE *triHɑóu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *triHóu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. triHóu̯i-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *triHáu̯i-
3. triHáu̯i-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *tri.áu̯i-
4. tri.áu̯i-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. tri.ávi-
PIE *hɑou̯í-
Lith. avì-
(f.4.) ‘Schaf’
(LiEtWb. 28)
(Lith. avìs [N], aviẽs [G])
1. PIE *hɑou̯í-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hou̯í-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hou̯í-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *hou̯ì-
3. hou̯ì-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ou̯ì-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ou̯ì-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *au̯ì-
5. au̯ì-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. avì-
PIE *hɑeu̯inlo-
OLat. auillo-
(m.) ‘agnus recentis partus’
(WH. 1:84)
(Lat. auillus)
1. PIE *hɑeu̯inlo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑau̯inlo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯inlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hau̯inlo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hau̯inlo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *au̯inlo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. au̯inlo-
PIE *nl → ll
Assimilation of *nl into *ll
Rnl›ll → *au̯illo-
5. au̯illo-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OLat. auillo-
PIE *hɑou̯inlo-
Lat. ouillo-
(a.) ‘Schaf-’
(WH. 2:229)
(Lat. ouillus, ouilla, ouillum)
1. PIE *hɑou̯inlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hou̯inlo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hou̯inlo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ou̯inlo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ou̯inlo-
PIE *nl → ll
Assimilation of *nl into *ll
Rnl›ll → *ou̯illo-
4. ou̯illo-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. ouillo-


PIE √hɑu- (vb.) ‘trinken, überschwemmen, benetzen, waschen’ (sb.) ‘Wasser, Woge, Flut’
(IEW 78-81)
(Pyysalo: Gr.)
√hɑu-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ohɑu-
Pal. aḫu-
(vb.1.) ‘trinken’
(DPal. 37, 49)
(Pal. a-ḫu-ua-(a)-an-ti [3pl], a-ḫu-u-na [inf.])
1. PIE *ohɑu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ohu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ohu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ahu-
3. ahu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. aḫu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ohɑu̯ohɑu̯o-
CLu. aḫu̯aḫu̯a-
(vb.) ‘überschwemmen’ (HEG H:286-7)
(DLL. 23)
(CLu. aḫuaḫuami)
1. PIE *ohɑu̯ohɑu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ohu̯ohu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ohu̯ohu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ahu̯ahu̯a-
3. ahu̯ahu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. aḫu̯aḫu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯o·hɑu̯esor-
Hitt. ḫu̯a·ḫu̯ešar-
(n.) ‘Flut, Woge’
(HHand. 54)
1. PIE *hɑu̯o·hɑu̯esor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯o·hu̯esor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯o·hu̯esor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯a·hu̯esar-
3. hu̯a·hu̯esar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯a·hu̯ešar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯a·hu̯ešar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯a·ḫu̯ešar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯o·hɑu̯onolo-
CLu. ḫu̯a·ḫu̯anala-
(c.) ‘(ein Tier das dem Meer physischen Schmerz bereitet)’
(HHand. 57)
(CLu. ḫu-u-ua-ḫu-ua-na-la-aš[..., “Vgl. malušteia- und ḫalmešna-”)
1. PIE *hɑu̯o·hɑu̯onolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯o·hu̯onolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯o·hu̯onolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯a·hu̯anala-
3. hu̯a·hu̯anala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯a·ḫu̯anala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑul-
PIE *hɑ́ulo
OHG. ūl-
(ON.n/m.?) Sumpf; swamp’
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *hɑ́ulo
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *húulo
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. húulo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *úulo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. úulo
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *ū́lo
4. ū́lo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ū́la
5. ū́la
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OHG. ū́l
√hɑuon-
PIE *hɑeu̯ṓn
Gr. ἀών-
(m.) ‘a kind of fish’
(LSJ. 299)
(Gr. ἀών, ἀόνος)
1. PIE *hɑeu̯ṓn
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑau̯ṓn
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯ṓn
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hau̯ṓn
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hau̯ṓn
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *au̯ṓn
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. au̯ṓn
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *aṓn
5. aṓn
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀών
PIE *hɑu̯on·hɑu̯esor-
Hitt. ḫu̯an·ḫu̯ešar-
(n.) ‘Flut, Woge’
(HHand. 54)
1. PIE *hɑu̯on·hɑu̯esor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯on·hu̯esor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯on·hu̯esor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯an·hu̯esar-
3. hu̯an·hu̯esar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯an·hu̯ešar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯an·hu̯ešar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯an·ḫu̯ešar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯o·hɑu̯onolo-
CLu. ḫu̯a·ḫu̯anala-
(c.) ‘(ein Tier das dem Meer physischen Schmerz bereitet)’
(HHand. 57)
(CLu. ḫu-u-ua-ḫu-ua-na-la-aš[..., “Vgl. malušteia- und ḫalmešna-”)
1. PIE *hɑu̯o·hɑu̯onolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯o·hu̯onolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯o·hu̯onolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯a·hu̯anala-
3. hu̯a·hu̯anala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯a·ḫu̯anala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑun-
(HEG H:286-7)
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·hɑun-
RV. ví (…) un·-
(pr.) ‘[A] mit [I] benetzen, durchtränken’
(WbRV. 251)
(RV. ví (...) undhi [2sg]; ‹if not from *undh·dhi›)
1. PIE *Π·hɑun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hun-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hun-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. Π·un-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑuno-
Umbr. uno-
(n.) ‘Wasser’
(WbOU. 815)
(WH. 2:817, Umbr. une [Abl])
1. PIE *hɑuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Umbr. uno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑun·hɑu̯on-
Hitt. ḫun·ḫu̯an-
(?) ‘Flut, Woge’
(HHand. 54)
1. PIE *hɑun·hɑu̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hun·hu̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hun·hu̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hun·hu̯an-
3. hun·hu̯an-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫun·ḫu̯an-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑun·hɑumodɑɦi-
Hitt. ḫun·ḫumazi-
(n.) ‘Flut, Woge?’
(HHand. 54)
1. PIE *hɑun·hɑumodɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hun·humodɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hun·humodɦi-
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi›jɦi → *hun·humojɦi-
3. hun·humojɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hun·humajɦi-
4. hun·humajɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hun·humaji-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hun·humaji-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *hun·humazi-
6. hun·humazi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫun·ḫumazi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑun·hɑunesor-
Hitt. ḫun·ḫunešar-
(n.) ‘Flut, Woge’
(HHand. 54)
1. PIE *hɑun·hɑunesor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hun·hunesor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hun·hunesor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hun·hunesar-
3. hun·hunesar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hun·hunešar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hun·hunešar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫun·ḫunešar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑun·hɑu̯esno-
Hitt. ḫun·ḫu̯ešna-
(c.) ‘Woge?’
(HHand. 54)
1. PIE *hɑun·hɑu̯esno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hun·hu̯esno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hun·hu̯esno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hun·hu̯esna-
3. hun·hu̯esna-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hun·hu̯ešna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hun·hu̯ešna-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫun·ḫu̯ešna-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuntɑh-
(Bomhard XX:XX)
PIE *hɑunt-
OIcl. unn-
(f.) ‘Welle’
(ANEtWb. 635a)
(OIcl. unnr [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑunt-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hunt-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hunt-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *unt-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. unt-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *unþ-
4. unþ-
*nþ → nn
Change of nþ into nn
Rnþ›nn → OIcl. unn-
PIE *hɑuntēɑh
OHG. unda-
(f.ō/n) ‘Welle, Woge, Meer, Wasser, Flut’
(Gl. O, T, N)
(Lat. fluctus Gl, O, T, mare O, unda Gl, N)
1. PIE *hɑuntēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑuntāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑuntāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huntāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. huntāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *untā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. untā
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *unþā
5. unþā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *unþō
(XX:XX)
6. unþō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *unþa
7. unþa
*þ → d
OHG sound shift of *þ
Rþ›d → OHG. unda


PIE √hɑu- (sb.) ‘Ohr’ (vb.) ‘hören’
(IEW 78)
(Sturtevant 1942:47: Hitt.; Pyysalo: Hitt. + Gr.)
√hɑu-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑohɑu-
Hitt. ḫaḫu-
(n.) ‘‹ear?; with Hitt. ištamaš- ‘hören›’
(HEG H:125)
1. PIE *hɑohɑu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hohu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hohu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahu-
3. hahu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaḫu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑehɑu-
Hitt. ḫaḫu-
(vb.) ‘‹hear, listen?›’
(HEG H:125)
(“come to Nerik (to) ḫaḫuuanzi” [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑehɑu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaḫu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑéu̯o-
Gr. ἄο-
(pr.) ‘hear: hören’
(GEW 1:48-9)
(Hes. ἄει· ἀκούει, ἄετε· ἀκούσατε)
1. PIE *hɑéu̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑáu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *háu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. háu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *áu̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. áu̯o-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *áo-
5. áo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄο-
√hɑur-
(Sturtevant 1942:47)
PIE *e·hɑuro·tɑhei-
Hitt. eḫura·tei-
(vb.2.) ‘vollstopfen, auffüllen’
(HEG E:102)
1. PIE *e·hɑuro·tɑhei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *e·huro·thei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. e·huro·thei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *e·hura·thei-
3. e·hura·thei-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *e·hura·tei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. e·hura·tei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. e·ḫura·tei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *e·hɑuro·tɑhoi-
Hitt. eḫura·tai-
(vb.2.) ‘Ohren mit Wolle vollstopfen, auffüllen’
(HHand. 30)
(EHS 476)
1. PIE *e·hɑuro·tɑhoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *e·huro·thoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. e·huro·thoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *e·hura·thai-
3. e·hura·thai-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *e·hura·tai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. e·hura·tai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. e·ḫura·tai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑu- √ɦɑu- (vb.) ‘ziehen, binden, weben’
(IEW 346; MA. 522)
(Pyysalo: CLu. + Hitt.)
√hɑeu-
PIE *hɑeú-
Lith. aũ-
(vb.) ‘Fußbekleidung an-/ausziehen’
(LiEtWb. 27-8)
(Lith. aũti [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑeú-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaú-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haú-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *haù-
4. haù-
*aù -› aũ
Circumflexation of àu to aũ
Raù›aũ → *haũ-
5. haũ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lith. aũ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Π·hɑou-
Lat. ex·ū-
(pf.) ‘ausziehen’
(WH. 1:434f.)
(Lat. exuit)
1. PIE *Π·hɑou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hou-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ou-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·ou-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → Lat. Π·ū-
√hɑui-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ehɑu̯i-
CLu. eḫu̯i-
(vb.) ‘binden/ziehen (obj. either ‘basket’ or ‘goat’)’
(AHPh. 271)
(CLu. e-er-ua-an e-eḫ-ḫu-id-du)
1. PIE *ehɑu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ehu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ehu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. eḫu̯i-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·ohɑui̯o-
OCS. ob·ujo-
(pr.) ‘Fußbekleidung anziehen’
(Sadnik √1035)
(OCS. obujǫ [1sg])
1. PIE *Π·ohɑui̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ohui̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ohui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ahui̯a-
3. Π·ahui̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·aui̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·aui̯a-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·oui̯o-
5. Π·oui̯o-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *Π·ūi̯o-
6. Π·ūi̯o-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *Π·ūjo-
7. Π·ūjo-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → OCS. Π·ujo-
PIE *Π·òhɑu̯ii̯o-
Lat. ind·uuio-
(n.) ‘Baumrinde’
(WH. 1:695)
1. PIE *Π·òhɑu̯ii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·òhu̯ii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·òhu̯ii̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·òu̯ii̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·òu̯ii̯o-
*ii̯o → io
Loss *i̯ between i and o
Rii̯o›io → *Π·òu̯io-
4. Π·òu̯io-
*ò → u
Change of second-syllable ò into u
Rò›u → *Π·uu̯io-
5. Π·uu̯io-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. Π·uuio-
√hɑunebɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑunébɑɦ-
OInd. unábh-
(vb.) ‘binden, fesseln, bändigen’
(EWA 2:506)
(OInd. unap)
1. PIE *hɑunébɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hunébɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hunébɦ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *unébɦ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. unébɦ-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *unábɦ-
4. unábɦ-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. unábh-
PIE *hɑunebɑɦo-
Hitt. ḫuneba-
(TÚG.) ‘(Textilerzeugnis)’
(HHand. 54)
(Hitt. ḫuniba)
1. PIE *hɑunebɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hunebɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hunebɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hunebɦa-
3. hunebɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *huneba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. huneba-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuneba-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑunebɑɦo·lodɑɦi̯o-
Hitt. ḫuneba·laza-
(TÚG.) ‘(eine Art Decke)’
(HHand. 54)
1. PIE *hɑunebɑɦo·lodɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hunebɦo·lodɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hunebɦo·lodɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *hunebɦo·lojɦo-
3. hunebɦo·lojɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hunebɦa·lajɦa-
4. hunebɦa·lajɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *huneba·laja-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. huneba·laja-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *huneba·laza-
6. huneba·laza-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuneba·laza-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑu- (vb.) ‘gebären’
(IEW 169)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + RV. + MidHG.)
√hɑun-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *bɑɦr·hɑ́unó-
RV. bhr·ūṇá-
(n.) ‘Leibesfrucht, Kind’
(WbRV. 968)
1. PIE *bɑɦr·hɑ́unó-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *bɑɦr·húunó-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. bɑɦr·húunó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦr·húunó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦr·húunó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *bɦr·húuná-
4. bɦr·húuná-
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → *bɦr̥·húuná-
5. bɦr̥·húuná-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦr̥·úuná-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. bɦr̥·úuná-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *bɦr̥·ū́ná-
7. bɦr̥·ū́ná-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → *bɦr̥·ū́ṇá-
8. bɦr̥·ū́ṇá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. bhr̥·ū́ṇá-
PIE *bɑɦr·hɑ́unēɑh·n
MidHG. br·ūne·n-
(f.) ‘Unterleib, weibliche Scham’
(IEW 169)
1. PIE *bɑɦr·hɑ́unēɑh·n
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *bɑɦr·hɑ́unāɑh·n
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. bɑɦr·hɑ́unāɑh·n
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *bɑɦr·húunāɑh·n
(SPIE §3.2.3)
3. bɑɦr·húunāɑh·n
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦr·húunāh·n
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. bɦr·húunāh·n
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦr·úunā·n
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. bɦr·úunā·n
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *bɦr·ū́nā·n
6. bɦr·ū́nā·n
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *br·ū́nā·n
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. br·ū́nā·n
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → MidHG. br·ū́nō·n
(XX:XX)
PIE *bɑɦre·hɑunēɑh·n
MidHG. bri·une·n-
(f.) ‘Unterleib, weibliche Scham’
(IEW 169)
1. PIE *bɑɦre·hɑunēɑh·n
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *bɑɦre·hɑunāɑh·n
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. bɑɦre·hɑunāɑh·n
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦre·hunāh·n
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦre·hunāh·n
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦre·unā·n
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. bɦre·unā·n
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *bre·unā·n
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. bre·unā·n
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *bre·unō·n
(XX:XX)
6. bre·unō·n
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → MidHG. bri·unō·n
√hɑuont-
PIE *sōr·hɑu̯ont-
Hitt. šār·ḫu̯ant-
(n.) ‘Mutterleib, Leibesinneres, Bauch’
(HEG S:893-4)
1. PIE *sōr·hɑu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sōr·hu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sōr·hu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sōr·hu̯ant-
3. sōr·hu̯ant-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *sār·hu̯ant-
4. sār·hu̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šār·hu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. šār·hu̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šār·ḫu̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯ontor-
Hitt. ḫu̯antar-
(n.) ‘Geburtswehen’
(HHand. 54)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ontor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ontor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ontor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯antar-
3. hu̯antar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯antar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑu- √ɦɑu- (sb.) ‘Gott’
(IEW –)
(Pinault 2000:61-118, Pyysalo)
√ɦɑu-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu-
Hitt. tr̥·ḫu-
(a.) ‘Benennung des Wettergottes, der Mächtige’
(HHand. 167)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. tr̥·ḫu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu-
HLu. tr̥·ḫu-
(DEUS.) ‘Wettergott, Tonitrus’
(CHLu. 13.4.1)
(HLu. (DEUS)TONITRUS-hu)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. tr̥·ḫu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *toni·tr̥ɦɑou-
Lat. toni·trū-
(m.) ‘Donner(gott)’
(WH. 2:690)
(Lat. tonitrus [sgN], tonitrūs [sgG])
1. PIE *toni·tr̥ɦɑou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *toni·tr̥ɦou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. toni·tr̥ɦou-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *toni·tr̥ou-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. toni·tr̥ou-
PIE *r̥ → r
Desyllafibication of r̥ after loss of h/ɦ
Rr̥›r → *toni·trou-
(SPIE §XX)
4. toni·trou-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → Lat. toni·trū-
PIE *tro·ɦɑu·Σ
Hitt. tra·ḫu·Σ
(LÚc.) ‘‹cf. below›’
(NOMS. Fr. 54)
(Hitt. taraḫu[…)
1. PIE *tro·ɦɑu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tro·ɦu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tro·ɦu·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tra·ɦu·Σ
3. tra·ɦu·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. tra·ḫu·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *troɦɑu̯o
OIcl. þrō-
(m.) ‘Name von Odin’
(ANEtWb. 623)
(OIcl. þrór [sgN])
1. PIE *troɦɑu̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *troɦu̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. troɦu̯o
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *trou̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. trou̯o
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þrou̯o
4. þrou̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þrau̯a
5. þrau̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *þrau̯
6. þrau̯
*au̯ → ō
Change of * -au̯ into -ō
R=au̯›=ō → OIcl. þrō
√ɦɑui-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu̯i-
Hitt. tr̥·ḫu̯i-
(vb.1.) ‘mächtig sein, können’
(HHand. 167)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. tr̥·ḫu̯i-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu̯i-
Hitt. tr̥·ḫu̯i-
(vb.1.) ‘+za: besiegen, bezwingen, überwinden’
(HHand. 167)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. tr̥·ḫu̯i-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *proɦɑui̯o
OIcl. frey-
(GNm.) ‘Name eines Gottes’
(ANEtWb. 142)
1. PIE *proɦɑui̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *proɦui̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. proɦui̯o
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *proui̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. proui̯o
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›fRestr → *froui̯o
4. froui̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *fraui̯a
5. fraui̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *fraui̯
6. fraui̯
*-ui̯ → -u̯i
Change of root-final -ui̯ into -u̯i
R=ui̯›=u̯i → *frau̯i
7. frau̯i
*awi → ewi
Umlaut of *au̯i to eu̯i
Rau̯i›eu̯i → *freu̯i
8. freu̯i
Reu̯i›ey → OIcl. frey
PIE *pro·ɦɑui̯o·n-
Goth. fra·uja·n-
(m.) ‘Herr: κύριος, δεσποτής’
(GoEtD. F87)
(Goth. frauja)
1. PIE *pro·ɦɑui̯o·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pro·ɦui̯o·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pro·ɦui̯o·n-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *pro·ui̯o·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. pro·ui̯o·n-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *fro·ui̯o·n-
4. fro·ui̯o·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *fra·ui̯a·n-
5. fra·ui̯a·n-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Goth. fra·uja·n-
PIE *pro·ɦɑu̯ilo·n-
Goth. fra·wila·n-
(PN.) ‘Fravila (a Gothic general)’
(GoEtWb. 32)
(in Goth. froilan, fravila-)
1. PIE *pro·ɦɑu̯ilo·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pro·ɦu̯ilo·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pro·ɦu̯ilo·n-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *pro·u̯ilo·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. pro·u̯ilo·n-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *fro·u̯ilo·n-
4. fro·u̯ilo·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *fra·u̯ila·n-
5. fra·u̯ila·n-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Goth. fra·wila·n-
PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu̯ilo·dɑɦor-
Hitt. tr̥·ḫu̯ila·dar-
(n.) ‘Heldenmut’
(HHand. 167)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu̯ilo·dɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦu̯ilo·dɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦu̯ilo·dɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tr̥·ɦu̯ila·dɦar-
3. tr̥·ɦu̯ila·dɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tr̥·ɦu̯ila·dar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tr̥·ɦu̯ila·dar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. tr̥·ḫu̯ila·dar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *prō·ɦɑu̯in·kii̯ēɑh-
Lat. prō·uin·ciā-
(f.) ‘Herrschaftbereich, Provinz’
(WH. 2:337)
1. PIE *prō·ɦɑu̯in·kii̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *prō·ɦɑu̯in·kii̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. prō·ɦɑu̯in·kii̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *prō·ɦu̯in·kii̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. prō·ɦu̯in·kii̯āh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *prō·ɦu̯in·ḱi̯āh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. prō·ɦu̯in·ḱi̯āh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *prō·u̯in·ḱi̯āh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. prō·u̯in·ḱi̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *prō·u̯in·ḱi̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. prō·u̯in·ḱi̯ā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *prō·u̯in·ki̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. prō·u̯in·ki̯ā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *prō·u̯in·ci̯ā-
8. prō·u̯in·ci̯ā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → *prō·u̯in·ciā-
9. prō·u̯in·ciā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. prō·uin·ciā-
√ɦɑuon-
PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu̯on-
Hitt. tr̥·ḫu̯an-
(a.) ‘Benennung des Wettergottes, der Mächtige’
(HHand. 167)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦu̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦu̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tr̥·ɦu̯an-
3. tr̥·ɦu̯an-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. tr̥·ḫu̯an-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu̯on-
Kpd. tr̥·ḫu̯an-
(fc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1256)
(Kpd. tár-ḫu-a-an)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦu̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦu̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tr̥·ɦu̯an-
3. tr̥·ɦu̯an-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. tr̥·ḫu̯an-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑuno-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *peroɦɑuno
ORuss. perunŭ-
(m.) ‘Donnergott: thunder god’
(REW 2:345)
(ORuss. perunŭ [sgN])
1. PIE *peroɦɑuno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *peroɦuno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. peroɦuno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *peraɦuna
3. peraɦuna
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *perauna
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. perauna
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *perouno
5. perouno
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *perounu
6. perounu
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *perūnu
7. perūnu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → *perūnŭ
8. perūnŭ
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → ORuss. perunŭ
PIE *peroɦɑuno
OCzech. perunŭ-
(PN.m.) ‘Donnergott: thunder god’
(REW 2:345)
(OCzech. perunŭ [sgN])
1. PIE *peroɦɑuno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *peroɦuno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. peroɦuno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *peraɦuna
3. peraɦuna
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *perauna
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. perauna
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *perouno
5. perouno
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *perounu
6. perounu
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *perūnu
7. perūnu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → *perūnŭ
8. perūnŭ
ū -› ou
Change of ū into ou
Rū›ou → OCzech. perounŭ
PIE *peroɦɑúno
Russ. perún-
(m.) ‘heidnischer Gott der Russen’
(REW 2:345)
(Russ. perun [sgN])
1. PIE *peroɦɑúno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *peroɦúno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. peroɦúno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *peraɦúna
3. peraɦúna
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *peraúna
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. peraúna
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *peroúno
5. peroúno
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *peroúnu
6. peroúnu
*oú → ū́
Monophthongization of *oú into ū́
Roú›ū́ → *perū́nu
7. perū́nu
*-u → Ø
Loss of -u in root-final position
R=u›=0 → *perū́n
8. perū́n
*ū́ → ú
Orthographic change of *ū́ into ú
Rū́›ú → Russ. perún
PIE *tr̥·ɦɑuno-
Hitt. tr̥·ḫuna-
(a.) ‘Benennung des Wettergottes’
(HHand. 167)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦuno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tr̥·ɦuna-
3. tr̥·ɦuna-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. tr̥·ḫuna-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *nept·oɦɑuno-
Lat. nept·ūno-
(GNm.) ‘Gott der Quellen, Flüsse, der Seen und Meere’
(WH. 2:162)
(Lat. neptūnus)
1. PIE *nept·oɦɑuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nept·oɦuno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. nept·oɦuno-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *nept·ouno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. nept·ouno-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → Lat. nept·ūno-
PIE *port·oɦɑuno-
Lat. port·ūno-
(GNm.) ‘Gott der Häfen und Türen’
(WH. 2:342)
1. PIE *port·oɦɑuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *port·oɦuno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. port·oɦuno-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *port·ouno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. port·ouno-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → Lat. port·ūno-
PIE *Π·oɦɑuno-
Lat. trib·ūno-
(m.) ‘Gauvorsteher, Tribun, Zahlmeister’
(WH. 2:704)
1. PIE *Π·oɦɑuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·oɦuno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·oɦuno-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·ouno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·ouno-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → Lat. Π·ūno-
PIE *nom·ɦɑ́unohɑíti-
Lith. nam·ūnaĩti-
(m.) ‘Sohn eines Hauswirts’
(Meid 1958 [IF 63]:151-162)
1. PIE *nom·ɦɑ́unohɑíti-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *nom·ɦúunohɑíti-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. nom·ɦúunohɑíti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nom·ɦúunohíti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nom·ɦúunohíti-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *nom·ɦúunohìti-
4. nom·ɦúunohìti-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *nom·ɦùunohìti-
5. nom·ɦùunohìti-
ohì → ohĩ
Circumflex intonation for ohì
RLiAcc15 → *nom·ɦùunohĩti-
6. nom·ɦùunohĩti-
*ù u ->
Circumflex intonation for ùu
Rùu›ū̃ → *nom·ɦū̃nohĩti-
7. nom·ɦū̃nohĩti-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *nom·ū̃nohĩti-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
8. nom·ū̃nohĩti-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *nom·ū̃noĩti-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
9. nom·ū̃noĩti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Lith. nam·ū̃naĩti-
√ɦɑunɑh-
PIE *bɑɦort·oɦɑunēɑh-
Lat. fort·ūnā-
(GNf.) ‘Zufall, Glück, Fortuna’ (pl) ‘Glücksgüter’
(WH. 1:534)
(Lat. fortūna [sgN])
1. PIE *bɑɦort·oɦɑunēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *bɑɦort·oɦɑunāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. bɑɦort·oɦɑunāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦort·oɦunāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦort·oɦunāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *bɦort·ounāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. bɦort·ounāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦort·ounā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. bɦort·ounā-
*bɦ → f
Affricativization of labial *bɦ
Rbɦ›f → *fort·ounā-
6. fort·ounā-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → Lat. fort·ūnā-
PIE *bɑɦort·oɦɑunēɑh-
Praen. fort·ūnā-
(GNf.) ‘Zufall, Glück, Fortuna’
(WH. 1:534)
(Praen. fortūna [sgN])
1. PIE *bɑɦort·oɦɑunēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *bɑɦort·oɦɑunāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. bɑɦort·oɦɑunāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦort·oɦunāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦort·oɦunāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *bɦort·ounāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. bɦort·ounāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦort·ounā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. bɦort·ounā-
*bɦ → f
Affricativization of labial *bɦ
Rbɦ›f → *fort·ounā-
6. fort·ounā-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → Praen. fort·ūnā-
PIE *Π·oɦɑun·hɑēl
Lat. trib·ūn·āl-
(n.) ‘Hochsitz der Tribunen
(WH. 2:342)
1. PIE *Π·oɦɑun·hɑēl
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·oɦɑun·hɑāl
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·oɦɑun·hɑāl
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·oɦun·hāl
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·oɦun·hāl
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·oun·hāl
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·oun·hāl
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·oun·āl
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·oun·āl
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → Lat. Π·ūn·āl
PIE *nept·oɦɑunēɑhliēɑh-
Lat. nept·ūnāliā-
(n.pl) ‘Fest des N. am 23. Juli’
(WH. 2:162)
1. PIE *nept·oɦɑunēɑhliēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *nept·oɦɑunāɑhliāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. nept·oɦɑunāɑhliāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nept·oɦunāhliāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nept·oɦunāhliāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *nept·ounāhliāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. nept·ounāhliāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *nept·ounāliā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. nept·ounāliā-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → Lat. nept·ūnāliā-
PIE *port·oɦɑunēɑhliēɑh-
Lat. port·ūnāliā-
(n.pl) ‘Fest des Portunus’
(WH. 2:342)
1. PIE *port·oɦɑunēɑhliēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *port·oɦɑunāɑhliāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. port·oɦɑunāɑhliāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *port·oɦunāhliāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. port·oɦunāhliāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *port·ounāhliāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. port·ounāhliāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *port·ounāliā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. port·ounāliā-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → Lat. port·ūnāliā-
√ɦɑuni-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *tr̥·ɦɑuni-
Hitt. tr̥·ḫuni
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1266)
(Hitt. mdU-ni)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑuni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦuni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦuni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. tr̥·ḫuni-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *peroɦɑuni-
ORuss. perunĭ-
(ON.) ‘(bei Novgorod)’
(REW 2:346)
1. PIE *peroɦɑuni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *peroɦuni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. peroɦuni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *peraɦuni-
3. peraɦuni-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *perauni-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. perauni-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *perouni-
5. perouni-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *perūni-
6. perūni-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *perūnĭ-
7. perūnĭ-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → ORuss. perunĭ-
PIE *neptoɦɑunii̯o-
Lat. neptūnio-
(a.) ‘of Neptunus’
(WH. 2:162)
1. PIE *neptoɦɑunii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *neptoɦunii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. neptoɦunii̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *neptounii̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. neptounii̯o-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *neptūnii̯o-
4. neptūnii̯o-
*ii̯o → io
Loss *i̯ between i and o
Rii̯o›io → Lat. neptūnio-
PIE *tr̥·ɦɑuni̯o-
Kpd. tr̥·ḫuni̯a-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1266)
(Kpd. tar-ḫu-ni-a)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑuni̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦuni̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦuni̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tr̥·ɦuni̯a-
3. tr̥·ɦuni̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. tr̥·ḫuni̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *peroɦɑuni̯ēɑh-
Sloven. perunja-
(ONf.) ‘Thundergod town’
(REW 2:346)
1. PIE *peroɦɑuni̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *peroɦɑuni̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. peroɦɑuni̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *peroɦuni̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. peroɦuni̯āh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *peraɦuni̯āh-
4. peraɦuni̯āh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *perauni̯āh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. perauni̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *perauni̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. perauni̯ā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *perouni̯ā-
7. perouni̯ā-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *perūni̯ā-
8. perūni̯ā-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *perūnjā-
9. perūnjā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *perūnja-
10. perūnja-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → Sloven. perunja-
√ɦɑunos-
PIE *déhɑm·ɦɑ́unos-
RV. dám·ūnas-
(m.) ‘Hausherr, Gebieter’
(EWA 1:698)
(Pinault 2000, BSL 95:61–118)
1. PIE *déhɑm·ɦɑ́unos-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *déhɑm·ɦúunos-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. déhɑm·ɦúunos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *déhm·ɦúunos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. déhm·ɦúunos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *déhm·ɦúunas-
4. déhm·ɦúunas-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *déhm·úunas-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. déhm·úunas-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dém·úunas-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. dém·úunas-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *dém·ū́nas-
7. dém·ū́nas-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. dám·ū́nas-
√ɦɑundɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *tr̥·ɦɑundɑh-
Hitt. tr̥·ḫund-
(a.) ‘Benennung des Wettergottes, der Mächtige’
(HHand. 167)
(GhR. 308-9, RDH. 89, Neu 1974:118 with n. 277)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑundɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦundh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦundh-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *tr̥·ɦund-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. tr̥·ɦund-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. tr̥·ḫund-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *tr̥·ɦɑundɑh-
CLu. tr̥·ḫund-
(a.) ‘Benennung des Wettergottes, der Mächtige’
(HHand. 167)
(REL. 69, 91, 166-8, 173, WbMyth. 208-214)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑundɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦundh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦundh-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *tr̥·ɦund-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. tr̥·ɦund-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. tr̥·ḫund-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *tr̥·ɦɑundɑɦ-
CLu. tr̥·ḫund-
(d.) ‘Tarhunt, Wettergott, Tonitrus’
(OHP. 1:446-)
(CLu. tar-ḫu-un-za [sgN], KLuN. 142-5, CLuLex. 212)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑundɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦundɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦundɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tr̥·ɦund-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. tr̥·ɦund-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. tr̥·ḫund-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *tr̥·ɦɑundɑɦo
OIcl. þr·und-
(m.) ‘Odinsname (þula)’
(ANEtWb. 624)
(OIcl. þrundr [sgN])
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑundɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦundɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦundɦo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *tr̥·undɦo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. tr̥·undɦo
PIE *r̥ → r
Desyllafibication of r̥ after loss of h/ɦ
Rr̥›r → *tr·undɦo
(SPIE §XX)
4. tr·undɦo
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þr·undɦo
5. þr·undɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *þr·undo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. þr·undo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þr·unda
7. þr·unda
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OIcl. þr·und
√hɑut-


PIE √hɑu- (vb.) ‘sorgen, wachen, helfen, schützen, sichern’
(IEW 77)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Toch.; for the semantics cf. OIcl. friða- ‘Frieden machen, versöhnen’, OHG. gi·fridō- ‘beschützen usw.’)
√hɑu-
PIE *hɑeu̯-
gAv. av-
(inf.bs.) ‘sorgen für, wachen über’
(AIWb. 179-80)
(gAv. avə̄m [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑeu̯-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑau̯-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hau̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hau̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *au̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. au̯-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → gAv. av-
PIE *hɑeu̯-
gAv. av-
(inf.bs.) ‘helfen’
(AIWb. 180)
(gAv. avō [inf.] ‘zu helfen’)
1. PIE *hɑeu̯-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑau̯-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hau̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hau̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *au̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. au̯-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → gAv. av-
√hɑul-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑēul·Σ
TochB. aul·āre-
(sb.) ‘Genosse: companion’
(DTochB. 134)
(TochB. aulāre)
1. PIE *hɑēul·Σ
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāul·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāul·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāul·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāul·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āul·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. āul·Σ
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → TochB. aul·Σ
PIE *hɑēul·Σ
TochA. ol·ar-
(m.) ‘Genosse: socius’ (LeTokh. 1:333-4)
(Poucha 49)
(TochA. olar [sgN], olariñ [plN])
1. PIE *hɑēul·Σ
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāul·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāul·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāul·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāul·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āul·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. āul·Σ
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
RāuC›auC → *aul·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
5. aul·Σ
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōl·Σ
6. ōl·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. ol·Σ
PIE *hɑul·tolo-
Hitt. ḫul·tala-
(vb.1.) ‘schonen, schützen, sichern’
(HHand. 53)
(Hitt. ḫu-ul-da-la-a-nu-un [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑul·tolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hul·tolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hul·tolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hul·tala-
3. hul·tala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫul·tala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑul·tolo-
Hitt. ḫul·tala-
(c.) ‘ein Funktionär, ‘Wächter?’’
(HHand. 53)
1. PIE *hɑul·tolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hul·tolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hul·tolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hul·tala-
3. hul·tala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫul·tala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑu- (sb.) ‘Erde, Lager usw.’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: OAnat. + Celt.)
√hɑuem-
PIE *hɑu̯emo-
Hitt. ḫu̯ema-
() ((GIŠ)c.) ‘Fußboden? (hölzerner Gebäudeteil)’
(HHand. 52)
1. PIE *hɑu̯emo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯emo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯emo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ema-
3. hu̯ema-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ema-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑum-
PIE *hɑumo-
CLu. ḫuma-
(GKLc.) ‘Schweinestall: porcherie’ (HHand. 54)
(DLL. 47)
(CLu. ḫu-u-um-ma [sgDL])
1. PIE *hɑumo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *humo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. humo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huma-
3. huma-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫuma-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑumo·Σ
Hitt. ḫuma·[…
(URU.) ‘(von den kaškäern erobert, ›Taḫatarija)’
(OGH. 116)
(if in Hitt. ḫu-um-[)
1. PIE *hɑumo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *humo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. humo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huma·Σ
3. huma·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuma·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑumono-
Hitt. ḫumana-
(sb.) ‘(eine Örtlichkeit?)’
(HHand. 54)
1. PIE *hɑumono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *humono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. humono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *humana-
3. humana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫumana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑoum-
PIE *hɑoumēɑh
OIr. ūam-
(f.) ‘cave, den, beast’s lair, cellar, crypt, tomb’
(DIL. 621)
(OIr. huam .i. specus, úam)
1. PIE *hɑoumēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑoumāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑoumāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *houmāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. houmāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oumā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. oumā
*ou → ō
Monophthongization of *ou into ō
Rou›ō → *ōmā
5. ōmā
*ō → ūa
Brechung of *ō into ūa
Rō›ūa → *ūamā
6. ūamā
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *ūama
7. ūama
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OIr. ūam
PIE *hɑoumēɑhdɑɦ-
OIr. ūamad-
(f.) ‘cave, den, boar’s lair’
(EtDiPC. 302)
(LEIA U-7; OIr. úamad)
1. PIE *hɑoumēɑhdɑɦ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑoumāɑhdɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑoumāɑhdɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *houmāhdɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. houmāhdɦ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oumādɦ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. oumādɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *oumād-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. oumād-
*ou → ō
Monophthongization of *ou into ō
Rou›ō → *ōmād-
6. ōmād-
*ō → ūa
Brechung of *ō into ūa
Rō›ūa → *ūamād-
7. ūamād-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OIr. ūamad-
PIE *hɑoumi-
OIr. ūaim-
(f.) ‘cave, den, boar’s lair’
(EtDiPC. 302)
(OIr. úaim)
1. PIE *hɑoumi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *houmi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. houmi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oumi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. oumi-
*ou → ō
Monophthongization of *ou into ō
Rou›ō → *ōmi-
4. ōmi-
*ō → ūa
Brechung of *ō into ūa
Rō›ūa → OIr. ūami-
√hɑuemP-
PIE *hɑu̯empo-
Hitt. ḫu̯empa-
() ((GIŠ)c.) ‘Fußboden (hölzerner Gebäudeteil)’
(HHand. 52)
1. PIE *hɑu̯empo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯empo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯empo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯empa-
3. hu̯empa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯empa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑumodɑɦi-
PIE *hɑumo·dɑɦi
CLu. ḫuma·di-
(c.) ‘Sockel: socle’ (HHand. 54)
(DLL. 48)
(CLu. ḫu-u-um-ma-ti-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑumo·dɑɦi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *humo·dɦi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. humo·dɦi
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huma·dɦi
3. huma·dɦi
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *huma·di
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. huma·di
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫuma·di
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑumo·dɑɦi
HLu. ḫuma·di-
(PODIUMn.) ‘podium: pediment’
(CHLu. 2.11.17)
(HLu. (“PODIUM”)hu-ma-ti)
1. PIE *hɑumo·dɑɦi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *humo·dɦi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. humo·dɦi
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huma·dɦi
3. huma·dɦi
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *huma·di
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. huma·di
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫuma·di
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑumdɑɦi-
PIE *hɑum·dɑɦi
CLu. ḫum·di-
(c.) ‘socle’
(DLL. 48)
(CLu. ḫu-u-um-ti-iš, ḫu-u-um-ti-i[n-zi])
1. PIE *hɑum·dɑɦi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hum·dɦi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hum·dɦi
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hum·di
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hum·di
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫum·di
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑuɑh- (sb.) ‘Großvater, Großmutter’
(IEW 89)
(Sturtevant 1928b:163)
√hɑuɑho-
PIE *hɑuɑho-
Hitt. ḫuḫa-
(c.) ‘Großvater: Akd. abba abba, abi abi’
(HEG H:260ff.)
(Hitt. ḫu-uḫ-ḫa-aš, ḫu-uḫ-ḫa-an, ḫu-ḫa-aš [G], ḫu-uḫ-ḫi-iš [plA!])
1. PIE *hɑuɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huha-
3. huha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑuɑho-
CLu. ḫuḫa-
(c.) ‘Großvater’
(HHand. 51)
(CLu. ḫu-u-ḫa-ti [sgAbl/I])
1. PIE *hɑuɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huha-
3. huha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫuḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑuɑho-
HLu. ḫuḫa-
(AVUSc.) ‘grandfather’
(CHLu. 2.18.d)
(HLu. (AVUS)hu-ha-zi, AVUS-ha-zi)
1. PIE *hɑuɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huha-
3. huha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫuḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑeuɑho-
PIE *hɑeu̯ɑho-
Lat. auo-
(m.) ‘grandfather’
(WH. 1:88-9)
(Lat. auus [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑeu̯ɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑau̯ɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯ɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hau̯ho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hau̯ho-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *au̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. au̯o-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. auo-
√hɑēuɑho-
PIE *hɑēu̯ɑho-
TochB. āwa-
(sb.) ‘grandfather’ (MA. 237-8)
(DTochB. 56)
(TochB. āwi)
1. PIE *hɑēu̯ɑho-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāu̯ɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāu̯ɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāu̯ho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāu̯ho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hāu̯ha-
4. hāu̯ha-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āu̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. āu̯a-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. āwa-


PIE √hɑui- √ɦɑui- (vb.) ‘singen’ (sb.) ‘Gesang’
(IEW 77)
(Pyysalo: OAnat. + Gr.)
√hɑui-
PIE *hɑu̯i-
Hitt. ḫu̯i-
(pr.A.) ‘treat by incantation, conjure’
(HIL. 404)
(Hitt. ḫu-i-ši [2sg], not “ḫu-i-‹ek›-ši” against HIL.)
1. PIE *hɑu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯i-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑuid-
PIE *ɦɑeu̯eído-
Gr. ἀείδο-
(pr.A.) ‘singen, besingen’
(GEW 1:22-23)
(Gr. ἀείδω, Att. ᾄδω)
1. PIE *ɦɑeu̯eído-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑau̯eído-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑau̯eído-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦau̯eído-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦau̯eído-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *au̯eído-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. au̯eído-
*u̯E → hE
Change of u̯ into h before e,é,ē,ḗ
Ru̯E›hE → *aheído-
5. aheído-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *aeído-
6. aeído-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀείδο-
PIE *ɦɑeu̯oidó-
Gr. ἀοιδό-
(m.) ‘Sänger’
(GEW 1:22-23)
(Gr. ἀοιδός, ᾠδός)
1. PIE *ɦɑeu̯oidó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑau̯oidó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑau̯oidó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦau̯oidó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦau̯oidó-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *au̯oidó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. au̯oidó-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *aoidó-
5. aoidó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀοιδό-
PIE *ɦɑeu̯oidḗɑh-
Ion. ἀοιδή-
(f.) ‘Gesang, Lied’
(GEW 1:22-23)
(Gr. ἀοιδή, ᾠδή)
1. PIE *ɦɑeu̯oidḗɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑau̯oidḗɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑau̯oidḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *ɦɑau̯oidā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. ɦɑau̯oidā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦau̯oidā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ɦau̯oidā́h-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *au̯oidā́h-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. au̯oidā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *au̯oidā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. au̯oidā́-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *aoidā́-
7. aoidā́-
*ā́ → ḗ
Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ
Rā́›ḗ → *aoidḗ-
8. aoidḗ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion. ἀοιδή-


PIE √hɑul- (vb.) ‘schlagen’ (sb.) ‘Hammer, Furche’
(IEW 1144)
(Tischler OPr.; Pyysalo: HLu. + IIr. + Gr.)
√hɑul-
(HEG H:273-6: OPr.)
(HIL. 417-9, HED 3:363ff.)
PIE *hɑulo-
Hitt. ḫula-
(vb.) ‘(nieder)schlagen, bekämpfen’
(HEG H:275)
(Hitt. hu-ul-la-i, hu-ul-la-a-i [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑulo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hula-
3. hula-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫula-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *o·hɑuli-
HLu. a·ḫuli-
(c.) ‘hammer’
(CHLu. 12.1.4)
1. PIE *o·hɑuli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·huli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·huli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·huli-
3. a·huli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. a·ḫuli-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑulin-
OPr. ulin-
(cs.) ‘kämpfen’
(APrS. 453)
(OPr. ūlint [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑulin-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulin-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulin-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OPr. ulin-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑeúl·Σ
Gr. αὔλ·ακ-
(f.) ‘Furche’
(GEW 1:77)
(Gr. αὖλαξ, αὔλακες)
1. PIE *hɑeúl·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaúl·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaúl·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haúl·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haúl·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aúl·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aúl·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. αὔλ·Σ
√hɑuol-
PIE *hɑu̯olmi-
CLu. ḫu̯almi-
(pt.) ‘something negative/evil?’ (HHand. 58)
(DLL. 49)
([ta-ap-p]a?-ni-in-za a-an-da hu-u-ua-al-mi-in-za du-ú-ua-an-da [KUB 35 107+ Rs.III 22])
1. PIE *hɑu̯olmi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯olmi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯olmi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯almi-
3. hu̯almi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯almi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑulk-
PIE *hɑu̯ĺ̥ko-
RV. vŕ̥ka-
(m.) ‘Pflug’
(WbRV. 1325)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ĺ̥ko-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ĺ̥ko-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ĺ̥ko-
PIE *ĺ̥ → ŕ̥
Change of *ĺ̥ into ŕ̥
Rĺ̥›ŕ̥ → *hu̯ŕ̥ko-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. hu̯ŕ̥ko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ŕ̥ka-
4. hu̯ŕ̥ka-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯ŕ̥ka-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯ŕ̥ka-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. vŕ̥ka-
√hɑulu-
PIE *hɑulu-
Hitt. ḫulu-
(vb.1.A.) ‘bekämpfen; umstoßen, schlagen’
(HIL. 418)
(Hitt. ḫu-ul-lu-mé-en [1pl], ḫu-ul-lu-um-me-[en])
1. PIE *hɑulu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫulu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑulumor-
Hitt. ḫulumar-
(n.) ‘defeat’
(HIL. 418)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-ul-lu-mar)
1. PIE *hɑulumor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulumor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulumor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulumar-
3. hulumar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫulumar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑulur-
CLu. ḫulur-
(c./n.?) ‘Teil des Dreschplatzes?’
(DLL. 47)
(CLu. ḫu-ul-lu-ri [DL] = KISLAḪ-ni)
1. PIE *hɑulur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulur-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulur-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫulur-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑul- (vb.) ‘eilen’
(IEW 88-89)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)
√hɑul-
PIE *hɑul·ugiɑɦōno-
Hitt. ḫul·ugāna-
(GIŠc.) ‘königliches Gefährt, Kutsche’
(HHand. 54)
(Hitt. ḫu-lu-ga-an-na-aš [G], ḫu-lu-ka-an-ni [L]; for Hitt. ·ugāna-, see √ugiɑɦ- ‘vehere’)
1. PIE *hɑul·ugiɑɦōno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hul·ugiɦōno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hul·ugiɦōno-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *hul·uǵɦōno-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hul·uǵɦōno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hul·uǵɦōna-
4. hul·uǵɦōna-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *hul·uǵɦāna-
5. hul·uǵɦāna-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *hul·ugɦāna-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. hul·ugɦāna-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hul·ugāna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. hul·ugāna-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫul·ugāna-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑul·ugiɑɦōni-
Hitt. ḫul·ugāni-
(GIŠc.) ‘königliches Gefährt, Kutsche’
(HHand. 54)
(Hitt. ḫu-lu-ga-an-ni-iš, ḫu-lu-ka-an-ni-in [A])
1. PIE *hɑul·ugiɑɦōni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hul·ugiɦōni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hul·ugiɦōni-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *hul·uǵɦōni-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hul·uǵɦōni-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *hul·uǵɦāni-
4. hul·uǵɦāni-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *hul·ugɦāni-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hul·ugɦāni-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hul·ugāni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hul·ugāni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫul·ugāni-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑul·ugiɑɦōni-
Hitt. ḫul·ugāni-
(n.) ‘carriage’
(HIL. 322)
(Hitt. ḫu-lu-kà-ni, ḫu-lu-ga-an-ni-ia [plA])
1. PIE *hɑul·ugiɑɦōni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hul·ugiɦōni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hul·ugiɦōni-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *hul·uǵɦōni-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hul·uǵɦōni-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *hul·uǵɦāni-
4. hul·uǵɦāni-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *hul·ugɦāni-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hul·ugɦāni-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hul·ugāni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hul·ugāni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫul·ugāni-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuli-
PIE *óhɑuli-
Latv. aũli-
(m.) ‘unruhiger, ausgelassener Mensch’
(LiEtWb. 7)
(Latv. aũlis)
1. PIE *óhɑuli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *óhuli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. óhuli-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *óuli-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. óuli-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → Latv. áuli-
PIE *óhɑuleim
Latv. aũliem
(adv.) ‘im Galopp’
(LiEtWb. 7)
1. PIE *óhɑuleim
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *óhuleim
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. óhuleim
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *óuleim
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. óuleim
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *áuleim
4. áuleim
*ei -> ie
Change of *ei into ie
Rei›ie → Latv. áuliem
PIE *hɑuli̯i-
Arm. ułi-
(sb.) ‘Weg, Reise’
(ArmGr. 1:484)
(Arm. ułi)
1. PIE *hɑuli̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huli̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huli̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *uli̯i-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. uli̯i-
*li̯ → ł
Change of *li̯ into ł
Rli̯›ł → Arm. ułi-
PIE *hɑuleiku̯ɑhi̯ēɑh-
OCS. ulica-
(f.) ‘Straße, Gasse’
(ArmGr. 1:484)
1. PIE *hɑuleiku̯ɑhi̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑuleiku̯ɑhi̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑuleiku̯ɑhi̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huleiku̯hi̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. huleiku̯hi̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *uleiku̯i̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. uleiku̯i̯ā-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *uleiki̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. uleiki̯ā-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *ulīki̯ā-
6. ulīki̯ā-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *ulīkjā-
7. ulīkjā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *ulīkja-
8. ulīkja-
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → OCS. ulikja-


PIE √hɑul- (sb.) ‘liquidus, liquor’
(IEW 305?)
(Pyysalo: Arm. + OAnat.)
√hɑulii-
PIE *hɑeuli̯i-
Arm. awłi-
(sb.) ‘strong fermented/intoxicating drink’
(EtDiArm. 154-5)
(Arm. awłi, awłoy [sgG])
1. PIE *hɑeuli̯i-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑauli̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑauli̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hauli̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hauli̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *auli̯i-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. auli̯i-
*li̯ → ł
Change of *li̯ into ł
Rli̯›ł → *aułi-
5. aułi-
*au → aw
Change of *au into aw
Rau›aw → Arm. awłi-
PIE *hɑuloii̯o-
Hitt. ḫulai̯a-
(ÍD.) ‘(im Südwesten Kleinasiens (Arzawa))’
(OGH. 529)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-la-ia, ḫu-la-ia)
1. PIE *hɑuloii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huloii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huloii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulaii̯a-
3. hulaii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *hulaia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. hulaia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *hulai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. hulai̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫulai̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑuloii̯o-
Hitt. ḫulai̯a-
(KUR ÍD.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGHErg. 40-1)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-la-ia, ḫu-u-la-ia-aš [N])
1. PIE *hɑuloii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huloii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huloii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulaii̯a-
3. hulaii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *hulaia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. hulaia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *hulai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. hulai̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫulai̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑuloii̯o·so-
Hitt. ḫulai̯a·ša-
(ÍD.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 529)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-la-ia-aš-ša [?])
1. PIE *hɑuloii̯o·so-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huloii̯o·so-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huloii̯o·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulaii̯a·sa-
3. hulaii̯a·sa-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *hulaia·sa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. hulaia·sa-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *hulai̯a·sa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. hulai̯a·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hulai̯a·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hulai̯a·ša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫulai̯a·ša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑul- √hɑeul- √hɑoul- (sb.) ‘Kopf, Höhe’ (adv.) ‘mehr’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Toch. + Anat.)
√hɑul-
PIE *hɑeul·Σ
TochB. ol·ya
(adv.) ‘more’
(DTochB. 124)
(LeTokh. 124)
1. PIE *hɑeul·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaul·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaul·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haul·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haul·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aul·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aul·Σ
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōl·Σ
5. ōl·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. ol·Σ
PIE *hɑeul·Σ
TochB. ol·yapo-
(adv.) ‘more’ (conj.) ‘rather than’
(DTochB. 124)
1. PIE *hɑeul·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaul·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaul·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haul·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haul·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aul·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aul·Σ
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōl·Σ
5. ōl·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. ol·Σ
PIE *hɑeul·Σ
TochB. ol·olyesa-
(adv.Perl) ‘even more’
(DTochB. 124)
1. PIE *hɑeul·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaul·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaul·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haul·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haul·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aul·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aul·Σ
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōl·Σ
5. ōl·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. ol·Σ
√hɑulT-
PIE *hɑult·oromo-
Hitt. ḫult·arama-
(pt.) ‘eine Krankheit des Kopfes’
(HHand. 54)
1. PIE *hɑult·oromo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hult·oromo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hult·oromo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hult·arama-
3. hult·arama-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫult·arama-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑult·oromon-
CLu. ḫult·araman-
(n.) ‘eine Krankheit des Kopfes’
(HHand. 54)
1. PIE *hɑult·oromon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hult·oromon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hult·oromon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hult·araman-
3. hult·araman-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫult·araman-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯olt·oromon-
CLu. ḫu̯alt·araman-
(n.) ‘eine Krankheit des Kopfes’
(HHand. 54)
1. PIE *hɑu̯olt·oromon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯olt·oromon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯olt·oromon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯alt·araman-
3. hu̯alt·araman-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯alt·araman-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑul- (sb.) ‘Wolle’
(IEW 1139)
(Friedrich 1961:257)
√hɑul-
PIE *ohɑúlo-
Gr. οὔλο-
(m.) ‘Wolle’
(GEW 2:118, 3:146)
(Gr. οὖλος [sgN]; or *haoulo-?)
1. PIE *ohɑúlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ohúlo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ohúlo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oúlo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. oúlo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. οὔλο-
PIE *Π·hɑ́uLo-
OInd. śām·ūla-
(n.) ‘wollenes Hemd’
(KEWA 1:116, 3:652)
1. PIE *Π·hɑ́uLo-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *Π·húuLo-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. Π·húuLo-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *Π·húulo-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. Π·húulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·húula-
4. Π·húula-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·úula-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·úula-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → OInd. Π·ū́la-
√hɑuli-
(HEG H:280)
(Friedrich 1961:257)
PIE *hɑulei̯o-
Hitt. ḫulei̯a-
(c.) ‘Wolle’
(HHand. 53)
(Hitt. UDUḪI.A-aš ḫu-li-ia-aš [sgN] = UDUḪI.A-aš SÍG-aš)
1. PIE *hɑulei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulei̯a-
3. hulei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫulei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑulei̯o-
Kpd. ḫulei̯a-
(Ic.) ‘‹cf. above›’
(NOMS. 393)
(Kpd. ḫu-li-a)
1. PIE *hɑulei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulei̯a-
3. hulei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. ḫulei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·hɑuLío-
RV. śām·ulía-
(m./n.) ‘wollenes Hemde’
(WbRV. 1391)
1. PIE *Π·hɑuLío-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·huLío-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·huLío-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *Π·hulío-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. Π·hulío-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hulía-
4. Π·hulía-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. Π·ulía-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑuhɑulei̯o-
Hitt. ḫuḫulei̯a-
(UR]U.) ‘(neben Atarawana, Šapa, Ḫartana, Taḫarama, Ḫaršuwanta)’
(OGH. 113-4)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-ḫu-li-i[a] [Stf.])
1. PIE *hɑuhɑulei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huhulei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huhulei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huhulei̯a-
3. huhulei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuḫulei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑulei̯o·Σ
Hitt. ḫulei̯a·šuḫani-
(fc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 395)
(Hitt. ḫu-li-ia-a-šu-ḫa-ni-iš)
1. PIE *hɑulei̯o·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulei̯o·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulei̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulei̯a·Σ
3. hulei̯a·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫulei̯a·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑulei̯oii̯o-
HLu. ḫulei̯ai̯a-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 10.36.11)
(HLu. Ihu-li-ia-ia-’)
1. PIE *hɑulei̯oii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulei̯oii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulei̯oii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulei̯aii̯a-
3. hulei̯aii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *hulei̯aia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. hulei̯aia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *hulei̯ai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. hulei̯ai̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫulei̯ai̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑulei̯oso-
HLu. ḫulei̯aša-
(Ic.) ‘‹woollen?›’
(CHLu. 10.36.42)
(HLu. Ih[u]-li-ia-sa, Ihu-li-ia-sá-na)
1. PIE *hɑulei̯oso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulei̯oso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulei̯oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulei̯asa-
3. hulei̯asa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hulei̯aša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hulei̯aša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫulei̯aša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑulei̯oso-
CLu. ḫulei̯aša-
(a.gen.?) ‘-(?)- ‹cf. above?›’
(DLL. 47)
(CLu. ḫu-u-li-ia-aš[)
1. PIE *hɑulei̯oso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulei̯oso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulei̯oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulei̯asa-
3. hulei̯asa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hulei̯aša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hulei̯aša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫulei̯aša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuloli-
(HEG H:278f.)
PIE *hɑuloli-
Hitt. ḫulali-
(SÍGn.) ‘Binde, Wickel’
(HHand. 53)
1. PIE *hɑuloli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huloli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huloli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulali-
3. hulali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫulali-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑuloli-
Hitt. ḫulali-
(GIŠn.) ‘Spinnrocken: distaff’
(HHand. 53)
(Hitt. ḫul-a-a-li, ḫu-la-li, ḫu-u-la-li)
1. PIE *hɑuloli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huloli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huloli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulali-
3. hulali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫulali-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑuloli-
Hitt. ḫulali-
(vb.) ‘umwinden, umwickeln: entwine, encircle’
(HIL. 415)
(Hitt. ḫul-la-a-li-e-mi, ḫu-la-a-li-e-z[i])
1. PIE *hɑuloli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huloli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huloli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulali-
3. hulali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫulali-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑuloli-
Hitt. ḫulali-
(vb.1.M.) ‘id.’
(HIL. 415)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-la-li-et-ta-at)
1. PIE *hɑuloli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huloli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huloli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulali-
3. hulali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫulali-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑulolei̯o-
Hitt. ḫulalei̯a-
(vb.1.A.) ‘umwinden, umwickeln’
(HHand. 53)
(Hitt. ḫu-la-a-li-ia-mi, ḫu-la-li-ia-az-zi, ḫu-la-li-an-zi)
1. PIE *hɑulolei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulolei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulolei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulalei̯a-
3. hulalei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫulalei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑulolei̯o-
Hitt. ḫulalei̯a-
(vb.1.M.) ‘umwinden, umwickeln’
(HHand. 53)
(Hitt. ḫu-la-li-ia-at-ta-ri)
1. PIE *hɑulolei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulolei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulolei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulalei̯a-
3. hulalei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫulalei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑulolei̯ont-
Hitt. ḫulalei̯ant-
(pt.) ‘umwinden, umwickeln’
(HIL. 415)
(Hitt. ḫu-la-li-an-t-, ḫu-u-la-li-an-t-)
1. PIE *hɑulolei̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulolei̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulolei̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulalei̯ant-
3. hulalei̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫulalei̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑulolei̯ou̯or-
Hitt. ḫulalei̯au̯ar-
(N.act.) ‘umwinden, umwickeln’
(HHand. 53)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-la-li-ia-u-u̯a-ar)
1. PIE *hɑulolei̯ou̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulolei̯ou̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulolei̯ou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulalei̯au̯ar-
3. hulalei̯au̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫulalei̯au̯ar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑuloleiski̯e/o-
Hitt. ḫulaleiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘umwinden, umwickeln’
(HHand. 53)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-la-a-li-eš-ke/a-, ḫu-u-la-li-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑuloleiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huloleiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huloleiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *huloleisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. huloleisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulaleisḱe/a-
4. hulaleisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *hulaleiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hulaleiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hulaleiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hulaleiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫulaleiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑuloleisn-
Hitt. ḫulaleišn-
(N.act.) ‘Umfang’
(HHand. 53)
(Hitt. ḫu-la-li-eš-ni [sgL])
1. PIE *hɑuloleisn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huloleisn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huloleisn-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulaleisn-
3. hulaleisn-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hulaleišn-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hulaleišn-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫulaleišn-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑuloleisor-
Hitt. ḫulaleišar-
(n.) ‘Umfang’
(HHand. 53)
(Hitt. ḫu-la-li-eš-šar)
1. PIE *hɑuloleisor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huloleisor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huloleisor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulaleisar-
3. hulaleisar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hulaleišar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hulaleišar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫulaleišar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑulono-
(HEG H:278f.)
(Friedrich 1961:257)
PIE *hɑulono-
Hitt. ḫulana-
(ÍD.) ‘Wolle: SÍG’
(OGH. 529-30)
(Hitt. ḫ[(u-u-la-an-na)-a[(n))
1. PIE *hɑulono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulana-
3. hulana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫulana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑulono-
Hitt. ḫulana
(KUR URU ÍD.) ‘= KUR ÍDSÍG-na’
(OGH. 529-30)
(Hitt. KUR URU Í[D]ḫu-la-na = KUR URU Í[D]SÍG-na)
1. PIE *hɑulono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulana-
3. hulana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫulana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑulono-
Hitt. ḫulana-
(c.) ‘Wolle’
(HIL. 416)
(Hitt. an-da ḫu-u-la-[n(i)] ḫa-mi-ik-ta [KBo 3.8. iii 8])
1. PIE *hɑulono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulana-
3. hulana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫulana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑulono·bɑɦi-
Hitt. ḫulana·bi-
(mc.) ‘(scribe)’
(NOMS. 391)
(Hitt. ḫu-la-na-bi(-iš) [Abs(N)])
1. PIE *hɑulono·bɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulono·bɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulono·bɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulana·bɦi-
3. hulana·bɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hulana·bi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hulana·bi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫulana·bi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑulno-
PIE *hɑ́ulno·Σ
RV. ū́rṇa·mradas-
(a.) ‘Wollenweich’
(WbRV. 274)
1. PIE *hɑ́ulno·Σ
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *húulno·Σ
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. húulno·Σ
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *húurno·Σ
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. húurno·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *húurna·Σ
4. húurna·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *úurna·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. úurna·Σ
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *ū́rna·Σ
6. ū́rna·Σ
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → RV. ū́rṇa·Σ
PIE *hɑulno·Σ
RV. ūrṇa·vā́bhi-
(c.) ‘Spinne’
(WbRV. 274)
1. PIE *hɑulno·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulno·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulno·Σ
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *hurno·Σ
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. hurno·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hurna·Σ
4. hurna·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *urna·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. urna·Σ
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → RV. urṇa·Σ
√hɑulnɑh-
PIE *hɑ́ulnēɑh-
RV. ū́rṇā-
(f.) ‘Wolle’
(WbRV. 274)
1. PIE *hɑ́ulnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑ́ulnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑ́ulnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *húulnāɑh-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
3. húulnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *húulnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. húulnāh-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *húurnāh-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
5. húurnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *úurnā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. úurnā-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *ū́rnā-
7. ū́rnā-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → RV. ū́rṇā-
PIE *hɑ́ulnēɑhu̯ont-
RV. ū́rṇāvant-
(a.) ‘mit Wolle versehen, wollig’
(WbRV. 274)
1. PIE *hɑ́ulnēɑhu̯ont-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑ́ulnāɑhu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑ́ulnāɑhu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *húulnāɑhu̯ont-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
3. húulnāɑhu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *húulnāhu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. húulnāhu̯ont-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *húurnāhu̯ont-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
5. húurnāhu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *húurnāhu̯ant-
6. húurnāhu̯ant-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *úurnāu̯ant-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. úurnāu̯ant-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *ū́rnāu̯ant-
8. ū́rnāu̯ant-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *ū́rnāvant-
9. ū́rnāvant-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → RV. ū́rṇāvant-


PIE √hɑul- √hɑuol- √hɑuel- (vb.) ‘brennen’ (sb.) ‘Glut, Holzkohle, Hitze, Wärme’
(IEW 1142)
(Pyysalo)
√hɑuoli-
(HEG H:325f.)
PIE *hɑu̯oli-
Hitt. ḫu̯ali-
(n.) ‘etwas brennbares, Tannenzapfen?’
(HHand. 58)
1. PIE *hɑu̯oli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯oli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ali-
3. hu̯ali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ali-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯oli·Σ
CLu. ḫu̯ali·[…
(?.) ‘-(?)-’ (HHand. 58)
(DLL. 49)
(CLu. ḫu-u-ua-li-x[)
1. PIE *hɑu̯oli·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯oli·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯oli·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ali·Σ
3. hu̯ali·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯ali·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯olis-
Hitt. ḫu̯ališ-
(n.) ‘etwas brennbares, Tannenzapfen?’
(HHand. 58)
(Hitt. ḫu-ua-al-liš [plA])
1. PIE *hɑu̯olis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯olis-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯olis-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯alis-
3. hu̯alis-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯ališ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯ališ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ališ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯olis-
Hitt. ḫu̯ališ-
(GIŠ.) ‘Holzkohle, Glut’
(HHand. 58)
1. PIE *hɑu̯olis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯olis-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯olis-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯alis-
3. hu̯alis-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯ališ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯ališ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ališ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯olisonont-
Hitt. ḫu̯ališanant-
(c.) ‘Holzkohle, Glut’
(HHand. 58)
1. PIE *hɑu̯olisonont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯olisonont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯olisonont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯alisanant-
3. hu̯alisanant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯ališanant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯ališanant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ališanant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuli-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑuli-
Hitt. ḫuli-
(n.) ‘etwas brennbares, Tannenzapfen?’
(HHand. 58)
1. PIE *hɑuli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuli-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑuli
OIcl. yl-
(m.) ‘Wärmedunst’
(ANEtWb. 678)
(OIcl. ylr [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑuli
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huli
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huli
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OIcl. uli
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑulei̯o-
OIcl. ylja-
(vb.) ‘wärmen’
(ANEtWb. 677)
1. PIE *hɑulei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ulei̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ulei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ulei̯a-
4. ulei̯a-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *ulii̯a-
5. ulii̯a-
*ii̯a → ja
Loss of *i before i̯a
Rii̯a›i̯a → *uli̯a-
6. uli̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → OIcl. ulja-
PIE *hɑulis-
Hitt. ḫuliš-
(GIŠn.) ‘Holzkohle, Glut’
(HHand. 58)
1. PIE *hɑulis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulis-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulis-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *huliš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. huliš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuliš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·hɑuliso-
Hitt. at·ḫuliša-
(URU.) ‘-(?)- (Fluß Taḫara (...) ›Tuḫupurpuna)’
(OGH. 56)
(Hitt. at-ḫu-li-iš-ša, at-hu-liš-ša, DKašk. 94, 39, n. 230 ‹or to be read as la-ḫu-li-iš-ša?›)
1. PIE *Π·hɑuliso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·huliso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·huliso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hulisa-
3. Π·hulisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·huliša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·huliša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·ḫuliša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑum- (sb.) ‘Kraft, Gewalt’ (adv.) ‘ungestüm’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√hɑumo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑ́umo·Σ
Latv. ũma·kãm
(adv.) ‘mit Gewalt, ungestüm’
(ALiEtWb. U:6)
1. PIE *hɑ́umo·Σ
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *húumo·Σ
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. húumo·Σ
ú -› ù
Latvian tone rule ú -› ù
RAccLatv11 → *hùumo·Σ
3. hùumo·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ùumo·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ùumo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Latv. ùuma·Σ
PIE *hɑumo·dɑɦosu-
Kpd. ḫuma·dašu-
(LÚc.) ‘Kraft + stark, Kraftvoll’
(NOMS. 397)
(Kpd. ḫu-ma-da-šu)
1. PIE *hɑumo·dɑɦosu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *humo·dɦosu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. humo·dɦosu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huma·dɦasu-
3. huma·dɦasu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *huma·dasu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. huma·dasu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *huma·dašu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. huma·dašu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. ḫuma·dašu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑumi-
PIE *hɑumiro-
HLu. ḫumira-
(BRACCHIUMsb.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 11.6.6)
(HLu. (BRACCHIUM)hu-mi+ra/i-ha, BRACCHIUM-mi+ra/i-i-i [sgD?])
1. PIE *hɑumiro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *humiro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. humiro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *humira-
3. humira-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫumira-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑumidɑɦo-
CLu. ḫumida-
(c./n.?) ‘(Armes-)Kraft?’ (HHand. 54)
(DLL. 48)
(CLu. ḫu-u-mi-ta-ti [sgI] ti-i-ta [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *hɑumidɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *humidɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. humidɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *humidɦa-
3. humidɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *humida-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. humida-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫumida-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑun- √hɑuon- (vb.) ‘binden, weben’
(IEW 75-76)
(Pyysalo)
√hɑuon-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑeu̯ón-
Gr. ἀόν-
(m.) ‘a kind of garment’
(LSJ. 299)
(Gr. ἀών, ἀόνος)
1. PIE *hɑeu̯ón-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑau̯ón-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯ón-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hau̯ón-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hau̯ón-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *au̯ón-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. au̯ón-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *aón-
5. aón-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀόν-
PIE *hɑu̯on·osori-
CLu. ḫu̯an·ašari-
(N.) ‘(ein Schmuck- oder Bekleidungsstück)’
(HHand. 58)
1. PIE *hɑu̯on·osori-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯on·osori-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯on·osori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯an·asari-
3. hu̯an·asari-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯an·ašari-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯an·ašari-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯an·ašari-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuontor-
PIE *hɑu̯ontor-
Hitt. ḫu̯antar-
(GADAn.) ‘dünnes, feinmaschiges Gewand’
(HHand. 58)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ontor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ontor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ontor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯antar-
3. hu̯antar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯antar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯ontoro-
Hitt. ḫu̯antara-
(GADAn.) ‘dünnes, feinmaschiges Gewand’
(HHand. 58)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ontoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ontoro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ontoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯antara-
3. hu̯antara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯antara-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑun- (vb.) ‘schlagen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√hɑun-
PIE *hɑēun-
TochB. aun-
(pr.A.) ‘strike’
(DTochB. 132)
(TochB. auṃ)
1. PIE *hɑēun-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāun-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāun-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāun-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āun-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. āun-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → TochB. aun-
√hɑunigɑɦ-
(HEG H:287f.)
PIE *hɑunigɑɦ-
Hitt. ḫunig-
(vb.M.) ‘zerschlagen, beschädigen, beleidigen’
(HIL. 422)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-ni-ik-ta-ri, ḫu-ni-ik-ta-at)
1. PIE *hɑunigɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hunigɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hunigɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hunig-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hunig-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫunig-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑunigɑɦ-
Hitt. ḫunig-
(vb.A.) ‘zerschlagen, beschädigen, beleidigen’
(HIL. 422)
(Hitt. ḫu-ni-ik-zi, ḫu-ú-ni-ik-zi)
1. PIE *hɑunigɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hunigɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hunigɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hunig-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hunig-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫunig-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑunigɑɦont-
Hitt. ḫunigant-
(pt.) ‘zerschlagen’
(HIL. 422)
(Hitt. ḫu-ni-kán-za [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑunigɑɦont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hunigɦont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hunigɦont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hunigɦant-
3. hunigɦant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hunigant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hunigant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫunigant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑunigɑɦesor-
Hitt. ḫunigešar-
(n.N.act.) ‘Schlachtung’ (cf. HEG H:287)
(HIL. 422)
(Hitt. ḫu-[u]-ni-ki-iš-ša-[ar])
1. PIE *hɑunigɑɦesor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hunigɦesor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hunigɦesor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hunigɦesar-
3. hunigɦesar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hunigesar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hunigesar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hunigešar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hunigešar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫunigešar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuningɑɦ-
PIE *hɑuningɑɦ-
Hitt. ḫuning-
(vb.1.) ‘zerschlagen, beschädigen, beleidigen’
(HHand. 54)
(in Hitt. ḫu-u-ni-in-kán-za [pt.])
1. PIE *hɑuningɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huningɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huningɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *huning-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. huning-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuning-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑuningɑɦont-
Hitt. ḫuningant-
(pt.) ‘zerschlagen’
(HHand. 54)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-ni-in-kán-za [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑuningɑɦont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huningɦont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huningɦont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huningɦant-
3. huningɦant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *huningant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. huningant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuningant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑunu-
PIE *hɑēunu-
TochB. aunu-
(pret.pt.) ‘Skt. ārabha-, prativr̥ddha-: wounded’
(DTochB. 132)
(Poucha 42)
1. PIE *hɑēunu-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāunu-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāunu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāunu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāunu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āunu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. āunu-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → TochB. aunu-


PIE √hɑup- √ɦɑubɑɦ- (vb.) ‘verletzen, beschädigen, schlecht behandeln’ (a.) ‘böse, schlecht’
(IEW 1107)
(Juret 1942:71)
√hɑup-
(HEG H:290f.)
PIE *hɑup-
Hitt. ḫup-
(vb.2.) ‘schlecht behandeln, verletzen, beschädigen’
(HHand. 58)
1. PIE *hɑup-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hup-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hup-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫup-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑ́upo
OIcl. ūf-
(a.) ‘unfreundlich, feindlich, übelgesinnt’
(ANEtWb. 632)
(OIcl. úfr [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑ́upo
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *húupo
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. húupo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *úupo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. úupo
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *ū́po
4. ū́po
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›fRestr → *ū́fo
5. ū́fo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ū́fa
6. ū́fa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *ū́f
7. ū́f
*ū́ → ū
Absence of accent
Rū́›ū → OIcl. ūf
PIE *hɑ́upo
OIcl. ūf-
(m.) ‘Streit, Feindschaft, Feindseligkeit’
(ANEtWb. 632)
(OIcl. úfr [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑ́upo
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *húupo
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. húupo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *úupo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. úupo
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *ū́po
4. ū́po
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›fRestr → *ū́fo
5. ū́fo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ū́fa
6. ū́fa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *ū́f
7. ū́f
*ū́ → ū
Absence of accent
Rū́›ū → OIcl. ūf
PIE *hɑupont-
Hitt. ḫupant-
(pt.) ‘schlecht behandeln, verletzen, beschädigen’
(HHand2 60)
(Hitt. ḫuppan [pt.n])
1. PIE *hɑupont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hupont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hupont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hupant-
3. hupant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫupant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuop-
(HEG H:331f.)
PIE *hɑu̯op-
Hitt. ḫu̯ap-
(vb.1.) ‘schlecht behandeln, verletzen, beschädigen’
(HHand. 58)
(Hitt. ḫuapzi, ḫu-u-ua-ap-pí-ir)
1. PIE *hɑu̯op-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯op-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯op-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ap-
3. hu̯ap-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ap-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯op-
CLu. ḫu̯ap-
(GKLa.) ‘böse: hostile’
(DLL. 50)
(CLu. ḫu-u-u̯a-ap-pí [sgD])
1. PIE *hɑu̯op-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯op-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯op-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ap-
3. hu̯ap-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯ap-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯opo-
Hitt. ḫu̯apa-
(a.) ‘böse’
(HHand. 58)
1. PIE *hɑu̯opo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯opo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯opo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯apa-
3. hu̯apa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯apa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯oponodɑɦor-
Hitt. ḫu̯apanadar-
(n.) ‘schlechtes Befinden’
(HHand. 58)
1. PIE *hɑu̯oponodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯oponodɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯oponodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯apanadɦar-
3. hu̯apanadɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hu̯apanadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯apanadar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯apanadar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯opor-
Hitt. ḫu̯apar-
(N.act.) etwa ‘Gewalttätigkeit’
(HEG H:331)
1. PIE *hɑu̯opor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯opor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯opor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯apar-
3. hu̯apar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯apar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
hɑuep-
PIE *hɑu̯eplo
MidIr. fel
(a.) ‘evil: übel’
(DIL. 298)
1. PIE *hɑu̯eplo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯eplo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯eplo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯eplo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. u̯eplo
*u̯- → f-
Change of *u̯- into f-
Ru̯=›f= → *feplo
4. feplo
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → MidIr. fepl
PIE *hɑu̯ihɑ́u̯ēpo-
gAv. vīvāpa-
(pr.) ‘zerstören ‹or (m.) ‘Zerstörung?›’
(AIWb. 1452)
(gAv. vīvāpat̰čā)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ihɑ́u̯ēpo-
PIE *iḫɑ́ → iḫí
Distant assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RiHɑ́›iHí → *hɑu̯ihíu̯ēpo-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. hɑu̯ihíu̯ēpo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ihíu̯ēpo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hu̯ihíu̯ēpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ihíu̯ēpa-
4. hu̯ihíu̯ēpa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯iíu̯ēpa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯iíu̯ēpa-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *u̯ī́u̯ēpa-
6. u̯ī́u̯ēpa-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *u̯ī́u̯āpa-
7. u̯ī́u̯āpa-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vī́vāpa-
8. vī́vāpa-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → gAv. vīvāpa-
√ɦɑuobɑɦ-
PIE *ɦɑu̯obɑɦiski̯e/o-
Hitt. ḫu̯abiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘schlecht behandeln, verletzen, beschädigen’
(HHand. 58)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯obɑɦiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯obɦiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯obɦiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ɦu̯obɦisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦu̯obɦisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯abɦisḱe/a-
4. ɦu̯abɦisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ɦu̯abɦiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. ɦu̯abɦiske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦu̯abiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦu̯abiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦu̯abiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. ɦu̯abiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯abiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑubɑɦ-
(Juret 1942:71)
PIE *ɦɑubɑɦilo
Goth. ubil-
(a.) ‘κακός, πονηρός, σαπρός, χείρων: nequam’
(GoEtD. U2)
(Goth. ubils Mat 7,18 CA, ubil Mat 8,16 CA, ubilis Mrk 15,14 CA, ubila Mat 7,17 CA2)
1. PIE *ɦɑubɑɦilo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦubɦilo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦubɦilo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ubɦilo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ubɦilo
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *ubilo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ubilo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ubila
5. ubila
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Goth. ubil
PIE *ɦɑubɑɦiski̯e/o-
Hitt. ḫubiške/a-
(iter.) ‘schlecht behandeln, verletzen, beschädigen’
(HHand. 58)
1. PIE *ɦɑubɑɦiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦubɦiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦubɦiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ɦubɦisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦubɦisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦubɦisḱe/a-
4. ɦubɦisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ɦubɦiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. ɦubɦiske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦubiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦubiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦubiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. ɦubiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫubiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑup- √ɦɑub- (sb.) ‘Kopf, Schädel, Topf, Gefäß’ (adv.pref.) ‘auf, hinauf, oben, über, vorne’
(IEW 88)
(Pyysalo)
√hɑup-
PIE *hɑupo-
Hitt. ḫupa-
(c.) ‘(ein Gefäß)’
(HHand. 54)
(Hitt. ḫuppa-)
1. PIE *hɑupo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hupo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hupo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hupa-
3. hupa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫupa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑupo-
Hitt. ḫupa-
(URU.) ‘(aus Ḫatuša hinab den Weg nach Tuwanwa)’
(OGHErg. 41)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-up-pa [Stf], ḫu-up-pa [D]; ›Kaštama)
1. PIE *hɑupo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hupo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hupo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hupa-
3. hupa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫupa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑupi-
PIE *hɑupi-
Hitt. ḫupi-
(DUGc.) ‘(ein Gefäß = Hitt. ḫupa)’
(HHand. 54)
(Hitt. ḫuppi-)
1. PIE *hɑupi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hupi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hupi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫupi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑupn-
PIE *hɑupneɑɦdi
OEng. ofnet-
(sb.) ‘a closed vessel’
(ASaxD. 741)
(OEng. ofnet : vasculo clauso vel operto)
1. PIE *hɑupneɑɦdi
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑupnaɑɦdi
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. hɑupnaɑɦdi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hupnaɦdi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hupnaɦdi
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *hupnadi
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. hupnadi
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *upnadi
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. upnadi
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *ufnadi
6. ufnadi
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *ufnati
7. ufnati
*-i → -e
Change of root-final -i into -e
R=i›=e → OEng. ufnate
√hɑupor-
PIE *hɑupor-
Hitt. ḫupar-
(DUG/GIŠn.) ‘Schale, Terrine’
(HHand. 55)
1. PIE *hɑupor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hupor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hupor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hupar-
3. hupar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫupar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑuporo-
Hitt. ḫupara-
(c.) ‘Schale, Terrine’
(HHand. 55)
1. PIE *hɑuporo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huporo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huporo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hupara-
3. hupara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫupara-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑuporo·li-
Hitt. ḫupara·li-
(DUG/GIŠc./n.) ‘Topfbehälter’
(HHand. 55)
1. PIE *hɑuporo·li-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huporo·li-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huporo·li-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hupara·li-
3. hupara·li-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫupara·li-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑuporo·li-
Hitt. ḫupara·li-
(LÚc.) ‘Töpfer’
(HHand. 55)
1. PIE *hɑuporo·li-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huporo·li-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huporo·li-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hupara·li-
3. hupara·li-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫupara·li-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑuporo·ni-
Hitt. ḫupara·ni-
(sb.) ‘Schale, Terrine’
(HHand. 55)
1. PIE *hɑuporo·ni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huporo·ni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huporo·ni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hupara·ni-
3. hupara·ni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫupara·ni-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑupro-
PIE *hɑupro·lo-
Hitt. ḫupra·la-
(LÚc.) ‘Töpfer’
(HHand. 55)
1. PIE *hɑupro·lo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hupro·lo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hupro·lo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hupra·la-
3. hupra·la-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫupra·la-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑupuoi-
PIE *hɑupu̯oi-
Hitt. ḫupu̯ai-
(DUGn.) ‘Topf (für Nahrungsmittel)’
(HHand. 55)
1. PIE *hɑupu̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hupu̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hupu̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hupu̯ai-
3. hupu̯ai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫupu̯ai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑupu̯oii̯o-
CLu. ḫupu̯ai̯a-
(n.) ‘eine Art Gefäß’
(HHand. 55)
1. PIE *hɑupu̯oii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hupu̯oii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hupu̯oii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hupu̯aii̯a-
3. hupu̯aii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *hupu̯aia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. hupu̯aia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *hupu̯ai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. hupu̯ai̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫupu̯ai̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑub-
PIE *ɦɑubo
OSax. up
(adv.) ‘auf, hinauf: up’
(Hel.)
(Hel. up : sursum)
1. PIE *ɦɑubo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦubo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦubo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ubo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ubo
*b → p
Loss of voice of media *b
Rb›p → *upo
4. upo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *upa
5. upa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OSax. up
PIE *ɦɑ́ubo
OHG. ūf
(adv.prep.) ‘(hin/her)auf, empor, oben: alte, super usw.’
(Gl.)
(OHG. ūf)
1. PIE *ɦɑ́ubo
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *ɦúubo
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. ɦúubo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *úubo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. úubo
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *ū́bo
4. ū́bo
*b → p
Loss of voice of media *b
Rb›p → *ū́po
5. ū́po
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ū́pa
6. ū́pa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *ū́p
7. ū́p
p -> pf
HG sound shift for p
Rp›pf → OHG. ū́pf
PIE *eɦɑubo
Goth. iup
(adv.) ‘aufwärts, hinauf: up(wards): ἄνω: sursum’
(GoEtD. I33)
(Goth. iup Joh 11,41 CA; Luk 19,5 CA; Rom 10,7 A, GoElB. 192 C3, HbGo. 195)
1. PIE *eɦɑubo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eɦubo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eɦubo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *eubo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. eubo
*b → p
Loss of voice of media *b
Rb›p → *eupo
4. eupo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *eupa
5. eupa
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *iupa
6. iupa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Goth. iup
PIE *eɦɑubo·Σ
Goth. iupa·þro
(adv.) ‘ἄνω(θεν) ‘denuo, -super, -sursum, a summo, de supernis’
(GoEtD. I33)
(Goth. iupaþro Mat 27,51 CA, GoElB. 192 B1, HbGo. 195)
1. PIE *eɦɑubo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eɦubo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eɦubo·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *eubo·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. eubo·Σ
*b → p
Loss of voice of media *b
Rb›p → *eupo·Σ
4. eupo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *eupa·Σ
5. eupa·Σ
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → Goth. iupa·Σ
PIE *eɦɑubonō
Goth. iupana
(adv.) ‘von oben, from above: ἄνωθεν: denuo’
(GoElB. 192 B3)
(Goth. iupana Gal 4,9 A, HbGo. 195)
1. PIE *eɦɑubonō
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eɦubonō
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eɦubonō
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *eubonō
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. eubonō
*b → p
Loss of voice of media *b
Rb›p → *euponō
4. euponō
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *eupanō
5. eupanō
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *iupanō
6. iupanō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → Goth. iupana
PIE *eɦɑubō
Goth. iupa
(adv.) ‘oben, hinauf: aloft, high up: ἄνω: sursum’
(GoElB. 192 A1)
(Goth. iupa Gal 4,26 B; Php 3,14 A B; Kol 3,1 A B; Kol 3,2 A B; Sk 2,5 Enb, HbGo. 195)
1. PIE *eɦɑubō
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eɦubō
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eɦubō
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *eubō
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. eubō
*b → p
Loss of voice of media *b
Rb›p → *eupō
4. eupō
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *iupō
5. iupō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → Goth. iupa
√ɦɑubi-
PIE *Π·ɦɑúbii̯o-
Gr. κισσ·ύβιο-
(m.) ‘N eines hölzernen Trinkgefäßes’
(GEW 1:860)
(Gr. κισσός = ‘Efeu, Hedera helix’)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑúbii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦúbii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦúbii̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·úbii̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·úbii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *Π·úbio-
4. Π·úbio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·ύβιο-
√ɦɑubol-
PIE *ɦɑubolos-
Hitt. ḫubalaš-
(UZUn.) ‘Kopfhaut?, Schädel?, Schädeldecke?’
(HHand. 54)
1. PIE *ɦɑubolos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦubolos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦubolos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦubalas-
3. ɦubalas-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦubalaš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦubalaš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫubalaš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑuboli-
CLu. ḫubali-
(sb.) ‘ein Körperteil, Teil des Kopfes?’
(HHand. 54)
1. PIE *ɦɑuboli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦuboli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦuboli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦubali-
3. ɦubali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫubali-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑubɑɦ-
PIE *Π·ɦɑúbɑɦii̯o-
Gr. κισσ·ύφιο-
(n.) ‘N eines hölzernen Trinkgefäßes’
(GEW 1:860)
(Gr. κισσός = ‘Efeu, Hedera helix’)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑúbɑɦii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦúbɦii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦúbɦii̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·úbɦii̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·úbɦii̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *Π·úphii̯o-
4. Π·úphii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *Π·úphio-
5. Π·úphio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·ύφιο-


PIE √hɑup- √ɦɑubɑɦ- (vb.) ‘binden’
(IEW 1114-5)
(Petersen 1939:178; Pyysalo)
√hɑoup-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑoup·Σ
RV. op·aśá-
(m.) ‘Kopfputz, Kopfbinde: head-dress, head-band’
(KEWA 1:132)
1. PIE *hɑoup·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *houp·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. houp·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haup·Σ
3. haup·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aup·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aup·Σ
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōp·Σ
5. ōp·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → RV. op·Σ
PIE *hɑoup·Σ
TochB. op·pīl-
(sb.pl) ‘threads?’
(DTochB. 118)
(TochB. oppīläṃntsa ‹for TochB. ·pīl·, cf. Lat. pilo- ‘body hair’?›)
1. PIE *hɑoup·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *houp·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. houp·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haup·Σ
3. haup·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aup·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aup·Σ
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōp·Σ
5. ōp·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. op·Σ
PIE *hɑoup·Σ
TochB. op·pīlon-
(n.) ‘marriage-threads: Skt. guṇa-’
(DTochB. 117)
(TochB. oppīloṃ [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑoup·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *houp·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. houp·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haup·Σ
3. haup·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aup·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aup·Σ
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōp·Σ
5. ōp·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. op·Σ
PIE *hɑoup·Σ
TochB. op·pīloṃcce-
(a.) ‘marriageable’ (MA. 117)
(DTochB. 117)
1. PIE *hɑoup·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *houp·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. houp·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haup·Σ
3. haup·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aup·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aup·Σ
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōp·Σ
5. ōp·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. op·Σ
PIE *hɑoup·Σ
TochB. op·pīloṃṣṣe-
(a.) ‘marriageable’ (MA. 117)
(DTochB. 117)
1. PIE *hɑoup·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *houp·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. houp·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haup·Σ
3. haup·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aup·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aup·Σ
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōp·Σ
5. ōp·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. op·Σ
√hɑupor-
PIE *hɑupor-
Hitt. ḫupar-
(GADAc.) ‘(ein Gewebe oder Kleidungsstück)’
(HHand. 55)
1. PIE *hɑupor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hupor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hupor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hupar-
3. hupar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫupar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑuporo-
Hitt. ḫupara-
(GADAc.) ‘(ein Gewebe oder Kleidungsstück)’
(HHand. 55)
1. PIE *hɑuporo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huporo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huporo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hupara-
3. hupara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫupara-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑuporo-
CLu. ḫupara-
(sb.) ‘eine Art Gürtel: a kind of belt’ (HHand. 55)
(DLL. 48)
(CLu. ḫu-up-pa-ra-za [plA])
1. PIE *hɑuporo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huporo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huporo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hupara-
3. hupara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫupara-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑupr-
PIE *hɑupro-
Hitt. ḫupra-
(GADAc.) ‘(ein Gewebe oder Kleidungsstück)’
(HHand. 55)
1. PIE *hɑupro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hupro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hupro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hupra-
3. hupra-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫupra-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑubɑɦo-
(IEW 1114-5)
(Petersen 1939:178; HEG H:290, 292f.)
PIE *Π·ɦɑubɑɦo-
Gr. λίν·υφο-
(m.) ‘Leineweber’
(GEW 2:977)
(Gr. λίνυφος)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑubɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦubɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦubɦo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·ubɦo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·ubɦo-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *Π·upho-
4. Π·upho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·υφο-
PIE *ɦɑubɑɦói̯o-
Gr. ὑφόο-
(pr.) ‘weben, anzetteln, ersinnen, verfertigen’
(GEW 2:977)
(Hom. ὑφόωσι [η 105])
1. PIE *ɦɑubɑɦói̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦubɦói̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦubɦói̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ubɦói̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ubɦói̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *uphói̯o-
4. uphói̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *uphóo-
5. uphóo-
u- → hu
Crescence of h before u-
Ru=›hu= → *huphóo-
6. huphóo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὑφόο-
PIE *ɦɑubɑɦolo-
CLu. ḫubala-
(GKL.) ‘(eine Art Fanggerät, ‘Netz’)’ (HHand. 54)
(DLL. 48)
(CLu. ḫu-u-pa-la-za)
1. PIE *ɦɑubɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦubɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦubɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦubɦala-
3. ɦubɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦubala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦubala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫubala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑubɑɦeɑh-
PIE *ɦɑubɑɦḗɑh-
Ion.-Att. ὑφή-
(f.) ‘das Weben, Gewebe’
(GEW 2:977)
1. PIE *ɦɑubɑɦḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *ɦɑubɑɦā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ɦɑubɑɦā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦubɦā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦubɦā́h-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ubɦā́h-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ubɦā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ubɦā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ubɦā́-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *uphā́-
6. uphā́-
*ā́ → ḗ
Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ
Rā́›ḗ → *uphḗ-
7. uphḗ-
u- → hu
Crescence of h before u-
Ru=›hu= → *huphḗ-
8. huphḗ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. ὑφή-
PIE *ɦɑubɑɦéɑhni̯o-
Gr. ὑφαίνο-
(vb.) ‘weben, anzetteln, ersinnen, verfertigen’
(GEW 2:976)
(Gr. ὑφαίνω)
1. PIE *ɦɑubɑɦéɑhni̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *ɦɑubɑɦáɑhni̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. ɦɑubɑɦáɑhni̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦubɦáhni̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦubɦáhni̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ubɦáhni̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ubɦáhni̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ubɦáni̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ubɦáni̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *upháni̯o-
6. upháni̯o-
*áni̯ → aín
Epenthesis of *i
Ráni̯›aín → *uphaíno-
7. uphaíno-
u- → hu
Crescence of h before u-
Ru=›hu= → *huphaíno-
8. huphaíno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὑφαίνο-
PIE *ɦɑubɑɦeɑhntó-
Gr. ὑφαντό-
(pt.) ‘gewebt’
(GEW 2:976)
(Gr. ὑφαντός)
1. PIE *ɦɑubɑɦeɑhntó-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ɦɑubɑɦaɑhntó-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. ɦɑubɑɦaɑhntó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦubɦahntó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦubɦahntó-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ubɦahntó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ubɦahntó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ubɦantó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ubɦantó-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *uphantó-
6. uphantó-
u- → hu
Crescence of h before u-
Ru=›hu= → *huphantó-
7. huphantó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὑφαντό-
√ɦɑubɑɦigɑɦ-
(HEG H:295)
PIE *ɦɑubɑɦigɑɦou̯ont-
Hitt. ḫubigau̯ant-
(pt.a.) ‘verschleiert’
(HED 3:393)
1. PIE *ɦɑubɑɦigɑɦou̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦubɦigɦou̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦubɦigɦou̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦubɦigɦau̯ant-
3. ɦubɦigɦau̯ant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦubigau̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦubigau̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫubigau̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑubɑɦigɑɦei-
Hitt. ḫubigei-
(TÚGn.) ‘Schleier: voile: veil’
(GLHur. 109)
1. PIE *ɦɑubɑɦigɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦubɦigɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦubɦigɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦubigei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. ɦubigei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫubigei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑur- √hɑuor- √hɑuer- (vb.) ‘schmücken, hängen’ (sb.) ‘Schmuck, Gehänge’
(IEW 1150-51)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Av.)
√hɑuoro-
(SPIE 122)
PIE *hɑu̯oro-
Hitt. ḫu̯ara-
(vb.1.) ‘schmücken’
(HEG H:332)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-ua-ra-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *hɑu̯oro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯oro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ara-
3. hu̯ara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ara-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *gɦɑousohɑu̯oro-
MAv. gaošāvara-
(m.) ‘Ohrschmuck, Ohrgehänge’
(AIWb. 486)
(‹Not to OInd. ā·bharaṇa- ‘Schmück’ (against AIWb. 486): Av. v (uu) does not continue PIIr. *bh›)
1. PIE *gɦɑousohɑu̯oro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦousohu̯oro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦousohu̯oro-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *gɦoušohu̯oro-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. gɦoušohu̯oro-
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *gɦoušāhu̯oro-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
4. gɦoušāhu̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦaušāhu̯ara-
5. gɦaušāhu̯ara-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦaušāu̯ara-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. gɦaušāu̯ara-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gaušāu̯ara-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. gaušāu̯ara-
*au → ao
Opening of *au
Rau›ao → *gaošāu̯ara-
8. gaošāu̯ara-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → MAv. gaošāvara-
√hɑuro-
PIE *Π·hɑuro-
Hitt. ištama·ḫura-
(c.) ‘Ohrring, Ohrschmuck?’
(HEG I:423-4)
1. PIE *Π·hɑuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·huro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·huro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hura-
3. Π·hura-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·ḫura-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑuro-
Hitt. ḫura-
(vb.1.) ‘schmücken’
(HEG H:229f.)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-ra-i-ir [3pl])
1. PIE *hɑuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hura-
3. hura-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫura-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑur- (sb.) ‘Feuchtigkeit, Regen, Strom’ (vb.) ‘besprengen’
(IEW 80)
(Čop 1960:2; SPIE 208)
√hɑuro-
PIE *hɑ́uro
OIcl. ūr-
(n.) ‘Feuchtigkeit, feiner Regen’
(ANEtWb. 635)
1. PIE *hɑ́uro
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *húuro
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. húuro
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *úuro
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. úuro
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *ū́ro
4. ū́ro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ū́ra
5. ū́ra
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *ū́r
6. ū́r
*ū́ → ū
Absence of accent
Rū́›ū → OIcl. ūr
PIE *Π·hɑeuro-
Gr. ἄν·αυρο-
(a.) ‘Gießbach, Strom’
(GEW 1:103)
(Gr. ἄναυρος)
1. PIE *Π·hɑeuro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑauro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑauro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hauro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hauro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·auro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·auro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·αυρο-
PIE *hɑeúrēɑh-
Thrac. αὔρᾱ-
(m.) ‘(a river)’
(Lindeman 1997:60)
(Thrac. αὔρας [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑeúrēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaúrēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaúrēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑaúrāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑaúrāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haúrāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haúrāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aúrā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aúrā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Thrac. αὔρᾱ-
√hɑuri-
PIE *hɑuri-
HLu. ḫuri-
(522c.) ‘vessel of libation’
(CHLu. 2.25a)
(HLu. (*522)hu-ri+i-na)
1. PIE *hɑuri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huri-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huri-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫuri-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑurei̯o-
Hitt. ḫurei̯a-
(c.) ‘(eine Reinigungssubstanz)’
(HHand. 55)
1. PIE *hɑurei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hurei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hurei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hurei̯a-
3. hurei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫurei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuromo-
PIE *hɑuromo-
CLu. ḫurama-
(pt.a.) ‘bewässert’ (with gimra- ‘Feld’, HHand2 61)
(DLL. 48)
(CLu. ḫu-ra-am-ma-ti (gimraz) [Abl])
1. PIE *hɑuromo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huromo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huromo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hurama-
3. hurama-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫurama-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑuromo-
Hitt. ḫurama-
(pt.a.) ‘bewässert’
(DLL. 48)
(Hitt. ḫu-r]a-am-ma-az (gimraz) [Abl])
1. PIE *hɑuromo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huromo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huromo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hurama-
3. hurama-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫurama-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuorn-
PIE *hɑu̯orno-
Pal. ḫu̯arna-
(?.) ‘-(?)-’
(HHand. 58)
(Pal. ḫ]u-ua-ar-na-aš(-)x[... ‹or to Hitt. √ḫuarn- ‘jagen’?›)
1. PIE *hɑu̯orno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯orno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯orno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯arna-
3. hu̯arna-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. ḫu̯arna-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯ornino-
Pal. ḫu̯arnina-
(vb.) ‘besprengen?’
(HHand. 58)
(DPal. 56, Pal. ḫu-ua-ar-ni-na-i [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑu̯ornino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ornino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ornino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯arnina-
3. hu̯arnina-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. ḫu̯arnina-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuersɑh-
PIE *hɑeu̯érsēɑh-
Dor. ἀέρσᾱ-
(f.) ‘Tau: dew’
(GEW 1:566-7)
(Cret. ἀέρσα)
1. PIE *hɑeu̯érsēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑau̯érsēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯érsēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑau̯érsāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑau̯érsāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hau̯érsāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hau̯érsāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *au̯érsā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. au̯érsā-
*u̯E → hE
Change of u̯ into h before e,é,ē,ḗ
Ru̯E›hE → *ahérsā-
6. ahérsā-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *aérsā-
7. aérsā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. ἀέρσᾱ-
PIE *hɑeu̯érsēɑh-
Ion. ἀέρση-
(f.) ‘Tau: dew’
(GEW 1:566-7)
(Gr. ἀέρση [Hellenistic])
1. PIE *hɑeu̯érsēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑau̯érsēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯érsēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑau̯érsāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑau̯érsāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hau̯érsāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hau̯érsāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *au̯érsā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. au̯érsā-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *aérsā-
6. aérsā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *aérsē-
7. aérsē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion. ἀέρση-
√hɑuordɑɦi-
PIE *hɑu̯ordɑɦei
Hitt. ḫu̯ardei-
(c.) ‘Gebräu, Absud, Extrakt?’
(HHand. 59)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-ua-ar-ti)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ordɑɦei
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ordɦei
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ordɦei
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ardɦei
3. hu̯ardɦei
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hu̯ardei
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯ardei
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ardei
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯ordɑɦei
CLu. ḫu̯ardei-
(c.) ‘décoction: Akd. ra-bi-ki’
(DLL. 50)
(CLu. ḫu-ua-ar-ti-in [sgA])
1. PIE *hɑu̯ordɑɦei
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ordɦei
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ordɦei
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ardɦei
3. hu̯ardɦei
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hu̯ardei
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯ardei
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯ardei
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑurdɑɦi-
PIE *hɑurdɑɦei
Hitt. ḫurdei-
(TU7c.) ‘(ein Topfgericht, ‘Gemengsel, Mus’?)’
(HHand. 56)
1. PIE *hɑurdɑɦei
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hurdɦei
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hurdɦei
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hurdei
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hurdei
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫurdei
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑurdɑɦei̯olo-
Hitt. ḫurdei̯ala-
(DUGc.) ‘(ein Tongefäß, ‘Aufgußkessel’ o.ä.)’
(HHand. 56)
1. PIE *hɑurdɑɦei̯olo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hurdɦei̯olo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hurdɦei̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hurdɦei̯ala-
3. hurdɦei̯ala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hurdei̯ala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hurdei̯ala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫurdei̯ala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑur- √ɦɑur- (vb.) ‘verleumden, verfluchen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Arm. + Lith.)
√hɑur-
(HEG H:308-12)
(HIL. 433-434, Puhvel HED 3:433ff.)
PIE *hɑu̯er-
Pal. ḫu̯er-
(vb.2.) ‘verleumden, verfluchen’
(HHand. 51)
(DPal. 56, ḫu-e-ri [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑu̯er-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯er-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯er-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. ḫu̯er-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeur·Σ
Arm. awr·era-
(sb.obl.) ‘curse, taunt, insult, disgrace’
(EtDiArm. 156)
1. PIE *hɑeur·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaur·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaur·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haur·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haur·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aur·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aur·Σ
*au → aw
Change of *au into aw
Rau›aw → Arm. awr·Σ
PIE *hɑ́urḗhɑ-
Lith. ūrė́-
(vb.) ‘gegen jmd. donnern, ihn heftig ausschelten’
(LiEtWb. 1170)
1. PIE *hɑ́urḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *húurḗhɑ-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. húurḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *húurḗh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. húurḗh-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *hùurḗh-
4. hùurḗh-
*ù u ->
Circumflex intonation for ùu
Rùu›ū̃ → *hū̃rḗh-
5. hū̃rḗh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ū̃rḗ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ū̃rḗ-
*ḗ -> ė́
Change of *ḗ -> ė́
Rḗ›ė́ → Lith. ū̃rė́-
√ɦɑurdɑɦ-
PIE *ɦɑu̯ordɑɦo-
Hitt. ḫu̯arda-
(vb.2.) ‘verfluchen’
(HHand. 56)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-ua-ar-ta-aḫ-ḫi, HIL. 434-5, HED 3:433ff.)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯ordɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯ordɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯ordɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯ardɦa-
3. ɦu̯ardɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦu̯arda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦu̯arda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯arda-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑu̯ordɑɦo-
CLu. ḫu̯arda-
(vb.2.) ‘verfluchen’
(HHand. 433)
(CLu. ḫu-ua-ar-ta-aš [3sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯ordɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯ordɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯ordɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯ardɦa-
3. ɦu̯ardɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦu̯arda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦu̯arda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯arda-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑurdɑɦo-
Hitt. ḫurda-
(vb.2.) ‘verfluchen’
(HHand. 56)
(Hitt. ḫur-da-a-i [3sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑurdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦurdɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦurdɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦurdɦa-
3. ɦurdɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦurda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦurda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫurda-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑurdɑɦo-
Hitt. ḫurda-
(c.) ‘Fluch, Verwünschung’
(HIL. 434)
(Hitt. ḫur-ta-uš [plA])
1. PIE *ɦɑurdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦurdɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦurdɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦurdɦa-
3. ɦurdɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦurda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦurda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫurda-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑur- √hɑuor- √hɑuer- (vb.) ‘brennen, backen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√hɑur-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑeur-
Arm. awr-
(sb.) ‘day’
(ArmGr. 1:426)
(not from *amur)
1. PIE *hɑeur-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaur-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haur-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haur-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aur-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aur-
*au → aw
Change of *au into aw
Rau›aw → Arm. awr-
PIE *Π·hɑuro-
LAv. tan·ura-
(n.) ‘Backofen’
(AIWb. 638)
(cf. Arm. t‘onir- ‘Ofen’)
1. PIE *Π·hɑuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·huro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·huro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hura-
3. Π·hura-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → LAv. Π·ura-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑurs-
PIE *hɑurso-
Hitt. ḫurša-
(URU.) ‘(Wettergott, verehrt in ›Wijawanata)’
(OGH. 127)
(Hitt. ḫu-ur-ša [Stf.])
1. PIE *hɑurso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hurso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hurso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hursa-
3. hursa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hurša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hurša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫurša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑurs·ogɑɦinei̯o-
Hitt. ḫurš·agnei̯a-
(vb.M.) ‘im Feuer bersten, verschmoren’
(HHand. 56)
1. PIE *hɑurs·ogɑɦinei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hurs·ogɦinei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hurs·ogɦinei̯o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *hurs·oǵɦnei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hurs·oǵɦnei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hurs·aǵɦnei̯a-
4. hurs·aǵɦnei̯a-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *hurs·agɦnei̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hurs·agɦnei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hurs·agnei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hurs·agnei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hurš·agnei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. hurš·agnei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫurš·agnei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑursolo-
PIE *hɑursolo·mi-
CLu. ḫuršalami-
(GU4pt.) ‘(Art Rind/Attribut von Rind) ‹i.e. ‘rot(braun)?’› (HHand. 56)’
(DLL. 49)
(CLu. ḫu-ur-ša-la-mi-in [sgA])
1. PIE *hɑursolo·mi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hursolo·mi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hursolo·mi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hursala·mi-
3. hursala·mi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *huršala·mi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. huršala·mi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫuršala·mi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑursomo-
PIE *hɑursomo-
Hitt. ḫuršama-
(URUpt.c.) ‘(mit Arzawa und den Hurriern)’
(OGH. 127-8)
(Hitt. ḫu-ur-ša-am-ma-aš; ‘mit Kumarbi erwähnt (Mythos von Ḫedammu; (...)’; OGHErg. 45)
1. PIE *hɑursomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hursomo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hursomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hursama-
3. hursama-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *huršama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. huršama-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuršama-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑursomo-
Hitt. ḫuršama-
(URUpt.c.) ‘(in der Umgebung von Nerik & Taptina)’
(OGH. 127-8)
(Hitt. ḫur-ša-ma, ḫu-ur-ša-am-ma-aš)
1. PIE *hɑursomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hursomo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hursomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hursama-
3. hursama-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *huršama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. huršama-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuršama-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑursomo-
Hitt. ḫuršama-
(KUR.URU.) ‘-(?)- ‹i.e. ‘Brennholz?’›’
(OGH. 127-8)
(Hitt. ḫur-ša-ma; DKašk. 95)
1. PIE *hɑursomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hursomo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hursomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hursama-
3. hursama-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *huršama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. huršama-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuršama-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑursono-
PIE *hɑursono-
Hitt. ḫuršana-
(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘-(?)- ‹i.e. ‘Brand(en) + Berg’?›’
(OGH. 128)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-ur-ša-na-za)
1. PIE *hɑursono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hursono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hursono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hursana-
3. hursana-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *huršana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. huršana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuršana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑursono·so-
Hitt. ḫuršana·ša-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 128-9)
(Hitt. ḫur-ša-na-aš-ša, ‘NAM.RA-Leute von Ḫ., von Šuruta und von Atarima’)
1. PIE *hɑursono·so-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hursono·so-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hursono·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hursana·sa-
3. hursana·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *huršana·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. huršana·ša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuršana·ša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuorosno-
PIE *hɑu̯orosno·si-
Hitt. ḫu̯arašna·ši-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 128-9)
(Hitt. ḫu-ua-ar-aš-na-aš-ši [Stf.])
1. PIE *hɑu̯orosno·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯orosno·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯orosno·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯arasna·si-
3. hu̯arasna·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯arašna·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯arašna·ši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯arašna·ši-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑus- (sb.) ‘Mineral, Salz’ (a.) ‘herb, streng‘
(IEW 881)
(Pyysalo)
√ɦɑus-
PIE *hɑ́uso-
OInd. ū́ṣa-
(m.) ‘Steppensalz, salzige Erde’
(EWA 1:46)
1. PIE *hɑ́uso-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *húuso-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. húuso-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *húušo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. húušo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *húuša-
4. húuša-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *úuša-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. úuša-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *ū́ša-
6. ū́ša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → OInd. ū́ṣa-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
PIE *hɑuso-
OInd. uṣa-
(m.) ‘Steppensalz, salzige Erde’
(EWA 1:46)
1. PIE *hɑuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huso-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *hušo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. hušo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huša-
4. huša-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *uša-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. uša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → OInd. uṣa-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
PIE *hɑ́us·ero-
OInd. ūṣ·ara-
(a.) ‘salzhaltig’ (vom Boden), salzig’
(EWA 1:46)
1. PIE *hɑ́us·ero-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *húus·ero-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. húus·ero-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *húuš·ero-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. húuš·ero-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *húuš·era-
4. húuš·era-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *úuš·era-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. úuš·era-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *ū́š·era-
6. ū́š·era-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ū́š·ara-
7. ū́š·ara-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → OInd. ū́ṣ·ara-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
√ɦɑust-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑeustēró-
Gr. αὐστηρό-
(a.) ‘herb, streng’
(GEW 1:189)
1. PIE *hɑeustēró-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaustēró-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaustēró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haustēró-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haustēró-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *austēró-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. austēró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. αὐστηρό-


PIE √hɑus- (sb.) ‘Lehmgrube, Grotte, Hürde, Landhaus’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Gr.)
√hɑuseli-
PIE *hɑuseli-
Hitt. ḫušeli-
(sb.) ‘Lehmgrube, Grube, Abort’
(HEG H:315)
(Hitt. ḫušeli, HED 3:409-10)
1. PIE *hɑuseli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huseli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huseli-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hušeli-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hušeli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫušeli-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑusili-
PIE *hɑusili-
Hitt. ḫušili-
(sb.) ‘Lehmgrube, Grube, Abort: pit, dump’
(HEG H:315)
(Hitt. ḫušili)
1. PIE *hɑusili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *husili-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. husili-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hušili-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hušili-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫušili-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑusili̯·umon-
Kpd. ḫušili̯·uman-
(LÚc.) ‘of/from ḫušili-’
(HEG H:315)
1. PIE *hɑusili̯·umon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *husili̯·umon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. husili̯·umon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *husili̯·uman-
3. husili̯·uman-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hušili̯·uman-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hušili̯·uman-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. ḫušili̯·uman-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑusl-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑúslēɑh-
Ion.-Att. ὕλη-
(f.) ‘Bodensatz, Schlamm, Schleim’
(GEW 1:962-3)
1. PIE *hɑúslēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑúslāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑúslāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *húslāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. húslāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *úslā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. úslā-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *úhlā-
5. úhlā-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *úlā-
6. úlā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *úlē-
7. úlē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. ὕλη-
PIE *hɑeúslii̯o-
Gr. αὔλιο-
(n.) ‘Grotte, Hürde, Landhaus’
(GEW 1:186)
1. PIE *hɑeúslii̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaúslii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaúslii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haúslii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haúslii̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aúslii̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aúslii̯o-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *aúhlii̯o-
5. aúhlii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *aúhlio-
6. aúhlio-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *aúlio-
7. aúlio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. αὔλιο-
PIE *hɑ́usli-
Gr. ὔ̄λι-
(f.) ‘Schlamm’
(GEW 2:963)
(Gr. ὗλις [sgN], LSJ. 1848)
1. PIE *hɑ́usli-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *húusli-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. húusli-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *úusli-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. úusli-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *ū́sli-
4. ū́sli-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *ū́hli-
5. ū́hli-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *ū́li-
6. ū́li-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὔ̄λι-
√hɑusuli-
PIE *hɑusuli-
Hitt. ḫušuli-
(sb.) ‘Lehmgrube, Abort’
(HEG H:315)
(Hitt. ḫušuli)
1. PIE *hɑusuli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *husuli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. husuli-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hušuli-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hušuli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫušuli-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑus- (sb.) ‘Speer(spitze), Spindel’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√hɑueso-
PIE *ɦɑu̯eso-
Hitt. ḫu̯eša-
(c.) ‘Spindel’
(HEG H:268-9)
(Hitt. ḫueša, ḫuiša ‹for the semantics, cf. Hitt. šitar- ‘Spindel’›)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯eso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯eso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯eso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯esa-
3. ɦu̯esa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦu̯eša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦu̯eša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯eša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuso-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ɦɑuso-
OHitt. ḫuša-
(c.) ‘Spindel’
(HEG H:268-9)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-šu-uš [plA])
1. PIE *ɦɑuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦuso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦuso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦusa-
3. ɦusa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦuša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦuša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → OHitt. ḫuša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑusso-
PIE *ɦɑussó-
Ion. ὑσσό-
(m.) ‘Wurfspieß’
(GEW 2:975)
(‹for the semantics, cf. Hitt. šitar- ‘Speerspitze’›)
1. PIE *ɦɑussó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦussó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦussó-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ussó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ussó-
u- → hu
Crescence of h before u-
Ru=›hu= → *hussó-
4. hussó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion. ὑσσό-
PIE *ɦɑussōlu-
Car. ὑσσωλο-
(PN.) ‘Speermann?’
(GEW 2:975)
(Car. ὑσσωλος)
1. PIE *ɦɑussōlu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦussōlu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦussōlu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ussōlu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ussōlu-
u- → hu
Crescence of h before u-
Ru=›hu= → *hussōlu-
4. hussōlu-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Car. ὑσσωλυ-


PIE √hɑus- √hɑuos- √hɑues- (vb.) ‘binden’
(IEW 1173 *u̯es-)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Gr.)
√hɑuos-
PIE *hɑu̯oso-
OIcl. vasa-
(vb.) ‘sich abgeben mit, sich einmischen’
(ANEtWb. 647b)
(OIcl. vasast [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑu̯oso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯oso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯oso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯oso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. u̯oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asa-
4. u̯asa-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OIcl. vasa-
PIE *hɑu̯oso-
Norw. vasa-
(vb.) ‘verwickeln, fasseln’
(ANEtWb. 647b)
(Norw. vasa [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑu̯oso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯oso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯oso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯oso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. u̯oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asa-
4. u̯asa-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Norw. vasa-
PIE *hɑou̯ostēɑh
OPers. avastā-
(f.) ‘leather’
(OldPers. 173)
(avast[ā]y[ā] [sgL], but note HbAltP. 109, 143)
1. PIE *hɑou̯ostēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑou̯ostāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑou̯ostāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hou̯ostāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hou̯ostāh
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hau̯astāh
4. hau̯astāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *au̯astā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. au̯astā
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OPers. avastā
√hɑus-
PIE *hɑuso-
Hitt. ḫuša-
(KUŠc./n.) ‘(Teil des Geschirres oder Zaumzeuges)’
(HEG H:315)
(HHand. 57, HED 3:408-9; cf. also ḫu-uš-šu-ra-an-nu (pl) ‘Wagenjoche’ (AHw 1:361, Nuzi))
1. PIE *hɑuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *husa-
3. husa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *huša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. huša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑúskilos-
Gr. ὕσκλοσ-
(n.) ‘Vorrichtung an der Sandale, in die Riemen befestigt wurden’
(GEW 2:974)
(Gr. ὕσκλος)
1. PIE *hɑúskilos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *húskilos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. húskilos-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *húsḱlos-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. húsḱlos-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *úsḱlos-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. úsḱlos-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *úsklos-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. úsklos-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὕσκλοσ-
PIE *hɑouzdɑɦēɑh
OCS. uzda
(f.) ‘Zaum, Zügel’
(Sadnik √1036)
1. PIE *hɑouzdɑɦēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑouzdɑɦāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑouzdɑɦāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *houzdɦāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. houzdɦāh
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hauzdɦāh
4. hauzdɦāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *auzdɦā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. auzdɦā
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *auzdā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. auzdā
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *ouzdā
7. ouzdā
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *ūzdā
8. ūzdā
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *ūzda
9. ūzda
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → OCS. uzda


PIE √hɑus- (vb.) ‘libieren, schöpfen’ (sb.) ‘Wasser, Gewässer, Flüßigkeit’
(IEW 90)
(Pyysalo)
√hɑus-
PIE *hɑusei-
Pal. ḫušei-
(vb.M.) ‘als Gießopfer darbringen, libieren’
(DPal. 56)
(Pal. ḫu-uš-ši-i-in-ta [pret3pl])
1. PIE *hɑusei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *husei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. husei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hušei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hušei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. ḫušei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑouseɑh-
OIcl. ausa-
(vb.) ‘schöpfen’
(ANEtWb. 21)
(OIcl. ausa [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑouseɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑousaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. hɑousaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *housah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. housah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ousa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ousa-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OIcl. ausa-


PIE √hɑus- (sb.) ‘Mund, Maul, Rachen, Lippe’
(IEW 784-5)
(Tischler HEG H:317: Hitt.)
√hɑus-
PIE *hɑus·Σ
Hitt. ḫuš·teiška-
(vb.) ‘(die Stimme ‹i.e. Mund›) dämpfen’
(HEG H:317)
(Hitt. ḫušteiškanzi, HHand. 57)
1. PIE *hɑus·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hus·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hus·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *huš·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. huš·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuš·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑustɑho-
PIE *hɑeústɑho-
RV. óṣṭha-
(m.) ‘die Oberlippe, die Lippe’
(WbRV. 306)
(KEWA 1:133, 3:657, EWA 1:282-3)
1. PIE *hɑeústɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaústɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaústɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haústho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haústho-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *haúštho-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. haúštho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haúštha-
5. haúštha-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aúštha-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. aúštha-
aú → ṓ
Monophthongization of *aú
Raú›ṓ → *ṓštha-
7. ṓštha-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *ṓṣtha-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
8. ṓṣtha-
*ṣt → ṣṭ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rṣt›ṣṭ → *ṓṣṭha-
9. ṓṣṭha-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → RV. óṣṭha-
PIE *hɑeustɑho-
LAv. aošta-
(m.) ‘Oberlippe’ (du) ‘die beiden Lippen’
(AIWb. 44)
(LAv. aošta-)
1. PIE *hɑeustɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaustɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaustɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haustho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haustho-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *hauštho-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. hauštho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hauštha-
5. hauštha-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *auštha-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. auštha-
*sth/šth → st/št
Loss of *h after st/št
RSth›St → *aušta-
7. aušta-
*au → ao
Opening of *au
Rau›ao → LAv. aošta-
PIE *hɑeustɑhēɑh-
OPr. austo-
(n.pl) ‘Mund’
(APrS. 308)
(OPr. austa, Voc. 89)
1. PIE *hɑeustɑhēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaustɑhēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaustɑhēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑaustɑhāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑaustɑhāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hausthāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hausthāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *austhā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. austhā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *austhō-
(XX:XX)
6. austhō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → OPr. austho-
PIE *hɑeustɑhēɑh-
OCS. usta-
(n.pl) ‘Mund, Maul, Rachen’
(Sadnik √1033)
(OCS. usta)
1. PIE *hɑeustɑhēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaustɑhēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaustɑhēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑaustɑhāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑaustɑhāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hausthāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hausthāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *austhā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. austhā-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *austā-
6. austā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *oustā-
7. oustā-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *ūstā-
8. ūstā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *ūsta-
9. ūsta-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → OCS. usta-


PIE √hɑus- (vb.) ‘hell werden, brennen, leuchten’ (sb.) ‘Rot, Morgenröte’
(IEW 86-87 + 347-8)
(Pyysalo: CLu. + Hitt.)
√hɑus-
PIE *hɑus-
RV. uṣ-
(f.) ‘Morgenröte’
(WbRV. 267)
(RV. uṣás [sgG], uṣás [plA])
1. PIE *hɑus-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hus-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hus-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *huš-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. huš-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *uš-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. uš-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. uṣ-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
PIE *hɑus-
LAv. uš-
(f.) ‘Morgenröte, Morgen’
(AIWb. 415)
1. PIE *hɑus-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hus-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hus-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *huš-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. huš-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → LAv. uš-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *u̯iHɑús-
RV. vi.úṣ-
(f.) ‘das Aufleuchten, Hellwerden’
(WbRV. 1360)
(RV. viúṣi [sgL])
1. PIE *u̯iHɑús-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯iHús-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯iHús-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *u̯iHúš-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. u̯iHúš-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *u̯i.úš-
4. u̯i.úš-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vi.úš-
5. vi.úš-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. vi.úṣ-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
PIE *hɑus·Σ
LAv. uš·aoma-
(m.) ‘Name eines Bergs/Gebirgs’
(AIWb. 414)
1. PIE *hɑus·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hus·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hus·Σ
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *huš·Σ
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. huš·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → LAv. uš·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑuhɑus-
RV. ūṣ-
(pf.A.) ‘hell werden, leuchten’
(WbRV. 1230)
(RV. ūṣá [2pl], ūṣús [3pl])
1. PIE *hɑuhɑus-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huhus-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huhus-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *huhuš-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. huhuš-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *uuš-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. uuš-
*uu → ū
Contraction of u and u
Ruu›ū → *ūš-
5. ūš-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. ūṣ-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
√hɑuōs-
PIE *hɑuhɑu̯ṓs-
RV. uvā́s-
(pf.A.) ‘hell werden, leuchten’
(WbRV. 1230)
(RV. uvā́sa [3sg]; or PIE *ē?)
1. PIE *hɑuhɑu̯ṓs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huhu̯ṓs-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huhu̯ṓs-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *huhu̯ā́s-
3. huhu̯ā́s-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *uu̯ā́s-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. uu̯ā́s-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. uvā́s-
PIE *hɑu̯ōséi̯o-
RV. vāsáya-
(cs.) ‘leuchten machen, erhellen’
(WbRV. 1230)
(RV. ví (...) vāsayat, vāsáyatha; or PIE *ē?)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ōséi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ōséi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ōséi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ōséi̯a-
3. hu̯ōséi̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *hu̯āséi̯a-
4. hu̯āséi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯āséi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯āséi̯a-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *u̯āsái̯a-
6. u̯āsái̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vāsái̯a-
7. vāsái̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. vāsáya-
√hɑuse/os-
PIE *hɑusós-
RV. uṣás-
(f.) ‘die Röte des Himmels, Morgenröte, Morgen’
(WbRV. 268)
1. PIE *hɑusós-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *husós-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. husós-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *hušós-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. hušós-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *hušás-
4. hušás-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ušás-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ušás-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. uṣás-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
PIE *hɑusṓs-
RV. uṣā́s-
(f.) ‘die Röte des Himmels, Morgenröte, Morgen’
(WbRV. 268)
(RV. uṣā́sam [sgA])
1. PIE *hɑusṓs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *husṓs-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. husṓs-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *hušṓs-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. hušṓs-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *hušā́s-
4. hušā́s-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ušā́s-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ušā́s-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. uṣā́s-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
√hɑust-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑust-
Hitt. ḫušt-
(NA4c.) ‘Bernstein, Schwefel(?)’
(HHand2. 63)
1. PIE *hɑust-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hust-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hust-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hušt-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hušt-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫušt-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑusto-
Hitt. ḫušta-
(NA4c.) ‘Bernstein, Schwefel(?)’
(HHand2. 63)
1. PIE *hɑusto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *husto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. husto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *husta-
3. husta-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hušta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hušta-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫušta-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑusto-
Lat. usto-
(pt.) ‘destroyed by fire, burned (esp. buildings, crops, etc.)’
(OxLatD. 2107)
(Lat. ustus [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑusto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *husto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. husto-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. usto-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Π· Π·hɑusto-
RV. á·vy·uṣṭa-
(pt.) ‘noch nicht leuchtend’
(WbRV. 133)
1. PIE *Π· Π·hɑusto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π· Π·husto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π· Π·husto-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *Π· Π·hušto-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. Π· Π·hušto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π· Π·hušta-
4. Π· Π·hušta-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π· Π·ušta-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π· Π·ušta-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *Π· Π·uṣta-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
6. Π· Π·uṣta-
*ṣt → ṣṭ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rṣt›ṣṭ → RV. Π· Π·uṣṭa-
PIE *u̯íHɑusti-
RV. víuṣṭi-
(f.) ‘das Aufleuchten, Hellwerden’
(WbRV. 1360)
1. PIE *u̯íHɑusti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯íHusti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯íHusti-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *u̯íHušti-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. u̯íHušti-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *u̯í.ušti-
4. u̯í.ušti-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *ví.ušti-
5. ví.ušti-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *ví.uṣti-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
6. ví.uṣti-
*ṣt → ṣṭ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rṣt›ṣṭ → RV. ví.uṣṭi-
PIE *hɑustei-
Hitt. ḫuštei-
(NA4c.) ‘Bernstein, Schwefel(?)’
(HHand2. 63)
1. PIE *hɑustei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hustei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hustei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *huštei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. huštei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuštei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯ēsti-
CLu. ḫu̯ēšti-
(c.) eine brennbare Substanz (HHand. 2:58)
(DLL. 47)
(CLu. ḫu-u-i-iš-ti-iš(-ḫa) [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑu̯ēsti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ēsti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ēsti-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯ēšti-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hu̯ēšti-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯ēšti-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √hɑut- √hɑuet- √hɑuōt- (vb.) ‘ziehen, spannen, binden, weben’ (sb.) ‘Flocke, Flaum, feine Wolle’
(IEW –)
(Juret 1942:57, Güterbock apud HW1:78)
√hɑut-
(Güterbock apud HW1:78)
PIE *hɑutei̯ono-
Hitt. ḫutei̯ana-
(vb.dur.2.) ‘ziehen’
(HIL. 408)
(Hitt. ḫu-ut-ti-an-na-a-i [3sg] [KBo 17.43 i 3 (fr.), 11])
1. PIE *hɑutei̯ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hutei̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hutei̯ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hutei̯ana-
3. hutei̯ana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫutei̯ana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑut·uli-
Hitt. ḫut·uli-
(SÍGn.) ‘Wollbüschel, Wollflocke’ (HIL. 40)
(HEG H:318)
(Hitt. ḫu-ut-tu-ul-li, ḫu-ut-tu-ul-li-it, HHand. 57)
1. PIE *hɑut·uli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hut·uli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hut·uli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫut·uli-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuēt-
PIE *hɑu̯ēto-
Hitt. ḫu̯ēta-
(vb.M.) ‘ziehen: SUD: Akd. šadādu’
(HEG H:272-3)
(HHand. 52, Hitt. ḫu-it-ta-aḫ-ḫa-ri [pr1sg], ḫu-it-ta-aḫ-ḫa-at [pret1sg])
1. PIE *hɑu̯ēto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ēto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ēto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ēta-
3. hu̯ēta-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ēta-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑu̯ētei̯o-
Hitt. ḫu̯ētei̯a-
(vb.M.) ‘ziehen, spannen’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-et-ti-ia-ri [3sg], ḫu-et-ti-ia-an-ta [3pl])
1. PIE *hɑu̯ētei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ētei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ētei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ētei̯a-
3. hu̯ētei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ētei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuōt-
(Juret 1942:57)
PIE *hɑéu̯ōto-
Gr. ἄωτο-
(m.) ‘Flocke, Flaum, feine Wolle’
(GEW 1:205)
(Gr. ἄωτος, Ep. Lyr. since Il.)
1. PIE *hɑéu̯ōto-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑáu̯ōto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáu̯ōto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *háu̯ōto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. háu̯ōto-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *áu̯ōto-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. áu̯ōto-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *áōto-
5. áōto-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄωτο-
PIE *hɑéu̯ōto-
Gr. ἄωτο-
(n.) ‘Flocke, Flaum, feine Wolle’
(GEW 1:205)
(Gr. ἄωτον)
1. PIE *hɑéu̯ōto-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑáu̯ōto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáu̯ōto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *háu̯ōto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. háu̯ōto-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *áu̯ōto-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. áu̯ōto-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *áōto-
5. áōto-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄωτο-
PIE *hɑeu̯ōteúso-
Gr. ἀωτεύο-
(vb.) ‘ἀπανθίζεσθαι, ὑφαίνειν’
(GEW 1:205)
(Hes. ἀωτεύειν· ἀπανθίζεσθαι, ὑφαίνειν AB.)
1. PIE *hɑeu̯ōteúso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑau̯ōteúso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯ōteúso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hau̯ōteúso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hau̯ōteúso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *au̯ōteúso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. au̯ōteúso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *au̯ōteúho-
5. au̯ōteúho-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *aōteúho-
6. aōteúho-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *aōteúo-
7. aōteúo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀωτεύο-


PIE √ɦɑi- (sb.) ‘Spitzwaffe, Tot, Pest’
(IEW 14 + 15)
(Pyysalo)
√ɦɑigi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ɦɑigi̯on-
Hitt. ḫigan-
(n.) ‘death, plague’
(Kimball 1999:316)
(Hitt. ḫi-kan-ni ‘death, plague’ [sgD]: KBo III 36 I 9)
1. PIE *ɦɑigi̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦigi̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦigi̯on-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ɦiǵon-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦiǵon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦiǵan-
4. ɦiǵan-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *ɦigan-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. ɦigan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫigan-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑeigi̯eɑhnésēɑh-
Att. αἰγανέη-
(f.) ‘Lanze’
(GEW 1:30)
1. PIE *ɦɑeigi̯eɑhnésēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑaigi̯eɑhnésēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaigi̯eɑhnésēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ɦɑaigi̯aɑhnésēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. ɦɑaigi̯aɑhnésēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑaigi̯aɑhnésāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
4. ɦɑaigi̯aɑhnésāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦaigi̯ahnésāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
5. ɦaigi̯ahnésāh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ɦaiǵahnésāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. ɦaiǵahnésāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *aiǵahnésāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. aiǵahnésāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aiǵanésā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
8. aiǵanésā-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *aiganésā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
9. aiganésā-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *aiganéhā-
10. aiganéhā-
ā –> ē (Att)
Attican change of ā –› ē
Rā›ēAtt → *aiganéhē-
11. aiganéhē-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *aiganéē-
12. aiganéē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Att. αἰγανέη-
√ɦɑin-
PIE *ɦɑeino·Σ
OSax. ēn·dag-
(m.) ‘Todestag: day of death’
(ASächsWb. 15)
1. PIE *ɦɑeino·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑaino·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaino·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦaino·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦaino·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *aino·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aino·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aina·Σ
5. aina·Σ
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → *eina·Σ
6. eina·Σ
*ei → ē
Monophthongization of *ei into ē
Rei›ē → OSax. ēna·Σ
√ɦɑingion-
(HEG H:251)
(HIL. 395-6, SHV 175, Melchert 1984:94)
PIE *ɦɑingi̯on-
Hitt. ḫingan-
(n.) ‘Seuche, Pest, Todesfall: UŠ’
(HEG H:251)
(Hitt. ḫe-en-ka-an, ḫi-in-kán, ḫi-in-ga-an, ḫé-en-kán, ḫi-in-ga-na-aš)
1. PIE *ɦɑingi̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingi̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingi̯on-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ɦinǵon-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦinǵon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦinǵan-
4. ɦinǵan-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *ɦingan-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. ɦingan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫingan-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑingi̯onont-
Hitt. ḫinganant-
(c.) ‘Seuche, Pest, Todesfall’
(HEG H:251)
(Hitt. ḫi-in-ga-na-an-za [sgN], Couvreur 1937:122f., 133f., Rieken 1999:426 compares TochB. enkäl-, enkalwa ‘Leid’, which, however, is semantically problematic)
1. PIE *ɦɑingi̯onont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingi̯onont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingi̯onont-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ɦinǵonont-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦinǵonont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦinǵanant-
4. ɦinǵanant-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *ɦinganant-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. ɦinganant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫinganant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √ɦɑingɑɦ- (vb.) ‘sich regen, bewegen, spielen’
(IEW –)
√ɦɑingeɑɦ-
PIE *ɦɑíngeɑɦ-
OInd. íṅga-
(pr.) ‘sich regen, bewegen’
(KEWA 1:85)
(Skt. íṅgati, iṅgate)
1. PIE *ɦɑíngeɑɦ-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ɦɑíngaɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. ɦɑíngaɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦíngaɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦíngaɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ínga-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ínga-
*nK → ŋK
Velarization of nasal
RnK›ŋK → *íŋga-
5. íŋga-
ŋ → ṅ
Orthographic change of ŋ into ṅ
Rŋ›ṅ → OInd. íṅga-
PIE *ɦɑingeɑɦi̯o-
OInd. iṅgaya-
(cs.) ‘in Bewegung setzen, rühren, schütteln’
(EWA 1:186)
1. PIE *ɦɑingeɑɦi̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ɦɑingaɑɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. ɦɑingaɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingaɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦingaɦi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦingaɦi̯a-
4. ɦingaɦi̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ingai̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ingai̯a-
*nK → ŋK
Velarization of nasal
RnK›ŋK → *iŋgai̯a-
6. iŋgai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *iŋgaya-
7. iŋgaya-
ŋ → ṅ
Orthographic change of ŋ into ṅ
Rŋ›ṅ → OInd. iṅgaya-
√ɦɑingɑɦonei-
PIE *ɦɑingɑɦo·nei̯o-
Hitt. ḫinga·nei̯a-
(vb.) ‘sich tummeln, spielen’
(HEG H:251)
(in Hitt. ḫinganiauar [vb.sb.])
1. PIE *ɦɑingɑɦo·nei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingɦo·nei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingɦo·nei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦingɦa·nei̯a-
3. ɦingɦa·nei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦinga·nei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦinga·nei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫinga·nei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑingɑɦo·neiski̯e/o-
Hitt. ḫinga·neiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘sich tummeln’
(HHand. 50)
1. PIE *ɦɑingɑɦo·neiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingɦo·neiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingɦo·neiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ɦingɦo·neisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦingɦo·neisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦingɦa·neisḱe/a-
4. ɦingɦa·neisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ɦingɦa·neiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. ɦingɦa·neiske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦinga·neiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦinga·neiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦinga·neiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. ɦinga·neiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫinga·neiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑingɑɦo·nei̯ou̯or-
Hitt. ḫinga·nei̯au̯ar-
(n.N.act.) ‘etwa ‘lebhaftes Bewegen’ ‹cf. above›’
(HHand. 50)
1. PIE *ɦɑingɑɦo·nei̯ou̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingɦo·nei̯ou̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingɦo·nei̯ou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦingɦa·nei̯au̯ar-
3. ɦingɦa·nei̯au̯ar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦinga·nei̯au̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦinga·nei̯au̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫinga·nei̯au̯ar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √ɦɑgr- (vb.) ‘erwachen’
(IEW 390 *ger-, grei-)
(LIV2:245-246 *h1ger-)
√ɦɑegr-
PIE *ɦɑégr·Σ
Gr. ἄγρ·υπνο-
(a.) ‘wakeful, keeping awake’
(LSJ. 16)
(Gr. ἄγρυπνο-)
1. PIE *ɦɑégr·Σ
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *ɦɑágr·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑágr·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦágr·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦágr·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ágr·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ágr·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄγρ·Σ
PIE *sēhɑmi·ɦɑégr·Σ
Gr. ἡμι·άγρ·υπνο-
(a.) ‘half-awake’
(LSJ. 771)
(Gr. ἡμιάγρυπνο-)
1. PIE *sēhɑmi·ɦɑégr·Σ
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *sēhɑmi·ɦɑágr·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. sēhɑmi·ɦɑágr·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sēhmi·ɦágr·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sēhmi·ɦágr·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *sēhmi·ágr·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sēhmi·ágr·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sēmi·ágr·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. sēmi·ágr·Σ
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *hēmi·ágr·Σ
6. hēmi·ágr·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἡμι·άγρ·Σ
PIE *bɑɦil·ɦɑégr·Σ
Gr. φιλ·άγρ·υπνο-
(a.) ‘wakeful’
(LSJ. 1931)
(Gr. φιλάγρυπνο-)
1. PIE *bɑɦil·ɦɑégr·Σ
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *bɑɦil·ɦɑágr·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. bɑɦil·ɦɑágr·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦil·ɦágr·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦil·ɦágr·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *bɦil·ágr·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. bɦil·ágr·Σ
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phil·ágr·Σ
5. phil·ágr·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φιλ·άγρ·Σ
PIE *ɦɑegr·Σ
Gr. ἀγρ·υπνέο-
(pr.) ‘lie awake, pass sleepless nights’
(LSJ. 16)
(Gr. ἀγρυπνέω)
1. PIE *ɦɑegr·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑagr·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑagr·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦagr·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦagr·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *agr·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. agr·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀγρ·Σ
√ɦɑgr-
PIE *eɦɑgre-
Gr. ἐγρε-
(ao.) ‘erwachen’
(GEW 1:437)
(Gr. ἔγρετο, ἐγρέσθαι)
1. PIE *eɦɑgre-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eɦgre-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eɦgre-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *egre-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. egre-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐγρε-
PIE *pro·ɦɑgrērei̯o-
LAv. fra·γrāraya-
(cs.) ‘erwecken’
(AIWb. 511)
(LAv. fraγrārayeiti)
1. PIE *pro·ɦɑgrērei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pro·ɦgrērei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pro·ɦgrērei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pra·ɦgrērei̯a-
3. pra·ɦgrērei̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *pra·grērei̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pra·grērei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *pra·grērai̯a-
5. pra·grērai̯a-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *pra·grārai̯a-
6. pra·grārai̯a-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
RpR›fR → *fra·grārai̯a-
7. fra·grārai̯a-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
Rg›γ → *fra·γrārai̯a-
8. fra·γrārai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. fra·γrāraya-
√ɦɑgor-
PIE *ɦɑgor-
gAv. gar-
(vb.) ‘zu wachen über –’
(AIWb. 514)
(gAv. garōi [inf.])
1. PIE *ɦɑgor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦgor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦgor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦgar-
3. ɦgar-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → gAv. gar-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Π·ɦɑgēɦɑgor-
RV. práti (...) jāgar-
(pf.A.) ‘wachen bei’
(WbRV. 386)
(RV. práti ... jāgara [1sg])
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑgēɦɑgor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦgēɦgor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦgēɦgor-
PIE *g → ǰ
2nd palatalization of *g
Rg›ǰ → *Π·ɦǰēɦgor-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ɦǰēɦgor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ɦǰēɦgar-
4. Π·ɦǰēɦgar-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·ǰēgar-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·ǰēgar-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *Π·jēgar-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. Π·jēgar-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → RV. Π·jāgar-
PIE *eɦɑgr·ēɦɑgor·tí
Gr. ἐγρ·ηγορ·τί
(adv.) ‘im Wachen’
(GEW 1:437)
1. PIE *eɦɑgr·ēɦɑgor·tí
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eɦgr·ēɦgor·tí
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eɦgr·ēɦgor·tí
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *egr·ēgor·tí
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. egr·ēgor·tí
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐγρ·ηγορ·τί
√ɦɑgōr-
PIE *ɦɑgēɦɑgṓr-
RV. jāgā́r-
(pf.A) ‘wachen, wachsam sein’
(WbRV. 386)
(RV. jāgā́ra [3sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑgēɦɑgṓr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦgēɦgṓr-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦgēɦgṓr-
PIE *g → ǰ
2nd palatalization of *g
Rg›ǰ → *ɦǰēɦgṓr-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ɦǰēɦgṓr-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *ɦǰēɦgā́r-
4. ɦǰēɦgā́r-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ǰēgā́r-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ǰēgā́r-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jēgā́r-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. jēgā́r-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → RV. jāgā́r-
√ɦɑger-
PIE *ɦɑgero-
RV. jara-
(pr.M.) ‘erwachen’
(KEWA 1:421)
(RV. jarasva [3sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑgero-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦgero-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦgero-
PIE *g → ǰ
2nd palatalization of *g
Rg›ǰ → *ɦǰero-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ɦǰero-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦǰera-
4. ɦǰera-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ǰera-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ǰera-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jera-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. jera-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → RV. jara-
PIE *niɦɑ́gero-
LAv. nīǰara-
(PN.m.) ‘EN eines Gläubigen’
(AIWb. 1081)
1. PIE *niɦɑ́gero-
PIE *iḫɑ́ → iḫí
Distant assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RiHɑ́›iHí → *niɦígero-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. niɦígero-
PIE *g → ǰ
2nd palatalization of *g
Rg›ǰ → *niɦíǰero-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. niɦíǰero-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *niɦíǰera-
4. niɦíǰera-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *niíǰera-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. niíǰera-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *nī́ǰera-
6. nī́ǰera-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *nī́ǰara-
7. nī́ǰara-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → LAv. nīǰara-
PIE *eɦɑgéri̯o-
Gr. ἐγείρο-
(pr.A.) ‘wecken’
(GrGr. 1:648)
(Gr. ἐγείρω [1sg])
1. PIE *eɦɑgéri̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eɦgéri̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eɦgéri̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *egéri̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. egéri̯o-
*éri̯ → eír
Epenthesis of *i
Réri̯›eír → *egeíro-
4. egeíro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐγείρο-
√ɦɑgēr-
PIE *ɦɑgēréi̯o-
RV. jāráya-
(cs.) ‘aufwecken’
(LIV2:245-246)
(RV. jāráyantī 1,124,10)
1. PIE *ɦɑgēréi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦgēréi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦgēréi̯o-
PIE *g → ǰ
2nd palatalization of *g
Rg›ǰ → *ɦǰēréi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ɦǰēréi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦǰēréi̯a-
4. ɦǰēréi̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ǰēréi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ǰēréi̯a-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jēréi̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. jēréi̯a-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *jērái̯a-
7. jērái̯a-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *jārái̯a-
8. jārái̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. jāráya-


PIE √ɦɑld- (vb.) ‘cry, appeal, call’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo; or PIE √ɦɑldɑɦ-?)
√ɦɑldo-
PIE *ɦɑeldo-
CLu. ḫalda-
(vb.1.) ‘appeler: call, appeal’
(DLL. 39)
(CLu. ḫal-ta-at-ti [3sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑeldo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑaldo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaldo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦaldo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦaldo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦalda-
4. ɦalda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫalda-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑeldḗhɑ-
Lith. aldė-
(vb.) ‘lärmen’
(LiEtWb. 6)
(Lith. aldė́ti [inf.])
1. PIE *ɦɑeldḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑaldḗhɑ-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaldḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦaldḗh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦaldḗh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *aldḗh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aldḗh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aldḗ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aldḗ-
*ḗ -> ė́
Change of *ḗ -> ė́
Rḗ›ė́ → Lith. aldė́-
PIE *nu·ɦɑeldḗhɑ-
Lith. nu·aldė-
(vb.) ‘erschallen’
(LiEtWb. 6)
(Lith. nualdė́ti [inf.])
1. PIE *nu·ɦɑeldḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *nu·ɦɑaldḗhɑ-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. nu·ɦɑaldḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nu·ɦaldḗh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nu·ɦaldḗh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *nu·aldḗh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. nu·aldḗh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *nu·aldḗ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. nu·aldḗ-
*ḗ -> ė́
Change of *ḗ -> ė́
Rḗ›ė́ → Lith. nu·aldė́-
PIE *ɦɑeldi-
CLu. ḫaldi-
(vb.M.) ‘appeler’
(DLL. 39)
(CLu. ḫal-ti-it-ta-ri [3sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑeldi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑaldi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaldi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦaldi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦaldi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫaldi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑeldi̯o-
Hitt. ḫalza-
(vb.2.) ‘rufen, nennen’
(HEG H:139f.)
(Hitt. ḫal-za-i [3sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑeldi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑaldi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaldi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦaldi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦaldi̯o-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *ɦaljo-
4. ɦaljo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦalja-
5. ɦalja-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *ɦalza-
6. ɦalza-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalza-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑéɦɑldro-
Lith. áldra-
(m.) ‘Lärm, Geschrei’
(LiEtWb. 6)
(Lith. áldrai [plN])
1. PIE *ɦɑéɦɑldro-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *ɦɑáɦɑldro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑáɦɑldro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦáɦldro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦáɦldro-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *áldro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. áldro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Lith. áldra-


PIE √ɦɑbus- (sb.) ‘Stiel, Stengel, Schaft, Penis’
(IEW 485)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.; or PIE √ɦɑbɑɦus-?)
√ɦɑbus-
(HEG H:168)
PIE *ɦɑobuso-
Hitt. ḫabuša-
(n.) ‘Stiel, Stengel, Schaft, Penis’
(HHand. 41)
(Hitt. [ḫa-]a-pu-ú-ša-kán, ḫa-a-pu-ú-ša-aš, ḫa-pu-ša-ši)
1. PIE *ɦɑobuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦobuso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦobuso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabusa-
3. ɦabusa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦabuša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦabuša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫabuša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑobusont-
Hitt. ḫabušant-
(c.) ‘Stiel, Stengel, Schaft, Penis’
(HHand. 41)
(Hitt. [ḫa-a-p]u-ša-an-za)
1. PIE *ɦɑobusont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦobusont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦobusont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabusant-
3. ɦabusant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦabušant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦabušant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫabušant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑobusoso-
Hitt. ḫabušaša-
(n.) ‘Stiel, Stengel, Schaft, Penis’
(HHand. 41)
(Hitt. ḫa-pu-ša-aš-ša, ḫa-a-pu-ša-aš-ša)
1. PIE *ɦɑobusoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦobusoso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦobusoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabusasa-
3. ɦabusasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦabušaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦabušaša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫabušaša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑobusosont-
Hitt. ḫabušašant-
(c.) ‘Stiel, Stengel, Schaft, Penis’
(HHand. 41)
(Hitt. ḫa-pu-ša-aš-ša-an-za)
1. PIE *ɦɑobusosont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦobusosont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦobusosont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabusasant-
3. ɦabusasant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦabušašant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦabušašant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫabušašant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑobusesor-
Hitt. ḫabušešar-
(n.) ‘Stiel, Stengel, Schaft, Penis’
(HHand. 41)
(Hitt. ḫa-pu-ú-še-eš-šar)
1. PIE *ɦɑobusesor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦobusesor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦobusesor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabusesar-
3. ɦabusesar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦabušešar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦabušešar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫabušešar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑbusdɑɦ-
PIE *ɦɑbusdɑɦo
MidIr. bot-
(m.) ‘penis, tail’
(LEIA B-73)
(PCelt. *buzdo-)
1. PIE *ɦɑbusdɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦbusdɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦbusdɦo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *busdɦo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. busdɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *busdo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. busdo
sd → ðð
Change of sd to ðð
Rsd›ðð → *buððo
5. buððo
ðð → tt
Devoicing of geminate ðð to tt
Rðð›tt → *butto
6. butto
*utto -› otto
*o-umlaut of u
Rutto›otto → *botto
7. botto
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → *bott
8. bott
tt → t
Degemination of *tt
Rtt›t → MidIr. bot
PIE *ɦɑbusdɑɦēɑh
MidCymr. both-
(f.) ‘ombo, nave, boss of the shield’
(EtDiPC. 85-6)
(MidCymr. both)
1. PIE *ɦɑbusdɑɦēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑbusdɑɦāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ɦɑbusdɑɦāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦbusdɦāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦbusdɦāh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *busdɦāh
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. busdɦāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *busdɦā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. busdɦā
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *busdā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. busdā
sd → ðð
Change of sd to ðð
Rsd›ðð → *buððā
7. buððā
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *buðða
8. buðða
ðð → tt
Devoicing of geminate ðð to tt
Rðð›tt → *butta
9. butta
*utta -› otta
*a-umlaut of u
Rutta›otta → *botta
10. botta
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *bott
11. bott
tt -› th
Lenition of tt -> th
Rtt›th → MidCymr. both
PIE *ɦɑbusdɑɦ·Σ
OGaul. buðð·utto-
(m./n.?) ‘penis?’
(EtDiPC. 85-6)
(moni gnatha gabi buððutton imon ‘come, girl, take my penis’)
1. PIE *ɦɑbusdɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦbusdɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦbusdɦ·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *busdɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. busdɦ·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *busd·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. busd·Σ
sd → ðð
Change of sd to ðð
Rsd›ðð → OGaul. buðð·Σ


PIE √ɦɑrb- (vb.) ‘binden, gliedern usw.’ (sb.) ‘Schlinge, Schlange’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√ɦɑrb-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ɦɑerb-
Hitt. ḫarb-
(vb.1.A.) ‘ally with’
(HIL. 364)
(Hitt. ḫar-ap-te-en, ḫar-pu-u-ue-ni [KUB 30.36 ii])
1. PIE *ɦɑerb-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑarb-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑarb-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦarb-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦarb-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarb-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑerbont-
Hitt. ḫarbant-
(pt.) ‘gegliedert’
(HHand. 43)
1. PIE *ɦɑerbont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑarbont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑarbont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦarbont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦarbont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦarbant-
4. ɦarbant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarbant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑrbi-
PIE *ɦɑerbi-
Hitt. ḫarbi-
(UZU.) ‘(ein tierischer Körperteil)’
(HHand. 44)
(‹the reading Hitt. ḫurpi- is also possible›)
1. PIE *ɦɑerbi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑarbi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑarbi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦarbi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦarbi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarbi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑrbu-
PIE *ɦɑerbúlēɑh-
Gr. ἀρβύλη-
(f.) ‘Schuh, der den Fuß bis an den Knöchel bedeckte’
(GEW 1:130)
(Gr. ἀρβύλη)
1. PIE *ɦɑerbúlēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑarbúlēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑarbúlēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑarbúlāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. ɦɑarbúlāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦarbúlāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ɦarbúlāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *arbúlāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arbúlāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arbúlā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. arbúlā-
ā –> ē (Att)
Attican change of ā –› ē
Rā›ēAtt → *arbúlē-
7. arbúlē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀρβύλη-
PIE *ɦɑerbuto-
Lat. arbuto-
(f.) ‘Hagapfelbaum, Erdbeerbaum, Arbutus unedo’
(WH. 1:62)
1. PIE *ɦɑerbuto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑarbuto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑarbuto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦarbuto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦarbuto-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. arbuto-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *ɦɑérbudo-
RV. árbuda-
(m.) ‘Schlangen/Drachenartiges mythisches Wesen’
(WbRV. 115)
(RV. árbudasya gās)
1. PIE *ɦɑérbudo-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *ɦɑárbudo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑárbudo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦárbudo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦárbudo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦárbuda-
4. ɦárbuda-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → RV. árbuda-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *ɦɑerbudó-
RV. arbudá-
(m.) ‘Schlangen/Drachenartiges mythisches Wesen’
(WbRV. 115)
(RV. arbudásya mūrdhānam)
1. PIE *ɦɑerbudó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑarbudó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑarbudó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦarbudó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦarbudó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *ɦarbudá-
4. ɦarbudá-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → RV. arbudá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *ɦɑérbudo-
OInd. árbuda-
(ON.) ‘Mount Abu’
(KEWA 1:51)
1. PIE *ɦɑérbudo-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *ɦɑárbudo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑárbudo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦárbudo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦárbudo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦárbuda-
4. ɦárbuda-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → OInd. árbuda-
(SPIE §2.1.4)


PIE √ɦɑsi- (sb.) ‘Esche, Pappel’
(IEW 416, 782)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√ɦɑɦɑsi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ɦɑóɦɑosi-
Latv. uôsi-
(m.) ‘Esche: ash’
(ALiEtWb. U:13)
(Latv. uôsis [sgN])
1. PIE *ɦɑóɦɑosi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦóɦosi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦóɦosi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *óosi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. óosi-
*óo → ô
Contraction of óo into ô
Róo›ô → *ôsi-
4. ôsi-
*ô → uô
Change of ô into uô
Rô›uô → Latv. uôsi-
PIE *ɦɑóɦɑosi-
Lith. úosi-
(m.) ‘Esche’
(ALiEtWb. U:13)
(Lith. uósis [sgN])
1. PIE *ɦɑóɦɑosi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦóɦosi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦóɦosi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *óosi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. óosi-
*óo → ṓ
Contraction of óo into ṓ
Róo›ṓ → *ṓsi-
4. ṓsi-
*ṓ → úo
Change of ṓ into úo
Rṓ›úo → Lith. úosi-
PIE *Π·ɦɑoɦɑosíd-
Gr. ἀχερ·ωίδ-
(f.) ‘Weißpappel’
(GEW 1:199-200)
(Gr. ἀχερωΐδ-, for Gr. ἀχερ- ‘weiß’ cf. RV. áhar- (n.) ‘Tag’, WbRV. 163, IEW 7)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑoɦɑosíd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦoɦosíd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦoɦosíd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·oosíd-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·oosíd-
*oo → ō
Contraction of oo into ō
Roo›ō → *Π·ōsíd-
4. Π·ōsíd-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *Π·ōhíd-
5. Π·ōhíd-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *Π·ōíd-
6. Π·ōíd-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·ωίδ-
PIE *ɦɑoɦɑosidei-
Hitt. ḫaḫašidei-
(c.) ‘(eine Pflanze)’ (HHand. 34) ‹not ‘Pappel’ = Hitt. ḫarau-?›
(HEG H:123)
1. PIE *ɦɑoɦɑosidei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦoɦosidei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦoɦosidei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦaɦasidei-
3. ɦaɦasidei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦaɦašidei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦaɦašidei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaḫašidei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √ɦɑd- (aff.) ‘zu’
(IEW 3)
(Pyysalo: IIr. + Hitt.)
√ɦɑed-
PIE *ɦɑed
Lat. ad
(prep.A) ‘zu, bei, an’
(WH. 1:11ff.)
1. PIE *ɦɑed
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑad
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑad
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦad
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦad
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. ad
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *ɦɑed·
Umbr. ař·
(pref.) ‘zu, bei, an’
(WH. 1:11)
1. PIE *ɦɑed·
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑad·
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑad·
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦad·
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦad·
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ad·
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ad·
*d → ř
Change of *d into ř
Rd›ř → Umbr. ař·
PIE *·ɦɑed
Umbr. ·ař
(postp.A) ‘zu, bei, an’
(WH. 1:11)
1. PIE *·ɦɑed
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *·ɦɑad
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ·ɦɑad
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *·ɦad
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ·ɦad
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *·ad
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ·ad
*d → ř
Change of *d into ř
Rd›ř → Umbr. ·ař
√·ɦɑed
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·ɦɑéd
RV. tr̥p·ád
(adv.) ‘zur genüge, bis zur sättigung’
(WbRV. 549)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑéd
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *Π·ɦɑád
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·ɦɑád
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦád
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·ɦád
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → RV. Π·ád
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *sm·ɦɑéd
RV. sm·ád
(prep.I) ‘zugleich, zusammen’
(WbRV. 1613)
1. PIE *sm·ɦɑéd
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *sm·ɦɑád
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. sm·ɦɑád
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sm·ɦád
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sm·ɦád
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → RV. sm·ád
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *sm·ɦɑed
gAv. m·ad
(prep.postp.) ‘zusammen mit –, sammt’
(AIWb. 1119)
1. PIE *sm·ɦɑed
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *sm·ɦɑad
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. sm·ɦɑad
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sm·ɦad
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sm·ɦad
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *sm·ad
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sm·ad
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → gAv. hm·ad
PIE *sum·hɑéd
RV. sum·ád
(adv.) ‘zusammen, zugleich’
(WbRV. 1545)
1. PIE *sum·hɑéd
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *sum·hɑád
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. sum·hɑád
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sum·hád
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sum·hád
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. sum·ád
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *meno·hɑedo
Hitt. mena·ḫada
(adv.) ‘opposite’
(Kimball 1999:318)
(Hitt. me-na-aḫ-ḫa-ta)
1. PIE *meno·hɑedo
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *meno·hɑado
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. meno·hɑado
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *meno·hado
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. meno·hado
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *mena·hada
4. mena·hada
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. mena·ḫada
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √ɦɑd- (sb.) ‘setzen, legen, ordnen, machen’
(IEW 185 [diff.])
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Goth.)
√ɦɑdo-
PIE *Π·ɦɑde/o-
Lat. con·de/o-
(pr.3.) ‘put, insert, establish’
(EtDiLat. 175)
(Lat. condere, condō)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑde/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦde/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦde/o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. Π·de/o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Π·ɦɑde/o-
Lat. ad·de/o-
(pr.3.) ‘add’
(EtDiLat. 175)
(Lat. abdere, abdō)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑde/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦde/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦde/o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. Π·de/o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Π·ɦɑde/o-
Lat. ab·de/o-
(pr.3.) ‘conceal’
(EtDiLat. 175)
(Lat. addere, addō)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑde/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦde/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦde/o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. Π·de/o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Π·ɦɑde/o-
Lat. in·de/o-
(pr.3.) ‘introduce, apply’
(EtDiLat. 175)
(Lat. indere, indō)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑde/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦde/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦde/o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. Π·de/o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Π·ɦɑde/o-
Lat. per·de/o-
(pr.3.) ‘destroy, lose’
(EtDiLat. 175)
(Lat. perdere, perdō)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑde/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦde/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦde/o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. Π·de/o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Π·ɦɑde/o-
Lat. sub·de/o-
(pr.3.) ‘place under, subject’
(EtDiLat. 175)
(Lat. subdere, subdō)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑde/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦde/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦde/o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. Π·de/o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√ɦɑdōi-
(Pyysalo)
(IEW 218-19, WP. 1:778)
PIE *Π·ɦɑdṓi̯-
RV. saṃ (...) dā́y-
(ao.P.) ‘zurüsten’
(WbRV. 592)
(RV. saṃ (...) dā́yi [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑdṓi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦdṓi̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦdṓi̯-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *Π·ɦdā́i̯-
3. Π·ɦdā́i̯-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·dā́i̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·dā́i̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·dā́y-
PIE *ɦɑdōi̯o
Goth. toj-
(n.) ‘ἐνέργεια, ἔργον, ποίημα, πρᾶγμα, πρᾶξις’
(GoEtD. 342)
(Goth. tojam [plD] Kol 3,9 B, toja [plA] Joh 8,41 CA)
1. PIE *ɦɑdōi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦdōi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦdōi̯o
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dōi̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dōi̯o
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *tōi̯o
4. tōi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tōi̯a
5. tōi̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *tōi̯
6. tōi̯
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *tōj
7. tōj
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Goth. toj
PIE *ɦɑedōi̯o-
Kpd. ḫadāa-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 333)
(Kpd. ḫa-da-a)
1. PIE *ɦɑedōi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadōi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadōi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadōi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadōi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦadōi̯a-
4. ɦadōi̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ɦadāi̯a-
5. ɦadāi̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. ḫadāi̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑdēui-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ɦɑedēu̯i-
Hitt. ḫadēu̯i-
(c.) ‘Inventar’
(HEG H:224-225)
(Hitt. ḫadeiu̯iš [sgN])
1. PIE *ɦɑedēu̯i-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadēu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadēu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadēu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadēu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫadēu̯i-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·ɦɑdēu̯ei-
Goth. taihun·tewei-
(a.) ‘zehnreihig: of the ten series’
(GoEtD. T7)
(Goth. fimf hundam taihuntewjam [plD]: πεντακοσίοις 1Kr 15,6 A L GoElB. 182,II, GoEtWb. 107, Regan 1974:123)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑdēu̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦdēu̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦdēu̯ei-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·dēu̯ei-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·dēu̯ei-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *Π·tēu̯ei-
4. Π·tēu̯ei-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *Π·tēu̯ī-
5. Π·tēu̯ī-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → *Π·tēwī-
6. Π·tēwī-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → *Π·tewī-
7. Π·tewī-
*ī → ei
Orthographic change of *ī into ei
Rī›ei → Goth. Π·tewei-
PIE *Π·ɦɑdēu̯ito
Goth. ga·tewiþ-
(pt.) ‘verordnen, bestimmen: χειροτονεῖν: ordinare’
(GoEtD. T7)
(Goth. gatewiþs [sgN] 2Kr 8,19 A B)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑdēu̯ito
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦdēu̯ito
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦdēu̯ito
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·dēu̯ito
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·dēu̯ito
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *Π·dēu̯iþo
4. Π·dēu̯iþo
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *Π·tēu̯iþo
5. Π·tēu̯iþo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·tēu̯iþa
6. Π·tēu̯iþa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *Π·tēu̯iþ
7. Π·tēu̯iþ
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → *Π·tēwiþ
8. Π·tēwiþ
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → Goth. Π·tewiþ
PIE *ɦɑedēu̯ito-
Hitt. ḫadēu̯ita-
(vb.) ‘inventarisieren’
(EHS 240, 476)
(Hitt. ḫadeiu̯itanzi)
1. PIE *ɦɑedēu̯ito-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadēu̯ito-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadēu̯ito-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadēu̯ito-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadēu̯ito-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦadēu̯ita-
4. ɦadēu̯ita-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫadēu̯ita-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *un·gɑɦo·ɦɑdēu̯idɑɦo
Goth. un·ga·tewid-
(pt.) ‘ungeordnet, unordentlich: ἀτακτεῖν: inquietus’
(GoEtD. T7)
(Goth. ungatewidai [plN] 2Th 3,7 A B + wisan)
1. PIE *un·gɑɦo·ɦɑdēu̯idɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *un·gɦo·ɦdēu̯idɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. un·gɦo·ɦdēu̯idɦo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *un·gɦo·dēu̯idɦo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. un·gɦo·dēu̯idɦo
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *un·gɦo·tēu̯idɦo
4. un·gɦo·tēu̯idɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *un·gɦo·tēu̯ido
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. un·gɦo·tēu̯ido
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *un·go·tēu̯ido
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. un·go·tēu̯ido
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *un·ga·tēu̯ida
7. un·ga·tēu̯ida
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *un·ga·tēu̯id
8. un·ga·tēu̯id
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → *un·ga·tēwid
9. un·ga·tēwid
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → Goth. un·ga·tewid
PIE *ɦɑedēu̯idɑɦoi-
Hitt. ḫadēu̯idai-
(vb.) ‘inventarisieren’ (HHand. 48)
(EHS 240, 476)
(Hitt. ḫa-ti-ú-i-ta-iz-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑedēu̯idɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadēu̯idɑɦoi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadēu̯idɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadēu̯idɦoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadēu̯idɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦadēu̯idɦai-
4. ɦadēu̯idɦai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦadēu̯idai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦadēu̯idai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫadēu̯idai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √ɦɑd- (vb.) ‘sprechen, verwünschen, klagen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: HLu. + IIr.)
√ɦɑdi-
PIE *ɦɑedei-
HLu. ḫadei-
(LOQUIvb.) ‘speak, proclaim’
(CHLu. 11.1.fg1)
(HLu. (“LOQUI”)ha-ti-i-ti)
1. PIE *ɦɑedei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫadei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑodei̯o-
HLu. ḫadei̯a-
(a.) ‘mentioned’
(CHLu. 11.1.a12)
(HLu. ha-ti-ia-pa-wa/i-mu)
1. PIE *ɦɑodei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦodei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦodei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦadei̯a-
3. ɦadei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫadei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑdis-
(HED 3:265)
PIE *ɦɑodeiso-
HLu. ḫadeiša-
(n.) ‘command’
(CHLu. 2.40.3)
(HLu. ha-ti-sá)
1. PIE *ɦɑodeiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦodeiso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦodeiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦadeisa-
3. ɦadeisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦadeiša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦadeiša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫadeiša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑedeistoi̯ont-
Hitt. ḫadeištaant-
(pt.) ‘verzaubert, verflucht’
(HEG H:222)
(Hitt. ḫa-te-iš-da-a-an-te-eš [plN])
1. PIE *ɦɑedeistoi̯ont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadeistoi̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadeistoi̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadeistoi̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadeistoi̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦadeistai̯ant-
4. ɦadeistai̯ant-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *ɦadeistaant-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. ɦadeistaant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦadeištaant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦadeištaant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫadeištaant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑedeistoi̯ontei-
Hitt. ḫadeištaantei-
(pt.) ‘verflucht, verzaubert’
(HEG H:222)
(Hitt. ḫa-ti-iš-ta-an-ti-ia-aš [plN])
1. PIE *ɦɑedeistoi̯ontei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadeistoi̯ontei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadeistoi̯ontei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadeistoi̯ontei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadeistoi̯ontei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦadeistai̯antei-
4. ɦadeistai̯antei-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *ɦadeistaantei-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. ɦadeistaantei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦadeištaantei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦadeištaantei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫadeištaantei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑdiu-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ɦɑdoiu̯ei̯o-
OInd. devaya-
(cs.) ‘ask, beg’
(MonWil. 492)
1. PIE *ɦɑdoiu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦdoiu̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦdoiu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦdaiu̯ei̯a-
3. ɦdaiu̯ei̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *daiu̯ei̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. daiu̯ei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *daiu̯ai̯a-
5. daiu̯ai̯a-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *dēu̯ai̯a-
6. dēu̯ai̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dēvai̯a-
7. dēvai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *dēvaya-
8. dēvaya-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → OInd. devaya-
PIE *ɦɑdoiu̯ei̯o-
OInd. devaya-
(cs.) ‘cause to lament, vex, pain’
(MonWil. 492)
1. PIE *ɦɑdoiu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦdoiu̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦdoiu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦdaiu̯ei̯a-
3. ɦdaiu̯ei̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *daiu̯ei̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. daiu̯ei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *daiu̯ai̯a-
5. daiu̯ai̯a-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *dēu̯ai̯a-
6. dēu̯ai̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dēvai̯a-
7. dēvai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *dēvaya-
8. dēvaya-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → OInd. devaya-
PIE *ɦɑdoiu̯eno-
OInd. devana-
(n.) ‘lamentation, wailing, grief, sorrow’
(MonWil. 492)
1. PIE *ɦɑdoiu̯eno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦdoiu̯eno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦdoiu̯eno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦdaiu̯ena-
3. ɦdaiu̯ena-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *daiu̯ena-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. daiu̯ena-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *daiu̯ana-
5. daiu̯ana-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *dēu̯ana-
6. dēu̯ana-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dēvana-
7. dēvana-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → OInd. devana-


PIE √ɦɑdiu- (vb.) ‘sich fügen’ (sb.) ‘Kult, Ritus’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: OAnat. + Toch.)
√ɦɑediēu-
PIE *ɦɑedi̯ēu-
Hitt. ḫazēu-
(n.) ‘ceremony, ritual, (religious) pageantry’
(HED 3:282-4)
(Hitt. ha-az-zi-ú, ha-az-zi-ú-ua-aš)
1. PIE *ɦɑedi̯ēu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadi̯ēu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadi̯ēu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadi̯ēu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadi̯ēu-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *ɦajēu-
4. ɦajēu-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *ɦazēu-
5. ɦazēu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫazēu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑedi̯ēu̯i-
Hitt. ḫazēu̯i-
(n.) ‘Kulthandlung, Ritual, Ritualzubehör’
(HHand. 48)
(Hitt. ḫaziu̯i-)
1. PIE *ɦɑedi̯ēu̯i-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadi̯ēu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadi̯ēu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadi̯ēu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadi̯ēu̯i-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *ɦajēu̯i-
4. ɦajēu̯i-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *ɦazēu̯i-
5. ɦazēu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫazēu̯i-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑedi̯ēu̯idɑɦ-
CLu. ḫazēu̯id-
(n.) ‘Kult, Ritus’
(DLL. 45)
(CLu. ḫaziu̯id-)
1. PIE *ɦɑedi̯ēu̯idɑɦ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadi̯ēu̯idɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadi̯ēu̯idɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadi̯ēu̯idɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadi̯ēu̯idɦ-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *ɦajēu̯idɦ-
4. ɦajēu̯idɦ-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *ɦazēu̯idɦ-
5. ɦazēu̯idɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦazēu̯id-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦazēu̯id-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫazēu̯id-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑedi̯ēu̯idɑɦo·si-
Hitt. ḫazēu̯ida·ši-
(LÚa.gen.) ‘of cult’
(HHand. 48)
(Hitt. ḫaziu̯idaši-)
1. PIE *ɦɑedi̯ēu̯idɑɦo·si-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadi̯ēu̯idɑɦo·si-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadi̯ēu̯idɑɦo·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadi̯ēu̯idɦo·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadi̯ēu̯idɦo·si-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *ɦajēu̯idɦo·si-
4. ɦajēu̯idɦo·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦajēu̯idɦa·si-
5. ɦajēu̯idɦa·si-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦajēu̯ida·si-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦajēu̯ida·si-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *ɦazēu̯ida·si-
7. ɦazēu̯ida·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦazēu̯ida·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
8. ɦazēu̯ida·ši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫazēu̯ida·ši-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑedi̯ēu̯or-
HLu. ḫaziu̯ar-
(LIGNUMn.) ‘ritual’
(CHLu. 323)
(HLu. (“LIGNUM”)ha-zi-wa/i+ra/i-ti [Abl], Hluwlex. 48)
1. PIE *ɦɑedi̯ēu̯or-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadi̯ēu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadi̯ēu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadi̯ēu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadi̯ēu̯or-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *ɦajēu̯or-
4. ɦajēu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦajēu̯ar-
5. ɦajēu̯ar-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *ɦazēu̯ar-
6. ɦazēu̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → *ḫazēu̯ar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
7. ḫazēu̯ar-
*ē → i
Change of *ē into i
Rē›i → HLu. ḫaziu̯ar-
√ɦɑdiuuo-
PIE *ɦɑdi̯uu̯o-
TochB. tsuwa-
(pret.) ‘sich fügen’
(LIV2:123)
(TochB. tsuwa ‘fügte sich’)
1. PIE *ɦɑdi̯uu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦdi̯uu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦdi̯uu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦdi̯uu̯a-
3. ɦdi̯uu̯a-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *ɦjuu̯a-
4. ɦjuu̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *juu̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. juu̯a-
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → *tsuu̯a-
6. tsuu̯a-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. tsuwa-


PIE √ɦɑug- √ɦɑueg- (vb.) ‘schlagen’
(IEW –; LIV2:286-7)
(Schmitt-Brandt 1967:87; or PIE √ɦɑugɑɦ-?)
√ɦɑueg-
(Schmitt-Brandt 1967:87)
PIE *ɦɑu̯eg-
Hitt. ḫu̯eg-
(vb.1.) ‘(ab)schlachten, dreschen’
(HHand. 51)
(Hitt. ḫu-e-ek-[mi], ḫu-ek-mi, ḫu-ek-zi, ḫu-ek-ta)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯eg-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯eg-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯eg-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯eg-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑu̯ege-
OPers. vaja-
(vb.) ‘put out (obj.: ‘eyes’)’
(OldP. 206)
(OPers. avajam [1sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯ege-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯ege-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯ege-
PIE *g → ǰ
2nd palatalization of *g
Rg›ǰ → *ɦu̯eǰe-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ɦu̯eǰe-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *u̯eǰe-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯eǰe-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *u̯eje-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. u̯eje-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *u̯aja-
6. u̯aja-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OPers. vaja-
√ɦɑug-
PIE *ɦɑug-
Hitt. ḫug-
(vb.1.) ‘(ab)schlachten, dreschen’
(HHand. 51)
(Hitt. ḫu-uk-zi, ḫu-kán-zi, ḫu-u-kán-ta)
1. PIE *ɦɑug-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦug-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦug-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫug-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑugo-
Hitt. ḫuga-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘(ab)schlachten, dreschen’
(HIL. 406)
(Hitt. ḫu-ga-an-na [inf.])
1. PIE *ɦɑugo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦugo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦugo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦuga-
3. ɦuga-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuga-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑugont-
Hitt. ḫugant-
(pt.) ‘geschlachtet’
(HIL. 406)
(Hitt. ḫu-ga-a-an-t-)
1. PIE *ɦɑugont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦugont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦugont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦugant-
3. ɦugant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫugant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑugodɑɦor-
Hitt. ḫugadar-
(n.N.act.) ‘(Ab)Schlachten’
(HHand. 51)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-ga-tar)
1. PIE *ɦɑugodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦugodɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦugodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦugadɦar-
3. ɦugadɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦugadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦugadar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫugadar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑugeski̯e/o-
Hitt. ḫugeške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘(ab)schlachten’
(HIL. 406)
(Hitt. ḫu-uk-ki-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *ɦɑugeski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦugeski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦugeski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ɦugesḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦugesḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦugesḱe/a-
4. ɦugesḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ɦugeske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. ɦugeske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦugeške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦugeške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫugeške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑugesor-
Hitt. ḫugešar-
(n.) ‘slaughtering’
(HHand. 51)
(Hitt. ḫu-ke-eš-šar, ḫu-ge-eš-šar)
1. PIE *ɦɑugesor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦugesor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦugesor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦugesar-
3. ɦugesar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦugešar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦugešar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫugešar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑugesor-
Pal. ḫugešar-
(n.) ‘Schlachttier, Opfertier’
(HHand. 51)
(Pal. ḫugišar/n-)
1. PIE *ɦɑugesor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦugesor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦugesor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦugesar-
3. ɦugesar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦugešar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦugešar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. ḫugešar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑugesn-
Hitt. ḫugešn-
(n.) ‘slaughtering’
(HIL. 406)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-ke-eš-ni [sgDL])
1. PIE *ɦɑugesn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦugesn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦugesn-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦugešn-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. ɦugešn-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫugešn-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √ɦɑugɑɦ- √ɦɑuegɑɦ- √ɦɑuogɑɦ- (vb.) ‘beschwören, verkünden, prahlen’
(IEW 348)
(Čop 1955b:63f., Oettinger SHV 103)
√ɦɑuegɑɦ-
PIE *ɦɑu̯egɑɦ-
Hitt. ḫu̯eg-
(pr.1.A.) ‘beschwören, Beschwörung sprechen’
(HEG H:255-257)
(Hitt. ḫu-ek-mi, ḫu-e-ek-mi, ḫu-ek-zi, HHand. 51)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯egɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯egɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯egɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦu̯eg-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. ɦu̯eg-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯eg-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑugɑɦ-
(Čop 1955b:63f.)
PIE *ɦɑugɑɦ-
Hitt. ḫug-
(vb.1.) ‘beschwören, Beschwörung sprechen’
(HEG H:255-257)
(Hitt. ḫu-uk-zi, ḫukanzi)
1. PIE *ɦɑugɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦugɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦugɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦug-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. ɦug-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫug-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑeugɑɦ-
(Oettinger SHV 103)
PIE *ɦɑeugɑɦ·éi̯o-
Gr. αὐχ·έο-
(pr.A.) ‘sich rühmen, prahlen’
(GEW 1:192)
(Gr. αὐχέω)
1. PIE *ɦɑeugɑɦ·éi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑaugɑɦ·éi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaugɑɦ·éi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦaugɦ·éi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦaugɦ·éi̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *augɦ·éi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. augɦ·éi̯o-
*gɦ → kh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›kh → *aukh·éi̯o-
5. aukh·éi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *aukh·éo-
6. aukh·éo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. αὐχ·έο-
√eɦɑugɑɦ-
(Čop 1955b:63f.)
PIE *eɦɑúgɑɦ-
Gr. εὔχ-
(pr.M.) ‘verkünden, prahlen, feierlich geloben’
(GEW 1:595-6)
(Gr. εὖκτο)
1. PIE *eɦɑúgɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eɦúgɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eɦúgɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *eúgɦ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. eúgɦ-
*gɦ → kh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›kh → *eúkh-
4. eúkh-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. εὔχ-
PIE *eɦɑugɑɦ-
gAv. aog-
(pr.) ‘verkünden, sagen, sprechen, heißen’
(AIWb. 37-8)
(gAv. aogǝmadaēčā, aōgǝdā)
1. PIE *eɦɑugɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eɦugɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eɦugɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *eugɦ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. eugɦ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *eug-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. eug-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *aug-
5. aug-
*au → ao
Opening of *au
Rau›ao → gAv. aog-


PIE √ɦɑulb- √ɦɑuolb- √ɦɑuelb- (sb.) ‘Bückel, Hügel, Embryo, Wulst’
(IEW 1140ff.)
(Pyysalo)
√ɦɑulbo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ɦɑúLbo-
RV. úlba-
(n.) ‘die Eihaut, Hülle des Embryo’
(WbRV. 266)
(According to Grassmann to √vr̥- ‘bedecken’)
1. PIE *ɦɑúLbo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦúLbo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦúLbo-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *ɦúlbo-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. ɦúlbo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦúlba-
4. ɦúlba-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → RV. úlba-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *hɑen·ɦɑuLbeɑhlnó-
RV. an·ulbaṇá-
(a.) ‘ohne Wulst oder Knoten, ohne Fehl’
(WbRV. 60)
1. PIE *hɑen·ɦɑuLbeɑhlnó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑan·ɦɑuLbeɑhlnó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan·ɦɑuLbeɑhlnó-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑan·ɦɑuLbaɑhlnó-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑan·ɦɑuLbaɑhlnó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *han·ɦuLbahlnó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. han·ɦuLbahlnó-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *han·ɦuLbahrnó-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
5. han·ɦuLbahrnó-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *han·ɦulbahrnó-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
6. han·ɦulbahrnó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *han·ɦulbahrná-
7. han·ɦulbahrná-
PIE *hRn → ṇ
Fortunatov’s Law for *hRn
RhRn›ṇ → *han·ɦulbaṇá-
(SPIE §3.3.2)
8. han·ɦulbaṇá-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *han·ulbaṇá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
9. han·ulbaṇá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. an·ulbaṇá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *ɦɑulboro-
Hitt. ḫulbara-
(n.) ‘Bückel, Hügel, hügeliges Gelände’
(HHand2 64)
1. PIE *ɦɑulboro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦulboro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦulboro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦulbara-
3. ɦulbara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫulbara-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑuolbo-
(HEG H:327)
PIE *ɦɑu̯olbono-
CLu. ḫu̯albana-
(n./c.?) ‘-(?)-’ (cf. HHand2 64)
(DLL. 50)
(CLu. ḫu-ua-al-pa-na-ti [sgAbl])
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯olbono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯olbono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯olbono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯albana-
3. ɦu̯albana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯albana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑu̯olbont-
Hitt. ḫu̯albant-
(a.) ‘einen Buckel habend?’
(HHand2 64)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯olbont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯olbont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯olbont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯albant-
3. ɦu̯albant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯albant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √ɦɑurb- (sb.) ‘Stock, Blatt, Schale, Rute’
(IEW 1153)
(Neumann 1961:79)
√ɦɑuorb-
PIE *ɦɑu̯orbono-
CLu. ḫu̯arbana-
(GIŠ.) ‘Laub?’
(DLL. 50)
(CLu. ḫu-ua-ar-pa-an-n[a-, HHand. 58)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯orbono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯orbono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯orbono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯arbana-
3. ɦu̯arbana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯arbana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑu̯orbi-
Hitt. ḫu̯arbi-
(GIŠc.) ‘Rute, Gerte’ (HHand. 58)
(HEG H:332)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯orbi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯orbi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯orbi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯arbi-
3. ɦu̯arbi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯arbi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑuerb-
PIE *ɦɑu̯erbḗɑh
Lith. verbà-
(f.) ‘Birkenrute’
(LiEtWb. 1225)
(Lith. verbà)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯erbḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *ɦɑu̯erbā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ɦɑu̯erbā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯erbā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦu̯erbā́h
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *u̯erbā́h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯erbā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯erbā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯erbā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *u̯erbṓ
(XX:XX)
6. u̯erbṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → *u̯erbà
7. u̯erbà
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. verbà
√ɦɑurbo-
PIE *ɦɑu̯oɦɑurbol-
Hitt. ḫu̯aḫurbal-
(GIŠn.) ‘Stock, Treibstock, Peitsche?’
(HHand. 57)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯oɦɑurbol-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯oɦurbol-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯oɦurbol-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯aɦurbal-
3. ɦu̯aɦurbal-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯aḫurbal-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑuɦɑurboli-
HLu. ḫuḫurbali-
(LIGNUMsb.) ‘(part of) a war chariot’
(CHLu. 2.11.+12.10)
(HLu. (“LIGNUM”)hu-hu+ra/i-pa-li)
1. PIE *ɦɑuɦɑurboli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦuɦurboli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦuɦurboli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦuɦurbali-
3. ɦuɦurbali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫuḫurbali-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑurbono-
Hitt. ḫurbana-
(URUc.) ‘(neben Aštata und Kargamiš)’
(OGH. 127)
(Hitt. ḫu-ur-pa-na-aš [sgN] ‘Von König Ḫantili erobert und tributpflichtig gemacht’)
1. PIE *ɦɑurbono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦurbono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦurbono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦurbana-
3. ɦurbana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫurbana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑurbonto-
Hitt. ḫurbanta
(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 127)
(Hitt. ḫu-ur-pa-an-ta (KUB XVII, 24 10’))
1. PIE *ɦɑurbonto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦurbonto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦurbonto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦurbanta-
3. ɦurbanta-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫurbanta-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑurbonto·u̯oni-
HLu. ḫurbanta·u̯ani-
(REGIOc.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 9.8.2)
(HLu. hu+ra/i-pa-tà-wa/i-ni-sa(REGIO)
1. PIE *ɦɑurbonto·u̯oni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦurbonto·u̯oni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦurbonto·u̯oni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦurbanta·u̯ani-
3. ɦurbanta·u̯ani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫurbanta·u̯ani-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑurbo·Σ
Hitt. ḫurba·šta-
(c.) ‘Blatt, Schale’
(HEG H:307)
(HHand. 56, ḫurbašta-)
1. PIE *ɦɑurbo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦurbo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦurbo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦurba·Σ
3. ɦurba·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫurba·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑurbo·Σ
Hitt. ḫurba·štan-
(c.) ‘Blatt, Schale’
(HEG H:307)
(HHand. 56, ḫurbaštan-)
1. PIE *ɦɑurbo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦurbo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦurbo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦurba·Σ
3. ɦurba·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫurba·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑurbu-
PIE *ɦɑurbu·Σ
Hitt. ḫurbu·šta-
(c.) ‘Blatt, Schale’
(HHand. 56)
1. PIE *ɦɑurbu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦurbu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦurbu·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫurbu·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑurbu·Σ
CLu. ḫurbu·šta-
(GKLn.) ‘Blatt?’ (HHand. 44)
(DLL. 42)
1. PIE *ɦɑurbu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦurbu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦurbu·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫurbu·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑurbu·Σ
Hitt. ḫurbu·šta-
(URU.) ‘(›Kariuna)’
(OGH. 89-90)
(Hitt. ḪUR-pu-uš-ta [Stf.])
1. PIE *ɦɑurbu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦurbu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦurbu·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫurbu·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑurbu·Σ
Hitt. ḫurbu·šta-
(KUR.) ‘(›Kamama)’
(OGHErg. 31)
(Hitt. ḪUR-pu-uš-ta [Stf.])
1. PIE *ɦɑurbu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦurbu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦurbu·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫurbu·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑurbu·Σ
Hitt. ḫurbu·štan-
(c.) ‘Blatt, Schale’
(HHand. 56)
1. PIE *ɦɑurbu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦurbu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦurbu·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫurbu·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √ɦɑud- (vb.) ‘quarrel: stoßen, brechen usw.’
(IEW 773)
(Pyysalo: Gr. + HLu.)
√ɦɑud-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ɦɑoudiɑ́h-
SCr. udi-
(vb.) ‘harm’
(IEW 773)
(SCr. uditi)
1. PIE *ɦɑoudiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *ɦɑoudiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. ɦɑoudiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦoudiíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦoudiíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦaudiíh-
4. ɦaudiíh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *audiíh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. audiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *audií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. audií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *audī́-
7. audī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *oudī́-
8. oudī́-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *ūdī́-
9. ūdī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *ūdí-
10. ūdí-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → SCr. udí-
PIE *ɦɑoudúso-
Gr. οὐδύο-
(vb.) ‘quarrel’
(GEW 2:351)
(in Hes. οὐδύεται· ἐρίζεται)
1. PIE *ɦɑoudúso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦoudúso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦoudúso-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *oudúso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. oudúso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *oudúho-
4. oudúho-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *oudúo-
5. oudúo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. οὐδύο-
PIE *ɦɑ́udi̯o-
OIcl. ȳta-
(vb.) ‘ausstoßen, aussetzen’
(ANEtWb. 680b)
(OIcl. ȳta [inf.])
1. PIE *ɦɑ́udi̯o-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *ɦúudi̯o-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. ɦúudi̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *úudi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. úudi̯o-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *ū́di̯o-
4. ū́di̯o-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *ū́ti̯o-
5. ū́ti̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ū́ti̯a-
6. ū́ti̯a-
ū́ti̯ -› ȳ́t
Umlaut of ū́ti̯ to ȳ́t
Rū́ti̯›ȳ́t → OIcl. ȳ́ta-
PIE *ɦɑudoili-
HLu. ḫudaili-
(273.vb.) ‘brechen: strike’
(CHLu. 2.25.7)
(HLu. (*273)hu-ta-i-li-ta-‘)
1. PIE *ɦɑudoili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦudoili-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦudoili-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦudaili-
3. ɦudaili-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫudaili-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √ɦɑud- (sb.) ‘Erde, Fußboden, Baugrube, Stadt’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√ɦɑudeɑh-
PIE *ɦɑoúdeɑhs-
Gr. οὔδασ-
(n.) ‘Erd-, Fußboden’
(GEW 2:442)
(Gr. οῦδας)
1. PIE *ɦɑoúdeɑhs-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ɦɑoúdaɑhs-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. ɦɑoúdaɑhs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦoúdahs-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦoúdahs-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *oúdahs-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. oúdahs-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oúdas-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. oúdas-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. οὔδασ-
PIE *ɦɑoudeɑhíi̯o-
Gr. οὐδαίο-
(a.) ‘auf/unter dem Erdboden befindlich’
(GEW 2:442)
(Gr. οὐδαῖος)
1. PIE *ɦɑoudeɑhíi̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ɦɑoudaɑhíi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. ɦɑoudaɑhíi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦoudahíi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦoudahíi̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *oudahíi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. oudahíi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oudaíi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. oudaíi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *oudaío-
6. oudaío-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. οὐδαίο-
√ɦɑudi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ɦɑ́udi̯o-
OIcl. ȳt-
(m.pl) ‘Mensch(en)’
(ANEtWb. 680b)
(OIcl. ȳtar [plN] ‹here if ‘earthlings’ vel sim.›)
1. PIE *ɦɑ́udi̯o-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *ɦúudi̯o-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. ɦúudi̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *úudi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. úudi̯o-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *ū́di̯o-
4. ū́di̯o-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *ū́ti̯o-
5. ū́ti̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ū́ti̯a-
6. ū́ti̯a-
ū́ti̯ -› ȳ́t
Umlaut of ū́ti̯ to ȳ́t
Rū́ti̯›ȳ́t → OIcl. ȳ́ta-
PIE *Π·ɦɑoudíɦɑdi̯o-
Gr. προσ·ουδίζο-
(vb.) ‘zu Boden werfen’
(GEW 2:442)
(Gr. προσουδίζω)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑoudíɦɑdi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦoudíɦdi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦoudíɦdi̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·oudídi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·oudídi̯o-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *Π·oudíjo-
4. Π·oudíjo-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *Π·oudízo-
5. Π·oudízo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·ουδίζο-
√ɦɑudoni-
PIE *ɦɑudoni-
HLu. ḫudani-
(URBSn.) ‘city, town, village’
(CHLu. 2.13+14.17e)
(HLu. (URBS)(-)hu-ta-ni)
1. PIE *ɦɑudoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦudoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦudoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦudani-
3. ɦudani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫudani-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑudoni·si-
HLu. ḫudani·ši-
(URBSa.gen.) ‘of the city’
(CHLu. 2.24.19)
(if in HLu. URBS-si-ia-ti)
1. PIE *ɦɑudoni·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦudoni·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦudoni·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦudani·si-
3. ɦudani·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦudani·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦudani·ši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫudani·ši-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑudonu-
(HHand2 63)
PIE *ɦɑudonu-
Hitt. ḫudanu-
(c.) ‘Baugrube?’
(HHand. 57)
1. PIE *ɦɑudonu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦudonu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦudonu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦudanu-
3. ɦudanu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫudanu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑudonu̯i-
CLu. ḫudanu̯i-
(GKLc.) ‘-(?)-’
(DLL. 49)
(CLu. ḫu-ta-nu-en-zi [plN])
1. PIE *ɦɑudonu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦudonu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦudonu̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦudanu̯i-
3. ɦudanu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫudanu̯i-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑudes-
PIE *ɦɑoúdes-
Gr. οὔδεσ-
(n.) ‘Erd-, Fußboden’
(GEW 2:442)
(Gr. οὔδεος [G], οὔδει [D])
1. PIE *ɦɑoúdes-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦoúdes-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦoúdes-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *oúdes-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. oúdes-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. οὔδεσ-


PIE √ɦɑudɑɦ- (vb.) ‘binden, weben’
(IEW 346f.)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√ɦɑudɑɦ-
PIE *ɦɑéhɑudɑɦ-
Lith. áud-
(vb.) ‘weben: weave’
(LiEtWb. 26)
(Lith. áusti [inf.])
1. PIE *ɦɑéhɑudɑɦ-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *ɦɑáhɑudɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑáhɑudɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦáhudɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦáhudɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *áhudɦ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. áhudɦ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *áudɦ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. áudɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → Lith. áud-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *ɦɑeudɑɦ-
Arm. aud-
(sb.) ‘Schuh: footwear’
(EtDiArm. 150)
1. PIE *ɦɑeudɑɦ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑaudɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaudɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦaudɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦaudɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *audɦ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. audɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → Arm. aud-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *Π·ɦɑeudɑɦ-
Arm. y·aud-
(sb.) ‘Band, Glied, Gelenk’
(IEW 75)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑeudɑɦ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·ɦɑaudɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·ɦɑaudɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦaudɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·ɦaudɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·audɦ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·audɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → Arm. Π·aud-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
√ɦɑudɑɦi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ɦɑúdɑɦi-
Lith. ũdi-
(.) ‘ein einmaliges Gewebe, das Abweben’
(LiEtWb. 26)
1. PIE *ɦɑúdɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦúdɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦúdɦi-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *ɦùdɦi-
3. ɦùdɦi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ùdɦi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ùdɦi-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *ùdi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. ùdi-
ùdi -› ũdi
Circumflex intonation ù -› ũ
Rùdi›ũdi → Lith. ũdi-
PIE *ɦɑudɑɦi-
Hitt. ḫuzi-
(GADAn.) ‘(ein Tuch oder Kleidungsstück)’
(HHand. 59)
(HEG H:334)
1. PIE *ɦɑudɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦudɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦudɦi-
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi›jɦi → *ɦujɦi-
3. ɦujɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦuji-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦuji-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *ɦuzi-
5. ɦuzi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuzi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑéhɑudɑɦi̯o-
Lith. áudžia-
(vb.) ‘weben’
(LiEtWb. 26)
(Lith. áudžiu [1sg], áudžiau [1sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑéhɑudɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *ɦɑáhɑudɑɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑáhɑudɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦáhudɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦáhudɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → džɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i̯
Rdɦi̯›džɦi → *ɦáhudžɦio-
(SPIE §XX)
4. ɦáhudžɦio-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *áhudžio-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. áhudžio-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *áudžio-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. áudžio-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Lith. áudžia-


PIE √i- √oi- √ei- (vb.) ‘glänzen, brennen, flammen’ (a.) ‘warm, heiß’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√oi-
PIE *oi-
Hitt. ai-
(vb.2.M.) ‘warm, heiß sein’
(HEG A:3-4, HIL. 199)
(Hitt. a-i-it-ta-at [3sg], a-a-ri [3sg], a-a-an-ta [3pl])
1. PIE *oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ai-
PIE *oi̯on-
Hitt. aan-
(n.indecl.) ‘(ein Gebäck)’
(HEG A:24)
(Hitt. a-a-an [sgNA], HW2 A:44)
1. PIE *oi̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ai̯an-
2. ai̯an-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → Hitt. aan-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
PIE *oi̯ont-
Hitt. aant-
(pt.) ‘heiß, warm’
(CGr. 2:18 & n.23)
(Hitt. a-a-an-za, a-a-an-te-it, HHand. 17)
1. PIE *oi̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ai̯ant-
2. ai̯ant-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → Hitt. aant-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
PIE *oi̯onto-
Hitt. aanta-
(URU.) ‘(im Lande Tarḫuntaša)’
(OGHErg. 7)
(Hitt. a-an-ta [All], a-an-ta-aš [N])
1. PIE *oi̯onto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ai̯anta-
2. ai̯anta-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → Hitt. aanta-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
√intr-
PIE *Π·intriɑ́h-
OCS. ob·ętri-
(vb.) ‘entflammen’
(Sadnik √206)
(OCS. obętriti)
1. PIE *Π·intriɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *Π·intriíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·intriíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·intrií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·intrií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *Π·intrī́-
4. Π·intrī́-
*i n → ę
Emergence of nasal vowel ę
Rin›ę → *Π·ętrī́-
5. Π·ętrī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *Π·ętrí-
6. Π·ętrí-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → OCS. Π·ętri-
PIE *Π·intriɑ́h-
OCS. ob·ętri-
(vb.refl.) ‘entbrennen lassen’
(Sadnik √206)
(OCS. obętriti sę ‘brennen, hitzig sein’)
1. PIE *Π·intriɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *Π·intriíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·intriíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·intrií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·intrií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *Π·intrī́-
4. Π·intrī́-
*i n → ę
Emergence of nasal vowel ę
Rin›ę → *Π·ętrī́-
5. Π·ętrī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *Π·ętrí-
6. Π·ętrí-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → OCS. Π·ętri-
PIE *Π·intri̯ēɑh-
OCS. ob·ętrja-
(vb.) ‘glühen’
(Sadnik √206)
(OCS. obętrjati)
1. PIE *Π·intri̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·intri̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·intri̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·intri̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·intri̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·intri̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·intri̯ā-
*i n → ę
Emergence of nasal vowel ę
Rin›ę → *Π·ętri̯ā-
5. Π·ętri̯ā-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *Π·ętrjā-
6. Π·ętrjā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OCS. Π·ętrja-
√inu-
PIE *inu-
Hitt. inu-
(vb.1.cs.) ‘warm/heiß machen; kochen’
(HIL. 199, HHand. 31, 62)
(Hitt. i-nu-uz-zi, i-nu-ut-te-en)
PIE *inuski̯e/o-
Hitt. inuške/a-
(cs.iter.) ‘warm/heiß machen; kochen’
(HIL. 199, HHand. 31)
(Hitt. i-nu-uš-ki/a-)
1. PIE *inuski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *inusḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. inusḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *inusḱe/a-
3. inusḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *inuske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. inuske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. inuške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *inu·Σ
Hitt. inu·taḫaba-
(URU.) ‘(Zorn der Gottheit Tarupašani von I.)’
(OGHErg. 51)
(Hitt. in-nu-ta-ḫa-pa[ [All])
√is-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *is·Σ
Hitt. iš·anapi-
(c.) ‘(ein Schmuckgegenstand aus Eisen ‹= iš-›)’
(HHand. 63)
(cf. Hitt. anapi- ‘unbekannte Substanz’)
1. PIE *is·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. iš·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *eis·Σ
Goth. eis·arn-
(n.) ‘Eisen: iron’
(GoEtD. E2)
(Goth. eisarna [plA] Mrk 5,4 CA, eisarnam [plD] Mrk 5,4 CA; L.: HbGo. 27,1)
1. PIE *eis·Σ
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *īs·Σ
2. īs·Σ
*ī → ei
Orthographic change of *ī into ei
Rī›ei → Goth. eis·Σ
PIE *ois-
Hitt. aiš-
(vb.) ‘become hot?’
(HIL. 199)
(Hitt. a-i-iš-ša-an-zi [3pl] ‹meaning uncertain›)
1. PIE *ois-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ais-
2. ais-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. aiš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √i- √oi- √ei- (vb.) ‘geben’
(IEW 10)
(Pyysalo)
√oi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ɦɑigi̯·oi-
CLu. ḫiz·ai-
(vb.) ‘aushändigen, anvertrauen?’
(HHand. 51)
(CLu. ḫi-iz-za-in-du [3pl], Laroche DLL. 46)
1. PIE *ɦɑigi̯·oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦigi̯·oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦigi̯·oi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦij́·oi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦij́·oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦij́·ai-
4. ɦij́·ai-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *ɦiz·ai-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. ɦiz·ai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫiz·ai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *oi̯-
TochB. ay-
(pr.MA.) ‘give’ (LeTokh. 1:174-5)
(DTochB. 100)
(TochB. ayītär [3sg], ayi-ne [3sg]
1. PIE *oi̯-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ai̯-
2. ai̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochB. ay-
PIE *ōi̯-
TochB. āy-
(pr.A.) ‘give’
(DTochB. 100)
(TochB. āyu [1sg], ait [3sg], aiṃ [3sg])
1. PIE *ōi̯-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *āi̯-
2. āi̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochB. āy-
√ei-
√ioi-
√ior-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *i̯or-
HLu. i̯ar-
(LONGUSvb.) ‘stretch out, extend, put forth’
(CHLu. 3.3.9)
(HLu. (LONGUS)ia+ra/i-ta [3.3.9], ia+ra/i-ti-i [10.14.24])
1. PIE *i̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. i̯ar-
PIE *i̯or·ori-
HLu. i̯ar·ari-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 2.22.1)
(HLu. i-a+ra/i-ri+i-i-sa ‹suffix unexplained›)
1. PIE *i̯or·ori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. i̯ar·ari-
PIE *ōi̯or-
TochB. āyar-
(sb.) ‘‹‘≈ gift, giving?’, see also Adams →›’
(DTochB. 47)
(TochB. ton āyarsa śwātsi yoktsi eneṃ taṣakke)
1. PIE *ōi̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ōi̯ar-
2. ōi̯ar-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *āi̯ar-
3. āi̯ar-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochB. āyar-
√ioro-
PIE *i̯oro-
HLu. i̯ara-
(SCALPRUMsb.?) ‘-(?)- ‹uncertain›’
(CHLu. 2.24.11)
(HLu. ‘SCALPRUM’(-)i-ara/i-za [plD])
1. PIE *i̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. i̯ara-
PIE *i̯oro·Σ
CLu. i̯ara·ziti-
(Ic.*) ‘-(?)-·man’
(NOMS. 434)
(in Hitt. ia-ar-LÚ-iš, Akd. ia-ra-LÚ)
1. PIE *i̯oro·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. i̯ara·Σ
PIE *i̯oro·Σ
Hitt. i̯ara·zalma-
(Ic.) ‘(écuyer)’
(NOMS. 433)
(Hitt. ia-ar-ra-za-al-ma(-aš))
1. PIE *i̯oro·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. i̯ara·Σ
PIE *i̯oro·Σ
Hitt. i̯ara·paḫša-
(mc.*) ‘≈ offering protection’
(NOMS. 430)
(Hitt. ia-ar-ra-PAB-aš, Sum. PAB ‘schützen, sichern’)
1. PIE *i̯oro·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. i̯ara·Σ
√iori-
PIE *i̯ori-
HLu. i̯ari-
(LONGUSvb.) ‘extend’
(CHLu. 2.24.17)
(HLu. (‘LONGUS’)ia+ra/i-i-ha)
1. PIE *i̯ori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. i̯ari-
PIE *i̯ori-
Hitt. i̯ari-
(mc.) ‘auteur de rituel’
(NOMS. 435)
(Hitt. ia-ar-ri)
1. PIE *i̯ori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. i̯ari-
PIE *i̯ori-
Hitt. i̯ari-
(dc.) ‘‹cf. below›’
(OHP. 1:178-81)
(Hitt. ia-ar-ri [Abs], ia-ri-iš)
1. PIE *i̯ori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. i̯ari-
PIE *i̯ori-
CLu. i̯ari-
(dc.) ‘a Luwian war god armed with a bow’
(OHP. 1:178-81)
(CLu. ia-ar-ri-in [sgA])
1. PIE *i̯ori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. i̯ari-
PIE *Π·i̯ori̯o-
HLu. ARHA i̯ari̯a·-
(LONGUSvb.) ‘stretch out’
(CHLu. 2.11.3)
(HLu. ARHA (“LONGUS”)ia+ra/i-ia-ta)
1. PIE *Π·i̯ori̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. Π·i̯ari̯a-
PIE *i̯ori·si-
CLu. i̯ari·ši-
(da.gen.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:178-81)
(CLu. ia-ar-ri-iš-ši-iš [N])
1. PIE *i̯ori·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *i̯ari·si-
2. i̯ari·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. i̯ari·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ioru-
PIE *i̯oru
CLu. i̯aru-
(vb.) ‘‹cf. above?› (HHand. 59)’
(DLL. 50)
(CLu. ia-ru-un-ta [3pl])
1. PIE *i̯oru
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. i̯aru
√idɑɦi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *kus·idɑɦi̯o-
Hitt. kuš·iza-
(sb.) ‘Akd. BI-IB-LU: Hochzeitgeschenk’
(Rieken 1999:258)
1. PIE *kus·idɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kus·idɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kus·idɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *kus·ijɦo-
3. kus·ijɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kus·ijɦa-
4. kus·ijɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *kus·ija-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. kus·ija-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *kus·iza-
6. kus·iza-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. kuš·iza-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√iu-
PIE *ōi̯u-
TochB. āyu
(pret.pt.) ‘given’
(DTochB. 100)
1. PIE *ōi̯u-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *āi̯u-
2. āi̯u-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochB. āyu-
√ieur-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ōi̯our-
TochB. āyor
(sb.) ‘Gabe’
(DTochB. 100)
(TochB. āyormeṃ [sgAbl])
1. PIE *ōi̯our-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ōi̯aur-
2. ōi̯aur-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *āi̯aur-
3. āi̯aur-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *āi̯ōr-
4. āi̯ōr-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *āi̯or-
5. āi̯or-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochB. āyor-
PIE *i̯eur-
OGaul. ieur-
(pret.) ‘offer’
(DLG. 188f.)
(OGaul. ieuru [3sg], Alise, EtDiPC. 122)
1. PIE *i̯eur-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → OGaul. ieur-
√iuoru-
PIE *iu̯oru-
Hitt. iu̯aru-
(n.) ‘Erbschaft, Mitgift, Geschenk’
(HEG I:454-6)
(HuIdg. 55, Weitenberg 1984:445, Rieken 1999:354, HHand. 68)
1. PIE *iu̯oru-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. iu̯aru-
PIE *iu̯oru̯oi-
Hitt. iu̯aru̯ai-
(vb.) ‘beschenken, verleihen’
(HHand. 68)
(SHV 33)
1. PIE *iu̯oru̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. iu̯aru̯ai-
PIE *iu̯oru̯oli-
Hitt. iu̯aru̯ali-
(c.) ‘(ein Funktionär)’
(HHand. 68)
1. PIE *iu̯oru̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. iu̯aru̯ali-


PIE √i- (vb.) ‘sein’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√oi-
PIE *oi-
Pal. ai-
(pr.1.A.) ‘sein’
(HHand. 12)
(Pal. ai ‘sei!’ [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Pal. ai-
PIE *op·oi-
Hitt. ap·ai-
(vb.2.) ‘fertig sein, zu Ende sein’
(HHand. 18)
1. PIE *op·oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ap·ai-
PIE *oi̯o-
CLu. aa-
(vb.) ‘sein’
(KBo IX 145 11-12)
(CLu. URUDU-iš /tarm/iš 3-šu 9-un aadu ḫuw[a- 12 /tarminzi/ 3-šu 9-un aadu ‹thus not to be emended as †aa‹š›du›)
1. PIE *oi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ai̯a-
2. ai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → CLu. aa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
√eio-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·ei̯o-
Hitt. ap·ei̯a-
(vb.2.) ‘fertig sein, zu Ende sein’
(HHand. 18)
1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. Π·ei̯a-
PIE *Π·ei̯o-
CLu. ku̯anzun·ei̯a-
(vb.) ‘schwer sein, niedergedrückt sein’
(HHand. 88)
1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. Π·ei̯a-
PIE *Π·ei̯o-
Hitt. laḫlaḫ·ei̯a-
(vb.1.M.) ‘erregt/ängstlich sein, sich sorgen’
(HEG L:13)
1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. Π·ei̯a-
PIE *Π·ei̯o-
Hitt. laz·ei̯a-
(vb.M.) ‘günstig sein’
(HEG L:49)
1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. Π·ei̯a-
PIE *Π·ei̯o-
Hitt. zap·ei̯a-
(vb.M.) ‘undicht sein, tropfen, lecken’
(HIL. 1193)
1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. Π·ei̯a-
PIE *Π·ei̯o-
Lat. hūm·eo-
(vb.) ‘feucht sein’
(WH. 2:815)
(Lat. hūmeō)
1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
Rei̯o›eo → Lat. Π·eo-
PIE *Π·ei̯o-
Lat. sil·eo-
(pr.2.) ‘be silent’
(WH. 2:535-6)
(Lat. sileō)
1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
Rei̯o›eo → Lat. Π·eo-
PIE *Π·ei̯o-
Lat. sol·eo-
(pr.2.) ‘gewohnt sein, pflegen’
(WH. 2:555)
(Lat. soleō)
1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
Rei̯o›eo → Lat. Π·eo-
PIE *Π·ei̯o-
Lat. sord·eo-
(vb.2.) ‘schmutzig sein’
(WH. 2:562)
(Lat. sordeō
1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
Rei̯o›eo → Lat. Π·eo-
PIE *Π·ei̯o-
Lat. alb·eo-
(vb.) ‘be white: weiß sein’
(OxLatD. 92)
(Lat. albeō)
1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
Rei̯o›eo → Lat. Π·eo-
PIE *Π·ei̯o-
Lat. au·eo-
(pr.2.) ‘gegrüßt sein’
(WH. 1:81-2)
(Lat. auē, auētō, auēte)
1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
Rei̯o›eo → Lat. Π·eo-
√i-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *i-
Goth. i-
(pr.) ‘be’
(GoEtD. I15)
(Goth. im [1sg])
PIE *imbɑɦo·i-
Hitt. imba·i-
(vb.fient.) ‘bekümmert sein’
(HEG A:6)
(EHS 477)
1. PIE *imbɑɦo·i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *imbɦo·i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. imbɦo·i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *imbɦa·i-
3. imbɦa·i-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. imba·i-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·i-
Lyd. Π·i-
(vb.) ‘sein’
(LydWb. 100)
(Lyd. ·im [1sg] = Goth. im, not from †esmi against Gusmani 1971:1-7)
√is-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *i̯es-
Hitt. i̯eš-
(pr.) ‘sein’
(HIL. 295)
(Hitt. i-eš-zi [3sg], [KUB 34.114 rev. 5])
1. PIE *i̯es-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. i̯eš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *is-
Gr. ἰσ-
(s.ao.) ‘sein’
(LSJ. 837)
(Gr. ἰσθι [2sg])
1. PIE *is-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἰσ-
PIE *iski̯e/o-
Pal. iške/a-
(dur.) ‘immer sein’
(DPal. 57)
(Pal. iš-ka [2sg])
1. PIE *iski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *isḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. isḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *isḱe/a-
3. isḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *iske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. iske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Pal. iške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *imbɑɦo·iski̯e/o-
Hitt. imba·iške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘bekümmert ‹imba-› sein’
(HHand. 61)
1. PIE *imbɑɦo·iski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *imbɦo·iski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. imbɦo·iski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *imbɦo·isḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. imbɦo·isḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *imbɦa·isḱe/a-
4. imbɦa·isḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *imbɦa·iske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. imbɦa·iske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *imba·iske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. imba·iske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. imba·iške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *iski̯e-
Arm. icʼe-
(vb.) ‘sein’
(IEW 341)
(Arm. icʼem ‘daß ich sei’)
1. PIE *iski̯e-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *isće-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. isće-
*sć → cʼ
Change of sć into cʼ
Rsć›cʼ → Arm. icʼe-


PIE √i- (vb.A.) ‘machen; causative suffix’ (vb.MP.) ‘(gemacht) werden’
(IEW –)
(Holma 1916:23, Schmitt-Brandt 1967:129, Pyysalo)
√oi-
(Schmitt-Brandt 1967:129)
PIE *erɑh·oi-
Hitt. erḫ·ai-
(vb.1.) ‘die Runde machen’
(HiuA 137)
(HHand. 62, Hitt. ir-ḫa-a-iz-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *erɑh·oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *erh·oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. erh·oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *erh·ai-
3. erh·ai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. erḫ·ai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *oi-
LycA. ai-
(vb.) ‘machen’
(DLycLg. 2)
(Lyc. aiti [3pl], aitẽ [pret3pl])
1. PIE *oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → LycA. ai-
PIE *Π·ói̯o-
Gr. Π·όο-
(cs.suff.) ‘Π machen/lassen’ (cs.M.) ‘Π werden’
(GrGr. 730)
1. PIE *Π·ói̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *Π·óo-
2. Π·óo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·όο-
PIE *oi̯o-
CLu. aa-
(vb.) ‘machen’
(DLL. 23-24)
(CLu. a-a-du [3sg?], a-a-ta [3sg]
1. PIE *oi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ai̯a-
2. ai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → CLu. aa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
√ei-
(Schmitt-Brandt 1967:129)
PIE *ei-
Hitt. ei-
(vb.) ‘machen: DÙ: perform’
(HEG I:338-43)
(Hitt. e-it [3sg] ‘perform’ EZEN4, HED 2:335-347)
PIE *Π·éi̯o-
Gr. Π·έο-
(cs.suff.) ‘Π machen/lassen’
(GrGr. 730)
1. PIE *Π·éi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *Π·éo-
2. Π·éo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·έο-
√i-
PIE *i-
Lyd. i-
(vb.) ‘machen?’
(LydWb. 128-129)
(Lyd. il [pret3])
√io-
(Holma 1916:23)
PIE *i̯o-
OHitt. i̯a-
(vb.1.A.) ‘DÙ: machen’
(HEG I:338-343)
(OHitt. ia-az-zi, ia-an-zi, HIL. 442, HED 2:335ff.)
1. PIE *i̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OHitt. i̯a-
PIE *i̯o-
TochA. ya-
(vb.) ‘facere’
(Poucha 235-7)
(TochA. yatär [3sg], yatsi [inf.])
1. PIE *i̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *i̯a-
2. i̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochA. ya-
√ie-
PIE *i̯e-
Hitt. i̯e-
(vb.) ‘machen, tun’
(HIL. 442)
(Hitt. i-e-mi [1sg], i-en-zi [3pl])
√oiio-
PIE *oii̯o-
HLu. ai̯a-
(vb.) ‘make’
(CHLu. 10.14.25)
(HLu. á-ia-ti-i)
1. PIE *oii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aii̯a-
2. aii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *aia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. aia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → HLu. ai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
PIE *oii̯o·mi-
CLu. ai̯a·mi-
(pt.) ‘gemacht, hergestellt’
(HHand2 12)
(CLu. aiammi-)
1. PIE *oii̯o·mi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aii̯a·mi-
2. aii̯a·mi-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *aia·mi-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. aia·mi-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → CLu. ai̯a·mi-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
PIE *oii̯o·mi-
HLu. ai̯a·mi-
(pt.) ‘gemacht? ‹cf. above›’
(CHLu. 3.6.1)
(HLu. ...]á-ia-mi-i-sá)
1. PIE *oii̯o·mi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aii̯a·mi-
2. aii̯a·mi-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *aia·mi-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. aia·mi-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → HLu. ai̯a·mi-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
√ii-
PIE *i.i-
Lyd. i.i-
(vb.) ‘machen, unternehmen?’
(LydWb. 131-2)
(Lyd. iit·λ)
PIE *ii̯o-
Pal. ii̯a-
(vb.) ‘machen’
(DPal. 57)
(Pal. i-ia-ti [3sg])
1. PIE *ii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Pal. ii̯a-
PIE *ii̯o-
Hitt. ii̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘machen, tun’
(HHand. 59)
(Hitt. i-ia-zi [3sg], i-ia-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *ii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ii̯a-
√iu- √ieu- √iou-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *iu̯osonēɑh
OIcl. ivasan-
(f.) ‘Beschäftigung, Tätigkeit: negotium’
(Jónsson 1772:255)
1. PIE *iu̯osonēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *iu̯osonāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. iu̯osonāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *iu̯osonāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. iu̯osonāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *iu̯osonā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. iu̯osonā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *iu̯asanā
5. iu̯asanā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *iu̯asanō
(XX:XX)
6. iu̯asanō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *iu̯asana
7. iu̯asana
*-a -u
Change of root final -a into -u
R=a›=u → *iu̯asanu
8. iu̯asanu
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *ivasanu
9. ivasanu
*-u → Ø
Loss of -u in root-final position
R=u›=0 → OIcl. ivasan


PIE √i- √ei- √oi- (vb.) ‘gehen’
(IEW 293ff.)
(Hrozný 1917:4, 173)
√oi-
PIE *dɑɦi̯·oi-
Hitt. z·ai-
(vb.2.) ‘überschreiten’
(HHand. 204)
(Hitt. z- ‘über’ to PIE √dɑɦi- ‘über, jenseits’)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯·oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯·oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯·oi-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦ·oi-
3. jɦ·oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦ·ai-
4. jɦ·ai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *j·ai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. j·ai-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. z·ai-
PIE *dɑɦi̯·oi̯o-
Hitt. z·aa-
(vb.) ‘überschreiten’
(HHand. 204)
(Hitt. za-a-ši)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯·oi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯·oi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯·oi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦ·oi̯o-
3. jɦ·oi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦ·ai̯a-
4. jɦ·ai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *jɦ·aa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. jɦ·aa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *j·aa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. j·aa-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. z·aa-
√i-
PIE *i-
CLu. i-
(vb.) ‘aller: gehen’
(DLL. 50)
(CLu. i-ti [3sg], i-du [3sg])
PIE *i-
HLu. i-
(PES2vb.) ‘go’
(CHLu. 62)
(HLu. (PES2)i-tú-u[... [3pers], (PES2)i-ha, “PES2”i-tà)
PIE *i-
Pal. i-
(vb.) ‘gehen’
(AHPh. 199)
(Pal. iwini [1pl])
PIE *i-
Hitt. i-
(vb.) ‘gehen’
(HEG I:335)
(Hitt. i-it [ipv2sg], HIL. 435)
√iio-
(HEG I:343ff.)
PIE *ii̯o-
Hitt. ii̯a-
(vb.M.) ‘go, come, walk, proceed, stide, march’
(HIL. 441)
(Hitt. i-ia-aḫ-ḫa-ri [1sg], i-ia-at-ta, i-ia-at-ta-ri [3sg])
1. PIE *ii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ii̯a-
PIE *ii̯o-
CLu. ii̯a-
(vb.A.) ‘aller: gehen’
(DLL. 50)
(CLu. i-ia-an-du [3pl])
1. PIE *ii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. ii̯a-
√iiono-
PIE *ii̯ono-
Hitt. ii̯ana-
(vb.2.dur.) ‘gehen, marschieren’
(HHand. 60)
(Hitt. i-ia-an-na-aḫ-ḫ[é], i-ia-an-na-ai)
1. PIE *ii̯ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ii̯ana-
PIE *ii̯ono-
Pal. ii̯ana-
(vb.2.) ‘gehen, marschieren’
(DPal. 57)
(Pal. i-ia-an-na-i [3pers])
1. PIE *ii̯ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Pal. ii̯ana-
√iiont-
PIE *ii̯ont-
LinB. ἰjοντ-
(pt.) ‘gehend’
(DMycGr. 349)
(LinB. i-jo-te = Gr. ἰόντες)
1. PIE *ii̯ont-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *ijont-
2. ijont-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → LinB. ἰjοντ-
PIE *ii̯ónt-
Gr. ἰόντ-
(pr.pt.) ‘gehend’
(GrGr. 1:525)
(Gr. ἰών, ἰόντες)
1. PIE *ii̯ónt-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *iónt-
2. iónt-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἰόντ-
PIE *ii̯ont-
Hitt. ii̯ant-
(pt.) ‘gehend’
(HIL. 441)
(Hitt. i-ia-an-t-)
1. PIE *ii̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ii̯ant-
PIE *ii̯ont-
Hitt. ii̯ant-
(UDUc.) ‘Schaf’
(HIL. 440)
(Hitt. UDU i-ia-an-za [N], i-ia-an-ta-an [A], i-ia-an-ta-aš [G] ‹here if ‘≈ πρόβατον’›)
1. PIE *ii̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ii̯ant-
√ikiu-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ikiu̯o-
LinB. ἰϙο-
(m.) ‘horse’
(GEW 1:733)
(LinB. i-qo)
1. PIE *ikiu̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *iḱu̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. iḱu̯o-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *iku̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. iku̯o-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → LinB. ἰϙο-
PIE *sor·ikiu̯o-
Hitt. šar·iku̯a-
(LÚ/ÉRINc.) ‘(Art militärische Spezialtruppe, Art Polizeitruppe?)’
(HHand. 145)
(‹cf. Gr. ἅμιπποι (light cavalry support troops)›)
1. PIE *sor·ikiu̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *sor·iḱu̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. sor·iḱu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sar·iḱu̯a-
3. sar·iḱu̯a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *sar·iku̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. sar·iku̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šar·iku̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√iu-
PIE *eiu̯-
Lat. īu-
(pf.) ‘gehen usw.’
(WH. 1:406-9)
(Lat. īuī [1sg])
1. PIE *eiu̯-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *īu̯-
2. īu̯-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. īu-
PIE *i̯u-
Pal. i̯u-
(pr.1.) ‘gehen’ or ‘kommen’
(HHand. 68)
(Pal. i-ú [ipv2sg])
PIE *i̯u-
HLu. i̯u-
(PES2vb.sb.) ‘go’
(CHLu. 1.1.34)
(HLu. (“PES2”)i-u-na [inf.])
PIE *Π·i̯ú-
RV. ā·yú-
(a.) ‘beweglich, wandernd’ (m.) ‘Wanderer’
(WbRV. 182)
1. PIE *Π·i̯ú-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·yú-
√iuo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *eíu̯o-
RV. éva-
(m.) ‘die Rosse, Gang, Weg’
(WbRV. 302)
(KEWA 1:129)
1. PIE *eíu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *eíu̯a-
2. eíu̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *aíu̯a-
3. aíu̯a-
aí → ḗ
Monophthongization of *aí
Raí›ḗ → *ḗu̯a-
4. ḗu̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *ḗva-
5. ḗva-
ḗ → é
Change of ḗ into é
Rḗ›é → RV. éva-
PIE *eíu̯o-
RV. éva-
(a.) ‘eilend, rasch’
(WbRV. 302)
(KEWA 1:129)
1. PIE *eíu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *eíu̯a-
2. eíu̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *aíu̯a-
3. aíu̯a-
aí → ḗ
Monophthongization of *aí
Raí›ḗ → *ḗu̯a-
4. ḗu̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *ḗva-
5. ḗva-
ḗ → é
Change of ḗ into é
Rḗ›é → RV. éva-
PIE *sor·iu̯o-
Hitt. šar·iu̯a-
(LÚ/ÉRINc.) ‘(Art militärische Spezialtruppe, Art Polizeitruppe?)’
(HHand. 145)
(‹cf. Gr. ἅμιπποι (light cavalry support troops)›)
1. PIE *sor·iu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sar·iu̯a-
2. sar·iu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šar·iu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sóptiiu̯ont-
RV. sáptīvant-
(a.) ‘mit Rossen fahrend’
(WbRV. 1476)
1. PIE *sóptiiu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sóptiiu̯ant-
2. sóptiiu̯ant-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *sáptiiu̯ant-
3. sáptiiu̯ant-
*ii → ī
Contraction of i and i
Rii›ī → *sáptīu̯ant-
4. sáptīu̯ant-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. sáptīvant-
PIE *sor·iu̯ont-
Hitt. šar·iu̯ant-
(LÚc.) ‘‹cf. above›’
(NOMS. 1120)
(in Akd. ša-ri-ua-an-da)
1. PIE *sor·iu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sar·iu̯ant-
2. sar·iu̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šar·iu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √i- (vb.) ‘wünschen, begehren, erlangen’
(IEW 501: Celt.)
(Pyysalo: Anat. + IE)
√il-
PIE *ilo-
Pal. ila-
(c.) ‘Sehnsucht, Begehren?’ (HHand. 60)
(DPal. 57)
(Pal. i-la-aš)
1. PIE *ilo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Pal. ila-
√iloli-
PIE *iloli-
Hitt. ilali-
(d.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:181)
(Hitt. i-la-li-iš [N])
1. PIE *iloli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ilali-
PIE *iloli-
HLu. ilali-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 10.22.1)
(HLu. i-la?-li-sa4)
1. PIE *iloli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. ilali-
PIE *iloli̯·olko-
Kpd. ilali̯·alka-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 444)
(Kpd. i-lá-le-al-ga)
1. PIE *iloli̯·olko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Kpd. ilali̯·alka-
PIE *iloli̯·elko-
Kpd. ilali̯·elka-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 444)
(Kpd. i-lá-le-el-ga)
1. PIE *iloli̯·elko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Kpd. ilali̯·elka-
PIE *iloli·ski̯e/o-
Hitt. ilali·ške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘begehren, wünschen’
(HHand. 60)
1. PIE *iloli·ski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *iloli·sḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. iloli·sḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ilali·sḱe/a-
3. ilali·sḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ilali·ske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ilali·ske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ilali·ške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *iloli·ski̯on-
Kpd. ilali·škan-
(LÚc.) ‘‹cf. above›’
(NOMS. 445)
(Kpd. e/i-lá-li-iš-ga/kán)
1. PIE *iloli·ski̯on-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *iloli·sḱon-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. iloli·sḱon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ilali·sḱan-
3. ilali·sḱan-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ilali·skan-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ilali·skan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Kpd. ilali·škan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *iloli̯·umo-
Hitt. ilali̯·uma-
(LÚc.) ‘(officier du palais)’
(NOMS. 446)
(in Akd. i-la-li-u(-um)-ma)
1. PIE *iloli̯·umo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ilali̯·uma-
PIE *iloli̯·umo-
Hitt. ilali̯·uma-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 466)
(in Akd. i-la-a-li-u-ma)
1. PIE *iloli̯·umo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ilali̯·uma-
√ilolio-
PIE *iloli̯o-
Hitt. ilali̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘begehren, wünschen’
(HHand. 60)
1. PIE *iloli̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ilali̯a-
PIE *iloli̯o-
Kpd. ilali̯a-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 442)
(Kpd. i-lá-li-a)
1. PIE *iloli̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Kpd. ilali̯a-
PIE *iloli̯o·hɑsu-
Kpd. ilali̯a·ḫšu-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 443)
(Kpd. i-lá-li(-a)-aḫ-šu)
1. PIE *iloli̯o·hɑsu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *iloli̯o·hsu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. iloli̯o·hsu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ilali̯a·hsu-
3. ilali̯a·hsu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ilali̯a·hšu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ilali̯a·hšu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. ilali̯a·ḫšu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *iloli̯ondɑɦ-
Hitt. ilali̯and-
(d.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:182-3)
(Hitt. i-la-a-li-ia-an-du-uš [plA], for the meaning cf. DPal. 57; GhR. 381, 468, 483, 611-2)
1. PIE *iloli̯ondɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *iloli̯ondɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. iloli̯ondɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ilali̯andɦ-
3. ilali̯andɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ilali̯and-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *iloli̯ondɑɦ-
Pal. ilali̯and-
(d.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:182-3)
(Pal. i-la-li-ia-an-ta-aš, [i-l]a-li-an-te-eš, for the meaning cf. RDH. 71, 74; REL. 88-89, 113-4)
1. PIE *iloli̯ondɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *iloli̯ondɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. iloli̯ondɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ilali̯andɦ-
3. ilali̯andɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Pal. ilali̯and-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *iloli̯ondɑɦ·Σ
Pal. ilali̯and·ig-
(d.) ‘(an 4. Position des pal. Pantheons)’
(OHP. 1:182-3)
(Pal. i-la-li-an-ti-qa, i-la-li-an-ti-ke-eš)
1. PIE *iloli̯ondɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *iloli̯ondɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. iloli̯ondɦ·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ilali̯andɦ·Σ
3. ilali̯andɦ·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Pal. ilali̯and·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√iōle/o-
PIE *i̯ōlo
Cymr. iawl-
(m.) ‘Gebot, Lob’
(LEIA A-31)
(Cymr. iawl [sgN])
1. PIE *i̯ōlo
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *i̯ālo
2. i̯ālo
*ā -› aw
Change of ā into aw
Rā›aw → *i̯awlo
3. i̯awlo
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → *i̯awl
4. i̯awl
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → Cymr. iawl
PIE *i̯ṓle-
OIr. āili-
(vb.) ‘eifrig wünschen, erbitten, erflehen’
(DIL. 16, LEIA A-31)
(OIr. áilid [3sg])
1. PIE *i̯ṓle-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *i̯ā́le-
2. i̯ā́le-
ā́le -› ā́ile
Epenthesis ā́le -› ā́ile
Rā́le›ā́ile → *i̯ā́ile-
3. i̯ā́ile-
R=e-›=i- → *i̯ā́ili-
4. i̯ā́ili-
i̯V -› V
Loss of *i̯ in word-initial
Ri̯=›0= → *ā́ili-
5. ā́ili-
Rā́›ā → OIr. āili-
√iolo-
(Pyysalo 2015:67-8)
PIE *Π·i̯olo-
Lat. har·iolo-
(m.) ‘Wahrsager’
(WH. 1, 635)
(Lat. hariolus [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·i̯olo-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → Lat. Π·iolo-
√iolɑh-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *i̯olēɑh-
OBret. iola-
(vb.) ‘precari’
(LEIA A-31)
(OBret. iolent [conj3pl] ‘precentur’)
1. PIE *i̯olēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *i̯olāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. i̯olāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *i̯olāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. i̯olāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *i̯olā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. i̯olā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *i̯ola-
5. i̯ola-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → OBret. iola-
PIE *i̯olēɑh-
Cymr. iola-
(vb.) ‘loben, preisen’
(GPC 3738)
(Cymr. iolaf [1sg] ‘ich lobe, preise’)
1. PIE *i̯olēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *i̯olāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. i̯olāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *i̯olāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. i̯olāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *i̯olā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. i̯olā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *i̯ola-
5. i̯ola-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → Cymr. iola-
PIE *Π.i̯olēɑh-
Cymr. eir.iola·-
(vb.) ‘dringlich bitten’
(GPC 2365)
(Cymr. eiriolaf [1sg])
1. PIE *Π.i̯olēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π.i̯olāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π.i̯olāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π.i̯olāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π.i̯olāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π.i̯olā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π.i̯olā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *Π.i̯ola-
5. Π.i̯ola-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → Cymr. Π.iola·-
PIE *Π.i̯olēɑh-
Lat. har.iolā·-
(pr.M.) ‘wahrsagen’
(WH. 1, 635)
(Lat. hariolor [1sg])
1. PIE *Π.i̯olēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π.i̯olāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π.i̯olāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π.i̯olāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π.i̯olāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π.i̯olā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π.i̯olā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → Lat. Π.iolā·-


PIE √i- √oi- √ei- (a.) ‘böse’
(IEW 307)
√oi-
(HEG A:5)
(HED 1:13f.)
PIE *oi-
Hitt. ai-
(n.) ‘das Leid, das Weh’
(HEG A:5)
(HHand. 11)
1. PIE *oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ai-
PIE *oi-
Hitt. ai-
(c.) ‘das Ach’
(HEG A:5-6)
1. PIE *oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ai-
PIE *oi
Hitt. ai
(intj.) ‘ach!, weh!’ (Wehruf)
(HEG A:5-6)
1. PIE *oi
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ai
√il- √eil- √oil-
(IEW 310)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + TochB.)
PIE *ilo-
Hitt. ila-
(c.) ‘Art Krankheit’
(HEG I:353)
(Hitt. i-la-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *ilo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ila-
PIE *iloi̯o-
Hitt. ilaa-
(c.) ‘Art Krankheit’
(HEG I:353)
(Hitt. i-la-a-an [sgA])
1. PIE *iloi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ilai̯a-
2. ilai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → Hitt. ilaa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
PIE *oili̯ointi̯ōi-
TochB. elyeñcai-
(a.) ‘doing ill (to someone)?’
(DTochB. 96)
1. PIE *oili̯ointi̯ōi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aili̯ainti̯ōi-
2. aili̯ainti̯ōi-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *aili̯ainti̯āi-
3. aili̯ainti̯āi-
PIE *ti̯ → c
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›c → *aili̯aincāi-
4. aili̯aincāi-
*nc → ñc
Palatalization of *n before c
Rnc›ñc → *aili̯aiñcāi-
5. aili̯aiñcāi-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *ēli̯ēñcāi-
6. ēli̯ēñcāi-
āi → ai
Orthographic change of āi into ai
Rāi›ai → *ēli̯ēñcai-
7. ēli̯ēñcai-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → *eli̯eñcai-
8. eli̯eñcai-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochB. elyeñcai-
√ilno-
PIE *ilno
OIcl. ill-
(a.) ‘schlecht, böse’
(ANEtWb. 285)
(OIcl. illr [sgN])
1. PIE *ilno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ilna
2. ilna
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *iln
3. iln
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → OIcl. ill
PIE *ilno-
OIcl. illa-
(vb.) ‘tadeln, klage führen’
(ANEtWb. 285)
1. PIE *ilno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ilna-
2. ilna-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → OIcl. illa-


PIE √i- √ei- √oi- (vb.) ‘wachsen’
(IEW 297-8)
(Friedrich 1970:121-9, Eichner 1973, Pyysalo)
√eio-
PIE *ei̯o-
Hitt. ei̯a-
(GIŠn.) ‘immergrüner Baum: yew?’ (HIL. 278)
(HEG E:102)
(Hitt. e-ia, e-i-e [plNA], e-ia-aš)
1. PIE *ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ei̯a-
PIE *ei̯o·nigɑɦo-
Kpd. ei̯a·niga-
(fc.) ‘Daughter of Tree (a nymph)’
(LuPG 137-8)
1. PIE *ei̯o·nigɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ei̯o·nigɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ei̯o·nigɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ei̯a·nigɦa-
3. ei̯a·nigɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Kpd. ei̯a·niga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√eion-
PIE *ei̯on-
Hitt. ei̯an-
(n.) ‘an evergreen tree: yew, juniper?’
(HIL. 278)
(Hitt. e-a-an, e-ia-an [NA], e-ia-na-aš [sgG], e-ia-ni, e-a-ni)
1. PIE *ei̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ei̯an-
PIE *ei̯onon-
Hitt. ei̯anan-
(n.) ‘an evergreen tree: yew?’
(HIL. 278)
(Hitt. eianan-)
1. PIE *ei̯onon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ei̯anan-
√eieɑh-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ei̯eɑh-
Illyr. eia-
(GNf.) ‘(from Pola & Nesactium)’
(SdI 83)
1. PIE *ei̯eɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ei̯aɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. ei̯aɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ei̯ah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ei̯ah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Illyr. ei̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Π·éi̯eɑh-
Gr. μηλ·έα-
(f.) ‘apple-tree (Pyrus malus)’
(GEW 2:226)
1. PIE *Π·éi̯eɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·éi̯aɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·éi̯aɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·éi̯ah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·éi̯ah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·éi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·éi̯a-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *Π·éa-
5. Π·éa-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·έα-
PIE *Π·éi̯eɑh-
Gr. κιτρ·έα-
(f.) ‘Zitronat-baum’
(GEW 1:860-1)
1. PIE *Π·éi̯eɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·éi̯aɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·éi̯aɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·éi̯ah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·éi̯ah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·éi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·éi̯a-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *Π·éa-
5. Π·éa-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·έα-
√oiēɑh-
(Friedrich 1970:121-9)
PIE *ói̯ēɑh-
Dor. ὄᾱ-
(f.) ‘Sperberbaum, Vogelbeerbaum’
(GEW 2:343)
(Dor. ὄα)
1. PIE *ói̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ói̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ói̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ói̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ói̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ói̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ói̯ā-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *óā-
5. óā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. ὄᾱ-
PIE *ói̯ēɑh-
Att. ὄη-
(f.) ‘Sperberbaum, Vogelbeerbaum’
(GEW 2:343)
(Att.-Ion. ὄη)
1. PIE *ói̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ói̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ói̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ói̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ói̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ói̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ói̯ā-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *óā-
5. óā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *óē-
6. óē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Att. ὄη-
√eihɑu-
(Friedrich 1970:121-9)
PIE *eihɑu̯o
OEng. īw-
(n.) ‘yew tree: taxus’
(ASaxD. 602)
(OEng. īw)
1. PIE *eihɑu̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eihu̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eihu̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *eiu̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. eiu̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *eiu̯a
4. eiu̯a
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *īu̯a
5. īu̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *īu̯
6. īu̯
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OEng. īw
PIE *eihɑu̯ḗɑh
Lith. ievà-
(f.) ‘Faul-baum: bird-cherry’
(LiEtWb. 183)
(Lith. ievà [sgN])
1. PIE *eihɑu̯ḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *eihɑu̯ā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. eihɑu̯ā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eihu̯ā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. eihu̯ā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *eiu̯ā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. eiu̯ā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *eiu̯ṓ
(XX:XX)
5. eiu̯ṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → *eiu̯à
6. eiu̯à
*ei -> ie
Change of *ei into ie
Rei›ie → *ieu̯à
7. ieu̯à
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. ievà
PIE *eihɑu̯ēɑh
Latv. iẽva-
(f.) ‘Faul-baum: bird-cherry’
(HIL. 278)
1. PIE *eihɑu̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *eihɑu̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. eihɑu̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eihu̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. eihu̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *eiu̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. eiu̯ā
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *eivā
5. eivā
*ei -> ie
Change of *ei into ie
Rei›ie → *ievā
6. ievā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R=ā›=a → Latv. ieva
PIE *eíhɑu̯ēɑh-
Russ. íva-
(f.) ‘Weide’
(REW 1:467)
(Russ. íva [sgN])
1. PIE *eíhɑu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *eíhɑu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. eíhɑu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eíhu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. eíhu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *eíu̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. eíu̯ā-
*eí → ī́
Monophthongization of *eí into ī́
Reí›ī́ → *ī́u̯ā-
5. ī́u̯ā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *ī́vā-
6. ī́vā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *ī́va-
7. ī́va-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → Russ. íva-
PIE *eihɑu̯ēɑh
OHG. īwa
(f.) ‘Eibe: yew: taxus’
(Gl. 10th cent.)
(OHG. īwa)
1. PIE *eihɑu̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *eihɑu̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. eihɑu̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eihu̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. eihu̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *eiu̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. eiu̯ā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *eiu̯ō
(XX:XX)
5. eiu̯ō
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *īu̯ō
6. īu̯ō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *īu̯a
7. īu̯a
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. īwa
PIE *eihɑu̯ēɑh-
RussCS. iva-
(f.) ‘Eibe, Salweide’
(IEW 297-8)
(RussCS. iva)
1. PIE *eihɑu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *eihɑu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. eihɑu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eihu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. eihu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *eiu̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. eiu̯ā-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *īu̯ā-
5. īu̯ā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *īvā-
6. īvā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *īva-
7. īva-
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → RussCS. iva-
√oihɑuēɑh-
PIE *oíhɑu̯ēɑh-
Dor. οἴᾱ-
(f.) ‘Sperberbaum, Vogelbeerbaum’
(GEW 2:343)
(Dor. oἴα)
1. PIE *oíhɑu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *oíhɑu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. oíhɑu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oíhu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. oíhu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oíu̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. oíu̯ā-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *oíā-
5. oíā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. οἴᾱ-
PIE *oíhɑu̯ēɑh-
Att. οἴη-
(f.) ‘Sperberbaum, Vogelbeerbaum’
(GEW 2:343)
(Att. οἴη)
1. PIE *oíhɑu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *oíhɑu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. oíhɑu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oíhu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. oíhu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oíu̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. oíu̯ā-
ā –> ē (Att)
Attican change of ā –› ē
Rā›ēAtt → *oíu̯ē-
5. oíu̯ē-
*u̯E → hE
Change of u̯ into h before e,é,ē,ḗ
Ru̯E›hE → *oíhē-
6. oíhē-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *oíē-
7. oíē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Att. οἴη-
√iio-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *tiu̯or·ii̯o-
CLu. tiuar·ii̯a-
(GIŠn.) ‘soleil (plante): Kraut des Sonnengottes’
(DLL. 98)
(CLu. ti-ua-ri-ia [plNA] = dUTU-aš uelku)
1. PIE *tiu̯or·ii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. tiu̯ar·ii̯a-
PIE *Π·ii̯o-
Gr. κίτρ·ιο-
(n.) ‘Zitronatbaum’
(GEW 2:860)
(Gr. κίτριον [sgNA])
1. PIE *Π·ii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *Π·io-
2. Π·io-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·ιο-
√iiodɑɦ-
(Eichner 1973 [MSS 31]:77 connects Hitt. ii̯adar to Hitt. ei̯a-)
PIE *ii̯odɑɦ·olko-
Kpd. ii̯ad·alka-
(f.) ‘fertile bough?’
(LuPG 137-8)
(Kpd. ii̯atalka)
1. PIE *ii̯odɑɦ·olko-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ii̯odɦ·olko-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ii̯odɦ·olko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ii̯adɦ·alka-
3. ii̯adɦ·alka-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Kpd. ii̯ad·alka-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ii̯odɑɦo-
Hitt. ii̯ada-
(n.) ‘Üppigkeit: growth, fertility, prosperity’
(HHand. 60)
(Hitt. i-ia-a-ta, i-ia-a-da, i-ia-ta, i-ia-da, i-ia-ta-aš)
1. PIE *ii̯odɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ii̯odɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ii̯odɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ii̯adɦa-
3. ii̯adɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ii̯ada-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ii̯odɑɦo-
CLu. ii̯ada-
(?.) ‘-(?)-’
(DLL. 50)
(CLu. i-ia-da)
1. PIE *ii̯odɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ii̯odɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ii̯odɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ii̯adɦa-
3. ii̯adɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. ii̯ada-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ii̯odɑɦn-
Hitt. ii̯adn-
(n.) ‘Fülle, Überfluß; (hohe) Qualität’
(HHand. 60)
(Hitt. i-ia-at-na-aš, i-ia-at-na, i-ia-at-na-za)
1. PIE *ii̯odɑɦn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ii̯odɦn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ii̯odɦn-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ii̯adɦn-
3. ii̯adɦn-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ii̯adn-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ii̯odɑɦnei̯ont-
Hitt. ii̯adni̯ant-
(pt.) ‘kultiviert, wachsend’
(HHand. 60)
(Hitt. i-ia-at-ni-ia-an [N], i-ia-at-ni-ia-an-da-aš [plDL])
1. PIE *ii̯odɑɦnei̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ii̯odɦnei̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ii̯odɦnei̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ii̯adɦnei̯ant-
3. ii̯adɦnei̯ant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ii̯adnei̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ii̯odɑɦnu̯ont-
Hitt. ii̯adnu̯ant-
(a.) ‘üppig: growing, luxuriant’
(HHand. 60)
(Hitt. i-ia-at-nu-ua-an [N])
1. PIE *ii̯odɑɦnu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ii̯odɦnu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ii̯odɦnu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ii̯adɦnu̯ant-
3. ii̯adɦnu̯ant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ii̯adnu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ii̯odɑɦor-
Hitt. ii̯adar-
(n.) ‘Fülle, Überfluß; (hohe) Qualität’
(HHand. 60)
(Hitt. i-ia-tar)
1. PIE *ii̯odɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ii̯odɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ii̯odɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ii̯adɦar-
3. ii̯adɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ii̯adar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ipiio-
(Tischler HHand. 62)
PIE *ipii̯o-
Hitt. ipii̯a-
(GIŠ/Úc.) ‘eine Pflanze, die Frucht in Trauben/Dolden trägt’
(HHand. 32, 62)
(Hitt. ippii̯a-, eppii̯a-)
1. PIE *ipii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ipii̯a-
PIE *ipii̯o-
CLu. ipii̯a-
(n.) ‘eine Pflanze, Eibe?’
(HHand. 62)
(CLu. ippi̯a-)
1. PIE *ipii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. ipii̯a-
PIE *ipii̯o-
Hitt. ipii̯a-
(EZEN4.) ‘ipia-Fest’
(HHand. 62)
(Hitt. EZEN4 ippii̯aš [sgG])
1. PIE *ipii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ipii̯a-
PIE *ipii̯ondɑɦi̯o-
Hitt. ipii̯anza-
(SAR.) ‘(eine Arzneipflanze)’
(HHand. 62)
(Hitt. ippi̯anzan)
1. PIE *ipii̯ondɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ipii̯ondɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ipii̯ondɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ipii̯onjɦo-
3. ipii̯onjɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ipii̯anjɦa-
4. ipii̯anjɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ipii̯anja-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ipii̯anja-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. ipii̯anza-
√iodɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *i̯odɑɦēɑh
OHG. jata-
(f.?) ‘Jäteisen?: weeding hoe’
(Gl. 11th cent.)
1. PIE *i̯odɑɦēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *i̯odɑɦāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. i̯odɑɦāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *i̯odɦāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. i̯odɦāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *i̯odɦā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. i̯odɦā
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *i̯odā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. i̯odā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *i̯adā
6. i̯adā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *i̯adō
(XX:XX)
7. i̯adō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *i̯ada
8. i̯ada
*d → t
OHG sound shift of *d
Rd›tHG → *i̯ata
9. i̯ata
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → OHG. jata
PIE *i̯odɑɦo·olko-
Kpd. i̯ada·alka-
(fc.) ‘herb bough’
(NOMS. 440)
(Kpd. i-a-ta-al-ga)
1. PIE *i̯odɑɦo·olko-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *i̯odɦo·olko-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. i̯odɦo·olko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *i̯adɦa·alka-
3. i̯adɦa·alka-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Kpd. i̯ada·alka-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √i- (prep./pref.) ‘zu, in’
(IEW 311-312)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + CLu.)
√i-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *i·Σ
Hitt. i·teišai-
(vb.) ‘vor Gericht bringen?’
(HHand. 68)
(Hitt. ittišai-, ‹cf. Lith. teĩsti ‘be-, ver- urteilen’, Latv. tìesa ‘Recht, Urteil; Gericht’, etc.›)
PIE *í·Σ
RV. í·nakṣa-
(pr.) ‘zu erreichen suchen, er-, an-, hinstreben’
(WbRV. 212)
(RV. ínakṣasi [2sg])
PIE *i·Σ·Σ
RV. i·yav·raj-
(a.) ‘mit dem Zurüsten (des Gottesdienstes) beschäftigt’
(WbRV. 219)
PIE *i·Σ
RV. i·ṣidh-
(f.) ‘Darbringung, Gabe’
(WbRV. 226)
PIE *i̯·Σ
Arm. y·amsean
(adv.) ‘in the month’
(ArmGr. 1:417)
(Arm. = amis ‘Monat’, (y)amsean [sgGDL], EtDiArm. 47)
1. PIE *i̯·Σ
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → Arm. y·Σ
PIE *i̯·Σ
Arm. y·awelu-
(vb.) ‘hinzufügen, vermehren’
(GEW 2:451-2)
(cf. Arm. awel-i ‘mehr’, Pedersen 1906:336)
1. PIE *i̯·Σ
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → Arm. y·Σ
PIE *i̯·Σ
Arm. y·ang
(adv.) ‘(at/to) end’
(EtDiArm. 90)
1. PIE *i̯·Σ
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → Arm. y·Σ
√in-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *in·Σ
Dor. ἰν·αλαλισ-
(pf.) ‘engrave, inscribe’
(LSJ. 553)
(Cypr. ἰναλαλισμένα)
1. PIE *in·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. ἰν·Σ
PIE *in·Σ
Lith. ·iñ
(prep.pref.) ‘in, an, auf, zu, nach’
(LiEtWb. 181)
PIE *in·Σ
LAv. ·inǰa-
(adv.) ‘zurück’
(AIWb. 367)
(‹cf. LAv. tinǰa›)
PIE *in·Σ
Hitt. in·galau̯a-
(URU.) ‘(Feldzug gegen das Land Azi)’
(OGH. 141)
(Hitt. in-ga-la-ua, ‘In I. nahm ich den Vorbeimarsch der Fußtruppen, der Wagenkämpfer ab’ ‹cf. taua·galaua-›)
PIE *in·Σ
CLu. in·taḫa-
(?.) ‘‹cf. HLu. taḫa- ‘altar?’› (HHand. 62)’
(DLL. 51)
(CLu. i-in-ta-ḫa)
PIE *in·Σ
Hitt. in·taluzi-
(c./n.) ‘Schaufel’
(HHand. 62)
PIE *in·Σ
Hitt. in·dana-
(GADAc.) ‘(ein Tuch oder Kleid)’
(HHand. 62)
(‹cf. Hitt. dedana-›)
PIE *in·Σ
Hitt. in·dani-
(TÚGc.) ‘(ein Tuch oder Kleid)’
(HHand. 62)
PIE *in·Σ
Hitt. in·zaluḫa-
(UR]U?.) ‘(mit Kašara, Ḫuršama, Arzawa, den Hurriern)’
(OGH. 142)
(Hitt. in-za-lu-ḫa-aš)
PIE *in·Σ
CLu. in·zagaan-
(n.) ‘inhumation’
(DLL. 51)
(CLu. in-za-ga-a-an, HHand. 62, Melchert 2003:184, HIL. 995 ‹cf. CLu. zagani- ‘earth, dust’›)
PIE *in·Σ
Hitt. in·u̯ida-
(URU.) ‘(IŠTAR von I., ›Ḫurnija, OGHErg. 51)’
(OGH. 141-2)
(Hitt. in-nu-ui5-ta, in-ú-i-ta, IŠTAR von Wašutuwanta, Ḫepat von Wašutuwanta, IŠTAR von I.’)
√ini-
PIE *ini·Σ
Ogam. ini·gena-
(f.) ‘fille’
(Ziegler 1994:188-9)
(Ogam. inigena)
PIE *inì·Σ
OIr. in·gen-
(f.) ‘fille’
(DIL. 406)
(OIr. ingen)


PIE √ihɑku- √iɦɑgu- (vb.) ‘(be)greifen, mächtig sein usw.‘
(IEW 503, i̯ēgʷ)
√iēhɑku-
PIE *i̯ḗhɑku-
Lith. jė́k-
(vb.) ‘begreifen, zu sich kommen, verstehen’
(LiEtWb. 194)
(Lith. jė́kti [inf.])
1. PIE *i̯ḗhɑku-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *i̯ḗhku-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. i̯ḗhku-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *i̯ḗku-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. i̯ḗku-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *i̯ḗk-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. i̯ḗk-
*ḗ -> ė́
Change of *ḗ -> ė́
Rḗ›ė́ → *i̯ė́k-
5. i̯ė́k-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Lith. jė́k-
√iṓhɑku-
PIE *i̯ṓhɑku-
Lith. júok-
(vb.) ‘begreifen, zu sich kommen, verstehen’
(LiEtWb. 194)
(Lith. júokti [inf.])
1. PIE *i̯ṓhɑku-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *i̯ṓhku-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. i̯ṓhku-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *i̯ṓku-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. i̯ṓku-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *i̯ṓk-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. i̯ṓk-
*ṓ → úo
Change of ṓ into úo
Rṓ›úo → *i̯úok-
5. i̯úok-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Lith. júok-
√ihɑēku-
PIE *i̯hɑēkuḗhɑ-
Lith. jokė́-
(vb.) ‘begreifen, zu sich kommen, verstehen’
(LiEtWb. 194)
(Lith. jokė́tis [inf.])
1. PIE *i̯hɑēkuḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *i̯hɑākuḗhɑ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. i̯hɑākuḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *i̯hākuḗh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. i̯hākuḗh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *i̯ākuḗ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. i̯ākuḗ-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *i̯ākḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. i̯ākḗ-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *i̯ōkḗ-
(XX:XX)
6. i̯ōkḗ-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *i̯okḗ-
7. i̯okḗ-
*ḗ -> ė́
Change of *ḗ -> ė́
Rḗ›ė́ → *i̯okė́-
8. i̯okė́-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Lith. jokė́-
√iḗɦɑgu-
PIE *i̯ḗɦɑgu-
Latv. jẽg-
(vb.) ‘begreifen, verstehen’
(LiEtWb. 192)
(Latv. jẽgt [inf.])
1. PIE *i̯ḗɦɑgu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *i̯ḗɦgu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. i̯ḗɦgu-
*ḗH → êH
Latvian tone rule for ḗH
RAccLatv6 → *i̯êɦgu-
3. i̯êɦgu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *i̯êgu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. i̯êgu-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *i̯êg-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. i̯êg-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Latv. jêg-
PIE *i̯ḗɦɑgu̯ēɑh
Latv. jẽga-
(f.) ‘Verstand’
(IEW 503)
1. PIE *i̯ḗɦɑgu̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *i̯ḗɦɑgu̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. i̯ḗɦɑgu̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *i̯ḗɦgu̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. i̯ḗɦgu̯āh
*ḗH → êH
Latvian tone rule for ḗH
RAccLatv6 → *i̯êɦgu̯āh
4. i̯êɦgu̯āh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *i̯êgu̯āh
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. i̯êgu̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *i̯êgu̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. i̯êgu̯ā
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *i̯êgā
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. i̯êgā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R=ā›=a → *i̯êga
8. i̯êga
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Latv. jêga
PIE *i̯ēɦɑgu̯ḗɑh
Lith. jėgà-
(f.4.) ‘Kraft, Stärke, Macht’
(LiEtWb. 192)
(Lith. jėgà)
1. PIE *i̯ēɦɑgu̯ḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *i̯ēɦɑgu̯ā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. i̯ēɦɑgu̯ā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *i̯ēɦgu̯ā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. i̯ēɦgu̯ā́h
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *i̯ēgu̯ā́h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. i̯ēgu̯ā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *i̯ēgu̯ā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. i̯ēgu̯ā́
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *i̯ēgā́
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. i̯ēgā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *i̯ēgṓ
(XX:XX)
7. i̯ēgṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → *i̯ēgà
8. i̯ēgà
* ē -> ė
Change of *ē into ė
Rē›ė → *i̯ėgà
9. i̯ėgà
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Lith. jėgà
PIE *i̯ḗɦɑgu̯ēɑh-
Att. ἥβη-
(f.) ‘reife Jugend, Jugendkraft, Mannbarkeit’
(GEW 1:620)
(Att. ἥβη)
1. PIE *i̯ḗɦɑgu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *i̯ḗɦɑgu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. i̯ḗɦɑgu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *i̯ḗɦgu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. i̯ḗɦgu̯āh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *i̯ḗgu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. i̯ḗgu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *i̯ḗgu̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. i̯ḗgu̯ā-
*gu/u̯ → b
Bilabialization of labiovelar into b
RgU›b → *i̯ḗbā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. i̯ḗbā-
ā –> ē (Att)
Attican change of ā –› ē
Rā›ēAtt → *i̯ḗbē-
7. i̯ḗbē-
*i̯- → h-
Change of initial *i̯ into h
Ri̯=›h= → *hḗbē-
8. hḗbē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Att. ἥβη-
PIE *i̯ḗɦɑgu̯ēɑh-
Dor. ἥβᾱ-
(f.) ‘reife Jugend, Jugendkraft, Mannbarkeit’
(GEW 1:620)
(Dor. ἥβα)
1. PIE *i̯ḗɦɑgu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *i̯ḗɦɑgu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. i̯ḗɦɑgu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *i̯ḗɦgu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. i̯ḗɦgu̯āh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *i̯ḗgu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. i̯ḗgu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *i̯ḗgu̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. i̯ḗgu̯ā-
*gu/u̯ → b
Bilabialization of labiovelar into b
RgU›b → *i̯ḗbā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. i̯ḗbā-
*i̯- → h-
Change of initial *i̯ into h
Ri̯=›h= → *hḗbā-
7. hḗbā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. ἥβᾱ-
√iɦɑḗgu-
PIE *i̯ɦɑḗguēɑh-
Aeol. ἄ̄βᾱ-
(f.) ‘reife Jugend, Jugendkraft, Mannbarkeit’
(GEW 1:620)
(Aeol. ἄβα, cf. also Dor. ἔφαβος)
1. PIE *i̯ɦɑḗguēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *i̯ɦɑḗguāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. i̯ɦɑḗguāɑh-
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *i̯ɦɑā́guāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. i̯ɦɑā́guāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *i̯ɦā́guāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. i̯ɦā́guāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *i̯ā́guāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. i̯ā́guāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *i̯ā́guā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. i̯ā́guā-
*gu/u̯ → b
Bilabialization of labiovelar into b
RgU›b → *i̯ā́bā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. i̯ā́bā-
*i̯- → h-
Change of initial *i̯ into h
Ri̯=›h= → *hā́bā-
8. hā́bā-
h- -› Ø
Loss of word-initial h-
Rh=›0= → *ā́bā-
9. ā́bā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Aeol. ἄ̄βᾱ-


PIE √igiɑɦ- √oigiɑɦ- √eigiɑɦ- (vb.) ‘bersten, zerspringen’
(IEW 15)
(Pyysalo)
√igiɑɦ-
PIE *oigi̯ɑɦeno
OIcl. eigin-
(n.) ‘eben hervorgesproßter Saatkeim’
(ANEtWb. 95)
(ANEtWb. 284)
1. PIE *oigi̯ɑɦeno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oigi̯ɦeno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oigi̯ɦeno
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *oiǵɦeno
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. oiǵɦeno
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *oigɦeno
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. oigɦeno
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *oigeno
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. oigeno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aigena
6. aigena
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *aigina
7. aigina
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → *eigina
8. eigina
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OIcl. eigin
PIE *igi̯ɑɦito·n-
OIcl. igða·n-
(f.) ‘Graumeise’
(ANEtWb. 284)
1. PIE *igi̯ɑɦito·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *igi̯ɦito·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. igi̯ɦito·n-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *iǵɦito·n-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. iǵɦito·n-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *igɦito·n-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. igɦito·n-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *igɦiþo·n-
5. igɦiþo·n-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *igiþo·n-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. igiþo·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *igiþa·n-
7. igiþa·n-
*igiþ → igþ
Loss of unstressed *i in igiþ
Rigiþ›igþ → *igþa·n-
8. igþa·n-
*þ → ð
Change of þ into ð
R=þ›=ð → OIcl. igða·n-
√igiɑɦnio-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *igi̯ɑɦnii̯o-
Lat. ignio-
(n.pl) ‘vitia vāsōrum fictilium’
(OxLatD. 823)
(WH. 1:676)
1. PIE *igi̯ɑɦnii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *igi̯ɦnii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. igi̯ɦnii̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *iǵɦnii̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. iǵɦnii̯o-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *igɦnii̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. igɦnii̯o-
gɦn -› gn
Change of gɦn into gn
Rgɦn›gn → *ignii̯o-
5. ignii̯o-
*ii̯o → io
Loss *i̯ between i and o
Rii̯o›io → Lat. ignio-
PIE *igi̯ɑɦnii̯ondɑɦ-
Hitt. ignii̯and-
(pt.) ‘verkrüppelt, lahm: lame’
(HHand. 60)
(HED E/I:354, Hitt. ik-ni-ia-an-za [sgN] pád-da-i le-e)
1. PIE *igi̯ɑɦnii̯ondɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *igi̯ɦnii̯ondɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. igi̯ɦnii̯ondɦ-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *iǵɦnii̯ondɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. iǵɦnii̯ondɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *iǵɦnii̯andɦ-
4. iǵɦnii̯andɦ-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *igɦnii̯andɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. igɦnii̯andɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ignii̯and-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √iku- √oiku- √eiku- (vb.) ‘ausgeben, opfern; verschwenden’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Anat. + Lith.; PIE √iku- or √ikɑhu-?)
√ikunont-
PIE *ikunont-
Hitt. ikunant-
(UZUn.) ‘(tierischer Körperteil, der eßbar ist)’
(HHand. 30, 60)
(Hitt. ekkunant-, ikkunant-, Weitenberg 1984:275)
1. PIE *ikunont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ikunant-
PIE *ikunontei-
CLu. ikunanti-
(c.) ‘-(?)-’ (HHand. 60)
(DLL. 51)
(CLu. ik-ku-na-a-an-ti-e[n] [sgA])
1. PIE *ikunontei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. ikunantei-
√ikunot-
(HEG I:352)
PIE *eikunot-
CLu. eikunat-
(sb.) ‘(eine bestimmte Art Opfer)’ (HHand. 60)
(DLL. 51)
(CLu. (i)-ik-ku-na-at-ta-aš [sgG])
1. PIE *eikunot-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. eikunat-
PIE *eikunoto-
Hitt. ikunata-
(a.) ‘(épith. de mouton)’
(HHand. 60)
(Hitt. i-ik-ku-na-at-ta-aš, ik-ku-na-at-ta-aš [sgG])
1. PIE *eikunoto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. eikunata-
PIE *eikunoto·si-
CLu. ikunataši-
(a.gen.) ‘-(?)-’
(HHand. 60)
1. PIE *eikunoto·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *eikunata·si-
2. eikunata·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. eikunata·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ikuoni-
PIE *iku̯onei̯o-
Hitt. iku̯anei̯a-
(TÚG.) ‘(Kleid in der Art der Bewohner der Stadt Ikkuwaniya)’
(HHand. 60)
1. PIE *iku̯onei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. iku̯anei̯a-
PIE *iku̯onei̯o-
Hitt. iku̯anei̯a-
(URUc.) ‘Ικόνιον/Konya?, OHGErg. 49: ›Hurnija’
(OGH. 137-8)
(Hitt. ik-ku-ua-ni-ia-aš [sgN], KLuN. 537n.1978a)
1. PIE *iku̯onei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. iku̯anei̯a-
√ikunou-
PIE *eikunou-
CLu. eikunau-
(vb.1.) ‘in einer bestimmten Art opfern’
(DLL. 51)
(CLuwLex. 86 [diff.], HHand. 60 (see *īkunna-), CLu. i-ik-ku-na-a-ú-un-ta [pret3pl])
1. PIE *eikunou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. eikunau-
PIE *eikunouno·si-
CLu. eikunauna·ši-
(a.gen.) ‘(épith. de mouton)’ (Weitenberg 1984:295)
(DLL. 51)
(CLu. i-ik-ku-ú-na-ú-na-aš-ši-iš, HHand. 60)
1. PIE *eikunouno·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *eikunauna·si-
2. eikunauna·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. eikunauna·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ikuor-
PIE *iku̯or-
CLu. iku̯ar-
(n.) ‘(certain sacrification: eine bestimmte Art Opfer?)’ (KLuN. 537-542)
(DLL. 51, HHand. 60)
(CLu. ik-ku-ua-a[r])
1. PIE *iku̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. iku̯ar-
√ikur-
PIE *ikuro-
HLu. ikura-
(DEUS.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 6.19.1)
(HLu. ...(DEUS)[i]-ku+ra/i, (DEUS)i-ku-ra/i-na)
1. PIE *ikuro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. ikura-
√ikuou-
PIE *iku̯ou·Σ
CLu. iku̯au·[
(?.) ‘-(?)-’
(DLL. 51)
(CLu. ik-ku-ua-u?-[)
1. PIE *iku̯ou·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. iku̯au·Σ
√ikuuɑh-
(Pyysalo)
(Also LycA. ikuwaza- (DLycLg. 28) and the LycA. PN ikuwe (DLycLg. 96) may belong here)
PIE *oikuu̯ḗɑh-
Lith. aikvó-
(vb.) ‘ausgeben, verschwenden’
(LiEtWb. 3)
1. PIE *oikuu̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *oikuu̯ā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. oikuu̯ā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oikuu̯ā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. oikuu̯ā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oikuu̯ā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. oikuu̯ā́-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *oiku̯ā́-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. oiku̯ā́-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aiku̯ā́-
6. aiku̯ā́-
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *aiku̯ṓ-
(XX:XX)
7. aiku̯ṓ-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → *aiku̯ó-
8. aiku̯ó-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. aikvó-
PIE *eikuu̯ḗɑh-
Lith. eikvó-
(vb.) ‘ausgeben, verschwenden’
(LiEtWb. 3)
1. PIE *eikuu̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *eikuu̯ā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. eikuu̯ā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eikuu̯ā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. eikuu̯ā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *eikuu̯ā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. eikuu̯ā́-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *eiku̯ā́-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. eiku̯ā́-
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *eiku̯ṓ-
(XX:XX)
6. eiku̯ṓ-
*ei -> ie
Change of *ei into ie
Rei›ie → *ieku̯ṓ-
7. ieku̯ṓ-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → *ieku̯ó-
8. ieku̯ó-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. iekvó-


PIE √il- (vb.) ‘wachsen, gedeihen’ (sb.) ‘Baum, Pflanze, Gurke’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Anat. + IE)
√ili-
PIE *iLi̯o-
OInd. ilya-
(m.) ‘ein Baum in der Nähe von Brahmans Palast’
(EWA 1:197)
1. PIE *iLi̯o-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *ili̯o-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. ili̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ili̯a-
3. ili̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. ilya-
√ilu-
PIE *Π·ilu-
Hitt. zida·ilu-
(GIŠ.) ‘(Baum oder hölzernes Gerät)’
(HHand. 209)
(Hitt. zitailu-)
PIE *ilu̯o-
CLu. ilu̯a-
(GIŠn.) ‘(eine Pflanze oder ein Gegenstand aus Holz)’ (HHand. 61)
(DLL. 45)
(CLu. i-lu-u-ua)
1. PIE *ilu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. ilu̯a-
PIE *ilu̯o-
CLu. ilu̯a-
(?.) ‘-(?)-’
(DLL. 45)
(CLu. i-lu-ú-u[a])
1. PIE *ilu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. ilu̯a-
PIE *ilu̯·Σ
OInd. ·irvālu-
(m./f.) ‘Gurke’
(EWA 1:230)
(Lex. irvālu, Grundr2 1:430, AiGr. 1:221)
1. PIE *ilu̯·Σ
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *iru̯·Σ
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. iru̯·Σ
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OInd. irv·Σ
PIE *ilu̯·Σ
OInd. ·irvāru-
(m./f.) ‘Gurke’
(EWA 1:230)
(Lex. irvāru, Grundr2 1:430, AiGr. 1:221)
1. PIE *ilu̯·Σ
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *iru̯·Σ
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. iru̯·Σ
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OInd. irv·Σ


PIE √im- (sb.) ‘Grund, Feld, Steppe, Land’ (a.) ‘unter’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: CLu. + HLu. + IE)
√imo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *eimo-
Lat. īmo-
(sup.) ‘der unterste’
(WH. 1:685-6)
(Lat. īmus [sgN])
1. PIE *eimo-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → Lat. īmo-
PIE *Π·ímo-
Lith. lyd·ìma-
(m.) ‘Rodeland’
(LiEtWb. 364)
(cf. Lith. √lyd- ‘roden’)
1. PIE *Π·ímo-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *Π·ìmo-
2. Π·ìmo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Lith. Π·ìma-
PIE *Π·ímo-
Lith. ar·ìma-
(m.2.) ‘gepflügter Acker’
(Senn 2:184)
1. PIE *Π·ímo-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *Π·ìmo-
2. Π·ìmo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Lith. Π·ìma-
PIE *eimi-
Lat. īmi
(adv.) ‘aus dem Grunde’
(WH. 1:685-6)
1. PIE *eimi-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → Lat. īmi-
√imɑh-
PIE *eimēɑh-
Osc. īmā-
(f.) ‘die unterste’
(WbOU. 341)
(Osc. imaden [Abl+L.ptcl.] ‘ab imō’)
1. PIE *eimēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *eimāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. eimāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eimāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. eimāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *eimā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. eimā-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → Osc. īmā-
√imoni-
PIE *Π imoni-
HLu. antá imani·-
(OCCIDENSvb.) ‘‹to set?›’
(CHLu. 6.2.11)
(HLu. a-tá (OCCIDENS)i-ma-ni-ti [3sg])
1. PIE *Π imoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. Π imani·-
√imor-
PIE *imoro·so-
HLu. imara·ša-
(a.gen.) ‘von Imara-, vom offenen Land’
(CHLu. 6.16.4)
(in HLu. i-pá?+ra/i(?)-sa-na ‹pá = max›)
1. PIE *imoro·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *imara·sa-
2. imara·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. imara·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *imoro·so-
CLu. imara·ša-
(a.gen.) ‘von *imara- (= ‘Steppe, offenes Land’)’
(DLL. 51)
(CLu. im-ma-ra-aš-ša-)
1. PIE *imoro·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *imara·sa-
2. imara·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. imara·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *imro·so-
CLu. imra·ša-
(a.gen.) ‘von *imra- (= ‘Steppe, offenes Land’)’
(DLL. 51)
(CLu. im-ra-aš-ša-)
1. PIE *imro·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *imra·sa-
2. imra·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. imra·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√imulo-
PIE *eimulo-
Lat. īmulo-
(dim.m.) ‘der unterste; der innerste’
(WH. 1:685)
(Lat. īmulus [sgN], Catull. 25,2)
1. PIE *eimulo-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → Lat. īmulo-


PIE √imbɑɦ- (sb.) ‘burden, quantity, abundance‘ (vb.) ‘(op)press, burden’
(IEW –)
(Kassian: Hitt. + Gr.; Pyysalo: Celt.)
√imbɑɦo-
PIE *oimbɑɦo-
Hitt. aimba-
(c.) ‘Last, Bedrückung’
(HEG A:6)
1. PIE *oimbɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oimbɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oimbɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aimbɦa-
3. aimbɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. aimba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *imbɑɦo-
Hitt. imba-
(c.) ‘Last, Bedrückung’
(HEG A:6)
1. PIE *imbɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *imbɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. imbɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *imbɦa-
3. imbɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. imba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *imbɑɦo-
Hitt. imba-
(URU.) ‘(im Land ›Mira)’
(OGH. 140)
(Akd. im-pa-a-an [sgA], im-pa-an)
1. PIE *imbɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *imbɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. imbɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *imbɦa-
3. imbɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. imba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√imbɑɦeto-
(Stokes apud DLG. 189)
PIE *imbɑɦeto
OGaul. imbeto-
(PNm.) ‘‹wichtig?›’
(DLG. 189)
(OBrit. imbetus [sgN])
1. PIE *imbɑɦeto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *imbɦeto
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. imbɦeto
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → OGaul. imbeto
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *imbɑɦeto
OIr. imbed-
(n.) ‘large quantity, abundance of wealth’
(EtDiPC. 172)
1. PIE *imbɑɦeto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *imbɦeto
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. imbɦeto
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *imbeto
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. imbeto
VtV → VthV
Lenition of voiceless stop *t
Rt›th → *imbetho
4. imbetho
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr → *imbeth
5. imbeth
*-th → -d
Change of root-final *t into d
R=th›=d → OIr. imbed
PIE *imbɑɦeto
OCymr. immet-
(?.) ‘‹reading and meaning uncertain, cf. EtDiPC. & EtGlOW.›’
(EtDiPC. 172)
(EtGlOW. 91)
1. PIE *imbɑɦeto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *imbɦeto
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. imbɦeto
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *imbeto
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. imbeto
mb → mm
Assimilation of m and b
Rmb›mm → *immeto
4. immeto
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → OCymr. immet
PIE *imbɑɦeti̯o-
OGaul. imbetio-
(PNm.) ‘-(?)-’
(DLG. 189)
(OGaul. imbetius [sgN])
1. PIE *imbɑɦeti̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *imbɦeti̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. imbɦeti̯o-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *imbeti̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. imbeti̯o-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → OGaul. imbetio-
√imbɑɦdɑɦo-
(Alexei Kassian)
(http://starling.rinet.ru/Texts/anatnost.pdf, p. 154-5)
PIE *imbɑɦdɑɦént-
Gr. ἰμφθέντ-
(ao.P.pt.) ‘oppressed, injured, maltreated’
(Wikisource -›)
(Hes. ἰμφθείς· βλαφθείς, λωβηθείς, νυχθείς, http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/Γλώσσαι/Ι)
1. PIE *imbɑɦdɑɦént-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *imbɦdɦént-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. imbɦdɦént-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *imphdɦént-
3. imphdɦént-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *imphthént-
4. imphthént-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἰμφθέντ-


PIE √in- (vb.) ‘machen’ (sb.) ‘Macht, Schutz’ (a.) ‘wirksam, mächtig, stark’ (adv.) ‘geradeaus’
(IEW 10, 774)
(Pyysalo: Anat. + IIr.)
√in-
PIE *in-
Lyd. in-
(pr.) ‘machen’
(LydWb. 132)
(Lyd. int [3pers])
PIE *in-
Lyd. in-
(pret.) ‘machen’
(LydWb. 132)
(Lyd. inl [3pers])
√ino-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ino-
Lyd. ina-
(pret.) ‘machen’
(LydWb. 132)
(Lyd. inal [3pret.])
1. PIE *ino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Lyd. ina-
PIE *inó-
RV. iná-
(a.) ‘mächtig, wirksam, stark (häufig von Indra-)’
(WbRV. 211-2)
1. PIE *inó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. iná-
PIE *hɑen·inó-
RV. an·iná-
(a.) ‘unkräftig’
(WbRV. 56)
1. PIE *hɑen·inó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑan·inó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan·inó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *han·inó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. han·inó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *han·iná-
4. han·iná-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. an·iná-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√inon-
PIE *inon-
Lyd. inãn-
(vb.) ‘machen’
(LydWb. 134)
(Lyd. inãnt [3pers])
1. PIE *inon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *inan-
2. inan-
*am/n → ãm/n
Emergence of nasal vowel ã
RaN›ãN → Lyd. inãn-
PIE *inonɑɦidɑɦ-
Lyd. inãnid-
(vb.) ‘machen’
(LydWb. 132)
(Lyd. inãnidν [1sg])
1. PIE *inonɑɦidɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *inonɦidɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. inonɦidɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *inanɦidɦ-
3. inanɦidɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *inanɦid-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. inanɦid-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *inanid-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. inanid-
*am/n → ãm/n
Emergence of nasal vowel ã
RaN›ãN → Lyd. inãnid-
√inor-
(HEG I:358-362)
(HED 2:366f., HIL. 448ff.)
PIE *inor-
Hitt. inar-
(d.) ‘-(?)-, followed by dḫapantali(ia)-’
(OHP. 1:187-90)
(Hitt. i-na-ar, i-na-a-ar [Abs], Aspects 8-9, 14-5, GhR. 60, 64, 156-7, 311, 419, 436-8, 450-3, 619-20)
1. PIE *inor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. inar-
PIE *inor-
Kpd. inar-
(LÚc.) ‘(prince de Kaneš, père de Waršama-)’
(NOMS. 453a)
(Kpd. i-na-ar)
1. PIE *inor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Kpd. inar-
PIE *inor-
Hitt. inar-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 453b)
(Hitt. i-na-ar, Klinger (1996:159-162), RDH. 82-83, G. McMahon (1991:24-7)
1. PIE *inor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. inar-
√inoro-
PIE *inoro-
Hitt. inara-
(d.) ‘= dLAMMA’
(OHP. 1:187-90)
(Hitt. i-na-ra-aš [N], REL. 55, 71, 90, WbMyth. 178-9)
1. PIE *inoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. inara-
PIE *inoro
CLu. inara
(adv.) ‘geradeaus’
(HHand. 61)
(Hitt. in-na-ra-a, in-na-ra-ma)
1. PIE *inoro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. inara
PIE *inoro-
Hitt. inara-
(LÚc.) ‘(officier; divers)’
(NOMS. 454)
(Hitt. i-na-ra-aš, in-na-ra-a)
1. PIE *inoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. inara-
√inorɑh-
PIE *inorēɑh-
Hitt. inarāḫ-
(vb.1.) ‘kräftig machen’
(HHand. 61)
(Hitt. i-na-ra-aḫ-ḫi [3sg], in-na-ra-aḫ-ḫa-at [1sgM])
1. PIE *inorēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *inorāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. inorāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *inorāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. inorāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *inarāh-
4. inarāh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. inarāḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *inorēɑhu̯or-
Hitt. inarāḫu̯ar-
(n.N.act.) ‘Verstärkung (von etw.)’
(HHand. 61)
(Hitt. in-na-ra-aḫ-ḫu-ar)
1. PIE *inorēɑhu̯or-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *inorāɑhu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. inorāɑhu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *inorāhu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. inorāhu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *inarāhu̯ar-
4. inarāhu̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. inarāḫu̯ar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√inorouo-
PIE *inorou̯o-
Kpd. inarau̯a-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 456.1)
(Kpd. i-na-ra-ua)
1. PIE *inorou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Kpd. inarau̯a-
PIE *inorou̯o-
Hitt. inarau̯a-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 456.2)
(Hitt. in-na-ra-u-ua-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *inorou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. inarau̯a-
PIE *inorou̯o-
Hitt. inarau̯a
(adv.) ‘geradeaus’
(HHand. 61)
(Hitt. in-na-ra-ua-kán)
1. PIE *inorou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. inarau̯a-
PIE *inorou̯es-
Hitt. inarau̯eš-
(vb.fient.) ‘rüstig werden’
(HHand. 61)
(Hitt. in-na-ra-u-e-eš-zi)
1. PIE *inorou̯es-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *inarau̯es-
2. inarau̯es-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. inarau̯eš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *inorou̯on-
Hitt. inarau̯an-
(n.) ‘Rüstigkeit’
(HHand. 61)
(Hitt. in-na-ra-u-ua-an-ni-it [sgI])
1. PIE *inorou̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. inarau̯an-
PIE *inorou̯ont-
Hitt. inarau̯ant-
(a.) ‘rüstig’
(HHand. 61)
(Hitt. in-na-ra-u-ua-an-za, in-na-ra-u-ua-an-da-an)
1. PIE *inorou̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. inarau̯ant-
PIE *inorou̯ont-
Hitt. inarau̯ant-
(d.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:191)
(Hitt. in-na-ra-u-ua-an-ta-aš, Aspects 30 n. 1; GhR. 308, 371, 408, 468; RDH. 74)
1. PIE *inorou̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. inarau̯ant-
PIE *inorou̯odɑɦor-
Hitt. inarau̯adar-
(n.) ‘Rüstigkeit’
(HHand. 61)
(Hitt. in-na-ra-u-ua-tar, KAL-tar)
1. PIE *inorou̯odɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *inorou̯odɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. inorou̯odɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *inarau̯adɦar-
3. inarau̯adɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. inarau̯adar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *inorou̯ou̯or-
Hitt. inarau̯au̯ar-
(n.) ‘Macht’
(HHand. 61)
(Hitt. in-na-ra-u[a-u]-a-ar)
1. PIE *inorou̯ou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. inarau̯au̯ar-
√in·drɑɦo-
PIE *índrɑHo-
RV. índr̥.a-
(GNm.) ‘Indra’
(WbRV. 214)
(trisyllabic)
1. PIE *índrɑHo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *índrHo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. índrHo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *índrHa-
3. índrHa-
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → *índr̥Ha-
4. índr̥Ha-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → RV. índr̥.a-
PIE *índrɑɦo-
RV. índra-
(GNm.) ‘Indra (der Gott des Lichthimmels)’
(WbRV. 213-4)
1. PIE *índrɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *índrɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. índrɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *índrɦa-
3. índrɦa-
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → *índr̥ɦa-
4. índr̥ɦa-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → RV. índr̥a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *indrɑɦo-
MAv. indra-
(m.) ‘Name eines Daēva’
(AIWb. 367-8)
(MAv. indra-)
1. PIE *indrɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *indrɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. indrɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *indrɦa-
3. indrɦa-
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → *indr̥ɦa-
4. indr̥ɦa-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *indr̥a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. indr̥a-
*r̥ → ǝr
Change of *r̥ into ǝr
Rr̥›ǝr → MAv. indǝra-
PIE *Π·indrɑɦó-
RV. an·indrá-
(a.) ‘den Indra nicht verehrend, dem Indra feind’
(WbRV. 56)
1. PIE *Π·indrɑɦó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·indrɦó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·indrɦó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·indrɦá-
3. Π·indrɦá-
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → *Π·indr̥ɦá-
4. Π·indr̥ɦá-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → RV. Π·indr̥á-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *indrɑɦoi̯o-
RV. indraya-
(pr.M.) ‘sich wie Indra benehmen’
(WbRV. 215)
1. PIE *indrɑɦoi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *indrɦoi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. indrɦoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *indrɦai̯a-
3. indrɦai̯a-
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → *indr̥ɦai̯a-
4. indr̥ɦai̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *indr̥ai̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. indr̥ai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. indr̥aya-
PIE *indrɑɦii̯ó-
OInd. indriyá-
(n.) ‘Kraft, Vermögen: power, force’
(KEWA 1:89)
1. PIE *indrɑɦii̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *indrɦii̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. indrɦii̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *indrɦii̯á-
3. indrɦii̯á-
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → *indr̥ɦii̯á-
4. indr̥ɦii̯á-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *indr̥ii̯á-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. indr̥ii̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. indr̥iyá-
PIE *indrɑɦii̯ó-
OInd. indriyá-
(a.) ‘kraftvoll, mächtig, stark’
(KEWA 1:89)
1. PIE *indrɑɦii̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *indrɦii̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. indrɦii̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *indrɦii̯á-
3. indrɦii̯á-
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → *indr̥ɦii̯á-
4. indr̥ɦii̯á-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *indr̥ii̯á-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. indr̥ii̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. indr̥iyá-


PIE √in- (sb.) ‘Brechung, Böse, Krankheit’
(IEW 818)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IIr. + Germ.)
√inɑh-
PIE *Π·inēɑh
Goth. fair·ina-
(f.) ‘(Be)Schuld(igung), Vorwurf’
(GoEtD. F13)
(Goth. fairina)
1. PIE *Π·inēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·ināɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·ināɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ināh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·ināh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·inā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·inā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *Π·inō
(XX:XX)
5. Π·inō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → Goth. Π·ina
PIE *Π·inēɑh
OHG. fir·ina
(f.) ‘Verbrechen’
(IEW 818)
(OHG. firina)
1. PIE *Π·inēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·ināɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·ināɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ināh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·ināh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·inā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·inā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *Π·inō
(XX:XX)
5. Π·inō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → OHG. Π·ina
PIE *Π·inēɑh-
OHG. fir·inō-
(vb.) ‘sündigen, freveln, entweihen: scelerare’
(Gl. 8th Cent.)
(OHG. firinōn [inf.])
1. PIE *Π·inēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·ināɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·ināɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ināh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·ināh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·inā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·inā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → OHG. Π·inō-
(XX:XX)
√inon-
PIE *inon-
Hitt. inan-
(n.) ‘Krankheit, Erkrankung’
(HHand. 61)
(Hitt. i-na-an [NA], i-na-na-aš [G], i-na-ni [DL])
1. PIE *inon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. inan-
√inos-
PIE *einos-
gAv. aenah-
(n.) ‘Gewalt-, Übel-, Untat, Frevel’
(AIWb. 21)
(gAv. aēnah-)
1. PIE *einos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *einas-
2. einas-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *einah-
3. einah-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ainah-
4. ainah-
*ai → ae
Opening of *ai into ae
Rai›ae → gAv. aenah-
PIE *einos-
gAv. aenah-
(n.) ‘Übeltäter, Frevler’
(AIWb. 21-2)
(gAv. aēnah-)
1. PIE *einos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *einas-
2. einas-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *einah-
3. einah-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ainah-
4. ainah-
*ai → ae
Opening of *ai into ae
Rai›ae → gAv. aenah-
PIE *einos-
gAv. aenah-
(vb.dn.) ‘einem (Gläubigen) Gewalt anzutun’
(AIWb. 21)
(gAv. aēnah-)
1. PIE *einos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *einas-
2. einas-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *einah-
3. einah-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ainah-
4. ainah-
*ai → ae
Opening of *ai into ae
Rai›ae → gAv. aenah-
PIE *einós-
RV. enás-
(n.) ‘Frevel, Sünde, Gewalttat, Bedrängnis’
(WbRV. 300)
1. PIE *einós-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *einás-
2. einás-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ainás-
3. ainás-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *ēnás-
4. ēnás-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → RV. enás-
√inti-
PIE *inti-
LAv. inti-
(f.) ‘Vergewaltigung, Kränkung, Qual’
(AIWb. 367)
(LAv. inti [sgI])
√inu-
PIE *ineú-
OInd. inó-
(pr.) ‘auf etwas eindringen, bewältigen’
(WbRV. 217)
(OInd. inóti, inuhí)
1. PIE *ineú-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *inaú-
2. inaú-
aú → ṓ
Monophthongization of *aú
Raú›ṓ → *inṓ-
3. inṓ-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → OInd. inó-
PIE *ineu-
LAv. inao-
(pr.) ‘vergewaltigen, kränken’
(AIWb. 21)
(LAv. inaoiti [3sg])
1. PIE *ineu-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *inau-
2. inau-
*au → ao
Opening of *au
Rau›ao → LAv. inao-


PIE √ibɑɦ- √oibɑɦ- √eibɑɦ ‘Land, Gau’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√oibɑɦ-
PIE *oibɑɦēɑh
OHG. eiba-
(f.) ‘Gau, Land’ ‹in compounds›
(IEW 298)
(OHG. weter·eiba, wingart·eiba, etc.)
1. PIE *oibɑɦēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *oibɑɦāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. oibɑɦāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oibɦāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. oibɦāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oibɦā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. oibɦā
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *oibā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. oibā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aibā
6. aibā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *aibō
(XX:XX)
7. aibō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *aiba
8. aiba
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → OHG. eiba
√ibɑɦoi-
PIE *ibɑɦoi-
TochA. ype-
(sb.) ‘terra, regio, imperium’
(Poucha 250)
(TochA. ype, ypeyā)
1. PIE *ibɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ibɦoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ibɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ibɦai-
3. ibɦai-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *ibai-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ibai-
*b → p
Loss of voice of media *b
Rb›p → *ipai-
5. ipai-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *ipē-
6. ipē-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochA. ipe-
√ibɑɦoni-
PIE *ibɑɦoni·si-
HLu. ibani·ši-
(URBSc.a.gen.) ‘of ipani-’
(CHLu. 2.11.5)
(HLu. i-pa-ni-si-ná(URBS) [sgA])
1. PIE *ibɑɦoni·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ibɦoni·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ibɦoni·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ibɦani·si-
3. ibɦani·si-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ibani·si-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ibani·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. ibani·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √ir- √oir- √eir- (sb.) ‘Krankheit, Wunde, Böse’
(IEW 332-3)
(Burrow apud HEG I:369-71: OInd. + OAnat.)
√irɑhuo-
(HEG I:369)
PIE *eirɑḫu̯o-
CLu. eirḫu̯a-
(sb.) ‘(eine Krankheit?)’
(DLL. 36-7)
(CLu. [e-e]r-ḫu-ua-an-zi [plN], HHand. 32)
1. PIE *eirɑḫu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eirḫu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eirḫu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. eirḫu̯a-
PIE *eirɑḫu̯o·lei̯o-
CLu. eirḫu̯a·lei̯a-
(vb.) ‘an der erḫuwa leiden’
(DLL. 36-7)
(CLu. e-er-ḫu-u-ua-al-li-ia-an, [e-er-ḫ]u-u-ua-li-ia-an-zi [plN], HHand. 32)
1. PIE *eirɑḫu̯o·lei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eirḫu̯o·lei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eirḫu̯o·lei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. eirḫu̯a·lei̯a-
PIE *irɑḫu̯o·so-
CLu. irḫu̯a·ša-
(a.gen.) ‘von der erḫuwa-Krankheit’
(DLL. 36-7)
(CLu. ir-ḫu-u-ua-aš-ša [n.pl])
1. PIE *irɑḫu̯o·so-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *irḫu̯o·so-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. irḫu̯o·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *irḫu̯a·sa-
3. irḫu̯a·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. irḫu̯a·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√irmo-
(Pyysalo: OEng.)
(HED 1:160)
PIE *irmo-
Hitt. irma-
(a.) ‘krank: Sum. GIG’
(I:370)
(Hitt. ir-ma-)
1. PIE *irmo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. irma-
PIE *irmo-
OEng. irma-
(vb.) ‘make miserable/wretched, afflict, wex’
(ASaxD. 599)
(OEng. irman [inf.])
1. PIE *irmo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OEng. irma-
PIE *írmo-
OInd. īrma-
(m.n.) ‘Wunde’
(EWA 3:28-29)
(OInd. īrma-)
1. PIE *írmo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OInd. írma-
√irmol-
PIE *irmolo-
CLu. irmala-
(GKLa.) ‘krank: malade’
(DLL. 52)
1. PIE *irmolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. irmala-
PIE *irmolo-
Hitt. irmala-
(a.) ‘krank’
(HHand. 32, 63)
1. PIE *irmolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. irmala-
PIE *irmolei̯o-
Hitt. irmalei̯a-
(vb.fient.) ‘erkranken, krank werden’
(HHand. 32)
(Hitt. ir-ma-li-ia-at-ta-at)
1. PIE *irmolei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. irmalei̯a-
PIE *irmolei̯ont-
Hitt. irmalei̯ant-
(pt.) ‘krank sein, erkranken’
(HEG I:370)
1. PIE *irmolei̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. irmalei̯ant-
PIE *irmolei̯ou̯or-
Hitt. irmalei̯au̯ar-
(n.) ‘Erkrankung’
(HEG I:370)
1. PIE *irmolei̯ou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. irmalei̯au̯ar-
√irmon-
(Burrow apud HEG I:369-71: OInd. + OAnat.)
PIE *irmon-
Hitt. irman-
(n.) ‘Krankheit’
(HHand. 32)
(Hitt. irman-, erman-)
1. PIE *irmon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. irman-
PIE *Π·irmon-
OInd. dakṣina·irmaṇ-
(a.) ‘auf der rechten Seite verwundet’
(KEWA 1:558)
(in OInd. dakṣinerman)
1. PIE *Π·irmon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·irman-
2. Π·irman-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → OInd. Π·irmaṇ-
PIE *irmonei̯o-
Hitt. irmanei̯a-
(vb.) ‘erkranken’
(HEG I:371)
1. PIE *irmonei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. irmanei̯a-
√irmingɑɦ-
PIE *irmingɑɦo
OEng. irming-
(a.) ‘poor, mean, wretched, a wretch’
(ASaxD. 599)
1. PIE *irmingɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *irmingɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. irmingɦo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *irmingo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. irmingo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *irminga
4. irminga
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OEng. irming
√iruo-
(HEG I:369)
(Pyysalo)
PIE *eiru̯o-
CLu. eiru̯a-
(c.) ‘eine Krankheit?’
(DLL. 36-7)
(CLu. e-er-ua-an-zi [plN], HHand. 32)
1. PIE *eiru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. eiru̯a-
PIE *eiru̯o·lei̯o-
CLu. eiru̯a·lei̯a-
(a.) ‘an der erḫuwa-Krankheit leidend’
(DLL. 36-7)
(CLu. e-er-ua-al-li-ia-an [sgA], HHand. 32)
1. PIE *eiru̯o·lei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. eiru̯a·lei̯a-
PIE *iru̯o·lei̯o-
Hitt. iru̯a·lei̯a-
(a.) ‘an der erḫuwa-Krankheit leidend’
(DLL. 36-7)
(Hitt. ir-ua-al-li-i[a-an], HHand. 32)
1. PIE *iru̯o·lei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. iru̯a·lei̯a-
PIE *iru̯o·lei̯o-
CLu. iru̯a·lei̯a-
(a.) ‘an der erḫuwa-Krankheit leidend’
(DLL. 36-7)
(CLu. ir-ua-li-ia-ti [sgI], HHand. 32)
1. PIE *iru̯o·lei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. iru̯a·lei̯a-
PIE *iru̯o·so-
CLu. iru̯a·ša-
(a.) ‘of irua-’
(DLL. 36-7)
(CLu. ir-ua-aš-š[a], HHand. 62)
1. PIE *iru̯o·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *iru̯a·sa-
2. iru̯a·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. iru̯a·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √ios- √ies- √is- (sb.) ‘Mund, Sprache’ (vb.) ‘sprechen, schwören’ (a.) ‘rauschend’
(IEW 784-5)
(SPIE 78-9)
√ois-
(HW2 A:48f.)
(HEG A:6-8, I:371; HED 1:15-17; HIL. 200f.)
PIE *ois-
Hitt. aiš-
(n.) ‘Mund, Maul’ (EHS 160)
(HEG A:6-8)
(OHitt. a-i-iš [sgN], Hitt. a-iš, a-i-iš-ši [sgDL])
1. PIE *ois-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ais-
2. ais-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. aiš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√is-
PIE *is-
Hitt. iš-
(n.) ‘Mund, Maul: KAxU’
(HEG I:371)
(Hitt. iš-ša-aš, iš-ši-i-i, iš-ša-az, iš-ša-a, iš-ši-it)
1. PIE *is-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. iš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ioso-
PIE *oi̯oso-
CLu. aaša-
(vb.) ‘sprechen’ (DLLAdd. 45)
(DLL. 33)
(CLu. a-aš-ša-at-ta, a-a-aš-ša-an-ta, Laroche DLLAdd. 45)
1. PIE *oi̯oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ai̯asa-
2. ai̯asa-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *aasa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. aasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. aaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *oi̯oso-
CLu. aaša-
(n.) ‘Mund’ (DLLAdd. 45)
(DLL. 33)
(CLu. a-a-aš-ša-(-a)-ti [plNA+refl.], a-aš-ša-at-ta)
1. PIE *oi̯oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ai̯asa-
2. ai̯asa-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *aasa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. aasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. aaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *oi̯oso-
Hitt. aaša-
(c.*) ‘Mund’
(HED 1:17)
(if in Hitt. KAxU-an [sgA])
1. PIE *oi̯oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ai̯asa-
2. ai̯asa-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *aasa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. aasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. aaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *oi̯oso·mo-
CLu. aaša·ma-
(pt.) ‘gesagt’
(DLL. 33)
(CLu. a-a-aš-ša-am-ma-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *oi̯oso·mo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ai̯asa·ma-
2. ai̯asa·ma-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *aasa·ma-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. aasa·ma-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. aaša·ma-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *oi̯osont-
CLu. aašant-
(n.) ‘Mund’
(KLuN. 100)
(CLu. a-a-aš-ša-an-ta [plNA])
1. PIE *oi̯osont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ai̯asant-
2. ai̯asant-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *aasant-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. aasant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. aašant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√iesɑh-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·i̯esēɑh-
Lat. dē·ierā-
(pr.1.) ‘heilig beschwören’
(WH. 2:274-5)
(Lat. dēierāre [inf.])
1. PIE *Π·i̯esēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·i̯esāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·i̯esāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·i̯esāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·i̯esāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·i̯esā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·i̯esā-
*VsV → VrV
Rhotacism of *s between vowels
RVsV›VrV → *Π·i̯erā-
5. Π·i̯erā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → Lat. Π·ierā-
PIE *Π·i̯esēɑh-
Lat. pe·ierā-
(vb.1.) ‘falsch schwören’
(WH. 2:274-5)
(Lat. peierāre [inf.])
1. PIE *Π·i̯esēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·i̯esāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·i̯esāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·i̯esāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·i̯esāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·i̯esā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·i̯esā-
*VsV → VrV
Rhotacism of *s between vowels
RVsV›VrV → *Π·i̯erā-
5. Π·i̯erā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → Lat. Π·ierā-
√iosi-
PIE *oi̯osei̯o-
CLu. aašei̯a-
(GNc.) ‘‹cf. KLuN. 453-41638, GhR. 309, RDH. 72›’
(OHP. 1:50-51)
(CLu. a-aš-ši-ia-zi [plN])
1. PIE *oi̯osei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ai̯asei̯a-
2. ai̯asei̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *aasei̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. aasei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. aašei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *oi̯osei̯o·to-
CLu. aašei̯a·ta-
(d?.) ‘‹for mng., cf. CLuLex. 36›’
(OHP. 1:50-51)
(CLu. a-aš-ši-ia-at-ta [?])
1. PIE *oi̯osei̯o·to-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ai̯asei̯a·ta-
2. ai̯asei̯a·ta-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *aasei̯a·ta-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. aasei̯a·ta-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. aašei̯a·ta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ist-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·istí-
Gr. γραικ·ιστί
(adv.) ‘in Greek’
(LSJ. 358-9)
(‹to Gr. γραικ-ός›)
1. PIE *Π·istí-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·ιστί-


PIE √it- √oit- √eit- (sb.) ‘Wasser, Quelle’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Gr. + OAnat.)
√eitisKeɑh-
PIE *eit·iskeɑhí
Gr. εἰτ·ισκαί
(f.pl) ‘πηγή (Hes.)’
(LSJ. 498)
(Gr. εἰτισκαί ‹suffix unclear›)
1. PIE *eit·iskeɑhí
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *eit·iskaɑhí
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. eit·iskaɑhí
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eit·iskahí
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. eit·iskahí
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *eit·iskaí
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. eit·iskaí
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. εἰτ·ισκαί
√eit·mori-
(HEG I:447)
PIE *eit·mori-
Hitt. eit·mari-
(c.) ‘ein im Kult verwendetes Gefäß’
(HHand. 68)
(Hitt. e-et-ma-ri-e-eš [plN])
1. PIE *eit·mori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. eit·mari-
PIE *it·mori-
Hitt. it·mari-
(dc.) ‘-(?)- ‹cf. RDH. 83, CLuLex. 96›’
(OHP. 1:208)
(Hitt. it-ma-ri-aš, it-ma-ri-uš [plA])
1. PIE *it·mori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. it·mari-
PIE *eit·mori-
CLu. eitmari-
(d.) ‹‘fountain·pure? ≈ šuppiluliuma?’›
(OHP. 1:208)
(CLu. i-it-ma-ri-in-zi [plN])
1. PIE *eit·mori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. eit·mari-
PIE *eit·morio-
CLu. eitmaria-
(dc.) ‘ein im Kult verwendetes Gefäß’
(DLL. 53)
(CLu. i-it-ma-ri-an-za [plA])
1. PIE *eit·morio-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. eit·maria-


PIE √idɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Gott’ (a.) ‘gut’ (vb.) ‘ehren’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√idɑɦo-
PIE *idɑɦo·Σ
OIcl. iða·vǫll-
(st.m.) ‘Wohnsitz ‹vǫll = ‘Feld’› der Götter’
(ANEtWb. 283)
(OIcl. iðavǫllr [sgN])
1. PIE *idɑɦo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *idɦo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. idɦo·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *ido·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ido·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ida·Σ
4. ida·Σ
*d -› ð
Change of d into ð
Rd›ð → OIcl. iða·Σ
√idɑɦi-
PIE *idɑɦi̯·eléɑh-
Maced. ἰζ·ελά-
(f.) ‘ἀγαθὴ τύχη: good luck’
(LSJ. 823)
(Hes. ἰζελά· ἀγαθὴ τύχη)
1. PIE *idɑɦi̯·eléɑh-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *idɑɦi̯·eláɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. idɑɦi̯·eláɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *idɦi̯·eláh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. idɦi̯·eláh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *idɦi̯·elá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. idɦi̯·elá-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *idi̯·elá-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. idi̯·elá-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *ij·elá-
6. ij·elá-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *iz·elá-
7. iz·elá-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Maced. ἰζ·ελά-
√idɑɦiist-
PIE *idɑɦi̯isto-
HLu. izišta-
(vb.2.) ‘honour’
(CHLu. 2.6.34)
(HLu. i-zi-i-sa-ta-i [3sg])
1. PIE *idɑɦi̯isto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *idɦi̯isto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. idɦi̯isto-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ijɦisto-
3. ijɦisto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ijɦista-
4. ijɦista-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ijista-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ijista-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *izista-
6. izista-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. izišta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *idɑɦi̯istonu-
Hitt. izištanu-
(GN.) ‘‹cf. Aspects 12 n. 5, Klinger (1996:245), RDH. 26›’
(OHP. 1:209)
(Hitt. iz-zi-iš-ta-nu)
1. PIE *idɑɦi̯istonu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *idɦi̯istonu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. idɦi̯istonu-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ijɦistonu-
3. ijɦistonu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ijɦistanu-
4. ijɦistanu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ijistanu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ijistanu-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *izistanu-
6. izistanu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. izištanu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *idɑɦi̯istor-
HLu. izištar-
(sb.) ‘honour’
(CHLu. 2.22.15)
(HLu. i-zi-i-sa-ta+ra/i-wa/i-ma-za)
1. PIE *idɑɦi̯istor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *idɦi̯istor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. idɦi̯istor-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ijɦistor-
3. ijɦistor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ijɦistar-
4. ijɦistar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ijistar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ijistar-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *izistar-
6. izistar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. izištar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *idɑɦi̯istu-
HLu. izištu-
(vb.) ‘honour’
(CHLu. 1.1.48)
(HLu. i-zi-sa-tu-na [inf.])
1. PIE *idɑɦi̯istu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *idɦi̯istu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. idɦi̯istu-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ijɦistu-
3. ijɦistu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ijistu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ijistu-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *izistu-
5. izistu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. izištu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √idɑɦ- (vb.) ‘lay waste, desolate, destroy’ (a.) ‘empty, vain, idle, bad’ (sb.) ‘disease, pain’
(IEW 12)
(Sturtevant 1930a:25; Pyysalo)
√idɑɦi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·idɑɦi-
HLu. ARHA idi·-
(MANUS/69vb.) ‘delete: Phoen. mḥ’
(CHLu. 1.1.63, 1.1.73)
(HLu. ARHA “*69”(-)i-ti-wa/i [1sg], ARHA MANUS(-)i-ti-tu, ARHA “*69”(-)i-ti-tu)
1. PIE *Π·idɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·idɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·idɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. Π·idi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *eidɑɦilo-
OSax. īdil-
(a.) ‘eitel, nichtig’
(ASächsWb. 39)
1. PIE *eidɑɦilo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eidɦilo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eidɦilo-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *eidilo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. eidilo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *eidila-
4. eidila-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → OSax. īdila-
√idɑɦol-
(Sturtevant 1930a:25)
(HEG I:442-444, HIL. 487f., Puhvel HED 2:487f., Kimball 1999:218)
PIE *idɑɦolo-
Hitt. idala-
(a.) ‘böse’
(HIL. 487)
(Hitt. i-da-a-la-az [sgAbl])
1. PIE *idɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *idɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. idɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *idɦala-
3. idɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. idala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *eidɑɦolo
OHG. ītal-
(a.) ‘vanus, vacuus, vacans, inanis, exinanitus’
(Gl.)
(Lat. exinanitus NGl, inanis Gl, MNPs, NGl, O, T, (raca) T, vacans MF, vacuus Gl, O, vanus B, Gl)
1. PIE *eidɑɦolo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eidɦolo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eidɦolo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *eidolo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. eidolo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *eidala
4. eidala
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *īdala
5. īdala
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *īdal
6. īdal
*d → t
OHG sound shift of *d
Rd›tHG → OHG. ītal
PIE *eidɑɦolo
OSax. īdal-
(a.) ‘eitel, leer’
(ASächsWb. 39)
1. PIE *eidɑɦolo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eidɦolo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eidɦolo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *eidolo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. eidolo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *eidala
4. eidala
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *īdala
5. īdala
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OSax. īdal
PIE *eidɑɦolo
OEng. īdel-
(a.) ‘empty, not possessing, (de)void, vain, idle’
(ASaxD. 586)
1. PIE *eidɑɦolo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eidɦolo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eidɦolo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *eidolo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. eidolo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *eidala
4. eidala
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *īdala
5. īdala
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *īdal
6. īdal
*al → el
Rising of a into e before l-
R=al›=el → OEng. īdel
PIE *oidɑɦolo
OEng. ādel-
(f.) ‘disease, pain, consumption, morbus, languor’
(ASaxD. 7)
1. PIE *oidɑɦolo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oidɦolo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oidɦolo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *oidolo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. oidolo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aidala
4. aidala
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *aidal
5. aidal
*ai → ā
Monophthongization of *ai into ā
Rai›ā → *ādal
6. ādal
*al → el
Rising of a into e before l-
R=al›=el → OEng. ādel
PIE *idɑɦolom-
Hitt. idalam-
(a.) ‘böse, schlecht’
(HIL. 487)
(Hitt. i-da-a-la-mu-uš [plA])
1. PIE *idɑɦolom-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *idɦolom-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. idɦolom-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *idɦalam-
3. idɦalam-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. idalam-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *idɑɦolu-
Hitt. idalu-
(a.) ‘böse, schlecht: Sum. ḪUL’
(HEG I:442-444)
1. PIE *idɑɦolu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *idɦolu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. idɦolu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *idɦalu-
3. idɦalu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. idalu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *idɑɦolou̯ēɑh-
Hitt. idalau̯āḫ-
(vb.) ‘Böses tun, schädigen’
(EHS 425, 427)
(HdO 190)
1. PIE *idɑɦolou̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *idɑɦolou̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. idɑɦolou̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *idɦolou̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. idɦolou̯āh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *idɦalau̯āh-
4. idɦalau̯āh-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *idalau̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. idalau̯āh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. idalau̯āḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√idɑhl-
PIE *olpi̯·oidɑɦlo
OEng. ælf·ādl-
(f.) ‘Elf-disease (ephialtae morbus)’
(ASaxD. 14)
1. PIE *olpi̯·oidɑɦlo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *olpi̯·oidɦlo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. olpi̯·oidɦlo
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *olfi̯·oidɦlo
3. olfi̯·oidɦlo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *olfi̯·oidlo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. olfi̯·oidlo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *alfi̯·aidla
5. alfi̯·aidla
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *alfi̯·aidl
6. alfi̯·aidl
alfi → ælf
Umlaut a-i -> æ
Ralfi›ælf → *ælf·aidl
7. ælf·aidl
*ai → ā
Monophthongization of *ai into ā
Rai›ā → OEng. ælf·ādl
PIE *oidɑɦli̯o-
OEng. ādlia-
(vb.) ‘ail, be sick, languish, aegrotare’
(ASaxD. 7)
1. PIE *oidɑɦli̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oidɦli̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oidɦli̯o-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *oidli̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. oidli̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aidli̯a-
4. aidli̯a-
*ai → ā
Monophthongization of *ai into ā
Rai›ā → *ādli̯a-
5. ādli̯a-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → OEng. ādlia-
PIE *eidɑɦli̯o-
OEng. īdlia-
(vb.) ‘become vain/idle, come to nought, empty’
(ASaxD. 586)
1. PIE *eidɑɦli̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eidɦli̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eidɦli̯o-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *eidli̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. eidli̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *eidli̯a-
4. eidli̯a-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *īdli̯a-
5. īdli̯a-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → OEng. īdlia-


PIE √idɑɦ- (vb.) ‘machen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√idɑɦ-
PIE *idɑɦēɑh
OIcl. ið-
(f.) ‘Arbeit, Verrichtung’
(ANEtWb. 282)
1. PIE *idɑɦēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *idɑɦāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. idɑɦāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *idɦāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. idɦāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *idɦā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. idɦā
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *idā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. idā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *idō
(XX:XX)
6. idō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *ida
7. ida
*-a -u
Change of root final -a into -u
R=a›=u → *idu
8. idu
*d -› ð
Change of d into ð
Rd›ð → *iðu
9. iðu
*-u → Ø
Loss of -u in root-final position
R=u›=0 → OIcl. ið
PIE *eidɑɦi
OIcl. īð-
(f.) ‘Arbeit, Verrichtung’ (Falk-Torp 27)
(ANEtWb. 283)
1. PIE *eidɑɦi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eidɦi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eidɦi
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *eidi
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. eidi
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *īdi
4. īdi
*d -› ð
Change of d into ð
Rd›ð → OIcl. īði
PIE *idɑɦi̯o·n-
OIcl. iðja·n-
(f.) ‘Arbeit’
(ANEtWb. 283)
(OIcl. iðja [sgN])
1. PIE *idɑɦi̯o·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *idɦi̯o·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. idɦi̯o·n-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *idi̯o·n-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. idi̯o·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *idi̯a·n-
4. idi̯a·n-
*d -› ð
Change of d into ð
Rd›ð → *iði̯a·n-
5. iði̯a·n-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → OIcl. iðja·n-
PIE *idɑɦi̯o-
OIcl. iðja-
(vb.) ‘sich mit etwas befassen, arbeiten’
(ANEtWb. 283)
(OIcl. iðja [inf.])
1. PIE *idɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *idɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. idɦi̯o-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *idi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. idi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *idi̯a-
4. idi̯a-
*d -› ð
Change of d into ð
Rd›ð → *iði̯a-
5. iði̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → OIcl. iðja-
PIE *idɑɦi̯i-
HLu. izi-
(vb.) ‘make: Phoen. p‘l’
(CHLu. 1.1.67)
(HLu. i-zi-ta5)
1. PIE *idɑɦi̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *idɦi̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. idɦi̯i-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ijɦi-
3. ijɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *iji-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. iji-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → HLu. izi-
PIE *idɑɦigɑɦo
OEng. idig-
(a.) ‘busy, active’
(ASaxD. 586)
1. PIE *idɑɦigɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *idɦigɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. idɦigɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *idigɦo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. idigɦo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *idigo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. idigo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *idiga
5. idiga
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OEng. idig
PIE *idɑɦi·n-
OIcl. iði·n-
(m.) ‘Rühriger (Riesenname)’
(ANEtWb. 283)
(OIcl. iði [sgN])
1. PIE *idɑɦi·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *idɦi·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. idɦi·n-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *idi·n-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. idi·n-
*d -› ð
Change of d into ð
Rd›ð → OIcl. iði·n-
PIE *idɑɦino
OIcl. iðin-
(a.) ‘eifrig’
(ANEtWb. 283)
(OIcl. iðinn [sgN])
1. PIE *idɑɦino
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *idɦino
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. idɦino
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *idino
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. idino
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *idina
4. idina
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *idin
5. idin
*d -› ð
Change of d into ð
Rd›ð → OIcl. iðin
PIE *idɑɦnēɑh
OIcl. iðn-
(f.) ‘Beschäftigung, Arbeit’
(ANEtWb. 283)
(OIcl. iðn [sgN])
1. PIE *idɑɦnēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *idɑɦnāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. idɑɦnāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *idɦnāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. idɦnāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *idɦnā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. idɦnā
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *idnā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. idnā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *idnō
(XX:XX)
6. idnō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *idna
7. idna
*-a -u
Change of root final -a into -u
R=a›=u → *idnu
8. idnu
*d -› ð
Change of d into ð
Rd›ð → *iðnu
9. iðnu
*-u → Ø
Loss of -u in root-final position
R=u›=0 → OIcl. iðn
PIE *idɑɦno-
OIcl. iðna-
(vb.) ‘arbeiten, betreiben: studere’
(ANEtWb. 283)
(OIcl. iðna [inf.])
1. PIE *idɑɦno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *idɦno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. idɦno-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *idno-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. idno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *idna-
4. idna-
*d -› ð
Change of d into ð
Rd›ð → OIcl. iðna-


PIE √iu- (vb.) ‘befehlen’ (sb.) ‘Befehl, Befehlshaber, Priester’
(IEW 511)
(Pyysalo)
√iu-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·i̯ú-
RV. adhvar·yú-
(m.) ‘der die Opferfeier leitende Priester’
(WbRV. 49f.)
1. PIE *Π·i̯ú-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·yú-
√iou·uekuo-
PIE *i̯ōu·u̯eiku̯o-
TochB. yau·yekä-
(sb.) ‘verbal orders, documents?’
(DTochB. 514)
(TochB. yauyekänta; for √yek- cf. TochB. wek- (m.sg) ‘vox’, DTochB. 607)
1. PIE *i̯ōu·u̯eiku̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *i̯ōu·u̯eiku̯a-
2. i̯ōu·u̯eiku̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *i̯āu·u̯eiku̯a-
3. i̯āu·u̯eiku̯a-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *i̯āu·u̯i̯aiku̯a-
4. i̯āu·u̯i̯aiku̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *i̯āu·u̯i̯aika-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. i̯āu·u̯i̯aika-
*u̯I → I
Loss of *u̯ before palatal *i̯/i
Ru̯I›I → *i̯āu·i̯aika-
6. i̯āu·i̯aika-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *i̯āu·i̯ēka-
7. i̯āu·i̯ēka-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → *i̯au·i̯ēka-
8. i̯au·i̯ēka-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → *i̯au·i̯eka-
9. i̯au·i̯eka-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochB. yau·yeka-
√iouo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·i̯ou̯o-
RV. ā́dhvar·yava-
(n.) ‘Dienst des adhvaryú-’
(WbRV. 178)
1. PIE *Π·i̯ou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·i̯au̯a-
2. Π·i̯au̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *Π·i̯ava-
3. Π·i̯ava-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·yava-
PIE *o.i̯ou̯o·lo-
Hitt. a.i̯au̯a·la-
(c.N.ag.) ‘ein Repräsentant (des Königs)’
(HEG A:5-6)
(Hitt. LUGAL a-ia-ua-la-aš [sgN], DLL. 24, OGH. 3)
1. PIE *o.i̯ou̯o·lo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. a.i̯au̯a·la-
√iudɑɦ-
(IEW 511)
(WP. 1:204)
PIE *i̯udɑɦei̯o-
Lat. iubeo-
(vb.) ‘befehlen: order, command’
(WH. 1:724-5)
(Lat. iubeō [1sg])
1. PIE *i̯udɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *i̯udɦei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. i̯udɦei̯o-
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *dɦ
Rdɦ›f → *i̯ufei̯o-
3. i̯ufei̯o-
*f → b
Change of *f into b
Rf›b → *i̯ubei̯o-
4. i̯ubei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
Rei̯o›eo → *i̯ubeo-
5. i̯ubeo-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → Lat. iubeo-
PIE *i̯udɑɦs-
Lat. iuss-
(pf.) ‘befehlen: order, command’
(WH. 1:724-5)
(Lat. iussi)
1. PIE *i̯udɑɦs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *i̯udɦs-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. i̯udɦs-
CHs → Cs
Loss of *h between stop and *s
RCHs›Cs → *i̯uds-
3. i̯uds-
*ds → ss
Assimilation of *ds
Rds›ss → *i̯uss-
4. i̯uss-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → Lat. iuss-
PIE *i̯udɑɦso-
Lat. iusso-
(n.) ‘Befehl’
(WH. 1:724-5)
(Lat. iussum)
1. PIE *i̯udɑɦso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *i̯udɦso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. i̯udɦso-
CHs → Cs
Loss of *h between stop and *s
RCHs›Cs → *i̯udso-
3. i̯udso-
*ds → ss
Assimilation of *ds
Rds›ss → *i̯usso-
4. i̯usso-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → Lat. iusso-
√ioudɑɦ-
(Pyysalo: TochB.)
PIE *i̯oudɑɦei̯o-
OLat. ioubeo-
(vb.2.) ‘befehlen: order, command’
(WH. 1:724-5)
(OLat. ioubeatis [2pl])
1. PIE *i̯oudɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *i̯oudɦei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. i̯oudɦei̯o-
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *dɦ
Rdɦ›f → *i̯oufei̯o-
3. i̯oufei̯o-
*f → b
Change of *f into b
Rf›b → *i̯oubei̯o-
4. i̯oubei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
Rei̯o›eo → *i̯oubeo-
5. i̯oubeo-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → OLat. ioubeo-
PIE *i̯oudɑɦs-
OLat. iouss-
(pf.) ‘befehlen: order, command’
(WH. 1:724-5)
(in OLat. ioussi [1sg])
1. PIE *i̯oudɑɦs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *i̯oudɦs-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. i̯oudɦs-
CHs → Cs
Loss of *h between stop and *s
RCHs›Cs → *i̯ouds-
3. i̯ouds-
*ds → ss
Assimilation of *ds
Rds›ss → *i̯ouss-
4. i̯ouss-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → OLat. iouss-
PIE *i̯oudɑɦ·Σ
TochB. yot·kolau-
(sb.) ≈ ‘foreman, director’
(DTochB. 512)
1. PIE *i̯oudɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *i̯oudɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. i̯oudɦ·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *i̯audɦ·Σ
3. i̯audɦ·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *i̯aud·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. i̯aud·Σ
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *i̯aut·Σ
5. i̯aut·Σ
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *i̯ōt·Σ
6. i̯ōt·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *i̯ot·Σ
7. i̯ot·Σ
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochB. yot·Σ


PIE √iu- √iou- √ieu- (sb.) ‘Same, Saat’
(IEW 512)
(Pyysalo: Germ. + OAnat.)
√eiuo-
PIE *eiu̯o-
Hitt. eiu̯a-
(n.) ‘(eine Feldfrucht, Abart der Gerste)’
(HHand. 34)
(Hitt. e-ua-an, e-u-ua-an [sgNA], e-ua-aš [sgG])
1. PIE *eiu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. eiu̯a-
PIE *eiu̯oli-
Hitt. eiu̯ali-
(a.) ‘fruchtbar?’
(HHand. 34)
(Hitt. eiu̯ali-)
1. PIE *eiu̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. eiu̯ali-
√iuo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *pro·iu̯o
Goth. fra·iw-
(n.) ‘Same: σπόρος, σπέρμα: seed’
(GoEtD. F76)
(Goth. fraiw [sgN])
1. PIE *pro·iu̯o
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *fro·iu̯o
2. fro·iu̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *fra·iu̯a
3. fra·iu̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *fra·iu̯
4. fra·iu̯
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Goth. fra·iw
PIE *iu̯o·Σ
Hitt. iu̯a·zeba-
(d.) ‘genius of IWA-’ (GhR. 258, fn. 45)
(OHP. 1:209)
(Hitt. di-ua-zi-pa [Abs])
1. PIE *iu̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. iu̯a·Σ
PIE *iu̯o·sɑho·Σ
Hitt. iu̯a·šḫa·x[…
(URU.) ‘(I., Kašara, Ḫuršama, Arzawa, den Hurriern)’
(OGH. 158)
(Hitt. i-ua-aš-ḫa-x[)
1. PIE *iu̯o·sɑho·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *iu̯o·sho·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. iu̯o·sho·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *iu̯a·sha·Σ
3. iu̯a·sha·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *iu̯a·šha·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. iu̯a·šha·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. iu̯a·šḫa·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *iu̯o·Σ
Hitt. iu̯a·dališa-
(URU.) ‘(›Tumana) ‹cf. Hitt. tališ-›’
(OGH. 158)
(Hitt. i-ua-ta-al-li-iš-ša [Stf.])
1. PIE *iu̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. iu̯a·Σ
PIE *iu̯olo·si-
HLu. iu̯ala·ši-
(a.) ‘ephit. of sun-god’
(CHLu. 6.3.11)
(HLu. i-wa/i-x-si[...] ‹for -la-, see Hitt. eiu̯ali-›)
1. PIE *iu̯olo·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *iu̯ala·si-
2. iu̯ala·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. iu̯ala·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √kɑhin- √gɑɦin- (vb.) ‘brennen, glühen, glänzen usw.’
(IEW 516f., 559f.)
(Pyysalo: OAnat.)
√kɑhin-
(IEW 516f.)
PIE *keɑhínu-
Gr. καίνυ-
(vb.M.) ‘sich auszeichnen, übertreffen’
(GEW 1:754-5)
(Gr. καίνυμαι [1sg])
1. PIE *keɑhínu-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhínu-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhínu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahínu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahínu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kaínu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kaínu-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. καίνυ-
PIE *kɑhíni·Σ
Lat. cini·flōn-
(m.) ‘Sklave der die Brenneisen in glühender Asche heiß zu machen hatte’
(WH. 1:217)
(Lat. ciniflō, ciniflōnis)
1. PIE *kɑhíni·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khíni·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khíni·Σ
*kh → k
Loss of *h in tenues aspirata *kh
Rkh›k → *kíni·Σ
3. kíni·Σ
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *cíni·Σ
4. cíni·Σ
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → Lat. cini·Σ
PIE *kɑhínes-
Lat. cines-
(m.) ‘Asche, Leichenasche, Asche(nhaufe)’
(WH. 1:217-8)
(Lat. cineris [sgG])
1. PIE *kɑhínes-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khínes-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khínes-
*kh → k
Loss of *h in tenues aspirata *kh
Rkh›k → *kínes-
3. kínes-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *cínes-
4. cínes-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → Lat. cines-
PIE *kɑhínesēɑhrii̯o-
Lat. cinerārio-
(n.) ‘a receptacle or niche for the ashes of the dead’
(OxLatD. 315)
1. PIE *kɑhínesēɑhrii̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kɑhínesāɑhrii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kɑhínesāɑhrii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khínesāhrii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. khínesāhrii̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *khínesārii̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. khínesārii̯o-
*kh → k
Loss of *h in tenues aspirata *kh
Rkh›k → *kínesārii̯o-
5. kínesārii̯o-
*VsV → VrV
Rhotacism of *s between vowels
RVsV›VrV → *kínerārii̯o-
6. kínerārii̯o-
*ii̯o → io
Loss *i̯ between i and o
Rii̯o›io → *kínerārio-
7. kínerārio-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *cínerārio-
8. cínerārio-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → Lat. cinerārio-
√gɑɦinɑɦ-
PIE *gɑɦíneɑɦo-
Hitt. ginaḫa-
(KUR URU.) ‘-(?)-’ (OGHErg.79)
(OGH. 208)
(Hitt. ki-na-aḫ-ḫa, ki-na-aḫ-ḫa-az)
1. PIE *gɑɦíneɑɦo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *gɑɦínaɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gɑɦínaɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦínaɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦínaɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦínaɦa-
4. gɦínaɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gínaɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. gínaɦa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → *gínaḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
6. gínaḫa-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → Hitt. ginaḫa-
PIE *gɑɦíneɑɦi-
Hitt. ginaḫi-
(KUR.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 208)
(Hitt. ki-na-aḫ-ḫi)
1. PIE *gɑɦíneɑɦi-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *gɑɦínaɑɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gɑɦínaɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦínaɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦínaɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gínaɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gínaɦi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → *gínaḫi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
5. gínaḫi-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → Hitt. ginaḫi-
√gɑɦínu-
PIE *Π·gɑɦínu-
HLu. ARHA ginu·-
(FLAMMAEcs.) ‘burn’
(CHLu. 147)
(HLu. ARHA (‘FLAMMAE’)k[i-n]u-ti [3pl])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦínu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦínu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦínu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·gínu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. Π·gínu-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → HLu. Π·ginu-
PIE *gɑɦínu̯o-
HLu. ginu̯a-
(FLAMMAEcs.) ‘burn’
(CHLu. 147, 238)
(HLu. (“FLAMMAE(?)”)ki-nu-wa/i-ha)
1. PIE *gɑɦínu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦínu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦínu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦínu̯a-
3. gɦínu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gínu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gínu̯a-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → HLu. ginu̯a-
PIE *Π·gɑɦínuso-
HLu. ARHA ginuša·-
(FLAMMAEcs.) ‘burn’
(CHLu. 238)
(HLu. ARHA (FLAMMAE(?))ki-[n]ú-sà-tú)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦínuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦínuso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦínuso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦínusa-
3. Π·gɦínusa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·gínusa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·gínusa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·gínuša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·gínuša-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → HLu. Π·ginuša-
√gɑɦionoistēɑh-
PIE *gɑɦion·oistēɑh
OHG. gan·eista
(f.) ‘Feuerfunken’
(Grundr2 1:628)
1. PIE *gɑɦion·oistēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦion·oistāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦion·oistāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦion·oistāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦion·oistāh
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *ǵɦon·oistāh
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ǵɦon·oistāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ǵɦon·oistā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ǵɦon·oistā
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦon·oistā
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. gɦon·oistā
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gon·oistā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. gon·oistā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gan·aistā
8. gan·aistā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *gan·aistō
(XX:XX)
9. gan·aistō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *gan·aista
10. gan·aista
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → OHG. gan·eista
√gɑɦionei-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *o·gɑɦinei-
Hitt. a·gnei-
(dc.) ‘Feuergott im Ritual’ (HEG A:10, RDH. 119)
(OHP. 1:8)
(Hitt. ak-ni-iš, ak-ni-i, ak-ni-ia-aš, a-ak-ni, a-ak-ni-iš, Riemschneider 1970:43-48)
1. PIE *o·gɑɦinei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·gɦinei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·gɦinei-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *o·ǵɦnei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. o·ǵɦnei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·ǵɦnei-
4. a·ǵɦnei-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *a·gɦnei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. a·gɦnei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. a·gnei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *hɑurso·gɑɦinei̯o-
Hitt. ḫurša·gnei̯a-
(vb.M.) ‘(im Feuer) bersten, verschmoren’
(HHand. 56)
1. PIE *hɑurso·gɑɦinei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hurso·gɦinei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hurso·gɦinei̯o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *hurso·ǵɦnei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hurso·ǵɦnei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hursa·ǵɦnei̯a-
4. hursa·ǵɦnei̯a-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *hursa·gɦnei̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hursa·gɦnei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hursa·gnei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hursa·gnei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hurša·gnei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. hurša·gnei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫurša·gnei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√gɑɦinoi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gɑɦinoi̯i-
OCS. znojĭ-
(m.) ‘Hitze’
(Sadnik √1145)
1. PIE *gɑɦinoi̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦinoi̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦinoi̯i-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *j́ɦnoi̯i-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦnoi̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́ɦnai̯i-
4. j́ɦnai̯i-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *zɦnai̯i-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. zɦnai̯i-
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *znai̯i-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. znai̯i-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *znoi̯i-
7. znoi̯i-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *znoji-
8. znoji-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → OCS. znojĭ-
PIE *gɑɦinoisto-
OIcl. gneista-
(vb.) ‘Funken sprühen’
(ANEtWb. 178b)
(OIcl. gneista)
1. PIE *gɑɦinoisto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦinoisto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦinoisto-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *ǵɦnoisto-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦnoisto-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦnoisto-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. gɦnoisto-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gnoisto-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. gnoisto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gnaista-
6. gnaista-
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → OIcl. gneista-
PIE *gɑɦinoiste·n-
OIcl. gneisti·n-
(m.) ‘Funken’
(ANEtWb. 178b)
(OIcl. gneisti [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦinoiste·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦinoiste·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦinoiste·n-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *ǵɦnoiste·n-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦnoiste·n-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦnoiste·n-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. gɦnoiste·n-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gnoiste·n-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. gnoiste·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gnaiste·n-
6. gnaiste·n-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *gnaisti·n-
7. gnaisti·n-
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → OIcl. gneisti·n-


PIE √kɑhin- √gɑɦin- (sb.) ‘Geburt, Verschwägerung’
(IEW 563-4)
(Pyysalo: Gr. + Hitt.)
√keɑhin-
PIE *keɑhinó-
Gr. καινό-
(a.) ‘neu, neuerfunden, unerwartet’
(GEW 1:797-798)
(Gr. καινός)
1. PIE *keɑhinó-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhinó-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhinó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahinó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahinó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kainó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kainó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. καινό-
PIE *keɑhinít-
Gr. καινίτ-
(m./f.) ‘brother, sister’
(GEW 1:797-798)
(Gr. καινίτα· ἀδελφή, καινίτας· ἀδελφοὺς καὶ ἀδελφάς H.)
1. PIE *keɑhinít-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhinít-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhinít-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahinít-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahinít-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kainít-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kainít-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. καινίτ-
√gɑɦoin-
PIE *gɑɦoino-
Hitt. gaina-
(LÚc.) ‘(Bez. für Verwandte des Mannes)’
(HEG K:459-60)
(HHand. 69, ga-i-na-aš, ka-i-na-aš, ka-e-na-aš)
1. PIE *gɑɦoino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦoino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦoino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦaina-
3. gɦaina-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gaina-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦoinon-
Hitt. gainan-
(LÚn.) ‘Verschwägerung: relationship by marriage’
(HHand. 69)
(Hitt. ka-i-na-an-ni, ga-i-na-an-ni [DL])
1. PIE *gɑɦoinon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦoinon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦoinon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦainan-
3. gɦainan-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gainan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦoinont-
Hitt. gainant-
(LÚc.) ‘= gaina-: kinsman’
(EHS 262, HIL. 495)
(Hitt. ka-e-na-an-ti [DL])
1. PIE *gɑɦoinont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦoinont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦoinont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦainant-
3. gɦainant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gainant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦoinosi-
Hitt. gainaši-
(LÚMEŠc.) ‘(nicht genau definierte Menschengruppe)’
(HHand. 69)
(HEG K:460, Otten 1973 [StBoT 17]:34)
1. PIE *gɑɦoinosi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦoinosi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦoinosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦainasi-
3. gɦainasi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gainasi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gainasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gainaši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦoinodɑɦor-
Hitt. gainadar-
(n.) ‘Verschwägerung’
(EHS 295)
(HHand2 76)
1. PIE *gɑɦoinodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦoinodɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦoinodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦainadɦar-
3. gɦainadɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gainadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √kɑhl- √gɑɦl- (vb.) ‘rufen, schreien, anlocken usw.’
(IEW 548-550, 428f.)
(SPIE 426-7)
√kɑhl-
(IEW. 548-550)
PIE *keɑhLo-
OInd. kala-
(vb.) ‘sound; count’
(MonW. 260)
1. PIE *keɑhLo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhLo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhLo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahLo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahLo-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *kahlo-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. kahlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kahla-
5. kahla-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OInd. kala-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *keɑhLo·keɑhLo-
OInd. kala·kala-
(m.) ‘verworrenes Geschrei, Geräusch’
(KEWA I:177)
1. PIE *keɑhLo·keɑhLo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhLo·kaɑhLo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhLo·kaɑhLo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahLo·kahLo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahLo·kahLo-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *kahlo·kahlo-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. kahlo·kahlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kahla·kahla-
5. kahla·kahla-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OInd. kala·kala-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *keɑhlēɑh-
Lat. calā-
(vb.) ‘ausrufen, zusammenrufen’
(WH 1: 141)
(Lat. calō [1sg], calāre [inf.])
1. PIE *keɑhlēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhlēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhlēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kaɑhlāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. kaɑhlāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahlāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. kahlāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kalā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kalā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. calā-
PIE *keɑhléi̯o-
Gr. καλέο-
(prA.) ‘(herbei)rufen, nennen’
(GEW 1:762-3)
(Gr. καλέω)
1. PIE *keɑhléi̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhléi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhléi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahléi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahléi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kaléi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kaléi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *kaléo-
5. kaléo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. καλέο-
√gɑɦol- √gɑɦōl-
(HEG K:465f., Kimball 1999:412, Rieken 1999:378)
PIE *gɑɦolo-
OIcl. gala-
(pr.) ‘schreien, singen’
(ANEtWb. 153)
(OIcl. gala [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦolo-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *golo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. golo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OIcl. gala-
PIE *gɑɦolgɑɦolinoi-
Hitt. galgalinai-
(vb.) ‘(in einer bestimmten Art) singen’
(HEG K:467)
(SHV 33)
1. PIE *gɑɦolgɑɦolinoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦolgɦolinoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦolgɦolinoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦalgɦalinai-
3. gɦalgɦalinai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. galgalinai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦolis-
PIE *gɑɦolis-
Hitt. gališ-
(vb.1.A.) ‘rufen, herbeirufen, anlocken’
(HHand. 70)
(Hitt. kal-li-iš-ta [3sg], kal-li-iš-du, HIL. 498f., HED 4:22f., SHV 197)
1. PIE *gɑɦolis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦolis-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦolis-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦalis-
3. gɦalis-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *galis-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. galis-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gališ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦolistor-
Hitt. galištar-
(n.) ‘Einladung’
(HHand2 77)
(Laroche 1961a:29 to Lat. calare)
1. PIE *gɑɦolistor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦolistor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦolistor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦalistar-
3. gɦalistar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *galistar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. galistar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. galištar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦel- √gɑɦēl-
PIE *gɑɦígɑɦḗlēɑh-
Dor. κιχήλᾱ-
(f.) ‘Drossel’
(GEW 1:862)
(Syrac. κιχήλα-)
1. PIE *gɑɦígɑɦḗlēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦígɑɦḗlāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦígɑɦḗlāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦígɦḗlāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦígɦḗlāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦígɦḗlā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦígɦḗlā-
*gɦ → kh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›kh → *khíkhḗlā-
5. khíkhḗlā-
khíkh -› kíkh
Grassmann's Law
Rkhíkh›kíkh → *kíkhḗlā-
6. kíkhḗlā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. κίχήλᾱ-
PIE *gɑɦeliɦɑdṓn
Gr. χελιδών-
(f.) ‘Schwalbe’
(GEW 2:1084)
(Gr. χελιδών)
1. PIE *gɑɦeliɦɑdṓn
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦeliɦdṓn
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦeliɦdṓn
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *gɦelidṓn
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. gɦelidṓn
*gɦ → kh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›kh → *khelidṓn
4. khelidṓn
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. χελιδών


PIE √kɑhl- √gɑɦl- (sb.) ‘Fels, Stein’
(IEW 554, 923-5)
(Pyysalo: CLu. + Germ.)
√kɑholn-
(or √khɑel-?)
PIE *kɑholnu-
Goth. hallu-
(m.) ‘Fels, Stein: πέτρα: petra’
(GoEtD. 174/H33)
(Goth. hallu [sgA], Rom 9,33 A, HbGo. 134,1)
1. PIE *kɑholnu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kholnu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kholnu-
*kh → x
Affricativization of *kh
Rkh›x → *xolnu-
3. xolnu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xalnu-
4. xalnu-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → *xallu-
5. xallu-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → Goth. hallu-
√gɑɦeln-
PIE *gɑɦēlnēɑh
OIcl. gjǫll-
(f.ō) ‘N. der Felsplatte an der Fenrir gefesselt wurde’
(ANEtWb. 171a)
(OIcl. gjǫll [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦēlnēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦēlnāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦēlnāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦēlnāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦēlnāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦēlnā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦēlnā
*ēRC → eRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ēRC
RēRC›eRC → *gɦelnā
(SPIE §2.5.8)
5. gɦelnā
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gelnā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. gelnā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *gelnō
(XX:XX)
7. gelnō
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *gilnō
8. gilnō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *gilna
9. gilna
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → *gilla
10. gilla
*-a -u
Change of root final -a into -u
R=a›=u → *gillu
11. gillu
*-u → Ø
Loss of -u in root-final position
R=u›=0 → OIcl. gill
√gɑɦoln-
PIE *gɑɦolno-
CLu. galla-
(NA4.) ‘(ein Stein)’
(HHand. 69)
(in Hitt. kallanzi [plN])
1. PIE *gɑɦolno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦolno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦolno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦalna-
3. gɦalna-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. galna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √kɑhn- √gɑɦn- (vb.) ‘schlagen’
√keɑhn-
PIE *keɑhno-
LAv. kana-
(pr.) ‘(ein, ver)graben’
(AIWb. 437-8)
(LAv. kanǝnti [3pl.])
1. PIE *keɑhno-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhno-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kahna-
4. kahna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → LAv. kana-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *keɑhnó-
Gr. κανό-
(ao.inf.) ‘töten’
(GEW 1:755)
(Gr. κανεῖν)
1. PIE *keɑhnó-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhnó-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhnó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahnó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahnó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kanó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kanó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. κανό-
√kɑhon-
PIE *kɑhóno-
RV. khána-
(pr.) ‘graben (KEWA 1:301)’
(WbRV. 372)
(RV. khánāmi)
1. PIE *kɑhóno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khóno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khóno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *khóna-
3. khóna-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. khána-


PIE √kɑhr- √gɑɦr- (vb.) ‘greifen, nehmen, halten’
(IEW: in extensions)
(Pyysalo)
√kɑhrp-
PIE *keɑhrpo-
Lat. carpo-
(vb.3.) ‘rupfen, aufpflucken, zerteilen, übertragen usw.’
(WH 1:172-3)
(Lat. carpere)
1. PIE *keɑhrpo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhrpo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhrpo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahrpo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahrpo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *karpo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. karpo-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. carpo-
PIE *keɑhrpó-
Gr. καρπό-
(m.) ‘Handwurzel’
(GEW 1:793)
(Gr. καρπός [sgN])
1. PIE *keɑhrpó-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhrpó-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhrpó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahrpó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahrpó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *karpó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. karpó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. καρπό-
PIE *keɑhrpó-
Gr. καρπό-
(m.) ‘Frucht, Feldfrucht, Ertrag’
(GEW 1:792)
(Gr. καρπός [sgN])
1. PIE *keɑhrpó-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhrpó-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhrpó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahrpó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahrpó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *karpó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. karpó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. καρπό-
√gɑɦrgiɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gɑɦorgi̯ɑɦon-
Hitt. gargan-
(GIŠ.) ‘(hölzerner Behälter für Früchte)’
(HHand. 73)
1. PIE *gɑɦorgi̯ɑɦon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦorgi̯ɦon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦorgi̯ɦon-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *gɦorǵɦon-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. gɦorǵɦon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦarǵɦan-
4. gɦarǵɦan-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦargɦan-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦargɦan-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gargan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·gɑɦrgi̯ɑɦnēɑh-
RV. ní (...) gr̥hnā-
(pr.9.) ‘hineingreifen’
(WbRV. 417)
(RV. ní (...) gr̥hnātu [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦrgi̯ɑɦnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦrgi̯ɑɦnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦrgi̯ɑɦnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦrgi̯ɦnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦrgi̯ɦnāh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *Π·gɦrj́ɦnāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. Π·gɦrj́ɦnāh-
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → *Π·gɦr̥j́ɦnāh-
5. Π·gɦr̥j́ɦnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦr̥j́ɦnā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·gɦr̥j́ɦnā-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *Π·gr̥j́ɦnā-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
7. Π·gr̥j́ɦnā-
*j́ɦ → ɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ
Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *Π·gr̥ɦnā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
8. Π·gr̥ɦnā-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → *Π·gr̥ɦṇā-
9. Π·gr̥ɦṇā-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·gr̥hṇā-
PIE *gɑɦorgi̯ɑɦor-
Hitt. gargar-
(GIŠn.) ‘(hölzerner Behälter für Früchte)’
(HHand. 73)
1. PIE *gɑɦorgi̯ɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦorgi̯ɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦorgi̯ɦor-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *gɦorǵɦor-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. gɦorǵɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦarǵɦar-
4. gɦarǵɦar-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦargɦar-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦargɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gargar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦorgi̯ɑɦor·Σ
Hitt. gargar·[...
(URU.) ‘(mit dem Berg Nura (…) erwähnt)’
(OGH. 182)
(Hitt. gargar[.......])
1. PIE *gɑɦorgi̯ɑɦor·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦorgi̯ɦor·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦorgi̯ɦor·Σ
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *gɦorǵɦor·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. gɦorǵɦor·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦarǵɦar·Σ
4. gɦarǵɦar·Σ
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦargɦar·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦargɦar·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gargar·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦorgi̯ɑɦor·oimo-
Hitt. gargar·aima-
(GIŠn.) ‘(ein hölzerner Gegenstand)’
(HHand. 73)
1. PIE *gɑɦorgi̯ɑɦor·oimo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦorgi̯ɦor·oimo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦorgi̯ɦor·oimo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *gɦorǵɦor·oimo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. gɦorǵɦor·oimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦarǵɦar·aima-
4. gɦarǵɦar·aima-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦargɦar·aima-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦargɦar·aima-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gargar·aima-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦorgi̯ɑɦor·oli-
Hitt. gargar·ali-
(GIŠn.) ‘(Holz eines Obstbaumes)’
(HHand. 73)
1. PIE *gɑɦorgi̯ɑɦor·oli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦorgi̯ɦor·oli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦorgi̯ɦor·oli-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *gɦorǵɦor·oli-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. gɦorǵɦor·oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦarǵɦar·ali-
4. gɦarǵɦar·ali-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦargɦar·ali-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦargɦar·ali-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gargar·ali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦrbɑɦ-


PIE √kɑht- √gɑɦt- √gɑɦd- (adv.) ‘nieder’ (sb.) ‘Ton, Erde, Land’
(IEW 414ff.)
(Pyysalo)
√kɑht-
(Pyysalo: Lyd. + OCS.)
PIE *keɑht·Σ
Gr. κατ·αιγίς
(adv.) ‘plötzlich herabfahrende Sturmwind’
(GEW 1:32)
(Gr. καταιγίς)
1. PIE *keɑht·Σ
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑht·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑht·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kaht·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kaht·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kat·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kat·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. κατ·Σ
PIE *keɑht·Σ
Gr. κατ·ήνοκ-
(pf.) ‘ἐνήνοχα’
(GEW 1:512)
(Hes. κατήνοκα; IEW 317)
1. PIE *keɑht·Σ
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑht·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑht·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kaht·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kaht·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kat·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kat·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. κατ·Σ
PIE *keɑht·Σ
Lyd. kat·u-
(pret.) ‘write down’
(LydWb. 147)
(Lyd. katul [3pret.])
1. PIE *keɑht·Σ
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑht·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑht·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kaht·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kaht·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lyd. kat·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *keɑht·Σ
OCS. kot·yga-
(f.) ‘Unterkleid, Tunica’
(Sadnik √373)
1. PIE *keɑht·Σ
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑht·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑht·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kaht·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kaht·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kat·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kat·Σ
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → OCS. kot·Σ
√gɑɦot-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gɑɦot-
TochB. kät-
(vb.M.) ‘lower, set down’
(DTochB. 159)
(TochB. käccītär [opt], LeTokh. 1:159)
1. PIE *gɑɦot-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦot-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦot-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦat-
3. gɦat-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gat-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gat-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → TochB. kat-
PIE *gɑɦot·Σ
CLu. gat·marši-
(vb.) ‘defecate’
(HIL. 501)
(CLu. kat-mar-ši-it-ti [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦot·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦot·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦot·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦat·Σ
3. gɦat·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. gat·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦot·Σ
Goth. gaþ·þanmiþsandi-
(pret.) ‘mitsenden: συμπέμπειν: mittere cum’
(GoElB. 232,3)
(Goth. gaþþanmiþsandidedum 2Kr 8,18 A B)
1. PIE *gɑɦot·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦot·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦot·Σ
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *gɦoþ·Σ
3. gɦoþ·Σ
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *goþ·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. goþ·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. gaþ·Σ
PIE *gɑɦot·Σ
Goth. gaþ·þantraua-
(pr.) ‘θαρρεῖν, πέπεισθαι, πεποιθέναι, πιστεύειν, πιστοῦν’
(GoElB. 232,2)
(Goth. gaþþantraua 2Tm 1,5 A B)
1. PIE *gɑɦot·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦot·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦot·Σ
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *gɦoþ·Σ
3. gɦoþ·Σ
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *goþ·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. goþ·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. gaþ·Σ
√gɑɦoto-
PIE *gɑɦoto
Hitt. gata
(adv.) ‘unten, hinab, herab: Sum. GAM’
(HHand. 76)
(HEG K:539ff., kat-ta, ka-at-ta)
1. PIE *gɑɦoto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦoto
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦoto
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦata
3. gɦata
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gata
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦoto
Hitt. gata
(postp.G/DL) ‘neben; unter, mit’
(HHand. 76)
(HIL. 537, kat-ta, ka-at-ta)
1. PIE *gɑɦoto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦoto
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦoto
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦata
3. gɦata
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gata
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦoton
Hitt. gatan
(adv.) ‘unten’ (HHand. 76)
(HEG K:539ff.)
1. PIE *gɑɦoton
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦoton
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦoton
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦatan
3. gɦatan
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gatan
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦoti-
PIE *gɑɦotei
Hitt. gatei
(adv.) ‘down, along with’
(HIL. 537)
(Hitt. kat-ti-mi [encl.1sg], kat-ti-ti [encl.2sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦotei
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦotei
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦotei
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦatei
3. gɦatei
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gatei
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦotiɑ́hi̯o-
TochB. käccīya-
(impf.A.) ≈ ‘lower, set down’
(DTochB. 159)
(TochB. käccīyem)
1. PIE *gɑɦotiɑ́hi̯o-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *gɑɦotiíhi̯o-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. gɑɦotiíhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦotiíhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦotiíhi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦatiíhi̯a-
4. gɦatiíhi̯a-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *gɦaciíhi̯a-
5. gɦaciíhi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦaciíi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. gɦaciíi̯a-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gaciíi̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. gaciíi̯a-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *kaciíi̯a-
8. kaciíi̯a-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *kacī́i̯a-
9. kacī́i̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *kacī́ya-
10. kacī́ya-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → TochB. kacīya-
PIE *gɑɦotili̯o-
TochB. käccilya
(ger.) ‘lower, set down’
(DTochB. 159)
(TochB. käccilya)
1. PIE *gɑɦotili̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦotili̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦotili̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦatili̯a-
3. gɦatili̯a-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *gɦacili̯a-
4. gɦacili̯a-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gacili̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. gacili̯a-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *kacili̯a-
6. kacili̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochB. kacilya-
√gɑɦedi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gɑɦedi·nēɑh
Arm. geti·n-
(sb.) ‘Boden’
(MA. 169)
1. PIE *gɑɦedi·nēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦedi·nāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦedi·nāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦedi·nāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦedi·nāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦedi·nā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦedi·nā
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *gɦeti·nā
5. gɦeti·nā
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *geti·nā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. geti·nā
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → Arm. geti·na
PIE *gɑɦedì·nēɑh·Σ
Arm. get·na·bir
(a.) ‘den Boden ausgrabend’
(MA. 169)
1. PIE *gɑɦedì·nēɑh·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦedì·nāɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦedì·nāɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦedì·nāh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦedì·nāh·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦedì·nā·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦedì·nā·Σ
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *gɦetì·nā·Σ
5. gɦetì·nā·Σ
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *getì·nā·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. getì·nā·Σ
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *getì·na·Σ
7. getì·na·Σ
*i → Ø
Loss of unaccented *i
Rì›0 → Arm. get·na·Σ
PIE *gɑɦodi̯·uu̯odɑɦno-
Hitt. gaz·uu̯adna-
(URU.) ‘= Kizuwatna’
(OGHErg. 81)
(Hitt. GAZ-zu-ua-a[t-n]a)
1. PIE *gɑɦodi̯·uu̯odɑɦno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦodi̯·uu̯odɦno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦodi̯·uu̯odɦno-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *gɦoj·uu̯odɦno-
3. gɦoj·uu̯odɦno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦaj·uu̯adɦna-
4. gɦaj·uu̯adɦna-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gaj·uu̯adna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. gaj·uu̯adna-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. gaz·uu̯adna-
PIE *gɑɦedi̯·uu̯odɑɦno-
Hitt. gez·uu̯adna-
(URU.) ‘Kizuwatna- = Hur. gumani ‘Erde, Feld’’
(OGH. 211-5)
(Hitt. ki-iz-zu-ua-at-na-an)
1. PIE *gɑɦedi̯·uu̯odɑɦno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦedi̯·uu̯odɦno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦedi̯·uu̯odɦno-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *gɦej·uu̯odɦno-
3. gɦej·uu̯odɦno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦej·uu̯adɦna-
4. gɦej·uu̯adɦna-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gej·uu̯adna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. gej·uu̯adna-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. gez·uu̯adna-
PIE *gɑɦedi̯·uu̯odɑɦono-
Hitt. gez·uu̯adana-
(KUR URU.) ‘Kizuwatnean land’
(OGH. 211-5)
(Hitt. ki-iz-zu-ua-ta-naKI)
1. PIE *gɑɦedi̯·uu̯odɑɦono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦedi̯·uu̯odɦono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦedi̯·uu̯odɦono-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *gɦej·uu̯odɦono-
3. gɦej·uu̯odɦono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦej·uu̯adɦana-
4. gɦej·uu̯adɦana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gej·uu̯adana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. gej·uu̯adana-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. gez·uu̯adana-
√gɑɦdɑɦ-
(SPIE 30)
PIE *móro·gɑɦdɑɦo-
Gr. μόρο·χθο-
(m.) ‘Ton zum Bleichen’
(GEW 2:256)
1. PIE *móro·gɑɦdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *móro·gɦdɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. móro·gɦdɦo-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *móro·gɦtho-
3. móro·gɦtho-
*gɦ → kh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›kh → *móro·khtho-
4. móro·khtho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. μόρο·χθο-
PIE *gɑɦdɑɦṓɑhn
Gr. χθών-
(f.) ‘Erde, Erdboden, Land’
(GEW 2:1098-9)
1. PIE *gɑɦdɑɦṓɑhn
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦdɦṓhn
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦdɦṓhn
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦdɦṓn
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. gɦdɦṓn
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *gɦthṓn
4. gɦthṓn
*gɦ → kh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›kh → *khthṓn
5. khthṓn
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. χθών
PIE *gɑɦdɑɦeɑhn-
Phryg. γδαν-
(f.) ‘Mother Earth’
(IEW 414)
1. PIE *gɑɦdɑɦeɑhn-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *gɑɦdɑɦaɑhn-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gɑɦdɑɦaɑhn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦdɦahn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦdɦahn-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦdɦan-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦdɦan-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦdan-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. gɦdan-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gdan-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. gdan-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Phryg. γδαν-


PIE √kɑhtɑh- (sb.) ‘Rache, Genugtuung, Vergeltung, Feindschaft’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Anat. + gAv.)
√koɑhtɑh-
PIE *koɑhtɑho-
gAv. kāϑa-
(n.) ‘Vergeltung’
(AIWb. 463)
(gAv. kāϑǝ̄ [plN])
1. PIE *koɑhtɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohtho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohtho-
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *kāhtho-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
3. kāhtho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kāhtha-
4. kāhtha-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kātha-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kātha-
*th → ϑ
Affricativization of *th
Rth›ϑ → gAv. kāϑa-
√kɑhotɑhi-
PIE *kɑhotɑhi-
HLu. kati-
(c.) ‘damage’
(CHLu. 10.14.42)
(HLu. ka-ti-i-sa)
1. PIE *kɑhotɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khothi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khothi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *khathi-
3. khathi-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → HLu. kati-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√kɑhotɑhu-
(HEG K:545)
(HED 4:138-140, HIL. 539-)
PIE *kɑhotɑhu-
Hitt. katu-
(n.) ‘enmity, strife’
(HIL. 539-40)
1. PIE *kɑhotɑhu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khothu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khothu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *khathu-
3. khathu-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. katu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *kɑhotɑhou̯on-
Hitt. katau̯an-
(n.) ‘Rache, Genugtuung, Vergeltung, Feindschaft’
(HEG K:545)
(HHand. 76)
1. PIE *kɑhotɑhou̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khothou̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khothou̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *khathau̯an-
3. khathau̯an-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. katau̯an-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *kɑhotɑhou̯odɑɦor-
Hitt. katau̯adar-
(n.) ‘Rache, Genugtuung, Vergeltung, Feindschaft’
(HEG K:545)
1. PIE *kɑhotɑhou̯odɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khothou̯odɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khothou̯odɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *khathau̯adɦar-
3. khathau̯adɦar-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *katau̯adɦar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. katau̯adɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. katau̯adar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *kɑhotɑhou̯odɑɦnoli-
CLu. katau̯adnali-
(a.) ‘rachsüchtig’
(DLL. 55)
1. PIE *kɑhotɑhou̯odɑɦnoli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khothou̯odɦnoli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khothou̯odɦnoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *khathau̯adɦnali-
3. khathau̯adɦnali-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *katau̯adɦnali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. katau̯adɦnali-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. katau̯adnali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √kɑhu- √gɑɦu- (vb.) ‘sehen’
(IEW 775-7)
√kɑhu-
PIE *kēɑhu̯-
Lat. cāu-
(pf.) ‘sich in acht nehmen, sich vorsehen usw.’
(WH. 1:186-187)
(Lat. cāuī, cautus ‘vorsichtich’)
1. PIE *kēɑhu̯-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhu̯-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhu̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhu̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhu̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāu̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kāu̯-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *cāu̯-
5. cāu̯-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. cāu-
PIE *keɑhu̯·elɑhso-
RV. kav·aṣa-
(m.) ‘EN. eines Mannes’
(WbRV. 318)
1. PIE *keɑhu̯·elɑhso-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhu̯·elɑhso-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhu̯·elɑhso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahu̯·elhso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahu̯·elhso-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *kahu̯·erhso-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. kahu̯·erhso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kahu̯·erhsa-
5. kahu̯·erhsa-
PIE *rHs -> ṣ
Fortunatov's Law for *rHs
RrHs›ṣ → *kahu̯·eṣa-
(SPIE §3.3.2)
6. kahu̯·eṣa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kau̯·eṣa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. kau̯·eṣa-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *kau̯·aṣa-
8. kau̯·aṣa-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. kav·aṣa-
√kɑhui-
PIE *keɑhu̯ei̯o-
Lat. caueo-
(pr.2.) ‘sich in acht nehmen, sich vorsehen usw.’
(WH. 2:186-7)
(Lat. caueō)
1. PIE *keɑhu̯ei̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhu̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahu̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahu̯ei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kau̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kau̯ei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
Rei̯o›eo → *kau̯eo-
5. kau̯eo-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *cau̯eo-
6. cau̯eo-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. caueo-
PIE *keɑhu̯í-
RV. kaví-
(a.) ‘weise, sinnig’ (m.) ‘der Weise’
(WbRV. 318-20)
1. PIE *keɑhu̯í-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhu̯í-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhu̯í-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahu̯í-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahu̯í-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kau̯í-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kau̯í-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. kaví-
PIE *Π·keɑhu̯i-
RV. á·kavi-
(a.) ‘nicht weise’
(WbRV. 320)
1. PIE *Π·keɑhu̯i-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·kaɑhu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·kaɑhu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·kahu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·kahu̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·kau̯i-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·kau̯i-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. Π·kavi-
PIE *keɑhu̯í·Σ
RV. kaví·kratu-
(a.) ‘eines Weisen Einsicht habend, einsichtsvoll’
(WbRV. 320)
1. PIE *keɑhu̯í·Σ
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhu̯í·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhu̯í·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahu̯í·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahu̯í·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kau̯í·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kau̯í·Σ
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. kaví·Σ
√gɑɦu-
√gɑɦudɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *o·gɑɦudɑɦ·hɑelmó-
Gr. ὀ·φθαλμό-
(m.) ‘Auge’
(GEW 2:452)
(Gr. ὀφθαλμός ‹the suffix requires confirmation›)
1. PIE *o·gɑɦudɑɦ·hɑelmó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *o·gɑɦudɑɦ·hɑalmó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. o·gɑɦudɑɦ·hɑalmó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·gɦudɦ·halmó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. o·gɦudɦ·halmó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *o·gɦudɦ·almó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. o·gɦudɦ·almó-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *o·bɦdɦ·almó-
5. o·bɦdɦ·almó-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *o·phdɦ·almó-
6. o·phdɦ·almó-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *o·phth·almó-
7. o·phth·almó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀ·φθ·αλμό-
PIE *o·gɑɦudɑɦ·hɑelméi̯o-
Gr. ὀ·φθαλμέο-
(pr.) ‘beäugeln, anschielen’
(GEW 2:452)
(Gr. ὀφθαλμέω)
1. PIE *o·gɑɦudɑɦ·hɑelméi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *o·gɑɦudɑɦ·hɑalméi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. o·gɑɦudɑɦ·hɑalméi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·gɦudɦ·halméi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. o·gɦudɦ·halméi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *o·gɦudɦ·alméi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. o·gɦudɦ·alméi̯o-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *o·bɦdɦ·alméi̯o-
5. o·bɦdɦ·alméi̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *o·phdɦ·alméi̯o-
6. o·phdɦ·alméi̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *o·phth·alméi̯o-
7. o·phth·alméi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *o·phth·alméo-
8. o·phth·alméo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀ·φθ·αλμέο-
√gɑɦudɑɦru-
(Pedersen 1933:177-9)
(Rieken 1999:289):
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦoru̯eni-
Hitt. gudaru̯eni-
(c.) ‘Zeuge’
(HIL. 578)
(Hitt. ku-tar-ú-e-ni-eš [plN])
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦoru̯eni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦoru̯eni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦoru̯eni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦudɦaru̯eni-
3. gɦudɦaru̯eni-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gudaru̯eni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦúdɑɦrú-
Lith. gudrù-
(a.) ‘wise’
(LiEtWb. 141)
1. PIE *gɑɦúdɑɦrú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦúdɦrú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦúdɦrú-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *gɦùdɦrù-
3. gɦùdɦrù-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦùdrù-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gɦùdrù-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → Lith. gùdrù-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru-
Hitt. gudru-
(c.) ‘Zeuge’
(HIL. 578)
(Hitt. ku-ut-ru-i [D], ku-ut-ru-e-eš [plN])
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦru-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦru-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gudru-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru̯o-
Hitt. gudru̯a-
(c.) ‘Zeuge’
(HIL. 578)
(Hitt. ku-ut-ru-ua-aš [N])
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦru̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦudɦru̯a-
3. gɦudɦru̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gudru̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru̯ēɑh
Hitt. gudru̯āḫ-
(vb.1.) ‘zum Zeugen anrufen’
(HHand. 87)
(Hitt. ku-ut-ru-ua-aḫ [ipv2sg], ku-ut-ru-ua-aḫ-ḫu-un)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦudɑɦru̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦudɑɦru̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦru̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦudɦru̯āh
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gudru̯āh
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gudru̯āh
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. gudru̯āḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru̯ēɑhu̯o-
Hitt. gudru̯āḫu̯a-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘summon as witness’
(HIL. 578)
(Hitt. ku-ut-ru-ua-aḫ-ḫu-u-ua-aš [sgG])
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru̯ēɑhu̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦudɑɦru̯āɑhu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦudɑɦru̯āɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦru̯āhu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦudɦru̯āhu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦudɦru̯āhu̯a-
4. gɦudɦru̯āhu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gudru̯āhu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. gudru̯āhu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. gudru̯āḫu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru̯oi-
Hitt. gudru̯ai-
(vb.1.) ‘bezeugen lassen’
(HHand. 87)
(Hitt. ku-u-ut-ru-ua-a-iz-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦru̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦru̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦudɦru̯ai-
3. gɦudɦru̯ai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gudru̯ai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru̯eni-
Hitt. gudru̯eni-
(c.) ‘Zeuge: witness’
(HHand. 87)
(Hitt. ku-ut-ru-e-ni-eš [plN])
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru̯eni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦru̯eni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦru̯eni-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gudru̯eni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru̯esn-
Hitt. gudru̯ešn-
(n.) ‘witnessing’
(HIL. 578)
(Hitt. ku-ut-ru-e-eš-ni [sgL])
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru̯esn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦru̯esn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦru̯esn-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gudru̯esn-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. gudru̯esn-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gudru̯ešn-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru̯on-
Hitt. gudru̯an-
(N.act.) ‘Zeugenschaft’
(HHand. 87)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦru̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦru̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦudɦru̯an-
3. gɦudɦru̯an-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gudru̯an-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √kɑhu- √gɑɦu- (vb.) ‘schlagen, hauen, töten, kämpfen, stechen, treiben, jagen, schmieden, verfertigen, usw.’
(IEW 535, 491-3)
(Pyysalo)
√kɑhu-
(IEW 535 *kǝu-)
(WP. 1:330f.)
PIE *kḗɑhu-
Lith. káu-
(vb.) ‘schlagen, hauen, umbringen, vernichten’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Lith. káuti [inf.])
1. PIE *kḗɑhu-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kā́ɑhu-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kā́ɑhu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kā́hu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kā́hu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kā́u-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kā́u-
*ā́RC → áRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ā́RC
Rā́RC›áRC → Lith. káu-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
PIE *kḗɑhu-
Lith. káu-
(vb.refl.) ‘sich schlagen, kämpfen, ausgelassen sein, tollen’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Lith. káutis [inf.])
1. PIE *kḗɑhu-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kā́ɑhu-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kā́ɑhu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kā́hu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kā́hu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kā́u-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kā́u-
*ā́RC → áRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ā́RC
Rā́RC›áRC → Lith. káu-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
PIE *kḗɑhu-
Latv. kaû-
(vb.) ‘schlagen, hauen, stechen, schlachten, treten’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Latv. kaût, kavu [pret.], kâvu [pret.])
1. PIE *kḗɑhu-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kā́ɑhu-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kā́ɑhu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kā́hu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kā́hu-
*ā́Hu → āHû
Latvian tone rule for *ā́Hu
RAccLatv2 → *kāhû-
4. kāhû-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāû-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāû-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → Latv. kaû-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
PIE *Π·kḗɑhu-
Lith. nu·káu-
(vb.) ‘erschlagen: kill’
(Senn 2:227)
(Lith. nukáuti [inf.])
1. PIE *Π·kḗɑhu-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *Π·kā́ɑhu-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·kā́ɑhu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·kā́hu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·kā́hu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·kā́u-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·kā́u-
*ā́RC → áRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ā́RC
Rā́RC›áRC → Lith. Π·káu-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
PIE *Π·kḗɑhu-
Latv. nùo·kaû-
(vb.) ‘erschlagen, töten’
(IEW 535)
(Latv. nùokaût [inf.])
1. PIE *Π·kḗɑhu-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *Π·kā́ɑhu-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·kā́ɑhu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·kā́hu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·kā́hu-
*ā́Hu → āHû
Latvian tone rule for *ā́Hu
RAccLatv2 → *Π·kāhû-
4. Π·kāhû-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·kāû-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·kāû-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → Latv. Π·kaû-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
PIE *kēɑhu-
Pol. ku-
(pr.) ‘schmieden’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Pol. kuć [inf.], kuję [1sg])
1. PIE *kēɑhu-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhu-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kāu-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *kau-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
5. kau-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *kou-
6. kou-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *kū-
7. kū-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → Pol. ku-
PIE *kēɑhu-
TochB. kau-
(vb.) ‘Skt. vadhāya-: töten’
(DTochB. 208)
(TochB. kautsi-ś [inf.])
1. PIE *kēɑhu-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhu-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kāu-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → TochB. kau-
PIE *kēɑhu̯-
TochA. kāw-
(vb.) ‘occidere, necare’
(Poucha 85)
(TochA. kāw-e(ñc) [3pl])
1. PIE *kēɑhu̯-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhu̯-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhu̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhu̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhu̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāu̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kāu̯-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. kāw-
PIE *kēɑhu-
TochA. ko-
(vb.) ‘occidere, necare’
(Poucha 85)
(if in TochA. pko [ipv], HuIdg. 253-)
1. PIE *kēɑhu-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhu-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kāu-
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
RāuC›auC → *kau-
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
5. kau-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kō-
6. kō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. ko-
√kɑhuo-
PIE *keɑhu̯o-
OCS. kovo-
(pr.) ‘schmieden, verfertigen’
(Sadnik √374)
(OCS. kovǫ [1sg], *e for present)
1. PIE *keɑhu̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kahu̯a-
4. kahu̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kau̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kau̯a-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *kou̯o-
6. kou̯o-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OCS. kovo-
PIE *keɑhu̯o-
TochB. kawa-
(pret.A.) ‘kill’
(DTochB. 208)
(TochB. kawam [1pl], *e for preterite)
1. PIE *keɑhu̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kahu̯a-
4. kahu̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kau̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kau̯a-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. kawa-
PIE *keɑhu̯o-
OSax. hawa-
(pr.) ‘hew, cut, strike, smite’
(ASaxD. 534)
(OSax. hawan [inf.], *e for present)
1. PIE *keɑhu̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kau̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kau̯o-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xau̯o-
5. xau̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xau̯a-
6. xau̯a-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hau̯a-
7. hau̯a-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OSax. hawa-
√kɑhuɑh-
PIE *kēɑhu̯ḗɑh
Lith. kovà-
(f.) ‘Kampf, Schlacht’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Lith. kovà [sgN])
1. PIE *kēɑhu̯ḗɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhu̯ḗɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhu̯ḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kāɑhu̯ā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. kāɑhu̯ā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhu̯ā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. kāhu̯ā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāu̯ā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāu̯ā́
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *kōu̯ā́
(XX:XX)
6. kōu̯ā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *kōu̯ṓ
(XX:XX)
7. kōu̯ṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → *kōu̯à
8. kōu̯à
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *kou̯à
9. kou̯à
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. kovà
PIE *kēɑhu̯ḗɑh-
Lith. kovó-
(vb.) ‘kämpfen, ringen’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Lith. kovóti [inf.])
1. PIE *kēɑhu̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhu̯ḗɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhu̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kāɑhu̯ā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. kāɑhu̯ā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhu̯ā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. kāhu̯ā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāu̯ā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāu̯ā́-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *kōu̯ā́-
(XX:XX)
6. kōu̯ā́-
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *kōu̯ṓ-
(XX:XX)
7. kōu̯ṓ-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *kou̯ṓ-
8. kou̯ṓ-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → *kou̯ó-
9. kou̯ó-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. kovó-
PIE *koɑhu̯ēɑh
Latv. kava-
(f.) ‘Stich, Schlag, Art, Schicht’
(WH. 2:301)
(Latv. kava [sgN])
1. PIE *koɑhu̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *koɑhu̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. koɑhu̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohu̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kohu̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kou̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kou̯ā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kau̯ā
5. kau̯ā
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *kavā
6. kavā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R=ā›=a → Latv. kava
PIE *kéɑhu̯ēɑh-
Serb. kòva-
(vb.) ‘schmieden, prägen’
(IEW 535)
(Serb. kòvati [inf.], *e for present)
1. PIE *kéɑhu̯ēɑh-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *káɑhu̯ēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. káɑhu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *káɑhu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. káɑhu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *káhu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. káhu̯āh-
áḫ → àḫ
Serbo-Croatian gravis rule
Rá›à → *kàhu̯āh-
5. kàhu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kàu̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. kàu̯ā-
*à → ò
Change of *à into ò
Rà›ò → *kòu̯ā-
7. kòu̯ā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *kòvā-
8. kòvā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → Serb. kòva-
PIE *keɑhu̯ēɑh-
OCS. kova-
(vb.) ‘schmieden, verfertigen’
(Sadnik √374)
(OCS. kovati [1sg])
1. PIE *keɑhu̯ēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhu̯ēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kaɑhu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. kaɑhu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. kahu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kau̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kau̯ā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *kou̯ā-
6. kou̯ā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *kovā-
7. kovā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OCS. kova-
PIE *keɑhu̯ēɑh-
Russ. kova-
(vb.) ‘schmieden’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Russ. kovat’, kuju [1sg])
1. PIE *keɑhu̯ēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhu̯ēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kaɑhu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. kaɑhu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. kahu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kau̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kau̯ā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *kou̯ā-
6. kou̯ā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *kovā-
7. kovā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → Russ. kova-
PIE *keɑhu̯ēɑh-
Pol. kowa-
(vb.) ‘schmieden’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Pol. kować [inf.], kowam [1sg])
1. PIE *keɑhu̯ēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhu̯ēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kaɑhu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. kaɑhu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. kahu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kau̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kau̯ā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *kou̯ā-
6. kou̯ā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *kovā-
7. kovā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *kova-
8. kova-
*v → w
Orthographic change of of *v into w
Rv›w → Pol. kowa-
PIE *Π·keɑhu̯ēɑh-
OCS. po·kova-
(vb.) ‘beschlagen’
(Sadnik √374)
(OCS. pokovati [inf.])
1. PIE *Π·keɑhu̯ēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·kaɑhu̯ēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·kaɑhu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·kaɑhu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. Π·kaɑhu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·kahu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·kahu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·kau̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·kau̯ā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·kou̯ā-
6. Π·kou̯ā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *Π·kovā-
7. Π·kovā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OCS. Π·kova-
√kɑhuēhɑ-
PIE *kḗɑhu̯ēhɑ-
Lith. kóvė-
(pret.) ‘schlagen, hauen, umbringen, vernichten’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Lith. kóviau, kóvė)
1. PIE *kḗɑhu̯ēhɑ-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kā́ɑhu̯ēhɑ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kā́ɑhu̯ēhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kā́hu̯ēh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kā́hu̯ēh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kā́u̯ē-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kā́u̯ē-
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *kṓu̯ē-
(XX:XX)
5. kṓu̯ē-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → *kóu̯ē-
6. kóu̯ē-
* ē -> ė
Change of *ē into ė
Rē›ė → *kóu̯ė-
7. kóu̯ė-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. kóvė-
PIE *kéɑhu̯ēhɑ-
Serb. kòvē-
(vb.) ‘schmieden, prägen’
(IEW 535)
(Serb. kòvēm [1sg])
1. PIE *kéɑhu̯ēhɑ-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *káɑhu̯ēhɑ-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. káɑhu̯ēhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *káhu̯ēh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. káhu̯ēh-
áḫ → àḫ
Serbo-Croatian gravis rule
Rá›à → *kàhu̯ēh-
4. kàhu̯ēh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kàu̯ē-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kàu̯ē-
*à → ò
Change of *à into ò
Rà›ò → *kòu̯ē-
6. kòu̯ē-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Serb. kòvē-
√kɑhuhɑl-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·koɑhu̯ōhɑlos
OCS. na·kovalo-
(n.) ‘Amboss’
(Sadnik √374)
(OCS. nakovalo)
1. PIE *Π·koɑhu̯ōhɑlos
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·kohu̯ōhlos
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·kohu̯ōhlos
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·kahu̯ōhlas
3. Π·kahu̯ōhlas
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·kahu̯āhlas
4. Π·kahu̯āhlas
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·kau̯ālas
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·kau̯ālas
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·kou̯ālos
6. Π·kou̯ālos
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in -os (root-final)
Ros=›o= → *Π·kou̯ālo
7. Π·kou̯ālo
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *Π·kovālo
8. Π·kovālo
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OCS. Π·kovalo
PIE *Π·koɑhu̯ōhɑlinos
OCS. na·kovalĭno-
(n.) ‘Amboss’
(Sadnik √374)
(OCS. nakovalĭno)
1. PIE *Π·koɑhu̯ōhɑlinos
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·kohu̯ōhlinos
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·kohu̯ōhlinos
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·kahu̯ōhlinas
3. Π·kahu̯ōhlinas
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·kahu̯āhlinas
4. Π·kahu̯āhlinas
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·kau̯ālinas
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·kau̯ālinas
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·kou̯ālinos
6. Π·kou̯ālinos
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in -os (root-final)
Ros=›o= → *Π·kou̯ālino
7. Π·kou̯ālino
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *Π·kovālino
8. Π·kovālino
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *Π·kovalino
9. Π·kovalino
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → OCS. Π·kovalĭno
PIE *kɑ́huhɑlto-
RV. kū́ṭa-
(n.) ‘Hammer, Schlegel’
(KEWA 1:250)
(RV. kū́ṭa-)
1. PIE *kɑ́huhɑlto-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhuhɑlto-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. kúhuhɑlto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kúhuhlto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kúhuhlto-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *kúhuhrto-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. kúhuhrto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kúhuhrta-
5. kúhuhrta-
PIE *hRt → ṭ
Fortunatov’s Law for *hRt
RhRt›ṭ → *kúhuṭa-
(SPIE §3.3.2)
6. kúhuṭa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kúuṭa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. kúuṭa-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → RV. kū́ṭa-
√kɑhuɦɑd-
PIE *koɑhuɦɑd-
Lat. cūd-
(pf.) ‘schlagen, klopfen, stampfen, prägen’
(WH. 1:300)
(Lat. cūdī [1sg])
1. PIE *koɑhuɦɑd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohuɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohuɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *kohud-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. kohud-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *koud-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. koud-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *kūd-
5. kūd-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. cūd-
PIE *koɑhuɦɑd-
TochA. kot-
(pret.A.) ‘spalten: dissecare, diffindere’
(Poucha 86)
(TochA. kot)
1. PIE *koɑhuɦɑd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohuɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohuɦd-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kahuɦd-
3. kahuɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *kahud-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kahud-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kaud-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kaud-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *kaut-
6. kaut-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kōt-
7. kōt-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. kot-
PIE *Π·koɑhuɦɑd-
Lat. in·cūd-
(f.) ‘Amboß’
(WH. 1:300)
(Lat. incūs [sgN], incūdis [sgG])
1. PIE *Π·koɑhuɦɑd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·kohuɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·kohuɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·kohud-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·kohud-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·koud-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·koud-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *Π·kūd-
5. Π·kūd-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. Π·cūd-
PIE *Π·koɑhuɦɑd-
Lat. sub·cūd-
(f.) ‘Verklammerung, Haue’
(WH. 1:300)
(Lat. subcūs [sgN], subcūdis [sgG])
1. PIE *Π·koɑhuɦɑd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·kohuɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·kohuɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·kohud-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·kohud-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·koud-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·koud-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *Π·kūd-
5. Π·kūd-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. Π·cūd-
PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdeɑh-
TochB. kauta-
(vb.) ‘crush, chop, split’
(DTochB. 210)
(TochB. kautaṃ, kautatsiśco [inf.])
1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdeɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kēɑhuɦɑdaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kēɑhuɦɑdaɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhuɦɑdaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. kāɑhuɦɑdaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhuɦdah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. kāhuɦdah-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *kāhudah-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāhudah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāuda-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. kāuda-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *kāuta-
7. kāuta-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → TochB. kauta-
PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdo·nou-
TochB. kauta·no-
(impf.A.) ‘chop up, obj. bones’
(DTochB. 210)
(TochB. kautanoñ-c [3pl+encl.2sg])
1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdo·nou-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhuɦɑdo·nou-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhuɦɑdo·nou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhuɦdo·nou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhuɦdo·nou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kāhuɦda·nau-
4. kāhuɦda·nau-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *kāhuda·nau-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāhuda·nau-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāuda·nau-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. kāuda·nau-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *kāuta·nau-
7. kāuta·nau-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kāuta·nō-
8. kāuta·nō-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → *kauta·nō-
9. kauta·nō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. kauta·no-
PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdo·Σ
TochB. kauta·lñe-
(a.) ‘Skt. bhedana- = breaking’
(DTochB. 210)
(TochB. kautalñe-)
1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdo·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhuɦɑdo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhuɦɑdo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhuɦdo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhuɦdo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kāhuɦda·Σ
4. kāhuɦda·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *kāhuda·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāhuda·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāuda·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. kāuda·Σ
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *kāuta·Σ
7. kāuta·Σ
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → TochB. kauta·Σ
PIE *Π·kēɑhuɦɑdo·Σ
TochB. a·kauta·cce-
(a.) ‘unsplittable (of a thunderbolt)’
(DTochB. 3)
(TochB. akautacce [sgA])
1. PIE *Π·kēɑhuɦɑdo·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·kāɑhuɦɑdo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·kāɑhuɦɑdo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·kāhuɦdo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·kāhuɦdo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·kāhuɦda·Σ
4. Π·kāhuɦda·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·kāhuda·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·kāhuda·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·kāuda·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·kāuda·Σ
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *Π·kāuta·Σ
7. Π·kāuta·Σ
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → TochB. Π·kauta·Σ
PIE *koɑhuɦɑdo-
Lat. cūdo-
(pr.3.) ‘schlagen, klopfen, stampfen, prägen’
(WH. 1:300)
(Lat. cūdō, cūdĕre)
1. PIE *koɑhuɦɑdo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohuɦdo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohuɦdo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *kohudo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. kohudo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *koudo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. koudo-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *kūdo-
5. kūdo-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. cūdo-
PIE *koɑhuɦɑdo
MidIr. cuad-
(vb.) ‘schlachten, kämpfen’
(WH. 1:301)
(but see Fick 1870-71:88 apud WH)
1. PIE *koɑhuɦɑdo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohuɦdo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohuɦdo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *kohudo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. kohudo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *koudo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. koudo
*ou → ō
Monophthongization of *ou into ō
Rou›ō → *kōdo
5. kōdo
*ō → ūa
Brechung of *ō into ūa
Rō›ūa → *kūado
6. kūado
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → *kūad
7. kūad
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → MidIr. cūad
PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdēɑh-
TochB. kautā-
(pret.) ‘break’
(DTochB. 210)
(TochB. kautā-)
1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhuɦɑdāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhuɦɑdāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhuɦdāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhuɦdāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *kāhudāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kāhudāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāudā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāudā-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *kāutā-
6. kāutā-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → TochB. kautā-
PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdēɑh·Σ
TochB. kautā·tstsai-
(a.f.) ‘breakable, having a crack’
(DTochB. 210)
(TochB. kautātstsai-)
1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdēɑh·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhuɦɑdāɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhuɦɑdāɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhuɦdāh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhuɦdāh·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *kāhudāh·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kāhudāh·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāudā·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāudā·Σ
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *kāutā·Σ
6. kāutā·Σ
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → TochB. kautā·Σ
PIE *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdēɑh-
OCS. iz·kyda-
(vb.) ‘herauswerfen, abwerfen’
(Sadnik √434)
(OCS. izkyda-)
1. PIE *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·kɑ́huɦɑdāɑh-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *Π·kúhuɦɑdāɑh-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
3. Π·kúhuɦɑdāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·kúhuɦdāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·kúhuɦdāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·kúhudāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·kúhudāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·kúudā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·kúudā-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *Π·kū́dā-
7. Π·kū́dā-
*ū́
ū → y
Rū›y → *Π·kydā-
Change of ū́ into y
8. Π·kydā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OCS. Π·kyda-
PIE *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdēɑh-
OCS. sŭ·kyda-
(vb.refl.) ‘leer werden’
(Sadnik √434)
(OCS. sŭkyda-)
1. PIE *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·kɑ́huɦɑdāɑh-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *Π·kúhuɦɑdāɑh-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
3. Π·kúhuɦɑdāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·kúhuɦdāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·kúhuɦdāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·kúhudāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·kúhudāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·kúudā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·kúudā-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *Π·kū́dā-
7. Π·kū́dā-
*ū́
ū → y
Rū›y → *Π·kydā-
Change of ū́ into y
8. Π·kydā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OCS. Π·kyda-
PIE *kēɑhuɦɑd·Σ
Lat. caud·ec-
(m.) ‘Baumstamm, Klotz, gespaltenes Holz’
(WH. 1:136)
(Lat. caudex, caudicis)
1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑd·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhuɦɑd·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhuɦɑd·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhuɦd·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhuɦd·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *kāhud·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kāhud·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāud·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāud·Σ
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *kaud·Σ
(SPIE §2.5.8)
6. kaud·Σ
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. caud·Σ
PIE *kēɑhuɦɑd·Σ
Lat. caud·icā-
(f.) ‘aus einem Baumstamm gemachter Kahn’
(WH. 1:136)
(Lat. caudica [sgN])
1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑd·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhuɦɑd·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhuɦɑd·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhuɦd·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhuɦd·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *kāhud·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kāhud·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāud·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāud·Σ
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *kaud·Σ
(SPIE §2.5.8)
6. kaud·Σ
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. caud·Σ
PIE *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdɑ́hi-
Latv. pa·kûdî-
(vb.) ‘antreiben’
(Sadnik √434)
(Latv. pakûdî)
1. PIE *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdíhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·kɑ́huɦɑdíhi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *Π·kúhuɦɑdíhi-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
3. Π·kúhuɦɑdíhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·kúhuɦdíhi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·kúhuɦdíhi-
*íHi → iHî
Latvian tone rule for *íHi
RAccLatv4 → *Π·kúhuɦdihî-
5. Π·kúhuɦdihî-
*úHu → uHû
Latvian tone rule for *úHu
RAccLatv5 → *Π·kuhûɦdihî-
6. Π·kuhûɦdihî-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·kuhûdihî-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. Π·kuhûdihî-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·kuûdiî-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
8. Π·kuûdiî-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·kûdiî-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
9. Π·kûdiî-
*iî → î
Contraction of i and î
Riî›î → Latv. Π·kûdî-
PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdlunoi̯o
TochA. kotlune-
(vb.sb.) ‘dissecare, diffindere: spalten’
(Poucha 86)
(TochA. kotlune)
1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdlunoi̯o
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhuɦɑdlunoi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhuɦɑdlunoi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhuɦdlunoi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhuɦdlunoi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kāhuɦdlunai̯a
4. kāhuɦdlunai̯a
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *kāhudlunai̯a
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāhudlunai̯a
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāudlunai̯a
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. kāudlunai̯a
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *kāutlunai̯a
7. kāutlunai̯a
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
RāuC›auC → *kautlunai̯a
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
8. kautlunai̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *kautlunai̯
9. kautlunai̯
*a y → ē
Change of ay into ē in root-final
R=ay›=ē → *kautlunē
10. kautlunē
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kōtlunē
11. kōtlunē
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → *kōtlune
12. kōtlune
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. kotlune
PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdno-
TochA. kotna-
(pret.A.) ‘dissecare, diffindere: spalten’
(Poucha 86)
(TochA. kotnaṣ, kotnatsi [inf.])
1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdno-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhuɦɑdno-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhuɦɑdno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhuɦdno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhuɦdno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kāhuɦdna-
4. kāhuɦdna-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *kāhudna-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāhudna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāudna-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. kāudna-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *kāutna-
7. kāutna-
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
RāuC›auC → *kautna-
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
8. kautna-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kōtna-
9. kōtna-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. kotna-
PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdnoi-
TochA. kotne-
(pret.A.) ‘spalten: dissecare, diffindere’
(Poucha 86)
(TochA. kotnecä [3pl])
1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdnoi-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhuɦɑdnoi-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhuɦɑdnoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhuɦdnoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhuɦdnoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kāhuɦdnai-
4. kāhuɦdnai-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *kāhudnai-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāhudnai-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāudnai-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. kāudnai-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *kāutnai-
7. kāutnai-
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
RāuC›auC → *kautnai-
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
8. kautnai-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *kautnē-
9. kautnē-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kōtnē-
10. kōtnē-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → *kōtne-
11. kōtne-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. kotne-
PIE *koɑhuɦɑdso-
Lat. cūso-
(pret.pt.) ‘schlagen, klopfen, stampfen, prägen’
(WH. 1:300)
(Lat. cūsum [sgNA])
1. PIE *koɑhuɦɑdso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohuɦdso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohuɦdso-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *kohudso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. kohudso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *koudso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. koudso-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *kūdso-
5. kūdso-
*ds → ss
Assimilation of *ds
Rds›ss → *kūsso-
6. kūsso-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. cūsso-
PIE *kēɑhkēɑhuɦɑdur-
TochA. kākotur-
(absol.) ‘spalten: dissecare, diffindere’
(Poucha 86)
(TochA. kākoturäṣ [sgAbl])
1. PIE *kēɑhkēɑhuɦɑdur-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhkāɑhuɦɑdur-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhkāɑhuɦɑdur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhkāhuɦdur-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhkāhuɦdur-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *kāhkāhudur-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kāhkāhudur-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kākāudur-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kākāudur-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *kākāutur-
6. kākāutur-
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
RāuC›auC → *kākautur-
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
7. kākautur-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kākōtur-
8. kākōtur-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. kākotur-
√kɑhui-
PIE *kḗɑhui̯o-
Lith. káuja-
(pr.) ‘schlagen, hauen, umbringen, vernichten’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Lith. káuju [1sg], *ē for present)
1. PIE *kḗɑhui̯o-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kā́ɑhui̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kā́ɑhui̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kā́hui̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kā́hui̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kā́ui̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kā́ui̯o-
*ā́RC → áRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ā́RC
Rā́RC›áRC → *káui̯o-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
5. káui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *káui̯a-
6. káui̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Lith. káuja-
PIE *kḗɑhui̯o-
Latv. kaûja-
(pr.) ‘schlagen, hauen, stechen, schlachten, treten’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Latv. kaûju [1sg])
1. PIE *kḗɑhui̯o-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kā́ɑhui̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kā́ɑhui̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kā́hui̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kā́hui̯o-
*ā́Hu → āHû
Latvian tone rule for *ā́Hu
RAccLatv2 → *kāhûi̯o-
4. kāhûi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāûi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāûi̯o-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *kaûi̯o-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
6. kaûi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kaûi̯a-
7. kaûi̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Latv. kaûja-
PIE *kēɑhui̯o-
OCS. kujo-
(vb.) ‘schmieden, prägen’
(Sadnik √374)
(OCS. kujǫ [1sg])
1. PIE *kēɑhui̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhui̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhui̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhui̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kāhui̯a-
4. kāhui̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāui̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāui̯a-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *kaui̯a-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
6. kaui̯a-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *koui̯o-
7. koui̯o-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *kūi̯o-
8. kūi̯o-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *kūjo-
9. kūjo-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → OCS. kujo-
PIE *koɑhui̯o
Goth. hawi-
(n.) ‘χόρτος: Heu’
(GoEtD. H53)
(Goth. hawi, IEW: “zu Hauendes”, *o for noun)
1. PIE *koɑhui̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohui̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohui̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *koui̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. koui̯o
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xoui̯o
4. xoui̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xaui̯a
5. xaui̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *xaui̯
6. xaui̯
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *haui̯
7. haui̯
*-ui̯ → -u̯i
Change of root-final -ui̯ into -u̯i
R=ui̯›=u̯i → *hau̯i
8. hau̯i
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Goth. hawi
PIE *koɑhui̯o
OHG. hewi-
(n.) ‘Heu’
(ANEtWb. 226)
(OHG. hewi)
1. PIE *koɑhui̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohui̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohui̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *koui̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. koui̯o
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xoui̯o
4. xoui̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xaui̯a
5. xaui̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *xaui̯
6. xaui̯
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *haui̯
7. haui̯
*-ui̯ → -u̯i
Change of root-final -ui̯ into -u̯i
R=ui̯›=u̯i → *hau̯i
8. hau̯i
*awi → ewi
Umlaut of *au̯i to eu̯i
Rau̯i›eu̯i → *heu̯i
9. heu̯i
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. hewi
PIE *koɑhui̯o
OSax. hōi-
(n.) ‘Heu: grass’
(ASächsWb. 35)
(OSax. hōi)
1. PIE *koɑhui̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohui̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohui̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *koui̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. koui̯o
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xoui̯o
4. xoui̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xaui̯a
5. xaui̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *xaui̯
6. xaui̯
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *haui̯
7. haui̯
*au → ō
Monophthongization of *au into ō
Rau›ōRestr → *hōi̯
8. hōi̯
*-i̯ → -i
Change of root-final i̯ into i
R=i̯›=i → OSax. hōi
PIE *koɑhui̯o
Far. hoy-
(n.) ‘Heu: grass’
(ANEtWb. 226)
(Far. hoy)
1. PIE *koɑhui̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohui̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohui̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *koui̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. koui̯o
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xoui̯o
4. xoui̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xaui̯a
5. xaui̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *xaui̯
6. xaui̯
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *haui̯
7. haui̯
*-ui̯ → -u̯i
Change of root-final -ui̯ into -u̯i
R=ui̯›=u̯i → *hau̯i
8. hau̯i
*au̯i → oy
Umlaut for au̯i to oy
Rau̯i›oy → Far. hoy
PIE *koɑhui̯o
OIcl. hey-
(n.) ‘Heu: grass’
(ANEtWb. 226)
(OIcl. hey, de Vries: ‘das Abgehauene?’)
1. PIE *koɑhui̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohui̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohui̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *koui̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. koui̯o
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xoui̯o
4. xoui̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xaui̯a
5. xaui̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *xaui̯
6. xaui̯
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *haui̯
7. haui̯
*-ui̯ → -u̯i
Change of root-final -ui̯ into -u̯i
R=ui̯›=u̯i → *hau̯i
8. hau̯i
*awi → ewi
Umlaut of *au̯i to eu̯i
Rau̯i›eu̯i → *heu̯i
9. heu̯i
Reu̯i›ey → OIcl. hey
√kɑhuiēhɑ-
PIE *kḗɑhui̯ēhɑ-
Serb. kȕjē-
(vb.) ‘schmieden, prägen’
(IEW 535)
(Serb. kȕjēm [1sg])
1. PIE *kḗɑhui̯ēhɑ-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kā́ɑhui̯ēhɑ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kā́ɑhui̯ēhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kā́hui̯ēh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kā́hui̯ēh-
ā́hu → āhȕ
Serbo-Croatian double gravis rule
Rā́ɦu›āHȕ → *kāhȕi̯ēh-
4. kāhȕi̯ēh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāȕi̯ē-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāȕi̯ē-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *kāȕjē-
6. kāȕjē-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → Serb. kaȕjē-
PIE *kēɑhui̯ēhɑ-
Pol. kuje-
(pr.) ‘schmieden’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Pol. kuję [1sg])
1. PIE *kēɑhui̯ēhɑ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhui̯ēhɑ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhui̯ēhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhui̯ēh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhui̯ēh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāui̯ē-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kāui̯ē-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *kaui̯ē-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
5. kaui̯ē-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *koui̯ē-
6. koui̯ē-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *kūi̯ē-
7. kūi̯ē-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *kūjē-
8. kūjē-
*ē → ĕ
Change of *ē into ĕ
Rē›ĕ → *kūjĕ-
9. kūjĕ-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → *kujĕ-
10. kujĕ-
*ĕ → e
Change of *ĕ into e
Rĕ›e → Pol. kuje-
√kɑhuiɑh-
PIE *kɑ́hui̯ēɑh
Lith. kū́ja-
(f.) ‘Stelze: pale, stake’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Lith. kū́ja [sgN])
1. PIE *kɑ́hui̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kɑ́hui̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kɑ́hui̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhui̯āɑh
(SPIE §3.2.3)
3. kúhui̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kúhui̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. kúhui̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kúui̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kúui̯ā
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *kū́i̯ā
6. kū́i̯ā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *kū́i̯ō
(XX:XX)
7. kū́i̯ō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *kū́i̯a
8. kū́i̯a
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Lith. kū́ja
PIE *kɑ́hui̯ēɑh
Latv. kũja-
(f.) ‘Stab, Stock, Keule’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Latv. kũja [sgN])
1. PIE *kɑ́hui̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kɑ́hui̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kɑ́hui̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhui̯āɑh
(SPIE §3.2.3)
3. kúhui̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kúhui̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. kúhui̯āh
*úHu → uHû
Latvian tone rule for *úHu
RAccLatv5 → *kuhûi̯āh
5. kuhûi̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kuûi̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. kuûi̯ā
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *kûi̯ā
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. kûi̯ā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R=ā›=a → *kûi̯a
8. kûi̯a
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Latv. kûja
√kɑhuii-
PIE *kɑ́hui̯i-
Lith. kū́ji-
(m.) ‘schwerer Schmiedehammer’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Lith. kū́jis [sgN])
1. PIE *kɑ́hui̯i-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhui̯i-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. kúhui̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kúui̯i-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. kúui̯i-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *kū́i̯i-
4. kū́i̯i-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Lith. kū́ji-
PIE *kɑ́hui̯i-
RussCS. kyjĭ-
(m.) ‘Hammer, Knüttel’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(RussCS. kyjĭ)
1. PIE *kɑ́hui̯i-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhui̯i-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. kúhui̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kúui̯i-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. kúui̯i-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *kū́i̯i-
4. kū́i̯i-
*ū́
ū → y
Rū›y → *kyi̯i-
Change of ū́ into y
5. kyi̯i-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *kyji-
6. kyji-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → RussCS. kyjĭ-
√kɑhuku-
PIE *koɑhuku-
OGaul. cōp-
(sb.) ‘Silbermünze der transpadanischen Boier’
(ACSS 1:1114)
(OGaul. cop.)
1. PIE *koɑhuku-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohuku-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohuku-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kouku-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. kouku-
*ku/u̯ → p
Bilabialization of labiovelar q into p
RkU›p → *koup-
4. koup-
*ou → ō
Monophthongization of *ou into ō
Rou›ō → *kōp-
5. kōp-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → OGaul. cōp-
PIE *koɑhuku̯o
OIr. cūach-
(sb.) ‘combat, attaque’
(LEIA C-134)
(OIr. cuach, coach, *o for noun)
1. PIE *koɑhuku̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohuku̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohuku̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kouku̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. kouku̯o
* ku/u̯ → q
Emergence of labiovelar q
RkU›q → *kouqo
4. kouqo
*ou → ō
Monophthongization of *ou into ō
Rou›ō → *kōqo
5. kōqo
*q → k
Delabialization of labiovelar *q
Rq›k → *kōko
6. kōko
*ō → ūa
Brechung of *ō into ūa
Rō›ūa → *kūako
7. kūako
VkV → VkhV
Lenition of voiceless stop *k
Rk›kh → *kūakho
8. kūakho
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr → *kūakh
9. kūakh
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → OIr. cūach
PIE *koɑhúku̯o-
OInd. kóka-
(m.) ‘Wolf: wolf’
(KEWA 1:268)
OInd. kókas [sgN])
1. PIE *koɑhúku̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohúku̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohúku̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kahúku̯a-
3. kahúku̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kaúku̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kaúku̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *kaúka-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. kaúka-
aú → ṓ
Monophthongization of *aú
Raú›ṓ → *kṓka-
6. kṓka-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → OInd. kóka-
PIE *koɑhúku̯o·Σ
RV. kóka·yātu-
(m.) ‘Kobold in Gestalt eines Wolfes’
(WbRV. 352)
(KEWA 1:268, not ‘Kukuk’ against Grassmann)
1. PIE *koɑhúku̯o·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohúku̯o·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohúku̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kahúku̯a·Σ
3. kahúku̯a·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kaúku̯a·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kaúku̯a·Σ
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *kaúka·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. kaúka·Σ
aú → ṓ
Monophthongization of *aú
Raú›ṓ → *kṓka·Σ
6. kṓka·Σ
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → RV. kóka·Σ
√kɑhugɑɦii-
PIE *koɑhugɑɦi̯i-
OSax. hōgi-
(n.) ‘Heu: grass’
(ASächsWb. 35)
(OSax. hōgi)
1. PIE *koɑhugɑɦi̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohugɦi̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohugɦi̯i-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *kohuǵɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. kohuǵɦi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kouǵɦi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kouǵɦi-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *kougɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. kougɦi-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xougɦi-
6. xougɦi-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *xougi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. xougi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xaugi-
8. xaugi-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *haugi-
9. haugi-
*au → ō
Monophthongization of *au into ō
Rau›ōRestr → OSax. hōgi-
PIE *koɑhugɑɦi̯i-
OEng. hīeg-
(n.) ‘grass’
(ANEtWb. 226)
(OEng. hīeg-, ASaxD. –)
1. PIE *koɑhugɑɦi̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohugɦi̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohugɦi̯i-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *kohuǵɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. kohuǵɦi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kouǵɦi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kouǵɦi-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *kougɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. kougɦi-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xougɦi-
6. xougɦi-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *xougi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. xougi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xaugi-
8. xaugi-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *haugi-
9. haugi-
*au → eā
Change of *au into eā
Rau›eā → *heāgi-
10. heāgi-
*eā—i → īe–Ø
Umlaut for eā—i
Reāgi›īeg → OEng. hīeg-
PIE *koɑhugɑɦi̯igɑɦii̯o
Far. hoyggj-
(n.) ‘Heu: grass’
(ANEtWb. 226)
(Far. hoyggj [sgNA])
1. PIE *koɑhugɑɦi̯igɑɦii̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohugɦi̯igɦii̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohugɦi̯igɦii̯o
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *kohuǵɦiǵɦi̯o
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. kohuǵɦiǵɦi̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kouǵɦiǵɦi̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kouǵɦiǵɦi̯o
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *kougɦigɦi̯o
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. kougɦigɦi̯o
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xougɦigɦi̯o
6. xougɦigɦi̯o
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *xougigi̯o
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. xougigi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xaugigi̯a
8. xaugigi̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *xaugigi̯
9. xaugigi̯
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *haugigi̯
10. haugigi̯
*au—i → oy—Ø
Umlaut for au—i
Raugi›oyg → *hoyggi̯
11. hoyggi̯
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Far. hoyggj
√kɑhugɑɦilo-
PIE *koɑhugɑɦilós
Russ. kuzló-
(n.) ‘Schmiedearbeit, Schmiedeesse’
(REW 1:682)
(Russ. kuzló [sgNA])
1. PIE *koɑhugɑɦilós
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohugɦilós
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohugɦilós
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *kohuj́ɦlós
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. kohuj́ɦlós
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kahuj́ɦlós
4. kahuj́ɦlós
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *kahuj́ɦlás
5. kahuj́ɦlás
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kauj́ɦlás
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. kauj́ɦlás
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *kauzɦlás
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
7. kauzɦlás
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *kauzlás
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. kauzlás
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *kouzlás
9. kouzlás
*á → ó
Change of *á into ó
Rá›ó → *kouzlós
10. kouzlós
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *kūzlós
11. kūzlós
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → Russ. kuzlós
√kɑhugɑɦini-
PIE *koɑhugɑɦini-
ORuss. kuznĭ-
(f.) ‘Schmiederarbeit, Beschlag’
(REW 1:682)
(LiEtWb. 232)
1. PIE *koɑhugɑɦini-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohugɦini-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohugɦini-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *kohuj́ɦni-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. kohuj́ɦni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kahuj́ɦni-
4. kahuj́ɦni-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kauj́ɦni-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kauj́ɦni-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *kauzɦni-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
6. kauzɦni-
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *kauzni-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. kauzni-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *kouzni-
8. kouzni-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *kūzni-
9. kūzni-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *kūznĭ-
10. kūznĭ-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → ORuss. kuznĭ-
PIE *koɑhugɑɦiniku̯ɑhi-
RussCS. kuznĭcĭ-
(m.) ‘Schmied’
(REW 1:682)
(RussCS. kuznĭcĭ)
1. PIE *koɑhugɑɦiniku̯ɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohugɦiniku̯hi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohugɦiniku̯hi-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *kohuj́ɦniku̯hi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. kohuj́ɦniku̯hi-
*ku̯hi → chi 2nd palatalization of *ku̯hi (Slav.)
Rku̯hi›chi → *kohuj́ɦnichi-
4. kohuj́ɦnichi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kahuj́ɦnichi-
5. kahuj́ɦnichi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kauj́ɦnichi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. kauj́ɦnichi-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *kauzɦnichi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
7. kauzɦnichi-
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *kauznichi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. kauznichi-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *kouznichi-
9. kouznichi-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *kūznichi-
10. kūznichi-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *kūznĭchĭ-
11. kūznĭchĭ-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → RussCS. kuznĭchĭ-
PIE *koɑhugɑɦiníku̯ɑhi
Russ. kuznéc-
(m.) ‘Schmied’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Russ. kuznéc [sgN])
1. PIE *koɑhugɑɦiníku̯ɑhi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohugɦiníku̯hi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohugɦiníku̯hi
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *kohuj́ɦníku̯hi
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. kohuj́ɦníku̯hi
*ku̯hi → chi 2nd palatalization of *ku̯hi (Slav.)
Rku̯hi›chi → *kohuj́ɦníchi
4. kohuj́ɦníchi
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kahuj́ɦníchi
5. kahuj́ɦníchi
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kauj́ɦníchi
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. kauj́ɦníchi
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *kauzɦníchi
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
7. kauzɦníchi
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *kauzníchi
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. kauzníchi
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *kouzníchi
9. kouzníchi
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *kūzníchi
10. kūzníchi
*-i → Ø
Loss of root-final -i
R=i›=0 → *kūzních
11. kūzních
*í → é
Change of *i into e
Rí›é → *kūznéch
12. kūznéch
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → Russ. kuznéch
√kɑhugɑɦui-
PIE *kɑ́hugɑɦu̯i-
Lith. kū́gi-
(m.) ‘schwerer Schmiedehammer’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Lith. kū́gis [sgN])
1. PIE *kɑ́hugɑɦu̯i-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhugɑɦu̯i-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. kúhugɑɦu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kúhugɦu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kúhugɦu̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kúugɦu̯i-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kúugɦu̯i-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *kúugɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. kúugɦi-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *kū́gɦi-
6. kū́gɦi-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → Lith. kū́gi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *kɑ́hugɑɦu̯i-
OPr. cugi-
(m.) ‘hammer’, i.e. ‘Hammer’
(APrS. 364)
(OPr. cugis [sgN], Voc. 518)
1. PIE *kɑ́hugɑɦu̯i-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhugɑɦu̯i-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. kúhugɑɦu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kúhugɦu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kúhugɦu̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kúugɦu̯i-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kúugɦu̯i-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *kúugɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. kúugɦi-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *kū́gɦi-
6. kū́gɦi-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *kū́gi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. kū́gi-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *cū́gi-
8. cū́gi-
*ū́ → u
Absence of accent and quantity in OAnat.
Rū́›u → OPr. cugi-
(SPIE §XX)
√kɑhul-
PIE *kɑ́hul-
Lith. kúl-
(vb.) ‘schlagen, dreschen, verprügeln’
(LiEtWb. 211-2)
(Lith. kùlti [inf.])
1. PIE *kɑ́hul-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhul-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. kúhul-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kúul-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. kúul-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *kū́l-
4. kū́l-
*ū́RC → úRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ū́RC
Rū́RC›úRC → Lith. kúl-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
PIE *kɑ́hul-
Latv. kul̃-
(vb.) ‘schlagen, dreschen, prügeln’
(LiEtWb. 211-2)
(Latv. kul̃t [inf.])
1. PIE *kɑ́hul-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhul-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. kúhul-
*úHu → uHû
Latvian tone rule for *úHu
RAccLatv5 → *kuhûl-
3. kuhûl-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kuûl-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kuûl-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → Latv. kûl-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
PIE *kɑ́hulo
Latv. kūl-
(m.) ‘zu dreschendes Gertreide’
(LiEtWb. 211)
(Latv. kūls [sgN])
1. PIE *kɑ́hulo
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhulo
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. kúhulo
*úHu → uHû
Latvian tone rule for *úHu
RAccLatv5 → *kuhûlo
3. kuhûlo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kuûlo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kuûlo
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *kûlo
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. kûlo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kûla
6. kûla
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Latv. kûl
PIE *kɑ́hulē-
Lith. kū̃lė-
(f.) ‘Dreschen, Drusch’
(LiEtWb. 211)
(Lith. kū̃lė [sgN])
1. PIE *kɑ́hulē-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhulē-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. kúhulē-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kúulē-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. kúulē-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *kū́lē-
4. kū́lē-
* ē -> ė
Change of *ē into ė
Rē›ė → Lith. kū́lė-
PIE *kɑ́hulḗ-
Lith. kūlė̃-
(f.) ‘Dreschen, Drusch, Schlägel, Keule, Streitkolben’
(LiEtWb. 211)
(Lith. kūlė̃ [sgN])
1. PIE *kɑ́hulḗ-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhulḗ-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. kúhulḗ-
ḗ → ė̃
Change of ḗ into ė̃
RLiAcc8 → *kúhulė̃-
3. kúhulė̃-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kúulė̃-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kúulė̃-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → Lith. kū́lė̃-
PIE *kēɑhulunoi̯o
TochA. kolune-
(vb.sb.) ‘occidere, necare’
(Poucha 85)
(TochA. kolune)
1. PIE *kēɑhulunoi̯o
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhulunoi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhulunoi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhulunoi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhulunoi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kāhulunai̯a
4. kāhulunai̯a
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāulunai̯a
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāulunai̯a
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
RāuC›auC → *kaulunai̯a
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
6. kaulunai̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *kaulunai̯
7. kaulunai̯
*a y → ē
Change of ay into ē in root-final
R=ay›=ē → *kaulunē
8. kaulunē
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kōlunē
9. kōlunē
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → *kōlune
10. kōlune
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. kolune
√kɑhun-
PIE *kḗɑhuno-
Lith. káuna-
(pr.) ‘schlagen, hauen, umbringen, vernichten’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Lith. káunu [1sg])
1. PIE *kḗɑhuno-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kā́ɑhuno-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kā́ɑhuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kā́huno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kā́huno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kā́uno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kā́uno-
*ā́RC → áRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ā́RC
Rā́RC›áRC → *káuno-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
5. káuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Lith. káuna-
PIE *Π·kḗɑhuno-
Lith. nu·káuna-
(pr.) ‘kill, strike’
(Senn 2:227)
(Lith. nukáuna [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·kḗɑhuno-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *Π·kā́ɑhuno-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·kā́ɑhuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·kā́huno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·kā́huno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·kā́uno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·kā́uno-
*ā́RC → áRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ā́RC
Rā́RC›áRC → *Π·káuno-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
5. Π·káuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Lith. Π·káuna-
PIE *kḗɑhuno-
Latv. kaûna-
(pr.) ‘schlagen, hauen, stechen, schlachten, treten’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Latv. kaûnu [1sg])
1. PIE *kḗɑhuno-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kā́ɑhuno-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kā́ɑhuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kā́huno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kā́huno-
*ā́Hu → āHû
Latvian tone rule for *ā́Hu
RAccLatv2 → *kāhûno-
4. kāhûno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāûno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāûno-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *kaûno-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
6. kaûno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Latv. kaûna-
PIE *kēɑhúni-
Lith. kaũni-
(m.) ‘Handgemenge’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Lith. kaũnis [sgN], Merkinē)
1. PIE *kēɑhúni-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhúni-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhúni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhúni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhúni-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *kāhùni-
4. kāhùni-
ā h ù → ā h ũ
Circumflex intonation for *āhù
RLiAcc7 → *kāhũni-
5. kāhũni-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāũni-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. kāũni-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → Lith. kaũni-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
PIE *kēɑhuni̯ḗɑh
Lith. kaunià-
(f.) ‘Handgemenge’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Lith. kaunià [sgN], Valkininkai)
1. PIE *kēɑhuni̯ḗɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhuni̯ḗɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhuni̯ḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kāɑhuni̯ā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. kāɑhuni̯ā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhuni̯ā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. kāhuni̯ā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāuni̯ā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāuni̯ā́
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *kauni̯ā́
(SPIE §2.5.8)
6. kauni̯ā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *kauni̯ṓ
(XX:XX)
7. kauni̯ṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → *kauni̯à
8. kauni̯à
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›iRestr → Lith. kaunià
PIE *kēɑhunú-
Lith. kaunù-
(a.) ‘kampflustig, kämpferisch’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Lith. kaunùs [sgN]; or *o-grade?)
1. PIE *kēɑhunú-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhunú-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhunú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhunú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhunú-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *kāhunù-
4. kāhunù-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāunù-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāunù-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → Lith. kaunù-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
√kɑhur-
PIE *kēɑhkēɑhur-
TochA. kākor-
(absol.) ‘occidere, necare’
(Poucha 85)
(TochA. kākoräṣ [absol.])
1. PIE *kēɑhkēɑhur-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhkāɑhur-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhkāɑhur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhkāhur-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhkāhur-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kākāur-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kākāur-
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
RāuC›auC → *kākaur-
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
5. kākaur-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kākōr-
6. kākōr-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. kākor-
√kɑhus-
PIE *kēɑhus-
TochB. kaus-
(pret.A.) ‘kill’
(DTochB. 208)
(TochB. kausa [3sg])
1. PIE *kēɑhus-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhus-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhus-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhus-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhus-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāus-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kāus-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → TochB. kaus-
PIE *kēɑhus-
TochA. kos-
(vb.) ‘occidere, necare’
(Poucha 85)
(TochA. kossi [inf.])
1. PIE *kēɑhus-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhus-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhus-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhus-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhus-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāus-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kāus-
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
RāuC›auC → *kaus-
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
5. kaus-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kōs-
6. kōs-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. kos-
PIE *kēɑhuso-
TochA. kosa-
(pr.A.) ‘occidere, necare’
(Poucha 85)
(TochA. kosam)
1. PIE *kēɑhuso-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhuso-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhuso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhuso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kāhusa-
4. kāhusa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāusa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāusa-
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
RāuC›auC → *kausa-
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
6. kausa-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kōsa-
7. kōsa-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. kosa-
PIE *kēɑhusoi-
TochB. kause-
(pr.A.) ‘kill, strike down, destroy’
(DTochB. 208)
(TochB. kauseṃ [3pl])
1. PIE *kēɑhusoi-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusoi-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhusoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhusoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhusoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kāhusai-
4. kāhusai-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāusai-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāusai-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *kāusē-
6. kāusē-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → *kausē-
7. kausē-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochB. kause-
PIE *kēɑhusoimono-
TochB. kausemana-
(pr.pt.M.) ‘= Skt. bhidyamāna-’
(DTochB. 208)
(TochB. kausem[ane] [m.sgN])
1. PIE *kēɑhusoimono-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusoimono-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhusoimono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhusoimono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhusoimono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kāhusaimana-
4. kāhusaimana-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāusaimana-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāusaimana-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *kāusēmana-
6. kāusēmana-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → *kausēmana-
7. kausēmana-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochB. kausemana-
PIE *kēɑhusmōno
TochA. kosmān-
(pr.pt.M.) ‘occidere, necare’
(Poucha 85)
(TochA. kosmāṃ [sgN])
1. PIE *kēɑhusmōno
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusmōno
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhusmōno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhusmōno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhusmōno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kāhusmōna
4. kāhusmōna
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *kāhusmāna
5. kāhusmāna
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāusmāna
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. kāusmāna
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
RāuC›auC → *kausmāna
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
7. kausmāna
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *kausmān
8. kausmān
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kōsmān
9. kōsmān
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. kosmān
√kɑhus-
(CHD P:58f.)
(Kyriakos Samelis, personal communication)
PIE *po·kɑhus-
Hitt. pa·kuš-
(vb.) ‘zerstampfen, (zer)mahlen, zerreiben’
(HHand. 117)
(in Hitt. pa·kušauant- and pa·kušuar- cf. below)
1. PIE *po·kɑhus-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *po·khus-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. po·khus-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pa·khus-
3. pa·khus-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *pa·kus-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. pa·kus-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. pa·kuš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *kɑhusó-
OInd. kṣá-
(ao.) ‘töten’
(Grundr2 1:405)
(Lex. ákṣata [3sg])
1. PIE *kɑhusó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khusó-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *khušó-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. khušó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *khušá-
4. khušá-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *khšá-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. khšá-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *kšá-
6. kšá-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → OInd. kṣá-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
PIE *Π·kɑhusó-
RV. tuvi·kṣá-
(a.) ‘viele vernichtend’
(WbRV. 543)
(RV. tuvikṣá-)
1. PIE *Π·kɑhusó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·khusó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·khusó-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *Π·khušó-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. Π·khušó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·khušá-
4. Π·khušá-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·khšá-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·khšá-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *Π·kšá-
6. Π·kšá-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. Π·kṣá-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
PIE *po·kɑhusou̯ont
Hitt. pa·kuša·u̯ant-
(pt.) ‘zerkleinert, gemahlen’ (sb.) ‘Klumpen’
(HHand. 117)
(Hitt. pa-ak-ku-uš-ša!-ua-an)
1. PIE *po·kɑhusou̯ont
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *po·khusou̯ont
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. po·khusou̯ont
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pa·khusau̯ant
3. pa·khusau̯ant
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *pa·kusau̯ant
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. pa·kusau̯ant
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. pa·kušau̯ant
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√kɑhusi-
PIE *kēɑhusi-
TochB. kauṣ-
(pr.M.) ‘kill, strike down, destroy’
(DTochB. 208)
(TochB. kauṣträ [3sg])
1. PIE *kēɑhusi-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusi-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhusi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhusi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhusi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāusi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kāusi-
*si → ṣ
Palatalization of *si
Rsi›ṣ → *kāuṣ-
5. kāuṣ-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → TochB. kauṣ-
PIE *kēɑhusi-
TochB. kauṣ-
(pr.A.) ‘kill, strike down, destroy’
(DTochB. 208)
(TochB. kauṣäm [3sg+encl.])
1. PIE *kēɑhusi-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusi-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhusi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhusi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhusi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāusi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kāusi-
*si → ṣ
Palatalization of *si
Rsi›ṣ → *kāuṣ-
5. kāuṣ-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → TochB. kauṣ-
PIE *kēɑhusi̯ēɑh-
TochA. koṣā-
(vb.) ‘occidere, necare’
(Poucha 88)
(TochA. koṣā [ipv3sgA.])
1. PIE *kēɑhusi̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusi̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhusi̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhusi̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhusi̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāusi̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kāusi̯ā-
*si̯ → ṣ
Palatalization of *si̯
Rsi̯›ṣ → *kāuṣā-
5. kāuṣā-
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
RāuC›auC → *kauṣā-
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
6. kauṣā-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kōṣā-
7. kōṣā-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. koṣā-
PIE *kēɑhusi̯ointeɑh-
TochB. kauṣenta-
(sb.) ‘murderer’
(DTochB. 212)
(TochB. kauṣenta-)
1. PIE *kēɑhusi̯ointeɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kēɑhusi̯ointaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kēɑhusi̯ointaɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusi̯ointaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. kāɑhusi̯ointaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhusi̯ointah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. kāhusi̯ointah-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kāhusi̯aintah-
5. kāhusi̯aintah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāusi̯ainta-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. kāusi̯ainta-
*si̯ → ṣ
Palatalization of *si̯
Rsi̯›ṣ → *kāuṣainta-
7. kāuṣainta-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *kāuṣēnta-
8. kāuṣēnta-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → *kauṣēnta-
9. kauṣēnta-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochB. kauṣenta-
PIE *kēɑhusi̯ointi̯eɑh-
TochB. kauṣeñca-
(pr.pt.) ‘mr̥tyuhantā’
(DTochB. 208)
(TochB. kauṣeñca-)
1. PIE *kēɑhusi̯ointi̯eɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kēɑhusi̯ointi̯aɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kēɑhusi̯ointi̯aɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusi̯ointi̯aɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. kāɑhusi̯ointi̯aɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhusi̯ointi̯ah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. kāhusi̯ointi̯ah-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kāhusi̯ainti̯ah-
5. kāhusi̯ainti̯ah-
PIE *ti̯ → c
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›c → *kāhusi̯aincah-
6. kāhusi̯aincah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāusi̯ainca-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. kāusi̯ainca-
*si̯ → ṣ
Palatalization of *si̯
Rsi̯›ṣ → *kāuṣainca-
8. kāuṣainca-
*nc → ñc
Palatalization of *n before c
Rnc›ñc → *kāuṣaiñca-
9. kāuṣaiñca-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *kāuṣēñca-
10. kāuṣēñca-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → *kauṣēñca-
11. kauṣēñca-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochB. kauṣeñca-
PIE *kēɑhusi̯olnoi-
TochB. kauṣalle-
(ger.) ‘kill, strike down, destroy’
(DTochB. 208)
(TochB. kauṣalle)
1. PIE *kēɑhusi̯olnoi-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusi̯olnoi-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhusi̯olnoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhusi̯olnoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhusi̯olnoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kāhusi̯alnai-
4. kāhusi̯alnai-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāusi̯alnai-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāusi̯alnai-
*si̯ → ṣ
Palatalization of *si̯
Rsi̯›ṣ → *kāuṣalnai-
6. kāuṣalnai-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → *kāuṣallai-
7. kāuṣallai-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *kāuṣallē-
8. kāuṣallē-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → *kauṣallē-
9. kauṣallē-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochB. kauṣalle-
PIE *kēɑhusi̯ont-
TochA. koṣänt-
(sb.m.) ‘carnifex: hangman, executer’
(Poucha 85 & 88)
(TochA. koṣänt)
1. PIE *kēɑhusi̯ont-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusi̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhusi̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhusi̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhusi̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kāhusi̯ant-
4. kāhusi̯ant-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāusi̯ant-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāusi̯ant-
*si̯ → ṣ
Palatalization of *si̯
Rsi̯›ṣ → *kāuṣant-
6. kāuṣant-
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
RāuC›auC → *kauṣant-
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
7. kauṣant-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kōṣant-
8. kōṣant-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. koṣant-
PIE *kēɑhusili̯oi̯o
TochA. koṣlye-
(vb.a.) ‘be killed’
(Poucha 85)
(TochA. koṣlyes)
1. PIE *kēɑhusili̯oi̯o
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusili̯oi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhusili̯oi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhusili̯oi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhusili̯oi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kāhusili̯ai̯a
4. kāhusili̯ai̯a
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāusili̯ai̯a
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāusili̯ai̯a
*si → ṣ
Palatalization of *si
Rsi›ṣ → *kāuṣli̯ai̯a
6. kāuṣli̯ai̯a
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
RāuC›auC → *kauṣli̯ai̯a
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
7. kauṣli̯ai̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *kauṣli̯ai̯
8. kauṣli̯ai̯
*a y → ē
Change of ay into ē in root-final
R=ay›=ē → *kauṣli̯ē
9. kauṣli̯ē
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kōṣli̯ē
10. kōṣli̯ē
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → *kōṣli̯e
11. kōṣli̯e
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *koṣli̯e
12. koṣli̯e
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochA. koṣlye
√kɑhusi-
PIE *kɑhusi-
OInd. kṣi-
(√pr.) ‘vernichten’
(GEW 2:1015)
(OInd. kṣidhi [2sg])
1. PIE *kɑhusi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khusi-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *khuši-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. khuši-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *khši-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. khši-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *kši-
5. kši-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → OInd. kṣi-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
PIE *kɑhusei̯-
gAv. xšay-
(√pr.) ‘verderben’
(AIWb. 550)
(gAv. xšayō [inf.] ‘um zu verderben’)
1. PIE *kɑhusei̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusei̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khusei̯-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *khušei̯-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. khušei̯-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *khšei̯-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. khšei̯-
*Ths/š → Ts/š
Loss of *h between stop and s/š
RChS›CS → *kšei̯-
5. kšei̯-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *kšai̯-
6. kšai̯-
PIE *kš → xš
Change of *k into x before *š
Rkš›xš → *xšai̯-
7. xšai̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → gAv. xšay-
PIE *kɑhusōi̯-
OInd. kṣāy-
(ao.P.) ‘destroy etc.’
(MonWil. 328)
(OInd. kṣāyi)
1. PIE *kɑhusōi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusōi̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khusōi̯-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *khušōi̯-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. khušōi̯-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *khušāi̯-
4. khušāi̯-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *khšāi̯-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. khšāi̯-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *kšāi̯-
6. kšāi̯-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *kṣāi̯-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
7. kṣāi̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. kṣāy-
PIE *kɑhuséi̯o-
OInd. kṣáya-
(pr.) ‘vernichten, vergehen lassen’
(KEWA 1:286)
(OInd. kṣáyati [3sg], MonWil. 328 = RV. 4.6.14.)
1. PIE *kɑhuséi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khuséi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khuséi̯o-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *khušéi̯o-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. khušéi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *khušéi̯a-
4. khušéi̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *khšéi̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. khšéi̯a-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *kšéi̯a-
6. kšéi̯a-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *kšái̯a-
7. kšái̯a-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *kṣái̯a-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
8. kṣái̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. kṣáya-
PIE *kɑhusoi̯ó-
OInd. kṣayá-
(m.) ‘Verlust, Zerstörung’
(KEWA 1:287)
(OInd. kṣayá-)
1. PIE *kɑhusoi̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusoi̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khusoi̯ó-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *khušoi̯ó-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. khušoi̯ó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *khušai̯ó-
4. khušai̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *khušai̯á-
5. khušai̯á-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *khšai̯á-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. khšai̯á-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *kšai̯á-
7. kšai̯á-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *kṣai̯á-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
8. kṣai̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. kṣayá-
√kɑhusii-
PIE *kɑhusoi̯ei̯o-
OInd. kṣayaya-
(cs.) ‘destroy, ruin, make an end, corrupt’
(MonWil. 328)
(OInd. kṣayaya-)
1. PIE *kɑhusoi̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusoi̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khusoi̯ei̯o-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *khušoi̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. khušoi̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *khušai̯ei̯a-
4. khušai̯ei̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *khšai̯ei̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. khšai̯ei̯a-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *kšai̯ei̯a-
6. kšai̯ei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *kšai̯ai̯a-
7. kšai̯ai̯a-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *kṣai̯ai̯a-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
8. kṣai̯ai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. kṣayaya-
PIE *kɑhu̯ikɑhusii̯-
OInd. cikṣiy-
(pf.) ‘destroy, ruin, make an end, corrupt’
(MonWil. 328)
(OInd. cikṣiyathas)
1. PIE *kɑhu̯ikɑhusii̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khu̯ikhusii̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khu̯ikhusii̯-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *khu̯ikhušii̯-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. khu̯ikhušii̯-
PIE *khu̯ → čhu̯
2nd palatalization of *khu̯
Rkhu̯›čhu̯ → *čhu̯ikhušii̯-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. čhu̯ikhušii̯-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *čhu̯ikhšii̯-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. čhu̯ikhšii̯-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *čhikhšii̯-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. čhikhšii̯-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *čhikšii̯-
7. čhikšii̯-
*č → c
From 2nd palatalization *č to c
Rč›c → *chikšii̯-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. chikšii̯-
*ch → c
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *ch
Rch›c → *cikšii̯-
9. cikšii̯-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *cikṣii̯-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
10. cikṣii̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. cikṣiy-
PIE *kɑhusiíi̯o-
RV. kṣī́ya-
(pr.) ‘hinschwinden, abnehmen, sich vermindern’
(WbRV. 367)
(RV. kṣī́yante [3pl])
1. PIE *kɑhusiíi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusiíi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khusiíi̯o-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *khušiíi̯o-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. khušiíi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *khušiíi̯a-
4. khušiíi̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *khšiíi̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. khšiíi̯a-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *kšiíi̯a-
6. kšiíi̯a-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *kšī́i̯a-
7. kšī́i̯a-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *kṣī́i̯a-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
8. kṣī́i̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. kṣī́ya-
PIE *Π·kɑhusiii̯o·Σ
RV. á·kṣīya·māna-
(pr.pt.M.a.) ‘unversiegbar, unvergänglich’
(WbRV. 7)
(RV. ákṣīyamāna-)
1. PIE *Π·kɑhusiii̯o·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·khusiii̯o·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·khusiii̯o·Σ
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *Π·khušiii̯o·Σ
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. Π·khušiii̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·khušiii̯a·Σ
4. Π·khušiii̯a·Σ
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·khšiii̯a·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·khšiii̯a·Σ
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *Π·kšiii̯a·Σ
6. Π·kšiii̯a·Σ
*ii → ī
Contraction of i and i
Rii›ī → *Π·kšīi̯a·Σ
7. Π·kšīi̯a·Σ
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *Π·kṣīi̯a·Σ
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
8. Π·kṣīi̯a·Σ
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·kṣīya·Σ
√kɑhusin-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *kɑhusin-
RV. kṣiṇ-
(pr.) ‘vernichten’
(WbRV. 367)
(RV. kṣiṇánti [3pl])
1. PIE *kɑhusin-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusin-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khusin-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *khušin-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. khušin-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *khšin-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. khšin-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *kšin-
5. kšin-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *kṣin-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
6. kṣin-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → RV. kṣiṇ-
PIE *kɑhusíno-
Gr. ψίνο-
(vb.) ‘Blüten/Früchte abfallen lassen, verlieren’
(GEW 2:1138)
(Cret. ψίνεσθαι [inf.], GrGr. 1:326)
1. PIE *kɑhusíno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusíno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khusíno-
*khu/u̯ → ph
Bilabialization of labiovelar *khu/u̯
RkhU›ph → *phsíno-
3. phsíno-
*phs → ps
Loss of *h between *p and *s
Rphs›ps → *psíno-
4. psíno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ψίνο-
PIE *kɑhusinēɑh-
RV. kṣiṇā-
(pr.) ‘vernichten’
(WbRV. 367)
(RV. kṣiṇāti [3sg])
1. PIE *kɑhusinēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kɑhusināɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kɑhusināɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusināh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. khusināh-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *khušināh-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. khušināh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *khušinā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. khušinā-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *khšinā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. khšinā-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *kšinā-
7. kšinā-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *kṣinā-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
8. kṣinā-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → RV. kṣiṇā-
PIE *Π·kɑhusinēɑh-
RV. prá (...) kṣiṇā-
(pr.) ‘vernichten’
(WbRV. 367)
(RV. prá (...) kṣiṇām [1sg])
1. PIE *Π·kɑhusinēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·kɑhusināɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·kɑhusināɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·khusināh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·khusināh-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *Π·khušināh-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. Π·khušināh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·khušinā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·khušinā-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·khšinā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·khšinā-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *Π·kšinā-
7. Π·kšinā-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *Π·kṣinā-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
8. Π·kṣinā-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → RV. Π·kṣiṇā-
PIE *kɑhusinéɑɦdi̯o-
Gr. ψινάζο-
(pr.A.) ‘Blüten/Früchte abfallen lassen, verlieren’
(GEW 2:1138)
(Cret. ψινάζειν [inf.])
1. PIE *kɑhusinéɑɦdi̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *kɑhusináɑɦdi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kɑhusináɑɦdi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusináɦdi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. khusináɦdi̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *khusinádi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. khusinádi̯o-
*khu/u̯ → ph
Bilabialization of labiovelar *khu/u̯
RkhU›ph → *phsinádi̯o-
5. phsinádi̯o-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *phsinájo-
6. phsinájo-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *phsinázo-
7. phsinázo-
*phs → ps
Loss of *h between *p and *s
Rphs›ps → *psinázo-
8. psinázo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ψινάζο-
PIE *kɑhusinu-
OInd. kṣiṇu-
(pr.5.) ‘vernichten, vergehen lassen’
(GEW 2:1015)
(OInd. kṣinumas [1pl])
1. PIE *kɑhusinu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusinu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khusinu-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *khušinu-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. khušinu-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *khšinu-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. khšinu-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *kšinu-
5. kšinu-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *kṣinu-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
6. kṣinu-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → OInd. kṣiṇu-
PIE *kɑhusineu-
OInd. kṣiṇo-
(pr.5.) ‘vernichten, vergehen lassen’
(KEWA 1:289)
(VS. kṣinómi [3sg])
1. PIE *kɑhusineu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusineu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khusineu-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *khušineu-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. khušineu-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *khšineu-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. khšineu-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *kšineu-
5. kšineu-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *kšinau-
6. kšinau-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kšinō-
7. kšinō-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *kṣinō-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
8. kṣinō-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → *kṣiṇō-
9. kṣiṇō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → OInd. kṣiṇo-
√kɑhusibɑɦ-
PIE *kɑhusibɑɦes-
LinB. qσιπεσ-
(n.obl.) ‘Schlachtschwert’
(GEW 2:336)
(LinB. qi-si-pe-e [du])
1. PIE *kɑhusibɑɦes-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusibɦes-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khusibɦes-
*khu/u̯ → qh
Emergence of labiovelar *qh
RkhU›qh → *qhsibɦes-
3. qhsibɦes-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *qhsiphes-
4. qhsiphes-
*qh → q
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *qh
Rqh›q → *qsiphes-
5. qsiphes-
*ph → p
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *ph
Rph›p → *qsipes-
6. qsipes-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → LinB. qσιπεσ-
√kɑhusis-
PIE *kɑhuseís-
OInd. kṣéṣ-
(ao.) ‘vernichten usw.’
(GEW 2:1015)
(OInd. kṣeṣṭa, kṣeṣṭhās)
1. PIE *kɑhuseís-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khuseís-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khuseís-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *khušeís-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. khušeís-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *khušeíš-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. khušeíš-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *khšeíš-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. khšeíš-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *kšeíš-
6. kšeíš-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *kšaíš-
7. kšaíš-
aí → ḗ
Monophthongization of *aí
Raí›ḗ → *kšḗš-
8. kšḗš-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *kṣḗṣ-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
9. kṣḗṣ-
ḗ → é
Change of ḗ into é
Rḗ›é → OInd. kṣéṣ-
√kɑhusit-
(IEW 487)
PIE *kēɑhusit-
TochA. koṣt-
(pr.A.) ‘affligere, cadere: schlagen’
(Poucha 88)
(TochA. koṣtam, koṣt)
1. PIE *kēɑhusit-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusit-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhusit-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhusit-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhusit-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāusit-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kāusit-
*si → ṣ
Palatalization of *si
Rsi›ṣ → *kāuṣt-
5. kāuṣt-
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
RāuC›auC → *kauṣt-
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
6. kauṣt-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kōṣt-
7. kōṣt-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. koṣt-
PIE *kēɑhusit-
TochA. koṣt-
(pret.A.) ‘affligere, cadere: schlagen’
(Poucha 88)
(TochA. koṣt, koṣtar)
1. PIE *kēɑhusit-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusit-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhusit-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhusit-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhusit-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāusit-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kāusit-
*si → ṣ
Palatalization of *si
Rsi›ṣ → *kāuṣt-
5. kāuṣt-
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
RāuC›auC → *kauṣt-
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
6. kauṣt-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kōṣt-
7. kōṣt-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. koṣt-
PIE *kēɑhusit-
TochA. koṣt-
(sb.) ‘acies: Schneide’
(Poucha 88)
(TochA. koṣt [sgN])
1. PIE *kēɑhusit-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusit-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhusit-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhusit-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhusit-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāusit-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kāusit-
*si → ṣ
Palatalization of *si
Rsi›ṣ → *kāuṣt-
5. kāuṣt-
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
RāuC›auC → *kauṣt-
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
6. kauṣt-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kōṣt-
7. kōṣt-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. koṣt-
PIE *kēɑhusitlo
TochA. koṣtl-
(vb.a.) ‘affligere, cadere: schlagen’
(Poucha 88)
(TochA. koṣtlaṃ [sgL])
1. PIE *kēɑhusitlo
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusitlo
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhusitlo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhusitlo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhusitlo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kāhusitla
4. kāhusitla
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāusitla
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāusitla
*si → ṣ
Palatalization of *si
Rsi›ṣ → *kāuṣtla
6. kāuṣtla
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
RāuC›auC → *kauṣtla
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
7. kauṣtla
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *kauṣtl
8. kauṣtl
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kōṣtl
9. kōṣtl
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. koṣtl
PIE *kēɑhusitlunoio
TochA. koṣtlune-
(vb.a.) ‘affligere, cadere: schlagen’
(Poucha 88)
(TochA. koṣtluneyo)
1. PIE *kēɑhusitlunoio
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusitlunoio
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhusitlunoio
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhusitlunoio
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhusitlunoio
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kāhusitlunaia
4. kāhusitlunaia
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāusitlunaia
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāusitlunaia
*si → ṣ
Palatalization of *si
Rsi›ṣ → *kāuṣtlunaia
6. kāuṣtlunaia
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
RāuC›auC → *kauṣtlunaia
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
7. kauṣtlunaia
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *kauṣtlunai
8. kauṣtlunai
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *kauṣtlunē
9. kauṣtlunē
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kōṣtlunē
10. kōṣtlunē
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → *kōṣtlune
11. kōṣtlune
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. koṣtlune
PIE *kēɑhusitlunoisí-
TochA. koṣtluneṣi-
(vb.a.poss.) ‘affligere, cadere: schlagen’
(Poucha 88)
(TochA. koṣtluneṣi-)
1. PIE *kēɑhusitlunoisí-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusitlunoisí-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhusitlunoisí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhusitlunoisí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhusitlunoisí-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kāhusitlunaisí-
4. kāhusitlunaisí-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāusitlunaisí-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāusitlunaisí-
*si → ṣ
Palatalization of *si
Rsi›ṣ → *kāuṣtlunaisí-
6. kāuṣtlunaisí-
*sí → ṣí
Palatalization of *sí
Rsí›ṣ → *kāuṣtlunaiṣí-
7. kāuṣtlunaiṣí-
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
RāuC›auC → *kauṣtlunaiṣí-
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
8. kauṣtlunaiṣí-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *kauṣtlunēṣí-
9. kauṣtlunēṣí-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kōṣtlunēṣí-
10. kōṣtlunēṣí-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → *kōṣtluneṣí-
11. kōṣtluneṣí-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *koṣtluneṣí-
12. koṣtluneṣí-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → TochA. koṣtluneṣi-
PIE *kēɑhkēɑhusitu-
TochA. kākoṣtu-
(pret.pt.) ‘affligere, cadere: schlagen’
(Poucha 88)
(TochA. kākoṣtu)
1. PIE *kēɑhkēɑhusitu-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhkāɑhusitu-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhkāɑhusitu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhkāhusitu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhkāhusitu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kākāusitu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kākāusitu-
*si → ṣ
Palatalization of *si
Rsi›ṣ → *kākāuṣtu-
5. kākāuṣtu-
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
RāuC›auC → *kākauṣtu-
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
6. kākauṣtu-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kākōṣtu-
7. kākōṣtu-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. kākoṣtu-
√kɑhusito-
PIE *kɑhusitó-
OInd. kṣitá-
(pt.) ‘vergehend, abnehmend, sich erschöpfend’
(WbRV. 367)
(KEWA 1:289)
1. PIE *kɑhusitó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusitó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khusitó-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *khušitó-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. khušitó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *khušitá-
4. khušitá-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *khšitá-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. khšitá-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *kšitá-
6. kšitá-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → OInd. kṣitá-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
PIE *Π·kɑhusito-
RV. á·kṣita-
(pt.) ‘unvergänglich’
(WbRV. 6)
(OInd. śrávaḥ áksitam ‘unverwüstlicher Ruhm’)
1. PIE *Π·kɑhusito-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·khusito-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·khusito-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *Π·khušito-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. Π·khušito-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·khušita-
4. Π·khušita-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·khšita-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·khšita-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *Π·kšita-
6. Π·kšita-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. Π·kṣita-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
PIE *Π·Π·kɑhusito-
RV. án·upa·kṣita-
(pt.) ‘unerschöpflich’
(WbRV. 60)
(RV. ánupakṣita-)
1. PIE *Π·Π·kɑhusito-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·khusito-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·Π·khusito-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *Π·Π·khušito-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. Π·Π·khušito-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·Π·khušita-
4. Π·Π·khušita-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·Π·khšita-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·Π·khšita-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *Π·Π·kšita-
6. Π·Π·kšita-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. Π·Π·kṣita-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
PIE *Π·Π·kɑhusito-
RV. á·vi·kṣita-
(pt.) ‘unvermindert’
(WbRV. 130)
(RV. ávikṣita-)
1. PIE *Π·Π·kɑhusito-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·khusito-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·Π·khusito-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *Π·Π·khušito-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. Π·Π·khušito-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·Π·khušita-
4. Π·Π·khušita-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·Π·khšita-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·Π·khšita-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *Π·Π·kšita-
6. Π·Π·kšita-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. Π·Π·kṣita-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
PIE *Π·Π·kɑhusito-
RV. á·pra·kṣita-
(pt.) ‘unvergänglich, unerschöpflich’
(WbRV. 78)
(RV. áprakṣita-)
1. PIE *Π·Π·kɑhusito-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·khusito-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·Π·khusito-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *Π·Π·khušito-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. Π·Π·khušito-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·Π·khušita-
4. Π·Π·khušita-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·Π·khšita-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·Π·khšita-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *Π·Π·kšita-
6. Π·Π·kšita-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. Π·Π·kṣita-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
√kɑhusitɑh-
PIE *Π·kɑhusitēɑh·Σ
RV. á·kṣitā·vasu-
(a.) ‘unvergängliches Gut besitzend’
(WbRV. 7)
(RV. ákṣitāvasu-)
1. PIE *Π·kɑhusitēɑh·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·kɑhusitāɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·kɑhusitāɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·khusitāh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·khusitāh·Σ
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *Π·khušitāh·Σ
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. Π·khušitāh·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·khušitā·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·khušitā·Σ
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·khšitā·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·khšitā·Σ
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *Π·kšitā·Σ
7. Π·kšitā·Σ
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. Π·kṣitā·Σ
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
PIE *kɑhusitḗɑh·Σ
RV. kṣitā́·yuṣ-
(a.) ‘dessen Leben dahinschwindet’
(WbRV. 367)
(RV. kṣitā́yuṣ-)
1. PIE *kɑhusitḗɑh·Σ
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kɑhusitā́ɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kɑhusitā́ɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusitā́h·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. khusitā́h·Σ
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *khušitā́h·Σ
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. khušitā́h·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *khušitā́·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. khušitā́·Σ
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *khšitā́·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. khšitā́·Σ
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *kšitā́·Σ
7. kšitā́·Σ
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. kṣitā́·Σ
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
√kɑhusiti-
PIE *kɑhusítsi-
Gr. ψίσι-
(f.) ‘ἀπώλεια’
(GEW 2:1138)
(Hes. ψίσις, GrGr. 1:326)
1. PIE *kɑhusítsi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusítsi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khusítsi-
*khu/u̯ → ph
Bilabialization of labiovelar *khu/u̯
RkhU›ph → *phsítsi-
3. phsítsi-
*phs → ps
Loss of *h between *p and *s
Rphs›ps → *psítsi-
4. psítsi-
*ts → s
Loss of dental in *ts
Rts›s → *psísi-
5. psísi-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ψίσι-
PIE *kɑhusití-
AV. kṣití-
(f.) ‘Untergang, das Dahinschwinden, Vergehen’
(WbRV. 368)
(AV. kṣití-, KEWA 1:289)
1. PIE *kɑhusití-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusití-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khusití-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *khušití-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. khušití-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *khšití-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. khšití-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *kšití-
5. kšití-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → AV. kṣití-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
PIE *Π·kɑhusiti-
RV. á·kṣiti-
(a.) ‘unvergänglich’
(WbRV. 7)
(RV. ákṣiti-)
1. PIE *Π·kɑhusiti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·khusiti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·khusiti-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *Π·khušiti-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. Π·khušiti-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·khšiti-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·khšiti-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *Π·kšiti-
5. Π·kšiti-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. Π·kṣiti-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
√kɑhuski̯o-
PIE *po·kɑhuski̯o-
Hitt. pa·kuška-
(vb.iter.) ‘zerstampfen, (zer)mahlen, zerreiben’
(HHand. 117)
(Hitt. pa-ak-ku-uš-kán-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *po·kɑhuski̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *po·khuski̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. po·khuski̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *po·khusḱo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. po·khusḱo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pa·khusḱa-
4. pa·khusḱa-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *pa·khuska-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. pa·khuska-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *pa·kuska-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. pa·kuska-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. pa·kuška-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√kɑhusen-
PIE *kɑhusenis-
AV. kṣaṇiṣ-
(ao.) ‘verletzen’
(WbRV. 362)
(AV. kṣaṇiṣṭhās)
1. PIE *kɑhusenis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusenis-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khusenis-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *khušenis-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. khušenis-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *khušeniš-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. khušeniš-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *khšeniš-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. khšeniš-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *kšeniš-
6. kšeniš-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *kšaniš-
7. kšaniš-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *kṣaniṣ-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
8. kṣaniṣ-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → AV. kṣaṇiṣ-
PIE *kɑhuseneú-
OInd. kṣaṇó-
(pr.) ‘verletzen, verwunden: hurt, injure, wound’
(KEWA 1:284)
(OInd. kṣanómi)
1. PIE *kɑhuseneú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khuseneú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khuseneú-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *khušeneú-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. khušeneú-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *khšeneú-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. khšeneú-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *kšeneú-
5. kšeneú-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *kšanaú-
6. kšanaú-
aú → ṓ
Monophthongization of *aú
Raú›ṓ → *kšanṓ-
7. kšanṓ-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *kṣanṓ-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
8. kṣanṓ-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → *kṣaṇṓ-
9. kṣaṇṓ-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → OInd. kṣaṇó-
√kɑhusop-
PIE *kɑhusopei̯o-
OInd. kṣapaya-
(cs.A.) ‘zerstören, vernichten’
(KEWA 1:286)
(OInd. kṣapaya-)
1. PIE *kɑhusopei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusopei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khusopei̯o-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *khušopei̯o-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. khušopei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *khušapei̯a-
4. khušapei̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *khšapei̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. khšapei̯a-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *kšapei̯a-
6. kšapei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *kšapai̯a-
7. kšapai̯a-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *kṣapai̯a-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
8. kṣapai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. kṣapaya-
√kɑhuser-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *kɑhuséro-
OInd. kṣára-
(pr.A.) ‘verschwinden’
(KEWA 1:287)
(OInd. kṣára-)
1. PIE *kɑhuséro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khuséro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khuséro-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *khušéro-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. khušéro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *khušéra-
4. khušéra-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *khšéra-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. khšéra-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *kšéra-
6. kšéra-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *kšára-
7. kšára-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → OInd. kṣára-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
PIE *kɑhuséri̯o-
Gr. ψείρο-
(pr.) ‘vernichten usw.’
(LSJ. 2019)
(Hes. ψείρει · φθείρει, GEW –)
1. PIE *kɑhuséri̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khuséri̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khuséri̯o-
*khu/u̯ → ph
Bilabialization of labiovelar *khu/u̯
RkhU›ph → *phséri̯o-
3. phséri̯o-
*phs → ps
Loss of *h between *p and *s
Rphs›ps → *pséri̯o-
4. pséri̯o-
*éri̯ → eír
Epenthesis of *i
Réri̯›eír → *pseíro-
5. pseíro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ψείρο-
√kɑhusot-
PIE *kɑhusoto-
OInd. kṣata-
(pret.pt.) ‘verletzt’
(KEWA 1:284)
(OInd. kṣata-, *o-grade for noun?)
1. PIE *kɑhusoto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusoto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khusoto-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *khušoto-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. khušoto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *khušata-
4. khušata-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *khšata-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. khšata-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *kšata-
6. kšata-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → OInd. kṣata-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
PIE *Π·kɑhusoto-
RV. á·kṣata-
(pt.) ‘unverletzt’
(WbRV. 6)
(RV. ákṣata-, KEWA 1:284)
1. PIE *Π·kɑhusoto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·khusoto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·khusoto-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *Π·khušoto-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. Π·khušoto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·khušata-
4. Π·khušata-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·khšata-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·khšata-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *Π·kšata-
6. Π·kšata-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. Π·kṣata-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
PIE *Π·kɑhusoto-
OPers. a·xšata-
(pret.pt.) ‘unverletzt, unverstört’
(AIWb. 51)
(OPers. axšata-)
1. PIE *Π·kɑhusoto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·khusoto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·khusoto-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *Π·khušoto-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. Π·khušoto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·khušata-
4. Π·khušata-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·khšata-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·khšata-
*Ths/š → Ts/š
Loss of *h between stop and s/š
RChS›CS → *Π·kšata-
6. Π·kšata-
PIE *kš → xš
Change of *k into x before *š
Rkš›xš → OPers. Π·xšata-
PIE *kɑhusoti-
OInd. kṣati-
(f.) ‘Vernichtung, Beschädigung’
(KEWA 1:284)
(OInd. kṣati-)
1. PIE *kɑhusoti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusoti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khusoti-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *khušoti-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. khušoti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *khušati-
4. khušati-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *khšati-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. khšati-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *kšati-
6. kšati-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → OInd. kṣati-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
√kɑhustɑhi-
PIE *kḗɑhustɑ́hi-
Lith. káusty-
(vb.) ‘beschlagen, mit Eisen beschlagen’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Lith. káustyti [inf.])
1. PIE *kḗɑhustɑ́hi-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kā́ɑhustɑ́hi-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kā́ɑhustɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *kā́ɑhustíhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. kā́ɑhustíhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kā́hustíhi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. kā́hustíhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kā́ustíi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kā́ustíi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *kā́ustī́-
6. kā́ustī́-
*ā́RC → áRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ā́RC
Rā́RC›áRC → *káustī́-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
7. káustī́-
*ī́ → ý
Orthographic change of ī́ into ý
Rī́›ý → Lith. káustý-
√kɑhusu-
PIE *po·kɑhusu̯ont-
Hitt. pa·kušu̯ant-
(pt.) ‘zerkleinert, gemahlen’ (sb.) ‘Klumpen’
(HHand. 117)
(Hitt. pa-ak-ku-uš-šu-ua-an-da)
1. PIE *po·kɑhusu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *po·khusu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. po·khusu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pa·khusu̯ant-
3. pa·khusu̯ant-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *pa·kusu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. pa·kusu̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. pa·kušu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *po·kɑhusu̯or-
Hitt. pa·kušu̯ar-
() ((GIŠ)n.) ‘Stößel’
(HHand. 117)
(Hitt. pa-ak-k[u-u]š-šu-ar, pa-ak-ku-uš-šü-ua-ar)
1. PIE *po·kɑhusu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *po·khusu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. po·khusu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pa·khusu̯ar-
3. pa·khusu̯ar-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *pa·kusu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. pa·kusu̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. pa·kušu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√kɑhuu-
PIE *keɑhkoɑhu̯u-
TochB. kakawu-
(pt.) ‘having killed’
(DTochB. 208)
(TochB. kakawu)
1. PIE *keɑhkoɑhu̯u-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhkoɑhu̯u-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhkoɑhu̯u-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahkohu̯u-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahkohu̯u-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kahkahu̯u-
4. kahkahu̯u-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kakau̯u-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kakau̯u-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. kakawu-
PIE *Π·koɑhu̯u-
OLatv. er·kavu-
(pt.) ‘erschlagen habend’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(in OLatv. erkawusz [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·koɑhu̯u-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·kohu̯u-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·kohu̯u-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·kou̯u-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·kou̯u-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·kau̯u-
4. Π·kau̯u-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OLatv. Π·kavu-
PIE *keɑhkeɑhu̯our-
TochB. kakawor-
(sb.) ‘-hatvā’
(DTochB. 209)
(TochB. kakawormeṃ)
1. PIE *keɑhkeɑhu̯our-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhkaɑhu̯our-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhkaɑhu̯our-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahkahu̯our-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahkahu̯our-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kahkahu̯aur-
4. kahkahu̯aur-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kakau̯aur-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kakau̯aur-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kakau̯ōr-
6. kakau̯ōr-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *kakau̯or-
7. kakau̯or-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. kakawor-
√kɑhuuo-
PIE *Π·koɑhuu̯o
OEng. ge·heāw-
(n.) ‘striking together, gnashing, grinding’
(ASaxD. 524)
(OEng. geheāw, *o-grade for noun)
1. PIE *Π·koɑhuu̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·kohuu̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·kohuu̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·kouu̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·kouu̯o
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *Π·xouu̯o
4. Π·xouu̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·xauu̯a
5. Π·xauu̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *Π·xauu̯
6. Π·xauu̯
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *Π·hauu̯
7. Π·hauu̯
*au → eā
Change of *au into eā
Rau›eā → *Π·heāu̯
8. Π·heāu̯
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OEng. Π·heāw
√kɑhuuɑh-
PIE *koɑhuu̯ɑh-
OGaul. cōu-
(sb.) ‘Silbermünze usw.’
(ACSS 1:1114)
(OGaul. coov, wenn ‘gestempelt’?)
1. PIE *koɑhuu̯ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohuu̯h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohuu̯h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kouu̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. kouu̯-
*ou → ō
Monophthongization of *ou into ō
Rou›ō → *kōu̯-
4. kōu̯-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → *kōu-
5. kōu-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → OGaul. cōu-
PIE *Π·kēɑhuu̯ɑhso
TochB. a·kauwsa-
(a.) ‘uncut?’
(DTochB. 3)
(TochB. ekṣinekaṃñana misa akauwse ///)
1. PIE *Π·kēɑhuu̯ɑhso
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·kāɑhuu̯ɑhso
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·kāɑhuu̯ɑhso
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·kāhuu̯hso
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·kāhuu̯hso
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·kāhuu̯hsa
4. Π·kāhuu̯hsa
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·kāuu̯sa
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·kāuu̯sa
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → *Π·kauu̯sa
6. Π·kauu̯sa
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. Π·kauwsa
PIE *keɑhuu̯eɑh-
TochB. kowä-
(pr.) ‘kill’
(DTochB. 208)
(TochB. kowän [3sg+encl.])
1. PIE *keɑhuu̯eɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhuu̯aɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhuu̯aɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahuu̯ah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahuu̯ah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kauu̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kauu̯a-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kōu̯a-
5. kōu̯a-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *kou̯a-
6. kou̯a-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. kowa-
PIE *keɑhuu̯eɑh-
OSax. hauwa-
(vb.) ‘hew, cut, strike, smite’
(ASaxD. 534)
(OSax. hauwan [inf.])
1. PIE *keɑhuu̯eɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhuu̯aɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhuu̯aɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahuu̯ah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahuu̯ah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kauu̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kauu̯a-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xauu̯a-
5. xauu̯a-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hauu̯a-
6. hauu̯a-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OSax. hauwa-
PIE *keɑhuu̯eɑh-
OEng. heāwa-
(pr.) ‘hew, cut, strike, smite with a sharp weapon’
(ASaxD. 524)
OEng. heāwan [inf.])
1. PIE *keɑhuu̯eɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhuu̯aɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhuu̯aɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahuu̯ah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahuu̯ah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kauu̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kauu̯a-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xauu̯a-
5. xauu̯a-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hauu̯a-
6. hauu̯a-
*au → eā
Change of *au into eā
Rau›eā → *heāu̯a-
7. heāu̯a-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OEng. heāwa-
PIE *keɑhuu̯ēɑh-
OSax. hauwō-
(vb.) ‘hauen: hew, beat’
(ASächsWb. 31)
(OSax. hauwon [inf.])
1. PIE *keɑhuu̯ēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhuu̯ēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhuu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kaɑhuu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. kaɑhuu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahuu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. kahuu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kauu̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kauu̯ā-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xauu̯ā-
6. xauu̯ā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *xauu̯ō-
(XX:XX)
7. xauu̯ō-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hauu̯ō-
8. hauu̯ō-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OSax. hauwō-
PIE *keɑhuu̯ēɑh-
OHG. houwō-
(vb.) ‘hauen: hew, beat’
(GoEtD. H53)
(OHG. houwon [inf.])
1. PIE *keɑhuu̯ēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhuu̯ēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhuu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kaɑhuu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. kaɑhuu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahuu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. kahuu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kauu̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kauu̯ā-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xauu̯ā-
6. xauu̯ā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *xauu̯ō-
(XX:XX)
7. xauu̯ō-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hauu̯ō-
8. hauu̯ō-
*au → ou
Change of au into ou
Rau›ou → *houu̯ō-
9. houu̯ō-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. houwō-
√kɑhuui-
PIE *koɑhuu̯i
OHG. houwi-
(n.) ‘grass’, Gl. Lat. ‘fenum’
(N 1000)
(OHG. houwi)
1. PIE *koɑhuu̯i
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohuu̯i
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohuu̯i
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kouu̯i
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. kouu̯i
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xouu̯i
4. xouu̯i
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xauu̯i
5. xauu̯i
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hauu̯i
6. hauu̯i
*au → ou
Change of au into ou
Rau›ou → *houu̯i
7. houu̯i
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. houwi
PIE *koɑhuu̯i·Σ
OEng. hīewe·stán-
(m.) ‘hewn stone’
(ASaxD. 534)
(OEng. hiéwestán)
1. PIE *koɑhuu̯i·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohuu̯i·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohuu̯i·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kouu̯i·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. kouu̯i·Σ
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xouu̯i·Σ
4. xouu̯i·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xauu̯i·Σ
5. xauu̯i·Σ
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hauu̯i·Σ
6. hauu̯i·Σ
*au → eā
Change of *au into eā
Rau›eā → *heāu̯i·Σ
7. heāu̯i·Σ
*eā—e → īe–e
Umlaut for eā—e
Reāu̯i›īeu̯e → *hīeu̯e·Σ
8. hīeu̯e·Σ
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OEng. hīewe·Σ
√kɑhuɦɑd-
PIE *kɑhúɦɑdó-
RV. khudá-
(vb.) ‘hineinstossen: thrust into’
(WbRV. 374)
(RV. khudáta [3sg] kapr̥thám [sgA], KEWA 1:310)
1. PIE *kɑhúɦɑdó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khúɦdó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khúɦdó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *khúɦdá-
3. khúɦdá-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → RV. khúdá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√kɑheuɦɑd-
(IEW 955)
PIE *kɑheuɦɑdo-
RV. coda-
(pr.) ‘in Bewegung setzen, antreiben, fördern’
(WbRV. 456)
(RV. codata [2pl])
1. PIE *kɑheuɦɑdo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kheuɦdo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kheuɦdo-
PIE *kh → čh
2nd palatalization of *kh
Rkh›čh → *čheuɦdo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. čheuɦdo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *čheuɦda-
4. čheuɦda-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *čheuda-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. čheuda-
*č → c
From 2nd palatalization *č to c
Rč›c → *cheuda-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. cheuda-
*ch → c
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *ch
Rch›c → *ceuda-
7. ceuda-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *cauda-
8. cauda-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *cōda-
9. cōda-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → RV. coda-
PIE *kɑheúɦɑdo-
RV. códa-
(m.) ‘Werkzeug zum Antreiben, Stachel, Peitsche’
(WbRV. 458)
(RV. códa-)
1. PIE *kɑheúɦɑdo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kheúɦdo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kheúɦdo-
PIE *kh → čh
2nd palatalization of *kh
Rkh›čh → *čheúɦdo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. čheúɦdo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *čheúɦda-
4. čheúɦda-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *čheúda-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. čheúda-
*č → c
From 2nd palatalization *č to c
Rč›c → *cheúda-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. cheúda-
*ch → c
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *ch
Rch›c → *ceúda-
7. ceúda-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *caúda-
8. caúda-
aú → ṓ
Monophthongization of *aú
Raú›ṓ → *cṓda-
9. cṓda-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → RV. códa-
PIE *kɑheuɦɑdéi̯o-
RV. codáya-
(cs.) ‘schärfen, wetzen’
(WbRV. 457)
(RV. codáyāmi [1sg])
1. PIE *kɑheuɦɑdéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kheuɦdéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kheuɦdéi̯o-
PIE *kh → čh
2nd palatalization of *kh
Rkh›čh → *čheuɦdéi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. čheuɦdéi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *čheuɦdéi̯a-
4. čheuɦdéi̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *čheudéi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. čheudéi̯a-
*č → c
From 2nd palatalization *č to c
Rč›c → *cheudéi̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. cheudéi̯a-
*ch → c
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *ch
Rch›c → *ceudéi̯a-
7. ceudéi̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *caudéi̯a-
8. caudéi̯a-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *caudái̯a-
9. caudái̯a-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *cōdái̯a-
10. cōdái̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *cōdáya-
11. cōdáya-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → RV. codáya-
√kɑhul-
PIE *kɑhúlinḗɑh-
Latv. kulinâ-
(vb.) ‘wiederholt schlagen, schütteln, rüttern’
(LiEtWb. 211-2)
(Latv. kulinâ-)
1. PIE *kɑhúlinḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kɑhúlinā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kɑhúlinā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khúlinā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. khúlinā́h-
*ā́H → âH
Latvian tone rule for *ā́h
RAccLatv3 → *khúlinâh-
4. khúlinâh-
ú -› ù
Latvian tone rule ú -› ù
RAccLatv11 → *khùlinâh-
5. khùlinâh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *khùlinâ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. khùlinâ-
*kh → k
Loss of *h in tenues aspirata *kh
Rkh›k → Latv. kùlinâ-
√kɑheuuɑh-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *kɑhēuu̯ɑh-
TochB. śauw-
(cs.pret.) ‘let be killed’
(DTochB. 208)
(TochB. śauwwa [1sg])
1. PIE *kɑhēuu̯ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khēuu̯h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khēuu̯h-
PIE *ē → i̯ ā
Change of *ē into i̯ā
Rē›i̯ā → *khi̯āuu̯h-
3. khi̯āuu̯h-
*khi̯ → śh
2nd palatalization for velar kh
Rkhi̯›śh → *śhāuu̯h-
4. śhāuu̯h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *śāuu̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. śāuu̯-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → *śauu̯-
6. śauu̯-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. śauw-
PIE *kɑhēuu̯ɑh-
OEng. heōw-
(pret.) ‘hew, cut, strike, smite with a sharp weapon’
(ASaxD. 524)
(OEng. heōw)
1. PIE *kɑhēuu̯ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khēuu̯h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khēuu̯h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *khēuu̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. khēuu̯-
*ēRC → eRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ēRC
RēRC›eRC → *kheuu̯-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
4. kheuu̯-
*kh → x
Affricativization of *kh
Rkh›x → *xeuu̯-
5. xeuu̯-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *xiuu̯-
6. xiuu̯-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hiuu̯-
7. hiuu̯-
*iu → eō
Change of *iu into eō
Riu›eō → *heōu̯-
8. heōu̯-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OEng. heōw-
PIE *kɑhēuu̯ɑh
OIcl. hiō-
(pret.) ‘hauen’
(GoEtD. H53)
(OIcl. hiō)
1. PIE *kɑhēuu̯ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khēuu̯h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khēuu̯h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *khēuu̯
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. khēuu̯
*ēRC → eRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ēRC
RēRC›eRC → *kheuu̯
(SPIE §2.5.8)
4. kheuu̯
*kh → x
Affricativization of *kh
Rkh›x → *xeuu̯
5. xeuu̯
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *xiuu̯
6. xiuu̯
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hiuu̯
7. hiuu̯
*eu → iō
Change of *iu into iō
Riu›iō → *hiōu̯
8. hiōu̯
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *hiōv
9. hiōv
-v → Ø
Loss of -v in root-final position
R=v›=0 → OIcl. hiō
PIE *kɑheuu̯ɑhso-
TochB. śowsa-
(cs.pret.) ‘let be killed’
(DTochB. 208)
(TochB. śowsa-)
1. PIE *kɑheuu̯ɑhso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kheuu̯hso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kheuu̯hso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kheuu̯hsa-
3. kheuu̯hsa-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *khi̯auu̯hsa-
4. khi̯auu̯hsa-
*khi̯ → śh
2nd palatalization for velar kh
Rkhi̯›śh → *śhauu̯hsa-
5. śhauu̯hsa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *śauu̯sa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. śauu̯sa-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *śōu̯sa-
7. śōu̯sa-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *śou̯sa-
8. śou̯sa-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. śowsa-
√gɑɦub-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·goɑɦubēɑh-
OCS. pa·guba-
(f.) ‘Verderben’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. paguba, *o-grade for noun)
1. PIE *Π·goɑɦubēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·goɑɦubāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·goɑɦubāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·goɦubāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·goɦubāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gaɦubāh-
4. Π·gaɦubāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·gaubāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·gaubāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gaubā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·gaubā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·goubā-
7. Π·goubā-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *Π·gūbā-
8. Π·gūbā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *Π·gūba-
9. Π·gūba-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → OCS. Π·guba-
PIE *gɑ́ɦubēɑh-
OCS. gyba-
(vb.) ‘zugrunde gehen, verderben’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. gyba-)
1. PIE *gɑ́ɦubēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑ́ɦubāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑ́ɦubāɑh-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *gúɦubāɑh-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
3. gúɦubāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gúɦubāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. gúɦubāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *gúubāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gúubāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gúubā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. gúubā-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *gū́bā-
7. gū́bā-
*ū́
ū → y
Rū›y → *gybā-
Change of ū́ into y
8. gybā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OCS. gyba-
PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubēɑh-
OCS. po·gyba-
(vb.) ‘zugrunde gehen, verderben, verlieren’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. pogyba-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑ́ɦubāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑ́ɦubāɑh-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *Π·gúɦubāɑh-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
3. Π·gúɦubāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gúɦubāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·gúɦubāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·gúubāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·gúubāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gúubā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·gúubā-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *Π·gū́bā-
7. Π·gū́bā-
*ū́
ū → y
Rū›y → *Π·gybā-
Change of ū́ into y
8. Π·gybā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OCS. Π·gyba-
PIE *gēɑɦubeɑɦdi̯o-
Goth. kaupatja-
(vb.) ‘κολαφίζειν: strike, buffet’
(GoEtD. K11)
(Goth. kaupatja-, also *e- or *o-grade possible)
1. PIE *gēɑɦubeɑɦdi̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *gēɑɦubaɑɦdi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gēɑɦubaɑɦdi̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gāɑɦubaɑɦdi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. gāɑɦubaɑɦdi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gāɦubaɦdi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. gāɦubaɦdi̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *gāubadi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gāubadi̯o-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *gaubadi̯o-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
6. gaubadi̯o-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *kaubadi̯o-
7. kaubadi̯o-
*b → p
Loss of voice of media *b
Rb›p → *kaupadi̯o-
8. kaupadi̯o-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *kaupati̯o-
9. kaupati̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kaupati̯a-
10. kaupati̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Goth. kaupatja-
PIE *gēɑɦubeɑɦdidɑɦo
Goth. kaupatid-
(pt.) ‘κολαφίζειν: strike, buffet’
(GoEtD. K11)
(Goth. kaupatidai [plN])
1. PIE *gēɑɦubeɑɦdidɑɦo
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *gēɑɦubaɑɦdidɑɦo
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gēɑɦubaɑɦdidɑɦo
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gāɑɦubaɑɦdidɑɦo
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. gāɑɦubaɑɦdidɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gāɦubaɦdidɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. gāɦubaɦdidɦo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *gāubadidɦo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gāubadidɦo
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *gaubadidɦo
(SPIE §2.5.8)
6. gaubadidɦo
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *kaubadidɦo
7. kaubadidɦo
*b → p
Loss of voice of media *b
Rb›p → *kaupadidɦo
8. kaupadidɦo
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *kaupatidɦo
9. kaupatidɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *kaupatido
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
10. kaupatido
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kaupatida
11. kaupatida
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Goth. kaupatid
√gɑɦubɑhi-
PIE *gḗɑɦubɑ́hi-
SCr. gùbi-
(vb.) ‘verderben’
(REW 1:317)
(SCr. gùbiti [inf.]
1. PIE *gḗɑɦubɑ́hi-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *gā́ɑɦubɑ́hi-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gā́ɑɦubɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gā́ɑɦubíhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. gā́ɑɦubíhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gā́ɦubíhi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. gā́ɦubíhi-
ā́hu → āhȕ
Serbo-Croatian double gravis rule
Rā́ɦu›āHȕ → *gāɦȕbíhi-
5. gāɦȕbíhi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *gāȕbíhi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. gāȕbíhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gāȕbíi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. gāȕbíi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *gāȕbī́-
8. gāȕbī́-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *gaȕbī́-
9. gaȕbī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → SCr. gaȕbí-
PIE *gēɑɦubɑ́hi-
Sloven. gubí-
(vb.) ‘verlieren’
(REW 1:317)
(Sloven. gubíti [inf.])
1. PIE *gēɑɦubɑ́hi-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gāɑɦubɑ́hi-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gāɑɦubɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gāɑɦubíhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. gāɑɦubíhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gāɦubíhi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. gāɦubíhi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *gāubíhi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gāubíhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gāubíi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. gāubíi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *gāubī́-
7. gāubī́-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *gaubī́-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
8. gaubī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *goubī́-
9. goubī́-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *gūbī́-
10. gūbī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *gūbí-
11. gūbí-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → Sloven. gubí-
PIE *gēɑɦubɑ́hi-
Russ. gubí-
(vb.) ‘verderben, zu grunde richten’
(REW 1:317)
(Russ. gubít’ [inf.])
1. PIE *gēɑɦubɑ́hi-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gāɑɦubɑ́hi-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gāɑɦubɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gāɑɦubíhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. gāɑɦubíhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gāɦubíhi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. gāɦubíhi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *gāubíhi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gāubíhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gāubíi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. gāubíi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *gāubī́-
7. gāubī́-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *gaubī́-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
8. gaubī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *goubī́-
9. goubī́-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *gūbī́-
10. gūbī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *gūbí-
11. gūbí-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → Russ. gubí-
PIE *gēɑɦubɑ́hi-
OCS. gubi-
(vb.) ‘ὀλεθρεύειν: vernichten, verderben’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. gubi-)
1. PIE *gēɑɦubɑ́hi-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gāɑɦubɑ́hi-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gāɑɦubɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gāɑɦubíhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. gāɑɦubíhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gāɦubíhi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. gāɦubíhi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *gāubíhi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gāubíhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gāubíi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. gāubíi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *gāubī́-
7. gāubī́-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *gaubī́-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
8. gaubī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *goubī́-
9. goubī́-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *gūbī́-
10. gūbī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *gūbí-
11. gūbí-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → *gūbi-
12. gūbi-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → OCS. gubi-
PIE *Π·gēɑɦubɑ́hi-
OCS. po·gubi-
(vb.) ‘vernichten, verderben, verlieren’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. po·gubi-)
1. PIE *Π·gēɑɦubɑ́hi-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gāɑɦubɑ́hi-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gāɑɦubɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *Π·gāɑɦubíhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. Π·gāɑɦubíhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gāɦubíhi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·gāɦubíhi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·gāubíhi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·gāubíhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gāubíi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·gāubíi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *Π·gāubī́-
7. Π·gāubī́-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *Π·gaubī́-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
8. Π·gaubī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·goubī́-
9. Π·goubī́-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *Π·gūbī́-
10. Π·gūbī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *Π·gūbí-
11. Π·gūbí-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → *Π·gūbi-
12. Π·gūbi-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → OCS. Π·gubi-
PIE *gēɑɦubɑ́hi-
Czech. hubi-
(vb.) ‘verderben, vertilgen’
(REW 1:317)
(Czech. hubiti [inf.])
1. PIE *gēɑɦubɑ́hi-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gāɑɦubɑ́hi-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gāɑɦubɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gāɑɦubíhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. gāɑɦubíhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gāɦubíhi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. gāɦubíhi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *gāubíhi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gāubíhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gāubíi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. gāubíi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *gāubī́-
7. gāubī́-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *gaubī́-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
8. gaubī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *goubī́-
9. goubī́-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *gūbī́-
10. gūbī́-
*g → ɦ
Change of *g into ɦ
Rg›ɦ → *ɦūbī́-
11. ɦūbī́-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *hūbī́-
12. hūbī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *hūbí-
13. hūbí-
ū -› ou
Change of ū into ou
Rū›ou → Czech. houbí-
PIE *gēɑɦubɑ́hi-
Pol. gubi-
(vb.) ‘verderben, verliedern’
(REW 1:317)
(Pol. gubić [inf.])
1. PIE *gēɑɦubɑ́hi-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gāɑɦubɑ́hi-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gāɑɦubɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gāɑɦubíhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. gāɑɦubíhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gāɦubíhi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. gāɦubíhi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *gāubíhi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gāubíhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gāubíi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. gāubíi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *gāubī́-
7. gāubī́-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *gaubī́-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
8. gaubī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *goubī́-
9. goubī́-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *gūbī́-
10. gūbī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *gūbí-
11. gūbí-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → *gūbi-
12. gūbi-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → Pol. gubi-
PIE *goɑɦubɑ́hiteli̯i-
OCS. gubiteljĭ-
(m.) ‘Vernichter, Verderber’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. gubiteljĭ-)
1. PIE *goɑɦubɑ́hiteli̯i-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *goɑɦubíhiteli̯i-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. goɑɦubíhiteli̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *goɦubíhiteli̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. goɦubíhiteli̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gaɦubíhiteli̯i-
4. gaɦubíhiteli̯i-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *gaubíhiteli̯i-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gaubíhiteli̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gaubíiteli̯i-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. gaubíiteli̯i-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *gaubī́teli̯i-
7. gaubī́teli̯i-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *goubī́teli̯i-
8. goubī́teli̯i-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *gūbī́teli̯i-
9. gūbī́teli̯i-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *gūbī́telji-
10. gūbī́telji-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *gūbī́teljĭ-
11. gūbī́teljĭ-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *gūbíteljĭ-
12. gūbíteljĭ-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → *gūbiteljĭ-
13. gūbiteljĭ-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → OCS. gubiteljĭ-
PIE *goɑɦubɑ́hitelino
OCS. gubitelĭnŭ-
(a.) ‘verderblich’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. gubitelĭnŭ-)
1. PIE *goɑɦubɑ́hitelino
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *goɑɦubíhitelino
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. goɑɦubíhitelino
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *goɦubíhitelino
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. goɦubíhitelino
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gaɦubíhitelina
4. gaɦubíhitelina
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *gaubíhitelina
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gaubíhitelina
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gaubíitelina
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. gaubíitelina
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *gaubī́telina
7. gaubī́telina
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *goubī́telino
8. goubī́telino
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *goubī́telinu
9. goubī́telinu
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *gūbī́telinu
10. gūbī́telinu
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *gūbī́telĭnu
11. gūbī́telĭnu
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *gūbítelĭnu
12. gūbítelĭnu
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → *gūbitelĭnu
13. gūbitelĭnu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → *gūbitelĭnŭ
14. gūbitelĭnŭ
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → OCS. gubitelĭnŭ
PIE *goɑɦubɑ́hitelistu̯os
OCS. gubitelĭstvo-
(n.) ‘Verderben, Vernichtung’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. gubitelĭstvo-)
1. PIE *goɑɦubɑ́hitelistu̯os
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *goɑɦubíhitelistu̯os
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. goɑɦubíhitelistu̯os
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *goɦubíhitelistu̯os
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. goɦubíhitelistu̯os
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gaɦubíhitelistu̯as
4. gaɦubíhitelistu̯as
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *gaubíhitelistu̯as
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gaubíhitelistu̯as
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gaubíitelistu̯as
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. gaubíitelistu̯as
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *gaubī́telistu̯as
7. gaubī́telistu̯as
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *goubī́telistu̯os
8. goubī́telistu̯os
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in -os (root-final)
Ros=›o= → *goubī́telistu̯o
9. goubī́telistu̯o
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *gūbī́telistu̯o
10. gūbī́telistu̯o
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *gūbī́telistvo
11. gūbī́telistvo
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *gūbī́telĭstvo
12. gūbī́telĭstvo
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *gūbítelĭstvo
13. gūbítelĭstvo
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → *gūbitelĭstvo
14. gūbitelĭstvo
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → OCS. gubitelĭstvo
√gɑɦubin-
PIE *Π·goɑɦubino
OCS. pa·gubĭnŭ-
(a.) ‘verderblich’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. pagubĭnŭ)
1. PIE *Π·goɑɦubino
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·goɦubino
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·goɦubino
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gaɦubina
3. Π·gaɦubina
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·gaubina
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·gaubina
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·goubino
5. Π·goubino
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *Π·goubinu
6. Π·goubinu
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *Π·gūbinu
7. Π·gūbinu
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *Π·gūbĭnu
8. Π·gūbĭnu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → *Π·gūbĭnŭ
9. Π·gūbĭnŭ
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → OCS. Π·gubĭnŭ
PIE *Π·goɑɦubineiku̯o
OCS. pa·gubĭnikŭ-
(m.) ‘Verderber’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. pagubĭnikŭ)
1. PIE *Π·goɑɦubineiku̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·goɦubineiku̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·goɦubineiku̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gaɦubineiku̯a
3. Π·gaɦubineiku̯a
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·gaubineiku̯a
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·gaubineiku̯a
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gaubineika
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·gaubineika
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·goubineiko
6. Π·goubineiko
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *Π·goubineiku
7. Π·goubineiku
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *Π·gūbineiku
8. Π·gūbineiku
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *Π·gūbinīku
9. Π·gūbinīku
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *Π·gūbĭnīku
10. Π·gūbĭnīku
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → *Π·gūbĭniku
11. Π·gūbĭniku
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → *Π·gūbĭnikŭ
12. Π·gūbĭnikŭ
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → OCS. Π·gubĭnikŭ
√gɑɦubēli-
PIE *gɑ́ɦubēli-
OCS. gybĕlĭ-
(f.) ‘Verderben, Vergeudung, Verlust’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. gybĕlĭ)
1. PIE *gɑ́ɦubēli-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *gúɦubēli-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. gúɦubēli-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *gúubēli-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. gúubēli-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *gū́bēli-
4. gū́bēli-
*ū́
ū → y
Rū›y → *gybēli-
Change of ū́ into y
5. gybēli-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *gybēlĭ-
6. gybēlĭ-
*ē → ĕ
Change of *ē into ĕ
Rē›ĕ → OCS. gybĕlĭ-
PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubēli-
OCS. po·gybĕlĭ-
(f.) ‘Verderben’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. pogybĕlĭ)
1. PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubēli-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *Π·gúɦubēli-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. Π·gúɦubēli-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·gúubēli-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·gúubēli-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *Π·gū́bēli-
4. Π·gū́bēli-
*ū́
ū → y
Rū›y → *Π·gybēli-
Change of ū́ into y
5. Π·gybēli-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *Π·gybēlĭ-
6. Π·gybēlĭ-
*ē → ĕ
Change of *ē into ĕ
Rē›ĕ → OCS. Π·gybĕlĭ-
PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubēlino
OCS. po·gybĕlĭnŭ-
(a.) ‘verderblich, des Verderbens’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. pogybĕlĭnŭ)
1. PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubēlino
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *Π·gúɦubēlino
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. Π·gúɦubēlino
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gúɦubēlina
3. Π·gúɦubēlina
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·gúubēlina
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·gúubēlina
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *Π·gū́bēlina
5. Π·gū́bēlina
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·gū́bēlino
6. Π·gū́bēlino
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *Π·gū́bēlinu
7. Π·gū́bēlinu
*ū́
ū → y
Rū›y → *Π·gybēlinu
Change of ū́ into y
8. Π·gybēlinu
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *Π·gybēlĭnu
9. Π·gybēlĭnu
*ē → ĕ
Change of *ē into ĕ
Rē›ĕ → *Π·gybĕlĭnu
10. Π·gybĕlĭnu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. Π·gybĕlĭnŭ
√gɑɦubli-
PIE *gēɑɦubli̯o-
OCS. gubljo-
(vb.) ‘vernichten, verderben’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. gubljǫ [1sg], *ē-grade for verb?)
1. PIE *gēɑɦubli̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gāɑɦubli̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gāɑɦubli̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gāɦubli̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gāɦubli̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gāɦubli̯a-
4. gāɦubli̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *gāubli̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gāubli̯a-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *gaubli̯a-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
6. gaubli̯a-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *goubli̯o-
7. goubli̯o-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *gūbli̯o-
8. gūbli̯o-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *gūbljo-
9. gūbljo-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → OCS. gubljo-
PIE *gēɑɦubli̯o-
Russ. gubljo-
(vb.) ‘verderben, zu grunde richten’
(REW 1:317)
(Russ. gubljú [1sg])
1. PIE *gēɑɦubli̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gāɑɦubli̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gāɑɦubli̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gāɦubli̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gāɦubli̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gāɦubli̯a-
4. gāɦubli̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *gāubli̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gāubli̯a-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *gaubli̯a-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
6. gaubli̯a-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *goubli̯o-
7. goubli̯o-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *gūbli̯o-
8. gūbli̯o-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *gūbljo-
9. gūbljo-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → Russ. gubljo-
PIE *Π·gēɑɦubli̯o-
OCS. po·gubljo-
(vb.) ‘vernichten, verderben, verlieren’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. pogubljǫ [1sg])
1. PIE *Π·gēɑɦubli̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gāɑɦubli̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gāɑɦubli̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gāɦubli̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gāɦubli̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gāɦubli̯a-
4. Π·gāɦubli̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·gāubli̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·gāubli̯a-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *Π·gaubli̯a-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
6. Π·gaubli̯a-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·goubli̯o-
7. Π·goubli̯o-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *Π·gūbli̯o-
8. Π·gūbli̯o-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *Π·gūbljo-
9. Π·gūbljo-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → OCS. Π·gubljo-
PIE *Π·gēɑɦubli̯ēɑh-
OCS. po·gublja-
(vb.) ‘vernichten, verderben, verlieren’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. pogublja-)
1. PIE *Π·gēɑɦubli̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gāɑɦubli̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gāɑɦubli̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gāɦubli̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gāɦubli̯āh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·gāubli̯āh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·gāubli̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gāubli̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·gāubli̯ā-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *Π·gaubli̯ā-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
6. Π·gaubli̯ā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·goubli̯ā-
7. Π·goubli̯ā-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *Π·gūbli̯ā-
8. Π·gūbli̯ā-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *Π·gūbljā-
9. Π·gūbljā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *Π·gūblja-
10. Π·gūblja-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → OCS. Π·gublja-
PIE *Π·goɑɦub·li̯enei·Σ
OCS. po·gubljeni·je-
(n.) ‘Vernichtung, Verderben’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. pogubljenije)
1. PIE *Π·goɑɦub·li̯enei·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·goɦub·li̯enei·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·goɦub·li̯enei·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gaɦub·li̯enei·Σ
3. Π·gaɦub·li̯enei·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·gaub·li̯enei·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·gaub·li̯enei·Σ
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·goub·li̯enei·Σ
5. Π·goub·li̯enei·Σ
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *Π·gūb·li̯enei·Σ
6. Π·gūb·li̯enei·Σ
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *Π·gūb·li̯enī·Σ
7. Π·gūb·li̯enī·Σ
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *Π·gūb·ljenī·Σ
8. Π·gūb·ljenī·Σ
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → *Π·gūb·ljeni·Σ
9. Π·gūb·ljeni·Σ
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → OCS. Π·gub·ljeni·Σ
√gɑɦubn-
PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubenei·Σ
OCS. po·gybeni·je-
(n.) ‘Verderben, Verderblichkeit’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. pogybenije)
1. PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubenei·Σ
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *Π·gúɦubenei·Σ
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. Π·gúɦubenei·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·gúubenei·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·gúubenei·Σ
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *Π·gū́benei·Σ
4. Π·gū́benei·Σ
*ū́
ū → y
Rū›y → *Π·gybenei·Σ
Change of ū́ into y
5. Π·gybenei·Σ
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *Π·gybenī·Σ
6. Π·gybenī·Σ
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → OCS. Π·gybeni·Σ
PIE *gɑ́ɦubnun
OCS. gybnǫ-
(vb.) ‘zugrunde gehen, verderben’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. gybnǫ-)
1. PIE *gɑ́ɦubnun
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *gúɦubnun
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. gúɦubnun
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *gúubnun
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. gúubnun
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *gū́bnun
4. gū́bnun
*ū́
ū → y
Rū›y → *gybnun
Change of ū́ into y
5. gybnun
*-un → -ǫ
Emergence of nasal vowel ǫ
Run›ǫ → OCS. gybnǫ
PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubnun
OCS. po·gybnǫ
(vb.) ‘zugrunde gehen, verderben’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. pogybnǫ)
1. PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubnun
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *Π·gúɦubnun
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. Π·gúɦubnun
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·gúubnun
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·gúubnun
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *Π·gū́bnun
4. Π·gū́bnun
*ū́
ū → y
Rū›y → *Π·gybnun
Change of ū́ into y
5. Π·gybnun
*-un → -ǫ
Emergence of nasal vowel ǫ
Run›ǫ → OCS. Π·gybnǫ
√gɑɦu-
(IEW 491-3 gu̯hen-)
(WP. 1:679f., WH. 1:332f.)
PIE *gɑɦu·gɑɦus-
Hitt. gu·guš-
(vb.) ‘zerstoßen’
(HHand. 82)
(Hitt. ku-ku-uš-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu·gɑɦus-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu·gɦus-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu·gɦus-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gu·gus-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. gu·gus-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gu·guš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *koɑhgɑɦugɑɦi̯o
OIcl. hǫgg-
(m.) ‘Hieb, Stoss, Schlag’
(ANEtWb. 280)
(OIcl. hǫgg-, *o-grade for noun)
1. PIE *koɑhgɑɦugɑɦi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohgɦugɦi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohgɦugɦi̯o
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *kohgɦuǵɦo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. kohgɦuǵɦo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kogɦuǵɦo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kogɦuǵɦo
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *kogɦugɦo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. kogɦugɦo
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xogɦugɦo
6. xogɦugɦo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *xogugo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. xogugo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xaguga
8. xaguga
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *xagug
9. xagug
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hagug
10. hagug
*a — u → ǫ — Ø
Umlaut for a — u
Ragu›ǫg → OIcl. hǫgg
PIE *keɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-
OIcl. hǫggva-
(vb.) ‘hauen’
(ANEtWb. 280)
(OIcl. hǫggva, PGerm. *hagu·gwa-)
1. PIE *keɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahgɦugɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahgɦugɦu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kagɦugɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kagɦugɦu̯o-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xagɦugɦu̯o-
5. xagɦugɦu̯o-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *xagugu̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. xagugu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xagugu̯a-
7. xagugu̯a-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hagugu̯a-
8. hagugu̯a-
*a — u → ǫ — Ø
Umlaut for a — u
Ragu›ǫg → *hǫggu̯a-
9. hǫggu̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OIcl. hǫggva-
√gɑɦuo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gɑɦu̯o-
HLu. gu̯a-
(CORNUvb.) ‘≈ schlagen, stechen o.ä.?’
(CHLu. 6.5.3)
(HLu. CORNU(-)ku-wa/i-ha)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯a-
3. gɦu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. gu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *teiku·gɑɦu̯o-
Hitt. teiku·gu̯a-
(URU.) ‘‹Donnerschlag?› (›Ḫurna ›Taritara ›Tašmaḫa)’
(OGH. 420-1)
(Hitt. ti-ik-ku-ku-ua, OGHErg. 169)
1. PIE *teiku·gɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *teiku·gɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. teiku·gɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *teiku·gɦu̯a-
3. teiku·gɦu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. teiku·gu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *keɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-
OIcl. hǫggva-
(vb.) ‘hew, beat’
(ANEtWb. 226)
(OIcl. hǫggva, PGerm. *hagu·gwa-)
1. PIE *keɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahgɦugɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahgɦugɦu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kagɦugɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kagɦugɦu̯o-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xagɦugɦu̯o-
5. xagɦugɦu̯o-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *xagugu̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. xagugu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xagugu̯a-
7. xagugu̯a-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hagugu̯a-
8. hagugu̯a-
*a — u → ǫ — Ø
Umlaut for a — u
Ragu›ǫg → *hǫggu̯a-
9. hǫggu̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OIcl. hǫggva-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯o-
OInd. pari·gha-
(m.) ‘an iron bar for shutting a gate’
(MonWil. 593)
(OInd. parigha-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯a-
3. Π·gɦu̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·gha-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯o-
OInd. pāṇi·gha-
(m.) ‘striking with the hand’
(MonWil. 615)
(OInd. pāṇigha-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯a-
3. Π·gɦu̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·gha-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯o-
OInd. rāja·gha-
(m.) ‘slayer of kings’
(MonWil. 873)
(OInd. rājagha-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯a-
3. Π·gɦu̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·gha-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯o-
OInd. tāḍa·gha-
(m.) ‘Grobschmied: blacksmith’
(KEWA 1:492)
(OInd. tāḍagha-, MonWil. 441)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯a-
3. Π·gɦu̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·gha-
√gɑɦue-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gɑɦu̯e-
Hitt. gu̯e-
(vb.1.) ‘schlagen, erschlagen, töten’
(HEG K:604-5)
(Hitt. ku-e-mi [1sg], ku-e-ši [2sg], ku-e-u̯e-en [1pl])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯e-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯e-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯e-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gu̯e-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦu̯in·gɑɦu̯e-
Arm. ǰn·ǰe-
(vb.) ‘efface, wipe clean, annihilate, destroy’
(EtDiArm. 559)
(Arm. ǰnǰem [1sg], GEW 1:657)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯in·gɑɦu̯e-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯in·gɦu̯e-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯in·gɦu̯e-
gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›ǰɦ → *ǰɦin·ǰɦe-
3. ǰɦin·ǰɦe-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → Arm. ǰin·ǰe-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *gɑɦu̯e-
RV. ha-
(pr.) ‘(er)schlagen, töten, vernichten, kämpfen’
(WbRV. 1642-3)
(RV. hathás, hatás [3du], hatám [2du], hatā́ [2pl], jahí)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯e-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯e-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯e-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯e-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯e-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦe-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦe-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦe-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. ɦe-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ɦa-
6. ɦa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. ha-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯e-
RV. párā (...) ha-
(pr.) ‘umhauen, umstürzen’
(WbRV. 1642)
(RV. párā (...) hathá)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯e-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯e-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯e-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯e-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯e-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦe-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦe-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦe-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦe-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·ɦa-
6. Π·ɦa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ha-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯e-
RV. sám (...) ha-
(pr.) ‘zusammendrücken’
(WbRV. 1642)
(RV. sám (...) hatas, obj. ‘das Euter’)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯e-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯e-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯e-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯e-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯e-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦe-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦe-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦe-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦe-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·ɦa-
6. Π·ɦa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ha-
PIE *gɑɦu̯e-
gAv. ǰa-
(vb.) ‘schlagen, töten’
(AIWb. 603)
(gAv. ǰaidyāi [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯e-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯e-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯e-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯e-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯e-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦe-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦe-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰe-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. ǰe-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → gAv. ǰa-
PIE *gɑɦu̯e-
LAv. ǰa-
(vb.) ‘schlagen, töten’
(AIWb. 490)
(LAv. ǰata [2pl])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯e-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯e-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯e-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯e-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯e-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦe-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦe-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰe-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. ǰe-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. ǰa-
PIE *gɑɦu̯e-
OPers. ja-
(pr.) ‘strike, smite, defeat, mould’
(OldP. 185)
(OPers. jadiy [2sg], jatā [ipv2pl], aja [3pl])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯e-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯e-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯e-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯e-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯e-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦe-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦe-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jɦe-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. jɦe-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *je-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. je-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → OPers. ja-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯e-
LAv. paiti (...) ǰa-
(vb.) ‘schlagen gegen’
(AIWb. 492)
(LAv. paiti (...) jaiδi [2sg])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯e-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯e-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯e-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯e-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯e-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦe-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦe-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *Π·ǰe-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ǰe-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. Π·ǰa-
√gɑɦuē-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-
RV. vr̥tra·hā́-
(m.) ‘Vr̥tratödter’ (a.) ‘Feinde schlagend’
(WbRV. 1336)
(RV. vr̥trahā́ [N])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ḗ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯ḗ-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦḗ-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦḗ-
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → *Π·ɦā́-
6. Π·ɦā́-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hā́-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-
RV. muṣṭi·hā́
(m.) ‘Faustkämpfer, im Handgemenge kämpfend’
(WbRV. 1052)
(RV. muṣṭihā́ [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ḗ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯ḗ-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦḗ-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦḗ-
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → *Π·ɦā́-
6. Π·ɦā́-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hā́-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-
RV. go·hā́-
(a.) ‘Rinder tödtend’
(WbRV. 414)
(RV. gohā́ [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ḗ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯ḗ-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦḗ-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦḗ-
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → *Π·ɦā́-
6. Π·ɦā́-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hā́-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-
RV. satrā·hā́-
(a.) ‘völlig schlagend’
(WbRV. 1455)
(RV. satrāhā́ [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ḗ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯ḗ-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦḗ-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦḗ-
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → *Π·ɦā́-
6. Π·ɦā́-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hā́-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-
RV. nr̥·hā́-
(a.) ‘Männer tödtend’
(WbRV. 754)
(RV. nr̥hā́ [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ḗ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯ḗ-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦḗ-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦḗ-
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → *Π·ɦā́-
6. Π·ɦā́-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hā́-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-
RV. ahi·hā́-
(a.) ‘Schlangen/Vr̥tra tödtend’
(WbRV. 167)
(RV. ahihā́ [N])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ḗ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯ḗ-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦḗ-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦḗ-
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → *Π·ɦā́-
6. Π·ɦā́-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hā́-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-
RV. amīva·hā́-
(a.) ‘Leiden tilgend’
(WbRV. 93)
(RV. amīvahā́ [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ḗ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯ḗ-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦḗ-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦḗ-
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → *Π·ɦā́-
6. Π·ɦā́-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hā́-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ē-
gAv. vǝrǝϑrǝ̄m·ǰā-
(a.) ‘siegreich, Sieger’
(AIWb. 1424)
(gAv. vǝrǝϑrǝ̄m.ǰā [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ē-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ē-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯ē-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯ē-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯ē-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦē-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦē-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *Π·ǰē-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ǰē-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → gAv. Π·ǰā-
√gɑɦuɑh-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑh-
OInd. ghā-
(f.) ‘a stroke’
(MonWil. 375)
(OInd. ghā-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯ā-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦā-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. ghā-
PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯eɑh-
Gr. πέφα-
(pf.P.) ‘die’
(GEW 1:657)
(Gr. πέφαται [3sg], πεφάσθαι [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯eɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯aɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯aɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯égɦu̯ah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯égɦu̯ah-
*gɦu̯égɦu/u̯ → bɦébɦ
Bilabialization of reduplication
Rgɦu̯égɦU›bɦébɦ → *bɦébɦah-
4. bɦébɦah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦébɦa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. bɦébɦa-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phépha-
6. phépha-
*Th–Th → T–Th
Grassmann’s Law
Rphéph›péph → *pépha-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
7. pépha-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πέφα-
PIE *hɑepo·gɑɦu̯eɑh-
Gr. ἀπο·φα-
(ao.M.) ‘die’
(GEW 1:657)
(Hes. ἀπέφατο · ἀπέθανεν)
1. PIE *hɑepo·gɑɦu̯eɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapo·gɑɦu̯eɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapo·gɑɦu̯eɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑapo·gɑɦu̯aɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑapo·gɑɦu̯aɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapo·gɦu̯ah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hapo·gɦu̯ah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *apo·gɦu̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. apo·gɦu̯a-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *apo·bɦa-
6. apo·bɦa-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *apo·pha-
7. apo·pha-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀπο·φα-
√gɑɦuɑhi-
PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯oɑhi̯·e
OInd. jighāy·a
(pf.) ‘antreiben, anfeuern, schleudern, fördern’
(KEWA 3:595)
(Br. jighāya [3sg], Brugmann's law II, see SPIE 121ff.)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯oɑhi̯·e
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯igɦu̯ohi̯·e
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯igɦu̯ohi̯·e
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯ohi̯·e
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯ohi̯·e
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯āhi̯·e
(SPIE §2.3.7)
4. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯āhi̯·e
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯āi̯·e
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯āi̯·e
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯igɦāi̯·e
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦu̯igɦāi̯·e
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦigɦāi̯·e
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. ǰɦigɦāi̯·e
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰigɦāi̯·e
(SPIE §4.6.4)
8. ǰigɦāi̯·e
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jigɦāi̯·e
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
9. jigɦāi̯·e
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *jigɦāi̯·a
10. jigɦāi̯·a
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *jighāi̯·a
11. jighāi̯·a
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. jighāy·a
PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯ɑhi̯-
OInd. jighy-
(pf.) ‘antreiben’
(KEWA 3:595)
(OInd. jighyúr [3pl])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯ɑhi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯igɦu̯hi̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯igɦu̯hi̯-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯hi̯-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯hi̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯i̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯i̯-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯igɦi̯-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦu̯igɦi̯-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦigɦi̯-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦigɦi̯-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰigɦi̯-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
7. ǰigɦi̯-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jigɦi̯-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. jigɦi̯-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *jighi̯-
9. jighi̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. jighy-
√o·gɑɦuɑhi-
(IEW 44)
PIE *ógɑɦu̯ɑhei-
Gr. ὄφει-
(m.) ‘Schlange’
(GEW 2:453-4)
(Gr. ὄφεος [sgG])
1. PIE *ógɑɦu̯ɑhei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ógɦu̯hei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ógɦu̯hei-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ógɦu̯ei-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ógɦu̯ei-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *óbɦei-
4. óbɦei-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *óphei-
5. óphei-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄφει-
PIE *ógɑɦu̯ɑhi-
Gr. ὄφι-
(m.) ‘Schlange’
(GEW 2:453-4)
(Gr. ὄφις [sgN], ὄφιος [G])
1. PIE *ógɑɦu̯ɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ógɦu̯hi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ógɦu̯hi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ógɦu̯i-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ógɦu̯i-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *óbɦi-
4. óbɦi-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *óphi-
5. óphi-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄφι-
PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi-
LAv. aži-
(m.) ‘Schlange, Drache, Ungeheuer’
(AIWb. 266)
(LAv. ažimča)
1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ogɦu̯hi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ogɦu̯hi-
PIE *gɦu̯hi → ži
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯hi (Av.)
Rgɦu̯hi›ži → *oži-
3. oži-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → LAv. aži-
PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi·Σ
LAv. aži·karšta-
(a.) ‘von/vom Drachen bewirkt/veranlasst’
(AIWb. 266)
(LAv. ažikaršta-)
1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ogɦu̯hi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ogɦu̯hi·Σ
PIE *gɦu̯hi → ži
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯hi (Av.)
Rgɦu̯hi›ži → *oži·Σ
3. oži·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → LAv. aži·Σ
PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi·Σ
LAv. aži·čiϑra-
(a.) ‘vom Drachen abstammend’
(AIWb. 266)
(LAv. ažičiϑra-)
1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ogɦu̯hi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ogɦu̯hi·Σ
PIE *gɦu̯hi → ži
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯hi (Av.)
Rgɦu̯hi›ži → *oži·Σ
3. oži·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → LAv. aži·Σ
PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi·Σ
LAv. aži·čiϑra.ažičiϑrō.tǝma-
(a.sup.) ‘der am meisten vom Drachen abstammt’
(AIWb. 266)
(LAv. ažičiϑra.ažičiϑrō.tǝma-)
1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ogɦu̯hi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ogɦu̯hi·Σ
PIE *gɦu̯hi → ži
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯hi (Av.)
Rgɦu̯hi›ži → *oži·Σ
3. oži·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → LAv. aži·Σ
PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi·Σ
LAv. aži·vāka-
(m.) ‘N. einer Krankeheit/eines Gebreches’
(AIWb. 267)
(LAv. aživāka-)
1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ogɦu̯hi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ogɦu̯hi·Σ
PIE *gɦu̯hi → ži
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯hi (Av.)
Rgɦu̯hi›ži → *oži·Σ
3. oži·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → LAv. aži·Σ
PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi̯·ono-
LAv. až·ana-
(n.) ‘N. einer Krankeheit/eines Gebreches’
(AIWb. 266)
(LAv. ažana-)
1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi̯·ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ogɦu̯hi̯·ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ogɦu̯hi̯·ono-
PIE *gɦu̯hi̯ → ž
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯hi̯ (Av)
Rgɦu̯hi̯›ž → *ož·ono-
3. ož·ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → LAv. až·ana-
PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi̯·Σ
LAv. až·ahva-
(m.) ‘N. einer Krankeheit/eines Gebreches’
(AIWb. 266)
(LAv. ažahva-)
1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi̯·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ogɦu̯hi̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ogɦu̯hi̯·Σ
PIE *gɦu̯hi̯ → ž
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯hi̯ (Av)
Rgɦu̯hi̯›ž → *ož·Σ
3. ož·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → LAv. až·Σ
√gɑɦuɑhin-
PIE *gɑɦu̯ɑ́hin-
Lith. gín-
(vb.) ‘wehren, verteidigen’
(LiEtWb. 152-153)
(Lith. gìnti [inf.], ginù [1sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ɑ́hin-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gɑɦu̯íhin-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. gɑɦu̯íhin-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯íhin-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯íhin-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯íin-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯íin-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦíin-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦíin-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *gɦī́n-
6. gɦī́n-
*ī́RC → íRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ī́RC
Rī́RC›íRC → *gɦín-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
7. gɦín-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → Lith. gín-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinḗɑh
Lith. pa·gynà-
(f.) ‘Beendigung, Ende’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. pagynà)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *Π·gɑɦu̯íhinā́ɑh
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. Π·gɑɦu̯íhinā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯íhinā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·gɦu̯íhinā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯íinā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·gɦu̯íinā́
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦíinā́
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·gɦíinā́
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *Π·gɦī́nā́
7. Π·gɦī́nā́
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·gī́nā́
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. Π·gī́nā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *Π·gī́nṓ
(XX:XX)
9. Π·gī́nṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → *Π·gī́nà
10. Π·gī́nà
*ī́ → ý
Orthographic change of ī́ into ý
Rī́›ý → Lith. Π·gýnà
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinḗhɑ-
Lith. pa·gynė́-
(vb.) ‘ein wenig treiben, beendigen, vollenden’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. pagynė́ti [inf.])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *Π·gɑɦu̯íhinḗhɑ-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯íhinḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯íhinḗh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯íhinḗh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯íinḗ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·gɦu̯íinḗ-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦíinḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·gɦíinḗ-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *Π·gɦī́nḗ-
6. Π·gɦī́nḗ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·gī́nḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. Π·gī́nḗ-
*ī́ → ý
Orthographic change of ī́ into ý
Rī́›ý → *Π·gýnḗ-
8. Π·gýnḗ-
*ḗ -> ė́
Change of *ḗ -> ė́
Rḗ›ė́ → Lith. Π·gýnė́-
PIE *gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinēhɑ-
Lith. gýnė-
(vb.) ‘wehren, verteidigen’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. gýniau [1sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinēhɑ-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gɑɦu̯íhinēhɑ-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. gɑɦu̯íhinēhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯íhinēh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯íhinēh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯íinē-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯íinē-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦíinē-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦíinē-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *gɦī́nē-
6. gɦī́nē-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gī́nē-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. gī́nē-
*ī́ → ý
Orthographic change of ī́ into ý
Rī́›ý → *gýnē-
8. gýnē-
* ē -> ė
Change of *ē into ė
Rē›ė → Lith. gýnė-
√gɑɦuɑhinɑhi-
PIE *gɑɦu̯éɑhinɑ́hi-
Latv. gaînî-
(vb.) ‘treiben, verfolgen’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Latv. gaînît [inf.], *e for verb)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éɑhinɑ́hi-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *gɑɦu̯áɑhinɑ́hi-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gɑɦu̯áɑhinɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gɑɦu̯áɑhiníhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. gɑɦu̯áɑhiníhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯áhiníhi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. gɦu̯áhiníhi-
*áHi → aHî
Latvian tone rule for *áHi
RAccLatv1 → *gɦu̯ahîníhi-
5. gɦu̯ahîníhi-
*íHi → iHî
Latvian tone rule for *íHi
RAccLatv4 → *gɦu̯ahînihî-
6. gɦu̯ahînihî-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯aîniî-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. gɦu̯aîniî-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦaîniî-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
8. gɦaîniî-
*iî → î
Contraction of i and î
Riî›î → *gɦaînî-
9. gɦaînî-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → Latv. gaînî-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *gɑɦu̯éɑhini̯ēɑh-
Lith. gáinio-
(vb.) ‘treiben, jagen’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. gáinio-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éɑhini̯ēɑh-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯ēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯áhini̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. gɦu̯áhini̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯áini̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦu̯áini̯ā-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦáini̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. gɦáini̯ā-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gáini̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. gáini̯ā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *gáini̯ō-
(XX:XX)
8. gáini̯ō-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›iRestr → *gáiniō-
9. gáiniō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Lith. gáinio-
PIE *gɑɦu̯éɑhini̯ḗɑh-
Latv. gaĩņâ-
(vb.) ‘wiederholt treiben, abwehren’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Latv. gaĩņât [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éɑhini̯ḗɑh-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯ḗɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯ā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯ā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯áhini̯ā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. gɦu̯áhini̯ā́h-
*áHi → aHî
Latvian tone rule for *áHi
RAccLatv1 → *gɦu̯ahîni̯ā́h-
5. gɦu̯ahîni̯ā́h-
*ā́H → âH
Latvian tone rule for *ā́h
RAccLatv3 → *gɦu̯ahîni̯âh-
6. gɦu̯ahîni̯âh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯aîni̯â-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. gɦu̯aîni̯â-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦaîni̯â-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
8. gɦaîni̯â-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gaîni̯â-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
9. gaîni̯â-
*ni̯ → ņ
Change of ni̯ into ņ (palatalization)
Rni̯›ņ → Latv. gaîņâ-
√gɑɦuɑhlto-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥tó-
AV. ā·ghāṭá-
(m.) ‘Zimbel’
(EWA 1:159)
(AV. āghāṭá-, Fortunatov's law II, cf. SPIE 224ff.)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥tó-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥tó-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥tó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯āhl̥tó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯āhl̥tó-
PIE *l̥ → r̥
Change of *l̥ into r̥
Rl̥›r̥ → *Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tó-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tá-
5. Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tá-
PIE *hRt → ṭ
Fortunatov’s Law for *hRt
RhRt›ṭ → *Π·gɦu̯āṭá-
(SPIE §3.3.2)
6. Π·gɦu̯āṭá-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦāṭá-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. Π·gɦāṭá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → AV. Π·ghāṭá-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥to-
OInd. saṃ·ghāṭa-
(m.) ‘Zimmerei, Zimmerhandwerk: carpentry’
(KEWA 2:416-7)
(OInd. saṃghāṭa-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥to-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥to-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥to-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯āhl̥to-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯āhl̥to-
PIE *l̥ → r̥
Change of *l̥ into r̥
Rl̥›r̥ → *Π·gɦu̯āhr̥to-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. Π·gɦu̯āhr̥to-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯āhr̥ta-
5. Π·gɦu̯āhr̥ta-
PIE *hRt → ṭ
Fortunatov’s Law for *hRt
RhRt›ṭ → *Π·gɦu̯āṭa-
(SPIE §3.3.2)
6. Π·gɦu̯āṭa-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦāṭa-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. Π·gɦāṭa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·ghāṭa-
PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥tó-
OInd. dārv·ā·ghāṭá-
(m.) ‘Baumhacker, Specht’
(EWA 1:160)
(OInd. dārvāghāṭá-)
1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥tó-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥tó-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥tó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·gɦu̯āhl̥tó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·Π·gɦu̯āhl̥tó-
PIE *l̥ → r̥
Change of *l̥ into r̥
Rl̥›r̥ → *Π·Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tó-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. Π·Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tá-
5. Π·Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tá-
PIE *hRt → ṭ
Fortunatov’s Law for *hRt
RhRt›ṭ → *Π·Π·gɦu̯āṭá-
(SPIE §3.3.2)
6. Π·Π·gɦu̯āṭá-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·Π·gɦāṭá-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. Π·Π·gɦāṭá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·Π·ghāṭá-
PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥to·Σ
OInd. ghāṭa·karkarī-
(f.) ‘eine Art Laute’
(EWA 1:515)
(ŚrSū. ghāṭakarkarī-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥to·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥to·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥to·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯āhl̥to·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯āhl̥to·Σ
PIE *l̥ → r̥
Change of *l̥ into r̥
Rl̥›r̥ → *gɦu̯āhr̥to·Σ
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. gɦu̯āhr̥to·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯āhr̥ta·Σ
5. gɦu̯āhr̥ta·Σ
PIE *hRt → ṭ
Fortunatov’s Law for *hRt
RhRt›ṭ → *gɦu̯āṭa·Σ
(SPIE §3.3.2)
6. gɦu̯āṭa·Σ
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦāṭa·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. gɦāṭa·Σ
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. ghāṭa·Σ
PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥to·Σ
TochA. kālta·ṅk-
(sb.) ‘nomen cuiusdam instrumenti musici’
(Poucha 61)
(TochA. kāltaṅk-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥to·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥to·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥to·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯āhl̥to·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯āhl̥to·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯āhl̥ta·Σ
4. gɦu̯āhl̥ta·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯āl̥ta·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦu̯āl̥ta·Σ
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦāl̥ta·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. gɦāl̥ta·Σ
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gāl̥ta·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. gāl̥ta·Σ
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *kāl̥ta·Σ
8. kāl̥ta·Σ
*l̥ → l
Unmarkedness of syllabicity of l̥
Rl̥›l → TochA. kālta·Σ
PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥to·Σ
OInd. ghāṭa·rī-
(f.) ‘eine Art Laute’
(EWA 1:515)
(ŚrSū. ghāṭarī-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥to·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥to·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥to·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯āhl̥to·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯āhl̥to·Σ
PIE *l̥ → r̥
Change of *l̥ into r̥
Rl̥›r̥ → *gɦu̯āhr̥to·Σ
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. gɦu̯āhr̥to·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯āhr̥ta·Σ
5. gɦu̯āhr̥ta·Σ
PIE *hRt → ṭ
Fortunatov’s Law for *hRt
RhRt›ṭ → *gɦu̯āṭa·Σ
(SPIE §3.3.2)
6. gɦu̯āṭa·Σ
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦāṭa·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. gɦāṭa·Σ
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. ghāṭa·Σ
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥tí-
RV. ā·ghāṭí-
(m/f.?) ‘Cymbeln’ oder ‘Klappern’
(WbRV. 172)
(RV. āghāṭí-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥tí-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥tí-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥tí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯āhl̥tí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯āhl̥tí-
PIE *l̥ → r̥
Change of *l̥ into r̥
Rl̥›r̥ → *Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tí-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tí-
PIE *hRt → ṭ
Fortunatov’s Law for *hRt
RhRt›ṭ → *Π·gɦu̯āṭí-
(SPIE §3.3.2)
5. Π·gɦu̯āṭí-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦāṭí-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·gɦāṭí-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ghāṭí-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥ti·Lēɑh-
OInd. apa·ghāṭilā-
(f.) ‘Instrument’
(EWA 1:159)
(OInd. apaghāṭilā-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥ti·Lēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥ti·Lāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥ti·Lāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯āhl̥ti·Lāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯āhl̥ti·Lāh-
PIE *l̥ → r̥
Change of *l̥ into r̥
Rl̥›r̥ → *Π·gɦu̯āhr̥ti·Lāh-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. Π·gɦu̯āhr̥ti·Lāh-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *Π·gɦu̯āhr̥ti·lāh-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
5. Π·gɦu̯āhr̥ti·lāh-
PIE *hRt → ṭ
Fortunatov’s Law for *hRt
RhRt›ṭ → *Π·gɦu̯āṭi·lāh-
(SPIE §3.3.2)
6. Π·gɦu̯āṭi·lāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯āṭi·lā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. Π·gɦu̯āṭi·lā-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦāṭi·lā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
8. Π·gɦāṭi·lā-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·ghāṭi·lā-
√gɑɦueɑht-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eɑhto-
Gr. ἀρηΐ·φατο-
(pt.) ‘im Kampf getötet’
(GEW 1:657)
(Gr. ἀρηΐφατος [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eɑhto-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯aɑhto-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯aɑhto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ahto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯ahto-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ato-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·gɦu̯ato-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *Π·bɦato-
5. Π·bɦato-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *Π·phato-
6. Π·phato-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·φατο-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eɑhto-
Gr. δί·φατο-
(a.) ‘doppelt’
(WH. 1:105)
(Hes. δίφατος [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eɑhto-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯aɑhto-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯aɑhto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ahto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯ahto-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ato-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·gɦu̯ato-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *Π·bɦato-
5. Π·bɦato-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *Π·phato-
6. Π·phato-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·φατο-
PIE *gɑɦu̯iɑ́hgɑɦu̯eɑhto-
OInd. jīghata-
(ao.) ‘cause to be slain, put to death’
(MonWil. 1287)
(OInd. ajīghatat [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯iɑ́hgɑɦu̯eɑhto-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *gɑɦu̯iɑ́hgɑɦu̯aɑhto-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gɑɦu̯iɑ́hgɑɦu̯aɑhto-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *gɑɦu̯iíhgɑɦu̯aɑhto-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. gɑɦu̯iíhgɑɦu̯aɑhto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯iíhgɦu̯ahto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. gɦu̯iíhgɦu̯ahto-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯iíhgɦu̯ahto-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. ǰɦu̯iíhgɦu̯ahto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯iíhgɦu̯ahta-
6. ǰɦu̯iíhgɦu̯ahta-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯iígɦu̯ata-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. ǰɦu̯iígɦu̯ata-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯iígɦata-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
8. ǰɦu̯iígɦata-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦiígɦata-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
9. ǰɦiígɦata-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰiígɦata-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
10. ǰiígɦata-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *ǰī́gɦata-
11. ǰī́gɦata-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jī́gɦata-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
12. jī́gɦata-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. jī́ghata-
PIE *gɑɦu̯éɑhts-
Gr. φάσ-
(ao.s.) ‘schlagen’
(LSJ. 787)
(Gr. φάσαι [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éɑhts-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *gɑɦu̯áɑhts-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gɑɦu̯áɑhts-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯áhts-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯áhts-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯áts-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯áts-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦáts-
5. bɦáts-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *pháts-
6. pháts-
*ts → s
Loss of dental in *ts
Rts›s → *phás-
7. phás-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φάσ-
PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯eɑhts-
Gr. πέφασ-
(pf.fut.P.) ‘töten’
(LSJ. 787)
(Gr. πεφασμένος [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯eɑhts-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯aɑhts-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯aɑhts-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯égɦu̯ahts-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯égɦu̯ahts-
*gɦu̯égɦu/u̯ → bɦébɦ
Bilabialization of reduplication
Rgɦu̯égɦU›bɦébɦ → *bɦébɦahts-
4. bɦébɦahts-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦébɦats-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. bɦébɦats-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phéphats-
6. phéphats-
*Th–Th → T–Th
Grassmann’s Law
Rphéph›péph → *péphats-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
7. péphats-
*ts → s
Loss of dental in *ts
Rts›s → *péphas-
8. péphas-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πέφασ-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eɑhtsii̯o-
Gr. δί·φασιο-
(a.) ‘doppelt’
(WH. 1:105)
(Gr. δίφασιος [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eɑhtsii̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯aɑhtsii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯aɑhtsii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ahtsii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯ahtsii̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯atsii̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·gɦu̯atsii̯o-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *Π·bɦatsii̯o-
5. Π·bɦatsii̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *Π·phatsii̯o-
6. Π·phatsii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *Π·phatsio-
7. Π·phatsio-
*ts → s
Loss of dental in *ts
Rts›s → *Π·phasio-
8. Π·phasio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·φασιο-
√gɑɦuēɑht-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhto-
OInd. ghāta-
(m.) ‘Schlag, Tötung, Vernichtung’
(MonWil. 377)
(OInd. ghāta-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhto-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯āɑhto-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯āɑhto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯āhto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯āhto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯āhta-
4. gɦu̯āhta-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯āta-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦu̯āta-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦāta-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. gɦāta-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. ghāta-
PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhto-
OInd. ghāta-
(a.) ‘tötend’
(MonWil. 377)
(OInd. ghāta-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhto-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯āɑhto-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯āɑhto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯āhto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯āhto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯āhta-
4. gɦu̯āhta-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯āta-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦu̯āta-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦāta-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. gɦāta-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. ghāta-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhtó-
YV. go·ghātá-
(m.) ‘Kuhtöter’
(EWA 2:800)
(YV. goghātá-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhtó-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhtó-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhtó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯āhtó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯āhtó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·gɦu̯āhtá-
4. Π·gɦu̯āhtá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ātá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·gɦu̯ātá-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦātá-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·gɦātá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → YV. Π·ghātá-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhtó-
OInd. ā·ghātá-
(m.) ‘Schlag, Schläger’
(EWA 1:159)
(OInd. āghātá-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhtó-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhtó-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhtó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯āhtó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯āhtó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·gɦu̯āhtá-
4. Π·gɦu̯āhtá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ātá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·gɦu̯ātá-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦātá-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·gɦātá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·ghātá-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhto-
OInd. tāḍa·ghāta-
(a.) ‘beating, hammering’
(MonWil. 441)
(OInd. tāḍaghāta-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhto-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhto-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯āhto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯āhto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯āhta-
4. Π·gɦu̯āhta-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯āta-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·gɦu̯āta-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦāta-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·gɦāta-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·ghāta-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhto-
OInd. abhi·ghāta-
(pt.) ‘beschädigt’
(KEWA 3:576)
(OInd. abhighāta-, AiGr. 2/2:565)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhto-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhto-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯āhto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯āhto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯āhta-
4. Π·gɦu̯āhta-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯āta-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·gɦu̯āta-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦāta-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·gɦāta-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·ghāta-
PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhtei̯o-
OInd. ghātaya-
(cs.) ‘töten lassen, töten’
(KEWA 3:576)
(Br. ghātáyati [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhtei̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯āɑhtei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯āɑhtei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯āhtei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯āhtei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯āhtei̯a-
4. gɦu̯āhtei̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯ātei̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦu̯ātei̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦātei̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. gɦātei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *gɦātai̯a-
7. gɦātai̯a-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *ghātai̯a-
8. ghātai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. ghātaya-
PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯ēɑhtsi̯o-
Ion.-Att. πέφησο-
(pf.fut.P.) ‘töten’
(GEW 1:657)
(Gr. πεφησεται; Gr. φ vs.†θ → Ion-Att. η from PGr. *ᾱ)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯ēɑhtsi̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯āɑhtsi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯āɑhtsi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯égɦu̯āhtsi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯égɦu̯āhtsi̯o-
*gɦu̯égɦu/u̯ → bɦébɦ
Bilabialization of reduplication
Rgɦu̯égɦU›bɦébɦ → *bɦébɦāhtsi̯o-
4. bɦébɦāhtsi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦébɦātsi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. bɦébɦātsi̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phéphātsi̯o-
6. phéphātsi̯o-
*Th–Th → T–Th
Grassmann’s Law
Rphéph›péph → *péphātsi̯o-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
7. péphātsi̯o-
si̯ → s
Loss of *i̯ after s
Rsi̯›s → *péphātso-
8. péphātso-
*ts → s
Loss of dental in *ts
Rts›s → *péphāso-
9. péphāso-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *péphēso-
10. péphēso-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. πέφησο-
PIE *gɑɦu̯ḗɑhtuko-
AV. ghā́tuka-
(a.) ‘tötend’
(EWA 2:800)
(AV. ghā́tuka-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ḗɑhtuko-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *gɑɦu̯ā́ɑhtuko-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯ā́ɑhtuko-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ā́htuko-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯ā́htuko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯ā́htuka-
4. gɦu̯ā́htuka-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯ā́tuka-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦu̯ā́tuka-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦā́tuka-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. gɦā́tuka-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → AV. ghā́tuka-
√gɑɦui-
PIE *gɑɦúi-
Lith. gùi-
(vb.) ‘treiben’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. gùiti [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦúi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦúi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦúi-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *gɦùi-
3. gɦùi-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → Lith. gùi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
√gɑɦuio-
PIE *gɑɦúi̯o-
Lith. gùja-
(pr.) ‘treiben’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. gùja [3sg], gujù [1sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦúi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦúi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦúi̯o-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *gɦùi̯o-
3. gɦùi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦùi̯a-
4. gɦùi̯a-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gùi̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. gùi̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Lith. gùja-
√gɑɦuil-
PIE *ó·gɑɦu̯ílo-
Arm. o·ǰil-
(sb.) ‘Laus, Nisse, Lausei’
(ArmGr. 1:482)
(Arm. oǰil, oǰiloy [G])
1. PIE *ó·gɑɦu̯ílo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ó·gɦu̯ílo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ó·gɦu̯ílo-
gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›ǰɦ → *ó·ǰɦílo-
3. ó·ǰɦílo-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ó·ǰílo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ó·ǰílo-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → *ó·ǰilo-
5. ó·ǰilo-
*ó → o
Loss/Absence of accent
Ró›o → Arm. o·ǰilo-
PIE *ór·gɑɦu̯ílo-
Arm. or·ǰil-
(sb.) ‘Laus, Nisse, Lausei’
(ArmGr. 1:482)
(Arm. orǰil, orǰiloy [G])
1. PIE *ór·gɑɦu̯ílo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ór·gɦu̯ílo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ór·gɦu̯ílo-
gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›ǰɦ → *ór·ǰɦílo-
3. ór·ǰɦílo-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ór·ǰílo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ór·ǰílo-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → *ór·ǰilo-
5. ór·ǰilo-
*ó → o
Loss/Absence of accent
Ró›o → Arm. or·ǰilo-
√gɑɦuin-
PIE *gɑɦu̯ín-
Lith. giñ-
(vb.) ‘jagen, treiben’
(LiEtWb. 152-153)
(Lith. giñti [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ín-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ín-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ín-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *gɦu̯ìn-
3. gɦu̯ìn-
ìn → iñ
RLiAcc6 → *gɦu̯iñ-
Change of ìnC into iñC
4. gɦu̯iñ-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦiñ-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦiñ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → Lith. giñ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ín-
Lith. nu·giñ-
(vb.) ‘wegjagen: drive away’
(Senn 2:227)
(Lith. nugiñti, nùginē)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ín-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ín-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯ín-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *Π·gɦu̯ìn-
3. Π·gɦu̯ìn-
ìn → iñ
RLiAcc6 → *Π·gɦu̯iñ-
Change of ìnC into iñC
4. Π·gɦu̯iñ-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦiñ-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·gɦiñ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → Lith. Π·giñ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *gɑɦu̯in-
OCS. žĭn-
(vb.) ‘schneiden, ernten’
(Sadnik √214B)
(OCS. žęti [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯in-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯in-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯in-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯in-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯in-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦin-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦin-
*ǰ → ž
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to ž
Rǰ›ž → *žɦin-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. žɦin-
*žɦ → ž
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ
Ržɦ›ž → *žin-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. žin-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → OCS. žĭn-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯in-
OCS. po·žĭn-
(vb.) ‘ernten’
(Sadnik √214B)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯in-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯in-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯in-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯in-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯in-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦin-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦin-
*ǰ → ž
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to ž
Rǰ›ž → *Π·žɦin-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·žɦin-
*žɦ → ž
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ
Ržɦ›ž → *Π·žin-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. Π·žin-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → OCS. Π·žĭn-
PIE *gɑɦu̯in·gɑɦu̯e-
Arm. ǰn·ǰe-
(vb.) ‘efface, wipe clean, annihilate, destroy’
(EtDiArm. 559)
(Arm. ǰnǰem [1sg], GEW 1:657)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯in·gɑɦu̯e-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯in·gɦu̯e-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯in·gɦu̯e-
gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›ǰɦ → *ǰɦin·ǰɦe-
3. ǰɦin·ǰɦe-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → Arm. ǰin·ǰe-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *gɑɦu̯iñkulo-
Lith. giñkla-
(m.) ‘Waffe: weapon’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. giñklas [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯iñkulo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯iñkulo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯iñkulo-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦiñklo-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. gɦiñklo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦiñkla-
4. gɦiñkla-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → Lith. giñkla-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
√gɑɦuine/o-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gɑɦu̯iné-
Arm. ǰne-
(vb.) ‘schlagen: beat’
(EtDiArm. 558)
(Arm. ǰnem [1sg], GEW 1:657)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯iné-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯iné-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯iné-
gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›ǰɦ → *ǰɦiné-
3. ǰɦiné-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰiné-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ǰiné-
é → e
Change of é into e
Ré›e → Arm. ǰine-
PIE *gɑɦu̯ino-
OInd. hina-
(pr.A.) ‘verletzen, schädigen, zerstören’
(KEWA 3:595)
(Br. ahinat)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ino-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯ino-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯ino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯ina-
4. ǰɦu̯ina-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦina-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦina-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦina-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ɦina-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. hina-
PIE *gɑɦu̯ínēhɑ-
Lith. gìnė-
(vb.) ‘jagen, treiben’
(LiEtWb. 152-153)
(Lith. gìnė)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ínēhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ínēh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ínēh-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *gɦu̯ìnēh-
3. gɦu̯ìnēh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯ìnē-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯ìnē-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦìnē-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦìnē-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gìnē-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. gìnē-
* ē -> ė
Change of *ē into ė
Rē›ė → Lith. gìnė-
√gɑɦuinɑh-
PIE *gɑɦu̯ínēɑh-
Arm. ǰin-
(sb.) ‘Stock: staff, stick for beating’
(EtDiArm. 558)
(Arm. ǰin)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ínēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯ínāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯ínāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ínāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯ínāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯ínā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯ínā-
gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›ǰɦ → *ǰɦínā-
5. ǰɦínā-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰínā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ǰínā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *ǰína-
7. ǰína-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → Arm. ǰina-
PIE *ó·gɑɦu̯ínēɑh-
Arm. o·ǰin-
(sb.) ‘bunch of sticks’
(EtDiArm. 558)
(Arm. oǰin-)
1. PIE *ó·gɑɦu̯ínēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ó·gɑɦu̯ínāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ó·gɑɦu̯ínāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ó·gɦu̯ínāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ó·gɦu̯ínāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ó·gɦu̯ínā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ó·gɦu̯ínā-
gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›ǰɦ → *ó·ǰɦínā-
5. ó·ǰɦínā-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ó·ǰínā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ó·ǰínā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *ó·ǰína-
7. ó·ǰína-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → *ó·ǰina-
8. ó·ǰina-
*ó → o
Loss/Absence of accent
Ró›o → Arm. o·ǰina-
PIE *gɑɦu̯inḗɑh-
Arm. ǰna-
(sb.obl.) ‘Stock: staff, stick for beating’
(EtDiArm. 558)
(Arm. ǰnawk‘ [plI])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯inḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *gɑɦu̯inā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯inā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯inā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯inā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯inā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯inā́-
gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›ǰɦ → *ǰɦinā́-
5. ǰɦinā́-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰinā́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ǰinā́-
*ā́ → a
Change of *ā́ into á
Rā́›á → *ǰiná-
7. ǰiná-
*á → a
Loss/absence of accent
Rá›a → Arm. ǰina-
√gɑɦuini-
PIE *gɑɦu̯ini̯o-
OCS. žĭnjo-
(pr.) ‘schneiden, ernten’
(Sadnik √214)
(OCS. žĭnjǫ [1sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ini̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ini̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ini̯o-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯ini̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯ini̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯ini̯a-
4. ǰɦu̯ini̯a-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦini̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦini̯a-
*ǰ → ž
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to ž
Rǰ›ž → *žɦini̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. žɦini̯a-
*žɦ → ž
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ
Ržɦ›ž → *žini̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. žini̯a-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *žini̯o-
8. žini̯o-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *žinjo-
9. žinjo-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → OCS. žĭnjo-
PIE *gɑɦúini̯ḗɑh-
Lith. guinió-
(vb.) ‘verscheuchen’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. guinióti [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦúini̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *gɑɦúini̯ā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦúini̯ā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦúini̯ā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦúini̯ā́h-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *gɦùini̯ā́h-
4. gɦùini̯ā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦùini̯ā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦùini̯ā́-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gùini̯ā́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. gùini̯ā́-
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *gùini̯ṓ-
(XX:XX)
7. gùini̯ṓ-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›iRestr → *gùiniṓ-
8. gùiniṓ-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → Lith. gùinió-
PIE *Π·gɑɦúiníku̯ɑhi-
Lith. pa·guinìki-
(m.) ‘Treiber’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. guinìkis [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦúiníku̯ɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦúiníku̯hi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦúiníku̯hi-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *Π·gɦúinìku̯hi-
3. Π·gɦúinìku̯hi-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *Π·gɦùinìku̯hi-
4. Π·gɦùinìku̯hi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦùinìku̯i-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·gɦùinìku̯i-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦùinìki-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·gɦùinìki-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → Lith. Π·gùinìki-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
√gɑɦuines-
PIE *gɑɦu̯inés-
AV. hinás-
(pr.7.) ‘verletzen, schädigen, zerstören’
(KEWA 3:595)
(AV. hinásti [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯inés-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯inés-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯inés-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯inés-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯inés-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦinés-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦinés-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦinés-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. ɦinés-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *ɦinás-
6. ɦinás-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → AV. hinás-
√gɑɦuins-
PIE *gɑɦu̯íns-
AV. híṃs-
(pr.M.) ‘verletzen, schädigen, zerstören’
(KEWA 3:595)
(AV. híṃste [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯íns-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯íns-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯íns-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯íns-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯íns-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦíns-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦíns-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦíns-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. ɦíns-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal before *ns
Rns›ṃs → *ɦíṃs-
6. ɦíṃs-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → AV. híṃs-
PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯ins-
AV. jihiṃs-
(pf.) ‘verletzen, schädigen, zerstören’
(KEWA 3:595)
(AV. jihiṃs-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯ins-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯igɦu̯ins-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯igɦu̯ins-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯iǰɦu̯ins-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯iǰɦu̯ins-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦiǰɦins-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦiǰɦins-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰiǰɦins-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
5. ǰiǰɦins-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ǰiɦins-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ǰiɦins-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jiɦins-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. jiɦins-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal before *ns
Rns›ṃs → *jiɦiṃs-
8. jiɦiṃs-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → AV. jihiṃs-
PIE *gɑɦu̯ínso-
RV. híṃsa-
(pr.) ‘A. verletzen, beleidigen’
(WbRV. 1665)
(RV. híṃsanti [3pl])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ínso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ínso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ínso-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯ínso-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯ínso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯ínsa-
4. ǰɦu̯ínsa-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦínsa-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦínsa-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦínsa-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ɦínsa-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal before *ns
Rns›ṃs → *ɦíṃsa-
7. ɦíṃsa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. híṃsa-
PIE *gɑɦu̯insēɑh-
OInd. hiṃsā-
(f.) ‘Schädigung’
(KEWA 3:595)
(Up. hiṃsā-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯insēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯insāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯insāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯insāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯insāh-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯insāh-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯insāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯insā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ǰɦu̯insā-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦinsā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦinsā-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦinsā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. ɦinsā-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal before *ns
Rns›ṃs → *ɦiṃsā-
8. ɦiṃsā-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. hiṃsā-
PIE *gɑɦu̯insɑ́hi-
RV. hiṃsī-
(ao.) ‘A. verletzen, beschädigen’
(WbRV. 1665)
(RV. hiṅsīt [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯insɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gɑɦu̯insíhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. gɑɦu̯insíhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯insíhi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯insíhi-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯insíhi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯insíhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯insíi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ǰɦu̯insíi-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦinsíi-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦinsíi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ǰɦinsī́-
7. ǰɦinsī́-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦinsī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. ɦinsī́-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal before *ns
Rns›ṃs → *ɦiṃsī́-
9. ɦiṃsī́-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. hiṃsī́-
PIE *gɑɦu̯ínsēɑhno-
RV. híṃsāna-
(pt.) ‘verwundend’
(WbRV. 1665)
(RV. híṃsāna-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ínsēɑhno-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯ínsāɑhno-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯ínsāɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ínsāhno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯ínsāhno-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯ínsāhno-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯ínsāhno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯ínsāhna-
5. ǰɦu̯ínsāhna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯ínsāna-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ǰɦu̯ínsāna-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦínsāna-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. ǰɦínsāna-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦínsāna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. ɦínsāna-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal before *ns
Rns›ṃs → *ɦíṃsāna-
9. ɦíṃsāna-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. híṃsāna-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯insēɑhno-
RV. á·hiṃsāna-
(a.) ‘nicht verletzend’
(WbRV. 166)
(RV. áhiṃsāna-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯insēɑhno-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯insāɑhno-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯insāɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯insāhno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯insāhno-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯insāhno-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·ǰɦu̯insāhno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯insāhna-
5. Π·ǰɦu̯insāhna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ǰɦu̯insāna-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·ǰɦu̯insāna-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦinsāna-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. Π·ǰɦinsāna-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦinsāna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. Π·ɦinsāna-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal before *ns
Rns›ṃs → *Π·ɦiṃsāna-
9. Π·ɦiṃsāna-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hiṃsāna-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯insi̯o·Σ
RV. á·hiṃsya·māna-
(a.) ‘der nicht verletzt wird’
(WbRV. 166)
(RV. áhiṃsyamāna-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯insi̯o·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯insi̯o·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯insi̯o·Σ
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯insi̯o·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯insi̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯insi̯a·Σ
4. Π·ǰɦu̯insi̯a·Σ
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦinsi̯a·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰɦinsi̯a·Σ
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦinsi̯a·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. Π·ɦinsi̯a·Σ
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal before *ns
Rns›ṃs → *Π·ɦiṃsi̯a·Σ
7. Π·ɦiṃsi̯a·Σ
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *Π·hiṃsi̯a·Σ
8. Π·hiṃsi̯a·Σ
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·hiṃsya·Σ
PIE *gɑɦu̯insis-
RV. hiṃsiṣ-
(ao.) ‘A. verletzen, beschädigen’
(WbRV. 1665)
(RV. hiṅsiṣṭa [2pl])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯insis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯insis-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯insis-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *gɦu̯insiš-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. gɦu̯insiš-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯insiš-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯insiš-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦinsiš-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦinsiš-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦinsiš-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ɦinsiš-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *ɦinsiṣ-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
7. ɦinsiṣ-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal before *ns
Rns›ṃs → *ɦiṃsiṣ-
8. ɦiṃsiṣ-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. hiṃsiṣ-
PIE *gɑɦu̯insitó-
AV. hiṃsitá-
(pf.pt.) ‘geschädigt, verletzt, verwundet’
(KEWA 3:595)
(AV. hiṃsitá-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯insitó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯insitó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯insitó-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯insitó-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯insitó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *ǰɦu̯insitá-
4. ǰɦu̯insitá-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦinsitá-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦinsitá-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦinsitá-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ɦinsitá-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal before *ns
Rns›ṃs → *ɦiṃsitá-
7. ɦiṃsitá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → AV. hiṃsitá-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯inset-
RV. á·hiṃsat-
(a.) ‘nicht verletzend’
(WbRV. 166)
(RV. áhiṃsat-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯inset-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯inset-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯inset-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯inset-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯inset-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦinset-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦinset-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦinset-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦinset-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·ɦinsat-
6. Π·ɦinsat-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal before *ns
Rns›ṃs → *Π·ɦiṃsat-
7. Π·ɦiṃsat-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hiṃsat-
PIE *gɑɦu̯insró-
RV. hiṃsrá-
(a.) ‘verwundend’
(WbRV. 1665)
(RV. hiṃsrá-, KEWA 3:595)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯insró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯insró-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯insró-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯insró-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯insró-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *ǰɦu̯insrá-
4. ǰɦu̯insrá-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦinsrá-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦinsrá-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦinsrá-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ɦinsrá-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal before *ns
Rns›ṃs → *ɦiṃsrá-
7. ɦiṃsrá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. hiṃsrá-
√gɑɦuint-
PIE *gɑɦu̯intɑ́hi-
Lith. ginty-
(vb.) ‘streiten, kämpfen, widersprechen’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. gintyti [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯intɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gɑɦu̯intíhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. gɑɦu̯intíhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯intíhi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯intíhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯intíi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯intíi-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦintíi-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦintíi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *gɦintī́-
6. gɦintī́-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gintī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. gintī́-
*ī́ → ý
Orthographic change of ī́ into ý
Rī́›ý → Lith. gintý-
PIE *gɑɦu̯ínti̯o-
Lith. giñča-
(m.) ‘Kampf, Streit, Zank, Streithammer usw.’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. giñčas [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ínti̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ínti̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ínti̯o-
PIE *ti̯ → č
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›č → *gɦu̯ínčo-
(SPIE §XX)
3. gɦu̯ínčo-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *gɦu̯ìnčo-
4. gɦu̯ìnčo-
ìn → iñ
RLiAcc6 → *gɦu̯iñčo-
Change of ìnC into iñC
5. gɦu̯iñčo-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦiñčo-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. gɦiñčo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦiñča-
7. gɦiñča-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → Lith. giñča-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *gɑɦu̯ínti̯ɑ́hi-
Lith. giñčy-
(vb.) ‘streiten, kämpfen, widersprechen’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. giñčyti [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ínti̯ɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gɑɦu̯ínti̯íhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. gɑɦu̯ínti̯íhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ínti̯íhi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯ínti̯íhi-
PIE *ti̯ → č
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›č → *gɦu̯ínčíhi-
(SPIE §XX)
4. gɦu̯ínčíhi-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *gɦu̯ìnčíhi-
5. gɦu̯ìnčíhi-
ìn → iñ
RLiAcc6 → *gɦu̯iñčíhi-
Change of ìnC into iñC
6. gɦu̯iñčíhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯iñčíi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. gɦu̯iñčíi-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦiñčíi-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
8. gɦiñčíi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *gɦiñčī́-
9. gɦiñčī́-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *giñčī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
10. giñčī́-
*ī́ → ý
Orthographic change of ī́ into ý
Rī́›ý → Lith. giñčý-
PIE *gɑɦu̯intu̯ēɑh-
OCS. žętva-
(f.) ‘Ernte, Erntezeit’
(Sadnik √214)
(OCS. žętva [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯intu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯intu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯intu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯intu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯intu̯āh-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯intu̯āh-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯intu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯intu̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ǰɦu̯intu̯ā-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦintu̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦintu̯ā-
*ǰ → ž
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to ž
Rǰ›ž → *žɦintu̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. žɦintu̯ā-
*žɦ → ž
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ
Ržɦ›ž → *žintu̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. žintu̯ā-
*i n → ę
Emergence of nasal vowel ę
Rin›ę → *žętu̯ā-
9. žętu̯ā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *žętvā-
10. žętvā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OCS. žętva-
PIE *gɑɦu̯intu̯ino
OCS. žętvĭnŭ-
(a.) ‘des Ernte’
(Sadnik √214)
(OCS. žętvĭnŭ-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯intu̯ino
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯intu̯ino
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯intu̯ino
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯intu̯ino
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯intu̯ino
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯intu̯ina
4. ǰɦu̯intu̯ina
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦintu̯ina
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦintu̯ina
*ǰ → ž
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to ž
Rǰ›ž → *žɦintu̯ina
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. žɦintu̯ina
*žɦ → ž
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ
Ržɦ›ž → *žintu̯ina
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. žintu̯ina
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *žintu̯ino
8. žintu̯ino
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *žintu̯inu
9. žintu̯inu
*i n → ę
Emergence of nasal vowel ę
Rin›ę → *žętu̯inu
10. žętu̯inu
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *žętvinu
11. žętvinu
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *žętvĭnu
12. žętvĭnu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. žętvĭnŭ
PIE *gɑɦu̯inteli̯i-
OCS. žęteljĭ-
(m.) ‘Schnitter’
(Sadnik √214)
(OCS. žęteljĭ-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯inteli̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯inteli̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯inteli̯i-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯inteli̯i-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯inteli̯i-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦinteli̯i-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦinteli̯i-
*ǰ → ž
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to ž
Rǰ›ž → *žɦinteli̯i-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. žɦinteli̯i-
*žɦ → ž
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ
Ržɦ›ž → *žinteli̯i-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. žinteli̯i-
*i n → ę
Emergence of nasal vowel ę
Rin›ę → *žęteli̯i-
7. žęteli̯i-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *žętelji-
8. žętelji-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → OCS. žęteljĭ-
√gɑɦuindɑɦin-
PIE *gɑɦu̯indɑ́ɦin-
Lith. gindín-
(cs.) ‘treiben lassen’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. gindinti [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯indɑ́ɦin-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gɑɦu̯indíɦin-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. gɑɦu̯indíɦin-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯indíɦin-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯indíɦin-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *gɦu̯indíin-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯indíin-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦindíin-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦindíin-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *gɦindī́n-
6. gɦindī́n-
*ī́RC → íRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ī́RC
Rī́RC›íRC → *gɦindín-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
7. gɦindín-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → Lith. gindín-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
√gɑɦuitr-
PIE *gɑɦu̯eítor-
RV. hétar-
(m.) ‘Treiber des Rosses’
(WbRV. 1680)
(RV. hétar-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eítor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eítor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eítor-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eítor-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯eítor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯eítar-
4. ǰɦu̯eítar-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦeítar-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦeítar-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦeítar-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ɦeítar-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ɦaítar-
7. ɦaítar-
aí → ḗ
Monophthongization of *aí
Raí›ḗ → *ɦḗtar-
8. ɦḗtar-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *hḗtar-
9. hḗtar-
ḗ → é
Change of ḗ into é
Rḗ›é → RV. hétar-
PIE *gɑɦu̯eitór-
RV. hetár-
(m.) ‘Treiber des Rosses’
(WbRV. 1680)
(RV. hetár-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eitór-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eitór-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eitór-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eitór-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯eitór-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *ǰɦu̯eitár-
4. ǰɦu̯eitár-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦeitár-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦeitár-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦeitár-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ɦeitár-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ɦaitár-
7. ɦaitár-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *ɦētár-
8. ɦētár-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *hētár-
9. hētár-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → RV. hetár-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eitór-
RV. pra·hetár-
(m.) ‘Antreiber, Treiber’
(WbRV. 885)
(RV. prahetár-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eitór-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯eitór-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯eitór-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯eitór-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯eitór-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·ǰɦu̯eitár-
4. Π·ǰɦu̯eitár-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦeitár-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰɦeitár-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦeitár-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. Π·ɦeitár-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·ɦaitár-
7. Π·ɦaitár-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *Π·ɦētár-
8. Π·ɦētár-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *Π·hētár-
9. Π·hētár-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → RV. Π·hetár-
√gɑhuol-
PIE *gɑɦu̯ol-
CLu. gu̯al-
(vb.) ‘schneiden: cut’
(HIL. 563)
(CLu. ku-ua-al-ti [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ol-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ol-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ol-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯al-
3. gɦu̯al-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. gu̯al-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦul-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gɑɦulo-
Hitt. gula-
(d.) ‘Bestimmung, Schicksaal?’
(OHP. 1:249-55)
(Hitt. gul-aš [N], gul-an [A])
1. PIE *gɑɦulo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦulo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦula-
3. gɦula-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gula-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·gɑɦúlo-
Alb. n·gul-
(vb.) ‘thrust in, stick in’
(AlbEtD. 297)
(Alb. ngul, ngula [ao.])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦúlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦúlo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦúlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦúla-
3. Π·gɦúla-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·gúla-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·gúla-
*ú → u
Orthographic change of *ú into u
Rú›u → Alb. Π·gula-
√gɑhuolon-
PIE *gɑɦu̯olon-
CLu. gu̯alan-
(n.) ‘Heer, Heerlager’
(KLuN. 234f.)
(CLu. ku̯alan-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯olon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯olon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯alan-
3. gɦu̯alan-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. gu̯alan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦu̯olono-
Hitt. gu̯alana-
(URU.) ‘(mit Arzawa und Mašḫuiluwa von Mira erwähnt)’
(OGH. 234)
(if in Hitt. ku-ua-at-na)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯olono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯olono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯alana-
3. gɦu̯alana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gu̯alana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦu̯olono-
Hitt. gu̯alana-
(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘Heer’
(OGHErg. 88)
(Hitt. ku-ua-la-na)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯olono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯olono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯alana-
3. gɦu̯alana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gu̯alana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·lo-
CLu. gu̯alana·la-
(LÚc.) ‘of army’
(NOMS. 664)
(if in Hitt. ku-ua-at!-na-al-la)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·lo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯olono·lo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯olono·lo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯alana·la-
3. gɦu̯alana·la-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. gu̯alana·la-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·li-
CLu. gu̯alana·li-
(a.) ‘(militaire, ép. de lalḫia- ‘campagne’)’
(DLL. 60)
(CLu. ku-ua-at-na-al-li-in(-tar))
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·li-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯olono·li-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯olono·li-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯alana·li-
3. gɦu̯alana·li-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. gu̯alana·li-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·mu̯o-
CLu. gu̯alana·mu̯a-
(LÚc.*) ‘(haut dignitaire sous Muršiliš II)’
(NOMS. 665)
(if in Hitt. KARAŠ-mu-u-ua-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·mu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯olono·mu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯olono·mu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯alana·mu̯a-
3. gɦu̯alana·mu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. gu̯alana·mu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·Σ
CLu. gu̯alana·ziti-
(LÚc.*) ‘(grand berger, général de Suppiluliuma Ier)’
(NOMS. 666)
(if in Hitt. ku-ua-at-na-LÚ)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯olono·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯olono·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯alana·Σ
3. gɦu̯alana·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. gu̯alana·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·Σ
HLu. gu̯alana·ziti-
(PNc.*) ‘(prince)’
(NOMS. 666)
(if in HLu. ARMÉE-ZITI-i)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯olono·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯olono·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯alana·Σ
3. gɦu̯alana·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. gu̯alana·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·Σ
CLu. gu̯alana·dKAL-
(LÚc.) ‘(homme d’Alḫiša)’
(NOMS. 667)
(if in Hitt. ku-ua-at-na-dKAL)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯olono·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯olono·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯alana·Σ
3. gɦu̯alana·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. gu̯alana·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦulon-
PIE *gɑɦulon-
CLu. gulan-
(n.) ‘Heer, Heerlager’
(HHand. 83)
(CLu. gulan-)
1. PIE *gɑɦulon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦulon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦulon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦulan-
3. gɦulan-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. gulan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦulon-
HLu. gulan-
(EXERCITUSsb.*) ‘Heer, Heerlager’
(CHLu. 1.1.9)
(in HLu. EXERCITUS-lá-za ‹cf. Poetto 1993 for the reading ‘kulana-’›)
1. PIE *gɑɦulon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦulon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦulon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦulan-
3. gɦulan-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. gulan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦulos-
PIE *gɑɦulos-
Hitt. gulaš-
(vb.) ‘einritzen, schreiben, aufzeichnen, zeichnen, markieren, bestimmen’
(HIL. 569)
(Hitt. gul-aš-mi, gul-aš-zi, gul-aš-ša-an-zi, gul-aš-šu-un)
1. PIE *gɑɦulos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦulos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦulos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦulas-
3. gɦulas-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gulas-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gulas-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gulaš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦuloso-
Hitt. gulaša-
(d.) ‘‹cf. above & below›’
(OHP. 1:249-55)
(Hitt. gul-aš-ša-aš, gul-aš-ša-an)
1. PIE *gɑɦuloso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuloso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuloso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦulasa-
3. gɦulasa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gulasa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gulasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gulaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦulosont-
Hitt. gulašant-
(pt.) ‘einritzen, schreiben, aufzeichnen usw.’
(HIL. 569)
(Hitt. gul-aš-ša-an-t-)
1. PIE *gɑɦulosont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦulosont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦulosont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦulasant-
3. gɦulasant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gulasant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gulasant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gulašant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦulosor-
Hitt. gulašar-
(n.) ‘Bestimmung, Schicksaal’
(HHand. 83)
(Hitt. gulašar-)
1. PIE *gɑɦulosor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦulosor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦulosor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦulasar-
3. gɦulasar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gulasar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gulasar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gulašar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦur·gɑɦulosi-
CLu. gur·gulaši-
(c.) ‘Verbrecher’
(Tischler 1990:90n110)
(CLu. gurgulaši-)
1. PIE *gɑɦur·gɑɦulosi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦur·gɦulosi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦur·gɦulosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦur·gɦulasi-
3. gɦur·gɦulasi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gur·gulasi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gur·gulasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. gur·gulaši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦuloske/o-
Hitt. gulaške/a-
(pr.) ‘einritzen, schreiben, aufzeichnen usw.’
(HIL. 569)
(Hitt. gul-aš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *gɑɦuloske/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuloske/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuloske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦulaske/a-
3. gɦulaske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gulaske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gulaske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gulaške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦulosu̯or-
Hitt. gulašu̯ar-
(n.) ‘Ritzung’
(HIL. 569)
(Hitt. gul-aš-šu-ua-ar)
1. PIE *gɑɦulosu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦulosu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦulosu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦulasu̯ar-
3. gɦulasu̯ar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gulasu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gulasu̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gulašu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦuls-
PIE *gɑɦuls-
Hitt. gulš-
(vb.) ‘ritzen, aufzeichnen’
(HHand. 83)
(Hitt. gul-ša-an-zi, gul-šu-un)
1. PIE *gɑɦuls-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuls-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuls-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *guls-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. guls-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gulš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦulso-
Hitt. gulša-
(d.) ‘Schicksaalsgöttin, Norna’
(OHP. 1:249-55)
(Hitt. gul-ša [All], gul-ša-aš)
1. PIE *gɑɦulso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦulso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦulso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦulsa-
3. gɦulsa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gulsa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gulsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gulša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦulson-
Kpd. gulšan-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 616)
(Kpd. ku-ul-ša-an!)
1. PIE *gɑɦulson-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦulson-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦulson-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦulsan-
3. gɦulsan-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gulsan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gulsan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Kpd. gulšan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦulsont-
Hitt. gulšant-
(pt.) ‘geschrieben, eingeritzt’
(HHand. 83)
(Hitt. gul-ša-an-t-)
1. PIE *gɑɦulsont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦulsont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦulsont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦulsant-
3. gɦulsant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gulsant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gulsant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gulšant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦulsoto-
Kpd. gulšata-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 616)
(Kpd. ku-ul-ša-ta-áš)
1. PIE *gɑɦulsoto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦulsoto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦulsoto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦulsata-
3. gɦulsata-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gulsata-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gulsata-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Kpd. gulšata-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦulsu̯or-
Hitt. gulšu̯ar-
(n.) ‘Ritzung’
(HHand. 83)
(Hitt. gul-šu-u-ua-ar)
1. PIE *gɑɦulsu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦulsu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦulsu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦulsu̯ar-
3. gɦulsu̯ar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gulsu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gulsu̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gulšu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦuldɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
(Lith. uncertain)
PIE *gɑɦúldɑɦɑ́hi-
Lith. guldý-
(pr.) ‘verschneiden, kastrieren’
(LiEtWb. 175)
(Lith. guldýti [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦúldɑɦɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gɑɦúldɑɦíhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. gɑɦúldɑɦíhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦúldɦíhi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦúldɦíhi-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *gɦùldɦíhi-
4. gɦùldɦíhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦùldɦíi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦùldɦíi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *gɦùldɦī́-
6. gɦùldɦī́-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦùldī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. gɦùldī́-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gùldī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. gùldī́-
*ī́ → ý
Orthographic change of ī́ into ý
Rī́›ý → Lith. gùldý-
PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯o-
Hitt. gulza-
(vb.dn.) ‘schreiben, ritzen’
(HHand. 83)
(Hitt. gulza-)
1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuldɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuldɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦuljɦo-
3. gɦuljɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuljɦa-
4. gɦuljɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gulja-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. gulja-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. gulza-
PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯o-
CLu. gulza-
(d.) ‘fate-goddess’
(OHP. 1:249-55)
(CLu. gul-za [Abs])
1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuldɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuldɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦuljɦo-
3. gɦuljɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuljɦa-
4. gɦuljɦa-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *gɦulzɦa-
5. gɦulzɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gulzɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. gulzɦa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. gulzḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯oso-
Hitt. gulzaša-
(adv.) ‘ein Zeichen gebend?’
(HHand. 83)
(Hitt. gul-za-aš-ša)
1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯oso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuldɦi̯oso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuldɦi̯oso-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦuljɦoso-
3. gɦuljɦoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuljɦasa-
4. gɦuljɦasa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *guljasa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. guljasa-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *gulzasa-
6. gulzasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gulzaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯odɑɦono-
CLu. gulzadana-
(GIŠ.ḪURn.) ‘Schreibtafel aus Holz’
(HHand. 83)
(CLu. gul-za-at-ta-na-az, gul-za-da-na-za [Abl])
1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯odɑɦono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuldɦi̯odɦono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuldɦi̯odɦono-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦuljɦodɦono-
3. gɦuljɦodɦono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuljɦadɦana-
4. gɦuljɦadɦana-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *gɦulzɦadɦana-
5. gɦulzɦadɦana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gulzɦadana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. gulzɦadana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. gulzḫadana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯odɑɦor-
Hitt. gulzadar-
(n.) ‘Schreibung, Aufzeichnung’
(HHand. 84)
(Hitt. gul-za-at-tar, gul-za-tar, gul-za-at-ta-ra)
1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯odɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuldɦi̯odɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuldɦi̯odɦor-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦuljɦodɦor-
3. gɦuljɦodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuljɦadɦar-
4. gɦuljɦadɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *guljadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. guljadar-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. gulzadar-
PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯o·Σ
Hitt. gulza·ziba-
(øc.) ‘the genius of fate’
(OHP. 1:256)
(Hitt. gu]l-za-zi-pa-an [A])
1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯o·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuldɦi̯o·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuldɦi̯o·Σ
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦuljɦo·Σ
3. gɦuljɦo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuljɦa·Σ
4. gɦuljɦa·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gulja·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. gulja·Σ
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. gulza·Σ
PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯on·Σ
Hitt. gulzan·ziba-
(dc.) ‘(cf. KLuN. 462-3 with n. 1685)’
(OHP. 1:256)
(Hitt. gul-za-an-zi-pa-aš)
1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯on·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuldɦi̯on·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuldɦi̯on·Σ
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦuljɦon·Σ
3. gɦuljɦon·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuljɦan·Σ
4. gɦuljɦan·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *guljan·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. guljan·Σ
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. gulzan·Σ
PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯o·Σ
Pal. gulza·nig-
(dc.) ‘(an 9. Position des pal. Pantheons)’
(OHP. 1:249-55)
(Pal. gul-za-ni-ka, gul-za-ni-ki-iš)
1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯o·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuldɦi̯o·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuldɦi̯o·Σ
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦuljɦo·Σ
3. gɦuljɦo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuljɦa·Σ
4. gɦuljɦa·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gulja·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. gulja·Σ
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Pal. gulza·Σ
PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ou-
CLu. gulzau-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘(kenn)zeichen, ritzen’
(HHand. 83)
(CLu. gul-za-ú-na [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuldɦi̯ou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuldɦi̯ou-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦuljɦou-
3. gɦuljɦou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuljɦau-
4. gɦuljɦau-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *gɦulzɦau-
5. gɦulzɦau-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gulzɦau-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. gulzɦau-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. gulzḫau-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ou̯or-
Hitt. gulzau̯ar-
(n.) ‘Markierung’
(HHand. 84)
(Hitt. gulzau̯ar [sgNA])
1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ou̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuldɦi̯ou̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuldɦi̯ou̯or-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦuljɦou̯or-
3. gɦuljɦou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuljɦau̯ar-
4. gɦuljɦau̯ar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *guljau̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. guljau̯ar-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. gulzau̯ar-
PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei-
Hitt. gulzei-
(c.) ‘Zeichnung’
(HHand. 84)
(Hitt. gul-zi-in [A], gul-zi-eš [plN], gul-zi-uš [plA])
1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuldɦi̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuldɦi̯ei-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦuljɦei-
3. gɦuljɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *guljei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. guljei-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. gulzei-
PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei̯o-
Hitt. gulzei̯a-
(vb.dn.) ‘schreiben, ritzen’
(HHand. 83)
(Hitt. gulzei̯a-)
1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuldɦi̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuldɦi̯ei̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦuljɦei̯o-
3. gɦuljɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuljɦei̯a-
4. gɦuljɦei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *guljei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. guljei̯a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. gulzei̯a-
PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei̯o-
Hitt. gulzei̯a-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 619)
(Hitt. gul-zi-ia [All])
1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuldɦi̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuldɦi̯ei̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦuljɦei̯o-
3. gɦuljɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuljɦei̯a-
4. gɦuljɦei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *guljei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. guljei̯a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. gulzei̯a-
PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei̯o-
Kpd. gulzei̯a-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 619)
1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuldɦi̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuldɦi̯ei̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦuljɦei̯o-
3. gɦuljɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuljɦei̯a-
4. gɦuljɦei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *guljei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. guljei̯a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Kpd. gulzei̯a-
PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯oimo-
CLu. gulzaima-
(pt.) ‘markiert, gekennzeichnet’
(HHand. 83)
(CLu. gul-za-a-i-ma)
1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯oimo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuldɦi̯oimo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuldɦi̯oimo-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦuljɦoimo-
3. gɦuljɦoimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuljɦaima-
4. gɦuljɦaima-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *gɦulzɦaima-
5. gɦulzɦaima-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gulzɦaima-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. gulzɦaima-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. gulzḫaima-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei̯or-
Kpd. gulzei̯ar-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 620)
(Kpd. ku-ul-zi(-a)-ar)
1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuldɦi̯ei̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuldɦi̯ei̯or-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦuljɦei̯or-
3. gɦuljɦei̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuljɦei̯ar-
4. gɦuljɦei̯ar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *guljei̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. guljei̯ar-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Kpd. gulzei̯ar-
√gɑɦuon-
PIE *gɑɦu̯on-
Hitt. gu̯an-
(vb.) ‘‹here if ‘schlagen, erschlagen, töten o.ä.’›’
(HIL. 562)
(Hitt. ku-ua-an-ú-e-ni [1pl], KBo 39.248)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯an-
3. gɦu̯an-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gu̯an-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦu̯on
LycA. qã-
(vb.) ‘destroy’
(HIL. 332)
(Lyc. qã-, Melchert 1993a:59, 2004:54)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯on
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯on
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯on
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯an
3. gɦu̯an
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gu̯an
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gu̯an
*gu̯ → q
Emergence of labiovelar q
Rgu̯›q → *qan
5. qan
*am/n → ãm/n
Emergence of nasal vowel ã
RaN›ãN → *qãn
6. qãn
*-ã/ẽn → -ã/ẽ
Loss of word-final nasal
R=ãn›=ã → LycA. qã
PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯on-
Lyd. f·is·qãn-
(vb.) ‘zugrunde richten’
(LydWb. 127)
(Lyd. fisqãnt [3pl])
1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·gɦu̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·Π·gɦu̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·Π·gɦu̯an-
3. Π·Π·gɦu̯an-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·Π·gu̯an-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·Π·gu̯an-
*gu̯ → q
Emergence of labiovelar q
Rgu̯›q → *Π·Π·qan-
5. Π·Π·qan-
*am/n → ãm/n
Emergence of nasal vowel ã
RaN›ãN → Lyd. Π·Π·qãn-
PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯ón-
RV. a·bhog·ghán-
(a.) ‘den Kargen = Dämon schlagend’
(WbRV. 88)
(RV. abhogghánas [plN])
1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯ón-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·gɦu̯ón-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·Π·gɦu̯ón-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·Π·gɦu̯án-
3. Π·Π·gɦu̯án-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·Π·gɦán-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·Π·gɦán-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·Π·ghán-
PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦu̯ón-
RV. jaghán-
(pf.) ‘erschlagen, tödtlich treffen, tödten’
(WbRV. 1644)
(RV. jaghántha [2sg], jaghantha)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦu̯ón-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯egɦu̯ón-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯egɦu̯ón-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯egɦu̯ón-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯egɦu̯ón-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *ǰɦu̯egɦu̯án-
4. ǰɦu̯egɦu̯án-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯egɦán-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦu̯egɦán-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦegɦán-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦegɦán-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰegɦán-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
7. ǰegɦán-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jegɦán-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. jegɦán-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *jagɦán-
9. jagɦán-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. jaghán-
PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦu̯on-
OIr. ad·ro·gegon-
(pf.) ‘verwunden, töten’
(VGK 2:548)
(OIr. adrogegon [1sg])
1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦu̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·gɦu̯egɦu̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·Π·gɦu̯egɦu̯on-
*gɦU → gɦ
Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›gɦ → *Π·Π·gɦegɦon-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. Π·Π·gɦegɦon-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → OIr. Π·Π·gegon-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *gɑɦu̯éngɑɦu̯on-
RV. jáṅghan-
(int.A.) ‘erschlagen’ (vb.M.) ‘schlagen’
(WbRV. 1645)
(RV. jáṅghanat [conj], jánghananta [3pl])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éngɑɦu̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯éngɦu̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯éngɦu̯on-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯éngɦu̯on-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯éngɦu̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯éngɦu̯an-
4. ǰɦu̯éngɦu̯an-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯éngɦan-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦu̯éngɦan-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦéngɦan-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦéngɦan-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰéngɦan-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
7. ǰéngɦan-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jéngɦan-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. jéngɦan-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *jángɦan-
9. jángɦan-
*nK → ŋK
Velarization of nasal
RnK›ŋK → *jáŋgɦan-
10. jáŋgɦan-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *jáŋghan-
11. jáŋghan-
ŋ → ṅ
Orthographic change of ŋ into ṅ
Rŋ›ṅ → RV. jáṅghan-
PIE *gɑɦu̯engɑɦu̯ón-
RV. jaṅghán-
(int.) ‘schlagen’
(WbRV. 1646)
(RV. jaṅghánāni)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯engɑɦu̯ón-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯engɦu̯ón-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯engɦu̯ón-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯engɦu̯ón-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯engɦu̯ón-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *ǰɦu̯engɦu̯án-
4. ǰɦu̯engɦu̯án-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯engɦán-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦu̯engɦán-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦengɦán-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦengɦán-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰengɦán-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
7. ǰengɦán-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jengɦán-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. jengɦán-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *jangɦán-
9. jangɦán-
*nK → ŋK
Velarization of nasal
RnK›ŋK → *jaŋgɦán-
10. jaŋgɦán-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *jaŋghán-
11. jaŋghán-
ŋ → ṅ
Orthographic change of ŋ into ṅ
Rŋ›ṅ → RV. jaṅghán-
PIE *gɑɦu̯ōn-
OInd. ghān-
(ao.P.) ‘schlagen usw.’
(MonWil. 1287)
(OInd. aghāni [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ōn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ōn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ōn-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *gɦu̯ān-
3. gɦu̯ān-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦān-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. gɦān-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. ghān-
PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦu̯ṓn-
RV. jaghā́n-
(pf.) ‘erschlagen, tödtlich treffen, tödten’
(WbRV. 1644)
(RV. jaghā́na [3sg], jaghāna [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦu̯ṓn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯egɦu̯ṓn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯egɦu̯ṓn-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯egɦu̯ṓn-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯egɦu̯ṓn-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *ǰɦu̯egɦu̯ā́n-
4. ǰɦu̯egɦu̯ā́n-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯egɦā́n-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦu̯egɦā́n-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦegɦā́n-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦegɦā́n-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰegɦā́n-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
7. ǰegɦā́n-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jegɦā́n-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. jegɦā́n-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *jagɦā́n-
9. jagɦā́n-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. jaghā́n-
√gɑɦuen-
PIE *gɑɦu̯en-
Hitt. gu̯en-
(vb.) ‘schlagen, erschlagen, töten’
(HHand. 81)
(Hitt. ku-(e-)en-zi, ku-in-zi, ku-en-ta, ku-en-tén, ku-en-ni-ir)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯en-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯en-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gu̯en-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯en-
Lyd. vc·ba·qẽn-
(vb.) ‘zugrunde richten’
(LydWb. 127)
(Lyd. vcbaqẽnt [3pl])
1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·gɦu̯en-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·Π·gɦu̯en-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·Π·gu̯en-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. Π·Π·gu̯en-
*gu̯ → q
Emergence of labiovelar q
Rgu̯›q → *Π·Π·qen-
4. Π·Π·qen-
*en → ẽn
Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ
ReN›ẽN → Lyd. Π·Π·qẽn-
PIE *gɑɦu̯én-
RV. hán-
(pr.) ‘(er)schlagen, töten, vernichten, kämpfen’
(WbRV. 1642)
(RV. hánsi [2sg], hánti [3sg], hantanā [2pl])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯én-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯én-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯én-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯én-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯én-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦén-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦén-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦén-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. ɦén-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *ɦán-
6. ɦán-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. hán-
PIE *gɑɦu̯en-
OPers. jan-
(pr.) ‘strike, smite, defeat, mould’
(OldP. 184)
(OPers. jatiy [3sg], ajanam [1sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯en-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯en-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯en-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯en-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦen-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦen-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jɦen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. jɦen-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *jen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. jen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → OPers. jan-
PIE *gɑɦu̯en-
gAv. ǰǝ̄n-
(pr.) ‘schlagend treffen’
(AIWb. 492)
(gAv. aǰǝ̄n [2sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯en-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯en-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯en-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯en-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦen-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦen-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. ǰen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → gAv. ǰan-
PIE *gɑɦu̯en-
LAv. ǰan-
(pr.) ‘(er)schlagen, treffen, verletzen, töten’
(AIWb. 490)
(LAv. ǰainti [3sg], ǰantu [3sg], ǰanyāt [opt], ǰaini [P.])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯en-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯en-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯en-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯en-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦen-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦen-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. ǰen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. ǰan-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-
RV. práti (...) han-
(pr.) ‘schlagen, dreschen’
(WbRV. 1642)
(RV. práti (...) hanmi [1sg])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯en-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯en-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯en-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯en-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦen-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦen-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·ɦan-
6. Π·ɦan-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·han-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-
LAv. ni·ǰan-
(pr.) ‘niedeschlagen, niederschmettern auf –’
(AIWb. 492)
(LAv. niǰainti [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯en-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯en-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯en-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯en-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦen-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦen-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *Π·ǰen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ǰen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. Π·ǰan-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-
RV. sám (...) han-
(pr.) ‘zudrücken’
(WbRV. 1642)
(RV. sám (...) hanmas [1pl], obj. ‘die Augen’)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯en-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯en-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯en-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯en-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦen-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦen-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·ɦan-
6. Π·ɦan-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·han-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-
OPers. ava·jan-
(pr.) ‘smite down, slay’
(OldP. 185)
(OPers. avājanam [1sg], avājan [3sg], avājanan [3pl])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯en-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯en-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯en-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯en-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦen-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦen-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *Π·jɦen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·jɦen-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *Π·jen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. Π·jen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → OPers. Π·jan-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-
OPers. pati·jan-
(pr.M.) ‘fight against’
(OldP. 185)
(OPers. patiyajatā [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯en-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯en-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯en-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯en-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦen-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦen-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *Π·jɦen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·jɦen-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *Π·jen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. Π·jen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → OPers. Π·jan-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-
OPers. fra·jan-
(pr.A.) ‘cut off’
(OldP. 185)
(OPers. frājanam [1sg])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯en-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯en-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯en-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯en-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦen-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦen-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *Π·jɦen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·jɦen-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *Π·jen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. Π·jen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → OPers. Π·jan-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-
OPers. vi·jan-
(pr.A.) ‘shatter’
(OldP. 185)
(OPers. vijanātiy [conj3pl])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯en-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯en-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯en-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯en-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦen-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦen-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *Π·jɦen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·jɦen-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *Π·jen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. Π·jen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → OPers. Π·jan-
PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯en-
OPers. avā·ā·jan-
(pr.P.) ‘smite down, slay’
(OldP. 185)
(OPers. avājaniyā [opt])
1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·gɦu̯en-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·Π·gɦu̯en-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·Π·ǰɦu̯en-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·Π·ǰɦu̯en-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·Π·ǰɦen-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·Π·ǰɦen-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *Π·Π·jɦen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·Π·jɦen-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *Π·Π·jen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. Π·Π·jen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → OPers. Π·Π·jan-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯én-
RV. ahi·hán-
(a.) ‘Schlangen/Vr̥tra tödtend’
(WbRV. 167)
(RV. ahihan [V], ahihánam [A])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯én-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯én-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯én-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯én-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯én-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦén-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦén-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦén-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦén-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *Π·ɦán-
6. Π·ɦán-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hán-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯én-
RV. vr̥tra·hán-
(m.) ‘Vr̥tratödter’ (a.) ‘Feinde schlagend’
(WbRV. 1336)
(RV. vr̥trahan [V], vr̥traháṇam [A])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯én-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯én-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯én-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯én-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯én-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦén-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦén-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦén-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦén-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *Π·ɦán-
6. Π·ɦán-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hán-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯én-
RV. satrā·hán-
(a.) ‘völlig schlagend’
(WbRV. 1455)
(RV. satrāhánam [A])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯én-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯én-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯én-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯én-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯én-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦén-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦén-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦén-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦén-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *Π·ɦán-
6. Π·ɦán-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hán-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-
MAv. gao·ǰan-
(a.) ‘Rinder tötend, mordend’
(AIWb. 480)
(Av. gaoǰanō [sgG])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯en-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯en-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯en-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯en-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦen-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦen-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *Π·ǰen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ǰen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → MAv. Π·ǰan-
PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯en-
LAv. amaē·ni·ǰan-
(a.) ‘den Angriff, Anlauf niederschlagend’
(AIWb. 141)
(LAv. amaē.niǰanō)
1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·gɦu̯en-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·Π·gɦu̯en-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·Π·ǰɦu̯en-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·Π·ǰɦu̯en-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·Π·ǰɦen-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·Π·ǰɦen-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *Π·Π·ǰen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·Π·ǰen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. Π·Π·ǰan-
PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯en-
RV. á·pra·han-
(a.) ‘nicht beschädigend’
(WbRV. 80)
(RV. áprahaṇam [sgA])
1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·gɦu̯en-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·Π·gɦu̯en-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·Π·ǰɦu̯en-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·Π·ǰɦu̯en-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·Π·ǰɦen-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·Π·ǰɦen-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·Π·ɦen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·Π·ɦen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·Π·ɦan-
6. Π·Π·ɦan-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·Π·han-
√gɑɦun-
PIE *gɑɦún-
OPr. gun-
(vb.) ‘treiben’
(APrS. 344)
(OPr. guntwei [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦún-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦún-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦún-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gún-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. gún-
*ú → u
Orthographic change of *ú into u
Rú›u → OPr. gun-
PIE *gɑɦun-
Hitt. gun-
(vb.) ‘schlagen, erschlagen, töten’
(HEG K:604-5)
(Hitt. ku-na-an-zi [3pl], ku-na-an-du)
1. PIE *gɑɦun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦun-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦun-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gun-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦun-
RV. ghn-
(pr.) ‘(er)schlagen, töten, vernichten, kämpfen’
(WbRV. 1643)
(RV. ghnánti [3pl], ghnantu [3pl])
1. PIE *gɑɦun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦun-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦun-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦn-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. gɦn-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. ghn-
PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦun-
RV. jaghn-
(pf.) ‘vernichten, vereiteln’
(WbRV. 1644)
(RV. jaghnáthus)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯egɦun-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯egɦun-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯egɦun-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯egɦun-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯egɦn-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦu̯egɦn-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦegɦn-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦegɦn-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰegɦn-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
6. ǰegɦn-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jegɦn-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. jegɦn-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *jagɦn-
8. jagɦn-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. jaghn-
PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦún-
OIr. gegun-
(pret.) ‘verwunden, töten’
(VGK 2:548)
(OIr. geguin [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦún-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯egɦún-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯egɦún-
*gɦU → gɦ
Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›gɦ → *gɦegɦún-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. gɦegɦún-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gegún-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gegún-
*ú → u
Orthographic change of *ú into u
Rú›u → OIr. gegun-
PIE *Π·gɑɦun-
RV. nr̥·ghn-
(a.) ‘Männer tödtend’
(WbRV. 754)
(RV. nr̥ghné [sgD])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦun-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦun-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦn-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. Π·gɦn-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ghn-
PIE *Π·gɑɦun-
RV. ahi·ghn-
(a.) ‘Schlangen/Vr̥tra tödtend’
(WbRV. 167)
(RV. ahighné [sgD])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦun-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦun-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦn-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. Π·gɦn-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ghn-
PIE *Π·gɑɦun-
RV. vr̥tra·ghn-
(m.obl.) ‘Vr̥tratödter’ (a.) ‘Feinde schlagend’
(WbRV. 1336)
(RV. vr̥traghnā́ [I], vr̥traghné [D], vr̥traghnás [G])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦun-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦun-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦn-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. Π·gɦn-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ghn-
√gɑɦuono-
PIE *gɑɦu̯óno-
Gr. φόνο-
(m.) ‘Totschlag, Mord(blut), Blutvergießen’
(GEW 2:1035)
(Gr. φόνος [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯óno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯óno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯óno-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦóno-
3. bɦóno-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phóno-
4. phóno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φόνο-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óno-
Gr. ἀνδρο·φόνο-
(a.) ‘Männer mordend’
(GEW 2:1035)
(Gr. ἀνδροφόνος [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯óno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯óno-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *Π·bɦóno-
3. Π·bɦóno-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *Π·phóno-
4. Π·phóno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·φόνο-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ono-
LinB. λᾱϝο·qονο-
(PNm.) ‘slayer of people’
(GEW 3:188)
(LinB. ra-wo-qo-no)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯ono-
*gɦu/u̯ → ǥɦ
Emergence of labiovelar *ǥ
RgɦU›ǥɦ → *Π·ǥɦono-
3. Π·ǥɦono-
*ǥɦ → qh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǥɦ
Rǥɦ›qh → *Π·qhono-
4. Π·qhono-
*qh → q
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *qh
Rqh›q → *Π·qono-
5. Π·qono-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → LinB. Π·qονο-
PIE *gɑɦu̯onó-
RV. ghaná-
(m.) ‘Zermalmer, Vernichter, Keule, Erschlagen’
(WbRV. 421)
(RV. ghaná-, KEWA 1:357)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯onó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯anó-
3. gɦu̯anó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *gɦu̯aná-
4. gɦu̯aná-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦaná-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦaná-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. ghaná-
PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑh·gɑɦu̯onó-
RV. ghanā·ghaná-
(a.) ‘mit leichter Mühe erschlagend, kampftüchtig’
(WbRV. 421)
(RV. ghanāghaná-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑh·gɑɦu̯onó-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯onāɑh·gɑɦu̯onó-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯onāɑh·gɑɦu̯onó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onāh·gɦu̯onó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯onāh·gɦu̯onó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯anāh·gɦu̯anó-
4. gɦu̯anāh·gɦu̯anó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *gɦu̯anāh·gɦu̯aná-
5. gɦu̯anāh·gɦu̯aná-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯anā·gɦu̯aná-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. gɦu̯anā·gɦu̯aná-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦanā·gɦaná-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. gɦanā·gɦaná-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. ghanā·ghaná-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯onó-
OInd. vi·ghaná-
(m.) ‘Keule’
(WbRV. 1266)
(TS. vighaná-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯onó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯onó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯onó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯anó-
3. Π·gɦu̯anó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·gɦu̯aná-
4. Π·gɦu̯aná-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦaná-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·gɦaná-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·ghaná-
PIE *gɑɦu̯ono
ORuss. gonŭ-
(m.) ‘Ackerstück’
(REW 1:292)
(ORuss. gonŭ-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ono
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ono
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ono
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯ana
3. gɦu̯ana
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦana
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. gɦana
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gana
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. gana
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *gono
6. gono
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *gonu
7. gonu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → ORuss. gonŭ
PIE *gɑɦu̯ono
Russ. gon-
(m.) ‘Strecke, die ohne zu wenden gepflügt wird’
(REW 1:292)
(Russ. gon [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ono
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ono
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ono
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯ana
3. gɦu̯ana
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦana
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. gɦana
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gana
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. gana
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *gono
6. gono
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *gonu
7. gonu
*-u → Ø
Loss of -u in root-final position
R=u›=0 → Russ. gon
PIE *gɑɦu̯ono
Pol. gon-
(m.) ‘Jagd’
(REW 1:292)
(Pol. gon [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ono
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ono
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ono
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯ana
3. gɦu̯ana
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦana
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. gɦana
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gana
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. gana
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *gono
6. gono
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *gonu
7. gonu
*-u → Ø
Loss of -u in root-final position
R=u›=0 → Pol. gon
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óno
Sloven. o·gòn-
(m.) ‘Ackerbeet’
(REW 1:292)
(Sloven. ogòn [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯óno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯óno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯óna
3. Π·gɦu̯óna
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·gɦu̯ána
4. Π·gɦu̯ána
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦána
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·gɦána
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·gána
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. Π·gána
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·gáno
7. Π·gáno
*á → ó
Change of *á into ó
Rá›ó → *Π·góno
8. Π·góno
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *Π·gónu
9. Π·gónu
*-u → Ø
Loss of -u in root-final position
R=u›=0 → *Π·gón
10. Π·gón
ó → ò
Slovenian gravis rule
RAccSlov1 → Sloven. Π·gòn
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ono
Pol. z·gon-
(m.) ‘Ende, Hinscheiden, Tod’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Pol. zgon [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ono
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ono
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯ono
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯ana
3. Π·gɦu̯ana
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦana
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦana
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·gana
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·gana
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·gono
6. Π·gono
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *Π·gonu
7. Π·gonu
*-u → Ø
Loss of -u in root-final position
R=u›=0 → Pol. Π·gon
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ono
Pol. za·gon-
(m.) ‘Ackerbeet’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Pol. zagon [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ono
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ono
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯ono
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯ana
3. Π·gɦu̯ana
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦana
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦana
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·gana
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·gana
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·gono
6. Π·gono
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *Π·gonu
7. Π·gonu
*-u → Ø
Loss of -u in root-final position
R=u›=0 → Pol. Π·gon
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ono
Serb. prijè·gon-
(m.) ‘Kampf’
(IEW 491-3)
(Serb. prijègon [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ono
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ono
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯ono
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯ana
3. Π·gɦu̯ana
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦana
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦana
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·gana
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·gana
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·gono
6. Π·gono
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *Π·gonu
7. Π·gonu
*-u → Ø
Loss of -u in root-final position
R=u›=0 → Serb. Π·gon
PIE *gɑɦu̯ono
Czech. hon-
(m.) ‘Jagd’
(REW 1:292)
(Czech. hon [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ono
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ono
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ono
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯ana
3. gɦu̯ana
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦana
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. gɦana
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gana
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. gana
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *gono
6. gono
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *gonu
7. gonu
*-u → Ø
Loss of -u in root-final position
R=u›=0 → *gon
8. gon
*g → ɦ
Change of *g into ɦ
Rg›ɦ → *ɦon
9. ɦon
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → Czech. hon
PIE *gɑɦu̯onó·Σ
Sloven. gonó·ba-
(f.) ‘Schaden, Verderben’
(IEW 491-3)
(Sloven. gonóba [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onó·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onó·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯onó·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯anó·Σ
3. gɦu̯anó·Σ
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *gɦu̯aná·Σ
4. gɦu̯aná·Σ
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦaná·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦaná·Σ
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *ganá·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ganá·Σ
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *goná·Σ
7. goná·Σ
*á → ó
Change of *á into ó
Rá›ó → *gonó·Σ
8. gonó·Σ
ó → ò
Slovenian gravis rule
RAccSlov1 → Sloven. gonò·Σ
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯onó·Σ
Sloven. u·gonó·ba-
(f.) ‘Vernichtung, Untergang’
(IEW 491-3)
(Sloven. ugonóba [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯onó·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯onó·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯onó·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯anó·Σ
3. Π·gɦu̯anó·Σ
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·gɦu̯aná·Σ
4. Π·gɦu̯aná·Σ
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦaná·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·gɦaná·Σ
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·ganá·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. Π·ganá·Σ
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·goná·Σ
7. Π·goná·Σ
*á → ó
Change of *á into ó
Rá›ó → *Π·gonó·Σ
8. Π·gonó·Σ
ó → ò
Slovenian gravis rule
RAccSlov1 → Sloven. Π·gonò·Σ
PIE *gɑɦu̯onó·Σ
Ukr. honó·ba-
(f.) ‘Belästigung, Plage’
(IEW 491-3)
(Ukr. honóba [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onó·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onó·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯onó·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯anó·Σ
3. gɦu̯anó·Σ
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *gɦu̯aná·Σ
4. gɦu̯aná·Σ
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦaná·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦaná·Σ
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *ganá·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ganá·Σ
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *goná·Σ
7. goná·Σ
*á → ó
Change of *á into ó
Rá›ó → *gonó·Σ
8. gonó·Σ
*g → ɦ
Change of *g into ɦ
Rg›ɦ → *ɦonó·Σ
9. ɦonó·Σ
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → Ukr. honó·Σ
√gɑɦueno-
PIE *gɑɦu̯eno-
Hitt. gu̯ena-
(pr.) ‘erschlagen’
(HHand. 81)
(Hitt. ku-en-na-at-te-ni, ku-en-na-an-zi)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯ena-
3. gɦu̯ena-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gu̯ena-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦu̯enó-
Gr. θενό-
(ao.) ‘schlagen, totschlagen, töten’
(GEW 1:657)
(Gr. θενεῖν [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯enó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯enó-
*gɦu/u̯ → dɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›dɦFr → *dɦenó-
3. dɦenó-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thenó-
4. thenó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θενό-
PIE *gɑɦu̯éno-
Lith. gẽna-
(pr.) ‘jagen, treiben (das Vieh auf die Weide)’
(LiEtWb. 152-153)
(Lith. gẽna, nùgena [3pers])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯éno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯éno-
é → è
Emergence of gravis PLith. è
RLiAcc4 → *gɦu̯èno-
3. gɦu̯èno-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦèno-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. gɦèno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦèna-
5. gɦèna-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gèna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. gèna-
èna -› ẽna
Circumflex intonation è -› ẽ
Rèna›ẽna → Lith. gẽna-
PIE *gɑɦu̯eno-
OCS. ženo-
(vb.) ‘ernten, schneiden’
(Sadnik √214)
(OCS. ženǫ [1sg], ženeši [2sg], ženetŭ [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eno-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eno-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯eno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯ena-
4. ǰɦu̯ena-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦena-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦena-
*ǰ → ž
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to ž
Rǰ›ž → *žɦena-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. žɦena-
*žɦ → ž
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ
Ržɦ›ž → *žena-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. žena-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → OCS. ženo-
PIE *gɑɦu̯eno-
OInd. hana-
(pr.) ‘schlagen, töten usw.’
(MonWil. 1287)
(Ved. hanati, ahanat [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eno-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eno-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯eno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯ena-
4. ǰɦu̯ena-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦena-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦena-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦena-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ɦena-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ɦana-
7. ɦana-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. hana-
PIE *gɑɦu̯eno-
LAv. ǰana-
(pr.) ‘(er)schlagen, treffen, verletzen, töten’
(AIWb. 490)
(LAv. ǰanaiti [3sg], ǰanāt [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eno-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eno-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯eno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯ena-
4. ǰɦu̯ena-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦena-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦena-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰena-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ǰena-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. ǰana-
PIE *gɑɦu̯eno-
LAv. ǰana-
(a.) ‘schlagend’
(AIWb. 603)
(LAv. ǰanåŋhō)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eno-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eno-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯eno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯ena-
4. ǰɦu̯ena-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦena-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦena-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰena-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ǰena-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. ǰana-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯éno-
RV. su·hána-
(a.) ‘leicht zu schlagen, erschlagen’
(WbRV. 1559)
(RV. suhána-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯éno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯éno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯éno-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯éno-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯éno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯éna-
4. Π·ǰɦu̯éna-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦéna-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰɦéna-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦéna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. Π·ɦéna-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *Π·ɦána-
7. Π·ɦána-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hána-
PIE *gɑɦu̯en·Σ
gAv. ǰǝ̄n·ǝrā-
(f.) ‘Töten, Mord’
(AIWb. 607)
(gAv. ǰǝ̄nǝrā-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯en·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯en·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯en·Σ
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯en·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯en·Σ
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦen·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦen·Σ
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰen·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. ǰen·Σ
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → gAv. ǰan·Σ
√gɑɦuno-
PIE *gɑɦuno-
Hitt. guna-
(vb.) ‘schlagen, erschlagen, töten’
(HEG K:606)
(Hitt. ku-na-an-na [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuna-
3. gɦuna-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. guna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦuno-
Gr. πέφνο-
(ao.red.) ‘schlagen, totschlagen, töten’
(GEW 1:657)
(Gr. πεφνεῖν [inf.], πέφνε [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯égɦuno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯égɦuno-
*gɦu̯égɦu/u̯ → bɦébɦ
Bilabialization of reduplication
Rgɦu̯égɦU›bɦébɦ → *bɦébɦno-
3. bɦébɦno-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phéphno-
4. phéphno-
*Th–Th → T–Th
Grassmann’s Law
Rphéph›péph → *péphno-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
5. péphno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πέφνο-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦuno-
LAv. ava·ǰaγna-
(pr.) ‘nieder-, erschlagen, töten’
(AIWb. 491)
(LAv. ava.ǰaγnat [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯egɦuno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯egɦuno-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuno-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuna-
4. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuna-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦna-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦna-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦegɦna-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·ǰɦegɦna-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·ǰɦegna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. Π·ǰɦegna-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *Π·ǰegna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. Π·ǰegna-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·ǰagna-
9. Π·ǰagna-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
Rg›γ → LAv. Π·ǰaγna-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦuno-
LAv. ni·ǰaγna-
(pr.) ‘zerstören, zu Grunde richten’
(AIWb. 493)
(LAv. niǰaγnǝnte [3pl])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯egɦuno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯egɦuno-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuno-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuna-
4. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuna-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦna-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦna-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦegɦna-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·ǰɦegɦna-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·ǰɦegna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. Π·ǰɦegna-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *Π·ǰegna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. Π·ǰegna-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·ǰagna-
9. Π·ǰagna-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
Rg›γ → LAv. Π·ǰaγna-
PIE *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦuno-
RV. jíghna-
(pr.M.) ‘erschlagen’
(WbRV. 1644)
(RV. jíghnate [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ígɦuno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ígɦuno-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯ígɦuno-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯ígɦuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯ígɦuna-
4. ǰɦu̯ígɦuna-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯ígɦna-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦu̯ígɦna-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦígɦna-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦígɦna-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰígɦna-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
7. ǰígɦna-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jígɦna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. jígɦna-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. jíghna-
PIE *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦuno·Σ
RV. jíghna·māna-
(pt.M.) ‘erschlagen’
(WbRV. 1645)
(RV. jíghnamānas [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦuno·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ígɦuno·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ígɦuno·Σ
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯ígɦuno·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯ígɦuno·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯ígɦuna·Σ
4. ǰɦu̯ígɦuna·Σ
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯ígɦna·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦu̯ígɦna·Σ
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦígɦna·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦígɦna·Σ
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰígɦna·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.4)
7. ǰígɦna·Σ
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jígɦna·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. jígɦna·Σ
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. jíghna·Σ
PIE *Π·gɑɦuno-
RV. áhi·ghna-
(n.) ‘Tödtung der Schlange = des Dämons’
(WbRV. 166)
(RV. áhighna-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦuno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦuna-
3. Π·gɦuna-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦna-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦna-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ghna-
PIE *Π·gɑɦunó-
RV. go·ghná-
(a.) ‘den Rindern verderblich’
(WbRV. 411)
(RV. goghnám [n.])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦunó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦunó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦunó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·gɦuná-
3. Π·gɦuná-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦná-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦná-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ghná-
PIE *Π·gɑɦunó-
RV. pūruṣa·ghná-
(a.) ‘den Menschen verderblich’
(WbRV. 844)
(RV. pūruṣaghnám)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦunó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦunó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦunó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·gɦuná-
3. Π·gɦuná-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦná-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦná-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ghná-
PIE *Π·gɑɦunó-
RV. su·ghná-
(a.) ‘schnelles Tödten’
(WbRV. 1530)
(RV. sughná-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦunó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦunó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦunó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·gɦuná-
3. Π·gɦuná-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦná-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦná-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ghná-
PIE *Π·gɑɦuno-
LAv. ava·γna-
(pr.) ‘anfallen, angreifen’
(AIWb. 491)
(LAv. avaγnāt̰ [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦuno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦuna-
3. Π·gɦuna-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦna-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦna-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·gna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·gna-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
Rg›γ → LAv. Π·γna-
PIE *Π·gɑɦuno-
LAv. paiti·γna-
(pr.) ‘sich wehren um –, kämpfen um –’
(AIWb. 492)
(LAv. paitiγnīta [opt])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦuno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦuna-
3. Π·gɦuna-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦna-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦna-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·gna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·gna-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
Rg›γ → LAv. Π·γna-
PIE *Π·gɑɦuno-
LAv. ni·γna-
(vb.) ‘nieder- zu Boden schlagen, entzweischlagen’
(AIWb. 492)
(LAv. niγne [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦuno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦuna-
3. Π·gɦuna-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦna-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦna-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·gna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·gna-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
Rg›γ → LAv. Π·γna-
PIE *Π·gɑɦuno-
LAv. vārǝϑra·γna-
(a.) ‘siegreich, sieghaft’
(AIWb. 1412)
(LAv. vārǝϑraγna-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦuno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦuna-
3. Π·gɦuna-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦna-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦna-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·gna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·gna-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
Rg›γ → LAv. Π·γna-
PIE *Π·gɑɦuno-
LAv. vārǝϑra·γna-
(n.) ‘Siegertum, Eigenschaft des Siegers’
(AIWb. 1412)
(LAv. vārǝϑraγna-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦuno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦuna-
3. Π·gɦuna-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦna-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦna-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·gna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·gna-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
Rg›γ → LAv. Π·γna-
√gɑɦuonɑh-
PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑh-
OIr. gona-
(pr.) ‘wound, pierce, etc.’
(DIL. 367-8)
(OIr. gono [1sg], gonaid [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯onāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯onāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯onāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯onā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯onā-
*gɦU → gɦ
Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›gɦ → *gɦonā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦonā-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gonā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. gonā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OIr. gona-
PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑh-
LAv. γǝnā-
(vb.) ‘töten’
(AIWb. 490)
(LAv. γǝnąm [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯onāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯onāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯onāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯anāh-
4. gɦu̯anāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯anā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦu̯anā-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦanā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. gɦanā-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *ganā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. ganā-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
Rg›γ → LAv. γanā-
PIE *gɑɦu̯onéɑh-
Gr. φονά-
(f.pl) ‘Totschläge, Blutbad, Mord, Blut’
(GEW 2:1035)
(Gr. φοναί)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onéɑh-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *gɑɦu̯onáɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gɑɦu̯onáɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onáh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯onáh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯oná-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯oná-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦoná-
5. bɦoná-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phoná-
6. phoná-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φονά-
PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑh·Σ
RV. ghanā·ghaná-
(a.) ‘mit leichter Mühe erschlagend, kampftüchtig’
(WbRV. 421)
(RV. ghanāghaná-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑh·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯onāɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯onāɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onāh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯onāh·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯anāh·Σ
4. gɦu̯anāh·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯anā·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦu̯anā·Σ
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦanā·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. gɦanā·Σ
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. ghanā·Σ
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯onēɑh-
Czech. ú·hona-
(f.) ‘Verletzung, Schaden’
(IEW 491-3)
(Czech. úhona [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯onēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯onāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯onāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯onāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯onāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯anāh-
4. Π·gɦu̯anāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯anā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·gɦu̯anā-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦanā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·gɦanā-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·ganā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. Π·ganā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·gonā-
8. Π·gonā-
*g → ɦ
Change of *g into ɦ
Rg›ɦ → *Π·ɦonā-
9. Π·ɦonā-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *Π·honā-
10. Π·honā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → Czech. Π·hona-
PIE *gɑɦu̯onéɑhi̯o-
Gr. φονάο-
(pr.A.) ‘mord-, blutgierig sein’
(GEW 2:1035)
(Gr. φονάω [1sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onéɑhi̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *gɑɦu̯onáɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gɑɦu̯onáɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onáhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯onáhi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯onái̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯onái̯o-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦonái̯o-
5. bɦonái̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phonái̯o-
6. phonái̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *phonáo-
7. phonáo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φονάο-
PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑhko
OIr. gonach-
(a.) ‘wound-inflicting’
(DIL. 367)
(OIr. gonach)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑhko
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯onāɑhko
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯onāɑhko
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onāhko
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯onāhko
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯onāko
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯onāko
*gɦU → gɦ
Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›gɦ → *gɦonāko
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦonāko
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gonāko
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. gonāko
VkV → VkhV
Lenition of voiceless stop *k
Rk›kh → *gonākho
7. gonākho
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *gonakho
8. gonakho
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr → *gonakh
9. gonakh
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → OIr. gonach
PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦuonōɑh·méno-
Gr. πεφονω·μένο-
(pf.pt.) ‘blutgefleckt’
(GEW 2:1035)
(Gr. πεφονωμένος [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦuonōɑh·méno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯egɦuonōh·méno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯egɦuonōh·méno-
*gɦu̯egɦu/u̯ → bɦebɦ
Bilabialization of reduplication
Rgɦu̯egɦU›bɦebɦ → *bɦebɦonōh·méno-
3. bɦebɦonōh·méno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦebɦonō·méno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. bɦebɦonō·méno-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phephonō·méno-
5. phephonō·méno-
*Th–Th → T–Th
Grassmann’s Law
Rpheph›peph → *pephonō·méno-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
6. pephonō·méno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πεφονω·μένο-
PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑhno-
LAv. γanāna-
(pt.a.) ‘schlagend’
(AIWb. 526)
(LAv. γanānå)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑhno-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯onāɑhno-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯onāɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onāhno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯onāhno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯anāhna-
4. gɦu̯anāhna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯anāna-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦu̯anāna-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦanāna-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. gɦanāna-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *ganāna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. ganāna-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
Rg›γ → LAv. γanāna-
PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑhno-
LAv. γǝnąna-
(n.) ‘Schlag’
(AIWb. 526)
(LAv. γǝnąna-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑhno-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯onāɑhno-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯onāɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onāhno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯onāhno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯anāhna-
4. gɦu̯anāhna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯anāna-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦu̯anāna-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦanāna-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. gɦanāna-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *ganāna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. ganāna-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
Rg›γ → LAv. γanāna-
√gɑɦuenɑh-
(Uncertain, note the semantic difficulty)
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯énēɑh-
RV. Π·hánā-
(f.) ‘Unheil’
(WbRV. 617)
(in RV. durháṇā-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯énēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯énāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯énāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯énāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯énāh-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯énāh-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·ǰɦu̯énāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ǰɦu̯énā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·ǰɦu̯énā-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦénā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·ǰɦénā-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦénā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. Π·ɦénā-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *Π·ɦánā-
8. Π·ɦánā-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hánā-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enēɑhi̯o-
RV. Π·hanāya-
(vb.dn.) ‘auf Unheil sinnen’
(WbRV. 617)
(in RV. durhaṇāyatás [sgG])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enēɑhi̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯enāɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯enāɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯enāhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯enāhi̯o-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯enāhi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·ǰɦu̯enāhi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯enāhi̯a-
5. Π·ǰɦu̯enāhi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ǰɦu̯enāi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·ǰɦu̯enāi̯a-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦenāi̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. Π·ǰɦenāi̯a-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦenāi̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. Π·ɦenāi̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·ɦanāi̯a-
9. Π·ɦanāi̯a-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *Π·hanāi̯a-
10. Π·hanāi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·hanāya-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enēɑhi̯ú-
RV. Π·hanāyú-
(a.) ‘auf Unheil sinnend’
(WbRV. 617)
(in RV. durhaṇāyú-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enēɑhi̯ú-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯enāɑhi̯ú-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯enāɑhi̯ú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯enāhi̯ú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯enāhi̯ú-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯enāhi̯ú-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·ǰɦu̯enāhi̯ú-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ǰɦu̯enāi̯ú-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·ǰɦu̯enāi̯ú-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦenāi̯ú-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·ǰɦenāi̯ú-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦenāi̯ú-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. Π·ɦenāi̯ú-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·ɦanāi̯ú-
8. Π·ɦanāi̯ú-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *Π·hanāi̯ú-
9. Π·hanāi̯ú-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·hanāyú-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enēɑhu̯ont-
RV. Π·hanāvant-
(a.) ‘unheilvoll’
(WbRV. 617)
(in RV. durhaṇāvant-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enēɑhu̯ont-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯enāɑhu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯enāɑhu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯enāhu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯enāhu̯ont-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯enāhu̯ont-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·ǰɦu̯enāhu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯enāhu̯ant-
5. Π·ǰɦu̯enāhu̯ant-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ǰɦu̯enāu̯ant-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·ǰɦu̯enāu̯ant-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦenāu̯ant-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. Π·ǰɦenāu̯ant-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦenāu̯ant-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. Π·ɦenāu̯ant-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·ɦanāu̯ant-
9. Π·ɦanāu̯ant-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *Π·ɦanāvant-
10. Π·ɦanāvant-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hanāvant-
√gɑɦunɑh-
PIE *gɑɦúnēɑh-
OCS. gŭna-
(vb.) ‘treiben, jagen, folgen: ἐλαύνω’
(Sadnik √214)
(OCS. gŭnati [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦúnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦúnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦúnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦúnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦúnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦúnā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦúnā-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gúnā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. gúnā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *gúna-
6. gúna-
*ú → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Rú›ŭ → OCS. gŭna-
PIE *gɑɦúnēɑh-
ORuss. gŭna-
(vb.) ‘treiben, jagen’
(REW 1:279)
(ORuss. gŭnati [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦúnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦúnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦúnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦúnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦúnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦúnā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦúnā-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gúnā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. gúnā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *gúna-
6. gúna-
*ú → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Rú›ŭ → ORuss. gŭna-
PIE *gɑɦunḗɑh-
SCr. gnȁ-
(vb.) ‘treiben, jagen’
(REW 1:279)
(SCr. gnȁti [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦunḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *gɑɦunā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦunā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦunā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦunā́h-
ā́ → ȁ
Serbo-Croatian double gravis rule
Rā́›ȁ → *gɦunȁh-
4. gɦunȁh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦunȁ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦunȁ-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦnȁ-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. gɦnȁ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → SCr. gnȁ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *gɑɦunēɑh-
Russ. gna-
(vb.) ‘treiben, jagen’
(REW 1:279)
(Russ. gnat’ [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦunēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦunāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦunāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦunāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦunāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦunā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦunā-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦnā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦnā-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gnā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. gnā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → Russ. gna-
PIE *gɑɦunēɑh-
LAv. γnā-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘(er)schlagen’
(AIWb. 526)
(LAv. γnāi [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦunēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦunāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦunāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦunāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦunāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦunā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦunā-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦnā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦnā-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gnā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. gnā-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
Rg›γ → LAv. γnā-
PIE *Π·gɑɦunēɑhnó-
AV. ā·ghnāná-
(pt.a.) ‘schlagend’
(KEWA 3:576)
(AV. āghnāná-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦunēɑhnó-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦunāɑhnó-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦunāɑhnó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦunāhnó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦunāhnó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·gɦunāhná-
4. Π·gɦunāhná-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦunāná-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·gɦunāná-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦnāná-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·gɦnāná-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → AV. Π·ghnāná-
PIE *Π·gɑɦunēɑhno-
LAv. ava·γnāna-
(pt.) ‘niederschlagen, erschlagen, töten’
(AIWb. 491)
(LAv. avaγnānō [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦunēɑhno-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦunāɑhno-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦunāɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦunāhno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦunāhno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦunāhna-
4. Π·gɦunāhna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦunāna-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·gɦunāna-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦnāna-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·gɦnāna-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·gnāna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. Π·gnāna-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
Rg›γ → LAv. Π·γnāna-
√gɑɦuonɑhi-
PIE *gɑɦu̯onɑ́hi-
OCS. goni-
(vb.) ‘treiben, jagen, verfolgen, nachgehen, aufsuchen’
(Sadnik √214)
(OCS. goni-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gɑɦu̯oníhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. gɑɦu̯oníhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯oníhi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯oníhi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯aníhi-
4. gɦu̯aníhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯aníi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦu̯aníi-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦaníi-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. gɦaníi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *gɦanī́-
7. gɦanī́-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *ganī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. ganī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *gonī́-
9. gonī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *goní-
10. goní-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → OCS. goni-
PIE *gɑɦu̯onɑ́hi-
Pol. goni-
(vb.) ‘jagen, verfolgen’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Pol. gonić [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gɑɦu̯oníhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. gɑɦu̯oníhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯oníhi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯oníhi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯aníhi-
4. gɦu̯aníhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯aníi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦu̯aníi-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦaníi-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. gɦaníi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *gɦanī́-
7. gɦanī́-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *ganī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. ganī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *gonī́-
9. gonī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *goní-
10. goní-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → Pol. goni-
PIE *gɑɦu̯onɑ́hi·Σ
OCS. goni·teljĭ-
(m.) ‘Verfolger’
(Sadnik √214)
(OCS. goniteljĭ)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onɑ́hi·Σ
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gɑɦu̯oníhi·Σ
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. gɑɦu̯oníhi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯oníhi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯oníhi·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯aníhi·Σ
4. gɦu̯aníhi·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯aníi·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦu̯aníi·Σ
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦaníi·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. gɦaníi·Σ
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *gɦanī́·Σ
7. gɦanī́·Σ
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *ganī́·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. ganī́·Σ
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *gonī́·Σ
9. gonī́·Σ
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *goní·Σ
10. goní·Σ
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → OCS. goni·Σ
PIE *gɑɦu̯onɑhi̯enei·Σ
OCS. gonjeni·je-
(n.) ‘Verfolgung’
(Sadnik √214)
(OCS. gonjenije)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onɑhi̯enei·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onhi̯enei·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯onhi̯enei·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯anhi̯enei·Σ
3. gɦu̯anhi̯enei·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯ani̯enei·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯ani̯enei·Σ
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦani̯enei·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦani̯enei·Σ
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gani̯enei·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. gani̯enei·Σ
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *goni̯enei·Σ
7. goni̯enei·Σ
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *goni̯enī·Σ
8. goni̯enī·Σ
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *gonjenī·Σ
9. gonjenī·Σ
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → OCS. gonjeni·Σ
√gɑɦuenɦɑd-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π.gɑɦu̯enɦɑdo-
Lat. dē.fendo·-
(pr.3.) ‘abwehren, verteidigen, behaupten’
(WH. 1:332)
(Lat. dēfendō)
1. PIE *Π.gɑɦu̯enɦɑdo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π.gɦu̯enɦdo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π.gɦu̯enɦdo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π.gɦu̯endo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π.gɦu̯endo-
*gɦu̯ → f
Affricativization of labiovelar *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›f → Lat. Π.fendo·-
PIE *Π.gɑɦu̯enɦɑdo-
Lat. of.fendo·-
(pr.3.) ‘anschlagen, anstoßen’
(WH. 1:332)
(Lat. offendō)
1. PIE *Π.gɑɦu̯enɦɑdo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π.gɦu̯enɦdo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π.gɦu̯enɦdo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π.gɦu̯endo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π.gɦu̯endo-
*gɦu̯ → f
Affricativization of labiovelar *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›f → Lat. Π.fendo·-
PIE *gɑɦu̯enɦɑdo
OIr. gend-
(sb.) ‘in OIr. gend·míl = geirrmíl’
(DIL. 359)
(OIr. cotacnat gendmíla granna ina hubla)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enɦɑdo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯enɦdo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯enɦdo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *gɦu̯endo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. gɦu̯endo
*gɦU → gɦ
Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›gɦ → *gɦendo
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. gɦendo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gendo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. gendo
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr → OIr. gend
PIE *gɑɦu̯enɦɑdnēɑh
OIr. genn-
(f.) ‘wedge, block’
(DIL. 359)
(OIr. genn, geinn)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enɦɑdnēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯enɦɑdnāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯enɦɑdnāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯enɦdnāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯enɦdnāh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *gɦu̯endnāh
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯endnāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯endnā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦu̯endnā
*gɦU → gɦ
Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›gɦ → *gɦendnā
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. gɦendnā
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gendnā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. gendnā
*ndn → nn
Loss of d between n and n
Rndn›nn → *gennā
8. gennā
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *genna
9. genna
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OIr. genn
PIE *gɑɦu̯enɦɑdnēɑh
OBret. gen-
(f.?) ‘Keil’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(OBret. gen-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enɦɑdnēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯enɦɑdnāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯enɦɑdnāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯enɦdnāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯enɦdnāh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *gɦu̯endnāh
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯endnāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯endnā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦu̯endnā
*gɦU → gɦ
Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›gɦ → *gɦendnā
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. gɦendnā
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gendnā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. gendnā
*ndn → nn
Loss of d between n and n
Rndn›nn → *gennā
8. gennā
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *genna
9. genna
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OBret. genn
PIE *gɑɦu̯enɦɑdro-
OInd. handra-
(n.) ‘dying, death’
(MonWil. 1288)
(OInd. handra-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enɦɑdro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯enɦdro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯enɦdro-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯enɦdro-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯enɦdro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯enɦdra-
4. ǰɦu̯enɦdra-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ǰɦu̯endra-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ǰɦu̯endra-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦendra-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦendra-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦendra-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. ɦendra-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ɦandra-
8. ɦandra-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. handra-
√gɑɦuoni-
PIE *gɑɦu̯oni-
OIr. goin-
(vb.sb.) ‘the act of wounding, slaying’
(DIL. 372)
(OIr. goin)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯oni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯oni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯oni-
*gɦU → gɦ
Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›gɦ → *gɦoni-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. gɦoni-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *goni-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. goni-
oni → oin
Epenthesis of *i
Roni›oin → OIr. goin-
PIE *gɑɦu̯óni·gɑɦunot-
RV. gháni·ghnat-
(int.pt.) ‘zurückschlagen, verscheuchen, abwehren’
(WbRV. 1646)
(RV. ghánighnat-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯óni·gɑɦunot-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯óni·gɦunot-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯óni·gɦunot-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯óni·gɦunat-
3. gɦu̯óni·gɦunat-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *gɦu̯áni·gɦunat-
4. gɦu̯áni·gɦunat-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦáni·gɦnat-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦáni·gɦnat-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. gháni·ghnat-
PIE *gɑɦu̯engɑɦu̯oni̯o-
OInd. jaṅghanya-
(int.P.) ‘schlagen’
(MonWil. 1287)
(OInd. jaṅghanyate [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯engɑɦu̯oni̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯engɦu̯oni̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯engɦu̯oni̯o-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯engɦu̯oni̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯engɦu̯oni̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯engɦu̯ani̯a-
4. ǰɦu̯engɦu̯ani̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯engɦani̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦu̯engɦani̯a-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦengɦani̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦengɦani̯a-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰengɦani̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
7. ǰengɦani̯a-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jengɦani̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. jengɦani̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *jangɦani̯a-
9. jangɦani̯a-
*nK → ŋK
Velarization of nasal
RnK›ŋK → *jaŋgɦani̯a-
10. jaŋgɦani̯a-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *jaŋghani̯a-
11. jaŋghani̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *jaŋghanya-
12. jaŋghanya-
ŋ → ṅ
Orthographic change of ŋ into ṅ
Rŋ›ṅ → OInd. jaṅghanya-
PIE *gɑɦu̯oni̯ḗɑh-
Lith. ganió-
(vb.int.) ‘jagen, treiben’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. ganióti)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯oni̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *gɑɦu̯oni̯ā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯oni̯ā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯oni̯ā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯oni̯ā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯oni̯ā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯oni̯ā́-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦoni̯ā́-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦoni̯ā́-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦani̯ā́-
6. gɦani̯ā́-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gani̯ā́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. gani̯ā́-
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *gani̯ṓ-
(XX:XX)
8. gani̯ṓ-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›iRestr → *ganiṓ-
9. ganiṓ-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → Lith. ganió-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ōniɑ́hēɑh-
OCS. pro·ganja-
(vb.) ‘vertreiben’
(Sadnik √214)
(OCS. proganja-; no Osthoff’s law)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ōniɑ́hēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯ōniɑ́hāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯ōniɑ́hāɑh-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *Π·gɑɦu̯ōniíhāɑh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. Π·gɑɦu̯ōniíhāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ōniíhāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·gɦu̯ōniíhāh-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·gɦu̯āniíhāh-
5. Π·gɦu̯āniíhāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯āniíā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·gɦu̯āniíā-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦāniíā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. Π·gɦāniíā-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *Π·gɦānī́ā-
8. Π·gɦānī́ā-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·gānī́ā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
9. Π·gānī́ā-
*ī́ā → i̯ā
Shortening of ī́ before ā
Rī́ā›i̯ā → *Π·gāni̯ā-
10. Π·gāni̯ā-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *Π·gānjā-
11. Π·gānjā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OCS. Π·ganja-
PIE *gɑɦu̯ónii̯o-
Gr. φόνιο-
(a.) ‘mörderisch, mord-, blutgefleckt, tödlich’
(GEW 2:1035)
(Gr. φόνιος; or PIE *gɑɦu̯óniu̯o- or *gɑɦu̯óniso-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ónii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ónii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ónii̯o-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦónii̯o-
3. bɦónii̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phónii̯o-
4. phónii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *phónio-
5. phónio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φόνιο-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯onín-
RV. vi·ghanín-
(a.) ‘Keule führend’
(WbRV. 1266)
(RV. vighanín-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯onín-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯onín-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯onín-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯anín-
3. Π·gɦu̯anín-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦanín-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦanín-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ghanín-
√gɑɦueni-
PIE *gɑɦu̯eni-
Hitt. gu̯eni-
(vb.) ‘erschlagen’
(HIL. 561)
(Hitt. ku-e-ni, ku-en-ni [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eni-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gu̯eni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦu̯eni-
OIr. gein-
(sb.) ‘wound’
(DIL. 358)
(OIr. gein)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eni-
*gɦU → gɦ
Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›gɦ → *gɦeni-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. gɦeni-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *geni-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. geni-
*eni → ein
Epenthesis of i
Reni›ein → OIr. gein-
PIE *gɑɦu̯eni·Σ
LAv. ǰaini·mahrka-
(m.) ‘mordender Tod’
(AIWb. 604)
(LAv. ǰaini.mahrka-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eni·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eni·Σ
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eni·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯eni·Σ
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦeni·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦeni·Σ
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰeni·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. ǰeni·Σ
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ǰani·Σ
6. ǰani·Σ
*ani → aini
Anaptyxis of *i
RanI›ainI → LAv. ǰaini·Σ
PIE *gɑɦu̯eni·Σ
LAv. ǰaini·yaska-
(m.) ‘mordende Krankheit’
(AIWb. 604)
(LAv. ǰaini.yaska-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eni·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eni·Σ
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eni·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯eni·Σ
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦeni·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦeni·Σ
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰeni·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. ǰeni·Σ
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ǰani·Σ
6. ǰani·Σ
*ani → aini
Anaptyxis of *i
RanI›ainI → LAv. ǰaini·Σ
PIE *gɑɦu̯eni-
Latv. dzeni-
(m.) ‘das in der Gabel der Pflugschar eingeklemmte Holz’
(IEW 493)
(Latv. dzenis [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eni-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eni-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯eni-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦeni-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦeni-
*ǰ → dz
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to dz
Rǰ›dz → *dzɦeni-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. dzɦeni-
*dzɦ → dz
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dzɦ
Rdzɦ›dz → Latv. dzeni-
PIE *gɑɦu̯eniɑ́h-
OInd. hanī-
(ao.) ‘strike, pound, hammer, etc.’
(MonWil. 1287)
(Br. áhānīt)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eniɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *gɑɦu̯eniíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. gɑɦu̯eniíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eniíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯eniíh-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eniíh-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯eniíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯enií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ǰɦu̯enií-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦenií-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦenií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *ǰɦenī́-
7. ǰɦenī́-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦenī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. ɦenī́-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ɦanī́-
9. ɦanī́-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. hanī́-
PIE *gɑɦu̯eniɑ́h·i̯os-
YV. hanī·yas-
(a.comp.) ‘noch mehr tötend’
(EWA 2:800)
(YV. hanīyas-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eniɑ́h·i̯os-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *gɑɦu̯eniíh·i̯os-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. gɑɦu̯eniíh·i̯os-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eniíh·i̯os-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯eniíh·i̯os-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eniíh·i̯os-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯eniíh·i̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯eniíh·i̯as-
5. ǰɦu̯eniíh·i̯as-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯enií·i̯as-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ǰɦu̯enií·i̯as-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦenií·i̯as-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. ǰɦenií·i̯as-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *ǰɦenī́·i̯as-
8. ǰɦenī́·i̯as-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦenī́·i̯as-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
9. ɦenī́·i̯as-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ɦanī́·i̯as-
10. ɦanī́·i̯as-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *hanī́·i̯as-
11. hanī́·i̯as-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → YV. hanī́·yas-
PIE *gɑɦu̯éni̯o-
Gr. θείνο-
(pr.) ‘schlagen, totschlagen, töten’
(GEW 1:657)
(Gr. θείνω [1sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éni̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯éni̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯éni̯o-
*gɦu/u̯ → dɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›dɦFr → *dɦéni̯o-
3. dɦéni̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *théni̯o-
4. théni̯o-
*éni̯ → eín
Epenthesis of *i
Réni̯›eín → *theíno-
5. theíno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θείνο-
PIE *gɑɦu̯eni̯ó-
RV. hanyá-
(pr.P.) ‘erschlagen’
(WbRV. 1645)
(RV. hanyáte [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eni̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eni̯ó-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eni̯ó-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯eni̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *ǰɦu̯eni̯á-
4. ǰɦu̯eni̯á-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦeni̯á-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦeni̯á-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦeni̯á-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ɦeni̯á-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ɦani̯á-
7. ɦani̯á-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *hani̯á-
8. hani̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. hanyá-
PIE *gɑɦu̯eni̯o-
LAv. ǰanya-
(pr.) ‘töten’
(AIWb. 490)
(LAv. ǰanyånti [3pl])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eni̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eni̯o-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eni̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯eni̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯eni̯a-
4. ǰɦu̯eni̯a-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦeni̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦeni̯a-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰeni̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ǰeni̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ǰani̯a-
7. ǰani̯a-
*ani → aini
Anaptyxis of *i
RanI›ainI → *ǰaini̯a-
8. ǰaini̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. ǰainya-
PIE *gɑɦu̯eni̯o-
OPers. janya-
(P.) ‘strike, smite, defeat, mould’
(OldP. 184)
(OPers. ajaniya)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eni̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eni̯o-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eni̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯eni̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯eni̯a-
4. ǰɦu̯eni̯a-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦeni̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦeni̯a-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jɦeni̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. jɦeni̯a-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *jeni̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. jeni̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *jani̯a-
8. jani̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OPers. janya-
PIE *gɑɦu̯eni̯o
Alb. gjanj-
(vb.) ‘jagen, verfolgen’
(GEW 1:657)
(Alb. gjanj-, DTochB. 178)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eni̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eni̯o
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦeni̯o
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. gɦeni̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦeni̯a
4. gɦeni̯a
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *geni̯a
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. geni̯a
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *gi̯ani̯a
6. gi̯ani̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *gi̯ani̯
7. gi̯ani̯
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Alb. gjanj
PIE *gɑɦu̯eni̯ḗɑh-
Lith. genió-
(vb.int.) ‘jagen, treiben’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. genióti [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *gɑɦu̯eni̯ā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯eni̯ā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eni̯ā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯eni̯ā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯eni̯ā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯eni̯ā́-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦeni̯ā́-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦeni̯ā́-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *geni̯ā́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. geni̯ā́-
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *geni̯ṓ-
(XX:XX)
7. geni̯ṓ-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›iRestr → *geniṓ-
8. geniṓ-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → Lith. genió-
PIE *gɑɦu̯enisi̯ó-
RV. haniṣyá-
(fut.) ‘erschlagen’
(WbRV. 1645)
(RV. haniṣyán [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enisi̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯enisi̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯enisi̯ó-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *gɦu̯eniši̯ó-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. gɦu̯eniši̯ó-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eniši̯ó-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯eniši̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *ǰɦu̯eniši̯á-
5. ǰɦu̯eniši̯á-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦeniši̯á-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦeniši̯á-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦeniši̯á-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. ɦeniši̯á-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ɦaniši̯á-
8. ɦaniši̯á-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *ɦaniṣi̯á-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
9. ɦaniṣi̯á-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *haniṣi̯á-
10. haniṣi̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. haniṣyá-
PIE *gɑɦu̯eniske/o-
Hitt. gu̯eniške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘schlagen, töten’
(HEG K:606)
(Hitt. ku-en-ni-eš-ki-i-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eniske/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eniske/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eniske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯eniske/a-
3. gɦu̯eniske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gu̯eniske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gu̯eniske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gu̯eniške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦu̯enistɑhó-
RV. haniṣṭhá-
(a.sup.) ‘heftigst schlagend’
(WbRV. 1646)
(RV. haniṣṭhɑ́-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enistɑhó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯enisthó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯enisthó-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *gɦu̯eništhó-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. gɦu̯eništhó-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eništhó-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯eništhó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *ǰɦu̯eništhá-
5. ǰɦu̯eništhá-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦeništhá-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦeništhá-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦeništhá-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. ɦeništhá-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ɦaništhá-
8. ɦaništhá-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *ɦaniṣthá-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
9. ɦaniṣthá-
*ṣt → ṣṭ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rṣt›ṣṭ → *ɦaniṣṭhá-
10. ɦaniṣṭhá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. haniṣṭhá-
√gɑɦuni-
PIE *gɑɦúni-
OIr. guin-
(vb.sb.) ‘the act of woundling, slaying’
(DIL. 372)
(OIr. guin)
1. PIE *gɑɦúni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦúni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦúni-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gúni-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. gúni-
*úni → úin
Epenthesis of i
Rúni›úin → *gúin-
4. gúin-
*ú → u
Orthographic change of *ú into u
Rú›u → OIr. guin-
PIE *Π·gɑɦúni-
OIr. con·guin-
(vb.sb.) ‘expunctio’
(VGK 2:548)
(OIr. conguin)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦúni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦúni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦúni-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·gúni-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·gúni-
*úni → úin
Epenthesis of i
Rúni›úin → *Π·gúin-
4. Π·gúin-
*ú → u
Orthographic change of *ú into u
Rú›u → OIr. Π·guin-
PIE *gɑɦùni̯·Σ
TochA. qñ·aś-
(sb.) ‘rixa: Streit, Kampf’
(Poucha 76)
(TochA. qñaś [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦùni̯·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦùni̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦùni̯·Σ
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gùni̯·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. gùni̯·Σ
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *kùni̯·Σ
4. kùni̯·Σ
*ni̯ → ñ
Palatalization of *n before i̯
Rni̯›ñ → *kùñ·Σ
5. kùñ·Σ
*kù → q
Secondary labiovelar in Tocharian
Rkù›q → TochA. qñ·Σ
PIE *gɑɦuni-
LAv. γni-
(a.) ‘tötlich, gefährlich’
(AIWb. 525)
(LAv. γniō [plN])
1. PIE *gɑɦuni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuni-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦni-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. gɦni-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gni-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gni-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
Rg›γ → LAv. γni-
PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦuni-
RV. jághni-
(a.) ‘schlagend, erschlagend’
(WbRV. 464)
(RV. jághni-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦuni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯égɦuni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯égɦuni-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯égɦuni-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯égɦuni-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯égɦni-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦu̯égɦni-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦégɦni-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦégɦni-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰégɦni-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
6. ǰégɦni-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jégɦni-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. jégɦni-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *jágɦni-
8. jágɦni-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. jághni-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦuní-
RV. ni·jaghní-
(a.) ‘niederschlagend, zu Boden schlagend’
(WbRV. 728)
(RV. nijaghní-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦuní-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯egɦuní-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯egɦuní-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuní-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuní-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦní-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦní-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦegɦní-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰɦegɦní-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *Π·ǰegɦní-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
6. Π·ǰegɦní-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *Π·jegɦní-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. Π·jegɦní-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·jagɦní-
8. Π·jagɦní-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·jaghní-
PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦuni-
OInd. jaghni-
(pf.) ‘schlagen usw.’
(MonWil. 1287)
(Br. jaghnire [1pl])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦuni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯egɦuni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯egɦuni-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯egɦuni-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯egɦuni-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯egɦni-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦu̯egɦni-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦegɦni-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦegɦni-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰegɦni-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
6. ǰegɦni-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jegɦni-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. jegɦni-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *jagɦni-
8. jagɦni-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. jaghni-
√gɑɦunio-
PIE *Π·gɑɦuni̯o-
LAv. vǝrǝϑra·γnya-
(n.) ‘Zurückschlagen der Feinde, Sieg’
(AIWb. 1422)
(LAv. vǝrǝϑraγnya-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuni̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦuni̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦuni̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦuni̯a-
3. Π·gɦuni̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦni̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦni̯a-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·gni̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·gni̯a-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
Rg›γ → *Π·γni̯a-
6. Π·γni̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. Π·γnya-
PIE *Π·gɑɦuni̯o-
LAv. vǝrǝϑra·γnya-
(a.) ‘siegreich’
(AIWb. 1422)
(LAv. vǝrǝϑraγnya-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuni̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦuni̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦuni̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦuni̯a-
3. Π·gɦuni̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦni̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦni̯a-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·gni̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·gni̯a-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
Rg›γ → *Π·γni̯a-
6. Π·γni̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. Π·γnya-
PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦunistɑho-
LAv. ǰaγništa-
(a.) ‘der am besten schlägt’
(AIWb. 602)
(LAv. ǰaγništa-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦunistɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯egɦunistho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯egɦunistho-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIIr → *gɦu̯egɦuništho-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. gɦu̯egɦuništho-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯egɦuništho-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯egɦuništho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯egɦuništha-
5. ǰɦu̯egɦuništha-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯egɦništha-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦu̯egɦništha-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦegɦništha-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. ǰɦegɦništha-
*sth/šth → st/št
Loss of *h after st/št
RSth›St → *ǰɦegɦništa-
8. ǰɦegɦništa-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *ǰɦegništa-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
9. ǰɦegništa-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰegništa-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
10. ǰegništa-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ǰagništa-
11. ǰagništa-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
Rg›γ → LAv. ǰaγništa-
PIE *Π·gɑɦunit-
LAv. daēvō·γnit-
(a.) ‘die Daeva schlagend’
(AIWb. 671)
(LAv. daēvō.γnit-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦunit-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦunit-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦunit-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦnit-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. Π·gɦnit-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·gnit-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·gnit-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
Rg›γ → LAv. Π·γnit-
PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦuniu̯ṓns-
OInd. jaghnivā́ṃs-
(pf.pt.) ‘schlagend’
(MonWil. 1287)
(OInd. jaghnivā́ṃs-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦuniu̯ṓns-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯egɦuniu̯ṓns-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯egɦuniu̯ṓns-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯egɦuniu̯ṓns-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯egɦuniu̯ṓns-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *ǰɦu̯egɦuniu̯ā́ns-
4. ǰɦu̯egɦuniu̯ā́ns-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯egɦniu̯ā́ns-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦu̯egɦniu̯ā́ns-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦegɦniu̯ā́ns-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦegɦniu̯ā́ns-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰegɦniu̯ā́ns-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
7. ǰegɦniu̯ā́ns-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jegɦniu̯ā́ns-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. jegɦniu̯ā́ns-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *jagɦniu̯ā́ns-
9. jagɦniu̯ā́ns-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *jagɦnivā́ns-
10. jagɦnivā́ns-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal before *ns
Rns›ṃs → *jagɦnivā́ṃs-
11. jagɦnivā́ṃs-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. jaghnivā́ṃs-
√gɑɦuniɑh-
PIE *gɑɦúni̯ḗɑh-
Lith. gunió-
(vb.) ‘verscheuchen’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. gunióti [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦúni̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *gɑɦúni̯ā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦúni̯ā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦúni̯ā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦúni̯ā́h-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *gɦùni̯ā́h-
4. gɦùni̯ā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦùni̯ā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦùni̯ā́-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gùni̯ā́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. gùni̯ā́-
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *gùni̯ṓ-
(XX:XX)
7. gùni̯ṓ-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›iRestr → *gùniṓ-
8. gùniṓ-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → Lith. gùnió-
PIE *gɑɦúniɑ́h-
Lith. gùny-
(vb.) ‘verscheuchen’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. gùnyti [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦúniɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *gɑɦúniíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. gɑɦúniíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦúniíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦúniíh-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *gɦùniíh-
4. gɦùniíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦùnií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦùnií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *gɦùnī́-
6. gɦùnī́-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gùnī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. gùnī́-
*ī́ → ý
Orthographic change of ī́ into ý
Rī́›ý → Lith. gùný-
PIE *gɑɦúniɑ́h-
OPr. guni-
(vb.) ‘treiben’
(APrS. 344)
(OPr. gunnimai [conj1pl])
1. PIE *gɑɦúniɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *gɑɦúniíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. gɑɦúniíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦúniíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦúniíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦúnií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦúnií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *gɦúnī́-
5. gɦúnī́-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gúnī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. gúnī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of ī́ into i
Rī́›i → *gúni-
7. gúni-
*ú → u
Orthographic change of *ú into u
Rú›u → OPr. guni-
PIE *Π·gɑɦuniɑ́h-
RV. vr̥tra·ghnī́-
(a.f.) ‘Feinde schlagend’
(WbRV. 1336)
(RV. vr̥traghnī́-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuniɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *Π·gɑɦuniíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·gɑɦuniíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦuniíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦuniíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦunií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·gɦunií-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦnií-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·gɦnií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *Π·gɦnī́-
6. Π·gɦnī́-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ghnī́-
PIE *Π·gɑɦuniɑ́h-
LAv. xrvi·γnī-
(f.) ‘Name einer Daevī’
(AIWb. 540)
(LAv. xrviγnī-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuniɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *Π·gɑɦuniíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·gɑɦuniíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦuniíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦuniíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦunií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·gɦunií-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦnií-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·gɦnií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *Π·gɦnī́-
6. Π·gɦnī́-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·gnī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. Π·gnī́-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
Rg›γ → *Π·γnī́-
8. Π·γnī́-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → LAv. Π·γnī-
√gɑɦuenm-
PIE *gɑɦu̯énmen-
RV. hánman-
(n.?) ‘Hieb, Schlag, Stoß, Waffe zum Schlagen’
(WbRV. 1647)
(RV. hánman-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯énmen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯énmen-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯énmen-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯énmen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯énmen-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦénmen-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦénmen-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦénmen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. ɦénmen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ɦénman-
6. ɦénman-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *ɦánman-
7. ɦánman-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. hánman-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enmen-
RV. áśma·hanman-
(n.) ‘steinerne Keule’
(WbRV. 139)
(RV. áśmahanmabhis)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enmen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯enmen-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯enmen-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯enmen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯enmen-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦenmen-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦenmen-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦenmen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦenmen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·ɦanman-
6. Π·ɦanman-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hanman-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enmen-
RV. puru·hanman-
(m.) ‘EN. eines Sängers’
(WbRV. 834)
(RV. puruhanman [sgV])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enmen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯enmen-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯enmen-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯enmen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯enmen-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦenmen-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦenmen-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦenmen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦenmen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·ɦanman-
6. Π·ɦanman-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hanman-
√gɑɦunont-
PIE *gɑɦunont-
Hitt. gunant-
(pt.) ‘schlagen, erschlagen, töten’
(HEG K:604f.)
(Hitt. ku-na-an-za [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦunont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦunont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦunont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦunant-
3. gɦunant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gunant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦunónt-
RV. ghnánt-
(pt.) ‘erschlagend’
(WbRV. 1645)
(RV. ghnán [sgN], ghnántam [A])
1. PIE *gɑɦunónt-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦunónt-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦunónt-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *gɦunánt-
3. gɦunánt-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦnánt-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. gɦnánt-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. ghnánt-
PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦunónt-
Gr. πεφνόντ-
(ao.red.pt.) ‘schlagen, totschlagen, töten’
(GEW 1:658)
(Gr. πεφνόντ-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦunónt-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯egɦunónt-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯egɦunónt-
*gɦu̯egɦu/u̯ → bɦebɦ
Bilabialization of reduplication
Rgɦu̯egɦU›bɦebɦ → *bɦebɦnónt-
3. bɦebɦnónt-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phephnónt-
4. phephnónt-
*Th–Th → T–Th
Grassmann’s Law
Rpheph›peph → *pephnónt-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
5. pephnónt-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πεφνόντ-
√gɑɦuens-
PIE *gɑɦu̯enési̯o-
Gr. θενέο-
(fut.A.) ‘töten’
(GEW 1:657)
(Gr. θενῶ [1sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enési̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯enési̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯enési̯o-
*gɦu/u̯ → dɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›dɦFr → *dɦenési̯o-
3. dɦenési̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thenési̯o-
4. thenési̯o-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *thenéhi̯o-
5. thenéhi̯o-
hi̯ → h
Loss of *i̯ after h
Rhi̯›h → *theného-
6. theného-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *thenéo-
7. thenéo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θενέο-
PIE *gɑɦu̯énseɑh-
Gr. θείνα-
(ao.s.) ‘schlagen, totschlagen, töten’
(GEW 1:657)
(Gr. θείνας [pt.sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯énseɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *gɑɦu̯énsaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gɑɦu̯énsaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯énsah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯énsah-
*gɦu/u̯ → dɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›dɦFr → *dɦénsah-
4. dɦénsah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦénsa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦénsa-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thénsa-
6. thénsa-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *thénha-
7. thénha-
*énh → eín
Lengthening of *é before nh
Rénh›eín → *theínha-
8. theínha-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *theína-
9. theína-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θείνα-
PIE *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦu̯onseɑh-
RV. jíghaṃsa-
(des.) ‘zu tödten trachten’
(WbRV. 1645)
(RV. jíghaṃsati [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦu̯onseɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦu̯onsaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gɑɦu̯ígɑɦu̯onsaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ígɦu̯onsah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯ígɦu̯onsah-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯onsah-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯onsah-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ansah-
5. ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ansah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ansa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ansa-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯ígɦansa-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. ǰɦu̯ígɦansa-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦígɦansa-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
8. ǰɦígɦansa-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰígɦansa-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
9. ǰígɦansa-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jígɦansa-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
10. jígɦansa-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal before *ns
Rns›ṃs → *jígɦaṃsa-
11. jígɦaṃsa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. jíghaṃsa-
PIE *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦu̯ōnseɑh-
OInd. jíghāṃsa-
(des.) ‘zu töten trachten’
(AiGr. 1:15)
(OInd. jíghāṃsati [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦu̯ōnseɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦu̯ōnsaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gɑɦu̯ígɑɦu̯ōnsaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ígɦu̯ōnsah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯ígɦu̯ōnsah-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ōnsah-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ōnsah-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ānsah-
5. ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ānsah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ānsa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ānsa-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯ígɦānsa-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. ǰɦu̯ígɦānsa-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦígɦānsa-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
8. ǰɦígɦānsa-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰígɦānsa-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
9. ǰígɦānsa-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jígɦānsa-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
10. jígɦānsa-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal before *ns
Rns›ṃs → *jígɦāṃsa-
11. jígɦāṃsa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. jíghāṃsa-
PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯ōnsɑ́hi-
OInd. jighāṃsī-
(des.) ‘zu töten trachten’
(EWA 3:800)
(Br. ájighaṃsīs)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯ōnsɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯ōnsíhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯ōnsíhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯igɦu̯ōnsíhi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯igɦu̯ōnsíhi-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯ōnsíhi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯ōnsíhi-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯ānsíhi-
5. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯ānsíhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯ānsíi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯ānsíi-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯igɦānsíi-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. ǰɦu̯igɦānsíi-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦigɦānsíi-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
8. ǰɦigɦānsíi-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰigɦānsíi-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
9. ǰigɦānsíi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ǰigɦānsī́-
10. ǰigɦānsī́-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jigɦānsī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
11. jigɦānsī́-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal before *ns
Rns›ṃs → *jigɦāṃsī́-
12. jigɦāṃsī́-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. jighāṃsī́-
√gɑɦunot-
PIE *Π·gɑɦunot-
RV. pra·ghnat-
(pt.) ‘kämpfend’
(WbRV. 1645)
(RV. praghnatā́m [plG])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦunot-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦunot-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦunot-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦunat-
3. Π·gɦunat-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦnat-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦnat-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ghnat-
PIE *Π·gɑɦunotiɑ́h-
RV. ava·ghnatī́
(pt.f.) ‘dreschen’
(WbRV. 1645)
(RV. avaghnatī́ [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦunotiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *Π·gɑɦunotiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·gɑɦunotiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦunotiíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦunotiíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦunatiíh-
4. Π·gɦunatiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦunatií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·gɦunatií-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦnatií-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·gɦnatií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *Π·gɦnatī́-
7. Π·gɦnatī́-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ghnatī́-
PIE *gɑɦunodɑɦor-
Hitt. gunadar-
(vb.sb.N.act.) ‘Schlagung usw.’
(HEG K:606)
(Hitt. ku-na-a-tar)
1. PIE *gɑɦunodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦunodɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦunodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦunadɦar-
3. gɦunadɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gunadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦunt-
PIE *gɑɦunt-
OEng. gūþ-
(f.) ‘war, battle, fight: bellum’
(ASaxD. 493)
(OEng. gūþ [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦunt-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦunt-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦunt-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *gɦunþ-
3. gɦunþ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gunþ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gunþ-
u n þ → ū þ
Lengthening of *unþ to ūþ
Runþ›ūþ → OEng. gūþ-
PIE *gɑɦunt·Σ·Σ
OEng. gūþ·n·fana-
(m.) ‘military standard, ensign, banner’
(ASaxD. 493)
(OEng. gūþfana [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦunt·Σ·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦunt·Σ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦunt·Σ·Σ
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *gɦunþ·Σ·Σ
3. gɦunþ·Σ·Σ
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gunþ·Σ·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gunþ·Σ·Σ
u n þ → ū þ
Lengthening of *unþ to ūþ
Runþ›ūþ → OEng. gūþ·Σ·Σ
PIE *gɑɦunt·Σ·Σ
OHG. gund·n·fano-
(m.) ‘Kriegsfahne’
(ASaxD. 493)
(OHG. gundfano, Grundr2 1:611)
1. PIE *gɑɦunt·Σ·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦunt·Σ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦunt·Σ·Σ
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *gɦunþ·Σ·Σ
3. gɦunþ·Σ·Σ
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gunþ·Σ·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gunþ·Σ·Σ
*þ → d
OHG sound shift of *þ
Rþ›d → OHG. gund·Σ·Σ
PIE *gɑɦunt-
OIcl. gunn-
(f.) ‘Kampf’
(ANEtWb. 195)
(OIcl. gunnr [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦunt-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦunt-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦunt-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *gɦunþ-
3. gɦunþ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gunþ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gunþ-
*nþ → nn
Change of nþ into nn
Rnþ›nn → OIcl. gunn-
√gɑɦuontɑh-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óntēɑh-
Ion.-Att. ἀργεϊ·φόντη-
(m.) ‘Argostöter, Epithet des Hermes’
(GEW 1:130-1)
(Gr. ἀργειφόντης [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óntēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯óntāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯óntāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯óntāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯óntāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯óntā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·gɦu̯óntā-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *Π·bɦóntā-
5. Π·bɦóntā-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *Π·phóntā-
6. Π·phóntā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *Π·phóntē-
7. Π·phóntē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. Π·φόντη-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óntēɑh-
Ion.-Att. ἀνδρεϊ·φόντη-
(m.) ‘epith. of Enyalios’
(GEW 1:105)
(Gr. ἀνδρεϊφόντη-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óntēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯óntāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯óntāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯óntāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯óntāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯óntā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·gɦu̯óntā-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *Π·bɦóntā-
5. Π·bɦóntā-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *Π·phóntā-
6. Π·phóntā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *Π·phóntē-
7. Π·phóntē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. Π·φόντη-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óntēɑh-
Ion.-Att. ἀνδρο·φόντη-
(m.) ‘ἀνδρεϊφόντα’
(LSJ. 129)
(Gr. ἀνδροφόντης)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óntēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯óntāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯óntāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯óntāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯óntāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯óntā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·gɦu̯óntā-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *Π·bɦóntā-
5. Π·bɦóntā-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *Π·phóntā-
6. Π·phóntā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *Π·phóntē-
7. Π·phóntē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. Π·φόντη-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óntēɑh-
Ion.-Att. δαϊ·φόντη-
(m.) ‘im Kampf tötend’
(GEW 3:67)
(Gr. δαϊφόντης)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óntēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯óntāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯óntāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯óntāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯óntāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯óntā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·gɦu̯óntā-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *Π·bɦóntā-
5. Π·bɦóntā-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *Π·phóntā-
6. Π·phóntā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *Π·phóntē-
7. Π·phóntē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. Π·φόντη-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ontēɑh-
LinB. δαhι·qοντα-
(m.) ‘δαϊφόντης’
(GEW 3:67)
(LinB. da-i-qo-ta)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ontēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯ontāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯ontāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ontāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯ontāh-
*gɦu/u̯ → ǥɦ
Emergence of labiovelar *ǥ
RgɦU›ǥɦ → *Π·ǥɦontāh-
4. Π·ǥɦontāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ǥɦontā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·ǥɦontā-
*ǥɦ → qh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǥɦ
Rǥɦ›qh → *Π·qhontā-
6. Π·qhontā-
*qh → q
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *qh
Rqh›q → *Π·qontā-
7. Π·qontā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *Π·qonta-
8. Π·qonta-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → LinB. Π·qοντα-
PIE *gɑɦu̯óntēɑhko
OIr. gontach-
(a.) ‘wound-dealing, combative’
(DIL. 368)
(OIr. gontach-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯óntēɑhko
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯óntāɑhko
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯óntāɑhko
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯óntāhko
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯óntāhko
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯óntāko
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯óntāko
*gɦU → gɦ
Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›gɦ → *gɦóntāko
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦóntāko
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *góntāko
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. góntāko
VkV → VkhV
Lenition of voiceless stop *k
Rk›kh → *góntākho
7. góntākho
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *góntakho
8. góntakho
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr → *góntakh
9. góntakh
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *góntach
10. góntach
*ó → o
Loss/Absence of accent
Ró›o → OIr. gontach
√gɑɦuentɑh-
PIE *gɑɦu̯éntēɑh-
RV. hántā-
(m.) ‘der erschlagen hat’
(WbRV. 1646)
(RV. hántā [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éntēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯éntāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯éntāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯éntāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯éntāh-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯éntāh-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯éntāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯éntā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ǰɦu̯éntā-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦéntā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦéntā-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦéntā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. ɦéntā-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *ɦántā-
8. ɦántā-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. hántā-
PIE *gɑɦu̯entēɑh-
LAv. ǰantā-
(m.) ‘der schlägt, tötet’
(AIWb. 604)
(LAv. ǰanta [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯entēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯entāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯entāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯entāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯entāh-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯entāh-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯entāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯entā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ǰɦu̯entā-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦentā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦentā-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰentā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. ǰentā-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. ǰantā-
PIE *gɑɦu̯entḗɑh-
RV. hantā́-
(m.) ‘Tödter, Besieger’
(WbRV. 1647)
(RV. hantā́ [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯entḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *gɑɦu̯entā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯entā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯entā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯entā́h-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯entā́h-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯entā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯entā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ǰɦu̯entā́-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦentā́-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦentā́-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦentā́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. ɦentā́-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ɦantā́-
8. ɦantā́-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. hantā́-
PIE *gɑɦu̯entēɑh-
OPers. jatā-
(m.) ‘smiter, slayer’
(OldP. 184)
(OPers. jatā [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯entēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯entāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯entāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯entāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯entāh-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯entāh-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯entāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯entā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ǰɦu̯entā-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦentā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦentā-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jɦentā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. jɦentā-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *jentā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. jentā-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → OPers. jantā-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯entḗɑh-
RV. vi·hantā́-
(m.) ‘Verjager, Vertreiber’
(WbRV. 1312)
(RV. vihantā́ [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯entḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯entā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯entā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯entā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯entā́h-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯entā́h-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·ǰɦu̯entā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ǰɦu̯entā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·ǰɦu̯entā́-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦentā́-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·ǰɦentā́-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦentā́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. Π·ɦentā́-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·ɦantā́-
8. Π·ɦantā́-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hantā́-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯énteɑhmo-
RV. vr̥tra·hántama-
(a.sup.) ‘Feinde schlagend’
(WbRV. 1336)
(RV. vr̥trahántamas [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯énteɑhmo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯éntaɑhmo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯éntaɑhmo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯éntahmo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯éntahmo-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯éntahmo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·ǰɦu̯éntahmo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯éntahma-
5. Π·ǰɦu̯éntahma-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ǰɦu̯éntama-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·ǰɦu̯éntama-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦéntama-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. Π·ǰɦéntama-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦéntama-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. Π·ɦéntama-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *Π·ɦántama-
9. Π·ɦántama-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hántama-
√gɑɦuenti-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enti-
OInd. Π·hanti-
(f.) ‘Schlagen usw.’
(AIWb. 604)
(OInd. Π·hanti-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯enti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯enti-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯enti-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯enti-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦenti-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦenti-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦenti-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦenti-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·ɦanti-
6. Π·ɦanti-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·hanti-
PIE *gɑɦu̯enti-
LAv. ǰanti-
(f.) ‘Schlagen, Erschlagen’
(AIWb. 604)
(LAv. ǰanti-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯enti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯enti-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯enti-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯enti-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦenti-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦenti-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰenti-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. ǰenti-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. ǰanti-
√gɑɦuentr-
PIE *gɑɦu̯entṓr-
RV. hantā́r-
(m.) ‘Tödter, Besieger’
(WbRV. 1647)
(RV. hantā́ram [sgA]; or *·tēr-?)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯entṓr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯entṓr-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯entṓr-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯entṓr-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯entṓr-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *ǰɦu̯entā́r-
4. ǰɦu̯entā́r-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦentā́r-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦentā́r-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦentā́r-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ɦentā́r-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ɦantā́r-
7. ɦantā́r-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. hantā́r-
PIE *gɑɦu̯entōr-
LAv. ǰantār-
(m.) ‘der schlägt, tötet’
(AIWb. 604)
(LAv. ǰantārǝm [sgA])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯entōr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯entōr-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯entōr-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯entōr-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯entōr-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ǰɦu̯entār-
4. ǰɦu̯entār-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦentār-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦentār-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰentār-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ǰentār-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. ǰantār-
√gɑɦuentu-
PIE *gɑɦu̯éntu-
RV. hántu-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘zu schlagen, zu töten’
(WbRV. 1646)
(RV. hántave [D], hántavaí, hántoṣ [Abl])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éntu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯éntu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯éntu-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯éntu-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯éntu-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦéntu-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦéntu-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦéntu-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. ɦéntu-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *ɦántu-
6. ɦántu-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. hántu-
PIE *su·gɑɦu̯éntu-
RV. su·hántu-
(a.) ‘leicht zu schlagen/erschlagen’
(WbRV. 1559)
(RV. suhántu-)
1. PIE *su·gɑɦu̯éntu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *su·gɦu̯éntu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. su·gɦu̯éntu-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *su·ǰɦu̯éntu-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. su·ǰɦu̯éntu-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *su·ǰɦéntu-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. su·ǰɦéntu-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *su·ɦéntu-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. su·ɦéntu-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *su·ɦántu-
6. su·ɦántu-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. su·hántu-
PIE *gɑɦu̯éntuɑHo-
RV. hántu.a-
(pt.) ‘occidendus’
(WbRV. 1646)
(RV. hántuāsas)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éntuɑHo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯éntuHo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯éntuHo-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯éntuHo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯éntuHo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯éntuHa-
4. ǰɦu̯éntuHa-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *ǰɦu̯éntu.a-
5. ǰɦu̯éntu.a-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦéntu.a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦéntu.a-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦéntu.a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. ɦéntu.a-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *ɦántu.a-
8. ɦántu.a-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. hántu.a-
PIE *gɑɦu̯entuɑho-
LAv. ǰąϑwa-
(a.) ‘occidendus, umzubringen’
(AIWb. 608)
(LAv. ǰąϑwa-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯entuɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯entuho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯entuho-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯entuho-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯entuho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯entuha-
4. ǰɦu̯entuha-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯entua-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ǰɦu̯entua-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦentua-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦentua-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰentua-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. ǰentua-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ǰantua-
8. ǰantua-
*uA → u̯A
Desyllabification of uA into u̯A
RuA›u̯A → *ǰantu̯a-
9. ǰantu̯a-
*tR → ϑR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
RtR›ϑR → *ǰanϑu̯a-
10. ǰanϑu̯a-
*ϑu̯ → ϑw
Affricativisation of *u̯ after dental fricative ϑ
Rϑu̯›ϑw → *ǰanϑwa-
11. ǰanϑwa-
anϑw → ąϑw
Emergence of nasal vowel Av. ą before ϑw
Ranϑw›ąϑw → LAv. ǰąϑwa-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯entuɑho-
LAv. fra·ǰąϑwa-
(a.) ‘zu töten’
(AIWb. 979)
(LAv. fra·ǰąϑwa-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯entuɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯entuho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯entuho-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯entuho-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯entuho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯entuha-
4. Π·ǰɦu̯entuha-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ǰɦu̯entua-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·ǰɦu̯entua-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦentua-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·ǰɦentua-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *Π·ǰentua-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. Π·ǰentua-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·ǰantua-
8. Π·ǰantua-
*uA → u̯A
Desyllabification of uA into u̯A
RuA›u̯A → *Π·ǰantu̯a-
9. Π·ǰantu̯a-
*tR → ϑR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
RtR›ϑR → *Π·ǰanϑu̯a-
10. Π·ǰanϑu̯a-
*ϑu̯ → ϑw
Affricativisation of *u̯ after dental fricative ϑ
Rϑu̯›ϑw → *Π·ǰanϑwa-
11. Π·ǰanϑwa-
anϑw → ąϑw
Emergence of nasal vowel Av. ą before ϑw
Ranϑw›ąϑw → LAv. Π·ǰąϑwa-
PIE *gɑɦu̯entu̯ɑho.tero-
LAv. ǰąϑwō.tara-
(a.) ‘der den Tod mehr verdient’
(AIWb. 608)
(LAv. ǰąϑwō.tara-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯entu̯ɑho.tero-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯entu̯ho.tero-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯entu̯ho.tero-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯entu̯ho.tero-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯entu̯ho.tero-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯entu̯ha.tera-
4. ǰɦu̯entu̯ha.tera-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯entu̯a.tera-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ǰɦu̯entu̯a.tera-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦentu̯a.tera-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦentu̯a.tera-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰentu̯a.tera-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. ǰentu̯a.tera-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ǰantu̯a.tara-
8. ǰantu̯a.tara-
*tR → ϑR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
RtR›ϑR → *ǰanϑu̯a.tara-
9. ǰanϑu̯a.tara-
*ϑu̯ → ϑw
Affricativisation of *u̯ after dental fricative ϑ
Rϑu̯›ϑw → *ǰanϑwa.tara-
10. ǰanϑwa.tara-
anϑw → ąϑw
Emergence of nasal vowel Av. ą before ϑw
Ranϑw›ąϑw → *ǰąϑwa.tara-
11. ǰąϑwa.tara-
a. → ō.
Change of a. into ō. in morpheme border
Ra›ō → LAv. ǰąϑwō.tara-
√gɑɦuenu-
PIE *gɑɦu̯enu-
Hitt. gu̯enu-
(vb.) ‘schlagen, töten’
(HIL. 561)
(Hitt. ku-en-nu-um-me-ni [1pl])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯enu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯enu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gu̯enu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦu̯enuli-
Latv. dzenuli-
(m.) ‘Stachel’
(IEW 493)
(Latv. dzenulis [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enuli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯enuli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯enuli-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯enuli-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯enuli-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦenuli-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦenuli-
*ǰ → dz
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to dz
Rǰ›dz → *dzɦenuli-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. dzɦenuli-
*dzɦ → dz
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dzɦ
Rdzɦ›dz → Latv. dzenuli-
PIE *gɑɦu̯enumo-
Hitt. gu̯enuma-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘schlagen’
(HIL. 562)
(Hitt. ku-en-nu-ma-aš, ku-en-nu-um-ma-an-zi)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enumo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯enumo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯enumo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯enuma-
3. gɦu̯enuma-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gu̯enuma-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦuonu-
PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦu̯onu̯ṓns-
RV. jaghanvā́ṃs-
(pf.) ‘erschlagend’
(WbRV. 1645)
(RV. jaghanvā́n [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦu̯onu̯ṓns-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯egɦu̯onu̯ṓns-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯egɦu̯onu̯ṓns-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯egɦu̯onu̯ṓns-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯egɦu̯onu̯ṓns-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯egɦu̯anu̯ṓns-
4. ǰɦu̯egɦu̯anu̯ṓns-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *ǰɦu̯egɦu̯anu̯ā́ns-
5. ǰɦu̯egɦu̯anu̯ā́ns-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯egɦanu̯ā́ns-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦu̯egɦanu̯ā́ns-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦegɦanu̯ā́ns-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. ǰɦegɦanu̯ā́ns-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰegɦanu̯ā́ns-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
8. ǰegɦanu̯ā́ns-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jegɦanu̯ā́ns-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
9. jegɦanu̯ā́ns-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *jagɦanu̯ā́ns-
10. jagɦanu̯ā́ns-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *jagɦanvā́ns-
11. jagɦanvā́ns-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal before *ns
Rns›ṃs → *jagɦanvā́ṃs-
12. jagɦanvā́ṃs-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. jaghanvā́ṃs-
√gɑɦunus-
PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦunu̯ōs-
LAv. ǰaγnvāh-
(pf.pt.) ‘schlagend, tötend’
(AIWb. 490)
(LAv. jaγnvå [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦunu̯ōs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯egɦunu̯ōs-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯egɦunu̯ōs-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯egɦunu̯ōs-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯egɦunu̯ōs-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ǰɦu̯egɦunu̯ās-
4. ǰɦu̯egɦunu̯ās-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯egɦnu̯ās-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦu̯egɦnu̯ās-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦegɦnu̯ās-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦegɦnu̯ās-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *ǰɦegɦnu̯āh-
7. ǰɦegɦnu̯āh-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *ǰɦegnu̯āh-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. ǰɦegnu̯āh-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰegnu̯āh-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
9. ǰegnu̯āh-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ǰagnu̯āh-
10. ǰagnu̯āh-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
Rg›γ → *ǰaγnu̯āh-
11. ǰaγnu̯āh-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. ǰaγnvāh-
PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦunús-
RV. jaghnúṣ-
(pf.pt.) ‘kämpfen’
(WbRV. 1645)
(RV. jaghnúṣas [sgG])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦunús-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯egɦunús-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯egɦunús-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *gɦu̯egɦunúš-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. gɦu̯egɦunúš-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯egɦunúš-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯egɦunúš-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯egɦnúš-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦu̯egɦnúš-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦegɦnúš-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦegɦnúš-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰegɦnúš-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
7. ǰegɦnúš-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jegɦnúš-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. jegɦnúš-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *jagɦnúš-
9. jagɦnúš-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *jagɦnúṣ-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
10. jagɦnúṣ-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. jaghnúṣ-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦunusiɑ́h-
RV. á·jaghnuṣī-
(a.) ‘der nicht getötet hat’
(WbRV. 20)
(RV. ájaghnuṣī-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦunusiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦunusiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦunusiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯egɦunusiíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯egɦunusiíh-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *Π·gɦu̯egɦunušiíh-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. Π·gɦu̯egɦunušiíh-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦunušiíh-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦunušiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦunušií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦunušií-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦnušií-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦnušií-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦegɦnušií-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
8. Π·ǰɦegɦnušií-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *Π·ǰegɦnušií-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
9. Π·ǰegɦnušií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *Π·ǰegɦnušī́-
10. Π·ǰegɦnušī́-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *Π·jegɦnušī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
11. Π·jegɦnušī́-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·jagɦnušī́-
12. Π·jagɦnušī́-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *Π·jagɦnuṣī́-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
13. Π·jagɦnuṣī́-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·jaghnuṣī́-
√gɑɦuor-
PIE *gɑɦu̯or-
CLu. gu̯ar-
(vb.) ‘schneiden’
(HHand. 89)
(CLu. ku-ua-ar-ti [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯ar-
3. gɦu̯ar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. gu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦu̯or-
Pal. gu̯ar-
(vb.) ‘schneiden, abtrennen?’
(HHand. 89)
(Pal. gu̯ar-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯ar-
3. gɦu̯ar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Pal. gu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦu̯oroske/o-
Hitt. gu̯araške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘schneiden, abschneiden’
(HHand. 81)
(Hitt. ku-ua-ar-aš-ke/a-, HIL. 563)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯oroske/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯oroske/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯oroske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯araske/a-
3. gɦu̯araske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gu̯araske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gu̯araske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gu̯araške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦuer-
PIE *gɑɦu̯er-
Hitt. gu̯er-
(vb.1.) ‘(ab)schneiden’
(HHand. 81)
(Hitt. ku-er-mi, ku-er-zi, ku-e-ru-e-n[i?])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯er-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯er-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯er-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gu̯er-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦu̯er-
Hitt. gu̯er-
(vb.2.) ‘schneiden, abschneiden’
(HIL. 563)
(Hitt. ku-er-ri [3sg], KUB 24.12 iii 19)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯er-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯er-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯er-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gu̯er-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦur-
PIE *gɑɦur-
Hitt. gur-
(vb.1.) ‘(ab)schneiden’
(HHand. 81)
(Hitt. ku-ra-an-zi, ku-ra-an-du)
1. PIE *gɑɦur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦur-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦur-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gur-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦur·gɑɦulosi-
CLu. gur·gulaši-
(c.) ‘Verbrecher’
(Tischler 1990:90n110)
(CLu. gurgulaši-)
1. PIE *gɑɦur·gɑɦulosi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦur·gɦulosi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦur·gɦulosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦur·gɦulasi-
3. gɦur·gɦulasi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gur·gulasi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gur·gulasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. gur·gulaši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦuro-
PIE *gɑɦuro-
Hitt. gura-
(vb.) ‘(ab)schneiden’
(HIL. 563)
(Hitt. ku-ra-a-an-na [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦura-
3. gɦura-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦuro-
Hitt. gura-
(c.) ‘(in Götterbeiwort kurraš taraššiš)’
(HHand. 85)
(‘schism’, OHP. 3:237)
1. PIE *gɑɦuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦura-
3. gɦura-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·gɑɦuro-
HLu. ARHA gura·-
(MANUS+CULTERvb.*) ‘cut off’
(CHLu. 4.2.13)
(in HLu. ARHA (“MANUS+CULTER”)REL+ra/i-ha-’ [1sg])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦuro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦuro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦura-
3. Π·gɦura-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. Π·gura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE **ohɑo·teiku·gɑɦuro-
HLu. aḫa·teiku·gura-
(URBSc.) ‘‹see URUti-ik-ku-ku-u̯a & HLu. gura- ‘cut’›’
(CHLu. 10.37.17)
(HLu. á-ha-ti-ku-ku+ra/i-za(URBS))
1. PIE **ohɑo·teiku·gɑɦuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → **oho·teiku·gɦuro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. *oho·teiku·gɦuro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → **aha·teiku·gɦura-
3. *aha·teiku·gɦura-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → **aha·teiku·gura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. *aha·teiku·gura-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. *aḫa·teiku·gura-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√gɑɦuri-
PIE *gɑɦuroi-
CLu. gurai-
(vb.) ‘zerschneiden, zerteilen’
(HHand. 85)
(CLu. gurai-)
1. PIE *gɑɦuroi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuroi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuroi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦurai-
3. gɦurai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. gurai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦu·gɑɦuroi-
Hitt. gugurai-
(sb.) ‘Verletzung’
(HHand. 81)
(Hitt. gugurai-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu·gɑɦuroi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu·gɦuroi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu·gɦuroi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu·gɦurai-
3. gɦu·gɦurai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gu·gurai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦurim-
(HEG K:646-7)
PIE *gɑɦureimo-
Hitt. gureima-
(c.) ‘Waise’
(HHand. 81,85)
(Hitt. gureima-)
1. PIE *gɑɦureimo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦureimo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦureimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦureima-
3. gɦureima-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gureima-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦuroimi-
CLu. guraimi-
(pt.) ‘zerschneiden, zerteilen’ (HHand. 85)
(HEG K:646-7)
(CLu. ku-ra-a-im-mi-i-iš)
1. PIE *gɑɦuroimi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuroimi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuroimi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuraimi-
3. gɦuraimi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. guraimi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦuriski-
PIE *gɑɦuriske/o-
Hitt. guriške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘verstümmeln’
(HHand. 81)
(Hitt. ku-ri-eš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *gɑɦuriske/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuriske/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuriske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuriske/a-
3. gɦuriske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *guriske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. guriske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. guriške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦu·gɑɦuriske/o-
Hitt. guguriške/a-
(vb.) ‘mutilate, cut up’
(HIL. 568)
(Hitt. ku-uk-ku-ri-eš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu·gɑɦuriske/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu·gɦuriske/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu·gɦuriske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu·gɦuriske/a-
3. gɦu·gɦuriske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gu·guriske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gu·guriske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gu·guriške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦurK-
PIE *gɑɦu̯o·gɑɦu̯orke/o-
Hitt. gu̯a·gu̯arke/a-
(vb.) ‘abschneiden: cut up, mutilate’
(HHand. 88)
(Hitt. ku-ua-ku-ua-ar-ke/a-, HIL. 568)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯o·gɑɦu̯orke/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯o·gɦu̯orke/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯o·gɦu̯orke/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯a·gɦu̯arke/a-
3. gɦu̯a·gɦu̯arke/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gu̯a·gu̯arke/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦurom-
PIE *gɑɦuromo-
CLu. gurama-
(pt.) ‘-(?)- (HIL. 563: ‘cutting’)’
(DLL. 57)
(CLu. ku-ra-ma-ti [sgI])
1. PIE *gɑɦuromo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuromo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuromo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦurama-
3. gɦurama-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. gurama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦuromi-
CLu. gurami-
(pt.) ‘Zerkleinerung? (HHand. 85)’
(DLL. 57)
(CLu. ku-ra-am-mi [sgD])
1. PIE *gɑɦuromi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuromi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuromi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦurami-
3. gɦurami-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. gurami-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦuron-
PIE *gɑɦurono-
Hitt. gurana-
(MUNUSc.) ‘(auteur de rituel)’
(NOMS. 640)
(Hitt. ku-ra-an-na [All])
1. PIE *gɑɦurono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦurono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦurono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦurana-
3. gɦurana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gurana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦurono-
CLu. gurana-
(sb.) ‘ein Schneidegerät’ (HHand. 85)
(DLL. 57)
(CLu. ku-ra-a[n]-ni [sgD])
1. PIE *gɑɦurono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦurono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦurono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦurana-
3. gɦurana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. gurana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦuronT-
PIE *gɑɦuront-
Hitt. gurant-
(pt.) ‘(ab)schneiden’
(HHand. 81)
(Hitt. ku-ra-an-t-)
1. PIE *gɑɦuront-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuront-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuront-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦurant-
3. gɦurant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gurant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦuronto-
Hitt. guranta-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 224)
(Hitt. ku-ra-an-da)
1. PIE *gɑɦuronto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuronto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuronto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuranta-
3. gɦuranta-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. guranta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦuronto·Σ
Hitt. guranta·LÚ-
(LÚc.*) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 641)
(Hitt. ku-ra-an-ta-LÚ [All])
1. PIE *gɑɦuronto·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuronto·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuronto·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuranta·Σ
3. gɦuranta·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. guranta·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦuros-
PIE *gɑɦuros·Σ
CLu. guraš·taraši-
(a.gen.) ‘(Götterbeiwort wie CLu. paraštaraši-)’
(DLL. 57)
(CLu. kur-ra-aš-tar-ra-aš-ši-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦuros·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuros·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuros·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuras·Σ
3. gɦuras·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *guras·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. guras·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. guraš·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦuroske/o-
Hitt. guraške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘abschneiden’
(HHand. 81)
(Hitt. ku-ra-aš-ke/a- (HIL. 563))
1. PIE *gɑɦuroske/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuroske/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuroske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuraske/a-
3. gɦuraske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *guraske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. guraske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. guraške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦugɑɦuroske/o-
Hitt. guguraške/a-
(pr.) ‘verstümmeln’
(HIL. 568)
(Hitt. ku-ug-gur-aš-ke/a-, ku-uk-ku-ra-aš-ke/a- ‹but note -kk- vs. Sturtevant’s law and cf. Hitt. gugurš- with -k-›)
1. PIE *gɑɦugɑɦuroske/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦugɦuroske/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦugɦuroske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦugɦuraske/a-
3. gɦugɦuraske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *guguraske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. guguraske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. guguraške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦuroT-
PIE *gɑɦuroti-
CLu. gurati-
(c.) ‘Zerkleinerung, Zerschneidung?’
(HHand. 85)
(CLu. gurati-)
1. PIE *gɑɦuroti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuroti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuroti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦurati-
3. gɦurati-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. gurati-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦurotn-
CLu. guratn-
(c.) ‘Zerkleinerung, Zerschneidung?’
(HHand. 85)
(CLu. ku-ra-at-ni, ku-ra-at-na)
1. PIE *gɑɦurotn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦurotn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦurotn-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuratn-
3. gɦuratn-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. guratn-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦuorn-
PIE *gɑɦu̯ornōu-
LAv. garǝnāu-
(m.) ‘Krätze’
(AIWb. 515)
(LAv. garǝnāušča [sgG])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ornōu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ornōu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ornōu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯arnōu-
3. gɦu̯arnōu-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *gɦu̯arnāu-
4. gɦu̯arnāu-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦarnāu-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦarnāu-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
Rr›rǝ → *gɦarǝnāu-
6. gɦarǝnāu-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → LAv. garǝnāu-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *gɑɦu̯ornu
MidPers. garr-
(sb.) ‘Krätze’
(AIWb. 515)
(MidPers. garr [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ornu
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ornu
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ornu
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯arnu
3. gɦu̯arnu
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦarnu
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. gɦarnu
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *garnu
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. garnu
*rn → rr
Assimilation of *rn into rr
Rrn›rr → *garru
6. garru
*-u → Ø
Loss of -u in root-final position
R=u›=0 → MidPers. garr
√gɑɦuers-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gɑɦu̯ers-
Hitt. gu̯erš-
(vb.1.) ‘(ab)schneiden’
(HHand. 81)
(Hitt. ku-e-er-šu-un [1sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ers-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ers-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ers-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gu̯ers-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. gu̯ers-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gu̯erš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦu̯ersi-
OIr. geirr-
(sb.) ‘said of grain’
(DIL. 358)
(OIr. geirr)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ersi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ersi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ersi-
*gɦU → gɦ
Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›gɦ → *gɦersi-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. gɦersi-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gersi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gersi-
*rs → rr
Assimilation of *rs into rr
Rrs›rr → *gerri-
5. gerri-
*erri → eirr
Epenthesis of i
Rerri›eirr → OIr. geirr-
√gɑɦuors-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gɑɦu̯órso-
OInd. ghárṣa-
(pr.A.) ’reiben: rub’
(KEWA 1:358)
(OInd. ghárṣa-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯órso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯órso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯órso-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiOIA → *gɦu̯óršo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. gɦu̯óršo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯órša-
4. gɦu̯órša-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *gɦu̯árša-
5. gɦu̯árša-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦárša-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. gɦárša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *gɦárṣa-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
7. gɦárṣa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. ghárṣa-
PIE *gɑɦu̯orso·so-
CLu. gu̯arša·ša-
(a.gen.) ‘militärisch?’
(HHand. 86)
(DLL. 60, CLu. ku-ua-ar-ša-aš-ša-a-[...)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯orso·so-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯orso·so-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯orso·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯arsa·sa-
3. gɦu̯arsa·sa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gu̯arsa·sa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gu̯arsa·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. gu̯arša·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦurs-
(HEG K:657-8, Pyysalo)
PIE *gɑɦu·gɑɦurs-
Hitt. gugurš-
(vb.) ‘verstümmeln’
(HHand. 81)
(Hitt. ku-kur-ša-an-t-, ku-gur-ša-an-t)
1. PIE *gɑɦu·gɑɦurs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu·gɦurs-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu·gɦurs-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gu·gurs-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. gu·gurs-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gu·gurš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦurso-
Hitt. gurša-
(vb.1.) ‘abschneiden, trennen’
(HHand. 86)
(KLuN. 535-6)
1. PIE *gɑɦurso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦurso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦurso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦursa-
3. gɦursa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gursa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gursa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gurša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦurso-
Hitt. gurša
(d.) ‘‹cf. above›’
(OHP. 1:267-71)
(Hitt. kur-ša(aš) [All-(N)])
1. PIE *gɑɦurso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦurso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦurso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦursa-
3. gɦursa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gursa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gursa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gurša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦurso-
Hitt. gurša
(dKUŠ.) ‘‹cf. above›’
(OHP. 1:267-71)
(Hitt. kur-ša-aš [N])
1. PIE *gɑɦurso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦurso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦurso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦursa-
3. gɦursa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gursa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gursa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gurša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦurso-
Hitt. gurša
(KUŠ.) ‘‹cf. above›’
(OHP. 1:267-71)
(Hitt. gur-ša-aš [N])
1. PIE *gɑɦurso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦurso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦurso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦursa-
3. gɦursa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gursa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gursa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gurša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦurso·Σ
Hitt. gurša·x[
(URU.) ‘abschneidend + x…’
(OGH. 225)
(Hitt. ku-úr-ša-x[)
1. PIE *gɑɦurso·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦurso·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦurso·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦursa·Σ
3. gɦursa·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gursa·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gursa·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gurša·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦurso·Σ
Hitt. gurša·dKAL
(LÚc.) ‘(devin)’
(NOMS. 648)
(Hitt. kur-ša-dKAL)
1. PIE *gɑɦurso·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦurso·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦurso·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦursa·Σ
3. gɦursa·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gursa·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gursa·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gurša·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦursoi-
Hitt. guršai-
(vb.1.) ‘(ab)schneiden, abtrennen?’
(HHand. 81)
(Hitt. kur-ša-a-i)
1. PIE *gɑɦursoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦursoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦursoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦursai-
3. gɦursai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gursai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gursai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. guršai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦurso·so-
CLu. gurša·ša-
(a.gen.) ‘militärisch?’
(HHand. 86)
(DLL. 60, CLu. kur-ša-aš-ša-an [sgA])
1. PIE *gɑɦurso·so-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦurso·so-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦurso·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦursa·sa-
3. gɦursa·sa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gursa·sa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gursa·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. gurša·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦursol-
PIE *gɑɦursolo-
Hitt. guršala-
(c.) ‘ein Kultfunktionär’
(HHand. 86)
(Hitt. kuršala-)
1. PIE *gɑɦursolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦursolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦursolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦursala-
3. gɦursala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gursala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gursala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. guršala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦursoli-
Hitt. guršali-
(dc.) ‘preceded by uašuma-’
(OHP. 1:271)
(Hitt. kur-ša-li-iš [N], kur-ša-al-li-in [A])
1. PIE *gɑɦursoli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦursoli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦursoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦursali-
3. gɦursali-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gursali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gursali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. guršali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦursom-
PIE *gɑɦursomolei̯o-
Hitt. guršamalei̯a-
(a.) ‘-(?)- (BW des Wettergottes)’
(HHand. 86)
(Hitt. guršamalei̯a-)
1. PIE *gɑɦursomolei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦursomolei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦursomolei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦursamalei̯a-
3. gɦursamalei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gursamalei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gursamalei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. guršamalei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦursomoso-
Hitt. guršamaša-
(URUa.gen.?) ‘(bei Tuwanuwa? ›Šalunataši)’
(OGH. 226-7)
(Hitt. gur-ša-ma-aš-ša, OGHErg. 86)
1. PIE *gɑɦursomoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦursomoso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦursomoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦursamasa-
3. gɦursamasa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gursamasa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gursamasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. guršamaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦursomu̯ont-
Hitt. guršamu̯ant-
(pt.c.) ‘Verbannter, Verstoßener’
(HHand. 86)
(Hitt. guršamu̯ant-)
1. PIE *gɑɦursomu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦursomu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦursomu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦursamu̯ant-
3. gɦursamu̯ant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gursamu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gursamu̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. guršamu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦursto-
PIE *gɑɦursto-
OInd. ghr̥ṣṭa-
(pt.) ‘zerrieben, aufgerieben, wund’
(KEWA 1:358)
(OInd. ghr̥ṣṭa-)
1. PIE *gɑɦursto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦursto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦursto-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiOIA → *gɦuršto-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. gɦuršto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuršta-
4. gɦuršta-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦršta-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦršta-
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → *gɦr̥šta-
6. gɦr̥šta-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *gɦr̥ṣta-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
7. gɦr̥ṣta-
*ṣt → ṣṭ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rṣt›ṣṭ → *gɦr̥ṣṭa-
8. gɦr̥ṣṭa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. ghr̥ṣṭa-
√gɑɦuru-
PIE *gɑɦuru-
CLu. guru-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘schneiden’
(HHand. 89)
(CLu. ku-ú-ru-na [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦuru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuru-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuru-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. guru-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦurudɑɦi̯i-
Hitt. guruzi-
(URUDUn./c.) ‘cutter‘
(HIL. 563)
(Hitt. ku-ru-uz-zi-it [sgI])
1. PIE *gɑɦurudɑɦi̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦurudɦi̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦurudɦi̯i-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦurujɦi-
3. gɦurujɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *guruji-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. guruji-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. guruzi-
√gɑɦuos-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gɑɦu̯os·gɑɦu̯os-
Hitt. gu̯aš·gu̯aš-
(vb.iter.) ‘wiederholt töten’
(HHand. 82)
(Hitt. kuaškuašzi [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯os·gɑɦu̯os-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯os·gɦu̯os-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯os·gɦu̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯as·gɦu̯as-
3. gɦu̯as·gɦu̯as-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gu̯as·gu̯as-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gu̯as·gu̯as-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gu̯aš·gu̯aš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦu̯oske/o-
Hitt. gu̯aške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘wiederholt töten’
(HEG K:606)
(Hitt. ku-ua-aš-ki-iz-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯oske/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯oske/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯oske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯aske/a-
3. gɦu̯aske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gu̯aske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gu̯aske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gu̯aške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦu̯osro-
OInd. ghasra-
(a.) ‘verletzend: hurting’
(KEWA 1:358)
(Lex. ghasra-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯osro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯osro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯osro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯asra-
3. gɦu̯asra-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦasra-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. gɦasra-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. ghasra-
PIE *gɑɦu̯osro-
OInd. ghasra-
(m.) ‘name of Śiva’ (n.) ‘saffron’
(MonWil. 377)
(OInd. ghasra-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯osro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯osro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯osro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯asra-
3. gɦu̯asra-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦasra-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. gɦasra-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. ghasra-
√gɑɦus-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gɑɦu·gɑɦus-
Hitt. gu·guš-
(vb.) ‘zerstoßen’
(HHand. 82)
(Hitt. ku-ku-uš-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu·gɑɦus-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu·gɦus-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu·gɦus-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gu·gus-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. gu·gus-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gu·guš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦus·gɑɦus-
Hitt. guš·guš-
(vb.) ‘zerdrücken, -stampfen, -mahlen, -stoßen’
(HHand. 87)
(Hitt. gušguš-)
1. PIE *gɑɦus·gɑɦus-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦus·gɦus-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦus·gɦus-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gus·gus-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. gus·gus-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. guš·guš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦusoi-
CLu. gušai-
(vb.) ‘reiben, schaben, kratzen’ (HHand. 86)
(DLL. 58)
(CLu. ku-u-ša-a-in-ta [3pl])
1. PIE *gɑɦusoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦusoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦusoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦusai-
3. gɦusai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gusai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gusai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. gušai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·gɑɦuso.nu̯omno-
LAv. a·γžō.nvamna-
(pt.a.) ‘sich nicht mindernd, verkleinerd’
(AIWb. 50-1)
(Av. aγžō.nvamnǝm, Kuiper 1937:65)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuso.nu̯omno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦuso.nu̯omno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦuso.nu̯omno-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *Π·gɦušo.nu̯omno-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. Π·gɦušo.nu̯omno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦuša.nu̯amna-
4. Π·gɦuša.nu̯amna-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦša.nu̯amna-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·gɦša.nu̯amna-
*gɦs → gɦz
Voicing of *s after gɦ
Rgɦš›gɦž → *Π·gɦža.nu̯amna-
6. Π·gɦža.nu̯amna-
*Dɦž → Dž
Loss of *ɦ between stop and ž
RCɦž›Cž → *Π·gža.nu̯amna-
7. Π·gža.nu̯amna-
a. → ō.
Change of a. into ō. in morpheme border
Ra›ō → *Π·gžō.nu̯amna-
8. Π·gžō.nu̯amna-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
Rg›γ → *Π·γžō.nu̯amna-
9. Π·γžō.nu̯amna-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. Π·γžō.nvamna-
PIE *gɑɦúsr̥no-
OInd. ghusr̥ṇa-
(n.) ‘Safran: saffron’
(KEWA 1:360)
(OInd. ghusr̥ṇa-)
1. PIE *gɑɦúsr̥no-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦúsr̥no-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦúsr̥no-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦúsr̥na-
3. gɦúsr̥na-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → *gɦúsr̥ṇa-
4. gɦúsr̥ṇa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. ghúsr̥ṇa-
PIE *gɑɦústo-
OInd. ghuṣṭa-
(n.) ‘gerieben: rubbed’
(KEWA 1:360)
(OInd. ghuṣṭa-)
1. PIE *gɑɦústo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦústo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦústo-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *gɦúšto-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. gɦúšto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦúšta-
4. gɦúšta-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *gɦúṣta-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
5. gɦúṣta-
*ṣt → ṣṭ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rṣt›ṣṭ → *gɦúṣṭa-
6. gɦúṣṭa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. ghúṣṭa-
PIE *gɑɦus·gɑɦusu̯or-
Hitt. gušgušu̯ar-
(vb.sb.n.) ‘Verstoßen’
(HHand. 87)
(Hitt. gušgušu̯ar [sgNA])
1. PIE *gɑɦus·gɑɦusu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦus·gɦusu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦus·gɦusu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦus·gɦusu̯ar-
3. gɦus·gɦusu̯ar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gus·gusu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gus·gusu̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. guš·gušu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦus·gɑɦusuli-
Hitt. gušgušuli-
(n.) ‘Mörser’
(HHand. 87)
(Hitt. gušgušuli-)
1. PIE *gɑɦus·gɑɦusuli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦus·gɦusuli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦus·gɦusuli-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gus·gusuli-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. gus·gusuli-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. guš·gušuli-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦuet-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ét-
RV. sam·hát-
(f.) ‘die Schicht’
(WbRV. 1440)
(RV. saṃhátas)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ét-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ét-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯ét-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯ét-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯ét-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦét-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦét-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦét-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦét-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *Π·ɦát-
6. Π·ɦát-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hát-
√gɑɦueto-
PIE *gɑɦu̯etó-
RV. hatá-
(pf.) ‘geschlagen, getötet, erschlagen’
(WbRV. 1646)
(RV. hatám)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯etó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯etó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯etó-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯etó-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯etó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *ǰɦu̯etá-
4. ǰɦu̯etá-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦetá-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦetá-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦetá-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ɦetá-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ɦatá-
7. ɦatá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. hatá-
PIE *gɑɦu̯eto-
LAv. ǰata-
(pf.pt.) ‘geschlagen, getötet’
(AIWb. 602)
(LAv. ǰata-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eto-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eto-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯eto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯eta-
4. ǰɦu̯eta-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦeta-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦeta-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰeta-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ǰeta-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. ǰata-
PIE *gɑɦu̯etó·Σ
RV. hatá·vr̥ṣanī-
(a.f.) ‘dem der Stier = der Herr getödtet ist’
(WbRV. 1641)
(RV. hatávr̥ṣanī-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯etó·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯etó·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯etó·Σ
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯etó·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯etó·Σ
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *ǰɦu̯etá·Σ
4. ǰɦu̯etá·Σ
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦetá·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦetá·Σ
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦetá·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ɦetá·Σ
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ɦatá·Σ
7. ɦatá·Σ
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. hatá·Σ
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eto-
OPers. ava·jata-
(pt.m.) ‘smitten down, slain: getötet’
(OldP. 185)
(OPers. avajata [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯eto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯eto-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯eto-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯eto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯eta-
4. Π·ǰɦu̯eta-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦeta-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰɦeta-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *Π·jɦeta-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. Π·jɦeta-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *Π·jeta-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. Π·jeta-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → OPers. Π·jata-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eto-
LAv. amō·ǰata-
(pt.) ‘beim (Einzel)Angriff getötet’
(AIWb. 147)
(LAv. amō.ǰatǝm [sgA])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯eto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯eto-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯eto-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯eto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯eta-
4. Π·ǰɦu̯eta-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦeta-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰɦeta-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *Π·ǰeta-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. Π·ǰeta-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. Π·ǰata-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eto-
LAv. daevō·ǰata-
(a.) ‘von den Daeva- geschlagen’
(AIWb. 671)
(LAv. daevō.ǰata-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯eto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯eto-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯eto-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯eto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯eta-
4. Π·ǰɦu̯eta-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦeta-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰɦeta-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *Π·ǰeta-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. Π·ǰeta-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. Π·ǰata-
√gɑɦuetɑho-
PIE *gɑɦu̯étɑho-
RV. hátha-
(m.) ‘tödlicher Schlag’
(WbRV. 1641)
(RV. hátha-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯étɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯étho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯étho-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯étho-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯étho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯étha-
4. ǰɦu̯étha-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦétha-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦétha-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦétha-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ɦétha-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *ɦátha-
7. ɦátha-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. hátha-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯étɑho-
RV. vr̥tra·hátha-
(m.) ‘Erschlagung der Feinde, Schlacht’
(WbRV. 1335)
(RV. vr̥trahátha-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯étɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯étho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯étho-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯étho-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯étho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯étha-
4. Π·ǰɦu̯étha-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦétha-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰɦétha-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦétha-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. Π·ɦétha-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *Π·ɦátha-
7. Π·ɦátha-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hátha-
√gɑɦueti-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eti-
RV. á·hati-
(f.) ‘Unversehrtheit’
(WbRV. 162)
(RV. áhati-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯eti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯eti-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯eti-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯eti-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦeti-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦeti-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦeti-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦeti-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·ɦati-
6. Π·ɦati-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hati-
PIE *gɑɦu̯etí-
OInd. hatí-
(f.) ‘das Schlagen, Schlag, Multiplikation’
(IEW 492)
(OInd. hatí-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯etí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯etí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯etí-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯etí-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯etí-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦetí-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦetí-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦetí-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. ɦetí-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ɦatí-
6. ɦatí-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. hatí-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eti-
LAv. paiti·ǰati-
(f.) ‘Zurückschlagen, Abwehr’
(AIWb. 829)
(LAv. paiti.ǰaitīm [sgA])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯eti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯eti-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯eti-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯eti-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦeti-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦeti-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *Π·ǰeti-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ǰeti-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·ǰati-
6. Π·ǰati-
*ati → aiti
Anaptyxis of *i
RatI›aitI → LAv. Π·ǰaiti-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eti-
LAv. haϑra·ǰati-
(f.) ‘Aufeinmalerschlagen’
(AIWb. 1763)
(LAv. haϑra.ǰatō [sgL], haϑra.ǰata [sgL], haϑra.ǰatå [sgL])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯eti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯eti-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯eti-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯eti-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦeti-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦeti-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *Π·ǰeti-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ǰeti-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·ǰati-
6. Π·ǰati-
*ati → aiti
Anaptyxis of *i
RatI›aitI → LAv. Π·ǰaiti-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯éti̯o-
RV. ahi·hátya-
(n.) ‘Erschlagung der Schlange’
(WbRV. 167)
(RV. ahihátya-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯éti̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯éti̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯éti̯o-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯a-
4. Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯a-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦéti̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰɦéti̯a-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦéti̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. Π·ɦéti̯a-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *Π·ɦáti̯a-
7. Π·ɦáti̯a-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *Π·háti̯a-
8. Π·háti̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·hátya-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯éti̯o-
RV. vr̥tra·hátya-
(n.) ‘Vr̥tratödtung, Vr̥traschlacht’
(WbRV. 1335)
(RV. vr̥trahátya-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯éti̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯éti̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯éti̯o-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯a-
4. Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯a-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦéti̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰɦéti̯a-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦéti̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. Π·ɦéti̯a-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *Π·ɦáti̯a-
7. Π·ɦáti̯a-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *Π·háti̯a-
8. Π·háti̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·hátya-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯éti̯o-
RV. vr̥tra·hátya-
(n.) ‘Kampf mit Feinden, Schlacht’
(WbRV. 1335)
(RV. vr̥trahátya-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯éti̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯éti̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯éti̯o-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯a-
4. Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯a-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦéti̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰɦéti̯a-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦéti̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. Π·ɦéti̯a-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *Π·ɦáti̯a-
7. Π·ɦáti̯a-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *Π·háti̯a-
8. Π·háti̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·hátya-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eti̯o-
RV. vā́rtra·hatya-
(a.) ‘zum Erschlagen des Vr̥tra dienlich’
(WbRV. 1261)
(RV. vā́rtrahatya-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eti̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯eti̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯eti̯o-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯eti̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯eti̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯eti̯a-
4. Π·ǰɦu̯eti̯a-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦeti̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰɦeti̯a-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦeti̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. Π·ɦeti̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·ɦati̯a-
7. Π·ɦati̯a-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *Π·hati̯a-
8. Π·hati̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·hatya-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eti̯ḗɑh-
RV. muṣṭi·hatyā́-
(f.) ‘Faustkampf, Handgemenge’
(WbRV. 1052)
(RV. muṣṭihatyā́-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eti̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯eti̯ā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯eti̯ā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯eti̯ā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯eti̯ā́h-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯eti̯ā́h-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·ǰɦu̯eti̯ā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ǰɦu̯eti̯ā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·ǰɦu̯eti̯ā́-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦeti̯ā́-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·ǰɦeti̯ā́-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦeti̯ā́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. Π·ɦeti̯ā́-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·ɦati̯ā́-
8. Π·ɦati̯ā́-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *Π·hati̯ā́-
9. Π·hati̯ā́-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·hatyā́-
√gɑɦuetnu-
PIE *gɑɦu̯etnú-
RV. hatnú-
(a.) ‘tödlich’
(WbRV. 1641)
(RV. hatnú-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯etnú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯etnú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯etnú-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯etnú-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯etnú-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦetnú-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦetnú-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦetnú-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. ɦetnú-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ɦatnú-
6. ɦatnú-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. hatnú-
√gɑɦuotnu-
PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯otnú-
RV. jighatnú-
(a.) ‘zu verletzen strebend’
(WbRV. 488)
(RV. jighatnú-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯otnú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯igɦu̯otnú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯igɦu̯otnú-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯otnú-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯otnú-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯atnú-
4. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯atnú-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯igɦatnú-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦu̯igɦatnú-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦigɦatnú-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦigɦatnú-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰigɦatnú-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
7. ǰigɦatnú-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jigɦatnú-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. jigɦatnú-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. jighatnú-
√gɑɦuetero-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯etero-
LAv. gaeϑō·ǰatara-
(a.) ‘der für Haus und Hof gefährliche’
(AIWb. 479)
(LAv. gaeϑō.ǰatara-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯etero-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯etero-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯etero-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯etero-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯etero-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯etera-
4. Π·ǰɦu̯etera-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦetera-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰɦetera-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *Π·ǰetera-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. Π·ǰetera-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. Π·ǰatara-
√gɑɦuetu-
PIE *gɑɦu̯etu-
RV. hatu-
(gdv.bs.) ‘getötet habend; erschlagend’
(WbRV. 1646)
(RV. hatvā́ ‘getötet habend’, RV. hatvī́ ‘erschlagend’)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯etu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯etu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯etu-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯etu-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯etu-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦetu-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦetu-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦetu-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. ɦetu-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ɦatu-
6. ɦatu-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. hatu-
√gɑɦut-
PIE *gɑɦút-
OIcl. guð-
(f.) ‘Kampf’
(ANEtWb. 195)
(OIcl. guðr [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦút-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦút-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦút-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *gɦúþ-
3. gɦúþ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gúþ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gúþ-
*þ → ð
Change of þ into ð
R=þ›=ð → *gúð-
5. gúð-
*ú → u
Orthographic change of *ú into u
Rú›u → OIcl. guð-
PIE *koɑhgɑɦúto
OIcl. hǫguð-
(m.) ‘Schwert’
(ANEtWb. 280)
(OIcl. hǫguðr [sgN])
1. PIE *koɑhgɑɦúto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohgɦúto
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohgɦúto
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kogɦúto
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. kogɦúto
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xogɦúto
4. xogɦúto
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *xogɦúþo
5. xogɦúþo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *xogúþo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. xogúþo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xagúþa
7. xagúþa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *xagúþ
8. xagúþ
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hagúþ
9. hagúþ
*a — ú → ǫ — ú
Umlaut for a — ú
Ragú›ǫgú → *hǫgúþ
10. hǫgúþ
*þ → ð
Change of þ into ð
R=þ›=ð → *hǫgúð
11. hǫgúð
*ú → u
Orthographic change of *ú into u
Rú›u → OIcl. hǫguð
√gɑɦudɑɦeɑhr-
(IEW 487-8 gu̯hðer)
(WP. 1:700)
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦéɑhr-
Gr. φθάρ-
(pf.) ‘zugrunde richten, vernichten, verderben, zerstören’
(GEW 2:1013)
(in Gr. ἔφθαρμαι [1sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦéɑhr-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *gɑɦudɑɦáɑhr-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gɑɦudɑɦáɑhr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦáhr-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦudɦáhr-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦudɦár-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦudɦár-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦár-
5. bɦdɦár-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦár-
6. phdɦár-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phthár-
7. phthár-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φθάρ-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦéɑhri̯o-
Dor. φθαίρο-
(pr.A.) ‘zugrunde richten, vernichten, verderben, zerstören’
(GEW 2:1013)
(Dor. φθαίρω)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦéɑhri̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *gɑɦudɑɦáɑhri̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gɑɦudɑɦáɑhri̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦáhri̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦudɦáhri̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦudɦári̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦudɦári̯o-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦári̯o-
5. bɦdɦári̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦári̯o-
6. phdɦári̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phthári̯o-
7. phthári̯o-
*ári̯ → aír
Epenthesis of *i
Rári̯›aír → *phthaíro-
8. phthaíro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. φθαίρο-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦéɑhrmeɑht-
Gr. φθάρματ-
(n.) ‘Verderbnis, Auswurf’
(GEW 2:1013)
(Gr. φθάρματ-)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦéɑhrmeɑht-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *gɑɦudɑɦéɑhrmaɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gɑɦudɑɦéɑhrmaɑht-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *gɑɦudɑɦáɑhrmaɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. gɑɦudɑɦáɑhrmaɑht-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦáhrmaht-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. gɦudɦáhrmaht-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦudɦármat-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦudɦármat-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦármat-
6. bɦdɦármat-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦármat-
7. phdɦármat-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phthármat-
8. phthármat-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φθάρματ-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦeɑhrtó-
Gr. φθαρτό-
(pt.) ‘vergänglich’
(GEW 2:1013)
(Gr. φθαρτός)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦeɑhrtó-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *gɑɦudɑɦaɑhrtó-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gɑɦudɑɦaɑhrtó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦahrtó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦudɦahrtó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦudɦartó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦudɦartó-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦartó-
5. bɦdɦartó-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦartó-
6. phdɦartó-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phthartó-
7. phthartó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φθαρτό-
PIE *Π·gɑɦudɑɦeɑhrto-
Gr. ἄ·φθαρτο-
(a.) ‘unvergänglich’
(GEW 2:1013)
(Gr. ἄφθαρτος)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦudɑɦeɑhrto-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·gɑɦudɑɦaɑhrto-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·gɑɦudɑɦaɑhrto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦudɦahrto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦudɦahrto-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦudɦarto-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·gɦudɦarto-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *Π·bɦdɦarto-
5. Π·bɦdɦarto-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *Π·phdɦarto-
6. Π·phdɦarto-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *Π·phtharto-
7. Π·phtharto-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·φθαρτο-
√gɑɦudɑɦoi-
(IEW 487 *gu̯hði-)
(WP. 1:505f.)
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦói̯ēɑh-
Ion.-Att. φθόη-
(f.) ‘Schwindsucht’
(GEW 2:1015)
(Gr. φθόη-)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦói̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦudɑɦói̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦudɑɦói̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦói̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦudɦói̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦudɦói̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦudɦói̯ā-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦói̯ā-
5. bɦdɦói̯ā-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦói̯ā-
6. phdɦói̯ā-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phthói̯ā-
7. phthói̯ā-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *phthóā-
8. phthóā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *phthóē-
9. phthóē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. φθόη-
√gɑɦudɑɦi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦí-
Gr. φθί-
(ao.) ‘vernichten’ (P.) ‘zugrunde gehen’
(GEW 2:1014)
(Gr. ἐφθίμην [1sg], GrGr. 1:326)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦí-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦí-
3. bɦdɦí-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦí-
4. phdɦí-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phthí-
5. phthí-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φθί-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦi̯o-
HLu. guza-
(CAPERE+SCALPRUMvb.) ‘carve, engrave’
(CHLu. 6.11.2)
(HLu. [(CAPERE+SCALPRUM)REL-]z[a?]-tà)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦujɦo-
3. gɦujɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦujɦa-
4. gɦujɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *guja-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. guja-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → HLu. guza-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦi̯o·moi-
HLu. guza·mai-
(n.) ‘engraved words’
(CHLu. 10.18.11)
(HLu. REL-za-ma-ia, REL(?)]-za-ma-[ia?])
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦi̯o·moi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦi̯o·moi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦi̯o·moi-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦujɦo·moi-
3. gɦujɦo·moi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦujɦa·mai-
4. gɦujɦa·mai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *guja·mai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. guja·mai-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → HLu. guza·mai-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦi̯o·ii̯oro-
HLu. guza·i̯ara-
(Ic.) ‘carve-IARA’
(CHLu. 2.27.17)
(HLu. IREL-za-ia+ra/i-sa)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦi̯o·ii̯oro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦi̯o·ii̯oro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦi̯o·ii̯oro-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦujɦo·ii̯oro-
3. gɦujɦo·ii̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦujɦa·ii̯ara-
4. gɦujɦa·ii̯ara-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *gɦujɦa·iara-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. gɦujɦa·iara-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *gɦujɦa·i̯ara-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
6. gɦujɦa·i̯ara-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *guja·i̯ara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. guja·i̯ara-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → HLu. guza·i̯ara-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦíi̯o-
Gr. φθίο-
(pr.A.) ‘vernichten’ (P.) ‘zugrunde gehen’
(GEW 2:1015)
(Gr. φθίω)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦíi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦíi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦíi̯o-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦíi̯o-
3. bɦdɦíi̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦíi̯o-
4. phdɦíi̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phthíi̯o-
5. phthíi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *phthío-
6. phthío-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φθίο-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦímeno-
Gr. φθίμενο-
(pt.M.) ‘vernichten, zugrunde gehen’
(GEW 2:1015)
(Gr. φθίμενο-)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦímeno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦímeno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦímeno-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦímeno-
3. bɦdɦímeno-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦímeno-
4. phdɦímeno-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phthímeno-
5. phthímeno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φθίμενο-
√gɑɦudɑɦin-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦíno-
Att. φθίνο-
(vb.tr.) ‘vernichten’
(GEW 2:1014)
(Att. φθίνω)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦíno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦíno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦíno-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦíno-
3. bɦdɦíno-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦíno-
4. phdɦíno-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phthíno-
5. phthíno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Att. φθίνο-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦíno-
Att. φθίνο-
(vb.intr.) ‘hinschwinden, zugrunde gehen’
(GEW 2:1014)
(Att. φθίνω)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦíno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦíno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦíno-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦíno-
3. bɦdɦíno-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦíno-
4. phdɦíno-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phthíno-
5. phthíno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Att. φθίνο-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦinúdɑɦo-
Gr. φθινύθο-
(vb.tr.) ‘verschwinden machen’
(GEW 2:1014)
(Gr. φθινύθω)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦinúdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦinúdɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦinúdɦo-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦinúdɦo-
3. bɦdɦinúdɦo-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦinúdɦo-
4. phdɦinúdɦo-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phthinútho-
5. phthinútho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φθινύθο-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦinúdɑɦo-
Gr. φθινύθο-
(vb.intr.) ‘hinschwinden’
(GEW 2:1014)
(Gr. φθινύθω)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦinúdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦinúdɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦinúdɦo-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦinúdɦo-
3. bɦdɦinúdɦo-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦinúdɦo-
4. phdɦinúdɦo-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phthinútho-
5. phthinútho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φθινύθο-
√gɑɦudɑɦir-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦeír-
Gr. φθείρ-
(m.f.) ‘Laus’
(GEW 2:1012)
(Gr. φθείρ)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦeír-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦeír-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦeír-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦeír-
3. bɦdɦeír-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦeír-
4. phdɦeír-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phtheír-
5. phtheír-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φθείρ-
√gɑɦudɑɦit-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦitó-
Gr. φθιτό-
(pt.m.) ‘die Dahingeschiedenen’
(GEW 2:1015)
(Gr. φθιτοί [plN])
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦitó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦitó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦitó-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦitó-
3. bɦdɦitó-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦitó-
4. phdɦitó-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phthitó-
5. phthitó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φθιτό-
PIE *Π·gɑɦudɑɦito-
Gr. ἄ·φθιτο-
(pt.) ‘unvergänglich’
(GEW 2:1015)
(Gr. κλέ(ϝ)ος ἄφθιτον ‘unverwüstlicher Ruhm’)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦudɑɦito-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦudɦito-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦudɦito-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *Π·bɦdɦito-
3. Π·bɦdɦito-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *Π·phdɦito-
4. Π·phdɦito-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *Π·phthito-
5. Π·phthito-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·φθιτο-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦeíts-
Gr. φθείσ-
(ao.fut.) ‘vernichten’
(GEW 2:1014)
(Gr. φθέισω, ἔφθεισα)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦeíts-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦeíts-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦeíts-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦeíts-
3. bɦdɦeíts-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦeíts-
4. phdɦeíts-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phtheíts-
5. phtheíts-
*ts → s
Loss of dental in *ts
Rts›s → *phtheís-
6. phtheís-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φθείσ-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦíts-
Att. φθίσ-
(ao.fut.) ‘vernichten’
(GEW 2:1014)
(Att. φθίσω, ἀπέφθισα)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦíts-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦíts-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦíts-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦíts-
3. bɦdɦíts-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦíts-
4. phdɦíts-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phthíts-
5. phthíts-
*ts → s
Loss of dental in *ts
Rts›s → *phthís-
6. phthís-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Att. φθίσ-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦítsi-
Gr. φθίσι-
(f.) ‘das Schwinden, Abnehmen, Auszehrung’
(GEW 2:1015)
(Gr. φθίσι-)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦítsi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦítsi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦítsi-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦítsi-
3. bɦdɦítsi-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦítsi-
4. phdɦítsi-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phthítsi-
5. phthítsi-
*ts → s
Loss of dental in *ts
Rts›s → *phthísi-
6. phthísi-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φθίσι-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦeitsím·Σ
Gr. φθεισίμ·βροτο-
(a.) ‘Menschen vernichtend’
(GEW 2:1014-5)
(Gr. φθεισίμβροτος)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦeitsím·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦeitsím·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦeitsím·Σ
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦeitsím·Σ
3. bɦdɦeitsím·Σ
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦeitsím·Σ
4. phdɦeitsím·Σ
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phtheitsím·Σ
5. phtheitsím·Σ
*ts → s
Loss of dental in *ts
Rts›s → *phtheisím·Σ
6. phtheisím·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φθεισίμ·Σ
√gɑɦudɑɦor-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦór-
Gr. φθόρ-
(pf.) ‘Verderben, Vernichtung’
(GEW 2:1013)
(in Gr. διέφθορα)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦór-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦór-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦór-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦór-
3. bɦdɦór-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦór-
4. phdɦór-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phthór-
5. phthór-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φθόρ-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦóro-
Gr. φθόρο-
(m.) ‘Verderben, Vernichtung’
(GEW 2:1013)
Gr. φθόρος)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦóro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦóro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦóro-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦóro-
3. bɦdɦóro-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦóro-
4. phdɦóro-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phthóro-
5. phthóro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φθόρο-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦorḗɑh-
Dor. φθορᾱ́-
(f.) ‘Verderben, Vernichtung, Untergang, Seuche’
(GEW 2:1013)
(Gr. φθορά)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦorḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *gɑɦudɑɦorā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦudɑɦorā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦorā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦudɦorā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦudɦorā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦudɦorā́-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦorā́-
5. bɦdɦorā́-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦorā́-
6. phdɦorā́-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phthorā́-
7. phthorā́-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. φθορᾱ́-
PIE *Π·gɑɦudɑɦorḗɑhtsi̯o-
Ion.-Att. δωματα·φθορήσο-
(fut.) ‘ruin the house’
(GEW 2:1013)
(Gr. δωματαφθορήσω)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦudɑɦorḗɑhtsi̯o-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *Π·gɑɦudɑɦorā́ɑhtsi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦudɑɦorā́ɑhtsi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦudɦorā́htsi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦudɦorā́htsi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦudɦorā́tsi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·gɦudɦorā́tsi̯o-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *Π·bɦdɦorā́tsi̯o-
5. Π·bɦdɦorā́tsi̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *Π·phdɦorā́tsi̯o-
6. Π·phdɦorā́tsi̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *Π·phthorā́tsi̯o-
7. Π·phthorā́tsi̯o-
si̯ → s
Loss of *i̯ after s
Rsi̯›s → *Π·phthorā́tso-
8. Π·phthorā́tso-
*ts → s
Loss of dental in *ts
Rts›s → *Π·phthorā́so-
9. Π·phthorā́so-
*ā́ → ḗ
Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ
Rā́›ḗ → *Π·phthorḗso-
10. Π·phthorḗso-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. Π·φθορήσο-
PIE *Π·gɑɦudɑɦoréi̯o-
Gr. δωματα·φθορέο-
(cs.) ‘ruin the house’
(LSJ. 465)
(Gr. δωματαφθορέω)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦudɑɦoréi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦudɦoréi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦudɦoréi̯o-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *Π·bɦdɦoréi̯o-
3. Π·bɦdɦoréi̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *Π·phdɦoréi̯o-
4. Π·phdɦoréi̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *Π·phthoréi̯o-
5. Π·phthoréi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *Π·phthoréo-
6. Π·phthoréo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·φθορέο-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦórii̯o-
Gr. φθόριο-
(a.) ‘abtreibend, die Verführung betreffend’
(GEW 2:1013)
(Gr. φθόριος)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦórii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦórii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦórii̯o-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦórii̯o-
3. bɦdɦórii̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦórii̯o-
4. phdɦórii̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phthórii̯o-
5. phthórii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *phthório-
6. phthório-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φθόριο-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦoríi̯eɑh-
Gr. φθορία-
(f.) ‘Verderben, Schade’
(GEW 2:1013)
(Gr. φθορία-)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦoríi̯eɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *gɑɦudɑɦoríi̯aɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gɑɦudɑɦoríi̯aɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦoríi̯ah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦudɦoríi̯ah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦudɦoríi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦudɦoríi̯a-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦoríi̯a-
5. bɦdɦoríi̯a-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦoríi̯a-
6. phdɦoríi̯a-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phthoríi̯a-
7. phthoríi̯a-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *phthoría-
8. phthoría-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φθορία-
√gɑɦudɑɦer-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦéri̯o-
Gr. φθείρο-
(vb.) ‘zugrunde richten, vernichten, zerstören’
(GEW 2:1013)
(Att. φθείρω, Lesb. φθέρρω, Arc. φθήρω)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦéri̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦéri̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦéri̯o-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦéri̯o-
3. bɦdɦéri̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦéri̯o-
4. phdɦéri̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phthéri̯o-
5. phthéri̯o-
*éri̯ → eír
Epenthesis of *i
Réri̯›eír → *phtheíro-
6. phtheíro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φθείρο-
PIE *Π·gɑɦudɑɦéri̯o-
Gr. συμ·φθείρο-
(vb.) ‘zugleich/gänzlich zugrunde richten’
(GEW 2:1013)
(Gr. συμφθείρω)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦudɑɦéri̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦudɦéri̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦudɦéri̯o-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *Π·bɦdɦéri̯o-
3. Π·bɦdɦéri̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *Π·phdɦéri̯o-
4. Π·phdɦéri̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *Π·phthéri̯o-
5. Π·phthéri̯o-
*éri̯ → eír
Epenthesis of *i
Réri̯›eír → *Π·phtheíro-
6. Π·phtheíro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·φθείρο-
√gɑɦudɑɦot-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦótsi-
Gr. φθόσι-
(f.) ‘= Gr. φθίσι-’
(LSJ. 1930)
(Gr. φθόσις)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦótsi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦótsi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦótsi-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦótsi-
3. bɦdɦótsi-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦótsi-
4. phdɦótsi-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phthótsi-
5. phthótsi-
*ts → s
Loss of dental in *ts
Rts›s → *phthósi-
6. phthósi-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φθόσι-


PIE √kɑhu- √gɑɦu- (sb.) ‘Wasser’ (vb.) ‘trinken’
(IEW 23)
(LIV2:231; Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)
√gɑɦu-
(HEG E:104)
(IEW 23, Pyysalo)
PIE *egɑɦu-
Hitt. egu-
(vb.1.) ‘trinken: NAG’
(HHand. 31)
(Hitt. e-ku, e-ku-uš-ši, e-ku-uz-zi, e-ku-ut-te-ni, e-ku-an-zi, e-ku-un)
1. PIE *egɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *egɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. egɦu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. egu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ogɑɦu-
Hitt. agu-
(vb.1.) ‘trinken’
(HHand. 12)
(Hitt. a-ku-ua-an-zi, HIL. 280-1)
1. PIE *ogɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ogɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ogɦu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *agɦu-
3. agɦu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. agu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦu̯·Σ
Arm. ǰ·ałac‘-
(sb.) ‘water-mill’
(EtDiArm. 26)
(Arm. ǰałac‘, ǰałac‘ani [pl], ǰałac‘ac‘ [plGD])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯·Σ
gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›ǰɦ → *ǰɦ·Σ
3. ǰɦ·Σ
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → Arm. ǰ·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
√gɑɦuo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ogɑɦu̯o-
Hitt. agu̯a-
(vb.) ‘trinken: NAG’
(HHand. 12)
(Hitt. a-ku-an-na [inf.])
1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ogɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ogɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *agɦu̯a-
3. agɦu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. agu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *nḗɑh·gɑɦu̯o-
Att. νή·φο-
(pr.A.) ‘nüchtern’
(Grundr2 1:615)
(Gr. νήφω; νή· as Hom. νή·ποινο- ‘straflos, ungerächt’ GEW 2:573)
1. PIE *nḗɑh·gɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *nā́ɑh·gɑɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. nā́ɑh·gɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nā́h·gɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nā́h·gɦu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *nā́·gɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. nā́·gɦu̯o-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *nā́·bɦo-
5. nā́·bɦo-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *nā́·pho-
6. nā́·pho-
*ā́ → ḗ
Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ
Rā́›ḗ → *nḗ·pho-
7. nḗ·pho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Att. νή·φο-
PIE *ogɑɦu̯ont-
Hitt. agu̯ant-
(pt.) ‘getrunken’
(HHand. 12)
(Hitt. a-ku-ua-an-da-aš [sgG])
1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ogɦu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ogɦu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *agɦu̯ant-
3. agɦu̯ant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. agu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ogɑɦu̯odɑɦor-
Hitt. agu̯adar-
(n.N.act.) ‘drinking’
(HHand. 12)
(Hitt. a-ku-ua-tar, a-ku-ua-a-tar)
1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯odɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ogɦu̯odɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ogɦu̯odɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *agɦu̯adɦar-
3. agɦu̯adɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. agu̯adar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦur-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gɑɦur-
RV. ghr-
(pret.) ‘beträufeln (mit Fett)’
(WbRV. 421)
(in RV. ghr̥tá- [pt.])
1. PIE *gɑɦur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦur-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦur-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦr-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. gɦr-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. ghr-
PIE *gɑɦur·Σ
Arm. ǰr·ałac‘-
(sb.) ‘water-mill’
(EtDiArm. 26)
1. PIE *gɑɦur·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦur·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦur·Σ
gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›ǰɦ → *ǰɦr·Σ
3. ǰɦr·Σ
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → Arm. ǰr·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
√gɑɦuro-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gɑɦuro·Σ
Hitt. gura·[…
(PÚ.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 536)
(if in Hitt. gur-x-[-, “Hurrischer Bereich? (im Kontext der Quellname Šanija)” ‹for Hitt. a (uncertain), cf. below›)
1. PIE *gɑɦuro·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuro·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuro·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦura·Σ
3. gɦura·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gura·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦuro-
Kpd. gura-
(Ic.) ‘(chef de forgerons)’
(NOMS. 639)
(Kpd. ku-ra-a, ku-ra)
1. PIE *gɑɦuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦura-
3. gɦura-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Kpd. gura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦuro-
Arm. ǰro-
(sb.obl.) ‘water’
(IEW 487)
(Arm. ǰroy [sgG])
1. PIE *gɑɦuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuro-
gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›ǰɦ → *ǰɦro-
3. ǰɦro-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → Arm. ǰro-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *gɑɦoto·gɑɦuronto-
Hitt. gata·guranta-
(DUGc.) ‘libationvessel?: DUGḪAB.ḪAB?’
(HHand. 76)
(Hitt. kat-ta-ku-ra-an-ta-aš [N], HED 4:123-4, HIL. 536 or kat-ta-ma-ra-an-ta-aš?)
1. PIE *gɑɦoto·gɑɦuronto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦoto·gɦuronto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦoto·gɦuronto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦata·gɦuranta-
3. gɦata·gɦuranta-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gata·guranta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦuri-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gɑɦuroii̯o-
Hitt. gurai̯a-
(n./c.) ‘ein Gefäß’
(HHand. 85)
(HEG K:644)
1. PIE *gɑɦuroii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuroii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuroii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuraii̯a-
3. gɦuraii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *gɦuraia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. gɦuraia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *gɦurai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. gɦurai̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gurai̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦu̯érgɑɦuri-
RV. jághri-
(a.int.) ‘spritzend’
(WbRV. 464)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯érgɑɦuri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯érgɦuri-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯érgɦuri-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯érgɦuri-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯érgɦuri-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯érgɦri-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦu̯érgɦri-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦérgɦri-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦérgɦri-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰérgɦri-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
6. ǰérgɦri-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jérgɦri-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. jérgɦri-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *járgɦri-
8. járgɦri-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. járghri-


PIE √kɑhur- √gɑɦur- (sb.) ‘Haar(band), Flechte’ (vb.) ‘binden, gürten’
(IEW 444)
(Benveniste 1932b:139)
√kɑhur-
(IEW –)
PIE *keɑhu̯oro-
OInd. kavara-
(m.) ‘Haarband, Flechte: braid of hair’
(KEWA 1:186)
1. PIE *keɑhu̯oro-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhu̯oro-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhu̯oro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahu̯oro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahu̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kahu̯ara-
4. kahu̯ara-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kau̯ara-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kau̯ara-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OInd. kavara-
PIE *keɑhúro-
Lith. kaũra-
(m.) ‘Haar’
(LiEtWb. 231)
1. PIE *keɑhúro-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhúro-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhúro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahúro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahúro-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *kahùro-
4. kahùro-
RaHù›aHũ → *kahũro-
5. kahũro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kaũro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. kaũro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Lith. kaũra-
√gɑɦurdɑɦ-
(Benveniste 1932b:139)
(HEG K:658f.)
PIE *gɑɦurdɑɦo-
Hitt. gurda-
(Éc.) ‘Burg, Akropolis, Zitadelle’
(HEG K:658f., HHand. 86)
1. PIE *gɑɦurdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦurdɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦurdɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦurdɦa-
3. gɦurdɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gurda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦurdɑɦo-
MAv. gǝrǝδa-
(m.) ‘Höhle als Behausung’
(AIWb. 522-3)
(MAv. gǝrǝδa-)
1. PIE *gɑɦurdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦurdɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦurdɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦurdɦa-
3. gɦurdɦa-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦrdɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. gɦrdɦa-
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → *gɦr̥dɦa-
5. gɦr̥dɦa-
*r̥ → ǝr
Change of *r̥ into ǝr
Rr̥›ǝr → *gɦǝrdɦa-
6. gɦǝrdɦa-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
Rr›rǝ → *gɦǝrǝdɦa-
7. gɦǝrǝdɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦǝrǝda-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. gɦǝrǝda-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → MAv. gǝrǝda-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *gɑɦu̯oŕdɑɦo-
Lith. gar̃da-
(m.) ‘Pferch’
(LiEtWb. 135)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯oŕdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯oŕdɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯oŕdɦo-
eŕ → or̃
Circumflex intonation for oŕ
RLiAcc11 → *gɦu̯or̃dɦo-
3. gɦu̯or̃dɦo-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦor̃dɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. gɦor̃dɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦar̃dɦa-
5. gɦar̃dɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦar̃da-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. gɦar̃da-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → Lith. gar̃da-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *gɑɦu̯ordɑɦo-
Alb. gardh-
(m.) ‘fence’
(AlbEtD. 110)
(Alb. gardh [sgN], gardhe [plN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ordɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ordɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ordɦo-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦordɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. gɦordɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦardɦa-
4. gɦardɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦarda-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. gɦarda-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → Alb. garda-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *gɑɦu̯ordɑɦo
OCS. gradŭ-
(m.) ‘Stadt’
(Sadnik √253)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ordɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ordɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ordɦo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯ardɦa
3. gɦu̯ardɦa
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦardɦa
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. gɦardɦa
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦarda
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. gɦarda
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *garda
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. garda
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *gordo
7. gordo
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *gordu
8. gordu
*ord → rād
Slavic metathesis of ord to rād
Rord›rād → *grādu
9. grādu
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *gradu
10. gradu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. gradŭ
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ordɑɦo-
PhrygL. mane·gordo-
(ON.) ‘Mannesstad’
(IEW 444)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ordɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ordɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯ordɦo-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·gɦu̯ordo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·gɦu̯ordo-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → PhrygL. Π·gu̯ordo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ordɑɦiɑ́h-
OCS. o·gradi-
(vb.) ‘fence in, enclose’
(Sadnik √235)
(OCS. ogradi [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ordɑɦiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *Π·gɑɦu̯ordɑɦiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯ordɑɦiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ordɦiíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯ordɦiíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯ardɦiíh-
4. Π·gɦu̯ardɦiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ardɦií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·gɦu̯ardɦií-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦardɦií-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·gɦardɦií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *Π·gɦardɦī́-
7. Π·gɦardɦī́-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·gɦardī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. Π·gɦardī́-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·gardī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
9. Π·gardī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·gordī́-
10. Π·gordī́-
*ord → rād
Slavic metathesis of ord to rād
Rord›rād → *Π·grādī́-
11. Π·grādī́-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *Π·gradī́-
12. Π·gradī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *Π·gradí-
13. Π·gradí-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → OCS. Π·gradi-


PIE √kɑhus- √gɑɦus- (sb.) ‘Lohn, Sold, Preis, Reichtum’
(IEW 447-8 [diff.])
(Götze 1954:403: Germ. + Hitt.; Pyysalo: Lith.)
√kɑhusi-
(IEW 447-8)
PIE *kɑ́husi̯ēɑh
OSax. hūria-
(f.) ‘Heuer, Miete’
(ASächsWb. 38)
(OSax. hūria)
1. PIE *kɑ́husi̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kɑ́husi̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kɑ́husi̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhusi̯āɑh
(SPIE §3.2.3)
3. kúhusi̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kúhusi̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. kúhusi̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kúusi̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kúusi̯ā
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *kū́si̯ā
6. kū́si̯ā
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xū́si̯ā
7. xū́si̯ā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *xū́si̯ō
(XX:XX)
8. xū́si̯ō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *xū́si̯a
9. xū́si̯a
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hū́si̯a
10. hū́si̯a
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → OSax. hū́sia
√gɑɦuson-
(HEG K:671)
PIE *gɑɦuson
Hitt. gušan-
(n.) ‘Lohn, Sold, Preis: Akd. I-TI’
(HHand. 87)
(Hitt. ku-uš-ša-ni, ku-uš-ša-ni-i)
1. PIE *gɑɦuson
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuson
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuson
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦusan
3. gɦusan
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gusan
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gusan
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gušan
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦusono·tolo-
Hitt. gušana·tala-
(c.) ‘Söldner’
(HHand. 87)
(Hitt. ku-uš-ša-na-at-tal-la-aš, ku-uš-ša-na-at-tal-la-an)
1. PIE *gɑɦusono·tolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦusono·tolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦusono·tolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦusana·tala-
3. gɦusana·tala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gusana·tala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gusana·tala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gušana·tala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦusonei-
Hitt. gušani-
(vb.1.) ‘mieten, in Tagelohn nehmen’
(HHand. 87)
(Hitt. ku-uš-ša-ni-ez-zi)
1. PIE *gɑɦusonei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦusonei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦusonei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦusanei-
3. gɦusanei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gusanei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gusanei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gušanei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦusonei̯o-
Hitt. gušanei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘mieten, in Tagelohn nehmen’
(HHand. 87)
(Hitt. ku-uš-ša-ni-ia-zi)
1. PIE *gɑɦusonei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦusonei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦusonei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦusanei̯a-
3. gɦusanei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gusanei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gusanei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gušanei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦusonei̯otolo-
Hitt. gušanei̯atala-
(c.) ‘Söldner’
(HHand. 87)
(Hitt. ku-uš–ša-ni-ia-tal-la-aš)
1. PIE *gɑɦusonei̯otolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦusonei̯otolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦusonei̯otolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦusanei̯atala-
3. gɦusanei̯atala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gusanei̯atala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gusanei̯atala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gušanei̯atala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦusn-
PIE *gɑɦusn-
Hitt. gušn-
(n.) ‘Lohn, Sold, Preis’
(HIL. 576-7)
(Hitt. ku-uš-ni [sgL], ku-uš-na-az)
1. PIE *gɑɦusn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦusn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦusn-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gusn-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. gusn-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gušn-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦusnei-
Hitt. gušnei-
(vb.1.) ‘mieten, in Tagelohn nehmen’
(HHand. 87)
(Hitt. ku-uš-ne-ez-zi)
1. PIE *gɑɦusnei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦusnei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦusnei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gusnei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. gusnei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gušnei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦous-
PIE *gɑɦoús·Σ
Lith. gaũs·iai
(adv.) ‘reichlich: abundantly’
(Senn 2:198)
(Lith. gaũsiai)
1. PIE *gɑɦoús·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦoús·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦoús·Σ
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *gɦoùs·Σ
3. gɦoùs·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦaùs·Σ
4. gɦaùs·Σ
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → Lith. gaùs·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *gɑɦouskɑ́hingɑɦo-
Lith. gausínga-
(a.1.) ‘reich an: rich in’
(Senn 2:198)
(Lith. gausìngas [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦouskɑ́hingɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gɑɦouskíhingɑɦo-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. gɑɦouskíhingɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦouskíhingɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦouskíhingɦo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦouskíingɦo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦouskíingɦo-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *gɦouskī́ngɦo-
5. gɦouskī́ngɦo-
*ī́RC → íRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ī́RC
Rī́RC›íRC → *gɦouskíngɦo-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
6. gɦouskíngɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦauskíngɦa-
7. gɦauskíngɦa-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → Lith. gauskínga-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
√gɑɦousu-
PIE *gɑɦousú-
Lith. gausù-
(a.4.) ‘reichlich: abundant’
(Senn 2:198)
(Lith. gausùs)
1. PIE *gɑɦousú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦousú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦousú-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *gɦousù-
3. gɦousù-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦausù-
4. gɦausù-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → Lith. gausù-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *gɑɦousúmo-
Lith. gausùma-
(m.2.) ’reichliche Menge, Reichtum’
(Senn 2:198)
1. PIE *gɑɦousúmo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦousúmo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦousúmo-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *gɦousùmo-
3. gɦousùmo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦausùma-
4. gɦausùma-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → Lith. gausùma-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)


PIE √kɑhus- (vb.) ‘eilen; bewegen’ (sb.) ‘Wagen’ (a.) ‘schnell’
(IEW 625)
(Pyysalo)
√kɑhuso-
PIE *Π·kɑhuso-
HLu. kuša·-
(CURRUSsb.) ‘currus’
(CHLu. 2.15.7)
(HLu. CURRUS(-)ku-sà-ti)
1. PIE *Π·kɑhuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·khuso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·khuso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·khusa-
3. Π·khusa-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·kusa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·kusa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. Π·kuša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·kɑhuso-
HLu. ARHA kuša·-
(CAPUT+SCALPRUMvb.) ‘remove’
(CHLu. 2.29.2)
(HLu. ARHA (‘CAPUT+SCALPRUM)ku-sà-mi-na)
1. PIE *Π·kɑhuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·khuso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·khuso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·khusa-
3. Π·khusa-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·kusa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·kusa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. Π·kuša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·kɑhuso-
CLu. anda (…) kušai·-
(vb.) ‘rub?’
(KUB xxxv 107 Rs. iii 20)
(CLu. mannawannin anda tama ‹obj.› ku-u-ša-a-in-ta [3pl] ‹for the semantics, see Gr. below›)
1. PIE *Π·kɑhuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·khuso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·khuso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·khusa-
3. Π·khusa-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·kusa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·kusa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. Π·kuša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√kɑhusɑhri-
PIE *kɑhuséɑhri̯o-
Gr. ψαίρο-
(pr.intr.) ‘flattern, vibrieren, zittern’
(GEW 2:1127)
(Gr. ψαίρω [1sg])
1. PIE *kɑhuséɑhri̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *kɑhusáɑhri̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kɑhusáɑhri̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusáhri̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. khusáhri̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *khusári̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. khusári̯o-
*khu/u̯ → ph
Bilabialization of labiovelar *khu/u̯
RkhU›ph → *phsári̯o-
5. phsári̯o-
*phs → ps
Loss of *h between *p and *s
Rphs›ps → *psári̯o-
6. psári̯o-
*ári̯ → aír
Epenthesis of *i
Rári̯›aír → *psaíro-
7. psaíro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ψαίρο-
PIE *kɑhuséɑhri̯o-
Gr. ψαίρο-
(pr.tr.) ‘streichen, leicht reiben’
(GEW 2:1127)
(Gr. ψαίρω [1sg])
1. PIE *kɑhuséɑhri̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *kɑhusáɑhri̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kɑhusáɑhri̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusáhri̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. khusáhri̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *khusári̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. khusári̯o-
*khu/u̯ → ph
Bilabialization of labiovelar *khu/u̯
RkhU›ph → *phsári̯o-
5. phsári̯o-
*phs → ps
Loss of *h between *p and *s
Rphs›ps → *psári̯o-
6. psári̯o-
*ári̯ → aír
Epenthesis of *i
Rári̯›aír → *psaíro-
7. psaíro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ψαίρο-
√kɑhuseɑhukiro-
PIE *kɑhuseɑhukiro·Σ
Gr. ψαυκρο·πόδησ-
(a.) ‘schnellfüssig (Beiw. des Pferdes Arion)’
(GEW 2:1130)
1. PIE *kɑhuseɑhukiro·Σ
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kɑhusaɑhukiro·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kɑhusaɑhukiro·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusahukiro·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. khusahukiro·Σ
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *khusahuḱro·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. khusahuḱro·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *khusauḱro·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. khusauḱro·Σ
*khu/u̯ → ph
Bilabialization of labiovelar *khu/u̯
RkhU›ph → *phsauḱro·Σ
6. phsauḱro·Σ
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *phsaukro·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. phsaukro·Σ
*phs → ps
Loss of *h between *p and *s
Rphs›ps → *psaukro·Σ
8. psaukro·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ψαυκρο·Σ
√kɑhusu-
PIE *kɑhúsu-
TochA. kusu-
(sb.) ‘(nomen metri 4x12 syllabarum)’
(Poucha 83)
(TochA. kuswäṃ [sgL])
1. PIE *kɑhúsu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khúsu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khúsu-
*kh → k
Loss of *h in tenues aspirata *kh
Rkh›k → *kúsu-
3. kúsu-
*ú → u
Orthographic change of *ú into u
Rú›u → TochA. kusu-
PIE *kɑhusumon-
Kpd. kušuman-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 654)
(Kpd. ku-šu-ma-an)
1. PIE *kɑhusumon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusumon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khusumon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *khusuman-
3. khusuman-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *kusuman-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. kusuman-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Kpd. kušuman-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *kɑhusunolo·Σ
HLu. kušunala·zi
(REGIO.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 9.11.1)
(HLu. (‘*218’)ku-su-na-la-zi(REGIO)
1. PIE *kɑhusunolo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusunolo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khusunolo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *khusunala·Σ
3. khusunala·Σ
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *kusunala·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. kusunala·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. kušunala·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√kɑhusubɑɦ-
(IEW 625)
(WP. 1:502f.)
PIE *kɑhusúbɑɦ-
RV. kṣúbh-
(f.) ‘schnelle Bewegung’
(WbRV. 369)
(RV. kṣubhā́ [sgI])
1. PIE *kɑhusúbɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusúbɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khusúbɦ-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *khušúbɦ-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. khušúbɦ-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *khšúbɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. khšúbɦ-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *kšúbɦ-
5. kšúbɦ-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *kṣúbɦ-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
6. kṣúbɦ-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. kṣúbh-
PIE *kɑhusúbɑɦi̯o-
OInd. kṣúbhya-
(vb.) ‘schwanken, in Schwankung geraten, zittern’
(EWA 1:441)
(OInd. kṣúbhyati [3sg])
1. PIE *kɑhusúbɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusúbɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khusúbɦi̯o-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *khušúbɦi̯o-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. khušúbɦi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *khušúbɦi̯a-
4. khušúbɦi̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *khšúbɦi̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. khšúbɦi̯a-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *kšúbɦi̯a-
6. kšúbɦi̯a-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *kṣúbɦi̯a-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
7. kṣúbɦi̯a-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *kṣúbhi̯a-
8. kṣúbhi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. kṣúbhya-


PIE √kɑɦud- √gɑɦut- (sb.) ‘Gott, Herr, Ehre, Ruhm’ (a.) ‘herrisch, herrlich, ehrbar’
(IEW 413, 587-588)
(Pyysalo: Gr. + Hitt. + Germ.)
√kɑɦud-
PIE *kɑ́ɦudos-
Gr. κύ̄δοσ-
(n.) ‘Herrlichkeit, Ehre, Ansehen, Ruhm’
(GEW 2:40-1)
(Gr. κῦδος [sgNA])
1. PIE *kɑ́ɦudos-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúɦudos-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. kúɦudos-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *kúudos-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. kúudos-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *kū́dos-
4. kū́dos-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. κύ̄δοσ-
√gɑɦut-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gɑɦut·oni̯ei-
Hitt. gut·ani̯ei-
(vb.1.) ‘herrisch behandeln’
(HHand. 87)
(Hitt. ku-ud-da-ni-e-iz-zi-ma)
1. PIE *gɑɦut·oni̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦut·oni̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦut·oni̯ei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦut·ani̯ei-
3. gɦut·ani̯ei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gut·ani̯ei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦuto-
PIE *gɑɦuto
Goth. guþ
(m.) ‘Gott’
(GoEtD. G118)
(Goth. guþ)
1. PIE *gɑɦuto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuto
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuto
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *gɦuþo
3. gɦuþo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *guþo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. guþo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *guþa
5. guþa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Goth. guþ
PIE *gɑɦuto
OIcl. guð-
(n.) ‘(heidnischer) Gott’
(ANEtWb. 193)
1. PIE *gɑɦuto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuto
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuto
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *gɦuþo
3. gɦuþo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *guþo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. guþo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *guþa
5. guþa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *guþ
6. guþ
*þ → ð
Change of þ into ð
R=þ›=ð → OIcl. guð
PIE *gɑɦuto
OIcl. goð-
(n.) ‘heidnischer Gott’
(ANEtWb. 181)
1. PIE *gɑɦuto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuto
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuto
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *gɦuþo
3. gɦuþo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *guþo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. guþo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *guþa
5. guþa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *guþ
6. guþ
*þ → ð
Change of þ into ð
R=þ›=ð → OIcl. guð
PIE *hɑep·gɑɦuto
Goth. af·guþ-
(a.) ‘gottlos’
(GoEtWb. 17)
1. PIE *hɑep·gɑɦuto
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap·gɑɦuto
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap·gɑɦuto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hap·gɦuto
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hap·gɦuto
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ap·gɦuto
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ap·gɦuto
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *af·gɦuto
5. af·gɦuto
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *af·gɦuþo
6. af·gɦuþo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *af·guþo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. af·guþo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *af·guþa
8. af·guþa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Goth. af·guþ
PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦuto
Goth. ga·liuga·guþ-
(n.) ‘Götze: false god, idol’
(GoEtD. G118)
1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦuto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·gɦuto
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·Π·gɦuto
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *Π·Π·gɦuþo
3. Π·Π·gɦuþo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·Π·guþo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·Π·guþo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·Π·guþa
5. Π·Π·guþa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Goth. Π·Π·guþ
PIE *gɑɦo·gɑɦuto
Goth. ga·guþ-
(a.) ‘ehrbar: respected, honorable’
(GoEtD. G118)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·gɑɦuto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·gɦuto
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦo·gɦuto
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *gɦo·gɦuþo
3. gɦo·gɦuþo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *go·guþo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. go·guþo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ga·guþa
5. ga·guþa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Goth. ga·guþ
√gɑɦudɑɦ-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦo
OSax. god-
(m.) ‘Gott’
(ASaxD. 482)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦudo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. gɦudo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gudo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gudo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *guda
5. guda
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OSax. gud
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦo
OEng. god-
(m.) ‘god, deity’
(ASaxD. 482)
(OEng. god, godes)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦudo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. gɦudo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gudo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gudo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *guda
5. guda
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OEng. gud
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦo
OFr. god-
(m.) ‘Gott’
(ASaxD. 482)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦudo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. gɦudo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gudo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gudo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *guda
5. guda
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OFr. gud
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦo
OHG. got-
(m.) ‘Gott’
(ASaxD. 482)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦudo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. gɦudo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gudo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gudo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *guda
5. guda
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *gud
6. gud
*d → t
OHG sound shift of *d
Rd›tHG → OHG. gut
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦ·Σ
Goth. gud·blostrei-
(m.) ‘worshipper of God’
(GoEtD. G118)
(Goth. gudblostreis [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦ·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦud·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. gɦud·Σ
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → Goth. gud·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦ·Σ
Goth. gud·hūs-
(n.) ‘temple’
(GoEtD. G110)
(Goth. gudhusa [sgD])
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦ·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦud·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. gɦud·Σ
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → Goth. gud·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦēɑh
Goth. guda
(n.plNA) ‘heathen god(s)’
(GoEtD. G118)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦudɑɦāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦudɑɦāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦudɦāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦudɦā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦudɦā
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦudā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. gɦudā
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gudā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. gudā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *gudō
(XX:XX)
7. gudō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → Goth. guda
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦo·Σ
Goth. guda·faurht-
(a.) ‘god-fearing’
(GoEtD. G118)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦo·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦudo·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. gɦudo·Σ
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gudo·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gudo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. guda·Σ
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦo·Σ
Goth. guda·laus-
(a.) ‘gottlos’
(GoEtD. G118)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦo·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦudo·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. gɦudo·Σ
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gudo·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gudo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. guda·Σ
√gɑɦudɑɦi-
PIE *hɑep·gɑɦudɑɦei·n-
Goth. af·gudei·n-
(f.) ‘Gottlosigkeit: ungodliness’
(GoEtD. G118)
1. PIE *hɑep·gɑɦudɑɦei·n-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap·gɑɦudɑɦei·n-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap·gɑɦudɑɦei·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hap·gɦudɦei·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hap·gɦudɦei·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ap·gɦudɦei·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ap·gɦudɦei·n-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *af·gɦudɦei·n-
5. af·gɦudɦei·n-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *af·gɦudei·n-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. af·gɦudei·n-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *af·gudei·n-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. af·gudei·n-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *af·gudī·n-
8. af·gudī·n-
*ī → ei
Orthographic change of *ī into ei
Rī›ei → Goth. af·gudei·n-
PIE *gɑɦo·gɑɦudɑɦei·n-
Goth. ga·gudei·n-
(f.) ‘piety’
(GoEtD. G118)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·gɑɦudɑɦei·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·gɦudɦei·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦo·gɦudɦei·n-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦo·gɦudei·n-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. gɦo·gɦudei·n-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *go·gudei·n-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. go·gudei·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ga·gudei·n-
5. ga·gudei·n-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *ga·gudī·n-
6. ga·gudī·n-
*ī → ei
Orthographic change of *ī into ei
Rī›ei → Goth. ga·gudei·n-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦi·n-
OIcl. goði·n-
(m.) ‘Priester’
(ANEtWb. 181)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦi·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦi·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦi·n-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦudi·n-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. gɦudi·n-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gudi·n-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gudi·n-
*d -› ð
Change of d into ð
Rd›ð → OIcl. guði·n-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦi·lubɑɦo
Goth. gudi·lub-
(PNm.) ‘god-loved’ or ‘god-loving’
(GoEtD. G112)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦi·lubɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦi·lubɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦi·lubɦo
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *gɦudɦi·lubo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. gɦudɦi·lubo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦudi·lubo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gɦudi·lubo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gudi·lubo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. gudi·lubo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gudi·luba
6. gudi·luba
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Goth. gudi·lub
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦiski̯o
Goth. gudisk-
(a.) ‘divine’
(GoEtD. G111)
(Goth. gudisks [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦiski̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦiski̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦiski̯o
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *gɦudɦisḱo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. gɦudɦisḱo
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *gɦudɦisko
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. gɦudɦisko
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦudisko
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. gɦudisko
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gudisko
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. gudisko
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gudiska
7. gudiska
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Goth. gudisk
√gɑɦudɑɦ·iion-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦii̯o·n-
ORun. gudija·n-
(m.) ‘(heidnischer) Priester’
(ANEtWb. 181)
(ORun. gudija)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦii̯o·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦii̯o·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦii̯o·n-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦudii̯o·n-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. gɦudii̯o·n-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gudii̯o·n-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gudii̯o·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gudii̯a·n-
5. gudii̯a·n-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → ORun. gudija·n-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦii̯o·n-
Goth. gudja·n-
(m.) ‘(ursprüngl. heidnischer) Priester’
(GoEtD. G113)
(Goth. gudjans [plN])
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦii̯o·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦii̯o·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦii̯o·n-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦudii̯o·n-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. gɦudii̯o·n-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gudii̯o·n-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gudii̯o·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gudii̯a·n-
5. gudii̯a·n-
*ii̯a → ja
Loss of *i before i̯a
Rii̯a›i̯a → *gudi̯a·n-
6. gudi̯a·n-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Goth. gudja·n-
PIE *upor·gɑɦudɑɦii̯o·n-
Goth. ufar·gudja·n-
(m.) ‘high priest’
(GoEtD. G113)
1. PIE *upor·gɑɦudɑɦii̯o·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *upor·gɦudɦii̯o·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. upor·gɦudɦii̯o·n-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *ufor·gɦudɦii̯o·n-
3. ufor·gɦudɦii̯o·n-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *ufor·gɦudii̯o·n-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ufor·gɦudii̯o·n-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *ufor·gudii̯o·n-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. ufor·gudii̯o·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ufar·gudii̯a·n-
6. ufar·gudii̯a·n-
*ii̯a → ja
Loss of *i before i̯a
Rii̯a›i̯a → *ufar·gudi̯a·n-
7. ufar·gudi̯a·n-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Goth. ufar·gudja·n-
PIE *gɑɦudɑɦii̯o·n-
OIcl. gyðja·n-
(f.) ‘Göttin, Priesterin: goddess, priestess’
(ANEtWb. 195)
(OIcl. gyðja [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦii̯o·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦii̯o·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦii̯o·n-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦudii̯o·n-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. gɦudii̯o·n-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gudii̯o·n-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gudii̯o·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gudii̯a·n-
5. gudii̯a·n-
*u – i i̯ → y – i̯
Umlaut for *u – ii̯
Rudii̯›ydi̯ → *gydi̯a·n-
6. gydi̯a·n-
*d -› ð
Change of d into ð
Rd›ð → *gyði̯a·n-
7. gyði̯a·n-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → OIcl. gyðja·n-


PIE √kiɑhr- √giɑɦr- (sb.) ‘Herz’
(IEW 579-580)
(Hrozný 1922:69: OAnat. + IE; Pyysalo: HLu.)
√keieɑhr-
PIE *kéi̯eɑhr-
Gr. κέαρ-
(n.) ‘Herz: heart’
(GEW 1:787-788)
(Hom. κέαρ [sgNA], Gr. κῆρ by contraction)
1. PIE *kéi̯eɑhr-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kéi̯aɑhr-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kéi̯aɑhr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kéi̯ahr-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kéi̯ahr-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kéi̯ar-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kéi̯ar-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *kéar-
5. kéar-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. κέαρ-
√keiɑhor-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *keiɑhoro·ni-
HLu. keiḫara·ni
(sb.) ‘ein Körperorgan ‹with (-)za+ra/i-ti ‘Herz’›’
(CHLu. 10.18.12)
(HLu. ki-hara/i-ni(-)za+ra/i-ti; here if figura etymologica)
1. PIE *keiɑhoro·ni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *keihoro·ni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. keihoro·ni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *keihara·ni-
3. keihara·ni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. keiḫara·ni-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√kioɑhr-
PIE *ki̯oɑhrídi̯ēɑh-
Dor. κορίζᾱ-
(f.) ‘Herz, Magen, Mark bei Pflanzen’
(IEW 579-580)
(Cypr. κορίζα ‹only in IEW›)
1. PIE *ki̯oɑhrídi̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ki̯oɑhrídi̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ki̯oɑhrídi̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ki̯ohrídi̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ki̯ohrídi̯āh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱohrídi̯āh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ḱohrídi̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ḱorídi̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ḱorídi̯ā-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *ḱoríjā-
6. ḱoríjā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *koríjā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. koríjā-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *korízā-
8. korízā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. κορίζᾱ-
√kiɑhēr-
PIE *ki̯ɑhēr-
Hitt. kēr-
(n.) ‘Herz: heart’
(HEG K:556f.)
(Hitt. ki-ir [sgL], ŠÀ-ir [sgL])
1. PIE *ki̯ɑhēr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ki̯hēr-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ki̯hēr-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱhēr-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ḱhēr-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *khēr-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. khēr-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. kēr-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ki̯ɑhērtro
Goth. hairþr-
(n.) ‘heart, bowels’ ‹cf. OHG. herder ‘bowels’›
(GoEtD. H18)
(Goth. hairþra [plA])
1. PIE *ki̯ɑhērtro
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ki̯hērtro
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ki̯hērtro
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱhērtro
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ḱhērtro
*ēRC → eRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ēRC
RēRC›eRC → *ḱhertro
(SPIE §2.5.8)
4. ḱhertro
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *khertro
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. khertro
*kh → x
Affricativization of *kh
Rkh›x → *xertro
6. xertro
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *xerþro
7. xerþro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xerþra
8. xerþra
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *xirþra
9. xirþra
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *xirþr
10. xirþr
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hirþr
11. hirþr
i → ai
Opening of i into ai
Ri›ai → Goth. hairþr
√kieɑɦrd-
PIE *ki̯eɑɦrdíēɑh-
Gr. καρδίᾱ-
(f.) ‘Herz’
(GEW 1:787-8)
(Att. καρδία)
1. PIE *ki̯eɑɦrdíēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ki̯aɑɦrdíēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. ki̯aɑɦrdíēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ki̯aɑɦrdíāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. ki̯aɑɦrdíāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ki̯aɦrdíāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ki̯aɦrdíāh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱaɦrdíāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. ḱaɦrdíāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ḱardíāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ḱardíāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ḱardíā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. ḱardíā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *kardíā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
8. kardíā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. καρδίᾱ-
PIE *ki̯éɑɦrdi̯ēɑh-
Aeol. κάρζᾱ-
(f.) ‘Herz’
(LSJ. 878)
(Lesb. κάρζα)
1. PIE *ki̯éɑɦrdi̯ēɑh-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *ki̯áɑɦrdi̯ēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. ki̯áɑɦrdi̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ki̯áɑɦrdi̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. ki̯áɑɦrdi̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ki̯áɦrdi̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ki̯áɦrdi̯āh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱáɦrdi̯āh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. ḱáɦrdi̯āh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ḱárdi̯āh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ḱárdi̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ḱárdi̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. ḱárdi̯ā-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *ḱárjā-
8. ḱárjā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *kárjā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
9. kárjā-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *kárzā-
10. kárzā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Aeol. κάρζᾱ-
√kioɑɦrd-
PIE *ki̯oɑɦrd-
Lat. cord-
(n.) ‘Herz’
(WH. 1:271-2)
(Lat. cor, cordis)
1. PIE *ki̯oɑɦrd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ki̯oɦrd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ki̯oɦrd-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱoɦrd-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ḱoɦrd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ḱord-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ḱord-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *kord-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. kord-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. cord-
PIE *ki̯oɑɦrdíēɑh-
Dor. κορζίᾱ
(f.) ‘Herz’
(LSJ 866, Grundr2 1:663)
(Cypr. κορζία)
1. PIE *ki̯oɑɦrdíēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ki̯oɑɦrdíāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ki̯oɑɦrdíāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ki̯oɦrdíāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ki̯oɦrdíāh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱoɦrdíāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ḱoɦrdíāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ḱordíāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ḱordíāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ḱordíā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ḱordíā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *kordíā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. kordíā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. κορδίᾱ-
√giɑɦrd-
(HIL. 543)
PIE *gi̯ɑɦord-
Hitt. gard-
(UZUn.obl.) ‘Herz: UZUŠÀ’
(HHand. 74-5)
(Hitt. kar-ta, kar-da, kar-di, kar-ti, kar-ti-i, kar-ta-az)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦord-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦord-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦord-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵɦord-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦord-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǵɦard-
4. ǵɦard-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦard-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦard-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gard-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gi̯ɑɦord-
Pal. gard-
(n.) ‘Herz’
(DPal. 19, 77)
(Pal. karti [sgL])
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦord-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦord-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦord-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵɦord-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦord-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǵɦard-
4. ǵɦard-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦard-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦard-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Pal. gard-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gi̯ɑɦord-
CLu. zard-
(UZUn.) ‘Herz’
(HHand. 206)
(CLu. zard-)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦord-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦord-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦord-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦord-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦord-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́ɦard-
4. j́ɦard-
*j́ɦ → zɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ
Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *zɦard-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. zɦard-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. zḫard-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *gi̯ɑɦord-
HLu. zard-
(n.) ‘Herz: heart’
(CHLu. 10.18.12)
(HLu. za+ra/i-ti [sgL])
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦord-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦord-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦord-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦord-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦord-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́ɦard-
4. j́ɦard-
*j́ɦ → zɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ
Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *zɦard-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. zɦard-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. zḫard-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *gi̯ɑɦordo·si-
HLu. zarda·ši-
(a.) ‘of the body (lit. heart)’
(CHLu. 2.40.10)
(HLu. X(-)za-ra-ta-si-na)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦordo·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦordo·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦordo·si-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦordo·si-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦordo·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́ɦarda·si-
4. j́ɦarda·si-
*j́ɦ → zɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ
Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *zɦarda·si-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. zɦarda·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *zɦarda·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. zɦarda·ši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. zḫarda·ši-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *gi̯ɑɦr̥d-
RV. hr̥d-
(f.) ‘Herz, die inneren Organe, das Innere’
(WbRV. 1678)
(RV. hr̥dā́ [I], hr̥dé, hr̥dás [G], hr̥dí)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦr̥d-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦr̥d-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦr̥d-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦr̥d-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦr̥d-
*j́ɦ → ɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ
Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *ɦr̥d-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ɦr̥d-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. hr̥d-
PIE *gi̯ɑɦr̥d-
gAv. zǝrǝd-
(n.) ‘Herz’
(AIWb. 1692)
(gAv. zǝrǝdāčā)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦr̥d-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦr̥d-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦr̥d-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦr̥d-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦr̥d-
*r̥ → ǝr
Change of *r̥ into ǝr
Rr̥›ǝr → *j́ɦǝrd-
4. j́ɦǝrd-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
Rr›rǝ → *j́ɦǝrǝd-
5. j́ɦǝrǝd-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *zɦǝrǝd-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
6. zɦǝrǝd-
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → gAv. zǝrǝd-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
√giɑɦordi-
PIE *√gi̯ɑɦordei-
Hitt. gardei-
(n.) ‘heart, center, core: Sum. ŠÀ’
(HIL. 543)
(Hitt. kar-di-ia-aš, kar-di-aš)
1. PIE *√gi̯ɑɦordei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *√gi̯ɦordei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. √gi̯ɦordei-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *√ǵɦordei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. √ǵɦordei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *√ǵɦardei-
4. √ǵɦardei-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *√gɦardei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. √gɦardei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. √gardei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *√gi̯ɑɦordei-
Hitt. gardei-
(n.) ‘das des Herzens’ = ‘der Wunsch’
(HHand. 74-5)
(Hitt. kardiaš [sgG = sgN])
1. PIE *√gi̯ɑɦordei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *√gi̯ɦordei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. √gi̯ɦordei-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *√ǵɦordei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. √ǵɦordei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *√ǵɦardei-
4. √ǵɦardei-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *√gɦardei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. √gɦardei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. √gardei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *√gi̯ɑɦordei-
HLu. zardei-
(sb./a.?) ‘heart(ly)’ (HIL. 543)
(CHLu. 12.6.1)
(HLu. za+ra/i-ti-ia-sá [sgG])
1. PIE *√gi̯ɑɦordei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *√gi̯ɦordei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. √gi̯ɦordei-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *√j́ɦordei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. √j́ɦordei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *√j́ɦardei-
4. √j́ɦardei-
*j́ɦ → zɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ
Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *√zɦardei-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. √zɦardei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. √zḫardei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √kihɑr- (sb.) ‘Hermelin, Wiesel’ (a.) ‘grau’
(IEW 573-4)
√kiehɑrm-
PIE *ki̯ehɑrmṓ·n
Lith. šermuõ·n
(m.) ‘Hermelin, Wiesel’
(LiEtWb. 965)
(Lith. šermuõ [sgN])
1. PIE *ki̯ehɑrmṓ·n
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ki̯ehrmṓ·n
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ki̯ehrmṓ·n
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćehrmṓ·n
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ćehrmṓ·n
*ṓ -› ō̃
Cirumflex intonation for ṓ
Rṓ›ō̃ → *ćehrmō̃·n
4. ćehrmō̃·n
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ćermō̃·n
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ćermō̃·n
*ć → š
From Satem *ć to š
R曚 → *šermō̃·n
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. šermō̃·n
ō̃ -› uõ
Change of ō̃ into uõ
Rō̃›uõ → Lith. šermuõ·n
PIE *ki̯éhɑrmuli-
Latv. ser̂muli-
(m.) ‘Hermelin, foetorius erminea’
(LiEtWb. 965)
(Latv. sęr̂mulis [sgN])
1. PIE *ki̯éhɑrmuli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ki̯éhrmuli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ki̯éhrmuli-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćéhrmuli-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ćéhrmuli-
*éHr → eHr̂
Latvian tone rule éhɑr into ehɑr̂
RAccLatv8 → *ćehr̂muli-
4. ćehr̂muli-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ćer̂muli-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ćer̂muli-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → Latv. ser̂muli-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
√kiohɑrm-
PIE *ki̯ohɑrmo
OHG. harm-
(st.m.) Wiesel, Hermelin, Haselmaus’
(Gl. 11./12. Jh.)
1. PIE *ki̯ohɑrmo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ki̯ohrmo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ki̯ohrmo
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱohrmo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ḱohrmo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ḱormo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ḱormo
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *kormo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. kormo
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xormo
6. xormo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xarma
7. xarma
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *xarm
8. xarm
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → OHG. harm
PIE *ki̯ohɑrmṓ·n
Lith. šarmuõ·n
(m.) ‘wilde Katze, Hermelin, Wiese, mustela erminea’
(LiEtWb. 965)
1. PIE *ki̯ohɑrmṓ·n
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ki̯ohrmṓ·n
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ki̯ohrmṓ·n
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćohrmṓ·n
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ćohrmṓ·n
*ṓ -› ō̃
Cirumflex intonation for ṓ
Rṓ›ō̃ → *ćohrmō̃·n
4. ćohrmō̃·n
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ćormō̃·n
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ćormō̃·n
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ćarmō̃·n
6. ćarmō̃·n
*ć → š
From Satem *ć to š
R曚 → *šarmō̃·n
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. šarmō̃·n
ō̃ -› uõ
Change of ō̃ into uõ
Rō̃›uõ → Lith. šarmuõ·n
PIE *ki̯ohɑrmōnihɑ́
Lith. šarmuonỹ-
(m.) ‘Wiesel’
(LiEtWb. 965)
1. PIE *ki̯ohɑrmōnihɑ́
PIE *iḫɑ́ → iḫí
Distant assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RiHɑ́›iHí → *ki̯ohɑrmōnihí
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. ki̯ohɑrmōnihí
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ki̯ohrmōnihí
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ki̯ohrmōnihí
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćohrmōnihí
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ćohrmōnihí
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ćormōnií
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ćormōnií
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *ćormōnī́
6. ćormōnī́
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ćarmōnī́
7. ćarmōnī́
*ć → š
From Satem *ć to š
R曚 → *šarmōnī́
(SPIE §4.8.4)
8. šarmōnī́
*ō → uo
Change of ō into uo
Rō›uo → *šarmuonī́
9. šarmuonī́
*ī́ → ý
Orthographic change of ī́ into ý
Rī́›ý → Lith. šarmuoný
PIE *ki̯óhɑrmuli-
Latv. sar̂muli-
(m.) ‘Hermelin, Wiesel, Kaninchen’
(LiEtWb. 965)
(Latv. sar̂mulis)
1. PIE *ki̯óhɑrmuli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ki̯óhrmuli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ki̯óhrmuli-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćóhrmuli-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ćóhrmuli-
*óHr → oHr̂
Latvian tone rule óhɑr into ohɑr̂
RAccLatv9 → *ćohr̂muli-
4. ćohr̂muli-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ćor̂muli-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ćor̂muli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ćar̂muli-
6. ćar̂muli-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → Latv. sar̂muli-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
PIE *ki̯ohɑrmu
OHG. harmo-
(wk.m.*n) ‘Wiesel, Hermelin, Haselmaus’
(Gl.)
1. PIE *ki̯ohɑrmu
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ki̯ohrmu
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ki̯ohrmu
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱohrmu
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ḱohrmu
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ḱormu
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ḱormu
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *kormu
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. kormu
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xormu
6. xormu
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xarmu
7. xarmu
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *harmu
8. harmu
*-u → -o
Change of root-final -u into -o
R=u›=o → OHG. harmo
PIE *ki̯ohɑrmu
OSax. harmo-
(wk.m.*n) ‘Hermelin’
(ASächsWb. 31)
1. PIE *ki̯ohɑrmu
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ki̯ohrmu
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ki̯ohrmu
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱohrmu
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ḱohrmu
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ḱormu
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ḱormu
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *kormu
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. kormu
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xormu
6. xormu
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xarmu
7. xarmu
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *harmu
8. harmu
*-u → -o
Change of root-final -u into -o
R=u›=o → OSax. harmo
√kihɑerm-
PIE *kihɑermō·n
Illyr. carmō·n
(PN.) ‘Wiesel’ ‹cf. RätRom. carmún›
(IEW 573-4)
(Ven-Illyr. carmō [sgN])
1. PIE *kihɑermō·n
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *kihɑarmō·n
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. kihɑarmō·n
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kiharmō·n
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kiharmō·n
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱharmō·n
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ḱharmō·n
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *kharmō·n
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. kharmō·n
*kh → k
Loss of *h in tenues aspirata *kh
Rkh›k → *karmō·n
6. karmō·n
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Illyr. carmō·n


PIE √kiɑhu- √giɑɦu- (vb.) ‘anschwellen, stark werden’
(IEW. 592-3)
(Pyysalo)
√kiɑhu-
PIE *on·ki̯ɑhu
Hitt. an·ku
(adv.) ‘ganz und gar, durchaus, völlig, unbedingt’
(HEG A:32-33, HHand. 17)
1. PIE *on·ki̯ɑhu
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *on·ki̯hu
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. on·ki̯hu
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *on·ḱhu
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. on·ḱhu
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *an·ḱhu
4. an·ḱhu
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *an·khu
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. an·khu
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. an·ku
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *péɑhn·ki̯ɑhu
Gr. πάν·χυ
(adv.) ‘ganz und gar’
(GEW 2:460)
(Gr. πάνχυ)
1. PIE *péɑhn·ki̯ɑhu
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *páɑhn·ki̯ɑhu
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. páɑhn·ki̯ɑhu
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *páhn·ki̯hu
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. páhn·ki̯hu
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *páhn·ḱhu
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. páhn·ḱhu
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pán·ḱhu
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. pán·ḱhu
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *pán·khu
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. pán·khu
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πάν·χυ
√kiɑhu̯o-
PIE *ki̯ɑhu̯o-
OInd. śva-
(ao.) ‘anschwellen, stark/mächtig werden’
(EWA 2: 623-4)
(Br. áśvat)
1. PIE *ki̯ɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ki̯hu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ki̯hu̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćhu̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ćhu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ćhu̯a-
4. ćhu̯a-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → *śhu̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. śhu̯a-
*śh → ś
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *śh
Rśh›ś → *śu̯a-
6. śu̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OInd. śva-
PIE *on· ki̯ɑhu̯o-
Hitt. an·ku̯a-
(URU.) ‘ProH. ḫaniku’
(OGH. 19-23)
(Hitt. an-ku-ua-aš, an-ku-ua-an,‘(...) der Kämmerer von Ḫattuša nach A. geht (...)’)
1. PIE *on· ki̯ɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *on· ki̯hu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. on· ki̯hu̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *on· ḱhu̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. on· ḱhu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *an· ḱhu̯a-
4. an· ḱhu̯a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *an· khu̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. an· khu̯a-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. an· ku̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *on· ki̯ɑhu̯o·Σ
Hitt. an·ku̯a·ḫi-
(URUa.ethn.) ‘of Ankwa-’
(OGHErg. 6-7)
1. PIE *on· ki̯ɑhu̯o·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *on· ki̯hu̯o·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. on· ki̯hu̯o·Σ
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *on· ḱhu̯o·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. on· ḱhu̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *an· ḱhu̯a·Σ
4. an· ḱhu̯a·Σ
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *an· khu̯a·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. an· khu̯a·Σ
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. an· ku̯a·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *on·kiɑhu̯o·Σ
Hitt. an·ku̯a·LÚ
(mc.) ‘(écuyer)’
(NOMS. 81)
(an-ku-ua-LÚ [Abs])
1. PIE *on·kiɑhu̯o·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *on·kihu̯o·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. on·kihu̯o·Σ
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *on·ḱhu̯o·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. on·ḱhu̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *an·ḱhu̯a·Σ
4. an·ḱhu̯a·Σ
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *an·khu̯a·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. an·khu̯a·Σ
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. an·ku̯a·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *on·ki̯ɑhu̯·ornu-
Hitt. an·ku̯·arnu-
(MUNUS.) ‘(eine Kultfunktionärin)’
(HHand. 17)
1. PIE *on·ki̯ɑhu̯·ornu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *on·ki̯hu̯·ornu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. on·ki̯hu̯·ornu-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *on·ḱhu̯·ornu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. on·ḱhu̯·ornu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *an·ḱhu̯·arnu-
4. an·ḱhu̯·arnu-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *an·khu̯·arnu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. an·khu̯·arnu-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. an·ku̯·arnu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gi̯ɑɦus-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gi̯ɑɦeu̯os-
gAv. zavah-
(n.) ‘Kraft, Stärke’
(AIWb. 1669)
(gAv. zavō [sgNA])
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦeu̯os-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦeu̯os-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦeu̯os-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦeu̯os-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦeu̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́ɦeu̯as-
4. j́ɦeu̯as-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *j́ɦeu̯ah-
5. j́ɦeu̯ah-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *zɦeu̯ah-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
6. zɦeu̯ah-
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *zeu̯ah-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. zeu̯ah-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *zau̯ah-
8. zau̯ah-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → gAv. zavah-
PIE *gi̯ɑɦússo
MidIr. guss-
(.) ‘Kraft, Heftigkeit, Zorn’
(IEW. 448 [diff.])
(MidIr. guss-, or Neogr. *√ghus+t ?)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦússo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦússo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦússo
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵɦússo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦússo
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦússo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. gɦússo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gússo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. gússo
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → *gúss
6. gúss
*ú → u
Orthographic change of *ú into u
Rú›u → MidIr. guss


PIE √kii- (vb.) ‘liegen, gelegt sein’
(IEW 539f.)
(Pedersen 1925:36)
√kiei-
(HEG K:568)
PIE *ki̯ei-
Hitt. kei-
(vb.M.) ‘liegen, gelegt sein’
(HHand. 78)
(Hitt. ki-it-ta, ki-it-ta-ri, ki-i-ta-ar, ki-it-ta-ru)
1. PIE *ki̯ei-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱei-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → Hitt. kei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
PIE *ki̯ei-
Pal. kei-
(vb.M.) ‘liegen’
(DPal. 18)
(Pal. kiitar, possibly also Pal. kiitarzi)
1. PIE *ki̯ei-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱei-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → Pal. kei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
PIE *ki̯eí-
Gr. κεί-
(pr.M.) ‘liegen’
(GEW 1:809)
(Gr. κεῖται, κέαται [3pl])
1. PIE *ki̯eí-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱeí-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱeí-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *keí-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. keí-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. κεί-
PIE *ki̯ei-
CLu. zei-
(pr.M.) ‘liegen, gelegt sein’
(DLL. 115)
(CLu. zi-ia-ar [3sg, KUB xxxv 54 Vs. ii 31], zi-i-ia-ri [KUB xxxv 68 8])
1. PIE *ki̯ei-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ćei-
*ć → z
From Satem *ć to z
Rć›z → CLu. zei-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
PIE *ki̯éi̯-
RV. śáy-
(√pr.M.) ‘(da)liegen, am Boden liegen, ruhen, weilen’
(KEWA 3:303)
(RV. śéṣe, śáye [3sg])
1. PIE *ki̯éi̯-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćéi̯-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ćéi̯-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → *śéi̯-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. śéi̯-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *śái̯-
4. śái̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. śáy-
PIE *ki̯ei̯-
LAv. say-
(√pr.M.) ‘(da)liegen’
(AIWb. 1571)
(LAv. saēte [3sg], saēta, sōire [3pl])
1. PIE *ki̯ei̯-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćei̯-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ćei̯-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *sei̯-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
3. sei̯-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *sai̯-
4. sai̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. say-
√kioi-
(KEWA 3:303)
PIE *ki̯eki̯oi̯-
RV. śaśay-
(pf.) ‘gelegen haben’
(WbRV. 1398)
(in RV. śaśayāná-)
1. PIE *ki̯eki̯oi̯-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćećoi̯-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ćećoi̯-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ćećai̯-
3. ćećai̯-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → *śeśai̯-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. śeśai̯-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *śaśai̯-
5. śaśai̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. śaśay-


PIE √kii- (pron.) ‘dieser: hic’
(IEW 609-10)
(Hrozný 1915:26, 1917:140)
√kio-
(HEG K:456-9)
(HIL. 493-5)
PIE *ki̯o-
CLu. za-
(dem.pron.) ‘celui-ci: dieser: hic’ (HHand. 204)
(DLL. 112)
(CLu. za-a(-ḫa), za-a-aš [N], za-(a)-ti-i)
1. PIE *ki̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ćo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ća-
3. ća-
*ć → z
From Satem *ć to z
Rć›z → CLu. za-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
PIE *ki̯o·Σ
CLu. za·u̯i
(cpd.vb.) ‘voici’
(DLL. 114)
(CLu. za-a-ui)
1. PIE *ki̯o·Σ
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćo·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ćo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ća·Σ
3. ća·Σ
*ć → z
From Satem *ć to z
Rć›z → CLu. za·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
PIE *ki̯o-
Pal. ka-
(dem.pron.) ‘dieser’
(HHand. 69)
1. PIE *ki̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ḱa-
3. ḱa-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → Pal. ka-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
PIE *ki̯o-
Hitt. ka-
(dem.pron.) ‘dieser: hic’
(HHand. 69)
(Hitt. ka ‘hier’ [adv.], kaš [sgN])
1. PIE *ki̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ḱa-
3. ḱa-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → Hitt. ka-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
PIE *ki̯o·so-
Hitt. ka·ša-
(cpd.vb.) ‘siehe, fürwahr, nun: look here, lo, behold’
(HHand. 75)
(Hitt. ka-a-ša [2sg], ka-a-ša-ta ‘watch-yourself’)
1. PIE *ki̯o·so-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱo·so-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱo·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ḱa·sa-
3. ḱa·sa-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ka·sa-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ka·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ka·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ki̯o·smo-
Hitt. ka·šma-
(cpd.vb.) ‘siehe’
(HHand. 75)
(Hitt. ka-a-aš-ma ‹for the formation cf. Hitt. a·šma›)
1. PIE *ki̯o·smo-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱo·smo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱo·smo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ḱa·sma-
3. ḱa·sma-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ka·sma-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ka·sma-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ka·šma-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√kii-
PIE *ki̯í-
Lith. šì-
(dem.pron.) ‘dieser’
(LiEtWb. 990)
(Lith. šìs [sgN])
1. PIE *ki̯í-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćí-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ćí-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *ćì-
3. ćì-
*ć → š
From Satem *ć to š
R曚 → Lith. šì-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
PIE *ki̯i-
Hitt. ki-
(dem.pron.) ‘dieser: hic’
(HHand. 69)
(Hitt. ki [n.sgNA], kiel [sgG], ki-e [plNA]))
1. PIE *ki̯i-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱi-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → Hitt. ki-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
PIE *ki̯i·nun
Hitt. ki·nun
(adv.) ‘jetzt’
(HEG K:580-1)
(Hitt. ki-nu-un)
1. PIE *ki̯i·nun
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱi·nun
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱi·nun
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → Hitt. ki·nun
(SPIE §4.8.4)
PIE *ki̯i-
CLu. zi-
(dem.pron.) ‘dieser, hic: celui-ci’ (DLL. 112)
(HHand. 204)
(CLu. zi-i-in-zi [plN], zi-in-za [plAD])
1. PIE *ki̯i-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ći-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ći-
*ć → z
From Satem *ć to z
Rć›z → CLu. zi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
PIE *ki̯i-
Goth. hi-
(pron.) ‘dieser: this (here & now): ὁ: hic’
(GoEtD. H61)
(Goth. hita [n.sgA] Mat 11,21 CA, himma [D] Mat 6,11 CA, GoElB. 169)
1. PIE *ki̯i-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱi-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ki-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ki-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xi-
4. xi-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → Goth. hi-
PIE *ki̯i·dɑɦrē
Goth. hi·dre
(adv.) ‘hierher: hither, to this place, ὧδε: huc’
(GoEtD. H61)
(Goth. hidre Luk 14,21 CA; Mrk 11,3 CA)
1. PIE *ki̯i·dɑɦrē
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ki̯i·dɦrē
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ki̯i·dɦrē
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱi·dɦrē
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ḱi·dɦrē
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ki·dɦrē
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ki·dɦrē
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xi·dɦrē
5. xi·dɦrē
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *xi·drē
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. xi·drē
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hi·drē
7. hi·drē
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → Goth. hi·dre
PIE *ki̯i·dɑɦrei
Goth. hi·drei
(adv.) ‘hierher: hither, to this place, ὧδε: huc’
(GoEtD. H61)
(Goth. hidrei Luk 9,41 CA, GoElB. 192C2, HbGo. 193,3)
1. PIE *ki̯i·dɑɦrei
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ki̯i·dɦrei
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ki̯i·dɦrei
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱi·dɦrei
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ḱi·dɦrei
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ki·dɦrei
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ki·dɦrei
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xi·dɦrei
5. xi·dɦrei
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *xi·drei
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. xi·drei
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *xi·drī
7. xi·drī
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hi·drī
8. hi·drī
*ī → ei
Orthographic change of *ī into ei
Rī›ei → Goth. hi·drei
PIE *ki̯i.rei-
Goth. hi.rei-
(vb.) ‘komm her: come here: δευ̃ρο, ἔρχου: veni’
(GoEtD. H66)
(Goth. hiri [sg] Joh 11,34 CA; Joh 11,43 CA; Luk 18,22 CA; Mrk 10,21 CA)
1. PIE *ki̯i.rei-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱi.rei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱi.rei-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ki.rei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ki.rei-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xi.rei-
4. xi.rei-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *xi.rī-
5. xi.rī-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hi.rī-
6. hi.rī-
*ī → ei
Orthographic change of *ī into ei
Rī›ei → Goth. hi.rei-
PIE *ki̯i.ri̯o-
Goth. hi.rja-
(vb.) ‘kommt her: come here: δευ̃τε’
(GoEtD. H66)
(Goth. hirjats [du] Mrk 1,17 CA, GoElB. 49,1, 215,II)
1. PIE *ki̯i.ri̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱi.ri̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱi.ri̯o-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ki.ri̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ki.ri̯o-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xi.ri̯o-
4. xi.ri̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xi.ri̯a-
5. xi.ri̯a-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hi.ri̯a-
6. hi.ri̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Goth. hi.rja-
PIE *ki̯i.ri̯e-
Goth. hi.rji-
(vb.) ‘kommt her: come here: δευ̃τε’
(GoEtD. H66)
(Goth. hirjiþ [pl] Mrk 12,7 CA,HbGo. 61,5e)
1. PIE *ki̯i.ri̯e-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱi.ri̯e-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱi.ri̯e-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ki.ri̯e-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ki.ri̯e-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xi.ri̯e-
4. xi.ri̯e-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *xi.ri̯i-
5. xi.ri̯i-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hi.ri̯i-
6. hi.ri̯i-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Goth. hi.rji-


PIE √kis- √kios- √kies- (vb.) ‘liegen, wohnen, weilen’ (sb.) ‘Platz, Gegend’ (postp.) ‘(an)statt’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√kios-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *o·ki̯os-
LAv. a·sah-
(n.) ‘Gegend, Landstrich, Platz’
(AIWb. 209)
1. PIE *o·ki̯os-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *o·ćos-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. o·ćos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·ćas-
3. a·ćas-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *a·ćah-
4. a·ćah-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → LAv. a·sah-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
PIE *ki̯oso-
Hitt. kaša-
(sb.) ‘Ersatz: replacement’
(HHand2 83)
(HEG K:533; in Hitt. UDU kašaš; not ‘statt, anstatt?’ against HHand. 75)
1. PIE *ki̯oso-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱoso-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ḱasa-
3. ḱasa-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *kasa-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. kasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. kaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ki̯ososo-
Hitt. kašaša-
(URU.) ‘(›Tapika)’
(OGHErg. 69)
(Hitt. ga-ša-ša, ka-a-ša-ša)
1. PIE *ki̯ososo-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱososo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱososo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ḱasasa-
3. ḱasasa-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *kasasa-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. kasasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. kašaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√kieskio-
PIE *ki̯éski̯o-
Gr. κέσκο-
(vb.M.iter.) ‘liegen’
(GEW 1:809-10)
(Hom. κέσκετο, παρεκέσκετο)
1. PIE *ki̯éski̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱésḱo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱésḱo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *késko-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. késko-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. κέσκο-
√kisi-
PIE *kisei̯-
gAv. šay-
(pr.) ‘sich [L] aufhalten, wohnen, weilen’
(AIWb. 1706)
(gAv. šaēitī [3sg])
1. PIE *kisei̯-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIIr → *kišei̯-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. kišei̯-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćšei̯-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ćšei̯-
*ćš → š
Simplification of ćš into š
Rćš›š → *šei̯-
4. šei̯-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *šai̯-
5. šai̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → gAv. šay-
PIE *kisi-
LAv. ši-
(pr.) ‘wohnen’
(AIWb. 1706)
(LAv. šyeiti [3pl])
1. PIE *kisi-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIIr → *kiši-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. kiši-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćši-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ćši-
*ćš → š
Simplification of ćš into š
Rćš›š → LAv. ši-
PIE *kisi̯o-
gAv. šya-
(pr.) ‘es halten mit [I]’
(AIWb. 1706)
(gAv. šyeintī [3pl])
1. PIE *kisi̯o-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIIr → *kiši̯o-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. kiši̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćši̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ćši̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ćši̯a-
4. ćši̯a-
*ćš → š
Simplification of ćš into š
Rćš›š → *ši̯a-
5. ši̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → gAv. šya-


PIE √kiu- √ekiu- √okiu- (sb.) ‘Pferd, Vogel’ (a.) ‘schnell’
(IEW 301-302)
(Starke 1995:119n238)
√ōkiu-
(Pyysalo)
(HIL. 282)
PIE *ōki̯u-
HLu. āzu-
(EQUUS.ANIMALsb.) ‘Pferd’
(CHLu. 1.1.8)
(EQUUS.ANIMAL-zú)
1. PIE *ōki̯u-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ōću-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ōću-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *āću-
3. āću-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *āsu-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
4. āsu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. āšu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ōki̯u·Σ
HLu. āzu·šatala-
(ANIMAL.EQUUSvb.) ‘ride’
(CHLu. 10.17.10)
(HLu. “ANIMAL.EQUUS‹”›-zú-sa-ta-la-u-na [inf.])
1. PIE *ōki̯u·Σ
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ōću·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ōću·Σ
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *āću·Σ
3. āću·Σ
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *āsu·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
4. āsu·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. āšu·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ōki̯u·Σ
RV. āśu·héman-
(a.) ‘die Rosse antreibend’
(WbRV. 188)
1. PIE *ōki̯u·Σ
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ōću·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ōću·Σ
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *āću·Σ
3. āću·Σ
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → RV. āśu·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
√okiuo-
PIE *okiu̯o-
HLu. azu̯a-
(EQUUS.ANIMALc.) ‘Pferd: horse’
(CHLu. 1.1.8)
(HLu. á-zú-wa/i, EQUUS.ANIMALá-zú-wa/i)
1. PIE *okiu̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *oću̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. oću̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aću̯a-
3. aću̯a-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *asu̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
4. asu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. ašu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *okiu̯o-
CLu. azu̯a-
(c.) ‘Pferd’
(HHand. 30)
(CLu. azzuwa-)
1. PIE *okiu̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *oću̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. oću̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aću̯a-
3. aću̯a-
*ć → z
From Satem *ć to z
Rć›z → CLu. azu̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
√ekiuo-
PIE *ékiu̯o-
RV. áśva-
(m./f.) ‘das Ross’
(WbRV. 140)
1. PIE *ékiu̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *éću̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. éću̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *éću̯a-
3. éću̯a-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → *éśu̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. éśu̯a-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *áśu̯a-
5. áśu̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. áśva-
PIE *ekiu̯o-
Lat. equo-
(m.) ‘Pferd’
(WH. 1:412-3)
(Lat. equus, equī)
1. PIE *ekiu̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *eḱu̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. eḱu̯o-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *eku̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. eku̯o-
* ku/u̯ → q
Emergence of labiovelar q
RkU›q → *eqo-
4. eqo-
q → qu
Orthographic change of q to qu
Rq›qu → Lat. equo-
PIE *ekiu̯o-
TochB. yakwa-
(m.) ‘horse’
(DTochB. 482)
(TochB. yakwe)
1. PIE *ekiu̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *eḱu̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. eḱu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *eḱu̯a-
3. eḱu̯a-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *i̯aḱu̯a-
4. i̯aḱu̯a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *i̯aku̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. i̯aku̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *yaku̯a-
6. yaku̯a-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. yakwa-
PIE *ekiu̯o·Σ·Σ
OGaul. epo·rīg·redo-
(PNm.) ‘Herrscher des Pferdewagens’
(LiEtWb. 20)
1. PIE *ekiu̯o·Σ·Σ
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *eḱu̯o·Σ·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. eḱu̯o·Σ·Σ
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *eku̯o·Σ·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. eku̯o·Σ·Σ
*ku/u̯ → p
Bilabialization of labiovelar q into p
RkU›p → OGaul. epo·Σ·Σ
√okiuēɑh-
PIE *okiu̯ḗɑh
Lith. ašvà-
(f.) ‘Stute; Flussname’
(LiEtWb. 20)
(Lith. ašvà [sgN])
1. PIE *okiu̯ḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *okiu̯ā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. okiu̯ā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *okiu̯ā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. okiu̯ā́h
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *oću̯ā́h
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. oću̯ā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oću̯ā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. oću̯ā́
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aću̯ā́
6. aću̯ā́
*ć → š
From Satem *ć to š
R曚 → *ašu̯ā́
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. ašu̯ā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *ašu̯ṓ
(XX:XX)
8. ašu̯ṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → *ašu̯à
9. ašu̯à
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. ašvà
PIE *ókiu̯ēɑh-
RV. áśvā-
(f.) ‘die Stute’
(WbRV. 140)
1. PIE *ókiu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ókiu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ókiu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ókiu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ókiu̯āh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *óću̯āh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. óću̯āh-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *áću̯āh-
5. áću̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *áću̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. áću̯ā-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → *áśu̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. áśu̯ā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. áśvā-
PIE *okiu̯ēɑh-
gAv. aspā-
(f.) ‘(Ross)Stute’
(AIWb. 216)
(gAv. aspā-)
1. PIE *okiu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *okiu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. okiu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *okiu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. okiu̯āh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *oću̯āh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. oću̯āh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aću̯āh-
5. aću̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aću̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. aću̯ā-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *asu̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
7. asu̯ā-
*su̯ → sp
Bilabialization of *u̯ after s
Rsu̯›sp → gAv. aspā-
√ekiuēɑh-
PIE *ekiu̯ēɑh
OLith. ešva-
(f.) ‘Stute’ (Bretkun)
(LiEtWb. 20)
1. PIE *ekiu̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ekiu̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ekiu̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ekiu̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ekiu̯āh
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *eću̯āh
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. eću̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *eću̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. eću̯ā
*ć → š
From Satem *ć to š
R曚 → *ešu̯ā
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. ešu̯ā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *ešu̯ō
(XX:XX)
7. ešu̯ō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *ešu̯a
8. ešu̯a
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OLith. ešva
PIE *Π·ekiu̯ḗɑh
Lith. ded·ešvà-
(f.) ‘Vogelwicke’
(LiEtWb. 85)
(‹cf. Latv. deda ‘gelbe Wicke’›)
1. PIE *Π·ekiu̯ḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *Π·ekiu̯ā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·ekiu̯ā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ekiu̯ā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·ekiu̯ā́h
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *Π·eću̯ā́h
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. Π·eću̯ā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·eću̯ā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·eću̯ā́
*ć → š
From Satem *ć to š
R曚 → *Π·ešu̯ā́
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. Π·ešu̯ā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *Π·ešu̯ṓ
(XX:XX)
7. Π·ešu̯ṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → *Π·ešu̯à
8. Π·ešu̯à
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. Π·ešvà
PIE *ekiu̯ēɑh-
Lat. equā-
(f.) ‘Stute’
(WH. 1:412-3)
1. PIE *ekiu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ekiu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ekiu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ekiu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ekiu̯āh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *eḱu̯āh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. eḱu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *eḱu̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. eḱu̯ā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *eku̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. eku̯ā-
* ku/u̯ → q
Emergence of labiovelar q
RkU›q → *eqā-
7. eqā-
q → qu
Orthographic change of q to qu
Rq›qu → Lat. equā-


PIE √kiu- (vb.) ‘gebären’ (sb.) ‘Kind, Junges, Hund’
(IEW 593, 632-633)
(Rieken 1999)
√kiu-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ki̯íki̯u-
RV. śíśu-
(m.) ‘Kind, Junges’
(WbRV. 1396)
1. PIE *ki̯íki̯u-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćíću-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ćíću-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → RV. śíśu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
PIE *hɑé·ki̯iki̯u-
RV. á·śiśu-
(a.) ‘kinderlos, ohne Jungen’
(WbRV. 138)
1. PIE *hɑé·ki̯iki̯u-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑá·ki̯iki̯u-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑá·ki̯iki̯u-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *há·ki̯iki̯u-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. há·ki̯iki̯u-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *há·ćiću-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. há·ćiću-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *á·ćiću-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. á·ćiću-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → RV. á·śiśu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
PIE *ki̯u-
TochA. ku-
(sb.) ‘Hund: canis’
(Poucha 76)
(TochA. ku [sgN])
1. PIE *ki̯u-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱu-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → TochA. ku-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
PIE *ki̯u-
TochB. ku-
(m.sg) ‘Hund: dog’
(DTochB. 179)
(TochB. ku [sgN], LÉDT 47, MA. 186)
1. PIE *ki̯u-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱu-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → TochB. ku-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
√kiuo-
(Rieken 1999:28)
(Pyysalo)
PIE *kiu̯o-
Hitt. ku̯a-
(c.) ‘LÚUR.GI: hound-man’
(Rieken 1999:28)
(Hitt. LÚku-ua-aš-ša [sgN])
1. PIE *kiu̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱu̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ḱu̯a-
3. ḱu̯a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → Hitt. ku̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
PIE *kiu̯ó·Σ
RV. śvá·yātu-
(m.) ‘Spuk ‹yātú-› in Gestalt eines Hundes’
(WbRV. 1433)
1. PIE *kiu̯ó·Σ
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ću̯ó·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ću̯ó·Σ
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *ću̯á·Σ
3. ću̯á·Σ
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → *śu̯á·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. śu̯á·Σ
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. śvá·Σ
PIE *kiu̯o.gɑɦu̯eto-
LAv. spō.ǰata-
(a.) ‘von Hunden Getötet’
(AIWb. 1623)
1. PIE *kiu̯o.gɑɦu̯eto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kiu̯o.gɦu̯eto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kiu̯o.gɦu̯eto-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ću̯o.gɦu̯eto-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ću̯o.gɦu̯eto-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ću̯o.ǰɦu̯eto-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ću̯o.ǰɦu̯eto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ću̯a.ǰɦu̯eta-
5. ću̯a.ǰɦu̯eta-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ću̯a.ǰɦeta-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ću̯a.ǰɦeta-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *su̯a.ǰɦeta-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
7. su̯a.ǰɦeta-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *su̯a.ǰeta-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. su̯a.ǰeta-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *su̯a.ǰata-
9. su̯a.ǰata-
*su̯ → sp
Bilabialization of *u̯ after s
Rsu̯›sp → *spa.ǰata-
10. spa.ǰata-
a. → ō.
Change of a. into ō. in morpheme border
Ra›ō → LAv. spō.ǰata-
PIE *ki̯ekiu̯ont-
RV. śaśvant-
(a.) ‘sich wiederholend/erneuend, wiederkehrend’
(WbRV. 1387)
1. PIE *ki̯ekiu̯ont-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćeću̯ont-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ćeću̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ćeću̯ant-
3. ćeću̯ant-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → *śeśu̯ant-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. śeśu̯ant-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *śaśu̯ant-
5. śaśu̯ant-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. śaśvant-
√kiuon-
(Rieken 1999:28)
PIE *kiu̯on-
Hitt. ku̯an-
(c.) ‘LÚUR.GI: hound-man’
(HIL. 585)
(Hitt. ku-ua-an-an)
1. PIE *kiu̯on-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱu̯on-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱu̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ḱu̯an-
3. ḱu̯an-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → Hitt. ku̯an-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
PIE *kiu̯oni-
HLu. zu̯ani-
(CANISc.) ‘dog’
(CHLu. 11.1.b8)
(HLu. (“CANIS”)zú-wa/i-ni-zi-ha-wa/i; zú-wa/i-ní-i-sa, zú-wa/i-ni-i-sá)
1. PIE *kiu̯oni-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ću̯oni-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ću̯oni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ću̯ani-
3. ću̯ani-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *su̯ani-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
4. su̯ani-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. šu̯ani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√kiun-
PIE *ki̯un-
Hitt. kun-
(c.) ‘LÚUR.GI: hound-man’
(HIL. 585)
(Hitt. ku-ú-na-aš [G])
1. PIE *ki̯un-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱun-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱun-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → Hitt. kun-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
PIE *ki̯ún-
Lith. šùn-
(m.obl.) ‘Hund’
(LiEtWb. 1033)
(Lith. šùnes [plN])
1. PIE *ki̯ún-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćún-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ćún-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *ćùn-
3. ćùn-
*ć → š
From Satem *ć to š
R曚 → Lith. šùn-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
PIE *ki̯ún-
RV. śún-
(c.obl.) ‘Hund’
(WbRV. 1433)
(RV. śúnas [G], śúnas [plA])
1. PIE *ki̯ún-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćún-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ćún-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → RV. śún-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
√kiuɑh-
PIE *ki̯uɑHṓ-
RV. śuā́-
(c.) ‘Hund’
(WbRV. 1433)
(RV. śuā́ [N], suā́nau [du])
1. PIE *ki̯uɑHṓ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ki̯uHṓ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ki̯uHṓ-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćuHṓ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ćuHṓ-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *ćuHā́-
4. ćuHā́-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *ću.ā́-
5. ću.ā́-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → RV. śu.ā́-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
PIE *ki̯u̯ɑhṓ-
RV. śvā́-
(c.) ‘Hund (auch bildlich von Gottlosen)’
(WbRV. 1433)
(RV. śvā́ [N])
1. PIE *ki̯u̯ɑhṓ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ki̯u̯hṓ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ki̯u̯hṓ-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ću̯hṓ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ću̯hṓ-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *ću̯hā́-
4. ću̯hā́-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ću̯ā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ću̯ā́-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → *śu̯ā́-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. śu̯ā́-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. śvā́-
PIE *ki̯uɑhō.Σ
LAv. ·spā.bǝrǝz
(a.) ‘in der Höhe/Tiefe eines Hunds’
(AIWb. 1617)
1. PIE *ki̯uɑhō.Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ki̯uhō.Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ki̯uhō.Σ
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćuhō.Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ćuhō.Σ
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ćuhā.Σ
4. ćuhā.Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ćuā.Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ćuā.Σ
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *suā.Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
6. suā.Σ
*uA → u̯A
Desyllabification of uA into u̯A
RuA›u̯A → *su̯ā.Σ
7. su̯ā.Σ
*su̯ → sp
Bilabialization of *u̯ after s
Rsu̯›sp → LAv. ·spā.Σ
PIE *ki̯uɑhō.Σ
LAv. ·spā.fraϑah-
(a.) ‘in der Breite eines Hunds’
(AIWb. 1617)
1. PIE *ki̯uɑhō.Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ki̯uhō.Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ki̯uhō.Σ
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćuhō.Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ćuhō.Σ
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ćuhā.Σ
4. ćuhā.Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ćuā.Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ćuā.Σ
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *suā.Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
6. suā.Σ
*uA → u̯A
Desyllabification of uA into u̯A
RuA›u̯A → *su̯ā.Σ
7. su̯ā.Σ
*su̯ → sp
Bilabialization of *u̯ after s
Rsu̯›sp → LAv. ·spā.Σ
√giuɑɦ-
PIE *Π·gi̯uɑɦ-
LAv. aiwi·zu-
(m.) ‘Name einer Art des Hundesgeschlechts’
(AIWb. 94)
(LAv. spā aiwizuš [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gi̯uɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gi̯uɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gi̯uɦ-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *Π·j́uɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·j́uɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·j́u-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·j́u-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → LAv. Π·zu-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
PIE *Π·gi̯uɑɦ-
LAv. vī·zu-
(m.) ‘Name einer Art des Hundesgeschlechts’
(AIWb. 1471)
(LAv. spā vīzuš [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gi̯uɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gi̯uɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gi̯uɦ-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *Π·j́uɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·j́uɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·j́u-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·j́u-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → LAv. Π·zu-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)


PIE √kiu- (vb.) ‘küssen, fußfällig verehren, Kußhände werfen’
(IEW 626)
(Strunk 1973:73f.)
√kiunes-
PIE *ki̯unéso-
Gr. κυνέο-
(pr.) ‘küssen: kiss’
(GEW 2:49-50)
(Gr. κυνέω)
1. PIE *ki̯unéso-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱunéso-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱunéso-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *kunéso-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. kunéso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *kuného-
4. kuného-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *kunéo-
5. kunéo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. κυνέο-
√kiuos-
PIE *kiu̯os-
Hitt. ku̯aš-
(vb.1.) ‘küßen: kiss’
(HEG K:695-6)
(Hitt. kuašzi [3sg], kuašanzi [3pl])
1. PIE *kiu̯os-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱu̯os-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱu̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ḱu̯as-
3. ḱu̯as-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ku̯as-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ku̯as-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ku̯aš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√kiuss-
PIE *ki̯úss-
Gr. κύσ-
(ao.) ‘küssen: kiss’
(GEW 2:49-50)
(Gr. κύσ(σ)αι [inf.])
1. PIE *ki̯úss-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱúss-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱúss-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *kúss-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. kúss-
*ss → s
Degemination of *ss
Rss›s → *kús-
4. kús-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. κύσ-


PIE √kiur- (sb.) ‘Spitze, Horn’
(IEW 576)
(SPIE 256-7)
√kiurn-
PIE *ki̯urno
Goth. haurn-
(n.) ‘κέρας, κεράτιον: cornu, siliqua’
(GoEtD. H51)
(Goth. haurn [sgN] Luk 1,69 CA; haurne [G] Luk 15,16 CA, HbGo. 54,4, 62,1a, 119,2)
1. PIE *ki̯urno
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱurno
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱurno
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *kurno
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. kurno
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xurno
4. xurno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xurna
5. xurna
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *xurn
6. xurn
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hurn
7. hurn
*u → au
Allophonic change of *u into au
Ru›au → Goth. haurn
PIE *Π·ki̯urno
Goth. þut·haurn-
(n.) ‘Trompete: trumpet: σάλπιγξ: tuba’
(GoEtD. Þ62)
(Goth. þuthaurna [sgD] 1Kr 15,52 A B; 1Th 4,16 B, HbGo. 68,3)
1. PIE *Π·ki̯urno
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *Π·ḱurno
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. Π·ḱurno
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *Π·kurno
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·kurno
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *Π·xurno
4. Π·xurno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·xurna
5. Π·xurna
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *Π·xurn
6. Π·xurn
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *Π·hurn
7. Π·hurn
*u → au
Allophonic change of *u into au
Ru›au → Goth. Π·haurn
√kiurni-
PIE *ki̯urni-
HLu. zurni-
(CORNUn.) ‘Horn’
(CHLu. 11.6.36)
((“CORNU”)zú-ra/i-ni [plN/A] Hluwlex. 90)
1. PIE *ki̯urni-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćurni-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ćurni-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *surni-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
3. surni-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. šurni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ki̯urni̯o-
Goth. haurnja-
(vb.) ‘trompeten: blow a horn’
(GoEtD. H51)
1. PIE *ki̯urni̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱurni̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱurni̯o-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *kurni̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. kurni̯o-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xurni̯o-
4. xurni̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xurni̯a-
5. xurni̯a-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hurni̯a-
6. hurni̯a-
*u → au
Allophonic change of *u into au
Ru›au → *haurni̯a-
7. haurni̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Goth. haurnja-
PIE *ki̯urnei̯o·n-
Goth. haurnja·n-
(m.) ‘Hornbläser: flute (horn) player’
(GoEtD. H51)
1. PIE *ki̯urnei̯o·n-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱurnei̯o·n-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱurnei̯o·n-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *kurnei̯o·n-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. kurnei̯o·n-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xurnei̯o·n-
4. xurnei̯o·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xurnei̯a·n-
5. xurnei̯a·n-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *xurnii̯a·n-
6. xurnii̯a·n-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hurnii̯a·n-
7. hurnii̯a·n-
*u → au
Allophonic change of *u into au
Ru›au → *haurnii̯a·n-
8. haurnii̯a·n-
*ii̯a → ja
Loss of *i before i̯a
Rii̯a›i̯a → *haurni̯a·n-
9. haurni̯a·n-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Goth. haurnja·n-


PIE √klm- √kolm- √kelm- (sb.) ‘Sonnenstrahl, Glanz, Strahl’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√kolmo-
PIE *kolmo·su-
Hitt. kalma·šu-
(c.) ‘goldener Schmuckgegenstand’
(HHand. 70)
1. PIE *kolmo·su-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kalma·su-
2. kalma·su-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. kalma·šu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *kolmo·Σ
Hitt. kalma·zitaa-
(URU.) ‘(Mann (LÚ) von K.)’
(OGH. 166)
(Hitt. LÚ URUkal-ma-zi-da-[a] [All])
1. PIE *kolmo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. kalma·Σ
PIE *kolmono-
Hitt. kalmana-
(sb.) ‘Feuerholz?’
(HEG K:467)
1. PIE *kolmono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. kalmana-
√kolmoro-
(HEG K:467f.)
(HIL. 500-, Puhvel HED 4:26-28, Kimball 1999:380)
PIE *kolmoro-
Hitt. kalmara-
(c.) ‘Sonnenstrahl, Strahl’ (not ‘Berg, Gebirge’, see HHand. 70)
(HHand. 70)
(Hitt. kal-ma-ra-az, kal-ma-ru-uš)
1. PIE *kolmoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. kalmara-
PIE *kolmoro-
Hitt. kalmara-
(n.) ‘Sonnenscheibe (aus Edelmetall)’
(HHand. 70)
(Hitt. kal-ma-ra, gal-ma-ra [plNA])
1. PIE *kolmoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. kalmara-
PIE *koLmoLí-
AV. kalmalí-
(m./f.?) ‘bunter, funkelnder Glanz’
(KEWA 1:184)
1. PIE *koLmoLí-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *kolmolí-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. kolmolí-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → AV. kalmalí-
PIE *koLmoLihɑ́ku̯ɑhín-
RV. kalmalīkín-
(a.) ‘bunt funkelnd’
(WbRV. 318)
(WH. 1:287)
1. PIE *koLmoLihɑ́ku̯ɑhín-
PIE *iḫɑ́ → iḫí
Distant assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RiHɑ́›iHí → *koLmoLihíku̯ɑhín-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. koLmoLihíku̯ɑhín-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *koLmoLihíku̯hín-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. koLmoLihíku̯hín-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *kolmolihíku̯hín-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. kolmolihíku̯hín-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kalmalihíku̯hín-
5. kalmalihíku̯hín-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kalmaliíku̯ín-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. kalmaliíku̯ín-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *kalmaliíkín-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. kalmaliíkín-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → RV. kalmalī́kín-


PIE √kp- √kep- √kop- (vb.) ‘sengen, brennen, braten, backen’
(IEW 798)
(Pyysalo 2010:231-3)
√kep-
PIE *kép-
Lith. kèp-
(vb.) ‘braten, backen’
(LiEtWb. 241)
(Lith. kèpti)
1. PIE *kép-
é → è
Emergence of gravis PLith. è
RLiAcc4 → Lith. kèp-
PIE *kep-
Latv. cep-
(vb.) ‘backen, braten, sengen, brennen’
(LiEtWb. 241)
(Latv. cept, cepu)
1. PIE *kep-
PIE *k → č
2nd palatalization of *k
Rk›č → *čep-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
2. čep-
*č → c
From 2nd palatalization *č to c
Rč›c → Latv. cep-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *képo-
Lith. kẽpa-
(vb.) ‘braten, backen’
(LiEtWb. 241)
(Lith. kepù [1sg], kẽpa [3sg])
1. PIE *képo-
é → è
Emergence of gravis PLith. è
RLiAcc4 → *kèpo-
2. kèpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Lith. kèpa-
√kop-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·kópo-
Gr. ἀρτο·κόπο-
(m.) ‘Brotbäcker’
(GEW 1:156)
(Gr. ἀρτοκόπος)
1. PIE *Π·kópo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·κόπο-
PIE *kopont-
Hitt. kapant-
(pt.a.) ‘dunkel, schwartz: GE6’ (HHand. 72)
(HEG K:493)
(HEG K:489, Hitt. kap-pa-a-an-za [pt.])
1. PIE *kopont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. kapant-
√kopil-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *kopiLó-
RV. kapilá-
(a.) ‘bräunlich, rötlich’
(WbRV. 313)
(KEWA 1:156)
1. PIE *kopiLó-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *kopiló-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. kopiló-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kapiló-
3. kapiló-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. kapilá-
PIE *kopilo-
Hitt. kapila-
(vb.) ‘aufhetzen’
(HHand. 72)
(Hitt. kap-pí-la-a-ir [3pl])
1. PIE *kopilo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. kapila-
PIE *kopilēɑh-
Hitt. kapilāḫ-
(vb.2.) ‘zürnen, toben’
(HHand. 72)
(Hitt. kap-pí-la-aḫ-ḫe-ir)
1. PIE *kopilēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kopilāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kopilāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kopilāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kopilāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kapilāh-
4. kapilāh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. kapilāḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *kopilnoi-
TochB. kapille-
(n.) ‘fewer, illness’
(DTochB. 140)
1. PIE *kopilnoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kapilnai-
2. kapilnai-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → *kapillai-
3. kapillai-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *kapillē-
4. kapillē-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochB. kapille-
PIE *kopilnoi·Σ
TochB. kapille·ṃtse-
(a.) ‘having a fever/illness’
(DTochB. 140)
1. PIE *kopilnoi·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kapilnai·Σ
2. kapilnai·Σ
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → *kapillai·Σ
3. kapillai·Σ
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *kapillē·Σ
4. kapillē·Σ
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochB. kapille·Σ
PIE *kopiloli-
Hitt. kapilali-
(a.) ‘verhaßt, feindlich’
(HHand. 72)
(Hitt. kap-pí-la-al-li-iš [sgN], kap-pí-la-al-liš)
1. PIE *kopiloli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. kapilali-
PIE *kopiloli-
HLu. kapilali-
(314c.) ‘enemy’
(CHLu. 3.6.24)
(HLu. (“*314”)ka-pi-la-li-na)
1. PIE *kopiloli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. kapilali-
PIE *kopilo·Σ
CLu. kapila·za-
(vb.) ‘in Zorn geraten’
(HHand. 72)
(CLu. kap-pí-la-az-za-at-ta)
1. PIE *kopilo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. kapila·Σ


PIE √krm- √korm- √kerm- (vb.) ‘schneiden, hacken’ (a.) ‘krüppelhaft’
(IEW 938f.)
(EHS 555; Pyysalo: Gr.)
√kormo-
PIE *kormó-
Gr. κορμό-
(m.) ‘(abgeschnittener) Klotz, Rumpf’
(Beitr. 1:172)
(Gr. κορμός)
1. PIE *kormó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. κορμό-
√kormol-
(HEG K:512-513)
PIE *kormoli-
HLu. karmali-
(ASCIAvb.1.) ‘hack (down): hacken’
(CHLu. 2.6.3)
(HLu. (ASCIA)ka+ra/i-ma-li-ta [3sg])
1. PIE *kormoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. karmali-
PIE *kormol·oso-
Hitt. karmal·aša-
(vb.2.) ‘steif, krüppelhaft bleiben’
(HHand. 73)
(Hitt. karmalašai [3sg], KLuN. 340f., §212)
1. PIE *kormol·oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *karmal·asa-
2. karmal·asa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. karmal·aša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √krs- √kors- √kers- (vb.) ‘(ab)schneiden, (ab)sondern, scheren, lösen’
(IEW 938-945)
(Mudge apud Sturtevant CGr. 120)
√kors-
(HEG K:517ff.)
(HIL. 526-7)
PIE *kors-
Hitt. karš-
(vb.1.) ‘abschneiden, absondern: TAR’
(HHand. 74)
(Hitt. kar-aš-mi, kar-aš-zi, kar-aš-ta-ri)
1. PIE *kors-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kars-
2. kars-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. karš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *kors-
CLu. karš-
(vb.) ‘abschneiden, absondern’
(HIL. 527)
(CLu. kar-šu-i [1sg])
1. PIE *kors-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kars-
2. kars-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. karš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√korso-
(Mudge)
PIE *korso-
Hitt. karša-
(vb.1.) ‘abschneiden, absondern’
(HIL. 526)
(Hitt. kar-ša-at-ti [2sg], kar-ša-an-ta-ri, kar-ša-an-zi)
1. PIE *korso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *karsa-
2. karsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. karša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *korso-
Pal. karša-
(vb.) ‘abtrennen, lösen’ (HHand. 74; Pal. 63, 77)
(DPal. 58)
(Pal. (-)]kar-ša-an-du [ipv3pl])
1. PIE *korso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *karsa-
2. karsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Pal. karša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *korsó-
Ion. κορσό-
(m./n.?) ‘(abgeschnittener) Klotz, Rumpf’
(GEW 1:935)
(Hes. κορσόν · κορμόν)
1. PIE *korsó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion. κορσό-
PIE *Π·korso-
Ion. πυρσό·κορσο-
(a.) ‘mit roten Schläfen(haaren)’
(GEW 1:923)
1. PIE *Π·korso-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion. Π·κορσο-
PIE *korso·mi-
CLu. karša·mi-
(pt.) ‘geschnitten’
(DLL. 54)
(CLu. kar-ša-am-mi-iš [pt.sgN])
1. PIE *korso·mi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *karsa·mi-
2. karsa·mi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. karša·mi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√kers-
(Pyysalo)
(unconfirmed)
PIE *Π·kerse·Σ
Ion. ἀ·κερσε·κόμησ-
(a.) ‘mit ungeschnittenem Haar’
(GEW 1:810)
(Gr. ἀκερσεκόμης)
1. PIE *Π·kerse·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion. Π·κερσε·Σ
PIE *kersoilnoi
TochB. śärselle
(ger.) ‘‹scheren?›’
(DTochB. 629)
(TochB. mäśśakene aṣiye śärselle se laiko ārkwi yamaṣäṃ = M of the goat is to be ś.; this bath makes white)
1. PIE *kersoilnoi
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kersailnai
2. kersailnai
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *ki̯arsailnai
3. ki̯arsailnai
*ki̯ → ś
2nd palatalization for velar k
Rki̯›ś → *śarsailnai
4. śarsailnai
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → *śarsaillai
5. śarsaillai
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *śarsēllē
6. śarsēllē
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochB. śarselle
√korsēɑh-
PIE *kórsēɑh-
Aeol. κόρσᾱ-
(f.) ‘Schläfe, Schläfenhaar, Mauerzinne’
(GEW 1:923)
(Aeol. κόρσα: Dor. κόρρα)
1. PIE *kórsēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kórsāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kórsāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kórsāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kórsāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kórsā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kórsā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Aeol. κόρσᾱ-
PIE *kórsēɑh-
Ion. κόρση-
(f.) ‘Schläfe, Schläfenhaar, Mauerzinne’
(GEW 1:923)
1. PIE *kórsēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kórsāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kórsāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kórsāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kórsāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kórsā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kórsā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *kórsē-
5. kórsē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion. κόρση-
√korsi-
PIE *korsei-
Hitt. karšei-
(vb.) ‘abtrennen, abschneiden’
(HIL. 526)
(Hitt. kar-ši [ipv2sg], kar-aš-si-i-iz-zi)
1. PIE *korsei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *karsei-
2. karsei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. karšei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *korsí·Σ
Dor. κορρί·μαχο-
(PN.) ‘N. eines Mannes’
(GEW 1:923)
(Thess. κορρίμαχο-)
1. PIE *korsí·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. κορσί·Σ
PIE *korsói̯o-
Ion. κορσόο-
(vb.) ‘scheren (= κείρειν, Hes.)’
(GEW 1:935)
(Hes. κορσοῦν)
1. PIE *korsói̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *korsóo-
2. korsóo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion. κορσόο-
PIE *korsei̯o-
Hitt. karšei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘abschneiden, absondern: Sum. TAR’
(HHand. 74)
1. PIE *korsei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *karsei̯a-
2. karsei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. karšei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *korsigɑɦi̯e/o-
Hitt. karšige/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘abtrennen, abschneiden’
(HHand. 74)
(Hitt. kar-ši-ke/a-)
1. PIE *korsigɑɦi̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *korsigɦi̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. korsigɦi̯e/o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *korsiǵɦe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. korsiǵɦe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *karsiǵɦe/a-
4. karsiǵɦe/a-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *karsigɦe/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. karsigɦe/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *karsige/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. karsige/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. karšige/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √ks- √kos- √kes- (vb.) ‘scharren, graben, streifen, kratzen, kämmen’
(IEW 585)
(Götze & Sturtevant 1938:88f.)
√kes-
PIE *kes-
Hitt. keš-
(vb.) ‘kämmen: comb, card’
(HIL. 557)
(Hitt. ki-iš-zi [3sg], ki-iš-si-ir [3pl])
1. PIE *kes-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. keš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *keso-
OCS. česo-
(vb.) ‘kratzen, kämmen, streifen, abstreifen’
(Sadnik √105)
(OCS. češǫ [1sg])
1. PIE *keso-
PIE *k → č
2nd palatalization of *k
Rk›č → *česo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
2. česo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *česa-
3. česa-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → OCS. česo-
PIE *Π·keso
Czech. pa·čes-
(m.) ‘Hede, Werg’
(GEW 1:834)
1. PIE *Π·keso
PIE *k → č
2nd palatalization of *k
Rk›č → *Π·česo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
2. Π·česo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·česa
3. Π·česa
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·česo
4. Π·česo
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *Π·česu
5. Π·česu
*-u → Ø
Loss of -u in root-final position
R=u›=0 → Czech. Π·čes
√kos-
PIE *kós-
Lith. kàs-
(vb.) ‘scharren, graben’
(LiEtWb. 226)
(Lith. kàsti [inf.])
1. PIE *kós-
ó → ò
Emergence of gravis PLith. ò
RLiAcc5 → *kòs-
2. kòs-
PIE *ò → à
Change of *ò into à
Rò›à → Lith. kàs-
PIE *kos-
Latv. kas-
(vb.) ‘harken’
(LiEtWb. 226)
(Latv. kast [inf.])
1. PIE *kos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Latv. kas-
PIE *kóso-
Lith. kãsa-
(vb.) ‘scharren, graben’
(LiEtWb. 226)
(Lith. kãsa [3sg], kasù [1sg])
1. PIE *kóso-
ó → ò
Emergence of gravis PLith. ò
RLiAcc5 → *kòso-
2. kòso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kòsa-
3. kòsa-
PIE *ò → à
Change of *ò into à
Rò›à → Lith. kàsa-
√kesɑh-
PIE *kesḗɑh-
OCS. česa-
(vb.) ‘kämmen, abstreifen (von Früchten)’
(Sadnik √105)
(OCS. česati [inf.])
1. PIE *kesḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kesā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kesā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kesā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kesā́h-
PIE *k → č
2nd palatalization of *k
Rk›č → *česā́h-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. česā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *česā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. česā́-
*ā́ → a
Change of *ā́ into á
Rā́›á → *česá-
6. česá-
*á → a
Loss/absence of accent
Rá›a → OCS. česa-
√kosɑh-
PIE *kosḗɑh
Lith. kasà-
(f.) ‘Haarflechte, Zopf’
(LiEtWb. 226)
(Lith. kasà [sgN])
1. PIE *kosḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kosā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kosā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kosā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kosā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kosā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kosā́
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kasā́
5. kasā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *kasṓ
(XX:XX)
6. kasṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → Lith. kasà


PIE √kt- √kot- √ket- (a.) ‘hoch’ (vb.) ‘hoch werden, erheben usw.’ (sb.) ‘Kopf’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√kotpo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *kotpo·Σ
Hitt. katpa·zizi-
(d.) ‘‹may contain Hitt. dzizi- = Hur. zizi- ‘Brust’?›’
(OHP. 1:239)
(Hitt. ka-at-pa-az-zi-iz-zi [Abs])
1. PIE *kotpo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. katpa·Σ
PIE *kotpo·tuko-
OPers. katpa·tuka-
(m.) ‘Kappadokien (Gr. καππαδοκία)’
(AIWb. 433)
(OPers. katpatuka-)
1. PIE *kotpo·tuko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OPers. katpa·tuka-
PIE *kotpoi̯o-
RV. katpaya-
(a.) ‘hoch aufschwellend’
(WbRV. 311)
(RV. katpaya-; MonWil. 246)
1. PIE *kotpoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *katpai̯a-
2. katpai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. katpaya-
√kotku-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *kōtoku-
TochA. kātäk-
(pret.A.) ‘surgere, oriri’
(Poucha 56-7)
(TochA. kātäk)
1. PIE *kōtoku-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kōtaku-
2. kōtaku-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *kātaku-
3. kātaku-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → TochA. kātak-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
PIE *kōtku̯o-
TochA. kātka-
(pret.A.) ‘surgere, oriri’
(Poucha 56-7)
(TochA. kātkaṣt, kātkaṃ [encl.], kātkar)
1. PIE *kōtku̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kōtku̯a-
2. kōtku̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *kātku̯a-
3. kātku̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → TochA. kātka-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
PIE *kōtku̯olo
TochA. kātkal
(vb.a.) ‘surgere, oriri’
(Poucha 56-7)
1. PIE *kōtku̯olo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kōtku̯ala
2. kōtku̯ala
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *kātku̯ala
3. kātku̯ala
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *kātkala
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. kātkala
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → TochA. kātkal
PIE *kōtkulunoio
TochA. kātklune
(vb.sb.) ‘surgere, oriri’
(Poucha 56-7)
1. PIE *kōtkulunoio
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kōtkulunaia
2. kōtkulunaia
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *kātkulunaia
3. kātkulunaia
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *kātklunaia
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. kātklunaia
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *kātklunai
5. kātklunai
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *kātklunē
6. kātklunē
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochA. kātklune
PIE *kōkōtku̯u-
TochA. kākätku
(pret.pt.) ‘surgere, oriri’
(Poucha 56-7)
(TochA. kākätku)
1. PIE *kōkōtku̯u-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *kākātku̯u-
2. kākātku̯u-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → TochA. kākātku-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
PIE *kōkōtku̯ur-
TochA. kākätkur-
(absol.) ‘surgere, oriri’
(Poucha 56-7)
(TochA. kākätkuräṣ)
1. PIE *kōkōtku̯ur-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *kākātku̯ur-
2. kākātku̯ur-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → TochA. kākātkur-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
PIE *kotku̯íɦɑd-
Dor. κοττίδ-
(f.) ‘κεφαλή: head’
(GEW 1:933-4)
1. PIE *kotku̯íɦɑd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kotku̯íɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kotku̯íɦd-
*ku/u̯ → t
Palatalization of labiovelar *ku/u̯
RkU›tFr → *kottíɦd-
3. kottíɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *kottíd-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kottíd-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. κοττίδ-
√kōtonku-
PIE *kōtonku̯ō-
TochA. kātäṅkā-
(pr.A.) ‘surgere, oriri’
(Poucha 56-7)
(TochA. kātäṅkāṣ)
1. PIE *kōtonku̯ō-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kōtanku̯ō-
2. kōtanku̯ō-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *kātanku̯ā-
3. kātanku̯ā-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → TochA. kātankā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
PIE *kōtonku̯ōlo
TochA. kātäṅkāl-
(vb.a.) ‘surgere, oriri’
(Poucha 56-7)
(TochA. kātäṅkāl)
1. PIE *kōtonku̯ōlo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kōtanku̯ōla
2. kōtanku̯ōla
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *kātanku̯āla
3. kātanku̯āla
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *kātankāla
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. kātankāla
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → TochA. kātankāl
PIE *kōtonku̯ē-
TochA. kātäñśā-
(impf.A.) ‘surgere, oriri’
(Poucha 56-7)
(TochA. kātäñśā)
1. PIE *kōtonku̯ē-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kōtanku̯ē-
2. kōtanku̯ē-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *kātanku̯ē-
3. kātanku̯ē-
PIE *ē → i̯ ā
Change of *ē into i̯ā
Rē›i̯ā → *kātanku̯i̯ā-
4. kātanku̯i̯ā-
PIE *ku̯ → śu̯
2nd palatalization for labiovelars
Rku̯i›śu̯i → *kātanśu̯i̯ā-
5. kātanśu̯i̯ā-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *kātanśu̯yā-
6. kātanśu̯yā-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. kātanśwyā-


PIE √ku- (vb.) ‘sehen’
(IEW: in extensions)
(Pyysalo)
√ku-
PIE *ku·ku̯oso-
HLu. ku·ku̯aša-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 10.36.57)
(HLu. Iku-ku-wa/i-sá-na)
1. PIE *ku·ku̯oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ku·ku̯asa-
2. ku·ku̯asa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. ku·ku̯aša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√kun-
√kuon-
PIE *ku̯ononi-
CLu. ku̯anani-
(c.) ‘Augenbraue: sourcil’ (HHand. 88)
(DLL. 59)
1. PIE *ku̯ononi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. ku̯anani-
PIE *ku̯ononi̯o-
Hitt. ku̯anani̯a-
(d.) ‘of eyebrow?’ (RDH. 85)
(OHP. 1:275-6)
(Hitt. ku-ua-an-na-ni-ia [Abs])
1. PIE *ku̯ononi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ku̯anani̯a-
√kuen-
PIE *ku̯engu̯ɑɦo-
OInd. caṅga-
(a.) ‘verständig, hübsch’
(KEWA 1:367)
1. PIE *ku̯engu̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ku̯engu̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ku̯engu̯ɦo-
PIE *ku̯ → ču̯
2nd palatalization of *ku̯
Rku̯›ču̯ → *ču̯engu̯ɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ču̯engu̯ɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ču̯engu̯ɦa-
4. ču̯engu̯ɦa-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ču̯engu̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ču̯engu̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ču̯enga-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ču̯enga-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *čenga-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. čenga-
*č → c
From 2nd palatalization *č to c
Rč›c → *cenga-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. cenga-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *canga-
9. canga-
*nK → ŋK
Velarization of nasal
RnK›ŋK → *caŋga-
10. caŋga-
ŋ → ṅ
Orthographic change of ŋ into ṅ
Rŋ›ṅ → OInd. caṅga-
√kun-
√kuor-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ku̯oroii̯olo-
CLu. ku̯arai̯ala-
(GKLadv.) ‘furchterregend’ (HHand. 89)
(DLL. 60)
(CLu. ku-ua-ra-ia-al-la [plNA])
1. PIE *ku̯oroii̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ku̯araii̯ala-
2. ku̯araii̯ala-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *ku̯araiala-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. ku̯araiala-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → CLu. ku̯arai̯ala-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
PIE *ku̯ormo-
OIcl. hvarm-
(m.) ‘Augenlid, Lid’
(ANEtWb. 269b)
(OIcl. hvarmr)
1. PIE *ku̯ormo-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xu̯ormo-
2. xu̯ormo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xu̯arma-
3. xu̯arma-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hu̯arma-
4. hu̯arma-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OIcl. hvarma-
√kuēr-
PIE *ku̯ēró-
Gr. τηρό-
(m.) ‘Hüter’
(GEW 894-5)
1. PIE *ku̯ēró-
*ku/u̯ → t
Palatalization of labiovelar *ku/u̯
RkU›tFr → *tēró-
2. tēró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τηρό-
PIE *hɑeteɑhr·ku̯ēró-
Gr. ἀταρ·τηρό-
(a.) ‘rücksichtlos, verderblich?’
(GEW 1:176)
1. PIE *hɑeteɑhr·ku̯ēró-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑateɑhr·ku̯ēró-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑateɑhr·ku̯ēró-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑataɑhr·ku̯ēró-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑataɑhr·ku̯ēró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatahr·ku̯ēró-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hatahr·ku̯ēró-
*ku/u̯ → t
Palatalization of labiovelar *ku/u̯
RkU›tFr → *hatahr·tēró-
5. hatahr·tēró-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *atar·tēró-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. atar·tēró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀταρ·τηρό-
PIE *ku̯ēro-
OInd. cāra-
(m.) ‘Späher, Kundschafter’
(KEWA 1:383)
1. PIE *ku̯ēro-
PIE *ku̯ → ču̯
2nd palatalization of *ku̯
Rku̯›ču̯ → *ču̯ēro-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
2. ču̯ēro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ču̯ēra-
3. ču̯ēra-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *čēra-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. čēra-
*č → c
From 2nd palatalization *č to c
Rč›c → *cēra-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. cēra-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → OInd. cāra-
PIE *ku̯ēréi̯o-
Gr. τηρέο-
(vb.) ‘wahrnehmen, beobachten, behüten’
(GEW 2:894-5)
(Gr. τηρέω)
1. PIE *ku̯ēréi̯o-
*ku/u̯ → t
Palatalization of labiovelar *ku/u̯
RkU›tFr → *tēréi̯o-
2. tēréi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *tēréo-
3. tēréo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τηρέο-
√kuer-
PIE *ku̯ero-
OInd. cara-
(m.) ‘Späher, Kundschafter’
(KEWA 1:383)
1. PIE *ku̯ero-
PIE *ku̯ → ču̯
2nd palatalization of *ku̯
Rku̯›ču̯ → *ču̯ero-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
2. ču̯ero-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ču̯era-
3. ču̯era-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *čera-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. čera-
*č → c
From 2nd palatalization *č to c
Rč›c → *cera-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. cera-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → OInd. cara-
PIE *ku̯erḗhɑ-
Latv. cerê-
(vb.) ‘cogitate, sperare’
(Poucha 319)
1. PIE *ku̯erḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ku̯erḗh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ku̯erḗh-
PIE *ku̯ → ču̯
2nd palatalization of *ku̯
Rku̯›ču̯ → *ču̯erḗh-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ču̯erḗh-
*ḗH → êH
Latvian tone rule for ḗH
RAccLatv6 → *ču̯erêh-
4. ču̯erêh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ču̯erê-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ču̯erê-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *čerê-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. čerê-
*č → c
From 2nd palatalization *č to c
Rč›c → Latv. cerê-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
√kur-
PIE *kur·kuroi-
Hitt. kur·kurai-
(c.) ‘Angst, Furcht, Panik’
(HHand. 85)
(Hitt. kurkurai-)
1. PIE *kur·kuroi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. kur·kurai-
PIE *kur·kurei̯o-
Hitt. kur·kurei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘einschüchtern, in Angst versetzen’
(HHand. 85)
(Hitt. kurkurei̯a-)
1. PIE *kur·kurei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. kur·kurei̯a-
PIE *kur·kuriso-
Hitt. kur·kuriša-
(URU.) ‘‹cf. OGHErg. 86›’
(OGH. 225)
(Hitt. kur-ku-ri-eš-ša ‘IR-mimma, Frau von K., Verfasserin eines Rituals’)
1. PIE *kur·kuriso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kur·kurisa-
2. kur·kurisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. kur·kuriša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *kur·kuriski̯e/o-
Hitt. kur·kuriške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘einschüchtern, in Angst versetzen’
(HHand. 85)
1. PIE *kur·kuriski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *kur·kurisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. kur·kurisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kur·kurisḱe/a-
3. kur·kurisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *kur·kuriske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. kur·kuriske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. kur·kuriške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *kur·kurimo-
Hitt. kur·kurima-
(c.) ‘Angst, Furcht, Panik’
(HHand. 85)
(Hitt. kurkurima-)
1. PIE *kur·kurimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. kur·kurima-
√kuos-
PIE *ku·ku̯oso-
HLu. ku·ku̯aša-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 10.36.57)
(HLu. Iku-ku-wa/i-sá-na)
1. PIE *ku·ku̯oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ku·ku̯asa-
2. ku·ku̯asa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. ku·ku̯aša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√kues-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ku̯eso-
Hitt. ku̯eša-
(fc.) ‘(magicienne, auteur de rituel)’
(NOMS. 599)
(Hitt. ku-e-ša)
1. PIE *ku̯eso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ku̯esa-
2. ku̯esa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ku̯eša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ku̯ez·Σ
gAv. čaz·dōŋhvaṇt-
(a.) ‘einsichtig, verständig’
(AIWb. 583)
1. PIE *ku̯ez·Σ
PIE *ku̯ → ču̯
2nd palatalization of *ku̯
Rku̯›ču̯ → *ču̯ez·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
2. ču̯ez·Σ
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *čez·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. čez·Σ
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → gAv. čaz·Σ
√kus-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *kús·tōɑhd-
Lat. cus·tōd-
(m./f.) ‘Wächter, Aufseher, Hüter, Beschützer’
(WH. 1:319)
(Lat. custōs, custōdis)
1. PIE *kús·tōɑhd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kús·tōhd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kús·tōhd-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kús·tōd-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. kús·tōd-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *cús·tōd-
4. cús·tōd-
*ú → u
Orthographic change of *ú into u
Rú›u → Lat. cus·tōd-
PIE *kús·tōɑɦdiɑ́-
Lat. cus·tōdī-
(pr.4.) ‘bewachen’
(WH. 1:319)
(Lat. custōdīre)
1. PIE *kús·tōɑɦdiɑ́-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *kús·tōɑɦdií-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. kús·tōɑɦdií-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kús·tōɦdií-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kús·tōɦdií-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *kús·tōdií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kús·tōdií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *kús·tōdī́-
5. kús·tōdī́-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *cús·tōdī́-
6. cús·tōdī́-
*ú → u
Orthographic change of *ú into u
Rú›u → *cus·tōdī́-
7. cus·tōdī́-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → Lat. cus·tōdī-
PIE *kús·tōɑɦdi̯ēɑh-
Lat. cus·tōdiā-
(f.) ‘Wache, Hut’
(WH. 1:319)
(Lat. custōdia)
1. PIE *kús·tōɑɦdi̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kús·tōɑɦdi̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kús·tōɑɦdi̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kús·tōɦdi̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kús·tōɦdi̯āh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *kús·tōdi̯āh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kús·tōdi̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kús·tōdi̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kús·tōdi̯ā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *cús·tōdi̯ā-
6. cús·tōdi̯ā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → *cús·tōdiā-
7. cús·tōdiā-
*ú → u
Orthographic change of *ú into u
Rú›u → Lat. cus·tōdiā-
√kut-
√kuet-
PIE *ku̯etḗhɑ-
Lith. ketė́-
(vb.) ‘beabsichtigen, gedenken, vorhaben’
(LiEtWb. 247)
(Lith. ketė́ti)
1. PIE *ku̯etḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ku̯etḗh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ku̯etḗh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ku̯etḗ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ku̯etḗ-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ketḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ketḗ-
*ḗ -> ė́
Change of *ḗ -> ė́
Rḗ›ė́ → Lith. ketė́-


PIE √ku- (rel.pron.) ‘wer, was, wo’
(IEW 644f.)
(Knudtzon 1902:51, 129f.)
√kui-
(HEG K:611ff.)
PIE *ku̯i-
Hitt. ku̯i-
(rel.pron.) ‘wer, was; welcher/welche, welches’
(HHand. 81)
(Hitt. ku-iš, ku-in, ku-it, ku-i-it, ku-e-el, ku-el, ku-u-ez)
PIE *ku̯i-
Pal. ku̯i-
(rel.pron.) ‘wer, was; welcher/welche, welches’
(HHand. 82)
(Pal. ku-iš, ku-it, ku-in, ku-i [sgD?])
PIE *ku̯i-
CLu. ku̯i-
(rel.pron.) ‘wer, was; welcher/welche, welches’
(HHand. 82)
(CLu. ku-iš, ku-in, ku-i)
PIE *ku̯i-
Lat. qui-
(rel.pron.) ‘wer, was; welcher/welche, welches’
(WH. 2:410)
(Lat. quis, quid)
1. PIE *ku̯i-
* ku/u̯ → q
Emergence of labiovelar q
RkU›q → *qi-
2. qi-
q → qu
Orthographic change of q to qu
Rq›qu → Lat. qui-
PIE *ku̯i-
Lyd. qi-
(rel.pron.) ‘wer, was; welcher/welche, welches’
(LydWb. 185)
(Lyd. qis, qys, qid)
1. PIE *ku̯i-
*ku̯ → q
Emergence of labiovelar q
Rku̯›q → Lyd. qi-
PIE *ku̯i-
Osc. pi-
(rel.pron.) ‘who, which’
(WbOU. 558-9)
(Osc. pis, píd)
1. PIE *ku̯i-
*ku/u̯ → p
Bilabialization of labiovelar q into p
RkU›p → Osc. pi-
PIE *ku̯í-
Gr. τί-
(rel.pron.) ‘wer, was, welcher’
(GEW 2:903-4)
1. PIE *ku̯í-
*ku/u̯ → t
Palatalization of labiovelar *ku/u̯
RkU›tFr → *tí-
2. tí-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τί-
PIE *ku̯i-
RV. ci-
(rel.pron.) ‘wer?, was?’
(WbRV. 444, cid)
1. PIE *ku̯i-
PIE *ku̯ → ču̯
2nd palatalization of *ku̯
Rku̯›ču̯ → *ču̯i-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
2. ču̯i-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *či-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. či-
*č → c
From 2nd palatalization *č to c
Rč›c → RV. ci-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
√kuor-
PIE *ku̯or
CLu. ku̯ar
(rel.pron.) ‘wo, wenn’
(DLL. 59)
(CLu. ku-ua-ar, ku-ua-ar-pa)
1. PIE *ku̯or
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. ku̯ar
PIE *Π·ku̯or·Σ
Goth. þis·ƕar·uh
(adv.) wo auch/nur immer: wherever: ὅπου ἐάν: ubicumque’
(GoEtD. Þ38)
(Goth. þisƕaruh Mrk 9,18 CA; Mrk 14,9 CA, HbGo. 190)
1. PIE *Π·ku̯or·Σ
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *Π·xu̯or·Σ
2. Π·xu̯or·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·xu̯ar·Σ
3. Π·xu̯ar·Σ
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *Π·hu̯ar·Σ
4. Π·hu̯ar·Σ
hw → ƕ
Monophonemization of hw into ƕ
Rhu̯›ƕ → Goth. Π·ƕar·Σ
PIE *ku̯ori
CLu. ku̯ari
(rel.pron.) ‘wo, wenn’
(DLL. 59)
(CLu. ku-ua-(a)-ri)
1. PIE *ku̯ori
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. ku̯ari
PIE *ku̯ori·Σ
CLu. ku̯ari·ḫa
(adv.) ‘irgendwo?’
(DLL. 59)
(CLu. ku-ua-a-ri-ḫa)
1. PIE *ku̯ori·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. ku̯ari·Σ


PIE √kui- (vb.) ‘bezahlen, vergelten, büßen, strafen, rächen’
(IEW 636-7)
(Pyysalo)
√kui-
(IEW 636-7)
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ku̯i-
Hitt. ku̯i-
(vb.) ‘bezahlen’
(HHand. 81)
(“weniger wahrscheinliche Lesung pai-”)
PIE *ku̯i-
LAv. či-
(ao.) ‘vergelten, büßen, strafen, rächen’
(AIWb. 464)
(LAv. čimāne [inf.])
1. PIE *ku̯i-
PIE *ku̯ → ču̯
2nd palatalization of *ku̯
Rku̯›ču̯ → *ču̯i-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
2. ču̯i-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → LAv. či-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
PIE *ku̯eku̯i-
SPic. pepi-
(pf.) ‘bezahlen’
(LIV2 AC)
(SPic. pepie [3sg])
1. PIE *ku̯eku̯i-
*ku/u̯ → p
Bilabialization of labiovelar q into p
RkU›p → SPic. pepi-
PIE *ku̯iku̯oi̯-
LAv. čikay-
(pr.3.) ‘vergelten, büßen, strafen, rächen’
(AIWb. 464)
(LAv. čikayat̰ [conj3sg])
1. PIE *ku̯iku̯oi̯-
PIE *ku̯ → ču̯
2nd palatalization of *ku̯
Rku̯›ču̯ → *ču̯iku̯oi̯-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
2. ču̯iku̯oi̯-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ču̯iku̯ai̯-
3. ču̯iku̯ai̯-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ču̯ikai̯-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ču̯ikai̯-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *čikai̯-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. čikai̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. čikay-
PIE *ku̯ei̯o-
LAv. čaya-
(pr.) ‘abbüssen, büssen für [A]’ (vom Schuldigen)
(AIWb. 464)
1. PIE *ku̯ei̯o-
PIE *ku̯ → ču̯
2nd palatalization of *ku̯
Rku̯›ču̯ → *ču̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
2. ču̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ču̯ei̯a-
3. ču̯ei̯a-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *čei̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. čei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *čai̯a-
5. čai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. čaya-


PIE √kui- (vb.) ‘inscribe, mark, write’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√kui-
PIE *ku̯i-
CLu. ku̯i-
(vb.) ‘inscrire, marquer’
(DLL. 56)
(CLu. ku-i-ḫa [1sg])
PIE *ku̯ōi̯o·stɑho-
OInd. kāya·stha-
(m.) ‘Schreiber’
(KEWA 1:200)
1. PIE *ku̯ōi̯o·stɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ku̯ōi̯o·stho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ku̯ōi̯o·stho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ku̯ōi̯a·stha-
3. ku̯ōi̯a·stha-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ku̯āi̯a·stha-
4. ku̯āi̯a·stha-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *kāi̯a·stha-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. kāi̯a·stha-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. kāya·stha-
PIE *ku̯ōi̯-
TochB. kāy-
(n.) ≈ ‘receipt’
(DTochB. 153)
1. PIE *ku̯ōi̯-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ku̯āi̯-
2. ku̯āi̯-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *kāi̯-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. kāi̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochB. kāy-


PIE √kui- (vb.) ‘scheuen, fürchten, ehren, verehren, ehrfurchtsvoll sein’
(IEW 636-637)
(Tischler 1990:89: CLu. + RV.)
√kuēi-
PIE *ku̯ḗi̯o-
RV. cā́ya-
(vb.) ‘sich scheuen, sich fürchten’
(WbRV. 443)
(in RV. cā́yamāna- [pt.])
1. PIE *ku̯ḗi̯o-
PIE *ku̯ → ču̯
2nd palatalization of *ku̯
Rku̯›ču̯ → *ču̯ḗi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
2. ču̯ḗi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ču̯ḗi̯a-
3. ču̯ḗi̯a-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *čḗi̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. čḗi̯a-
*č → c
From 2nd palatalization *č to c
Rč›c → *cḗi̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. cḗi̯a-
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → *cā́i̯a-
6. cā́i̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. cā́ya-
PIE *ku̯ḗi̯o-
RV. cā́ya-
(vb.) ‘ehrfurchtsvoll sein’
(WbRV. 443)
(in RV. cā́yamāna- [pt.])
1. PIE *ku̯ḗi̯o-
PIE *ku̯ → ču̯
2nd palatalization of *ku̯
Rku̯›ču̯ → *ču̯ḗi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
2. ču̯ḗi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ču̯ḗi̯a-
3. ču̯ḗi̯a-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *čḗi̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. čḗi̯a-
*č → c
From 2nd palatalization *č to c
Rč›c → *cḗi̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. cḗi̯a-
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → *cā́i̯a-
6. cā́i̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. cā́ya-
√kuoii-
PIE *ku̯oii̯o-
CLu. ku̯ai̯a-
(vb.) ‘sich fürchten: craindre (HHand. 88)’
(DLL. 58)
(CLu. ku-ua-ia [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *ku̯oii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ku̯aii̯a-
2. ku̯aii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *ku̯aia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. ku̯aia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → CLu. ku̯ai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
PIE *ku̯oii̯o-
HLu. ku̯ai̯a-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 10.36.33)
(HLu. Iku-wa/i-ia-’)
1. PIE *ku̯oii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ku̯aii̯a-
2. ku̯aii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *ku̯aia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. ku̯aia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → HLu. ku̯ai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
PIE *ku·ku̯oii̯o-
HLu. ku·ku̯ai̯a-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 10.36.19)
(HLu. Iku-ku-wa/i-ia-ha)
1. PIE *ku·ku̯oii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ku·ku̯aii̯a-
2. ku·ku̯aii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *ku·ku̯aia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. ku·ku̯aia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → HLu. ku·ku̯ai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
PIE *ku̯oii̯·orolo-
CLu. ku̯ai̯·arala-
(adv.) ‘furchterregend’
(HHand2 97)
1. PIE *ku̯oii̯·orolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ku̯aii̯·arala-
2. ku̯aii̯·arala-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *ku̯aia·rala-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. ku̯aia·rala-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → CLu. ku̯ai̯a·rala-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
PIE *ku̯oii̯odɑɦo-
Hitt. ku̯ai̯ada-
(c.) ‘Furcht: crainte’
(DLL. 58-9)
(Hitt. ku-ua-ia-táš (UGU BAL) [sgN], ku-ua-ia-ta-za [sgAbl])
1. PIE *ku̯oii̯odɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ku̯oii̯odɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ku̯oii̯odɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ku̯aii̯adɦa-
3. ku̯aii̯adɦa-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *ku̯aiadɦa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. ku̯aiadɦa-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *ku̯ai̯adɦa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. ku̯ai̯adɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ku̯ai̯ada-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ku̯oii̯odɑɦo-
CLu. ku̯ai̯ada-
(c.) ‘Furcht’
(HHand. 88, DLL. 58-9)
(CLu. ku-ua-ia-ta (šeir) [D])
1. PIE *ku̯oii̯odɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ku̯oii̯odɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ku̯oii̯odɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ku̯aii̯adɦa-
3. ku̯aii̯adɦa-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *ku̯aiadɦa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. ku̯aiadɦa-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *ku̯ai̯adɦa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. ku̯ai̯adɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. ku̯ai̯ada-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√kuēiiɑh-
PIE *ku̯ḗi̯iɑHo
RV. cā́yia
(ger.) ‘ehrfurchtsvoll sein’
(WbRV. 443)
(in RV. cā́yia [ger.], obj. agním)
1. PIE *ku̯ḗi̯iɑHo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ku̯ḗi̯iHo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ku̯ḗi̯iHo
PIE *ku̯ → ču̯
2nd palatalization of *ku̯
Rku̯›ču̯ → *ču̯ḗi̯iHo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ču̯ḗi̯iHo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ču̯ḗi̯iHa
4. ču̯ḗi̯iHa
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *ču̯ḗi̯i.a
5. ču̯ḗi̯i.a
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *čḗi̯i.a
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. čḗi̯i.a
*č → c
From 2nd palatalization *č to c
Rč›c → *cḗi̯i.a
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. cḗi̯i.a
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → *cā́i̯i.a
8. cā́i̯i.a
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. cā́yi.a
PIE *Π·ku̯ḗi̯iɑHo
RV. ni (…) cā́yia·
(ger.) ‘verehren’
(WbRV. 443)
(in RV. ni cā́yia [ger.])
1. PIE *Π·ku̯ḗi̯iɑHo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ku̯ḗi̯iHo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ku̯ḗi̯iHo
PIE *ku̯ → ču̯
2nd palatalization of *ku̯
Rku̯›ču̯ → *Π·ču̯ḗi̯iHo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ču̯ḗi̯iHo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ču̯ḗi̯iHa
4. Π·ču̯ḗi̯iHa
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *Π·ču̯ḗi̯i.a
5. Π·ču̯ḗi̯i.a
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·čḗi̯i.a
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·čḗi̯i.a
*č → c
From 2nd palatalization *č to c
Rč›c → *Π·cḗi̯i.a
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. Π·cḗi̯i.a
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → *Π·cā́i̯i.a
8. Π·cā́i̯i.a
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·cā́yi.a


PIE √kul- (sb.) ‘Loch, Hohlweg, Höhlung’ (a.) ‘hohl’ (vb.) ‘graben’
(IEW –)
(SPIE 277; or PIE √kiul-?)
√kulo-
PIE *kúlo-
Gr. κύλο-
(n.) ‘Höhlungen unter den Augen’
(GEW 2:46)
(Gr. κύλα [n.pl])
1. PIE *kúlo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. κύλο-
PIE *kulo
OIcl. hol-
(a.) ‘hohl’
(ANEtWb. 248)
(OIcl. holr sgN])
1. PIE *kulo
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xulo
2. xulo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xula
3. xula
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *xul
4. xul
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → OIcl. hul
PIE *kuli-
Hitt. kuli-
(sb.) ‘Loch, Hohlweg?’
(HHand. 83)
(HEG K: –)
PIE *Π·kuli̯o-
OEng. a·holia-
(vb.) ‘dig’
(ASaxD. 31)
(OEng. aholian [inf.])
1. PIE *Π·kuli̯o-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *Π·xuli̯o-
2. Π·xuli̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·xuli̯a-
3. Π·xuli̯a-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *Π·huli̯a-
4. Π·huli̯a-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → OEng. Π·hulia-


PIE √kul- √kuol- √kuel- (vb.) ‘lehnen, liegen, ruhen, zaudern, schlafen’
(IEW 928 [4. (s)kel-])
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Toch.)
√kuol-
PIE *Π·ku̯oĺ-
Lith. atsi·kal̃-
(vb.) ‘sich anlehnen’
(IEW 928)
(Lith. atsikal̃ti [inf.])
1. PIE *Π·ku̯oĺ-
*oĺ -> ol̃
Circumflex intonation for oĺ
Roĺ›ol̃ → *Π·ku̯ol̃-
2. Π·ku̯ol̃-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·kol̃-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. Π·kol̃-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Lith. Π·kal̃-
PIE *Π·ku̯olo-
Lith. ãt·kala-
(a.) ‘angelehnt’
(IEW 928)
(Lith. ãtkalas [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·ku̯olo-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·kolo-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
2. Π·kolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Lith. Π·kala-
√kulɑhn-
PIE *kuleɑhéni-
Lith. klõni-
(m.) ‘Niederung, niedrig gelegene Gegend’
(LiEtWb. 264)
(Lith. klõnis [sgN])
1. PIE *kuleɑhéni-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kulaɑhéni-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kulaɑhéni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kulahéni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kulahéni-
é → è
Emergence of gravis PLith. è
RLiAcc4 → *kulahèni-
4. kulahèni-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kulaèni-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kulaèni-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → Lith. klaèni-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
PIE *kulēɑhnɑhḗ-
Lith. klonė̃-
(f.) ‘Niederung, niedrig gelegene Gegend’
(LiEtWb. 264)
(Lith. klonė̃ [sgN])
1. PIE *kulēɑhnɑhḗ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kulāɑhnɑhḗ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kulāɑhnɑhḗ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kulāhnhḗ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kulāhnhḗ-
ḗ → ė̃
Change of ḗ into ė̃
RLiAcc8 → *kulāhnhė̃-
4. kulāhnhė̃-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kulānė̃-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kulānė̃-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *klānė̃-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. klānė̃-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *klōnė̃-
(XX:XX)
7. klōnė̃-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Lith. klonė̃-
√kuli-
PIE *kuli-
Hitt. kuli-
(A.ŠÀn.) ‘Brachland, ungenütztes Land?’
(HHand. 83)
√kuliɑh-
PIE *kuli̯ēɑh-
Hitt. kuli̯āḫ-
(vb.MP.) ‘beruhigen’
(HHand. 83)
1. PIE *kuli̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kuli̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kuli̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kuli̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kuli̯āh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. kuli̯āḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√kulis-
PIE *kulis-
TochA. klis-
(pr.A.) ‘cubare, dormire’
(Poucha 94)
(TochA. klisiṣ)
1. PIE *kulis-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → TochA. klis-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
PIE *kulisor-
Hitt. kulišar-
(n.) ‘Zaudern, Abwarten’
(HHand. 83)
1. PIE *kulisor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kulisar-
2. kulisar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. kulišar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *kulisōsilunoi̯o
TochA. klisāṣlune-
(cs.vb.sb.) ‘cubare, dormire’
(Poucha 94)
1. PIE *kulisōsilunoi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kulisōsilunai̯a
2. kulisōsilunai̯a
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *kulisāsilunai̯a
3. kulisāsilunai̯a
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *klisāsilunai̯a
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. klisāsilunai̯a
*si → ṣ
Palatalization of *si
Rsi›ṣ → *klisāṣlunai̯a
5. klisāṣlunai̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *klisāṣlunai̯
6. klisāṣlunai̯
*a y → ē
Change of ay into ē in root-final
R=ay›=ē → *klisāṣlunē
7. klisāṣlunē
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochA. klisāṣlune
PIE *kulkuliski̯e/o-
Hitt. kulkuliške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘ruhig sein’
(HHand. 83)
1. PIE *kulkuliski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *kulkulisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. kulkulisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kulkulisḱe/a-
3. kulkulisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *kulkuliske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. kulkuliske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. kulkuliške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *kulisnēɑh-
TochA. klisnā-
(pr.A.) ‘cubare, dormire’
(Poucha 94)
(TochA. klisnāṣ)
1. PIE *kulisnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kulisnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kulisnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kulisnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kulisnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kulisnā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kulisnā-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → TochA. klisnā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
PIE *kulisni̯ēɑh-
TochA. klisñā-
(pret.A.) ‘cubare, dormire’
(Poucha 94)
(TochA. klisñā)
1. PIE *kulisni̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kulisni̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kulisni̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kulisni̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kulisni̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kulisni̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kulisni̯ā-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *klisni̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. klisni̯ā-
*ni̯ → ñ
Palatalization of *n before i̯
Rni̯›ñ → TochA. klisñā-
PIE *kulisou-
TochA. kliso-
(pret.pt.) ‘cubare, dormire’
(Poucha 94)
1. PIE *kulisou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kulisau-
2. kulisau-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *klisau-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. klisau-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *klisō-
4. klisō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. kliso-


PIE √kul- √kuol- √kuel- (vb.) ‘wenden, drehen, bewegen’
(IEW 639-40)
√kuolo-
PIE *ku̯ólo-
Gr. πόλο-
(m.) ‘Achse’
(GEW 2:500)
(Gr. πόλος [sgN])
1. PIE *ku̯ólo-
*ku/u̯ → p
Bilabialization of labiovelar q into p
RkU›p → *pólo-
2. pólo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πόλο-
PIE *ɦɑembɑɦí·ku̯olo-
Gr. ἀμφί·πολο-
(f.) ‘Dienerin (Hom.)’, (m.) ‘Diener’
(GEW 1:99)
(= LinB. a-pi-qo-ro)
1. PIE *ɦɑembɑɦí·ku̯olo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑambɑɦí·ku̯olo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑambɑɦí·ku̯olo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦambɦí·ku̯olo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦambɦí·ku̯olo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ambɦí·ku̯olo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ambɦí·ku̯olo-
*ku/u̯ → p
Bilabialization of labiovelar q into p
RkU›p → *ambɦí·polo-
5. ambɦí·polo-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *amphí·polo-
6. amphí·polo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀμφί·πολο-
PIE *ku̯oloi-
CLu. ku̯alai-
(vb.) ‘wenden, drehen’
(HHand. 82)
1. PIE *ku̯oloi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. ku̯alai-
PIE *ku̯olei-
CLu. ku̯alei-
(vb.) ‘wenden, drehen’ (HHand. 88)
(DLL. 59)
(CLu. ku-ua-li-i-ti [3sg])
1. PIE *ku̯olei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. ku̯alei-
PIE *hɑei·ku̯oléi̯o-
Gr. αἰ·πολέο-
(a.) ‘Ziegen weiden’
(GEW 1:43)
1. PIE *hɑei·ku̯oléi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑai·ku̯oléi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑai·ku̯oléi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hai·ku̯oléi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hai·ku̯oléi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ai·ku̯oléi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ai·ku̯oléi̯o-
*ku/u̯ → p
Bilabialization of labiovelar q into p
RkU›p → *ai·poléi̯o-
5. ai·poléi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *ai·poléo-
6. ai·poléo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. αἰ·πολέο-
√kuelo-
PIE *ku̯el-
LAv. čar-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘einher(zu)bewegen, gehen’
(AIWb. 581)
(LAv. čaire [inf.])
1. PIE *ku̯el-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *ku̯er-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. ku̯er-
PIE *ku̯ → ču̯
2nd palatalization of *ku̯
Rku̯›ču̯ → *ču̯er-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ču̯er-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *čer-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. čer-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. čar-
PIE *ku̯elo-
LAv. čara-
(pr.A.) ‘sich einherbewegen, versari’
(AIWb. 449)
(LAv. čarāt [conj3sg]
1. PIE *ku̯elo-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *ku̯ero-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. ku̯ero-
PIE *ku̯ → ču̯
2nd palatalization of *ku̯
Rku̯›ču̯ → *ču̯ero-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ču̯ero-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ču̯era-
4. ču̯era-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *čera-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. čera-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. čara-
PIE *ku̯elo-
OPr. cela-
(n.) ‘rat’ i.e. ‘Rad’
(APrS. 355)
(OPr. kelan [sgNA])
1. PIE *ku̯elo-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *kelo-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
2. kelo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kela-
3. kela-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → OPr. cela-
√kulo-
PIE *kekuló-
RV. cakrá-
(n.) ‘das Rad, vom Rade der Sonne/des Jahres’
(WbRV. 429)
(or PIE *ku̯ekuló-?)
1. PIE *kekuló-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *kekuró-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. kekuró-
PIE *k → č
2nd palatalization of *k
Rk›č → *čekuró-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. čekuró-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *čekurá-
4. čekurá-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *čekrá-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. čekrá-
*č → c
From 2nd palatalization *č to c
Rč›c → *cekrá-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. cekrá-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → RV. cakrá-
PIE *kuloi-
CLu. kulai-
(vb.) ‘wenden, drehen’
(HHand. 82)
1. PIE *kuloi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. kulai-
PIE *kuloimi-
CLu. kulaimi-
(pt.) ‘gewendet, gedreht’
(HHand. 82)
1. PIE *kuloimi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. kulaimi-
PIE *kul·ono-
CLu. kul·ana-
(c.) ‘Wendepunkt?’ (HHand. 83)
(DLL. 56)
(CLu. ku?-la-na-aš [sgN] ‹suffix uncertain›)
1. PIE *kul·ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. kul·ana-


PIE √kur- (vb.) ‘binden’
(IEW 584-5)
(Neumann 1971:262: Hitt. + OInd. apud HEG; Pyysalo: Gr.)
√kurto-
PIE *kúrto-
Gr. κύρτο-
(m.) ‘Binsengeflecht, Fischreuse, Käfig’
(GEW 2:55-56)
(Gr. κύρτος)
1. PIE *kúrto-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. κύρτο-
PIE *kurto-
LAv. kǝrǝta-
(m.) ‘name eines Kleidungstücks’
(AIWb. 454)
1. PIE *kurto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kurta-
2. kurta-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *krta-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. krta-
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → *kr̥ta-
4. kr̥ta-
*r̥ → ǝr
Change of *r̥ into ǝr
Rr̥›ǝr → *kǝrta-
5. kǝrta-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
Rr›rǝ → LAv. kǝrǝta-
PIE *kurtol-
Hitt. kurtal-
(n.) ‘Bez. des Sternbildes der Pleijaden’
(HEG K:662f.)
(Hitt. ku[r-t]a-a-al)
1. PIE *kurtol-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. kurtal-
PIE *kurtol-
Hitt. kurtal-
(GI, GIŠ.) ‘Behälter aus Holz oder Rohrgeflecht’
(HEG K:661f.)
1. PIE *kurtol-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. kurtal-
PIE *kurtoli-
Hitt. kurtali-
(TÚG.) ‘Kleidungstück aus Wolle’
(HHand. 86)
(Hitt. kur-ta-al-li-in [sgA])
1. PIE *kurtoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. kurtali-
PIE *kurtoliso-
Hitt. kurtališa-
(URU.) ‘(›Arawana)’
(OGH. 228)
(in Akd. gur-ta-li-iš-ša)
1. PIE *kurtoliso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kurtalisa-
2. kurtalisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. kurtališa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√kurtēɑh-
PIE *kúrtēɑh-
Gr. κύρτη-
(f.) ‘Binsengeflecht, Fischreuse, Käfig’
(GEW 2:55-56)
1. PIE *kúrtēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kúrtāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kúrtāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kúrtāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kúrtāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kúrtā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kúrtā-
ā –> ē (Att)
Attican change of ā –› ē
Rā›ēAtt → *kúrtē-
5. kúrtē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. κύρτη-
√kurti-
PIE *kurti-
LAv. kǝrǝti-
(f.) ‘Name eines Kleidungsstücks’
(AIWb. 466)
1. PIE *kurti-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *krti-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
2. krti-
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → *kr̥ti-
3. kr̥ti-
*r̥ → ǝr
Change of *r̥ into ǝr
Rr̥›ǝr → *kǝrti-
4. kǝrti-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
Rr›rǝ → LAv. kǝrǝti-
PIE *Π·kurti̯ó-
AV. pari (...) kr̥tyá-
(pr.P.) ‘umwunden’
(WbRV. 346)
(in AV. pari (...) kr̥tyámāna-)
1. PIE *Π·kurti̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·kurti̯á-
2. Π·kurti̯á-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·krti̯á-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. Π·krti̯á-
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → *Π·kr̥ti̯á-
4. Π·kr̥ti̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → AV. Π·kr̥tyá-
√kurttiKēɑh-
PIE *kurttikēɑh-
OInd. kr̥ttikā-
(f.pl) ‘die Pleiaden: the pleiads’
(KEWA 1:258)
1. PIE *kurttikēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kurttikāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kurttikāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kurttikāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kurttikāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kurttikā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kurttikā-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *krttikā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. krttikā-
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → OInd. kr̥ttikā-


PIE √kur- (sb.) ‘Feind(lichkeit), Zorn’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IIr.)
√kur-
√kurur-
PIE *kurur-
Hitt. kurur-
(n.) ‘Feindschaft’ (c.) ‘Feind’ (a.) ‘feindlich’
(HHand. 86)
(Hitt. ku-ru-ur [sgN], ku-ru-ri [DL])
√kururo-
PIE *kururo-
Hitt. kurura-
(c.) ‘enemy’ (HED 4:280ff.)
(HIL. 574)
(Hitt. ku-u-ru-ra-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *kururo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. kurura-
PIE *kururoi-
Hitt. kururai-
(vb.) ‘be hostile’
(HIL. 574)
(Hitt. ku-ru-ra-iz-zi)
1. PIE *kururoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. kururai-
PIE *kururon-
Hitt. kururan-
(N.act.) ‘Feindschaft’
(HHand. 86)
(Hitt. ku-ru-ra-an-ni)
1. PIE *kururon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. kururan-
PIE *kururont-
Hitt. kururant-
(c.) ‘enemy’
(HIL. 574)
(Hitt. ku-u-ru-ra-an-za, ku-ru-ra-an-za)
1. PIE *kururont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. kururant-
√kururi-
PIE *kururei-
Hitt. kururei-
(vb.1.) ‘feindlich sein’
(HHand. 86)
(Hitt. ku-u-ru-ri-e-et, ku-u-ru-ri-e-ir)
PIE *kururei̯ēɑh-
Hitt. kururei̯āḫ-
(vb.1.) ‘als Feind behandeln’
(HHand. 86)
(Hitt. ku-ru-u-ri-ia-aḫ-zi, ku-u-ru-ri-ia-aḫ-ta [3sg])
1. PIE *kururei̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kururei̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kururei̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kururei̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kururei̯āh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. kururei̯āḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√kururu-
PIE *kururu-
Hitt. kururu-
(fc.) ‘(magicienne)’
(NOMS. 653)
(Hitt. ku-ru-ru [Abs])
√kurudɑɦ-
PIE *kurudɑɦ-
RV. krudh-
(pret.) ‘zürnen, zornig werden’
(EWA 1:415-6)
(RV. kruddhá- [pt.])
1. PIE *kurudɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kurudɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kurudɦ-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *krudɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. krudɦ-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. krudh-
PIE *kurudɑɦo
AV. krudha-
(them.ao.) ‘zürnen, zornig werden’
(WbRV. 360)
(AV. mā́ nas krudhas)
1. PIE *kurudɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kurudɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kurudɦo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kurudɦa
3. kurudɦa
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *krudɦa
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. krudɦa
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → AV. krudha
PIE *kurúdɑɦi̯o-
AV. krúdhya-
(pr.4.) ‘zürnen, zornig werden’
(WbRV. 360)
(AV. krúdhyati)
1. PIE *kurúdɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kurúdɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kurúdɦi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kurúdɦi̯a-
3. kurúdɦi̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *krúdɦi̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. krúdɦi̯a-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *krúdhi̯a-
5. krúdhi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → AV. krúdhya-
PIE *kurúdɑɦmi-
RV. krúdhmi-
(a.) ‘zum Zorne reizbar’
(WbRV. 360)
1. PIE *kurúdɑɦmi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kurúdɦmi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kurúdɦmi-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *krúdɦmi-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. krúdɦmi-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. krúdhmi-
PIE *kuroudɑɦéi̯o-
AV. krodháya-
(cs.) ‘zürnen, zornig werden’
(WbRV. 360)
(AV. krodháyanti)
1. PIE *kuroudɑɦéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kuroudɦéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kuroudɦéi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kuraudɦéi̯a-
3. kuraudɦéi̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *kraudɦéi̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. kraudɦéi̯a-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *kraudɦái̯a-
5. kraudɦái̯a-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *krōdɦái̯a-
6. krōdɦái̯a-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *krōdhái̯a-
7. krōdhái̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *krōdháya-
8. krōdháya-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → AV. krodháya-
PIE *kurudɑɦtó-
RV. kruddhá-
(pt.) ‘erzürnt, zornig’
(WbRV. 360)
1. PIE *kurudɑɦtó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kurudɦtó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kurudɦtó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *kurudɦtá-
3. kurudɦtá-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *krudɦtá-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. krudɦtá-
*Dɦt → Ddɦ
Bartholomae’s Law
RDɦt›Ddɦ → *kruddɦá-
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
5. kruddɦá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. kruddhá-


PIE √kus- (sb.) ‘Geburt, Familie’
(IEW 952f.)
(Weitenberg 1975:66-70: Gr., Pyysalo: IIr.)
√kuso-
PIE *kuso-
Hitt. kuša-
(LÚc.) ‘wife-related male in-law’ (HED 4:288ff.)
(HEG K:669)
(Hitt. ku-ú-ša-an; HIL. 576)
1. PIE *kuso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kusa-
2. kusa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. kuša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *kusotri-
LAv. xšaϑri-
(f.) ‘Weib, Weibchen’
(AIWb. 547)
1. PIE *kusotri-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *kušotri-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. kušotri-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kušatri-
3. kušatri-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *kšatri-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. kšatri-
*tR → ϑR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
RtR›ϑR → *kšaϑri-
5. kšaϑri-
PIE *kš → xš
Change of *k into x before *š
Rkš›xš → LAv. xšaϑri-
PIE *kusémo-
OInd. kṣáma-
(pr.M.) ‘ertragen: bear, endure, tolerate’
(KEWA 1:286)
1. PIE *kusémo-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *kušémo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. kušémo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kušéma-
3. kušéma-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *kšéma-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. kšéma-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *kšáma-
5. kšáma-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → OInd. kṣáma-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
PIE *kus·idɑɦi̯o-
Hitt. kuš·iza-
(n.) ‘Akd. bi-ib-lu: Hochzeitgeschenk’
(Rieken 1999:258)
1. PIE *kus·idɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kus·idɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kus·idɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *kus·ijɦo-
3. kus·ijɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kus·ijɦa-
4. kus·ijɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *kus·ija-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. kus·ija-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *kus·iza-
6. kus·iza-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. kuš·iza-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *kuso·dɑɦo-
Hitt. kuša·da-
(n.) ‘Brautpreis: bride-price’ (HHand. 87)
(HEG K:673)
(Hitt. ku-ša-ta-, ku-ú-ša-a-ta- HIL. 576, Rieken 1999:256f.)
1. PIE *kuso·dɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kuso·dɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kuso·dɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kusa·dɦa-
3. kusa·dɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *kusa·da-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. kusa·da-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. kuša·da-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *kúsdɑɦo-
Gr. κύσθο-
(m.) ‘weibliche Scham’ (Weitenberg 1975:66-70)
(GEW 2:56)
(Gr. κύσθος)
1. PIE *kúsdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kúsdɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kúsdɦo-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *kústho-
3. kústho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. κύσθο-


PIE √gɑɦ- (vb.intr.) ‘kommen’ (vb.tr.) ‘bringen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√ogɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·ógɑɦ-
OInd. sar·ágh-
(f.) ‘Biene’
(MonWil. 1183)
(Br. sarágh-, to √sar- ‘Honig’)
1. PIE *Π·ógɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ógɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ógɦ-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·ágɦ-
3. Π·ágɦ-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·ágh-
√ogɑɦo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·ogɑɦó-
RV. sār·aghá-
(n.) ‘Biene’
(WbRV. 1513)
1. PIE *Π·ogɑɦó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ogɦó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ogɦó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·agɦó-
3. Π·agɦó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·agɦá-
4. Π·agɦá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·aghá-
PIE *Π·ogɑɦó-
RV. sār·aghá-
(a.) ‘von der Biene kommend’
(WbRV. 1513)
1. PIE *Π·ogɑɦó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ogɦó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ogɦó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·agɦó-
3. Π·agɦó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·agɦá-
4. Π·agɦá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·aghá-
PIE *ogɑɦo·mon-
Pal. aga·man-
(n.) ‘‹das Kommen, Ankunft, Besuch?›’
(DPal. 49)
(Pal. a-ga-ma-an [sgNA])
1. PIE *ogɑɦo·mon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ogɦo·mon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ogɦo·mon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *agɦa·man-
3. agɦa·man-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Pal. aga·man-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ogɑɦe-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑérs·ogɑɦe-
Arm. aṙ·oge-
(pr.tr.) ‘benetzen’
(Beekes 1969:21)
(Arm. aṙogel [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑérs·ogɑɦe-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑárs·ogɑɦe-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑárs·ogɑɦe-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hárs·ogɦe-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hárs·ogɦe-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *árs·ogɦe-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. árs·ogɦe-
*rs → ṙ
Change of *rs into ṙ
Rrs›ṙ → *áṙ·ogɦe-
5. áṙ·ogɦe-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *áṙ·oge-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. áṙ·oge-
*á → a
Loss/absence of accent
Rá›a → Arm. aṙ·oge-
PIE *hɑórs·ogɑɦe-
Arm. oṙ·oge-
(pr.tr.) ‘irrigate’
(Godel 1975:71)
(Arm. oṙogel [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑórs·ogɑɦe-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hórs·ogɦe-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hórs·ogɦe-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *órs·ogɦe-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. órs·ogɦe-
*rs → ṙ
Change of *rs into ṙ
Rrs›ṙ → *óṙ·ogɦe-
4. óṙ·ogɦe-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *óṙ·oge-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. óṙ·oge-
*ó → o
Loss/Absence of accent
Ró›o → Arm. oṙ·oge-
√gɑɦēɑh-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gɑɦḗɑh-
Arm. ga-
(vb.) ‘come’
(EtDiArm. 196)
1. PIE *gɑɦḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *gɑɦā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦā́-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gā́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. gā́-
*ā́ → a
Change of *ā́ into á
Rā́›á → *gá-
6. gá-
*á → a
Loss/absence of accent
Rá›a → Arm. ga-


PIE √gɑɦi- (vb.) ‘getötet werden, sterben’ (sb.) ‘Tot, Kampf, Waffe, Igel’
(IEW 292 ‘Igel’)
(Pyysalo: Gr. + BSl. + IIr. + Hitt.)
√egɑɦi-
(Pyysalo)
(HW2 A:51f., HEG A:8-9, SHV 401f., HIL. 202-3)
PIE *egɑɦi̯-
Hitt. eg-
(vb.2.) ‘sterben, getötet werden’
(HEG A:8-9)
(Hitt. e-kir [3pl], EHS 516)
1. PIE *egɑɦi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *egɦi̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. egɦi̯-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *eǵɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. eǵɦ-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *egɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. egɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. eg-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *egɑɦi̯·Σ
Gr. ἐχ·ῖνο-
(m.) ‘Igel’
(GEW 1:601)
(GrGr. 1:491)
1. PIE *egɑɦi̯·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *egɦi̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. egɦi̯·Σ
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *eǵɦ·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. eǵɦ·Σ
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
Rǵɦ›ḱh → *eḱh·Σ
4. eḱh·Σ
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ekh·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. ekh·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐχ·Σ
√ogɑɦi-
PIE *ogɑɦi-
Hitt. ag-
(vb.2.) ‘sterben, getötet werden: BA.UG, ÚŠ’
(HEG A:8)
(Hitt. a-ki)
1. PIE *ogɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ogɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ogɦi-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *oǵɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. oǵɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aǵɦ-
4. aǵɦ-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *agɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. agɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ag-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ogɑɦi-
Hitt. ag-
(vb.1.) ‘sterben, getötet werden’ (HHand. 12)
(HEG A:8-9)
(Hitt. ak-mi, ak-du, ak-kán-du)
1. PIE *ogɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ogɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ogɦi-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *oǵɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. oǵɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aǵɦ-
4. aǵɦ-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *agɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. agɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ag-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦio-
PIE *ogɑɦi̯o-
Hitt. aga-
(vb.) ‘sterben usw.’
(HIL. 202)
(Hitt. ag-ga-al-lu, ag-ga-aš [pret.])
1. PIE *ogɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ogɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ogɦi̯o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *oǵɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. oǵɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aǵɦa-
4. aǵɦa-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *agɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. agɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. aga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦi̯o-
OInd. ha-
(m.) ‘a form of Śiva or Bhairava, cf. nakulī́śa-’
(MonWil. 1286)
1. PIE *gɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦi̯o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *j́ɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́ɦa-
4. j́ɦa-
*j́ɦ → ɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ
Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *ɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. ɦa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. ha-
PIE *gɑɦi̯o-
OInd. ha-
(m.) ‘dying, war, battle’
(MonWil. 1286)
1. PIE *gɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦi̯o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *j́ɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́ɦa-
4. j́ɦa-
*j́ɦ → ɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ
Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *ɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. ɦa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. ha-
PIE *gɑɦi̯o-
OInd. ha-
(n.) ‘a weapon’
(MonWil. 1286)
1. PIE *gɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦi̯o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *j́ɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́ɦa-
4. j́ɦa-
*j́ɦ → ɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ
Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *ɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. ɦa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. ha-
PIE *Π·gɑɦi̯ó-
RV. karañja·há-
(a.) ‘dem K. verderblich’
(WbRV. 314)
(RV. karañjahé vr̥trahátye)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦi̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦi̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦi̯ó-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *Π·j́ɦó-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·j́ɦó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·j́ɦá-
4. Π·j́ɦá-
*j́ɦ → ɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ
Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦá-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. Π·ɦá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·há-
PIE *Π·gɑɦi̯ó-
RV. vr̥tra·há-
(a.) ‘Feinde schlagend, Sieg verleihend’
(WbRV. 1335)
(RV. vr̥trahám [sgA])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦi̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦi̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦi̯ó-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *Π·j́ɦó-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·j́ɦó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·j́ɦá-
4. Π·j́ɦá-
*j́ɦ → ɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ
Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦá-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. Π·ɦá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·há-
PIE *Π·gɑɦi̯ó-
RV. satrā·há-
(a.) ‘völlig schlagend’
(WbRV. 1455)
(RV. satrāhám [sgA])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦi̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦi̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦi̯ó-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *Π·j́ɦó-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·j́ɦó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·j́ɦá-
4. Π·j́ɦá-
*j́ɦ → ɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ
Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦá-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. Π·ɦá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·há-
√ogɑɦion-
PIE *ogɑɦi̯on-
Hitt. agan-
(n.) ‘death’
(HIL. 202)
(Hitt. ag-ga-an-na-aš [sgG], ak-kán-ni)
1. PIE *ogɑɦi̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ogɦi̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ogɦi̯on-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *oǵɦon-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. oǵɦon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aǵɦan-
4. aǵɦan-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *agɦan-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. agɦan-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. agan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ogɑɦi̯ont-
Hitt. agant-
(pt.) ‘gestorben’ (a.) ‘tot’ (m.) ‘Toter’
(HEG A:9)
1. PIE *ogɑɦi̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ogɦi̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ogɦi̯ont-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *oǵɦont-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. oǵɦont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aǵɦant-
4. aǵɦant-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *agɦant-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. agɦant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. agant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√egɑɦii-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *égɑɦi̯i-
Gr. ἔχι-
(m./f.) ‘Viper, Otter’
(GEW 1:601-2)
1. PIE *égɑɦi̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *égɦi̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. égɦi̯i-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *éǵɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. éǵɦi-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
Rǵɦ›ḱh → *éḱhi-
4. éḱhi-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ékhi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. ékhi-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἔχι-
PIE *egɑɦi̯ihɑ́-
Lith. ežỹ-
(m.) ‘Igel’
(IEW 44, 292)
(LiEtWb. –)
1. PIE *egɑɦi̯ihɑ́-
PIE *iḫɑ́ → iḫí
Distant assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RiHɑ́›iHí → *egɑɦi̯ihí-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. egɑɦi̯ihí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *egɦi̯ihí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. egɦi̯ihí-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *ej́ɦihí-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ej́ɦihí-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *ej́ɦihì-
5. ej́ɦihì-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ej́ɦiì-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ej́ɦiì-
iì → ĩ
Contraction of iì into ĩ
Riì›ĩ → *ej́ɦĩ-
7. ej́ɦĩ-
*j́ɦ → žɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to žɦ
Rj́ɦ›žɦ → *ežɦĩ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
8. ežɦĩ-
*žɦ → ž
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ
Ržɦ›ž → Lith. ežĩ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
√ogɑɦii-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ogɑɦi̯i-
Hitt. agi-
(vb.2.) ‘sterben’
(HIL. 202)
(Hitt. a-ak-ki-iš = a-ki-iš [3sg])
1. PIE *ogɑɦi̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ogɦi̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ogɦi̯i-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *oǵɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. oǵɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aǵɦi-
4. aǵɦi-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *agɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. agɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. agi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·ogɑɦii̯ḗɑh-
Latv. nag·ažâ-
(vb.) ‘mit dem Nagel [nag-] töten’
(LiEtWb. 480)
(Latv. nagažât [inf.])
1. PIE *Π·ogɑɦii̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *Π·ogɑɦii̯ā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·ogɑɦii̯ā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ogɦii̯ā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·ogɦii̯ā́h-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *Π·oj́ɦi̯ā́h-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. Π·oj́ɦi̯ā́h-
*ā́H → âH
Latvian tone rule for *ā́h
RAccLatv3 → *Π·oj́ɦi̯âh-
5. Π·oj́ɦi̯âh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·oj́ɦi̯â-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·oj́ɦi̯â-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·aj́ɦi̯â-
7. Π·aj́ɦi̯â-
*j́ɦ → zɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ
Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *Π·azɦi̯â-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
8. Π·azɦi̯â-
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *Π·azi̯â-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
9. Π·azi̯â-
* zi̯ → ž
Change of zi̯ into ž
Rzi̯›ž → Latv. Π·ažâ-
√egɑɦiil-
PIE *egɑɦi̯ilo
OEng. igil-
(m.) ‘Igel: hedgehog’
(ASaxD. 587)
1. PIE *egɑɦi̯ilo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *egɦi̯ilo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. egɦi̯ilo
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *eǵɦilo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. eǵɦilo
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *egɦilo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. egɦilo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *egilo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. egilo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *egila
6. egila
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *igila
7. igila
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OEng. igil
PIE *egɑɦi̯ilo
OHG. igil
(m.) ‘erinacius: Igel’
(ASaxD. 587)
(OHG. igil [sgN])
1. PIE *egɑɦi̯ilo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *egɦi̯ilo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. egɦi̯ilo
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *eǵɦilo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. eǵɦilo
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *egɦilo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. egɦilo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *egilo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. egilo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *egila
6. egila
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *igila
7. igila
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OHG. igil
√ogɑɦiini-
PIE *ogɑɦi̯ini̯ò
Arm. ozni-
(sb.) ‘hedgehog: Igel’
(EtDiArm. 523-5)
(ArmGr. 1:481)
1. PIE *ogɑɦi̯ini̯ò
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ogɦi̯ini̯ò
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ogɦi̯ini̯ò
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *oj́ɦini̯ò
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. oj́ɦini̯ò
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → *ojɦini̯ò
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ojɦini̯ò
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *ojini̯ò
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. ojini̯ò
*ji → z
Change of *ji into z
Rji›z → *ozni̯ò
6. ozni̯ò
*o → Ø
Loss of *ò
Rò›0 → *ozni̯
7. ozni̯
*-i̯ → -i
Change of root-final i̯ into i
R=i̯›=i → Arm. ozni
√gɑɦiis-
PIE *gɑɦi̯iso-
Hitt. giša-
(vb.) ‘zerschlagen’
(HEG K:587)
(Hitt. ki-iš-ša-an-zi [3pl], see also SHV 202)
1. PIE *gɑɦi̯iso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦi̯iso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦi̯iso-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *ǵɦiso-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǵɦisa-
4. ǵɦisa-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦisa-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦisa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gisa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. gisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. giša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦi̯iski̯e/o-
Hitt. giške/a-
(vb.) ‘durchhecheln, böse behandeln?’
(HEG K:562)
1. PIE *gɑɦi̯iski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦi̯iski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦi̯iski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *gɦi̯isḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. gɦi̯isḱe/o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *ǵɦisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ǵɦisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǵɦisḱe/a-
5. ǵɦisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ǵɦiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. ǵɦiske/a-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. gɦiske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *giske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
8. giske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. giške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *o·gɑɦi̯iski̯e/o-
Hitt. a·giške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘sterben’
(HEG A:9)
(HIL. 203, Hitt. ak-ki-iš-ke/a-, akiškitari [3sg])
1. PIE *o·gɑɦi̯iski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·gɦi̯iski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·gɦi̯iski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *o·gɦi̯isḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. o·gɦi̯isḱe/o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *o·ǵɦisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. o·ǵɦisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·ǵɦisḱe/a-
5. a·ǵɦisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *a·ǵɦiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. a·ǵɦiske/a-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *a·gɦiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. a·gɦiske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *a·giske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
8. a·giske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. a·giške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦimi-
PIE *gɑɦimeii̯ēɑh-
OCS. zmija-
(f.) ‘Schlange’
(Sadnik √1143)
1. PIE *gɑɦimeii̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦimeii̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦimeii̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦimeii̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦimeii̯āh-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *j́ɦmeii̯āh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. j́ɦmeii̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *j́ɦmeii̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. j́ɦmeii̯ā-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *zɦmeii̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
6. zɦmeii̯ā-
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *zmeii̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. zmeii̯ā-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *zmīi̯ā-
8. zmīi̯ā-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *zmījā-
9. zmījā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *zmīja-
10. zmīja-
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → OCS. zmija-
PIE *gɑɦimeii̯i-
OCS. zmijĭ-
(m.) ‘Drache, Schlange’
(Sadnik √1143)
1. PIE *gɑɦimeii̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦimeii̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦimeii̯i-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *j́ɦmeii̯i-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦmeii̯i-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *zɦmeii̯i-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
4. zɦmeii̯i-
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *zmeii̯i-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. zmeii̯i-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *zmīi̯i-
6. zmīi̯i-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *zmīji-
7. zmīji-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *zmījĭ-
8. zmījĭ-
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → OCS. zmijĭ-
PIE *gɑɦimeii̯eu̯o
OCS. zmijevŭ-
(a.poss.) ‘der Schlange’
(Sadnik √1143)
1. PIE *gɑɦimeii̯eu̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦimeii̯eu̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦimeii̯eu̯o
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *j́ɦmeii̯eu̯o
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦmeii̯eu̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́ɦmeii̯eu̯a
4. j́ɦmeii̯eu̯a
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *zɦmeii̯eu̯a
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. zɦmeii̯eu̯a
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *zmeii̯eu̯a
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. zmeii̯eu̯a
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *zmeii̯eu̯o
7. zmeii̯eu̯o
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *zmeii̯eu̯u
8. zmeii̯eu̯u
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *zmīi̯eu̯u
9. zmīi̯eu̯u
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *zmīi̯evu
10. zmīi̯evu
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *zmījevu
11. zmījevu
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → *zmijevu
12. zmijevu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. zmijevŭ
PIE *gɑɦimeii̯eino
OCS. zmijinŭ-
(a.poss.) ‘der Schlange’
(Sadnik √1143)
1. PIE *gɑɦimeii̯eino
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦimeii̯eino
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦimeii̯eino
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *j́ɦmeii̯eino
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦmeii̯eino
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́ɦmeii̯eina
4. j́ɦmeii̯eina
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *zɦmeii̯eina
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. zɦmeii̯eina
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *zmeii̯eina
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. zmeii̯eina
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *zmeii̯eino
7. zmeii̯eino
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *zmeii̯einu
8. zmeii̯einu
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *zmīi̯īnu
9. zmīi̯īnu
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *zmījīnu
10. zmījīnu
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → *zmijinu
11. zmijinu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. zmijinŭ
√ogɑɦin-
PIE *gɑɦini̯oumo
TochA. kñom-
(sb.) ‘Skt. phaṇā: Haube der Schlange’
(Poucha 89)
1. PIE *gɑɦini̯oumo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦini̯oumo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦini̯oumo
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *ǵɦni̯oumo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦni̯oumo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǵɦni̯auma
4. ǵɦni̯auma
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦni̯auma
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦni̯auma
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gni̯auma
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. gni̯auma
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *kni̯auma
7. kni̯auma
*ni̯ → ñ
Palatalization of *n before i̯
Rni̯›ñ → *kñauma
8. kñauma
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *kñaum
9. kñaum
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kñōm
10. kñōm
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. kñom
√gɑɦier-
PIE *gɑɦi̯ḗr
Gr. χήρ-
(m./f.?) ‘Igel’
(GEW 2:1095)
(Gr. χήρ, χηρός)
1. PIE *gɑɦi̯ḗr
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦi̯ḗr
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦi̯ḗr
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *ǵɦḗr
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦḗr
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
Rǵɦ›ḱh → *ḱhḗr
4. ḱhḗr
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *khḗr
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. khḗr
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. χήρ
PIE *gɑɦi̯ērinēɑhkei̯o-
Lat. hērināceo-
(m.) ‘Igel’
(WH. 1:413)
(Lat. hērināceus [cod. her- = er-])
1. PIE *gɑɦi̯ērinēɑhkei̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦi̯ērināɑhkei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦi̯ērināɑhkei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦi̯ērināhkei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦi̯ērināhkei̯o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *ǵɦērināhkei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ǵɦērināhkei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ǵɦērinākei̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ǵɦērinākei̯o-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦērinākei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. gɦērinākei̯o-
*gɦ → ɦ
Loss of *g in *gɦ
Rgɦ›ɦ → *ɦērinākei̯o-
7. ɦērinākei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
Rei̯o›eo → *ɦērinākeo-
8. ɦērinākeo-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *hērinākeo-
9. hērinākeo-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. hērināceo-
√gɑɦiot-
PIE *ogɑɦi̯odɑɦor-
Hitt. agadar-
(n.) ‘Tod, Seuche, Massensterben: NAM.ÚŠ’
(HEG A:10)
(HIL. 202, Hitt. ag-ga-tar, Kümmel 1967:109)
1. PIE *ogɑɦi̯odɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ogɦi̯odɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ogɦi̯odɦor-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *oǵɦodɦor-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. oǵɦodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aǵɦadɦar-
4. aǵɦadɦar-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *agɦadɦar-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. agɦadɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. agadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦiulo-
PIE *egɑɦi̯ul·ɦɑdonte·n-
OIcl. igul·tanni·n-
(wk.m.) ‘Bär’
(ANEtWb. 284)
(OIcl. igultanni [sgN] ‹OIcl. tanni- = ‘tooth’›)
1. PIE *egɑɦi̯ul·ɦɑdonte·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *egɦi̯ul·ɦdonte·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. egɦi̯ul·ɦdonte·n-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *eǵɦul·ɦdonte·n-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. eǵɦul·ɦdonte·n-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *eǵɦul·donte·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. eǵɦul·donte·n-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *egɦul·donte·n-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. egɦul·donte·n-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *egɦul·donþe·n-
6. egɦul·donþe·n-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *egɦul·tonþe·n-
7. egɦul·tonþe·n-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *egul·tonþe·n-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. egul·tonþe·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *egul·tanþe·n-
9. egul·tanþe·n-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *igul·tanþi·n-
10. igul·tanþi·n-
*nþ → nn
Change of nþ into nn
Rnþ›nn → OIcl. igul·tanni·n-


PIE √gɑɦir- (sb.) ‘Wasser, Gewässer’
(IEW 291)
(Tischler HEG K:281: Hitt. + CLu.; Pyysalo: BSl. + Hitt.)
√gɑɦiere/o-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·gɑɦi̯ero-
Lith. ã·žera-
(m.) ‘See’
(LiEtWb. 125)
(Lith. ãžeras [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦi̯ero-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦi̯ero-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦi̯ero-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *Π·j́ɦero-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·j́ɦero-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·j́ɦera-
4. Π·j́ɦera-
*j́ɦ → žɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to žɦ
Rj́ɦ›žɦ → *Π·žɦera-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. Π·žɦera-
*žɦ → ž
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ
Ržɦ›ž → Lith. Π·žera-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *Π·gɑɦi̯ero-
Lith. ẽ·žera-
(m.) ‘See’
(LiEtWb. 125)
(Lith. ẽžeras [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦi̯ero-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦi̯ero-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦi̯ero-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *Π·j́ɦero-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·j́ɦero-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·j́ɦera-
4. Π·j́ɦera-
*j́ɦ → žɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to žɦ
Rj́ɦ›žɦ → *Π·žɦera-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. Π·žɦera-
*žɦ → ž
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ
Ržɦ›ž → Lith. Π·žera-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *gɑɦi̯ereit-
Hitt. gereit-
(c.) ‘Flut, Überschwemmung’
(HEG K:508)
(Hitt. gi-ri-e-iz=za [sgN], HIL. 511-12, HED 4:85f.)
1. PIE *gɑɦi̯ereit-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦi̯ereit-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦi̯ereit-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *ǵɦereit-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦereit-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦereit-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. gɦereit-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gereit-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ó·gɑɦi̯eros
Russ. ó·zero-
(n.) ‘See’
(APrS. 304)
(Russ. ózero)
1. PIE *ó·gɑɦi̯eros
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ó·gɦi̯eros
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ó·gɦi̯eros
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *ó·j́ɦeros
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ó·j́ɦeros
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ó·j́ɦeras
4. ó·j́ɦeras
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *á·j́ɦeras
5. á·j́ɦeras
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *á·zɦeras
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
6. á·zɦeras
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *á·zeras
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. á·zeras
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *á·zeros
8. á·zeros
*á → ó
Change of *á into ó
Rá›ó → *ó·zeros
9. ó·zeros
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in -os (root-final)
Ros=›o= → Russ. ó·zero
√gɑɦiore/o-
(HEG K:508-9)
(SPIE 422)
PIE *o·gɑɦi̯oro-
OPr. a·sara-
(n.) ‘See’
(APrS. 304)
(OPr. assaran)
1. PIE *o·gɑɦi̯oro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·gɦi̯oro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·gɦi̯oro-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *o·j́ɦoro-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. o·j́ɦoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·j́ɦara-
4. a·j́ɦara-
*j́ɦ → žɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to žɦ
Rj́ɦ›žɦ → *a·žɦara-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. a·žɦara-
*žɦ → ž
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ
Ržɦ›ž → *a·žara-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. a·žara-
*z → s
Devoicing of assibilant z
Rž›s → OPr. a·sara-
PIE *gɑɦi̯orei̯o-
CLu. zarei̯a-
(a.) ‘stürmisch’
(HEG K:509)
(CLu. za-ar-ri-ia-an-za ÍD.MEŠ-an-za [plA])
1. PIE *gɑɦi̯orei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦi̯orei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦi̯orei̯o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *j́ɦorei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦorei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́ɦarei̯a-
4. j́ɦarei̯a-
*j́ɦ → zɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ
Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *zɦarei̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. zɦarei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. zḫarei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *gɑɦi̯oroit-
Hitt. garait-
(c.) ‘Flut, Überschwemmung’
(HHand. 72)
(HEG K:496, Hitt. ka-ra-i-iz [sgN], ka-ra-it-ti [sgDL], Rieken 1999:134-5, Kimball 1999:455)
1. PIE *gɑɦi̯oroit-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦi̯oroit-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦi̯oroit-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *ǵɦoroit-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦoroit-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǵɦarait-
4. ǵɦarait-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦarait-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦarait-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. garait-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦi̯oreit-
Hitt. gareit-
(c.) ‘Flut, Überschwemmung’
(HEG K:508)
(Hitt. ga-ri-iz [sgN], ga-ri-it-ti-iš [plN], ka-ri-id-du-uš, ka-re-et-ta-aš, HEG K:508-10)
1. PIE *gɑɦi̯oreit-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦi̯oreit-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦi̯oreit-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *ǵɦoreit-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦoreit-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǵɦareit-
4. ǵɦareit-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦareit-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦareit-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gareit-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦi̯oreitei-
Hitt. gareitei-
(c.) ‘Flut, Überschwemmung’
(HIL. 511)
(Hitt. ka-re-et-ti-ia-aš [plN], Puhvel HED 4:85f.)
1. PIE *gɑɦi̯oreitei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦi̯oreitei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦi̯oreitei-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *ǵɦoreitei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦoreitei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǵɦareitei-
4. ǵɦareitei-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦareitei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦareitei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gareitei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √gɑɦnt- √gɑɦont- √gɑɦent- (sb.) ‘Weizen, Gerste?, Emmer?’
(HEG K:487)
(Potratz 1938:184f.: Hitt. + Av.)
√gɑɦont-
(Rieken 1999:44)
PIE *gɑɦont-
Hitt. gant-
(c.) Getreideart, ‘Gerste?, Weizen?, Emmer?’
(HHand. 71)
(Hitt. kán-za, kán-ta-an, kán-ta)
1. PIE *gɑɦont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦant-
3. gɦant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦonto·Σ
Hitt. ganta·šu̯ali-
(DUG/URUDUc./n.) ‘(ein Gefäß, auch aus Metall)’
(HEG K:487)
(HHand. 71)
1. PIE *gɑɦonto·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦonto·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦonto·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦanta·Σ
3. gɦanta·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ganta·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦontumo-
MAv. gantuma-
(m.) ‘Weizen: wheat’
(AIWb. 493)
(LAv. gantumō [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦontumo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦontumo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦontumo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦantuma-
3. gɦantuma-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → MAv. gantuma-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)


PIE √gɑɦōs- √gɑɦos- √gɑɦs- (vb.) ‘verschlingen, zerkauen’
(IEW 452)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√gɑɦos-
PIE *gɑɦós-
RV. ghás-
(ao.) ‘(fr)essen, verschlingen, zerkauen’
(WbRV. 422)
1. PIE *gɑɦós-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦós-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦós-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *gɦás-
3. gɦás-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. ghás-
PIE *gɑɦegɑɦṓs-
RV. jaghā́s-
(pf.) ‘(fr)essen, verschlingen, zerkauen’
(WbRV. 422)
1. PIE *gɑɦegɑɦṓs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦegɦṓs-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦegɦṓs-
PIE *gɦ → ǰɦ
2nd palatalization of *gɦ
Rgɦ›ǰɦ → *ǰɦegɦṓs-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦegɦṓs-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *ǰɦegɦā́s-
4. ǰɦegɦā́s-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰegɦā́s-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
5. ǰegɦā́s-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jegɦā́s-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. jegɦā́s-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *jagɦā́s-
7. jagɦā́s-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. jaghā́s-
√gɑɦoso-
PIE *gɑɦoso-
MAv. gaŋha-
(pr.) ‘essen, fressen’
(AIWb. 517)
(MAv. gaŋhǝnti [3pl])
1. PIE *gɑɦoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦoso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦasa-
3. gɦasa-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *gɦaha-
4. gɦaha-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gaha-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. gaha-
ahA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
RahA›aŋhA → MAv. gaŋha-
PIE *ni·gɑɦōso-
MAv. ni·gåŋha-
(pr.) ‘essen, fressen’
(AIWb. 517)
(MAv. nigåŋhǝnti [3pl])
1. PIE *ni·gɑɦōso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ni·gɦōso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ni·gɦōso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ni·gɦōsa-
3. ni·gɦōsa-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ni·gɦāsa-
4. ni·gɦāsa-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *ni·gɦāha-
5. ni·gɦāha-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *ni·gāha-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ni·gāha-
āhA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
RāhA›āŋhA → *ni·gāŋha-
7. ni·gāŋha-
āŋhA → åŋhA
Change of āŋhA into åŋhA
RāŋhA›åŋhA → MAv. ni·gåŋha-
√gɑɦosi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gɑɦōsí-
RV. ghāsí-
(m.) ‘Futter, Speise’
(WbRV. 422)
1. PIE *gɑɦōsí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦōsí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦōsí-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *gɦāsí-
3. gɦāsí-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. ghāsí-
PIE *gɑɦosiski̯e/o-
Hitt. gašiške/a-
(vb.1.) ‘sich verproviantieren?’
(HHand. 75)
1. PIE *gɑɦosiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦosiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦosiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *gɦosisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. gɦosisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦasisḱe/a-
4. gɦasisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *gɦasiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦasiske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gasiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. gasiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gašiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √gɑhos- √gɑhes- √gɑhs- (sb.) ‘Orient, Ost, Tag’ (vb.) ‘oriri’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: OInd. + Anat.)
√gɑɦeso-
PIE *gɑɦeso-
HLu. geša-
(ORIENSsb.) ‘orient’
(CHLu. 4.9.4)
(HLu. (‘ORIENS’)ki-sà)
1. PIE *gɑɦeso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦeso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦeso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦesa-
3. gɦesa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gesa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gesa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. geša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦosl-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gɑɦoslo-
OInd. ghasra-
(m.) ‘a day’
(MonWil. 377)
1. PIE *gɑɦoslo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦoslo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦoslo-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *gɦosro-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. gɦosro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦasra-
4. gɦasra-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. ghasra-
PIE *gɑɦosolo-
HLu. gašala-
(PN.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 11.1.c1)
(HLu. ka-sa-la-sa-wa/i)
1. PIE *gɑɦosolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦosolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦosolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦasala-
3. gɦasala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gasala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gasala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. gašala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦosolu̯o-
Hitt. gašalu̯a-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(DKašk. 91)
1. PIE *gɑɦosolu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦosolu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦosolu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦasalu̯a-
3. gɦasalu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gasalu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gasalu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gašalu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦestomo-
PIE *gɑɦestomo-
Hitt. geštama-
(URU.) ‘‹orient?› (›Ḫašḫatata)’
(OGH. 210)
(Hitt. ki-iš-ta-ma [All])
1. PIE *gɑɦestomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦestomo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦestomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦestama-
3. gɦestama-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gestama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gestama-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. geštama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦostomo-
PIE *gɑɦostomo-
Hitt. gaštama-
(URUpt.) ‘(bei Nerik (...) › Tanizila)’
(OGH. 193-4)
(Hitt. ga-aš-ta-ma [All]; OGHErg. 73)
1. PIE *gɑɦostomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦostomo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦostomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦastama-
3. gɦastama-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gastama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gastama-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gaštama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦostomo-
Hitt. gaštama-
(KUR URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 193-4)
(Hitt. ka-a-aš-ta-ma-az [Abl])
1. PIE *gɑɦostomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦostomo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦostomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦastama-
3. gɦastama-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gastama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gastama-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gaštama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦostomo-
Hitt. gaštama-
(?.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 193-4)
(Hitt. kaš-da-ma [All])
1. PIE *gɑɦostomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦostomo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦostomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦastama-
3. gɦastama-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gastama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gastama-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gaštama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦostomo-
Hitt. gaštama-
(PÚ.) ‘(im näheren Kontext des ON ›Ḫuppa)’
(OGH. 534)
(Hitt. ka-aš-ta-ma [DL?])
1. PIE *gɑɦostomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦostomo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦostomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦastama-
3. gɦastama-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gastama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gastama-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gaštama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦestomi-
PIE *gɑɦestomi-
HLu. geštami-
(ORIENSpt.) ‘orient, east’
(CHLu. 1.1.5., 1.1.32)
(in HLu. (ORIENS)ki-sà-ta-mi-i, “ORIENS”-ta-mi)
1. PIE *gɑɦestomi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦestomi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦestomi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦestami-
3. gɦestami-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gestami-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gestami-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. geštami-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦestomi-
HLu. geštami-
(DEUS.) ‘orient, sun?’
(CHLu. 1.1.30)
(HLu. (DEUS)ORIENS-mi)
1. PIE *gɑɦestomi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦestomi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦestomi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦestami-
3. gɦestami-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gestami-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gestami-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. geštami-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦestomu-
PIE *gɑɦestomu-
Pal. geštamu-
(?.) ‘-(?)- ‹or to Hitt. kišt- ‘erlöschen’?› (HHand. 80)’
(DPal. 59)
(Pal. ki-iš-ta-a-am-mu)
1. PIE *gɑɦestomu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦestomu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦestomu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦestamu-
3. gɦestamu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gestamu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gestamu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Pal. geštamu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦostomu̯·il-
Hitt. gaštamu̯·il-
(URUa.ethn.) ‘of Kastamu-’
(OGH. 194)
(Hitt. ga-aš-ta-mu-il, “Zalpuwa, Tuḫupija, Ališa, Ḫakmiš, Tapika (u.a.) ›Kaštama.”)
1. PIE *gɑɦostomu̯·il-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦostomu̯·il-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦostomu̯·il-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦastamu̯·il-
3. gɦastamu̯·il-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gastamu̯·il-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gastamu̯·il-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gaštamu̯·il-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √gɑɦs- √gɑɦos- √gɑɦes- (vb.) ‘biegen; besuchen’ (sb.) ‘Gast, Fremdling, Feind’
(IEW 452)
(Pyysalo: OAnat.)
√gɑɦos-
PIE *gɑɦos-
CLu. gaš-
(vb.) ‘besuchen: visit?’
(DLL. 54)
(CLu. a-ri-ia-ad-da-li-iš dIM-an-za šar-ri ka-ši-i [D = inf.] hu-e-ḫu-i-ia tap-pa-aš-ša-it)
1. PIE *gɑɦos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦas-
3. gɦas-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gas-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gas-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. gaš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦos·pot-
Pael. hos·pot-
(m.) ‘Gastherr’
(WH. 2:350f., 379f.)
(in Pael. hospus [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦos·pot-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦos·pot-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦos·pot-
*gɦ → ɦ
Loss of *g in *gɦ
Rgɦ›ɦ → *ɦos·pot-
3. ɦos·pot-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → Pael. hos·pot-
PIE *gɑɦos·pet-
Lat. hos·pet-
(m.) ‘Gastfreund, Gastgeber, Gast’
(WH. 1:660-1)
(Lat. hospes, hospitis)
1. PIE *gɑɦos·pet-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦos·pet-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦos·pet-
*gɦ → ɦ
Loss of *g in *gɦ
Rgɦ›ɦ → *ɦos·pet-
3. ɦos·pet-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → Lat. hos·pet-
PIE *gɑɦosi-
CLu. gaši-
(c.) ‘Verbeugung, Besuch?’ (HHand. 75)
(DLL. 54)
(CLu. ga-ši-in [A])
1. PIE *gɑɦosi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦosi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦasi-
3. gɦasi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gasi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. gaši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦesto-
PIE *gɑɦesto-
OIcl. gista-
(vb.) ‘Gast sein, übernachten’
(ANEtWb. 168)
1. PIE *gɑɦesto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦesto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦesto-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gesto-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. gesto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gesta-
4. gesta-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → OIcl. gista-
√gɑɦosti-
PIE *gɑɦosti-
OLat. hosti-
(m.) ‘Fremdling’
(WH. 1:662-3)
1. PIE *gɑɦosti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦosti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦosti-
*gɦ → ɦ
Loss of *g in *gɦ
Rgɦ›ɦ → *ɦosti-
3. ɦosti-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OLat. hosti-
PIE *gɑɦosti-
Lat. hosti-
(m.) ‘Feind’
(WH. 1:662-3)
(Lat. hostis, hostis)
1. PIE *gɑɦosti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦosti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦosti-
*gɦ → ɦ
Loss of *g in *gɦ
Rgɦ›ɦ → *ɦosti-
3. ɦosti-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → Lat. hosti-
PIE *gɑɦosti-
OCS. gostĭ
(m.) ‘Gastfreund’
(Sadnik √244)
(REW 1:300; OCS. gostĭ)
1. PIE *gɑɦosti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦosti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦosti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦasti-
3. gɦasti-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gasti-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gasti-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *gosti-
5. gosti-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → OCS. gostĭ-
PIE *gɑɦostiɑ́h-
OCS. gosti-
(vb.) ‘als Gast aufnehmen, bewirten’
(Sadnik √244)
1. PIE *gɑɦostiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *gɑɦostiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. gɑɦostiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦostiíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦostiíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦastiíh-
4. gɦastiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦastií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦastií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *gɦastī́-
6. gɦastī́-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gastī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. gastī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *gostī́-
8. gostī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *gostí-
9. gostí-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → OCS. gosti-
PIE *gɑɦosti-
Goth. gasti-
(m.) ‘Fremder, Gast: ξένος: hospes, peregrinus’
(GoEtD. G62)
(Goth. gasts Mat 25,43 C, gast Mat 25,38 C, gastins 1Tm 5,10 A B; gastim Mat 27,7 CA)
1. PIE *gɑɦosti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦosti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦosti-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gosti-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. gosti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. gasti-


PIE √gɑɦod- √gɑɦēd- (vb.) ‘essen’ (sb.) ‘Speise’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)
√gɑɦod- √gɑɦēd-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gɑɦēdo
OIcl. gāt-
(n.) ‘Speise, was man bekommt’
(ANEtWb. 158)
1. PIE *gɑɦēdo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦēdo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦēdo
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *gɦēto
3. gɦēto
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gēto
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gēto
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gēta
5. gēta
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *gāta
6. gāta
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OIcl. gāt
PIE *gɑɦod·ubɑɦoi-
Hitt. gad·ubai-
(vb.1.) ‘essen, zu sich nehmen’
(HHand. 77)
1. PIE *gɑɦod·ubɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦod·ubɦoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦod·ubɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦad·ubɦai-
3. gɦad·ubɦai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gad·ubai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦods-
PIE *gɑɦí·gɑɦodseɑh-
AV. jí·ghatsa-
(des.) ‘zu essen wünschen, hungern’
(EWA 1:514)
(AV. jíghatsati)
1. PIE *gɑɦí·gɑɦodseɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *gɑɦí·gɑɦodsaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gɑɦí·gɑɦodsaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦí·gɦodsah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦí·gɦodsah-
PIE *gɦ → ǰɦ
2nd palatalization of *gɦ
Rgɦ›ǰɦ → *ǰɦí·gɦodsah-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦí·gɦodsah-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦí·gɦadsah-
5. ǰɦí·gɦadsah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ǰɦí·gɦadsa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ǰɦí·gɦadsa-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰí·gɦadsa-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
7. ǰí·gɦadsa-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jí·gɦadsa-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. jí·gɦadsa-
*ds → ts
Devoicing of d before s
Rds›ts → *jí·gɦatsa-
9. jí·gɦatsa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → AV. jí·ghatsa-
PIE *gɑɦí·gɑɦodsēɑh-
OInd. ji·ghatsā-
(f.) ‘desire of eating or consuming’
(MonWil. 420)
(Br. jighatsā-)
1. PIE *gɑɦí·gɑɦodsēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦí·gɑɦodsāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦí·gɑɦodsāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦí·gɦodsāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦí·gɦodsāh-
PIE *gɦ → ǰɦ
2nd palatalization of *gɦ
Rgɦ›ǰɦ → *ǰɦí·gɦodsāh-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦí·gɦodsāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦí·gɦadsāh-
5. ǰɦí·gɦadsāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ǰɦí·gɦadsā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ǰɦí·gɦadsā-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰí·gɦadsā-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
7. ǰí·gɦadsā-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jí·gɦadsā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. jí·gɦadsā-
*ds → ts
Devoicing of d before s
Rds›ts → *jí·gɦatsā-
9. jí·gɦatsā-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. jí·ghatsā-
PIE *gɑɦí·gɑɦodsú-
AV. ji·ghatsú-
(des.a.) ‘hungry, desirous of consuming’
(MonWil. 420)
(AV. jíghatsú-)
1. PIE *gɑɦí·gɑɦodsú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦí·gɦodsú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦí·gɦodsú-
PIE *gɦ → ǰɦ
2nd palatalization of *gɦ
Rgɦ›ǰɦ → *ǰɦí·gɦodsú-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦí·gɦodsú-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦí·gɦadsú-
4. ǰɦí·gɦadsú-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰí·gɦadsú-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
5. ǰí·gɦadsú-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jí·gɦadsú-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. jí·gɦadsú-
*ds → ts
Devoicing of d before s
Rds›ts → *jí·gɦatsú-
7. jí·gɦatsú-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → AV. jí·ghatsú-


PIE √gɑɦd- (vb.) ‘finden, geben’
(IEW 1125 [diff.])
(Pyysalo: IE + Anat.; for Arm. g ≠ *u̯, see SPIE 202)
√gɑɦēd-
PIE *gɑɦēd-
Arm. git-
(vb.) ‘find’
(EtDiArm. 216)
(Arm. egit)
1. PIE *gɑɦēd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦēd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦēd-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *gɦēt-
3. gɦēt-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gēt-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gēt-
*ē → i
Change of *ē into i
Rē›i → Arm. git-
PIE *gɑɦēd-
Arm. git-
(sb.) ‘gift, finding’
(EtDiArm. 216)
1. PIE *gɑɦēd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦēd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦēd-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *gɦēt-
3. gɦēt-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gēt-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gēt-
*ē → i
Change of *ē into i
Rē›i → Arm. git-
√gɑɦēdor-
PIE *gɑɦēdor-
HLu. gidar-
(sb.) ‘a donation, gift, giving, tax?’
(CHLu. 2.27.13)
(HLu. ki-tara/i-sa, ki-tara/i-sa)
1. PIE *gɑɦēdor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦēdor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦēdor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦēdar-
3. gɦēdar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gēdar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gēdar-
*ē → i
Change of *ē into i
Rē›i → HLu. gidar-
PIE *gɑɦēdor-
Kpd. gēdar-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 591)
(Kpd. ki-da-ar)
1. PIE *gɑɦēdor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦēdor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦēdor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦēdar-
3. gɦēdar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Kpd. gēdar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦēdor·Σ
HLu. gidar·za-
(LONGUSsb.) ‘a donation, gift, giving, tax?’
(CHLu. 7.6.2)
(HLu. “LONGUS”(-)ki-[ta]ra/i?-zá?-zi)
1. PIE *gɑɦēdor·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦēdor·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦēdor·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦēdar·Σ
3. gɦēdar·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gēdar·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gēdar·Σ
*ē → i
Change of *ē into i
Rē›i → HLu. gidar·Σ
PIE *gɑɦēdor·Σ
Pal. gēdar·zi
(?.) ‘-(?)-’
(DPal. 60)
(Pal. ki-tar-zi ‹according to HHand. 81 from ki- ‘liegen’, but might belong here›)
1. PIE *gɑɦēdor·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦēdor·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦēdor·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦēdar·Σ
3. gɦēdar·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Pal. gēdar·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √gɑɦu- (sb.) ‘Arm, Hand, Stärke, Muskelkraft’ (vb.) ‘fangen usw.’
(IEW 403-404)
(LIV2:189; Pyysalo Hitt. + IE)
√gɑɦu-
PIE *géɑɦu-
Lith. gáu-
(vb.) ‘erlangen, bekommen’
(LiEtWb. 141)
(Lith. gáuti [inf.])
1. PIE *géɑɦu-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *gáɑɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gáɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gáɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gáɦu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lith. gáu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *geɑɦu̯-
MAv. gav-
(m.) ‘Hand’
(AIWb. 505)
(LAv. gava [duN], gavō [plA])
1. PIE *geɑɦu̯-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *gaɑɦu̯-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gaɑɦu̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gaɦu̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gaɦu̯-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *gau̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gau̯-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → MAv. gav-
PIE *gɑ́ɦu-
Latv. gû-
(vb.) ‘erlangen, haschen, fangen’
(APrS. 335)
(Latv. gût [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑ́ɦu-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *gúɦu-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. gúɦu-
*úHu → uHû
Latvian tone rule for *úHu
RAccLatv5 → *guɦû-
3. guɦû-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *guû-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. guû-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → Latv. gû-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
√gɑɦut-
PIE *po·geɑɦuto-
OPr. pa·gauta-
(pret.pt.P.) ‘empfangen’
(APrS. 403)
(OPr. pagauts [sgN])
1. PIE *po·geɑɦuto-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *po·gaɑɦuto-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. po·gaɑɦuto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *po·gaɦuto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. po·gaɦuto-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *po·gauto-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. po·gauto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OPr. pa·gauta-
PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦut-
MAv. xratu·gūt-
(a.) ‘Belehrung, Rat verteilend’
(AIWb. 537)
(LAv. xratugūto [plN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦut-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *Π·gúɦut-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. Π·gúɦut-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·gúut-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·gúut-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *Π·gū́t-
4. Π·gū́t-
*ū́ → ū
Absence of accent
Rū́›ū → MAv. Π·gūt-
√gɑɦou-
PIE *gɑɦou·Σ
OHG. gou·fan-
(f.) ‘Handvoll, (hohle) Hand: cophina’
(Gl. 8th cent.)
(OHG. goufana)
1. PIE *gɑɦou·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦou·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦou·Σ
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gou·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. gou·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gau·Σ
4. gau·Σ
*au → ou
Change of au into ou
Rau›ou → OHG. gou·Σ
PIE *gɑɦou·Σ
OHG. gou·sana-
(f.) ‘Handvoll: dracca, dragma, pugillus’
(Gl. 12th cent.)
(OHG. gousana, gosne)
1. PIE *gɑɦou·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦou·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦou·Σ
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gou·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. gou·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gau·Σ
4. gau·Σ
*au → ou
Change of au into ou
Rau›ou → OHG. gou·Σ
√gɑɦuton-
(HEG K:678f.)
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gɑɦuton-
Hitt. gutan-
(UZUn.) ‘Partie unter dem Hals und über Brust’
(HHand. 87)
(Hitt. kuttanit [sgI] ‘Arm’)
1. PIE *gɑɦuton-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuton-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuton-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦutan-
3. gɦutan-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gutan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦuton-
Hitt. gutan-
(n.obl.) ‘Stärke, Muskelkraft’
(HHand. 87)
1. PIE *gɑɦuton-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuton-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuton-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦutan-
3. gɦutan-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gutan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦuton·oli-
Hitt. gutan·ali-
(n.) ‘Halskette’
(HHand. 87)
(Hitt. kuttanalli-)
1. PIE *gɑɦuton·oli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuton·oli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuton·oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦutan·ali-
3. gɦutan·ali-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gutan·ali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦutor-
PIE *gɑɦutor-
Hitt. gutar-
(UZUn.) ‘Oberkörper’ (also kuattar-?, HHand2)
(HHand. 87)
(Hitt. kuttar-)
1. PIE *gɑɦutor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦutor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦutor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦutar-
3. gɦutar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gutar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦutor-
Hitt. gutar-
(n.) ‘Stärke, Muskelkraft’
(HHand. 87)
1. PIE *gɑɦutor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦutor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦutor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦutar-
3. gɦutar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gutar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦudɑɦ-
PIE *gɑɦúdɑɦ-
Lith. gùd-
(vb.) ‘sich gewöhnen, Übung/Erfahrung in etwas bekommen’
(LiEtWb. 141)
(Lith. gùsti [inf.], gùdo)
1. PIE *gɑɦúdɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦúdɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦúdɦ-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *gɦùdɦ-
3. gɦùdɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦùd-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gɦùd-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → Lith. gùd-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *gɑɦúdɑɦɑhin-
Lith. gùdin-
(vb.) ‘gewöhnen, üben, einem etwas beibringen’
(LiEtWb. 141)
(Lith. gùdinti [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦúdɑɦɑhin-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦúdɦhin-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦúdɦhin-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *gɦùdɦhin-
3. gɦùdɦhin-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦùdɦin-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦùdɦin-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦùdin-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. gɦùdin-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gùdin-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. gùdin-
ùdi -› ũdi
Circumflex intonation ù -› ũ
Rùdi›ũdi → Lith. gũdin-


PIE √gɑɦun- √gɑɦuon- √gɑɦuen- (vb.tr.) ‘anfüllen; schwellen, strotzen’ (sb.) ‘Fülle’ (a.) ‘üppig, reichlich’
(IEW 491)
(Fick 1884:330; Bechtel 1914:78f.; Pyysalo: CLu. + IE)
√gɑɦun-
PIE *gɑɦunu̯o-
CLu. gunu̯a-
(vb.?) ‹‘pour, fill, full up?’, obj. warša-›
(HHand. 84)
(CLu. warša kûnuwat[-ta? = 3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦunu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦunu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦunu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦunu̯a-
3. gɦunu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. gunu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦunu·Σ
Kpd. gunu·daḫšu-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 633)
(Kpd. ku-nu-ta-aḫ-šu)
1. PIE *gɑɦunu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦunu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦunu·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Kpd. gunu·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦuen-
PIE *esu·gɑɦu̯en·éi̯o-
Gr. εὐ·θενέο-
(vb.) ‘in Blüte und Kraft sein, gedeihen, blühen’
(GEW 1:586-587)
(Ion.-Att. εὐθηνέω; in Hes. εὐθενει̃ν · εὖ παθει̃ν)
1. PIE *esu·gɑɦu̯en·éi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *esu·gɦu̯en·éi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. esu·gɦu̯en·éi̯o-
*gɦu/u̯ → dɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›dɦFr → *esu·dɦen·éi̯o-
3. esu·dɦen·éi̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *esu·then·éi̯o-
4. esu·then·éi̯o-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *ehu·then·éi̯o-
5. ehu·then·éi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *ehu·then·éo-
6. ehu·then·éo-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *eu·then·éo-
7. eu·then·éo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. εὐ·θεν·έο-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en·éi̯o-
Gr. ἰη·θενέο-
(vb.) ‘διαπορεῖ ἐπί τινι κακῷ’
(GEW 1:714)
(in Hes. ἰηθενει̃ · διαπορεῖ ἐπί τινι κακῷ)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en·éi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯en·éi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯en·éi̯o-
*gɦu/u̯ → dɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›dɦFr → *Π·dɦen·éi̯o-
3. Π·dɦen·éi̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *Π·then·éi̯o-
4. Π·then·éi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *Π·then·éo-
5. Π·then·éo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·θεν·έο-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en·éi̯ont-
Gr. ἰη·θενέοντ-
(pt.a.) ‘ἐκπεπληγμένη καὶ ἀπορου̃σα’
(GEW 1:714)
(in Hes. ἰηθενέουσα · ἐκπεπληγμένη καὶ ἀπορου̃σα)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en·éi̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯en·éi̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯en·éi̯ont-
*gɦu/u̯ → dɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›dɦFr → *Π·dɦen·éi̯ont-
3. Π·dɦen·éi̯ont-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *Π·then·éi̯ont-
4. Π·then·éi̯ont-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *Π·then·éont-
5. Π·then·éont-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·θεν·έοντ-
PIE *esu·gɑɦu̯enés-
Gr. εὐ·θενέσ-
(a.) ‘Hes. εὐθενές · εὐπαθου̃σα, ἰσχυρά’
(GEW 1:586-587)
1. PIE *esu·gɑɦu̯enés-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *esu·gɦu̯enés-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. esu·gɦu̯enés-
*gɦu/u̯ → dɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›dɦFr → *esu·dɦenés-
3. esu·dɦenés-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *esu·thenés-
4. esu·thenés-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *ehu·thenés-
5. ehu·thenés-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *eu·thenés-
6. eu·thenés-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. εὐ·θενέσ-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enós-
RV. ā·hanás-
(a.) ‘schwellend, strotzend, geil, üppig’
(WbRV. 191)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enós-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯enós-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯enós-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯enós-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯enós-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·ǰɦu̯enás-
4. Π·ǰɦu̯enás-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦenás-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰɦenás-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦenás-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. Π·ɦenás-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·ɦanás-
7. Π·ɦanás-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hanás-
PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enósi̯o-
OInd. ā·hanásya-
(n.) ‘Geilheit’
(EWA 1:184)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enósi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯enósi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯enósi̯o-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯enósi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯enósi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯enósi̯a-
4. Π·ǰɦu̯enósi̯a-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·ǰɦu̯enási̯a-
5. Π·ǰɦu̯enási̯a-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦenási̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·ǰɦenási̯a-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦenási̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. Π·ɦenási̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·ɦanási̯a-
8. Π·ɦanási̯a-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *Π·hanási̯a-
9. Π·hanási̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. Π·hanásya-
√gɑɦuēn-
PIE *esu·gɑɦu̯ēnó-
Gr. εὐ·θηνό-
(a.) ‘gedeihend’
(GEW 1:586-587)
(Gr. εὐθηνός)
1. PIE *esu·gɑɦu̯ēnó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *esu·gɦu̯ēnó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. esu·gɦu̯ēnó-
*gɦu/u̯ → dɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›dɦFr → *esu·dɦēnó-
3. esu·dɦēnó-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *esu·thēnó-
4. esu·thēnó-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *ehu·thēnó-
5. ehu·thēnó-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *eu·thēnó-
6. eu·thēnó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. εὐ·θηνό-
PIE *esu·gɑɦu̯ēn·éi̯o-
Gr. εὐ·θηνέο-
(vb.) ‘in Blüte und Kraft sein, gedeihen, blühen’
(GEW 1:586-587)
(Ion.-Att. εὐθηνέω)
1. PIE *esu·gɑɦu̯ēn·éi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *esu·gɦu̯ēn·éi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. esu·gɦu̯ēn·éi̯o-
*gɦu/u̯ → dɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›dɦFr → *esu·dɦēn·éi̯o-
3. esu·dɦēn·éi̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *esu·thēn·éi̯o-
4. esu·thēn·éi̯o-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *ehu·thēn·éi̯o-
5. ehu·thēn·éi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *ehu·thēn·éo-
6. ehu·thēn·éo-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *eu·thēn·éo-
7. eu·thēn·éo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. εὐ·θην·έο-
PIE *esu·gɑɦu̯énesieɑh
Gr. εὐ·θένεια-
(f.) ‘blühender Zustand, Fülle, Zufuhr: annona’
(GEW 1:586-587)
1. PIE *esu·gɑɦu̯énesieɑh
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *esu·gɑɦu̯énesiaɑh
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. esu·gɑɦu̯énesiaɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *esu·gɦu̯énesiah
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. esu·gɦu̯énesiah
*gɦu/u̯ → dɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›dɦFr → *esu·dɦénesiah
4. esu·dɦénesiah
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *esu·dɦénesia
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. esu·dɦénesia
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *esu·thénesia
6. esu·thénesia
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *ehu·thénehia
7. ehu·thénehia
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *eu·théneia
8. eu·théneia
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. εὐ·θένεια
PIE *esu·gɑɦu̯ēníēɑh-
Gr. εὐ·θηνίᾱ-
(f.) ‘blühender Zustand, Fülle, Zufuhr: annona’
(GEW 1:586-587)
1. PIE *esu·gɑɦu̯ēníēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *esu·gɑɦu̯ēníāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. esu·gɑɦu̯ēníāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *esu·gɦu̯ēníāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. esu·gɦu̯ēníāh-
*gɦu/u̯ → dɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›dɦFr → *esu·dɦēníāh-
4. esu·dɦēníāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *esu·dɦēníā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. esu·dɦēníā-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *esu·thēníā-
6. esu·thēníā-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *ehu·thēníā-
7. ehu·thēníā-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *eu·thēníā-
8. eu·thēníā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. εὐ·θηνίᾱ-
√gɑɦuon-
PIE *gɑɦu̯onó-
OInd. ghaná-
(a.) ‘kompakt, dicht, dick’
(KEWA 1:357)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯onó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯anó-
3. gɦu̯anó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *gɦu̯aná-
4. gɦu̯aná-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦaná-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦaná-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. ghaná-
PIE *gɑɦu̯onó-
OInd. ghaná-
(m.) ‘kompakte Masse, Klumpen’
(KEWA 1:357)
(EWA 1:184, Br. ghaná-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯onó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯anó-
3. gɦu̯anó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *gɦu̯aná-
4. gɦu̯aná-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦaná-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦaná-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. ghaná-
PIE *gɑɦu̯onḗɑh
Lith. ganà
(adv.) ‘genug’
(LiEtWb. 132-3)
(Lith. ganà [adv.])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *gɑɦu̯onā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯onā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯onā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯onā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯onā́
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦonā́
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦonā́
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦanā́
6. gɦanā́
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *ganā́
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. ganā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *ganṓ
(XX:XX)
8. ganṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → Lith. ganà
PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑh
Latv. gana
(adv.) ‘genug’
(LiEtWb. 132-3)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯onāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯onāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯onāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯onā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯onā
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦonā
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦonā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦanā
6. gɦanā
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *ganā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. ganā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R=ā›=a → Latv. gana
PIE *gɑɦu̯onḗhɑ-
Lith. ganė́-
(vb.) ‘genügen’
(LiEtWb. 132-3)
(Lith. ganė́ti [inf.], ganė́ja [3pers])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onḗh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯onḗh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯onḗ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. gɦu̯onḗ-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦonḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. gɦonḗ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦanḗ-
5. gɦanḗ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *ganḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ganḗ-
*ḗ -> ė́
Change of *ḗ -> ė́
Rḗ›ė́ → Lith. ganė́-
PIE *gɑɦu̯onēhɑ-
OCS. gonĕ-
(vb.) ‘genügen, zufrieden sein’ (REW 292)
(Sadnik √240)
(OCS. gonĕti [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onēhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onēh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯onēh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯anēh-
3. gɦu̯anēh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯anē-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯anē-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦanē-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦanē-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *ganē-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ganē-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *gonē-
7. gonē-
*ē → ĕ
Change of *ē into ĕ
Rē›ĕ → OCS. gonĕ-


PIE √gɦɑ- √gɦɑo- √gɦɑe- (neg.pref.) ‘un-, ohne, -los’
(IEW: in extensions)
(Pyysalo)
√gɦɑe-
(HEG K:464)
(Pyysalo: Goth. + Hitt. + CLu.)
PIE *gɦɑe·lor-
Hitt. ga·lar-
(a.) ‘NU.SIG5: ungünstig, unheilvoll: nefas’
(HIL. 497)
(Hitt. kal-la-ra-an, kal-la-ri, kal-la-ri-it)
1. PIE *gɦɑe·lor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gɦɑa·lor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gɦɑa·lor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦa·lor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦa·lor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦa·lar-
4. gɦa·lar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ga·lar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɦɑe·lor-
CLu. ga·lar-
(GKLn.) ‘nefas’
(DLL. 53)
(CLu. gal-la-ar(mašmaškan) [sgNA] ‹to HLu. lar- ≈ SIG5›)
1. PIE *gɦɑe·lor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gɦɑa·lor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gɦɑa·lor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦa·lor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦa·lor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦa·lar-
4. gɦa·lar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. ga·lar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɦɑe·lor-
Hitt. ga·lar-
(n.) ‘Unglück: nefas’
(HHand. 69)
(Hitt. kal-la-ar, gal-la-ar, HiuA 46)
1. PIE *gɦɑe·lor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gɦɑa·lor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gɦɑa·lor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦa·lor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦa·lor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦa·lar-
4. gɦa·lar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ga·lar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɦɑe·stēɑhi̯ono
Goth. ga·stojan-
(pt.) ‘ἄτοπος: importunes: out of place’
(2Th 3,2 B)
(Goth. gastojanaim [plD] 2Th 3,2 B, GoElB. 294ff.)
1. PIE *gɦɑe·stēɑhi̯ono
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gɦɑa·stēɑhi̯ono
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gɦɑa·stēɑhi̯ono
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɦɑa·stāɑhi̯ono
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. gɦɑa·stāɑhi̯ono
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦa·stāhi̯ono
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. gɦa·stāhi̯ono
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦa·stāi̯ono
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦa·stāi̯ono
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *ga·stāi̯ono
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ga·stāi̯ono
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ga·stāi̯ana
7. ga·stāi̯ana
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *ga·stōi̯ana
(XX:XX)
8. ga·stōi̯ana
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *ga·stōi̯an
9. ga·stōi̯an
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *ga·stōjan
10. ga·stōjan
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Goth. ga·stojan
PIE *gɦɑe·hɑnhɑenti̯o-
Goth. ga·nanþja-
(vb.) ‘aufhören: παύεσθαι: cessare’
(Feist 2:31,143)
(Goth. gananþida [3sg]: ἐπαύσατο Luk 5,4 CA)
1. PIE *gɦɑe·hɑnhɑenti̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gɦɑa·hɑnhɑanti̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gɦɑa·hɑnhɑanti̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦa·hnhanti̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦa·hnhanti̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦa·nanti̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦa·nanti̯o-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *gɦa·nanþi̯o-
5. gɦa·nanþi̯o-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *ga·nanþi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ga·nanþi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ga·nanþi̯a-
7. ga·nanþi̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Goth. ga·nanþja-
√gɦɑēin-
PIE *gɦɑēin-
TochA. ken-
(a.) ‘falsus: Skt. mithyā ‘perversus’’
(Poucha 84)
(TochA. keṃ)
1. PIE *gɦɑēin-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *gɦɑāin-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɦɑāin-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦāin-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦāin-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gāin-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gāin-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *kāin-
5. kāin-
*āiC → aiC
Osthoff’s Law for āiC
RāiC›aiC → *kain-
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
6. kain-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *kēn-
7. kēn-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochA. ken-
PIE *on·gɦɑēin-
TochB. an·kain-
(a.) ‘false, reverse’ (LeTokh. 213)
(DTochB. 6)
(TochB. ankaiṃ)
1. PIE *on·gɦɑēin-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *on·gɦɑāin-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. on·gɦɑāin-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *on·gɦāin-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. on·gɦāin-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *an·gɦāin-
4. an·gɦāin-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *an·gāin-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. an·gāin-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *an·kāin-
6. an·kāin-
āi → ai
Orthographic change of āi into ai
Rāi›ai → TochB. an·kain-
PIE *gɦɑēin·Σ
TochA. ken·par
(adv.) ‘perverse, prave: Skt. viloma’
(Poucha 84)
(TochA. keṃpar, kenpar)
1. PIE *gɦɑēin·Σ
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *gɦɑāin·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɦɑāin·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦāin·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦāin·Σ
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gāin·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gāin·Σ
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *kāin·Σ
5. kāin·Σ
*āiC → aiC
Osthoff’s Law for āiC
RāiC›aiC → *kain·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
6. kain·Σ
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *kēn·Σ
7. kēn·Σ
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochA. ken·Σ
√gɦɑu-
(IEW 414)
PIE *gɦɑ́u·Σ
OIr. gū·forclide
(m.) ‘falscher Zeuge’
(DIL. 372)
1. PIE *gɦɑ́u·Σ
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *gɦúu·Σ
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. gɦúu·Σ
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *gɦū́·Σ
3. gɦū́·Σ
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gū́·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gū́·Σ
*ū́ → ū
Absence of accent
Rū́›ū → OIr. gū·Σ
PIE *gɦɑēu̯ēɑh
OIr. gāu-
(f.) ‘Unrichtiges, Lüge: falsehood’
(DIL. 357)
(in OIr. gāu, gāo, gō)
1. PIE *gɦɑēu̯ēɑh
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *gɦɑāu̯ēɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɦɑāu̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɦɑāu̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. gɦɑāu̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦāu̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. gɦāu̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦāu̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦāu̯ā
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gāu̯ā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. gāu̯ā
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *gau̯a
7. gau̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OIr. gau̯
√gɦɑeud-
(IEW 414)
PIE *gɦɑeud
Lat. haud
(neg.) ‘nicht’ (a.) ‘falsch (wäre es)’
(WH. 1:636-7)
1. PIE *gɦɑeud
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gɦɑaud
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gɦɑaud
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦaud
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦaud
*gɦ → ɦ
Loss of *g in *gɦ
Rgɦ›ɦ → *ɦaud
4. ɦaud
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → Lat. haud
PIE *gɦɑeud·Σ
Lat. haud·ōtio-
(n.) ‘negōtium’
(WH. 2:157)
(Lat. haudōtium = negōtium [Plaut. Poen. 857])
1. PIE *gɦɑeud·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gɦɑaud·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gɦɑaud·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦaud·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦaud·Σ
*gɦ → ɦ
Loss of *g in *gɦ
Rgɦ›ɦ → *ɦaud·Σ
4. ɦaud·Σ
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → Lat. haud·Σ


PIE √gɦɑru- √gɦɑreu- √gɦɑrou- (sb.) ‘Frühe, Frühling, Morgen’
(IEW 1174)
(Martirossian 1924:453: Hitt. + Arm.)
√gɦɑeru-
(HEG K:526-8, 530-1)
(HED 4:112ff.)
PIE *gɦɑeru
Hitt. garu
(adv.) ‘früher, vormals, schon, bisher’
(HHand. 75)
(Hitt. ka-ru-ú, Sum. LIBIR.RA)
1. PIE *gɦɑeru
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gɦɑaru
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gɦɑaru
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦaru
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦaru
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. garu
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɦɑeru̯·oriu̯or-
Hitt. garu̯·ariu̯ar-
(n.) ‘Morgen’ (adv.) ‘morgens, in der Frühe’
(HHand. 75)
(Hitt. garu̯ariu̯ar-)
1. PIE *gɦɑeru̯·oriu̯or-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gɦɑaru̯·oriu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gɦɑaru̯·oriu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦaru̯·oriu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦaru̯·oriu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦaru̯·ariu̯ar-
4. gɦaru̯·ariu̯ar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. garu̯·ariu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɦɑeruil-
PIE *gɦɑeru̯ilo-
Hitt. garu̯ila-
(a.) ‘früherer, ehemalig, uralt’
(HIL. 530)
(Hitt. ka-ru-ú-i-la)
1. PIE *gɦɑeru̯ilo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gɦɑaru̯ilo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gɦɑaru̯ilo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦaru̯ilo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦaru̯ilo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦaru̯ila-
4. gɦaru̯ila-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. garu̯ila-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɦɑeru̯ili-
Hitt. garu̯ili-
(a.) ‘früherer, ehemalig, uralt’
(HHand. 75)
(Hitt. [k]a-ru-ul-i-ša, ka-ru-ú-i-li-in, ka-ru-ú-i-li-aš)
1. PIE *gɦɑeru̯ili-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gɦɑaru̯ili-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gɦɑaru̯ili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦaru̯ili-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦaru̯ili-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. garu̯ili-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɦɑeru̯ili̯o·tɑh-
Hitt. garu̯ili̯at-
(c.) ‘früherer Zustand’
(HHand. 75)
(Hitt. ka-ru-i-li-ia-at-ta)
1. PIE *gɦɑeru̯ili̯o·tɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gɦɑaru̯ili̯o·tɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gɦɑaru̯ili̯o·tɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦaru̯ili̯o·th-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦaru̯ili̯o·th-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦaru̯ili̯a·th-
4. gɦaru̯ili̯a·th-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *gɦaru̯ili̯a·t-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. gɦaru̯ili̯a·t-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. garu̯ili̯a·t-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɦɑeru̯ili̯o·dɑɦi̯o
Hitt. garu̯ili̯aza
(adv.) ‘von alters her’
(HHand. 75)
(Hitt. ka-ru-ú-i-li-ia-za)
1. PIE *gɦɑeru̯ili̯o·dɑɦi̯o
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gɦɑaru̯ili̯o·dɑɦi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gɦɑaru̯ili̯o·dɑɦi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦaru̯ili̯o·dɦi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦaru̯ili̯o·dɦi̯o
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦaru̯ili̯o·jɦo
4. gɦaru̯ili̯o·jɦo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦaru̯ili̯a·jɦa
5. gɦaru̯ili̯a·jɦa
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *garu̯ili̯a·ja
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. garu̯ili̯a·ja
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. garu̯ili̯a·za
√gɦɑeruli-
PIE *gɦɑeruli-
Hitt. garuli-
(a.) ‘former, earlier, ancient’
(HIL. 530)
(Hitt. ka-ru-ú-li-in)
1. PIE *gɦɑeruli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gɦɑaruli-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gɦɑaruli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦaruli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦaruli-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. garuli-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɦɑerunɑh-
(Martirossian 1924:453 despite HEG K:527)
(For Arm. g ≠ *u̯, see SPIE 202)
PIE *gɦɑeruneɑh
Arm. garun-
(sb.) ‘Frühling’
(IEW 1174)
(Arm. garun [sgN])
1. PIE *gɦɑeruneɑh
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gɦɑaruneɑh
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gɦɑaruneɑh
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *gɦɑarunaɑh
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. gɦɑarunaɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦarunah
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. gɦarunah
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦaruna
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦaruna
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → Arm. garuna
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *gɦɑerùneɑhn-
Arm. garnan-
(sb.obl.) ‘Frühling’
(IEW 1174)
(Arm. garnan [sgG])
1. PIE *gɦɑerùneɑhn-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gɦɑarùneɑhn-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gɦɑarùneɑhn-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *gɦɑarùnaɑhn-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. gɦɑarùnaɑhn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦarùnahn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. gɦarùnahn-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦarùnan-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦarùnan-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *garùnan-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. garùnan-
ù -› 0
Loss of unaccented u
Rù›0 → Arm. garnan-


PIE √gɦɑudɑɦ- (a.) ‘gut’
(IEW 413-414)
(Pyysalo: HLu.)
√gɦɑudɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gɦɑudɑɦ·iso·mo-
HLu. gud·iša·ma-
(pt.) ‘made good’
(CHLu. 10.23.2)
(HLu. REL-ti-sà-ma-za, with Hitt. iša- ‘wirken, schaffen’ HHand. 33, iš-ša-aḫ-ḫi)
1. PIE *gɦɑudɑɦ·iso·mo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦ·iso·mo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦ·iso·mo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦudɦ·isa·ma-
3. gɦudɦ·isa·ma-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gud·isa·ma-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gud·isa·ma-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. gud·iša·ma-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɦɑudɑɦ·iso·mi-
HLu. gud·iša·mi-
(pt.) ‘made good’
(CHLu. 11.1.d9)
(HLu. REL-ti-sà-mi-na-´)
1. PIE *gɦɑudɑɦ·iso·mi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦ·iso·mi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦ·iso·mi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦudɦ·isa·mi-
3. gɦudɦ·isa·mi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gud·isa·mi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gud·isa·mi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. gud·iša·mi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɦɑudɑɦo·Σ
Goth. guda·ba
(adv.) ‘fromm’
(GoEtD. 165)
1. PIE *gɦɑudɑɦo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦo·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦudo·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. gɦudo·Σ
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gudo·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gudo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. guda·Σ
PIE *gɦɑudɑɦo·Σ
Goth. guda·faurht-
(a.) ‘εὐλαβής: godfearing’
(GoEtD. F33)
1. PIE *gɦɑudɑɦo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦo·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦudo·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. gɦudo·Σ
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gudo·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gudo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. guda·Σ


PIE √giɑɦidɑɦ- (vb.) ‘aus Ton formen, bilden’ (sb.) ‘Ton, Erde, Land, Mensch’
(IEW 244-5, LIV2:142-3)
(Pyysalo: HLu. + CLu. + IE ‹confirmation required›)
√giɑɦidɑɦ-
PIE *gi̯ɑɦeídɑɦ-
Lith. žiẽd-
(vb.) ‘(aus Ton) formen, bilden, hauen’
(LiEtWb. 1307)
(Lith. žiẽsti [inf.])
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦeídɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦeídɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦeídɦ-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦeídɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦeídɦ-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *j́ɦeìdɦ-
4. j́ɦeìdɦ-
eì → eĩ
Circumflex intonation for eì
RLiAcc14 → *j́ɦeĩdɦ-
5. j́ɦeĩdɦ-
*j́ɦ → žɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to žɦ
Rj́ɦ›žɦ → *žɦeĩdɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. žɦeĩdɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *žɦeĩd-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. žɦeĩd-
*žɦ → ž
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ
Ržɦ›ž → *žeĩd-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. žeĩd-
eí -› iẽ
Change of eí to iẽ
Reĩ›iẽ → Lith. žiẽd-
√giɑɦeídɑɦo-
PIE *gi̯ɑɦidɑɦo·ɦɑiso-
CLu. zida·ḫiša-
(n.) ‘masculinity: virilité’
(DLL. 166)
(CLu. zi-da-a-ḫi-š[a])
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦidɑɦo·ɦɑiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦidɦo·ɦiso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦidɦo·ɦiso-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦidɦo·ɦiso-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦidɦo·ɦiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́ɦidɦa·ɦisa-
4. j́ɦidɦa·ɦisa-
*j́ɦ → zɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ
Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *zɦidɦa·ɦisa-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. zɦidɦa·ɦisa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *zɦida·ɦisa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. zɦida·ɦisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *zɦida·ɦiša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. zɦida·ɦiša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. zḫida·ḫiša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *gi̯ɑɦidɑɦo
OCS. zĭdŭ-
(m.) ‘Mauer, Wand, Dach: Gr. δῶμα’
(Sadnik √1141)
(OCS. zidŭ)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦidɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦidɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦidɦo
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦidɦo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦidɦo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́ɦidɦa
4. j́ɦidɦa
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *zɦidɦa
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. zɦidɦa
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *zɦida
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. zɦida
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *zida
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. zida
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *zido
8. zido
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *zidu
9. zidu
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *zĭdu
10. zĭdu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. zĭdŭ
√giɑɦeídɑɦēɑh-
PIE *gi̯ɑɦidɑɦēɑh-
OCS. zĭda-
(vb.) ‘bauen, schaffen’
(Sadnik √1141)
(OCS. zĭdati [inf.])
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦidɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gi̯ɑɦidɑɦāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gi̯ɑɦidɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦidɦāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gi̯ɦidɦāh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦidɦāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. j́ɦidɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *j́ɦidɦā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. j́ɦidɦā-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *zɦidɦā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
6. zɦidɦā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *zɦidā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. zɦidā-
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *zidā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. zidā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *zida-
9. zida-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → OCS. zĭda-
√giɑɦidɑɦi-
PIE *gi̯ɑɦidɑɦi-
CLu. zidi-
(c.) ‘Mensch’
(HHand. 209)
(CLu. zi-ti-in [sgA] ‹here if ‘earthling’ vel. sim.›)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦidɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦidɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦidɦi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦidɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦidɦi-
*j́ɦ → zɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ
Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *zɦidɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
4. zɦidɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *zɦidi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. zɦidi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. zḫidi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *opo·gi̯ɑɦidɑɦi-
HLu. apa·zidi-
(OCCIDENSa.) ‘unterländisch, western?’
(CHLu. 4.17.A)
(HLu. (‘OCCIDENS’)á-pa-zi-i-ti)
1. PIE *opo·gi̯ɑɦidɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *opo·gi̯ɦidɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. opo·gi̯ɦidɦi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *opo·j́ɦidɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. opo·j́ɦidɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *apa·j́ɦidɦi-
4. apa·j́ɦidɦi-
*j́ɦ → zɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ
Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *apa·zɦidɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. apa·zɦidɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *apa·zɦidi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. apa·zɦidi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. apa·zḫidi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *gi̯ɑɦeidɑɦi-
OPr. seidi-
(m.) ‘want’, i.e. ‘Wand’
(APrS. 417)
(OPr. seydis [sgN])
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦeidɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦeidɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦeidɦi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦeidɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦeidɦi-
*j́ɦ → žɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to žɦ
Rj́ɦ›žɦ → *žɦeidɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. žɦeidɦi-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *žɦeidi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. žɦeidi-
*žɦ → ž
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ
Ržɦ›ž → *žeidi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. žeidi-
*z → s
Devoicing of assibilant z
Rž›s → OPr. seidi-
PIE *gi̯ɑɦeidɑɦi̯o-
Lith. žiedžia-
(vb.) ‘formen, bilden, hauen’
(LiEtWb. 1307)
(Lith. žiedžiù [1sg])
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦeidɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦeidɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦeidɦi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦeidɦi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦeidɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → džɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i̯
Rdɦi̯›džɦi → *j́ɦeidžɦio-
(SPIE §XX)
4. j́ɦeidžɦio-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *j́ɦeidžio-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. j́ɦeidžio-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́ɦeidžia-
6. j́ɦeidžia-
*j́ɦ → žɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to žɦ
Rj́ɦ›žɦ → *žɦeidžia-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. žɦeidžia-
*žɦ → ž
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ
Ržɦ›ž → *žeidžia-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. žeidžia-
*ei -> ie
Change of *ei into ie
Rei›ie → Lith. žiedžia-
PIE *gi̯ɑɦeidɑɦi̯o-
OCS. ziždo-
(vb.) ‘bauen’
(Sadnik √1141)
(OCS. ziždǫ [1sg])
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦeidɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦeidɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦeidɦi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦeidɦi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦeidɦi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́ɦeidɦi̯a-
4. j́ɦeidɦi̯a-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *zɦeidɦi̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. zɦeidɦi̯a-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *zɦeidi̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. zɦeidi̯a-
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *zeidi̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. zeidi̯a-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *zeidi̯o-
8. zeidi̯o-
d i̯ -> ž d
Assibilation of di̯ into žd
Rdi̯›žd → *zeiždo-
9. zeiždo-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *zīždo-
10. zīždo-
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → OCS. ziždo-
PIE *Π·gi̯ɑɦeidɑɦihɑ́-
OLith. puoda·žiedỹ-
(m.) ‘Töpfer’
(LiEtWb. 668)
(OLith. puodažiedỹs)
1. PIE *Π·gi̯ɑɦeidɑɦihɑ́-
PIE *iḫɑ́ → iḫí
Distant assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RiHɑ́›iHí → *Π·gi̯ɑɦeidɑɦihí-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·gi̯ɑɦeidɑɦihí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gi̯ɦeidɦihí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gi̯ɦeidɦihí-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *Π·j́ɦeidɦihí-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. Π·j́ɦeidɦihí-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *Π·j́ɦeidɦihì-
5. Π·j́ɦeidɦihì-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·j́ɦeidɦiì-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·j́ɦeidɦiì-
*j́ɦ → žɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to žɦ
Rj́ɦ›žɦ → *Π·žɦeidɦiì-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. Π·žɦeidɦiì-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·žɦeidiì-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. Π·žɦeidiì-
*žɦ → ž
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ
Ržɦ›ž → OLith. Π·žeidiì-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)


PIE √giɑɦm- (sb.) ‘Erde, Land(kreis)’ (vb.) ‘prosternire’ (adv.) ‘unter, unten’ (a.) ‘niedrig’
(IEW 374, 414f., 777)
(Pyysalo: CLu. + IE)
√giɑɦom-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gi̯ɑɦom-
Umbr. hom-
(vb.) ‘prosternito’
(WbOU. 331)
(Umbr. hontu [ipv3sg])
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦom-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦom-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦom-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵɦom-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦom-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦom-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. gɦom-
*gɦ → ɦ
Loss of *g in *gɦ
Rgɦ›ɦ → *ɦom-
5. ɦom-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → Umbr. hom-
PIE *gi̯ɑɦem-
gAv. zam-
(f.) ‘Erde, Erdoberfläche, -boden, -reich’
(AIWb. 1662)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦem-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦem-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦem-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦem-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦem-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *zɦem-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
4. zɦem-
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *zem-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. zem-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → gAv. zam-
PIE *gi̯ɑɦómo-
Lith. žãma-
(a.) ‘niedrig’
(LiEtWb. 1298)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦómo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦómo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦómo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦómo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦómo-
ó → ò
Emergence of gravis PLith. ò
RLiAcc5 → *j́ɦòmo-
4. j́ɦòmo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́ɦòma-
5. j́ɦòma-
PIE *ò → à
Change of *ò into à
Rò›à → *j́ɦàma-
6. j́ɦàma-
*j́ɦ → žɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to žɦ
Rj́ɦ›žɦ → *žɦàma-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. žɦàma-
*žɦ → ž
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ
Ržɦ›ž → *žàma-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. žàma-
àma -› ãma
Circumflex intonation à -› ã
Ràma›ãma → Lith. žãma-
PIE *gi̯ɑɦémo-
Lith. žẽma-
(a.) ‘niedrig’
(LiEtWb. 1298)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦémo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦémo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦémo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦémo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦémo-
é → è
Emergence of gravis PLith. è
RLiAcc4 → *j́ɦèmo-
4. j́ɦèmo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́ɦèma-
5. j́ɦèma-
*j́ɦ → žɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to žɦ
Rj́ɦ›žɦ → *žɦèma-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. žɦèma-
*žɦ → ž
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ
Ržɦ›ž → *žèma-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. žèma-
èma -› ẽma
Circumflex intonation è -› ẽ
Rèma›ẽma → Lith. žẽma-
PIE *gi̯ɑɦémo
Žem. žèma
(adv.) ‘am Boden, unten’
(LiEtWb. 1298)
(case form unclear)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦémo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦémo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦémo
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦémo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦémo
é → è
Emergence of gravis PLith. è
RLiAcc4 → *j́ɦèmo
4. j́ɦèmo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́ɦèma
5. j́ɦèma
*j́ɦ → žɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to žɦ
Rj́ɦ›žɦ → *žɦèma
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. žɦèma
*žɦ → ž
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ
Ržɦ›ž → Žem. žèma
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *gi̯ɑɦémēhɑ-
Lith. žẽmė-
(f.2.) ‘Erde, Boden, Acker, Land’
(LiEtWb. 1298)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦémēhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦémēh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦémēh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦémēh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦémēh-
é → è
Emergence of gravis PLith. è
RLiAcc4 → *j́ɦèmēh-
4. j́ɦèmēh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *j́ɦèmē-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. j́ɦèmē-
*j́ɦ → žɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to žɦ
Rj́ɦ›žɦ → *žɦèmē-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. žɦèmē-
*žɦ → ž
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ
Ržɦ›ž → *žèmē-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. žèmē-
èmē -› ẽmē
Circumflex intonation è -› ẽ
Rèmē›ẽmē → *žẽmē-
8. žẽmē-
* ē -> ė
Change of *ē into ė
Rē›ė → Lith. žẽmė-
PIE *gi̯ɑɦémin-
Lith. žẽmin-
(vb.) ‘erniedrigen, biegen, demütigen’
(LiEtWb. 1298)
(Lith. žẽminti [inf.])
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦémin-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦémin-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦémin-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦémin-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦémin-
é → è
Emergence of gravis PLith. è
RLiAcc4 → *j́ɦèmin-
4. j́ɦèmin-
*j́ɦ → žɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to žɦ
Rj́ɦ›žɦ → *žɦèmin-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. žɦèmin-
*žɦ → ž
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ
Ržɦ›ž → *žèmin-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. žèmin-
èmi -› ẽmi
Circumflex intonation è -› ẽ
Rèmi›ẽmi → Lith. žẽmin-
√giɑɦomto-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gi̯ɑɦomto
CLu. zanta
(adv.) ‘down’ (Goedegebuure 2010)
(DLL. 113)
(CLu. za-an-da, za-an-ta)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦomto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦomto
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦomto
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦomto
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦomto
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́ɦamta
4. j́ɦamta
*j́ɦ → zɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ
Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *zɦamta
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. zɦamta
PIE *mt → nt
Assimilation of labial *m with dental T
Rmt›nt → *zɦanta
6. zɦanta
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. zḫanta
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *gi̯ɑɦomto
HLu. zanta
(INFRAadv.) ‘down’ (Goedegebuure 2010)
(CHLu. 1.1.29)
(HLu. INFRA-ta, INFRA-tá, AHPh. 278)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦomto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦomto
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦomto
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦomto
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦomto
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́ɦamta
4. j́ɦamta
*j́ɦ → zɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ
Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *zɦamta
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. zɦamta
PIE *mt → nt
Assimilation of labial *m with dental T
Rmt›nt → *zɦanta
6. zɦanta
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. zḫanta
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√giɑɦomtu-
PIE *gi̯ɑɦemtu-
LAv. zantu-
(m.) ‘Landkreis, Landbezirk, Gau’
(AIWb. 1660-1)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦemtu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦemtu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦemtu-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦemtu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦemtu-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *zɦemtu-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
4. zɦemtu-
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *zemtu-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. zemtu-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *zamtu-
6. zamtu-
PIE *mt → nt
Assimilation of labial *m with dental T
Rmt›nt → LAv. zantu-
PIE *gi̯ɑɦemtu·shɑōn-
LAv. zantu·šān-
(a.) ‘der sich das Land verdient’
(AIWb. 683)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦemtu·shɑōn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦemtu·shōn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦemtu·shōn-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *gi̯ɦemtu·šhōn-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. gi̯ɦemtu·šhōn-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦemtu·šhōn-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. j́ɦemtu·šhōn-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *j́ɦemtu·šhān-
5. j́ɦemtu·šhān-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *j́ɦemtu·šān-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. j́ɦemtu·šān-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *zɦemtu·šān-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
7. zɦemtu·šān-
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *zemtu·šān-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. zemtu·šān-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *zamtu·šān-
9. zamtu·šān-
PIE *mt → nt
Assimilation of labial *m with dental T
Rmt›nt → LAv. zantu·šān-
PIE *gi̯ɑɦemtu·poti-
gAv. zantu·paiti-
(m.) ‘Gebieter eines Landbezirks’
(AIWb. 1661)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦemtu·poti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦemtu·poti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦemtu·poti-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦemtu·poti-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦemtu·poti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́ɦemtu·pati-
4. j́ɦemtu·pati-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *zɦemtu·pati-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. zɦemtu·pati-
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *zemtu·pati-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. zemtu·pati-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *zamtu·pati-
7. zamtu·pati-
PIE *mt → nt
Assimilation of labial *m with dental T
Rmt›nt → *zantu·pati-
8. zantu·pati-
*ati → aiti
Anaptyxis of *i
RatI›aitI → gAv. zantu·paiti-


PIE √giɑɦn- (vb.) ‘biegen’ (sb.) ‘Knie’
(IEW 380-1)
(Holma 1916:480: Hitt. ganu-; Neu 1972: Hitt. ganin-)
√gioɑɦn-
PIE *gi̯óɑɦnu-
Gr. γόνυ-
(n.) ‘knee’
(GEW 1:321)
(Gr. γόνυ [sgNA])
1. PIE *gi̯óɑɦnu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯óɦnu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯óɦnu-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵóɦnu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵóɦnu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ǵónu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ǵónu-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gónu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gónu-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. γόνυ-
PIE *gi̯óɑɦnu-
RV. jā́nu-
(n.) ‘knee’
(WbRV. 483)
(Brugmann's law II, see SPIE 121ff.)
1. PIE *gi̯óɑɦnu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯óɦnu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯óɦnu-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́óɦnu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́óɦnu-
PIE *óhCV → ā́hCV
Brugmann’s Law for *óhCV
RóHCV›ā́HCV → *j́ā́ɦnu-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
4. j́ā́ɦnu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *j́ā́nu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. j́ā́nu-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → RV. jā́nu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
PIE *gi̯oɑɦnu-
TochA. kanu-
(m.) ‘Knie’
(Poucha 51)
(TochA. kanweṃ [duN])
1. PIE *gi̯oɑɦnu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯oɦnu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯oɦnu-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵoɦnu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵoɦnu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǵaɦnu-
4. ǵaɦnu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ǵanu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ǵanu-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *ganu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. ganu-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → TochA. kanu-
√giɑɦon-
√giɑɦonin-
(HEG K:480)
(Neu 1972:288-295)
PIE *giɑɦoninont-
Hitt. ganinant-
(pt.) ‘gebeugt’ (HHand. 71)
(HIL. 503)
(Hitt. ka-ne-na-an-da-aš)
1. PIE *giɑɦoninont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *giɦoninont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. giɦoninont-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵɦoninont-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦoninont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǵɦaninant-
4. ǵɦaninant-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦaninant-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦaninant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ganinant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *giɑɦonini-
Hitt. ganini-
(vb.1.) ‘sich beugen: bow, crouch, squat’
(HHand. 71)
(Hitt. [ka?]-ni-ni-e-er)
1. PIE *giɑɦonini-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *giɦonini-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. giɦonini-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵɦonini-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦonini-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǵɦanini-
4. ǵɦanini-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦanini-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦanini-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ganini-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *giɑɦoninei̯ou̯or-
Hitt. ganinei̯au̯ar-
(n.) ‘Unterwerfung’ (HHand. 71)
(HED 4:41f.)
(Hitt. ka-ni-ni-ia-u-ua-ar)
1. PIE *giɑɦoninei̯ou̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *giɦoninei̯ou̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. giɦoninei̯ou̯or-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵɦoninei̯ou̯or-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦoninei̯ou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǵɦaninei̯au̯ar-
4. ǵɦaninei̯au̯ar-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦaninei̯au̯ar-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦaninei̯au̯ar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ganinei̯au̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *giɑɦonin·x...
Hitt. ganin·x...
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 169)
(Hitt. ga-ni-in-x[)
1. PIE *giɑɦonin·x...
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *giɦonin·x...
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. giɦonin·x...
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵɦonin·x...
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦonin·x...
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǵɦanin·x...
4. ǵɦanin·x...
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦanin·x...
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦanin·x...
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ganin·x...
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√giɑɦonu-
PIE *giɑɦonu-
Hitt. ganu-
(n.) ‘Knie’
(HEG K:552)
(Hitt. ga-nu-ut [sgI])
1. PIE *giɑɦonu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *giɦonu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. giɦonu-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵɦonu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦonu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǵɦanu-
4. ǵɦanu-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦanu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦanu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ganu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√giɑɦenu-
PIE *giɑɦenu-
Hitt. genu-
(n.) ‘Knie’
(HEG K:552)
(Hitt. gi-e-nu)
1. PIE *giɑɦenu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *giɦenu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. giɦenu-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵɦenu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦenu-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦenu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. gɦenu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. genu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *giɑɦenu·Σ
Pal. genu·kat-
(n.) ‘(ein Fleisch- oder Körperteil)’
(DPal. 59)
(Pal. genukat-)
1. PIE *giɑɦenu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *giɦenu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. giɦenu·Σ
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵɦenu·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦenu·Σ
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦenu·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. gɦenu·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Pal. genu·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√giɑɦn-
PIE *pró·giɑɦnu
Gr. πρό·χνυ-
(adv.) ‘knielings, auf den Knien’
(GEW 2:605)
(Gr. πρόχνυ)
1. PIE *pró·giɑɦnu
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pró·giɦnu
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pró·giɦnu
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *pró·ǵɦnu
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. pró·ǵɦnu
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
Rǵɦ›ḱh → *pró·ḱhnu
4. pró·ḱhnu
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *pró·khnu
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. pró·khnu
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πρό·χνυ


PIE √giɦɑl- √gioɦɑl- √giɦɑol- (sb.) ‘Schlange’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: CLu. + Lith.)
√gioɦɑlti-
PIE *gi̯óɦɑltihɑ-
Lith. žálti-
(c.) ‘Schlange, Natter’
(LiEtWb. 1288-9)
(Lith. žáltį [sgA])
1. PIE *gi̯óɦɑltihɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯óɦltih-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯óɦltih-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́óɦltih-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́óɦltih-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *j́óltih-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. j́óltih-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *j́ólti-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. j́ólti-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *j́álti-
6. j́álti-
*j́ → ž
From Satem *j́ to ž
Rj́›ž → Lith. žálti-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
PIE *gi̯oɦɑltihɑ́-
Lith. žaltỹ-
(c.) ‘Schlange, Natter’
(LiEtWb. 1288-9)
1. PIE *gi̯oɦɑltihɑ́-
PIE *iḫɑ́ → iḫí
Distant assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RiHɑ́›iHí → *gi̯oɦɑltihí-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. gi̯oɦɑltihí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯oɦltihí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gi̯oɦltihí-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́oɦltihí-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. j́oɦltihí-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *j́oɦltihì-
5. j́oɦltihì-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *j́oltihì-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. j́oltihì-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *j́oltiì-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. j́oltiì-
iì → ĩ
Contraction of iì into ĩ
Riì›ĩ → *j́oltĩ-
8. j́oltĩ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́altĩ-
9. j́altĩ-
*j́ → ž
From Satem *j́ to ž
Rj́›ž → Lith. žaltĩ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
√giɦɑolti-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *giɦɑolti-
CLu. zalti-
(c.) ‘(alternates with Sum. MUŠ ‘Schlange: snake’)’
(HHand. 205)
(KBo XXIX 25 Vs. ii? 4 usw.)
1. PIE *giɦɑolti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *giɦolti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. giɦolti-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦolti-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦolti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́ɦalti-
4. j́ɦalti-
*j́ɦ → zɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ
Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *zɦalti-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. zɦalti-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. zḫalti-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *giɦɑoĺtihɑ-
Lith. žal̃ti-
(c.) ‘Schlange, Natter’
(LiEtWb. 1288-9)
(Lith. žal̃tį [sgA])
1. PIE *giɦɑoĺtihɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *giɦoĺtih-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. giɦoĺtih-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦoĺtih-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦoĺtih-
*oĺ -> ol̃
Circumflex intonation for oĺ
Roĺ›ol̃ → *j́ɦol̃tih-
4. j́ɦol̃tih-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *j́ɦol̃ti-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. j́ɦol̃ti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́ɦal̃ti-
6. j́ɦal̃ti-
*j́ɦ → žɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to žɦ
Rj́ɦ›žɦ → *žɦal̃ti-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. žɦal̃ti-
*žɦ → ž
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ
Ržɦ›ž → Lith. žal̃ti-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)


PIE √giɦɑn- √gieɦɑn- √gioɦɑn- √giɦɑen- √giɦɑon- (vb.) ‘(an)erkennen, wahrnehmen’
(IEW 376-8 *ǵen-)
(Machek 1959:78: Lat.; Pyysalo: HLu. + CLu. + Hitt. pa·gnu- + Hitt. ganeš-)
√gieɦɑn-
PIE *gi̯eɦɑen-
RV. jān-
(ao.M.) ‘[A] erkennnen, wahrnehmen’
(WbRV. 501)
(RV. jānate [3pl])
1. PIE *gi̯eɦɑen-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gi̯eɦɑan-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gi̯eɦɑan-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯eɦan-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gi̯eɦan-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́eɦan-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. j́eɦan-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *j́ean-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. j́ean-
*ea → ā
Contraction of ea into ā
Rea›ā → *j́ān-
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
6. j́ān-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → RV. jān-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
PIE *gi̯eɦɑen·Σ
Arm. can·ucʼeal-
(a.) ‘erkannt habend’
(ArmGr. 1:455)
(Arm. canucʼeal-)
1. PIE *gi̯eɦɑen·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gi̯eɦɑan·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gi̯eɦɑan·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯eɦan·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gi̯eɦan·Σ
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́eɦan·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. j́eɦan·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *j́ean·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. j́ean·Σ
*ea → ā
Contraction of ea into ā
Rea›ā → *j́ān·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
6. j́ān·Σ
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → *jān·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. jān·Σ
*j → c
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›c → *cān·Σ
8. cān·Σ
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → Arm. can·Σ
PIE *gi̯égi̯eɦɑon
Gr. γέγων-
(pf.) ‘sich vernehmlich machen, zu erkennen geben, verkünden’
(GEW 1:293)
(Gr. γέγωνα [1sg])
1. PIE *gi̯égi̯eɦɑon
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯égi̯eɦon
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯égi̯eɦon
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵéǵeɦon
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵéǵeɦon
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ǵéǵeon
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ǵéǵeon
*eo → ō
Contraction of e and o
Reo›ō → *ǵéǵōn
5. ǵéǵōn
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gégōn
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. gégōn
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. γέγων
√gieɦɑno-
PIE *ɦɑen·gi̯eɦɑenò
Arm. an·can-
(a.) ‘unbekannt’
(Grundr2 1:419)
(stem uncertain)
1. PIE *ɦɑen·gi̯eɦɑenò
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑan·gi̯eɦɑanò
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑan·gi̯eɦɑanò
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦan·gi̯eɦanò
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦan·gi̯eɦanò
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦan·j́eɦanò
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ɦan·j́eɦanò
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *an·j́eanò
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. an·j́eanò
*ea → ā
Contraction of ea into ā
Rea›ā → *an·j́ānò
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
6. an·j́ānò
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → *an·jānò
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. an·jānò
*j → c
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›c → *an·cānò
8. an·cānò
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *an·canò
9. an·canò
*o → Ø
Loss of *ò
Rò›0 → Arm. an·can
PIE *gi̯eɦɑenó-
RV. jāná-
(ao.A.) ‘kennen, wissen’
(WbRV. 501)
(RV. jānánti [3pl])
1. PIE *gi̯eɦɑenó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gi̯eɦɑanó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gi̯eɦɑanó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯eɦanó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gi̯eɦanó-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́eɦanó-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. j́eɦanó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *j́eɦaná-
5. j́eɦaná-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *j́eaná-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. j́eaná-
*ea → ā
Contraction of ea into ā
Rea›ā → *j́āná-
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
7. j́āná-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → RV. jāná-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑeno-
RV. prá (...) jāna-
(ao.) ‘Bescheid wissen, sich zurechtfinden’
(WbRV. 501)
(RV. prá (...) ajānan [3pl])
1. PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑeno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·gi̯eɦɑano-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·gi̯eɦɑano-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gi̯eɦano-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gi̯eɦano-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *Π·j́eɦano-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. Π·j́eɦano-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·j́eɦana-
5. Π·j́eɦana-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·j́eana-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·j́eana-
*ea → ā
Contraction of ea into ā
Rea›ā → *Π·j́āna-
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
7. Π·j́āna-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → RV. Π·jāna-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑeno-
gAv. paitī·zāna-
(vb.) ‘anerkennen, (bei sich) gutaufnehmen’
(AIWb. 1659)
(gAv. paitī.zānata [2pl])
1. PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑeno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·gi̯eɦɑano-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·gi̯eɦɑano-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gi̯eɦano-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gi̯eɦano-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *Π·j́eɦano-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. Π·j́eɦano-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·j́eɦana-
5. Π·j́eɦana-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·j́eana-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·j́eana-
*ea → ā
Contraction of ea into ā
Rea›ā → *Π·j́āna-
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
7. Π·j́āna-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → gAv. Π·zāna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
PIE *pro·gi̯eɦɑeno-
LAv. fra·zāna-
(vb.) ‘etwas [A] ausfindig zu machen’
(AIWb. 1659)
(LAv. frazānaiti [3sg])
1. PIE *pro·gi̯eɦɑeno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *pro·gi̯eɦɑano-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. pro·gi̯eɦɑano-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pro·gi̯eɦano-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pro·gi̯eɦano-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *pro·j́eɦano-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. pro·j́eɦano-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pra·j́eɦana-
5. pra·j́eɦana-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *pra·j́eana-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. pra·j́eana-
*ea → ā
Contraction of ea into ā
Rea›ā → *pra·j́āna-
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
7. pra·j́āna-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *pra·zāna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
8. pra·zāna-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
RpR›fR → LAv. fra·zāna-
PIE *gi̯eɦɑeno-
ModPers. dāna-
(vb.) ‘wissen’
(AIWb. 1659)
(ModPers. dānad [3sg])
1. PIE *gi̯eɦɑeno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gi̯eɦɑano-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gi̯eɦɑano-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯eɦano-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gi̯eɦano-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́eɦano-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. j́eɦano-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́eɦana-
5. j́eɦana-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *j́eana-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. j́eana-
*ea → ā
Contraction of ea into ā
Rea›ā → *j́āna-
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
7. j́āna-
*j́ → d
From Satem *j́ to d
Rj́›d → ModPers. dāna-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
PIE *gi̯egi̯eɦɑonó-
Gr. γεγωνό-
(a.) ‘laut vernehmlich’
(GEW 1:293)
(Gr. γεγωνός)
1. PIE *gi̯egi̯eɦɑonó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯egi̯eɦonó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯egi̯eɦonó-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵeǵeɦonó-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵeǵeɦonó-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ǵeǵeonó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ǵeǵeonó-
*eo → ō
Contraction of e and o
Reo›ō → *ǵeǵōnó-
5. ǵeǵōnó-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gegōnó-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. gegōnó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. γεγωνό-
√gieɦɑnɑh-
PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑnēɑh-
LAv. ava·zanā-
(pr.) ‘gewahr werden, inne werden, merken, daß...’
(AIWb. 1659)
(LAv. ava.zanąn [3pl])
1. PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gi̯eɦɑnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gi̯eɦɑnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gi̯eɦnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gi̯eɦnāh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *Π·j́eɦnāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. Π·j́eɦnāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·j́enāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·j́enāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·j́enā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·j́enā-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *Π·zenā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
7. Π·zenā-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. Π·zanā-
PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑnēɑh-
LAv. paiti·zanā-
(pr.) ‘anerkennen’
(AIWb. 1659)
(LAv. paiti.zanāt [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gi̯eɦɑnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gi̯eɦɑnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gi̯eɦnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gi̯eɦnāh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *Π·j́eɦnāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. Π·j́eɦnāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·j́enāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·j́enāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·j́enā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·j́enā-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *Π·zenā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
7. Π·zenā-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. Π·zanā-
√gieɦɑenɑh-
PIE *gi̯eɦɑenḗɑh-
RV. jānā́-
(pr.) ‘[A] erkennen, wahrnehmen’
(WbRV. 501)
(RV. jānā́t [3sg])
1. PIE *gi̯eɦɑenḗɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gi̯eɦɑanḗɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gi̯eɦɑanḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *gi̯eɦɑanā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. gi̯eɦɑanā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯eɦanā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. gi̯eɦanā́h-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́eɦanā́h-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. j́eɦanā́h-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *j́eanā́h-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. j́eanā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *j́eanā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. j́eanā́-
*ea → ā
Contraction of ea into ā
Rea›ā → *j́ānā́-
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
8. j́ānā́-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → RV. jānā́-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
PIE *gi̯eɦɑenēɑh-
RV. jānā-
(pr.) ‘kennen, lernen, erfahren’
(WbRV. 501)
(RV. jānāti [3sg])
1. PIE *gi̯eɦɑenēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gi̯eɦɑanēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gi̯eɦɑanēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gi̯eɦɑanāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. gi̯eɦɑanāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯eɦanāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. gi̯eɦanāh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́eɦanāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. j́eɦanāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *j́eanāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. j́eanāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *j́eanā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. j́eanā-
*ea → ā
Contraction of ea into ā
Rea›ā → *j́ānā-
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
8. j́ānā-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → RV. jānā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
PIE *gi̯eɦɑenēɑh-
OPers. dānā-
(pr.) ‘learn, come to know, know’
(OldP. 182)
(OPers. adānā [3sg])
1. PIE *gi̯eɦɑenēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gi̯eɦɑanēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gi̯eɦɑanēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gi̯eɦɑanāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. gi̯eɦɑanāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯eɦanāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. gi̯eɦanāh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́eɦanāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. j́eɦanāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *j́eanāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. j́eanāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *j́eanā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. j́eanā-
*ea → ā
Contraction of ea into ā
Rea›ā → *j́ānā-
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
8. j́ānā-
*j́ → d
From Satem *j́ to d
Rj́›d → OPers. dānā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
PIE *gi̯eɦɑenēɑhutɑhò
Arm. canawtʼ-
(a.) ‘bekannt, bekannt mit –’ (sb.) ‘der Bekannte’
(ArmGr. 1:455-6)
(Arm. canautʼ, canautʼicʼ [plG])
1. PIE *gi̯eɦɑenēɑhutɑhò
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gi̯eɦɑanēɑhutɑhò
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gi̯eɦɑanēɑhutɑhò
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gi̯eɦɑanāɑhutɑhò
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. gi̯eɦɑanāɑhutɑhò
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯eɦanāhuthò
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. gi̯eɦanāhuthò
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́eɦanāhuthò
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. j́eɦanāhuthò
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *j́eanāhuthò
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. j́eanāhuthò
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *j́eanāuthò
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. j́eanāuthò
*ea → ā
Contraction of ea into ā
Rea›ā → *j́ānāuthò
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
8. j́ānāuthò
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *j́ānauthò
(SPIE §2.5.8)
9. j́ānauthò
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → *jānauthò
(SPIE §4.8.4)
10. jānauthò
*th → tʼ
Glottalization of *th
Rth›tʼ → *jānautʼò
11. jānautʼò
*t → tʼ
Glottalization of *t
Rt›t' → *jānaut'ʼò
12. jānaut'ʼò
*j → c
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›c → *cānaut'ʼò
13. cānaut'ʼò
*au → aw
Change of *au into aw
Rau›aw → *cānawt'ʼò
14. cānawt'ʼò
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *canawt'ʼò
15. canawt'ʼò
*o → Ø
Loss of *ò
Rò›0 → Arm. canawt'ʼ
PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑenēɑhutɑhò
Arm. an·canawtʼ-
(a.) ‘unbekannt, unkundig’
(ArmGr. 1:456)
1. PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑenēɑhutɑhò
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·gi̯eɦɑanēɑhutɑhò
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·gi̯eɦɑanēɑhutɑhò
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gi̯eɦɑanāɑhutɑhò
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. Π·gi̯eɦɑanāɑhutɑhò
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gi̯eɦanāhuthò
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·gi̯eɦanāhuthò
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *Π·j́eɦanāhuthò
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. Π·j́eɦanāhuthò
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·j́eanāhuthò
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·j́eanāhuthò
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·j́eanāuthò
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. Π·j́eanāuthò
*ea → ā
Contraction of ea into ā
Rea›ā → *Π·j́ānāuthò
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
8. Π·j́ānāuthò
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *Π·j́ānauthò
(SPIE §2.5.8)
9. Π·j́ānauthò
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → *Π·jānauthò
(SPIE §4.8.4)
10. Π·jānauthò
*th → tʼ
Glottalization of *th
Rth›tʼ → *Π·jānautʼò
11. Π·jānautʼò
*t → tʼ
Glottalization of *t
Rt›t' → *Π·jānaut'ʼò
12. Π·jānaut'ʼò
*j → c
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›c → *Π·cānaut'ʼò
13. Π·cānaut'ʼò
*au → aw
Change of *au into aw
Rau›aw → *Π·cānawt'ʼò
14. Π·cānawt'ʼò
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *Π·canawt'ʼò
15. Π·canawt'ʼò
*o → Ø
Loss of *ò
Rò›0 → Arm. Π·canawt'ʼ
√gie/oɦɑeni-
PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑenɑ́hi-
RV. jānī·-
(pr.A.) ‘[A] kennen, bekannt, vertraut mit [A] sein’
(WbRV. 500)
(RV. jānīmas [1pl])
1. PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑenɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·gi̯eɦɑanɑ́hi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·gi̯eɦɑanɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *Π·gi̯eɦɑaníhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. Π·gi̯eɦɑaníhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gi̯eɦaníhi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·gi̯eɦaníhi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *Π·j́eɦaníhi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. Π·j́eɦaníhi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·j́eaníhi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·j́eaníhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·j́eaníi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. Π·j́eaníi-
*ea → ā
Contraction of ea into ā
Rea›ā → *Π·j́āníi-
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
8. Π·j́āníi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *Π·j́ānī́-
9. Π·j́ānī́-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → RV. Π·jānī́-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
PIE *gi̯egi̯eɦɑoníski̯o-
Gr. γεγωνίσκο-
(pf.) ‘sich vernehmlich machen, zu erkennen geben, verkünden’
(GEW 1:293)
(Gr. γεγωνίσκω)
1. PIE *gi̯egi̯eɦɑoníski̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯egi̯eɦoníski̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯egi̯eɦoníski̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *gi̯egi̯eɦonísḱo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. gi̯egi̯eɦonísḱo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵeǵeɦonísḱo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ǵeǵeɦonísḱo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ǵeǵeonísḱo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ǵeǵeonísḱo-
*eo → ō
Contraction of e and o
Reo›ō → *ǵeǵōnísḱo-
6. ǵeǵōnísḱo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ǵeǵōnísko-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. ǵeǵōnísko-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gegōnísko-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
8. gegōnísko-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. γεγωνίσκο-
PIE *gi̯eɦɑenei̯ēɑh-
Arm. canea-
(ao.) ‘erkennen’
(ArmGr. 1:455)
(Arm. caneay [1sg])
1. PIE *gi̯eɦɑenei̯ēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gi̯eɦɑanei̯ēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gi̯eɦɑanei̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gi̯eɦɑanei̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. gi̯eɦɑanei̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯eɦanei̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. gi̯eɦanei̯āh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́eɦanei̯āh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. j́eɦanei̯āh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *j́eanei̯āh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. j́eanei̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *j́eanei̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. j́eanei̯ā-
*ea → ā
Contraction of ea into ā
Rea›ā → *j́ānei̯ā-
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
8. j́ānei̯ā-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → *jānei̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
9. jānei̯ā-
*j → c
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›c → *cānei̯ā-
10. cānei̯ā-
*ei̯ā → eā
Loss *i̯ between e and ā
Rei̯ā›eā → *cāneā-
11. cāneā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → Arm. canea-
√gieɦɑnkulo-
PIE *gi̯éɦɑnkulo-
Lith. žénkla-
(m.) ‘(Kenn-, Wunder-)Zeichen, Merkmal, Signal’
(LiEtWb. 1300)
(Lith. žénklas [sgN])
1. PIE *gi̯éɦɑnkulo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯éɦnkulo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯éɦnkulo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́éɦnkulo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́éɦnkulo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *j́énkulo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. j́énkulo-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *j́énklo-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. j́énklo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́énkla-
6. j́énkla-
*j́ → ž
From Satem *j́ to ž
Rj́›ž → Lith. žénkla-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
PIE *gi̯eɦɑńkulo-
Lith. žeñkla-
(m.) ‘(Kenn-, Wunder-)Zeichen, Merkmal, Signal’
(LiEtWb. 1300)
(Lith. žeñklas [sgN])
1. PIE *gi̯eɦɑńkulo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯eɦńkulo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯eɦńkulo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́eɦńkulo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́eɦńkulo-
eɦń → eɦñ
Circumflex intonation for eɦń
RLiAcc10 → *j́eɦñkulo-
4. j́eɦñkulo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *j́eñkulo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. j́eñkulo-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *j́eñklo-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. j́eñklo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́eñkla-
7. j́eñkla-
*j́ → ž
From Satem *j́ to ž
Rj́›ž → Lith. žeñkla-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
√gieɦɑnt-
PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑnto-
LAv. paiti·zanta-
(a.) ‘anerkannt’
(AIWb. 1659)
(LAv. paiti.zantō)
1. PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑnto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gi̯eɦnto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gi̯eɦnto-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *Π·j́eɦnto-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·j́eɦnto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·j́eɦnta-
4. Π·j́eɦnta-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·j́enta-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·j́enta-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *Π·zenta-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
6. Π·zenta-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. Π·zanta-
PIE *Π·gi̯oɦɑntlēhɑ
OPr. kogona·santle-
(ONf.) ‘Grenzmal des/der Kogona’
(LiEtWb. 1300-1)
(OPr. kogonassantle)
1. PIE *Π·gi̯oɦɑntlēhɑ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gi̯oɦntlēh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gi̯oɦntlēh
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *Π·j́oɦntlēh
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·j́oɦntlēh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·j́ontlēh
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·j́ontlēh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·j́ontlē
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·j́ontlē
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·j́antlē
6. Π·j́antlē
*j́ → ž
From Satem *j́ to ž
Rj́›ž → *Π·žantlē
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. Π·žantlē
*z → s
Devoicing of assibilant z
Rž›s → *Π·santlē
8. Π·santlē
*ē → ī
Change of *ē into ī
Rē›ī → OPr. Π·santlī
PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑntliuno
OPr. eb·sentliuna-
(pt.) ‘bezeichnet’
(LiEtWb. 1300)
(OPr. ebsentliuns [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑntliuno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gi̯eɦntliuno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gi̯eɦntliuno
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *Π·j́eɦntliuno
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·j́eɦntliuno
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·j́entliuno
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·j́entliuno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·j́entliuna
5. Π·j́entliuna
*j́ → ž
From Satem *j́ to ž
Rj́›ž → *Π·žentliuna
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. Π·žentliuna
*z → s
Devoicing of assibilant z
Rž›s → OPr. Π·sentliuna
PIE *su·gi̯oɦɑntu-
gAv. hu·zǝ̄ntu-
(a.) ‘der gute Kunde hat von, wohlvertraut ist mit’
(AIWb. 1839)
1. PIE *su·gi̯oɦɑntu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *su·gi̯oɦntu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. su·gi̯oɦntu-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *su·j́oɦntu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. su·j́oɦntu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su·j́aɦntu-
4. su·j́aɦntu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *su·j́antu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. su·j́antu-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *hu·j́antu-
6. hu·j́antu-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → gAv. hu·zantu-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
PIE *seu·gi̯oɦɑntu̯o-
gAv. hao·ząϑwa-
(n.) ‘Wohlvertrautheit, Wissendheit’
(AIWb. 1738)
1. PIE *seu·gi̯oɦɑntu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *seu·gi̯oɦntu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. seu·gi̯oɦntu̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *seu·j́oɦntu̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. seu·j́oɦntu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *seu·j́aɦntu̯a-
4. seu·j́aɦntu̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *seu·j́antu̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. seu·j́antu̯a-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *heu·j́antu̯a-
6. heu·j́antu̯a-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *heu·zantu̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
7. heu·zantu̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *hau·zantu̯a-
8. hau·zantu̯a-
*au → ao
Opening of *au
Rau›ao → *hao·zantu̯a-
9. hao·zantu̯a-
*tR → ϑR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
RtR›ϑR → *hao·zanϑu̯a-
10. hao·zanϑu̯a-
*ϑu̯ -› ϑβ
Softening of ϑu̯ into ϑβ
Ru̯›β → gAv. hao·zanϑβa-
√giɦɑonōs-
PIE *giɦɑonōs-
OLat. honōs-
(m.) ‘Anerkennung, Auszeichnung’
(WH. 1:655-6)
(OLat. honōs, honōris)
1. PIE *giɦɑonōs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *giɦonōs-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. giɦonōs-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵɦonōs-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦonōs-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦonōs-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. gɦonōs-
*gɦ → ɦ
Loss of *g in *gɦ
Rgɦ›ɦ → *ɦonōs-
5. ɦonōs-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OLat. honōs-
PIE *giɦɑonōsēɑh-
Lat. honōrā-
(vb.) ‘auszeichnen, ehren’
(WH. 1:655-6)
(Lat. honōrāre)
1. PIE *giɦɑonōsēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *giɦɑonōsāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. giɦɑonōsāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *giɦonōsāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. giɦonōsāh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵɦonōsāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ǵɦonōsāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ǵɦonōsā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ǵɦonōsā-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦonōsā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. gɦonōsā-
*gɦ → ɦ
Loss of *g in *gɦ
Rgɦ›ɦ → *ɦonōsā-
7. ɦonōsā-
*VsV → VrV
Rhotacism of *s between vowels
RVsV›VrV → *ɦonōrā-
8. ɦonōrā-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → Lat. honōrā-
√giɦɑones-
(Machek 1959:78 despite Tischler HEG K:478-80)
PIE *giɦɑones-
Hitt. ganeš-
(vb.1.) ‘an/wiedererkennnen, herausfinden’
(HHand. 71)
(Hitt. ga-ni-eš-mi, ga-ne-eš-zi)
1. PIE *giɦɑones-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *giɦones-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. giɦones-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵɦones-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦones-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǵɦanes-
4. ǵɦanes-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦanes-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦanes-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ganes-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ganes-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ganeš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·giɦɑones-
Hitt. menaḫanda ganeš·-
(vb.) ‘entgegenspüren = durchschauen’
(HHand. 71)
1. PIE *Π·giɦɑones-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·giɦones-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·giɦones-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *Π·ǵɦones-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·ǵɦones-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ǵɦanes-
4. Π·ǵɦanes-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *Π·gɦanes-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. Π·gɦanes-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·ganes-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. Π·ganes-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·ganeš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *giɦɑones-
Lat. hones-
(pf.) ‘anerkennen’
(WH. 1:665-6)
(in Lat. honestus)
1. PIE *giɦɑones-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *giɦones-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. giɦones-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵɦones-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦones-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦones-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. gɦones-
*gɦ → ɦ
Loss of *g in *gɦ
Rgɦ›ɦ → *ɦones-
5. ɦones-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → Lat. hones-
PIE *giɦɑoneso-
Hitt. ganeša-
(vb.) ‘recognize, acknowledge’
(HIL. 504)
(Hitt. ka-ni-eš-ša-an-zi)
1. PIE *giɦɑoneso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *giɦoneso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. giɦoneso-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵɦoneso-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦoneso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǵɦanesa-
4. ǵɦanesa-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦanesa-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦanesa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ganesa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ganesa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ganeša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *giɦɑonesont-
Hitt. ganešant-
(pt.) ‘verehrt’
(HEG K:478-80)
(Hitt. ka-ni-eš-ša-an-t-, Hitt. ka-ni-eš-ša-an [n.sgNA])
1. PIE *giɦɑonesont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *giɦonesont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. giɦonesont-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵɦonesont-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦonesont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǵɦanesant-
4. ǵɦanesant-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦanesant-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦanesant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ganesant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ganesant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ganešant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *giɦɑonesto-
Lat. honesto-
(pt.) ‘anerkennenswert, ehrenvoll, anständig’
(WH. 1:655-6)
1. PIE *giɦɑonesto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *giɦonesto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. giɦonesto-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵɦonesto-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦonesto-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦonesto-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. gɦonesto-
*gɦ → ɦ
Loss of *g in *gɦ
Rgɦ›ɦ → *ɦonesto-
5. ɦonesto-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → Lat. honesto-
PIE *giɦɑonesu̯o-
Hitt. ganešu̯a-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘an/wiedererkennen, herausfinden’
(HHand. 71)
(Hitt. ka-ni-iš-šu-ua-an-zi)
1. PIE *giɦɑonesu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *giɦonesu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. giɦonesu̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵɦonesu̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦonesu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǵɦanesu̯a-
4. ǵɦanesu̯a-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦanesu̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦanesu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ganesu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ganesu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ganešu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *giɦɑonesu̯ont-
Hitt. ganešu̯ant-
(a.) ‘erkannt’
(HHand. 71)
(Hitt. ka-ni-eš-šu-u-ua-an; or sup?)
1. PIE *giɦɑonesu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *giɦonesu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. giɦonesu̯ont-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵɦonesu̯ont-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦonesu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǵɦanesu̯ant-
4. ǵɦanesu̯ant-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦanesu̯ant-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦanesu̯ant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ganesu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ganesu̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ganešu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *giɦɑonesu̯or-
Hitt. ganešu̯ar-
(N.act.) ‘Erkennung ‹cf. above›’
(HHand. 71)
(Hitt. ka-ni-eš-šu-u-ua-ar)
1. PIE *giɦɑonesu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *giɦonesu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. giɦonesu̯or-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵɦonesu̯or-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦonesu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǵɦanesu̯ar-
4. ǵɦanesu̯ar-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦanesu̯ar-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦanesu̯ar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ganesu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ganesu̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ganešu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√giɦɑeni-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *giɦɑeni-
HLu. zani-
(OCULUSvb.) ‘admire’
(CHLu. 10.16.6)
(HLu. OCULUS(-)zá-ni-ta)
1. PIE *giɦɑeni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *giɦɑani-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. giɦɑani-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *giɦani-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. giɦani-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦani-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. j́ɦani-
*j́ɦ → zɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ
Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *zɦani-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. zɦani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. zḫani-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√giɦɑenu-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *on·giɦɑenu-
CLu. an·zanu-
(cs.) ‘zeigen, lehren?’
(HHand. 18)
(DLL. –)
1. PIE *on·giɦɑenu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *on·giɦɑanu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. on·giɦɑanu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *on·giɦanu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. on·giɦanu-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *on·j́ɦanu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. on·j́ɦanu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *an·j́ɦanu-
5. an·j́ɦanu-
*j́ɦ → zɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ
Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *an·zɦanu-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
6. an·zɦanu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. an·zḫanu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *po·giɦɑnu-
Hitt. pa·gnu-
(vb.2.) ‘anzeigen, verleumden’
(HHand. 117)
(Hitt. pa-ak-nu-ir, pa-ak-nu-e-ir)
1. PIE *po·giɦɑnu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *po·giɦnu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. po·giɦnu-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *po·ǵɦnu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. po·ǵɦnu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pa·ǵɦnu-
4. pa·ǵɦnu-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *pa·gɦnu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. pa·gɦnu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. pa·gnu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√giɦɑenus-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *giɦɑenusto-
Hitt. ganušta-
(LÚc.) ‘‹cf. Pael. hanusto-›’
(NOMS. 508)
(Hitt. ga-nu-uš-ta[ [All])
1. PIE *giɦɑenusto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *giɦɑanusto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. giɦɑanusto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *giɦanusto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. giɦanusto-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵɦanusto-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ǵɦanusto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǵɦanusta-
5. ǵɦanusta-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦanusta-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. gɦanusta-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ganusta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. ganusta-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ganušta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *giɦɑenusto-
Pael. hanusto-
(pt.a.) ‘honestus’
(WH. 1:665-6)
(Pael. hanustu)
1. PIE *giɦɑenusto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *giɦɑanusto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. giɦɑanusto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *giɦanusto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. giɦanusto-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵɦanusto-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ǵɦanusto-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦanusto-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦanusto-
*gɦ → ɦ
Loss of *g in *gɦ
Rgɦ›ɦ → *ɦanusto-
6. ɦanusto-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → Pael. hanusto-


PIE √l- (vb.) ‘angreifen, ergreifen, nehmen, rauben’
(IEW 665)
(Pyysalo: CLu. + HLu.)
√lo-
(HEG T:6)
(HIL. 928)
PIE *lo-
CLu. la-
(vb.) ‘nehmen’
(DLL. 90)
(CLu. la-at-ta [3sg])
1. PIE *lo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. la-
PIE *hɑiki·lo
Lyd. is·l-
(a.) ‘angefangen?’
(LydWb. 135)
(Lyd. islλ [sgDL])
1. PIE *hɑiki·lo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hiki·lo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hiki·lo
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *hić·lo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hić·lo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hić·la
4. hić·la
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *his·la
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. his·la
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *is·la
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. is·la
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Lyd. is·l
PIE *Π·lo-
HLu. ARHA la·-
(vb.2.*) ‘take away’
(CHLu. 2.40.11)
(HLu. ARHA la-i [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·lo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. Π·la-
PIE *Π·lo-
HLu. zanta la·-
(CAPEREvb.) ‘capture’
(CHLu. 4.2.4)
(HLu. INFRA CAPERE(-)la-ha)
1. PIE *Π·lo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. Π·la-
√lolo-
PIE *lolo-
CLu. lala-
(vb.) ‘nehmen’ (HHand. 91)
(DLL. 61)
(CLu. la-(a)-la-an-ti [3pl], la-(a-)la-at-ta)
1. PIE *lolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. lala-
PIE *Π·lolo-
HLu. pri lala·-
(CAPEREvb.) ‘bring before’
(CHLu. 4.4.10)
(HLu. PRAE-i (‘CAPERE’)la-la-ta)
1. PIE *Π·lolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. Π·lala-
√lɑh-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Lḗɑh-
OInd. lā́-
(pr.) ‘ergreifen, mit sich nehmen’
(KEWA 3:99)
(OInd. lā́ti [3sg])
1. PIE *Lḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *Lā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Lā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Lā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Lā́h-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *lā́h-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. lā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OInd. lā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Lḗɑh-
OInd. lā́-
(f.) ‘das Nehmen’
(KEWA 3:99)
(OInd. lā [sgN])
1. PIE *Lḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *Lā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Lā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Lā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Lā́h-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *lā́h-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. lā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OInd. lā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Π·lḗɑho-
HLu. ARHA laḫa·-
(MANUS.218vb.) ‘angreifen’ (HEG L:8)
(CHLu. 2.27.21)
(ARHA MANUS.*218(-)la/i/u?-ha-i)
1. PIE *Π·lḗɑho-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *Π·lā́ɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·lā́ɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·lā́ho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·lā́ho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·lā́ha-
4. Π·lā́ha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. Π·lā́ḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√loi-
(IEW 665 lǝi-)
PIE *loloi-
CLu. lalai-
(vb.) ‘nehmen’
(DLL. 61)
(CLu. la-la-a-i(-u̯a))
1. PIE *loloi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. lalai-
PIE *loi̯o-
CLu. laa-
(vb.) ‘nehmen’
(DLL. 61)
(CLu. la-a-at-ta [3sg] = Hitt. daš)
1. PIE *loi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lai̯a-
2. lai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → CLu. laa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
PIE *loimo-
CLu. laima-
(pt.) ‘genommen’ (HHand. 90)
(DLL. 61)
(CLu. [l]a?-a-i-im-ma-an [sgA])
1. PIE *loimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. laima-
√lou-
PIE *lolou-
Hitt. lalau-
(vb.) ‘nehmen’
(HHand. 91)
(Hitt. lalauna [inf.])
1. PIE *lolou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. lalau-
PIE *lou̯or-
CLu. lau̯ar-
(vb.) ‘berauben, entblößen’
(HHand. 93)
1. PIE *lou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. lau̯ar-
PIE *lou̯orimo-
CLu. lau̯arima-
(pt.) ‘beraubt (or ‘broken’?)’
(HHand. 93)
(‹either here or to PIE √lu- √lou- √leu- ‘Art Messer, Klinge›)
1. PIE *lou̯orimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. lau̯arima-


PIE √l- √ol- √el- (sb.) ‘Zweig, Baum, Hein, Tempel, Gott’
(IEW 32)
(Pyysalo: OAnat.)
√olk-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *olk-
Goth. alh-
(f.) ‘Tempel’
(GoEtD. A120)
1. PIE *olk-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *olx-
2. olx-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *alx-
3. alx-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → Goth. alh-
PIE *oĺko-
OLith. al̃ka-
(m.) ‘heiliger Hain, Opferstelle’
(LiEtWb. 7)
1. PIE *oĺko-
*oĺ -> ol̃
Circumflex intonation for oĺ
Roĺ›ol̃ → *ol̃ko-
2. ol̃ko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OLith. al̃ka-
PIE *olko
OEng. ealh-
(sb.) ‘Tempel’
(ASaxD. 230)
1. PIE *olko
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *olxo
2. olxo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *alxa
3. alxa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *alx
4. alx
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *alh
5. alh
*a → ea
Change of *a into ea
Ra=›ea= → OEng. ealh
PIE *olkesto-
OHitt. alkešta-
(c.) ‘Zweig, Ast’
(HEG A:17-18)
1. PIE *olkesto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *alkesta-
2. alkesta-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → OHitt. alkešta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·olkesno-
Hitt. ḫat·alkešna-
(sb.) ‘Weißdorn?’
(HEG A:17-18)
1. PIE *Π·olkesno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·alkesna-
2. Π·alkesna-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·alkešna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√elko-
PIE *eĺko-
OLith. el̃ka-
(m.) ‘heiliger Hain’
(LiEtWb. 7)
1. PIE *eĺko-
*eĺ -> el̃
Circumflex intonation for eĺ
Reĺ›el̃ → *el̃ko-
2. el̃ko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OLith. el̃ka-
PIE *eĺko
Latv. èlk-
(m.) ‘Götze’
(IEW 32)
(Latv. èlks)
1. PIE *eĺko
eĺ -› èl
Latvian tone rule eĺ -› èl
RAccLatv10 → *èlko
2. èlko
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *èlka
3. èlka
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Latv. èlk
PIE *eĺko
Latv. èlk-
(m.) ‘temple’
(LiEtWb. 7)
(Latv. èlka kalns ‘temple hill’)
1. PIE *eĺko
eĺ -› èl
Latvian tone rule eĺ -› èl
RAccLatv10 → *èlko
2. èlko
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *èlka
3. èlka
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Latv. èlk


PIE √l- √ol- √el- (sb.) ‘Fest, Feier’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√li-
PIE *Π·li-
Hitt. ḫašanta·li-
(EZEN4.) ‘(ein Fest)’
(HHand. 45)
(to Hitt. ḫašant- ‘(rechtmäßig) geboren, neugeboren’)
PIE *Π·li-
Hitt. puru·li-
(EZEN4.) ‘puruli-Fest’
(HHand. 136)
(Hitt. EZEN4 puruli̯aš [sgG])
√lio-
PIE *Π·lio-
Lat. compitā·lio-
(n.pl) ‘the festival of the Lares Compitales’ (OxLatD. 376)
(WH. 1:258)
(Lat. compitālia [plNA])
PIE *Π·lio-
Lat. opā·lio-
(n.pl) ‘Fest der Ops’
(WH. 2:215)
(Lat. opālia)
PIE *Π·lio-
Lat. saturnā·lio-
(n.pl) ‘Saturnalien’
(WH. 2:483)
(Lat. saturnālia)
PIE *Π·lio-
Osc. uesul·lio-
(n.pl) ‘Feste der Göttin uesuna’
(WbOU. 851-2)
(Osc. uesulliais)
√litu-
PIE *litu-
OGaul. litu-
(PNm.) ‘Lafête’
(DLG. 205)
(OGaul. litus [sgN])
PIE *litu·gi̯eɦɑno-
OGaul. litu·geno-
(PNm.) ‘né de la fête’
(DLG. 205)
(OGaul. litugenos)
1. PIE *litu·gi̯eɦɑno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *litu·gi̯eɦno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. litu·gi̯eɦno-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *litu·ǵeɦno-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. litu·ǵeɦno-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *litu·ǵeno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. litu·ǵeno-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → OGaul. litu·geno-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
PIE *litu·gi̯eɦɑnēɑh-
OGaul. litu·genā-
(PNf.) ‘née de la fête’
(DLG. 205)
(OGaul. litogena)
1. PIE *litu·gi̯eɦɑnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *litu·gi̯eɦɑnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. litu·gi̯eɦɑnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *litu·gi̯eɦnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. litu·gi̯eɦnāh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *litu·ǵeɦnāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. litu·ǵeɦnāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *litu·ǵenāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. litu·ǵenāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *litu·ǵenā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. litu·ǵenā-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → OGaul. litu·genā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
PIE *litu·ginēɑɦto-
Galat. λιτυ·γνᾱτο-
(PNm.) ‘-(?)-’
(DLG. 205)
(Galat. λιτυγνατος)
1. PIE *litu·ginēɑɦto-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *litu·gināɑɦto-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. litu·gināɑɦto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *litu·gināɦto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. litu·gināɦto-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *litu·ǵnāɦto-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. litu·ǵnāɦto-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *litu·ǵnāto-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. litu·ǵnāto-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *litu·gnāto-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. litu·gnāto-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Galat. λιτυ·γνᾱτο-
PIE *litu·mōro-
OGaul. litu·māro-
(PNm.) ‘qui donne de grandes fêtes?’
(DLG. 205)
(OGaul. litumari [sgG])
1. PIE *litu·mōro-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → OGaul. litu·māro-
PIE *litu
OIr. lith-
(m.) ‘jour de fête, heureux jour, festival’
(DLG. 205)
1. PIE *litu
VtV → VthV
Lenition of voiceless stop *t
Rt›th → OIr. lithu
PIE *litu
Bret. lid-
(m.) ‘solennité, cérémonie’
(DLG. 205)
1. PIE *litu
VtV -> VdV
Lenition of VtV into VdV 
Rt›d → Bret. lidu
√liu-
PIE *nem·neɑh·liu-
OGaul. nemnaliu-
(vb.) ‘célébrer’
(DLG. 234)
(OGaul. nemnaliIumi [1sg])
1. PIE *nem·neɑh·liu-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *nem·naɑh·liu-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. nem·naɑh·liu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nem·nah·liu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nem·nah·liu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OGaul. nem·na·liu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√lno- √olno- √elno-
PIE *nem·neɑh·lno
OIr. nemnall-
(sb.) ‘célébration (de la messe)’
(DIL. 477)
1. PIE *nem·neɑh·lno
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *nem·naɑh·lno
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. nem·naɑh·lno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nem·nah·lno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nem·nah·lno
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *nem·na·lno
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. nem·na·lno
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → *nem·na·llo
5. nem·na·llo
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr → OIr. nem·na·ll


PIE √l- √ol- √lo- (vb.) ‘sprechen’ (sb.) ‘Zunge, Gerede’
(IEW 306)
(Pyysalo: OAnat.)
√ol-
PIE *ol-
OIr. ol-
(pret.) ‘inquit’
(IEW 306 [sub 4. el-, ol-])
√lolo-
PIE *lolo-
Hitt. lala-
(c./n.) ‘Zunge; üble Rede, Diffamierung: EME’
(HEG L:19-20)
(Hitt. la-a-la-aš, la-la-aš, la-a-la-an, la-la-a-an, la-la-aš, la-a-li, la-a-lu-uš [plA])
1. PIE *lolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. lala-
PIE *lolo-
Pal. lala-
(c.) ‘Zunge?’ (CHD L:21-5)
(DPal. 62)
(if in Pal. lalan·ta [sgA-Ort])
1. PIE *lolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Pal. lala-
PIE *lolo-
CLu. lala-
(c.*) ‘Zunge, Gerede’
(HHand. 91)
(CLu. EME-an, EME-ti, SHV 207-8, 265)
1. PIE *lolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. lala-
PIE *lolo-
Hitt. lala-
(vb.M.) ‘(im magischen Spruch)’
(HEG L:20-1)
(Hitt. ma-a-a]n ŠA la-la-an-da me-ma-i nu la-la-at-ta-ru)
1. PIE *lolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. lala-
PIE *lolo-
Hitt. lala-
(vb.) ‘sprechen’ (CGr. 2:46, HHand. 91)
(HEG L:20)
(Hitt. la-la-u-ua-an-zi [inf.])
1. PIE *lolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. lala-
PIE *lolo·so-
CLu. lala·ša-
(dc.) ‘god of the tongue’
(DLL. 62)
(GhR. 776, RDH. 69, CLuLex. 122, OHP. 1:279, Hitt. la-la-aš-ši [sgD])
1. PIE *lolo·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lala·sa-
2. lala·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. lala·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√lolondɑɦ-
(HEG L:20-1)
PIE *lolondɑɦo-
Pal. lalanda-
(sb.) ‘Zunge?’
(HHand. 91)
1. PIE *lolondɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lolondɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. lolondɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lalandɦa-
3. lalandɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Pal. lalanda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *lolondɑɦo-
Hitt. lalanda-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 240)
(Hitt. la-la-an-ta, la-la-an-da; ma-a-a]n ŠA la-la-an-da me-ma-i nu la-la-at-ta-ru ‹cf. HEG L:20-1 & context; OGHErg. 92›)
1. PIE *lolondɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lolondɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. lolondɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lalandɦa-
3. lalandɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. lalanda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *lolondɑɦei-
HLu. lalandei-
(LINGUAc.) ‘language’
(CHLu. 2.24.20)
(HLu. “LINGUA”-la-ti-i-na [sgA])
1. PIE *lolondɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lolondɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. lolondɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lalandɦei-
3. lalandɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. lalandei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *lolondɑɦei·u̯osɑho-
Hitt. lalandei·u̯ašḫa-
(fc.) ‘-(?)-’
(HEG L:2)
(Hitt. la-la-an-ti-ua-aš-ḫa [Abs]; NOMS. 681)
1. PIE *lolondɑɦei·u̯osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lolondɦei·u̯osho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. lolondɦei·u̯osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lalandɦei·u̯asha-
3. lalandɦei·u̯asha-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *lalandei·u̯asha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. lalandei·u̯asha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *lalandei·u̯ašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. lalandei·u̯ašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. lalandei·u̯ašḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√loli-
PIE *loli-
Hitt. lali-
(c.) ‘tongue’
(HIL. 597)
(Hitt. la-a-li-it)
1. PIE *loli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. lali-
PIE *loli-
CLu. lali-
(c.) ‘Wort, Rede: langue? (HEG L:20)’
(DLL. 62)
(CLu. la-li-iš, la-a-li-in [sgA], EME-in-zi)
1. PIE *loli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. lali-
PIE *loli-
HLu. lali-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 10.37.2)
(HLu. Ila-li-sá [sgN] ‹cf. HEG L:20›)
1. PIE *loli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. lali-
PIE *loli̯en-
Lyd. laλẽn-
(pt.) ‘aussprechend’
(LydWb. 158)
(Lyd. laλẽnś [sgN])
1. PIE *loli̯en-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lali̯en-
2. lali̯en-
*en → ẽn
Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ
ReN›ẽN → *lali̯ẽn-
3. lali̯ẽn-
*li̯ -> λ
Change of li̯ into λ
Rli̯›λ → Lyd. laλẽn-


PIE √l- √ol- √el- (vb.) ‘verzaubern, verhexen’ (a.) ‘besessen’
(IEW 30, 33)
(Puhvel: Lith.; Polomé 1954; for the semantics, cf. cf. Goth. wōd- ‘besessen’, OHG. wuot- ‘insanitus’)
√olp-
(HEG A:18)
(HW2 A:60f., HED 1:39-41, AHPh. 104, HIL. 206-7)
PIE *oĺp-
Lith. al̃p-
(vb.) ’das Bewußtsein verlieren, ohnmächtig werden’
(LiEtWb. 9)
(For Lith. al̃pti ‘swoon, faint, be ecstatic’ belonging here, see Puhvel HED 1:39-41)
1. PIE *oĺp-
*oĺ -> ol̃
Circumflex intonation for oĺ
Roĺ›ol̃ → *ol̃p-
2. ol̃p-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Lith. al̃p-
PIE *ōlp-
TochB. ālp-
(PN.) ‘-(?)-’
(DTochB. 55)
(Adams (DTochB. 55): from the Uyghur word for ‘the powerful’)
1. PIE *ōlp-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → TochB. ālp-
PIE *olpo-
OIcl. alf-
(m.) ‘Albe, Elf’
(ANEtWb. 5-6)
(OIcl. alfr [sgN])
1. PIE *olpo-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›fRestr → *olfo-
2. olfo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OIcl. alfa-
PIE *olpi-
OEng. ælf-
(m.) ‘an elf, genius, incubus’
(ASaxD. 14)
(Mikkola & Petersson apud Fraenkel LiEtWb. 9)
1. PIE *olpi-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *olfi-
2. olfi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *alfi-
3. alfi-
alfi → ælf
Umlaut a-i -> æ
Ralfi›ælf → OEng. ælf-
PIE *olpi̯·oidɑɦlo
OEng. ælf·ādl
(f.) ‘Elf-disease’ (ephialtae morbus)
(ASaxD. 14)
1. PIE *olpi̯·oidɑɦlo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *olpi̯·oidɦlo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. olpi̯·oidɦlo
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *olfi̯·oidɦlo
3. olfi̯·oidɦlo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *olfi̯·oidlo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. olfi̯·oidlo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *alfi̯·aidla
5. alfi̯·aidla
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *alfi̯·aidl
6. alfi̯·aidl
alfi → ælf
Umlaut a-i -> æ
Ralfi›ælf → *ælf·aidl
7. ælf·aidl
*ai → ā
Monophthongization of *ai into ā
Rai›ā → OEng. ælf·ādl
PIE *olpont-
Hitt. alpant-
(pt.) ‘behext, verzaubert (said of DUMU ‘child’)’
(HEG A:18)
(Hitt. DUMU-la-aš al-pa-an-za, HHand. 14)
1. PIE *olpont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. alpant-
√elp-
PIE *elp-
OEng. ilf
(f.) ‘an elf’
(ASaxD. 588)
1. PIE *elp-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *elf-
2. elf-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → OEng. ilf-
PIE *elpigɑɦo
OEng. ilfig-
(a.) ‘affected by elves, mad, frantic’
(ASaxD. 588)
1. PIE *elpigɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *elpigɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. elpigɦo
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *elfigɦo
3. elfigɦo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *elfigo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. elfigo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *elfiga
5. elfiga
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *ilfiga
6. ilfiga
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OEng. ilfig
√olu-
(Polomé (1954a) apud HEG A:20-1)
(IEW 30 [diff.])
PIE *olu-
ORun. alu-
(n.) ‘magic spell’
(ANEtWb. 7)
(IE&IE 708)
1. PIE *olu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → ORun. alu-
PIE *olu·Σ
OIcl. ǫl·rūn
(n.) ‘tabu’
(ANEtWb. 7)
1. PIE *olu·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *alu·Σ
2. alu·Σ
*a — u → ǫ — Ø
Umlaut for a — u
Ralu›ǫl → OIcl. ǫl·Σ
PIE *olu̯ondɑɦi̯ēɑh-
Hitt. alu̯anzāḫ-
(vb.1.) ‘UḪ7: verzaubern, verhexen’
(HEG A:20-21)
1. PIE *olu̯ondɑɦi̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *olu̯ondɑɦi̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. olu̯ondɑɦi̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *olu̯ondɦi̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. olu̯ondɦi̯āh-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *olu̯onjɦāh-
4. olu̯onjɦāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *alu̯anjɦāh-
5. alu̯anjɦāh-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *alu̯anjāh-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. alu̯anjāh-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *alu̯anzāh-
7. alu̯anzāh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. alu̯anzāḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *olu̯ondɑɦi̯ēɑho-
Hitt. alu̯anzāḫa-
(c.) ‘Zauber(kraft): sorcery’
(HHand. 14)
1. PIE *olu̯ondɑɦi̯ēɑho-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *olu̯ondɑɦi̯āɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. olu̯ondɑɦi̯āɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *olu̯ondɦi̯āho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. olu̯ondɦi̯āho-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *olu̯onjɦāho-
4. olu̯onjɦāho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *alu̯anjɦāha-
5. alu̯anjɦāha-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *alu̯anjāha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. alu̯anjāha-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *alu̯anzāha-
7. alu̯anzāha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. alu̯anzāḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √l- √lo- √le- (neg.) ‘nicht, un-, nein’ (prep.) ‘ohne’ (vb.) ‘lösen, freimachen’
(IEW 666)
(Pedersen HiuA 163-4; Sommer 1947:65; Pisani 1953:308: OAnat. + OHG.)
√lē-
(CHD L:55f.)
(HED 5:74-77)
PIE *lē-
Hitt. lē
(neg.) ‘nicht’
(HEG L:50-2)
(Hitt. li-e (OS), HIL. 605)
PIE *lē-
OHG. lā-
(vb.) ‘do not’ (Sommer 1947:65)
(HEG L:51)
(OHG. lā [ipv2sg] ‘don’t’)
1. PIE *lē-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → OHG. lā-
PIE *lē-
OHG. lā-
(vb.) ‘lassen’
(HEG L:51)
(OHG. lā [ipv2sg], lān [inf.])
1. PIE *lē-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → OHG. lā-
√lo-
PIE *lo-
Hitt. la-
(vb.M.) ‘lösen, freimachen’
(HIL. 589)
(Hitt. la-at-ta-at)
1. PIE *lo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. la-
PIE *lo-
CLu. la-
(vb.) ‘lösen, freimachen’
(KUB xxxv 43 Vs. ii 17)
(CLu. la-at-ta [3sg])
1. PIE *lo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. la-
PIE *lo-
HLu. la-
(Ic.) ‘‹here if ≈ ‘Erlöser’›’
(CHLu. 2.27.17)
(HLu. la-sá [sgN])
1. PIE *lo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. la-
PIE *lo-
Alb. la-
(vb.) ‘lassen: let’
(HIL. 589)
(Alb. la [pret3sg])
1. PIE *lo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Alb. la-
√loi-
(CHD L:1ff., HEG L:1ff.)
PIE *loi-
Hitt. lai-
(vb.2.) ‘lösen, freimachen’ (HED 5:31f.)
(HIL. 589)
(Hitt. la-a-i [3sg], la-a-ú [3sg])
1. PIE *loi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. lai-


PIE √l- √ol- √el- √lo- √le- (sb.) ‘Stein, Fels’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√olo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *olo-
HLu. ala-
(c.) ‘Felsblock’
(CHLu. 10.25.1)
(HLu. á-la-na [sgA])
1. PIE *olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. ala-
PIE *Π·oLo-
OInd. tar·ala-
(m.) ‘der mittlere Edelstein (in einem Halsschmuck)’
(KEWA 1:481)
1. PIE *Π·oLo-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *Π·olo-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. Π·olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OInd. Π·ala-


PIE √l- √lo- √le- ‘schneiden’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√lo-
PIE *Lo-
OInd. la-
(sb.) ‘cutting’
(MonWil. 891)
(W. la-)
1. PIE *Lo-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *lo-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. lo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OInd. la-
√lɑh-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·leɑho-
HLu. ARHA laḫa·-
(MANUS.*218vb.) ‘infringe’
(CHLu. 2.27.20)
(HLu. ARHA MANUS.*218(-)la/i/u?-ha-i)
1. PIE *Π·leɑho-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·laɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·laɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·laho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·laho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·laha-
4. Π·laha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. Π·laḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *leɑh·Σ
TochB. la·stāṅk-
(sb.) ‘executioner’s block’
(DTochB. 546)
(TochB. mäkte kertte lastānkmeṃ [Abl] ‹TochB. stānk ‘palace’›)
1. PIE *leɑh·Σ
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *laɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. laɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lah·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lah·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochB. la·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *lēɑh·Σ
TochA. lā·staṅk-
(sb.) ‘idem?’
(Poucha 266)
(TochA. lāstaṅk [233 a 3])
1. PIE *lēɑh·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *lāɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. lāɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lāh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lāh·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochA. lā·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√lɑhmi-
√lɑhni-
PIE *leɑni̯ēɑh-
Lat. laniā-
(pr.1.) ‘zerfleischen, zerstückeln, zerreißen’
(WH. 1:759-60)
(Lat. laniāre)
1. PIE *leɑni̯ēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *laɑni̯ēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. laɑni̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *laɑni̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. laɑni̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lani̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. lani̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *lani̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. lani̯ā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → Lat. laniā-
PIE *leɑni̯o-
Lat. lanio-
(m.) ‘Fleischer, Schlächter, Metzger; Henker’
(WH. 1:759-60)
(Lat. lanius)
1. PIE *leɑni̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *laɑni̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. laɑni̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lani̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lani̯o-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → Lat. lanio-
PIE *leɑni̯olo-
Lat. laniolo-
(n.) ‘Fleischbank’
(WH. 1:760)
(Lat. laniolum)
1. PIE *leɑni̯olo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *laɑni̯olo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. laɑni̯olo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lani̯olo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lani̯olo-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → Lat. laniolo-
PIE *leɑni̯ēnēɑh-
Lat. laniēnā-
(f.) ‘Fleischbank; Zerfleischung’
(WH. 1:760)
(Lat. laniēna)
1. PIE *leɑni̯ēnēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *laɑni̯ēnēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. laɑni̯ēnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *laɑni̯ēnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. laɑni̯ēnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lani̯ēnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. lani̯ēnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *lani̯ēnā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. lani̯ēnā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → Lat. laniēnā-
PIE *leɑnistēɑh-
Lat. lanistā-
(f.) ‘Gladiatorenmeister; Verhetzer’
(WH. 1:760)
(also ‘Abrichter der Kampfhähne’)
1. PIE *leɑnistēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *laɑnistēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. laɑnistēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *laɑnistāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. laɑnistāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lanistāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. lanistāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. lanistā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)


PIE √lɑh- (vb.) ‘brennen, leuchten, glänzen’ (sb.) ‘Lampe, Laterne, Zeichen, Mal’
(IEW in extension)
(Pyysalo)
√lɑh-
PIE *lēɑh-
HLu. lāḫ-
(FLAMMAE) (FLAMMAE(?)vb.*) ‘burn’
(CHLu. 10.12.14)
(in the causative HLu. FLAMMAE(?)(-)lax-há-nú-wa/i-tax)
1. PIE *lēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *lāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. lāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lāh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. lāḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√lɑhNp-
(IEW 652-3)
PIE *leléɑhmp-
Gr. λελάμπ-
(pf.) ‘leuchten (lassen), glänzen’
(GEW 2:79)
(Gr. λέλαμπε [3sg])
1. PIE *leléɑhmp-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *leláɑhmp-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. leláɑhmp-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *leláhmp-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. leláhmp-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *lelámp-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. lelámp-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. λελάμπ-
PIE *léɑhmpo-
Gr. λάμπο-
(vb.) ‘leuchten’
(GEW 2:79)
(Gr. λάμπω [1sg])
1. PIE *léɑhmpo-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *láɑhmpo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. láɑhmpo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *láhmpo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. láhmpo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *lámpo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. lámpo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. λάμπο-
PIE *leɑhmpéɑhd-
Gr. λαμπάδ-
(f.) ‘Fackel, Fackellauf’
(GEW 2:79)
1. PIE *leɑhmpéɑhd-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *laɑhmpéɑhd-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. laɑhmpéɑhd-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *laɑhmpáɑhd-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. laɑhmpáɑhd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lahmpáhd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. lahmpáhd-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *lampád-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. lampád-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. λαμπάδ-
PIE *leɑhmpró-
Gr. λαμπρό-
(a.) ‘leuchtend, glänzend’
(GEW 2:79)
1. PIE *leɑhmpró-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *laɑhmpró-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. laɑhmpró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lahmpró-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lahmpró-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *lampró-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. lampró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. λαμπρό-
√lɑhnskiito-
PIE *Lēɑhnski̯ito-
OInd. lāñchita-
(pt.) ‘gekennzeichnet’
(KEWA 3:98)
1. PIE *Lēɑhnski̯ito-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Lāɑhnski̯ito-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Lāɑhnski̯ito-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Lāhnski̯ito-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Lāhnski̯ito-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *lāhnski̯ito-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. lāhnski̯ito-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *lāhnsćito-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. lāhnsćito-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lāhnsćita-
6. lāhnsćita-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *lānsćita-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. lānsćita-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → *lānsśita-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
8. lānsśita-
*sś → ch
Change of sś to ch
Rsś›ch → *lānchita-
9. lānchita-
*nch → ñch
Palatalization of nasal
Rnch›ñch → OInd. lāñchita-
PIE *Lēɑhnski̯ono-
OInd. lāñchana-
(n.) ‘Zeichen, Mal’
(KEWA 3:98)
1. PIE *Lēɑhnski̯ono-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Lāɑhnski̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Lāɑhnski̯ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Lāhnski̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Lāhnski̯ono-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *lāhnski̯ono-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. lāhnski̯ono-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *lāhnsćono-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. lāhnsćono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lāhnsćana-
6. lāhnsćana-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *lānsćana-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. lānsćana-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → *lānsśana-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
8. lānsśana-
*sś → ch
Change of sś to ch
Rsś›ch → *lānchana-
9. lānchana-
*nch → ñch
Palatalization of nasal
Rnch›ñch → OInd. lāñchana-
√lɑhnterneɑh-
PIE *lēɑhnternēɑh-
Lat. lanternā-
(f.) ‘Laterne, Lampe’
(WH. 1:760)
1. PIE *lēɑhnternēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *lāɑhnternāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. lāɑhnternāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lāhnternāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lāhnternāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *lānternā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. lānternā-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → Lat. lanternā-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
PIE *lēɑhnternēɑhrii̯o-
Lat. lanternārio-
(a.) ‘Vorleuchter’
(WH. 1:760)
1. PIE *lēɑhnternēɑhrii̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *lāɑhnternāɑhrii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. lāɑhnternāɑhrii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lāhnternāhrii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lāhnternāhrii̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *lānternārii̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. lānternārii̯o-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *lanternārii̯o-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
5. lanternārii̯o-
*ii̯o → io
Loss *i̯ between i and o
Rii̯o›io → Lat. lanternārio-
√lɑhnu-
PIE *lēɑhnu̯o-
HLu. lāḫnu̯a-
(FLAMMAE) (FLAMMAE(?)cs.) ‘make burn/light’
(CHLu. 10.12.14)
(HLu. FLAMMAE(?)(-)lax-há-nú-wa/i-tax)
1. PIE *lēɑhnu̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *lāɑhnu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. lāɑhnu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lāhnu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lāhnu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lāhnu̯a-
4. lāhnu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. lāḫnu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√lɑhp-
(IEW 652-3)
PIE *lḗɑhpēhɑ-
Lith. lópė-
(f.) ‘Fackel, Licht, Bündel Leuchtspäne’
(LiEtWb. 386)
(Lith. lópē [sgN]
1. PIE *lḗɑhpēhɑ-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *lā́ɑhpēhɑ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. lā́ɑhpēhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lā́hpēh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lā́hpēh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *lā́pē-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. lā́pē-
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *lṓpē-
(XX:XX)
5. lṓpē-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → *lópē-
6. lópē-
* ē -> ė
Change of *ē into ė
Rē›ė → Lith. lópė-
PIE *lēɑhpēɑh
Latv. lāpa
(f.) ‘Fackel, Kienfackel’ (ANEtWb. 351)
(LiEtWb. 386)
(Latv. lāpa [sgN])
1. PIE *lēɑhpēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *lāɑhpāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. lāɑhpāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lāhpāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lāhpāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *lāpā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. lāpā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R=ā›=a → Latv. lāpa
PIE *lēɑhpi-
OPr. lopi-
(sb.) ‘Flamme’ (Voc. 44)
(LiEtWb. 386)
(OPr. lopis [sgN])
1. PIE *lēɑhpi-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *lāɑhpi-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. lāɑhpi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lāhpi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lāhpi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *lāpi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. lāpi-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *lōpi-
(XX:XX)
5. lōpi-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → OPr. lopi-


PIE √lɑh- (sb.) ‘Nadel, Geschoß, Pfeil’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + RV.)
√loɑhi-
PIE *loɑhi-
Hitt. laḫi-
(c.) ‘Nadel’ (im MUNUSŠU.GI-Ritual)
(HEG L:13)
(CHD L:7, Stefanini 1983:149)
1. PIE *loɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lohi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. lohi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lahi-
3. lahi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. laḫi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Lóɑhi̯o-
RV. lā́ya-
(m./n.) ‘Geschoß, Pfeil’
(WbRV. 1187)
1. PIE *Lóɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Lóhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Lóhi̯o-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *lóhi̯o-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. lóhi̯o-
PIE *óhCV → ā́hCV
Brugmann’s Law for *óhCV
RóHCV›ā́HCV → *lā́hi̯o-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
4. lā́hi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lā́hi̯a-
5. lā́hi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *lā́i̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. lā́i̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. lā́ya-


PIE √lɑh- (vb.) ‘treiben, schlagen’ (sb.) ‘Feldzug; Spitze, Stoß’
(IEW 306-7, LIV2:235)
(Pyysalo)
√lɑh-
(CHD L:4-6, HIL. 591)
(Pyysalo: Toch. + Gr.; SPIE 234)
PIE *loɑho-
Hitt. laḫa-
(c.) ‘Feldzug, Reise’
(HEG L:8)
(Hitt. la-a-aḫ-ḫi)
1. PIE *loɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *loho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. loho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *laha-
3. laha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. laḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *leɑh-
TochB. la-
(vb.) ‘emerge, come out’
(DTochB. 552)
(TochB. laṃ [3sg])
1. PIE *leɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *laɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. laɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochB. la-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *leɑh-
TochB. la-
(vb.) ‘leave, exit’
(DTochB. 551)
(TochB. lat [2sg], Krause 1952:192)
1. PIE *leɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *laɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. laɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochB. la-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *eléɑh-
Gr. ἐλά-
(vb.tr.) ‘treiben, stoßen’
(GEW 1:482)
(Cos. ἐλάτω)
1. PIE *eléɑh-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *eláɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. eláɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eláh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. eláh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *elá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. elá-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐλά-
PIE *idɑɦi̯·eléɑh-
Maced. ἰζ·ελά-
(f.) ‘ἀγαθὴ τύχη: good luck’
(LSJ. 823)
(Hes. ἰζελά· ἀγαθὴ τύχη)
1. PIE *idɑɦi̯·eléɑh-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *idɑɦi̯·eláɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. idɑɦi̯·eláɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *idɦi̯·eláh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. idɦi̯·eláh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *idɦi̯·elá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. idɦi̯·elá-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *idi̯·elá-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. idi̯·elá-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *ij·elá-
6. ij·elá-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *iz·elá-
7. iz·elá-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Maced. ἰζ·ελά-
PIE *elḗleɑh-
Gr. ἐλήλα-
(pf.M.) ‘getrieben sein’
(GEW 1:482)
(Gr. ἐλήλαται [3sg])
1. PIE *elḗleɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *elḗlaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. elḗlaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *elḗlah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. elḗlah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *elḗla-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. elḗla-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐλήλα-
√lɑhi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *leɑhei-
CLu. laḫei-
(vb.) ‘ins Feld/in den Krieg ziehen, reisen’
(DLL. 61)
(CLu. la-aḫ-ḫi-i[n]-ta-ri [3pl])
1. PIE *leɑhei-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *laɑhei-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. laɑhei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lahei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lahei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. laḫei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *leɑhei̯o-
Hitt. laḫei̯a-
(vb.) ‘ins Feld/in den Krieg ziehen, reisen’
(HIL. 590)
(Hitt. la-aḫ-ḫi-ia-mi, la-aḫ-ḫi-ia-az-zi, la-aḫ-ḫi-ia-at-tén)
1. PIE *leɑhei̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *laɑhei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. laɑhei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lahei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lahei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lahei̯a-
4. lahei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. laḫei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *lolɑhei̯o-
CLu. lalḫei̯a-
(c.) ‘marche, voyage: Feldzug, Reise’ (HHand. 91)
(DLL. 61)
(CLu. la-al-ḫi-ia-an [sgA])
1. PIE *lolɑhei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lolhei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. lolhei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lalhei̯a-
3. lalhei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. lalḫei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *leɑhei̯o-
HLu. laḫei̯a-
(I.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 10.40.1)
(HLu. Ila-hi-ia-sá [sgG])
1. PIE *leɑhei̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *laɑhei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. laɑhei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lahei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lahei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lahei̯a-
4. lahei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. laḫei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *leɑh·leɑhei̯o-
Hitt. laḫ·laḫei̯a-
(vb.A.) ‘erregt sein’
(HEG L:11,13)
(Hitt. la-aḫ-la-aḫ-ḫi-ia-u-e-ni)
1. PIE *leɑh·leɑhei̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *laɑh·laɑhei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. laɑh·laɑhei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lah·lahei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lah·lahei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lah·lahei̯a-
4. lah·lahei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. laḫ·laḫei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√lɑhn-
PIE *leɑhn-
TochB. lan-
(vb.) ‘emerge: hinausgehen’
(DTochB. 551)
(TochB. ostmeṃ lantsi [inf.] camñcer [2sg] ‘you can leave home’)
1. PIE *leɑhn-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *laɑhn-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. laɑhn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lahn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lahn-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochB. lan-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *lolɑhni̯o-
TochB. lalña-
(sb.) ‘leaving, going out, exit: Skt. niryāṇam’
(DTochB. 552)
(TochB. lalñe-)
1. PIE *lolɑhni̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lolhni̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. lolhni̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lalhni̯a-
3. lalhni̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *lalni̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. lalni̯a-
*ni̯ → ñ
Palatalization of *n before i̯
Rni̯›ñ → TochB. lalña-
PIE *eleɑhne-
Arm. elane-
(vb.) ‘ausgehen, hinaufsteigen’
(GEW 2:481)
(Arm. elanem [1sg])
1. PIE *eleɑhne-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *elaɑhne-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. elaɑhne-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *elahne-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. elahne-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Arm. elane-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√lɑhs-
PIE *éleɑhss-
Gr. ἔλασ-
(s.ao.) ‘treiben’
(GEW 2:482)
Gr. ἤλασα [1sg])
1. PIE *éleɑhss-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *élaɑhss-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. élaɑhss-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *élahss-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. élahss-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *élass-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. élass-
*ss → s
Degemination of *ss
Rss›s → *élas-
5. élas-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἔλασ-
√lɑht-
PIE *eleɑhtḗr
Gr. ἐλατήρ-
(m.) ‘Treiber, Wagenlenker’
(GEW 2:482)
1. PIE *eleɑhtḗr
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *elaɑhtḗr
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. elaɑhtḗr
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *elahtḗr
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. elahtḗr
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *elatḗr
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. elatḗr
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐλατήρ


PIE √lɑh- (vb.) ‘waschen, strömen’ (sb.) ‘Wasserrinne, Wasserlauf’
(IEW 309-10)
(Pyysalo: CLu. + Germ.)
√ēlɑho-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ēlɑho-
CLu. ēlḫa-
(vb.) ‘reinwaschen’
(HEG L:5)
(CLu. e-el-ḫa-a-du [3sg], KUB 35 39 II 4;3, DLL. 36)
1. PIE *ēlɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ēlho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ēlho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ēlha-
3. ēlha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ēlḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ēlɑho-
OIcl. āl-
(m.) ‘Wasserrinne’
(ANEtWb. 6)
(OIcl. āll [sgN])
1. PIE *ēlɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ēlho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ēlho-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ēlo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ēlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ēla-
4. ēla-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → OIcl. āla-
PIE *ēlɑho-
Far. āl-
(m.) ‘schmaler Wasserlauf’
(ANEtWb. 6)
(Far. ālur [sgN])
1. PIE *ēlɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ēlho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ēlho-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ēlo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ēlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ēla-
4. ēla-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → Far. āla-
PIE *ēlēlɑho-
CLu. ēlēlḫa-
(vb.) ‘reinwaschen (die Götter)’
(HEG L:5)
(CLu. e-le-el-ḫa-(a-)-an-du [3pl], KUB 35 39 II 4,10,26)
1. PIE *ēlēlɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ēlēlho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ēlēlho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ēlēlha-
3. ēlēlha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ēlēlḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ēlɑhi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ēlēlɑhoi-
CLu. ēlēlḫai-
(vb.) ‘(ab)waschen’ (HHand. 61)
(DLL. 36)
(CLu. [e?-l]e-el-ha-a-i-t[i] [3sg])
1. PIE *ēlēlɑhoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ēlēlhoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ēlēlhoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ēlēlhai-
3. ēlēlhai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ēlēlḫai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ēlɑhi̯o-
OIcl. æla-
(vb.) ‘schnell strömen’
(ANEtWb. 681)
1. PIE *ēlɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ēlhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ēlhi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ēli̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ēli̯o-
*ēRC → eRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ēRC
RēRC›eRC → *eli̯o-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
4. eli̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *eli̯a-
5. eli̯a-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *ili̯a-
6. ili̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → OIcl. ilja-


PIE √lɑh- (vb.) ‘geben’ (sb.) ‘Opfer’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + RV.)
√lēɑh-
PIE *lēɑh·uro-
Hitt. lāḫ·ura-
(GIŠc.) ‘Opfertisch, Opferschrank’
(HEG L:16)
(Hitt. la-aḫ-ḫu-ra-aš [sgN], la-ḫu-u-ra-aš, la-aḫ-ḫu-ra-an, HED 5:13f. ‹contains ura- ‘Tisch’›)
1. PIE *lēɑh·uro-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *lāɑh·uro-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. lāɑh·uro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lāh·uro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lāh·uro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lāh·ura-
4. lāh·ura-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. lāḫ·ura-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *lēɑh·uro-
Hitt. lāḫ·ura-
(URUc.) ‘‹cf. above›’
(OGH. 237)
(Hitt. la-aḫ-ḫu-u-ra [All], KBo 16 97 Rs. 18, DINGIRLUM; Orakelanfrage)
1. PIE *lēɑh·uro-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *lāɑh·uro-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. lāɑh·uro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lāh·uro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lāh·uro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lāh·ura-
4. lāh·ura-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. lāḫ·ura-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *lēɑh·uromo-
Hitt. lāḫ·urama-
(URUc.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 237)
(Hitt. la-ḫu-u-ra-ma-aš “Vorratshaus (É NA4KIŠIB) zur Zeit der Königs Telipinu.”)
1. PIE *lēɑh·uromo-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *lāɑh·uromo-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. lāɑh·uromo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lāh·uromo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lāh·uromo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lāh·urama-
4. lāh·urama-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. lāḫ·urama-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *lēɑh·urei̯o-
Hitt. lāḫ·urei̯a-
(c.) ‘Opfertisch, Opferschrank’
(HEG L:16)
(Hitt. la-a-ḫu-ri-ia [L], KBo 11 18 V 12)
1. PIE *lēɑh·urei̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *lāɑh·urei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. lāɑh·urei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lāh·urei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lāh·urei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lāh·urei̯a-
4. lāh·urei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. lāḫ·urei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *lēɑh·urumo-
Hitt. lāḫ·uruma-
(URUc.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 237)
(Hitt. la-aḫ-ḫu-ru-ma-aš)
1. PIE *lēɑh·urumo-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *lāɑh·urumo-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. lāɑh·urumo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lāh·urumo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lāh·urumo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lāh·uruma-
4. lāh·uruma-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. lāḫ·uruma-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√lēɑhtR-
PIE *Π·Lēɑhtr̥nó-
RV. a·lātr̥ṇá-
(a.) ‘nicht herausgebend’
(WbRV. 121)
1. PIE *Π·Lēɑhtr̥nó-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·Lāɑhtr̥nó-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·Lāɑhtr̥nó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·Lāhtr̥nó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·Lāhtr̥nó-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *Π·lāhtr̥nó-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. Π·lāhtr̥nó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·lāhtr̥ná-
5. Π·lāhtr̥ná-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·lātr̥ná-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·lātr̥ná-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → RV. Π·lātr̥ṇá-


PIE √lɑhn- (sb.) ‘Lache, Morast usw.’
(IEW 653-4)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√lēɑhn-
PIE *lēɑhnēɑh
OIcl. lōn-
(f.) ‘Strandmeer’
(ANEtWb. 366)
1. PIE *lēɑhnēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *lāɑhnāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. lāɑhnāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lāhnāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lāhnāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *lānā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. lānā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *lōnō
(XX:XX)
5. lōnō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *lōna
6. lōna
*-a -u
Change of root final -a into -u
R=a›=u → *lōnu
7. lōnu
*-u → Ø
Loss of -u in root-final position
R=u›=0 → OIcl. lōn
PIE *lēɑhni-
Hitt. lāḫni-
(c.) ‘eine trinkbare Substanz’
(HEG L:14)
(Hitt. la-aḫ-ni-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *lēɑhni-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *lāɑhni-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. lāɑhni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lāhni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lāhni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. lāḫni-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *lēɑhnidɑh·Σ
Hitt. ·lāḫnid šeḫ-
(vb.) ‘mit Laḫni- bespringen’
(HEG L:14)
(Hitt. la-aḫ-ni-it [sgI])
1. PIE *lēɑhnidɑh·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *lāɑhnidɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. lāɑhnidɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lāhnidh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lāhnidh·Σ
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *lāhnid·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. lāhnid·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. lāḫnid·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *lēɑhniɑh-
Latv. lāni-
(f.) ‘Morast’
(ANEtWb. 366)
(Latv. lānis)
1. PIE *lēɑhniɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *lāɑhniɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. lāɑhniɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lāhnih-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lāhnih-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Latv. lāni-
(SPIE §2.1.4)


PIE √lɑhu- √leɑhu- √lēɑhu- (vb.) ‘gießen, schütten; baden, waschen, spülen’
(IEW 692)
(WP. 2:441)
√lēɑhu-
PIE *lēɑhu-
Hitt. lāḫu-
(vb.2.) ‘pour (water)’ (Polomé 1965:39n.171)
(HEG L:4)
(Hitt. la-a-ḫu-i [3sg], KBo 17 1 I 16)
1. PIE *lēɑhu-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *lāɑhu-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. lāɑhu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lāhu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lāhu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. lāḫu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *lēɑhu-
Hitt. lāḫu-
(vb.1.) ‘gießen, schütten’ (CHD L:13-15)
(HEG L:3)
(Hitt. la-aḫ-ḫu-tén [2pl])
1. PIE *lēɑhu-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *lāɑhu-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. lāɑhu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lāhu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lāhu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. lāḫu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *lēɑhu
Lat. lāu-
(pf.) ‘baden, waschen, spülen’
(WH. 1:773-)
(Lat. lāuī [1sg])
1. PIE *lēɑhu
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *lāɑhu
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. lāɑhu
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lāhu
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lāhu
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. lāu
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *lēɑhu-
Hitt. lāḫu-
(c.) ‘ein Gefäß für Waschwasser’ (HHand. 90)
(HEG L:4,15)
(Hitt. a-ar-ru-ma-aš [G] la-a-aḫ-ḫu-uš [sgN], KUB 3 94 II 17)
1. PIE *lēɑhu-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *lāɑhu-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. lāɑhu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lāhu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lāhu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. lāḫu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√leɑhuo-
PIE *leɑhu̯o-
Hitt. laḫu̯a-
(vb.) ‘gießen, schütten’
(HEG L:3)
(Hitt. la-a-aḫ-ḫu-ua-tén [2pl], la-ḫu-an-zi, la-ḫu-ua-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *leɑhu̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *laɑhu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. laɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lahu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lahu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lahu̯a-
4. lahu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. laḫu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *leɑhu̯o-
Lat. lauo-
(pr.) ‘baden, waschen, spülen’
(WH. 1:773-)
(Lat. lauō [1sg], lauĕre [inf.])
1. PIE *leɑhu̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *laɑhu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. laɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lahu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lahu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *lau̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. lau̯o-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. lauo-
√lɑhuo-
PIE *lelɑhu̯o-
Hitt. lelḫu̯a-
(vb.2.) ‘gießen, schütten’
(HEG L:57-58)
(Hitt. le-e-el-ḫu-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *lelɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lelhu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. lelhu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lelhu̯a-
3. lelhu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. lelḫu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√lɑhun-
PIE *leɑhunei-
CLu. laḫunei-
(vb.) ‘waschen, schütten’
(DLL. 61)
(CLu. la-ḫu-ni-ḫa [1sg])
1. PIE *leɑhunei-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *laɑhunei-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. laɑhunei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lahunei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lahunei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. laḫunei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√lelɑhun·dɑɦo-
PIE *lelɑhun·dɑɦo-
Hitt. lelḫun·da-
(vb.) ‘gießen’
(HEG L:58)
(Hitt. li-el-ḫu-u-un-da-an-zi, le-el-ḫu-u-un-ta-an-zi)
1. PIE *lelɑhun·dɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lelhun·dɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. lelhun·dɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lelhun·dɦa-
3. lelhun·dɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *lelhun·da-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. lelhun·da-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. lelḫun·da-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *lelɑhun·dɑɦoi-
Hitt. lelḫun·dai-
(DUGc.) ‘(ein Gefäß)’
(CHD L:60)
(Hitt. li-el-ḫu-u-un-da-in [sgA])
1. PIE *lelɑhun·dɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lelhun·dɦoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. lelhun·dɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lelhun·dɦai-
3. lelhun·dɦai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *lelhun·dai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. lelhun·dai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. lelḫun·dai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √lɦɑbɑɦ- √loɦɑbɑɦ- √leɦɑbɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Elfenbein, Elephant’
(IEW –)
(Laroche 1965c:56-9)
√loɦɑbɑɦ-
(CHD L:12f.)
(OAnat. preserves ḫ followed by stop against AHPh. 249 et al.)
PIE *loɦɑbɑɦo-
CLu. laḫba-
(GKL.) ‘Elfenbein: ivory’ (HHand. 90)
(DLL. 61)
(CLu. la-aḫ-pa-aš [plD?] ú-nu-ua-an-du)
1. PIE *loɦɑbɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *loɦbɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. loɦbɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *laɦbɦa-
3. laɦbɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *laɦba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. laɦba-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. laḫba-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *loɦɑbɑɦo-
Hitt. laḫba-
(sb.) ‘Elfenbein: MA-KU-UT: KAxUD AM.SI’
(HEG L:14)
(Hitt. la-aḫ-pa-aš-ma-aš kurakiš)
1. PIE *loɦɑbɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *loɦbɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. loɦbɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *laɦbɦa-
3. laɦbɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *laɦba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. laɦba-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. laḫba-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√leɦɑbɑɦeɑhnt-
(GEW 1:493-4)
PIE *e·léɦɑbɑɦeɑhnt-
Gr. ἐ·λέφαντ-
(m.) ‘Elfenbein, Elefantenzahn’
(GEW 1:493-4)
1. PIE *e·léɦɑbɑɦeɑhnt-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *e·léɦɑbɑɦaɑhnt-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. e·léɦɑbɑɦaɑhnt-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *e·léɦbɦahnt-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. e·léɦbɦahnt-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *e·lébɦahnt-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. e·lébɦahnt-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *e·lébɦant-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. e·lébɦant-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *e·léphant-
6. e·léphant-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐ·λέφαντ-
PIE *e·leɦɑbɑɦeɑhnt-
LinB. ἐ·λεφαντ-
(m.) ‘elephant’
(GEW 1:493-4)
(LinB. e-re-pa [sgN], e-re-pa-to [sgG])
1. PIE *e·leɦɑbɑɦeɑhnt-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *e·leɦɑbɑɦaɑhnt-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. e·leɦɑbɑɦaɑhnt-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *e·leɦbɦahnt-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. e·leɦbɦahnt-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *e·lebɦahnt-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. e·lebɦahnt-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *e·lebɦant-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. e·lebɦant-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *e·lephant-
6. e·lephant-
*ph → p
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *ph
Rph›p → *e·lepant-
7. e·lepant-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → LinB. ἐ·λεπαντ-
PIE *e·leɦɑbɑɦeɑhntei̯o-
LinB. ἐ·λεφαντεjο-
(a.) ‘made of ivory’
(DMycGr. 393)
(LinB. e-re-pa-te-jo)
1. PIE *e·leɦɑbɑɦeɑhntei̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *e·leɦɑbɑɦaɑhntei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. e·leɦɑbɑɦaɑhntei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *e·leɦbɦahntei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. e·leɦbɦahntei̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *e·lebɦahntei̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. e·lebɦahntei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *e·lebɦantei̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. e·lebɦantei̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *e·lephantei̯o-
6. e·lephantei̯o-
*ph → p
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *ph
Rph›p → *e·lepantei̯o-
7. e·lepantei̯o-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *e·lepantejo-
8. e·lepantejo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → LinB. ἐ·λεπαντεjο-


PIE √li- (vb.) ‘umwinden, binden’ (sb.) ‘Flachs, Lein, Netz usw.’
(IEW 691)
(Pyysalo: OAnat.)
√li-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *oli-
Hitt. ali-
(SÍGc.) ‘(eine bestimmte Wolle und deren Fäden)’
(HEG A:16)
(Hitt. ališ, alin, alit, EHS 203, HHand. 14)
1. PIE *oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ali-
PIE *hɑul·oli-
Hitt. ḫul·ali-
(SÍGn.) ‘Binde, Wickel’
(HHand. 53)
1. PIE *hɑul·oli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hul·oli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hul·oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hul·ali-
3. hul·ali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫul·ali-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑul·oli-
Hitt. ḫul·ali-
(vb.) ‘umwinden, umwickeln’
(HIL. 415)
1. PIE *hɑul·oli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hul·oli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hul·oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hul·ali-
3. hul·ali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫul·ali-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ōLi-
OInd. āli-
(pt.) ‘binden’
(KEWA 1:555)
(in OInd. ālita- ‘gebunden’)
1. PIE *ōLi-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *ōli-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. ōli-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → OInd. āli-
√leio-
PIE *pu̯·olei̯o-
CLu. pu̯·alei̯a-
(n.) ‘a garment for the leg or foot?’
(CHD P:369)
(CLu. pu-ua-li-ia-an-za [sgNA], HIL. 791)
1. PIE *pu̯·olei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. pu̯·alei̯a-
PIE *pu̯·olei̯o-
Hitt. pu̯·alei̯a-
(n.) ‘a garment for the leg or foot?’
(CHD P:369)
(Hitt. pu-ua-li-ia [sgNA], HIL. 791)
1. PIE *pu̯·olei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. pu̯·alei̯a-
√lino-
PIE *líno-
Lith. lìna-
(m.sg) ‘Flachsstengel, einzelne Flachspflanze’
(LiEtWb. 373)
(Lith. lìnas [sgN], linaĩ [plN])
1. PIE *líno-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *lìno-
2. lìno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Lith. lìna-
PIE *lino-
LinB. λινο-
(n.) ‘Lein’
(GEW 2:125-6)
(LinB. ri-no = λίνον)
1. PIE *lino-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → LinB. λινο-
PIE *líno-
Gr. λίνο-
(n.) ‘Lein(pflanze), Flachs, Linnen, Faden, Netz’
(GEW 2:125-6)
(Gr. λίνο-)
1. PIE *líno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. λίνο-
PIE *líno-
Lith. lìna-
(m.4.pl) ‘Lein, Flachs’
(LiEtWb. 373)
(Lith. linaĩ [pl])
1. PIE *líno-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *lìno-
2. lìno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Lith. lìna-
√lolini-
PIE *lolinoi-
CLu. lalinai-
(vb.) ‘(beschreibt Kleidungstücke)’ (CHD L:28)
(HEG L:24)
(in CLu. la-li-i-na-i-me-iš [pt.])
1. PIE *lolinoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. lalinai-
PIE *lolinoimi-
CLu. lalinaimi-
(pt.) ‘(beschreibt Kleidungstücke)’ (HHand. 91)
(DLL. 62)
(CLu. la-li-i-na-i-me-iš [sgN], la-li-na-i-me-en-zi [plN])
1. PIE *lolinoimi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. lalinaimi-
PIE *loliniso-
Hitt. laliniša-
(n.) ‘ein Schmuckstück an Kleidungsstücken’
(CLuwLex. 123)
(HHand2 101, la-li-ni-[š]a, Tischler (HEG L:24) reads la-li-ni-[t]a)
1. PIE *loliniso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lalinisa-
2. lalinisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. laliniša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√liso-
PIE *oliso-
Hitt. ališa-
(n.) ‘(eine Gewebe)’
(HHand. 14)
(Hitt. a-li-e-š-ša)
1. PIE *oliso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *alisa-
2. alisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ališa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *hɑul·oliski̯e/o-
Hitt. ḫul·ališke/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘umwinden’
(HHand. 53)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-la-li-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑul·oliski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hul·oliski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hul·oliski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hul·olisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hul·olisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hul·alisḱe/a-
4. hul·alisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *hul·aliske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hul·aliske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hul·ališke/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hul·ališke/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫul·ališke/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑul·olisn-
Hitt. ḫul·ališn-
(N.act.) ‘Umfang’
(HHand. 53)
(Hitt. ḫu-la-li-eš-ni [L])
1. PIE *hɑul·olisn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hul·olisn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hul·olisn-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hul·alisn-
3. hul·alisn-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hul·ališn-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hul·ališn-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫul·ališn-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑul·olisor-
Hitt. ḫul·ališar-
(n.) ‘Umfang’
(HHand. 53)
(Hitt. ḫu-la-li-eš-šar)
1. PIE *hɑul·olisor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hul·olisor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hul·olisor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hul·alisar-
3. hul·alisar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hul·ališar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hul·ališar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫul·ališar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √li- √loi- √lei- (vb.) ‘beruhigen, besänftigen’ (sb.) ‘Befriedigung, Versöhnung’
(IEW 661-662)
(Pyysalo)
√li-
PIE *lei-
CLu. lei-
(vb.) ‘‹‘besänftigen?’, cf. the figura etymologica -››’
(KUB xxv 37+ Vs. I 37)
(CLu. [ ]x liilun liila liuni [1pl], HHand. 95)
PIE *lei-
CLu. lei-
(vb.) ‘‹besänftigen? (obj. lali- ‘Rede’)›’
(KUB xxv 37+ Vs. I 38)
(CLu. [ ] liiuunni laalin [sgA])
√lilo-
(CHD L:57)
PIE *lilo-
Hitt. lila-
(c.) ‘Versöhnung, Befriedigung’
(HEG L:56-7)
(Hitt. li-i-la [Dir], li-e-la-aš [G], li-la-an, li-la!, Otten 1959a [WdO 2]:477f.)
1. PIE *lilo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. lila-
PIE *lilo-
Hitt. lila-
(vb.1.) ‘beruhigen, besänftigen’
(HEG L:56)
(in Hitt. li-la-an-zi [3pl], li-la-an-du(-an))
1. PIE *lilo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. lila-
PIE *lilo-
CLu. lila-
(c.) ‘Versöhnung, Befriedigung’
(HHand. 94)
1. PIE *lilo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. lila-
PIE *lilo-
CLu. lila-
(vb.) ‘entsühnen, beruhigen, besänftigen’
(DLL. 62)
(CLu. li-la-an-t[i] [3pl?])
1. PIE *lilo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. lila-
√lin-
(IEW 661-662)
(Pyysalo)
PIE *lino-
OIcl. lina-
(vb.) ‘besänftigen, beruhigen’
(ANEtWb. 357)
(OIcl. lina [inf.])
1. PIE *lino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OIcl. lina-
PIE *Π·leinio-
Lat. dē·līnio-
(vb.) ‘besänftigen, beschwichtigen’
(WH. 1:338)
(Lat. dēlīniō [1sg])
1. PIE *Π·leinio-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → Lat. Π·līnio-
PIE *linu̯o-
OIcl. linna-
(vb.) ‘aufhören, ruhen’
(ANEtWb. 358)
1. PIE *linu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *linu̯a-
2. linu̯a-
*nu̯ -› nn
Change of *nu̯ into nn
Rnu̯›nn → OIcl. linna-


PIE √lis- √lois- √leis- ‘(vb.) liegen, hinsinken’ (sb.) ‘Lager’
(IEW 661f.)
(Pyysalo: HLu. + Gr. + RV.)
√loi-
PIE *Lṓi̯o-
RV. lā́ya-
(a.) ‘geduckt’
(EWA 2: 475)
(RV. lā́yam [sgNA] 10.42.1)
1. PIE *Lṓi̯o-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *lṓi̯o-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. lṓi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lṓi̯a-
3. lṓi̯a-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *lā́i̯a-
4. lā́i̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. lā́ya-
√lois-
PIE *Π·loisi-
HLu. ARHA’ laiši·-
(OCCIDENSvb.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 11.f-g.51)
(HLu. ARHA’ OCCIDENS(-)la/i/u-i-si-ti-i [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·loisi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·laisi-
2. Π·laisi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. Π·laiši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√lis-
PIE *liséɑɦsdo-
Gr. λιάζο-
(vbM.) ‘hinsinken, ausweichen, weggehen’
(GEW 2: 119)
(Gr. λιάζομαι [1sg])
1. PIE *liséɑɦsdo-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *lisáɑɦsdo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. lisáɑɦsdo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lisáɦsdo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lisáɦsdo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *lisásdo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. lisásdo-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *lihásdo-
5. lihásdo-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *liásdo-
6. liásdo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. λιάσδο-


PIE √lis- √lois- √leis- (vb.) ‘glänzen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Ital.)
√lois-
PIE *loisi̯o-
OLat. loisio-
(m.) ‘Gentilname aus Capua’
(WbOU. 436)
1. PIE *loisi̯o-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → OLat. loisio-
PIE *loisoii̯o-
Hitt. laišai̯a-
(SAR.) ‘(eine Heilpflanze)’ (HHand. 90)
(HEG L:16)
(Hitt. la-a-i-ša-ia “in der medizinischen Aufzählung KUB LI 18 Vs. 15”)
1. PIE *loisoii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *laisaii̯a-
2. laisaii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *laisaia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. laisaia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *laisai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. laisai̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. laišai̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *loisēɑhri-
Osc. loisāri-
(f.) ‘Monatsname, Attr. von eídúís’
(WbOU. 436)
(Osc. lúisari-)
1. PIE *loisēɑhri-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *loisāɑhri-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. loisāɑhri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *loisāhri-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. loisāhri-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Osc. loisāri-
(SPIE §2.1.4)


PIE √lgɑɦ- √logɑɦ- √logɑɦ- (vb.) ‘neigen, beugen, liegen usw.’
(IEW 658-659)
(Sturtevant 1930b:216f.)
√logɑɦ-
(Sturtevant 1930b:216f.)
PIE *logɑɦ-
Hitt. lag-
(vb.2.) ‘neigen, beugen, (Zähne) schief schlagen’
(HEG L:16)
(Hitt. la-a-ki, la-a-ak)
1. PIE *logɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *logɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. logɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lagɦ-
3. lagɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. lag-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *logɑɦ-
Goth. lag-
(pret.) ‘lie: κεῖσθαι, κατακεῖσθαι’
(GoEtD. L39)
(Goth. lag [3sg])
1. PIE *logɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *logɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. logɦ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *log-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. log-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. lag-
PIE *logɑɦo-
Hitt. laga-
(vb.M.) ‘sich neigen, wanken’ (HED 5:33)
(HHand. 90-1)
(Hitt. la-ga-a-ri, la-ga-a-ru, la-a-ga-a-ru)
1. PIE *logɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *logɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. logɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lagɦa-
3. lagɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. laga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√lilogɑɦ-
PIE *lilogɑɦ-
Hitt. lilag-
(vb.2.) ‘(Bäume) fällen, niederhauen’ (CHD L:58)
(HEG L:57)
(Hitt. LÚMEŠ-uš GIŠ-ru mān li-la-ak-ki [3sg] ‹also Hitt. lelag- possible›)
1. PIE *lilogɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lilogɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. lilogɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lilagɦ-
3. lilagɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. lilag-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *lilogɑɦ-
Hitt. lilag-
(vb.2.) ‘beugen’
(HEG L:17)
(EHS 570)
1. PIE *lilogɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lilogɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. lilogɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lilagɦ-
3. lilagɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. lilag-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√lelogɑɦ-
PIE *lélogɑɦ-
Gr. λέλοχ-
(pf.) ‘(in λελοχυῖα · λεχὼ γενομένη)’
(GEW 2:110)
(Hes. λελοχυῖα · λεχὼ γενομένη)
1. PIE *lélogɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lélogɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. lélogɦ-
*gɦ → kh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›kh → *lélokh-
3. lélokh-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. λέλοχ-


PIE √lgɑɦi- √logɑɦi- √legɑɦi- (vb.) ‘glänzen, brennen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Gr.; or PIE √lgiɑɦ-?)
√logɑɦi-
PIE *logɑɦi·sino-
Hitt. lak·šina-
(c.) ‘(Gegenstand aus Kupfer oder Bronze)’
(HHand. 91)
(for the suffix, cf. Hitt. URUDUu̯aršini- (c.) ‘kupfernes Gefäß’)
1. PIE *logɑɦi·sino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *logɦi·sino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. logɦi·sino-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *loǵɦ·sino-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. loǵɦ·sino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *laǵɦ·sina-
4. laǵɦ·sina-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *lagɦ·sina-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. lagɦ·sina-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *lag·sina-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. lag·sina-
gs -› ks
Devoicing of gs to ks
Rgs›ks → *lak·sina-
7. lak·sina-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. lak·šina-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *logɑɦi·sini-
Hitt. lak·šini-
(c.) ‘(Gegenstand aus Kupfer)’
(HHand. 91)
1. PIE *logɑɦi·sini-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *logɦi·sini-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. logɦi·sini-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *loǵɦ·sini-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. loǵɦ·sini-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *laǵɦ·sini-
4. laǵɦ·sini-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *lagɦ·sini-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. lagɦ·sini-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *lag·sini-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. lag·sini-
gs -› ks
Devoicing of gs to ks
Rgs›ks → *lak·sini-
7. lak·sini-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. lak·šini-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√logɑɦio-
PIE *logɑɦi̯oli-
HLu. lazali-
(FLAMMAEa.) ‘sacrificial for burning’
(CHLu. 9.1.11)
((FLAMMAE(?)’)la/i/u-za-li-na, (“FLAMMAE(?)+LA/I/U”)la/i/u-za-li-ha-wa/i); not †luzali- against CHLu. 406, 628)
1. PIE *logɑɦi̯oli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *logɦi̯oli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. logɦi̯oli-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *loj́ɦoli-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. loj́ɦoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *laj́ɦali-
4. laj́ɦali-
*j́ɦ → zɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ
Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *lazɦali-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. lazɦali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. lazḫali-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√logɑɦiɑh-
PIE *lógɑɦi̯ēɑh-
Gr. λόχη-
(f.) ‘Flamme’
(GEW 2:133 [diff.])
(in ModGr. λόχη)
1. PIE *lógɑɦi̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *lógɑɦi̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. lógɑɦi̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lógɦi̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lógɦi̯āh-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *lóǵɦāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. lóǵɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *lóǵɦā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. lóǵɦā-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
Rǵɦ›ḱh → *lóḱhā-
6. lóḱhā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *lókhā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. lókhā-
ā –> ē (Att)
Attican change of ā –› ē
Rā›ēAtt → *lókhē-
8. lókhē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. λόχη-


PIE √lm- √lom- √lm- (sb.) ‘Menge’ (a.) ‘groß, ganz’ (vb.) ‘mengen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√lom-
PIE *lom-
Hitt. lam-
(vb.2.M.) ‘≈ sich vermengen: mingle?’
(HEG L:13)
(Hitt. an-ku la-am-ta-ti [pret3sg], cf. CHD L:30 AN ku-la-am-ta-ti HEG: ‘unverständliches’; EHS 385)
1. PIE *lom-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. lam-
PIE *op·lomo-
Lith. ap·lama-
(adv.bs.) ‘im großen und ganzen, im allgemeinen’
(LiEtWb. 13)
(Lith. aplamaĩ, aplamaĩs; Due to the semantics not to Lith. lamìnti etc. against LiEtWb. 338)
1. PIE *op·lomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Lith. ap·lama-


PIE √lm- √lom- √lem- (sb.) ‘Stelle, Platz, Moment, Punkt’ (vb.) ‘sitzen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: OAnat. + Toch.; for the semantics cf. Gr. καιρό- ‘Zeit(punkt), Gelegenheit’ Hom. καίριο- ‘am rechten Orte eintreffend’)
√lom-
PIE *lom-
TochB. lam-
(sb.) ‘se trouver’
(DTochB. 654-5)
(TochB. lam-)
1. PIE *lom-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → TochB. lam-
PIE *lomo-
TochB. lama-
(vb.) ‘sitzen werden’
(LIV2:411)
(TochB. lamaṣ [3sg])
1. PIE *lomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → TochB. lama-
PIE *lomoi-
TochA. lame-
(sb.) ‘Stelle, Platz: place, realm, level’
(LÉDT 53)
(HEG L:30)
1. PIE *lomoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lamai-
2. lamai-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *lamē-
3. lamē-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochA. lame-
√lem-
PIE *lem-
TochB. lyam-
(pret.) ‘sitzen’
(LIV2:411)
(TochB. lyama)
1. PIE *lem-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *li̯am-
2. li̯am-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochB. lyam-
PIE *lem-
TochA. lyäm-
(pret.) ‘sitzen’
(LIV2:411)
(TochA. lyäm)
1. PIE *lem-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *li̯am-
2. li̯am-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochA. lyam-
√lōm-
PIE *lōm-
TochB. lām-
(vb.) ‘sitzen werden’
(LIV2:411)
(TochB. lāmaṃ [3sg])
1. PIE *lōm-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → TochB. lām-
√lomo-
(HEG L:26)
(CHD L:30f.)
PIE *lomo·mi-
CLu. lama·mi-
(pt.c.) ‘Bestand?, Art Gefäß? (aus Edelmetall)’
(DLL. 62)
(CLu. lam-ma-mi-iš [pt.])
1. PIE *lomo·mi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. lama·mi-
√lomin-
PIE *lomini
HLu. lamini
(adv.) ‘at the moment, at the time: zum Zeitpunkt’
(HEG L:30)
(HLu. la-mi-ni-’ [sgL], HEG: la-mi-ni-à)
1. PIE *lomini
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. lamini
√lomn-
PIE *lomn-
Hitt. lamn-
(n.) ‘momentum’
(HEG L:29)
(Hitt. lam-na-aš, lam-ni-i)
1. PIE *lomn-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. lamn-
√lomor-
PIE *lomor-
Hitt. lamar-
(n.) ‘Moment, Zeitpunkt, Augenblick, Stunde’
(HEG L:29)
(Hitt. lam-mar [sgNA])
1. PIE *lomor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. lamar-
PIE *lomor-
Hitt. lamar-
(adv.) ‘sofort’ (CHD L:36-7)
(HEG L:29)
(Hitt. lam-mar [sgA])
1. PIE *lomor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. lamar-
PIE *lomor·hɑendɑɦot
Hitt. lamar·ḫandat-
(c.) ‘Bestimmung des rechten Zeitpunkt
(HEG L:30)
(Hitt. la-mar-ḫan-da-at-ti-eš [sgN]; CHD L:37)
1. PIE *lomor·hɑendɑɦot
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *lomor·hɑandɑɦot
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. lomor·hɑandɑɦot
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lomor·handɦot
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lomor·handɦot
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lamar·handɦat
4. lamar·handɦat
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *lamar·handat
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. lamar·handat
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. lamar·ḫandat
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *lomor·hɑendɑɦotosi
CLu. lamar·ḫandataši-
(a.) ‘auf die Festsetzung des Zeitpunkts bezüglich’
(HEG L:30)
(CLu. la-mar-ḫa-an-da-at-ta-aš-ši-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *lomor·hɑendɑɦotosi
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *lomor·hɑandɑɦotosi
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. lomor·hɑandɑɦotosi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lomor·handɦotosi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lomor·handɦotosi
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lamar·handɦatasi
4. lamar·handɦatasi
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *lamar·handatasi
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. lamar·handatasi
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *lamar·handataši
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. lamar·handataši
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. lamar·ḫandataši
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √lm- √lom- √lem- (sb.) ‘Hand’ (a.) ‘stark’
(IEW 806)
(Pyysalo)
√lōm-
PIE *lōm·Σ
OEng. lōm·lǣca-
(vb.) ‘use often, repeat, frequent’
(ASaxD. 646)
PIE *lōmēɑh
OIr. lām-
(f.) ‘Hand’
(DIL. 419)
(Grundr2 1:479; also Corn. lof, Cymr. llaw)
1. PIE *lōmēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *lōmāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. lōmāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lōmāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lōmāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *lōmā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. lōmā
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *lāmā
5. lāmā
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *lama
6. lama
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OIr. lam
PIE *lōmo·n-
OEng. lōma·n-
(sb.) ‘a tool’
(ASaxD. 646)
1. PIE *lōmo·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OEng. lōma·n-
√lēm-
PIE *lēmo
OIcl. lām-
(m.) ‘Hand’
(ANEtWb. 345)
1. PIE *lēmo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lēma
2. lēma
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *lāma
3. lāma
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OIcl. lām
√lomi-
PIE *lomi-
HLu. lami-
(PUGNUSvb.) ‘strengthen’
(CHLu. 2.24.3)
(HLu. PUGNUS(-)la/i/u-mi-ha [1sg])
1. PIE *lomi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. lami-
PIE *lomei̯o-
Hitt. lamei̯a-
(URU.) ‘(Grenzstadt zwischen Kizuwatna und Ḫatti)’
(OGH. 242)
(in Akd. la-mi-iaKI, la-mi-ia, OGHErg. 93)
1. PIE *lomei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. lamei̯a-
PIE *lomi-
HLu. lami-
(PUGNUSa.) ‘strong?’
(CHLu. 2.24.2)
(HLu. PUGNUS(-)la/i/u-mi)
1. PIE *lomi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. lami-
PIE *lomi·Σ
HLu. lami·taia-
(PUGNUSa.) ‘strong’
(CHLu. 1.1.19,25)
(HLu. PUGNUS(-)la/i/u-mi-tà-ia, PUGNUS(-)la/i/u-mi-tà-ia-’)
1. PIE *lomi·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. lami·Σ


PIE √ln- √lon- √len- (a.) ‘lang’ (vb.) ‘verlangen’
(IEW 196-7)
(Pyysalo: OAnat. + IE)
√olono-
PIE *olono-
Hitt. alana-
(URU.) ‘(zwischen dem Land vom Fluß Ḫulaja und Ḫatti)’
(OGH. 5-6)
(Hitt. a-la-na-aš [sgN]; ‘am Fuß des Berges Arlanta’)
1. PIE *olono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. alana-
PIE *olono·i̯o-
Hitt. alana·a-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGHErg. 2)
(Hitt. a-la-na-a-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *olono·i̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *alana·i̯a-
2. alana·i̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → Hitt. alana·a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
PIE *olono·mo-
HLu. alana·ma-
(VASsb.) ‘Begehrlichkeit, Gier: envy: Phoen. b-ḥmdt’
(CHLu. 1.1.71)
(HLu. (“VAS”)á-la/i/u-na-ma-ti [Abl])
1. PIE *olono·mo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. alana·ma-
PIE *olono·gi̯ɑɦoi-
HLu. alana·zai-
(VASvb.) ‘begehren: covet: Phoen. yḥmd’
(CHLu. 1.1.65 Hu)
(VAS)á-la/i/u-na-za-ia [3sg])
1. PIE *olono·gi̯ɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *olono·gi̯ɦoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. olono·gi̯ɦoi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *olono·j́ɦoi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. olono·j́ɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *alana·j́ɦai-
4. alana·j́ɦai-
*j́ɦ → zɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ
Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *alana·zɦai-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. alana·zɦai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. alana·zḫai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√lengiɑɦ-
(IEW 196-7)
(WP. 2:224)
PIE *o·lengi̯ɑɦō
OFr. a·linga
(prep.) ‘entlang, längs: along’
(AFrWbH. 64b, AFrWbR. 599b)
1. PIE *o·lengi̯ɑɦō
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·lengi̯ɦō
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·lengi̯ɦō
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *o·lenǵɦō
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. o·lenǵɦō
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *o·lengɦō
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. o·lengɦō
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *o·lengō
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. o·lengō
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·lengō
6. a·lengō
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *a·lingō
7. a·lingō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → OFr. a·linga
√longiɑɦo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *longi̯ɑɦo-
Lat. longo-
(a.) ‘lang; weit entfernt; langwierig’
(WH. 1:820-1)
(Lat. longus [sgN])
1. PIE *longi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *longi̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. longi̯ɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *lonǵɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. lonǵɦo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *longɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. longɦo-
ngɦ -› gn
Change of ngɦ into gn
Rngɦ›gn → Lat. longo-
PIE *longi̯ɑɦo·steɑhleit-
OGaulG. λονγο·σταλητ-
(VN.) ‘-(?)-’
(IEW 197)
(OGaul. λονγοσταλητες [plN], from Aude)
1. PIE *longi̯ɑɦo·steɑhleit-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *longi̯ɑɦo·staɑhleit-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. longi̯ɑɦo·staɑhleit-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *longi̯ɦo·stahleit-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. longi̯ɦo·stahleit-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *lonǵɦo·stahleit-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. lonǵɦo·stahleit-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *lonǵɦo·staleit-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. lonǵɦo·staleit-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *longɦo·staleit-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. longɦo·staleit-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *longo·staleit-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. longo·staleit-
*ei → ē
Monophthongization of *ei into ē
Rei›ē → *longo·stalēt-
8. longo·stalēt-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → OGaulG. λονγο·σταλητ-
PIE *longi̯ɑɦo·steɑhleito-
OGaulG. λονγο·σταλητο-
(ON.) ‘-(?)-’
(GoEtD. L3)
(OGaul. λονγοσταλητων [plG], a coin inscr. of the Volci, cf. ACSS 2:285)
1. PIE *longi̯ɑɦo·steɑhleito-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *longi̯ɑɦo·staɑhleito-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. longi̯ɑɦo·staɑhleito-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *longi̯ɦo·stahleito-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. longi̯ɦo·stahleito-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *lonǵɦo·stahleito-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. lonǵɦo·stahleito-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *lonǵɦo·staleito-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. lonǵɦo·staleito-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *longɦo·staleito-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. longɦo·staleito-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *longo·staleito-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. longo·staleito-
*ei → ē
Monophthongization of *ei into ē
Rei›ē → *longo·stalēto-
8. longo·stalēto-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → OGaulG. λονγο·σταλητο-
PIE *longi̯ɑɦo
OIr. long-
(a.) ‘lang’
(DIL. 440)
1. PIE *longi̯ɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *longi̯ɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. longi̯ɦo
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *lonǵɦo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. lonǵɦo
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *longɦo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. longɦo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *longo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. longo
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr → OIr. long
PIE *longi̯ɑɦo
Goth. lang-
(a.) ‘lang: long’
(GoEtD. L3)
(Goth. laggai hveilai, swa lagga swe)
1. PIE *longi̯ɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *longi̯ɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. longi̯ɦo
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *lonǵɦo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. lonǵɦo
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *longɦo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. longɦo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *longo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. longo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *langa
6. langa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Goth. lang


PIE √lp- √olp- √elp- (sb.) ‘Wolke, Öl, Fett, Käse’ (vb.) ‘spucken’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Gr.)
√olp-
(SPIE 88n206)
(HW2 A:60, HEG A:18-19, HED 1:37-38, HIL. 204-5)
PIE *olpo-
Hitt. alpa-
(c.) ‘Wolke: Akd. URPU’
(HEG A:18)
(Hitt. al-pa-aš, al-pa-a-aš, al-pa-an)
1. PIE *olpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. alpa-
PIE *olporomo-
Hitt. alparama-
(sb.) ‘Wolkenbank’
(HEG A:19)
(Hitt. al-pa-ra-mi-it, HIL. 204, EHS 179 ‹cf. arama- ‘hoch’?›)
1. PIE *olporomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. alparama-
√elpos-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *élpos-
Gr. ἔλποσ-
(n.) ‘Öl, Fett’
(GEW 1:503)
(Hes. ἔλπος · ἔλαιον, στέαρ ‹no Gr. h-, not to Goth. salbo›)
1. PIE *élpos-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἔλποσ-
PIE *olposi-
CLu. alpaši-
(GKLc.) ‘(Art Gebäck)’ (HEG A:18, HHand. 14)
(DLL. 26)
(CLu. al-pa-aš-ši-iš [sgN] ‘nom de patisserie’)
1. PIE *olposi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *alpasi-
2. alpasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. alpaši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *olposi-
Hitt. alpaši-
(URUc.) ‘(im Land Waliwanta ›Ananta)’
(OGH. 10)
(Hitt. al-pa-aš-ši-ia [All])
1. PIE *olposi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *alpasi-
2. alpasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. alpaši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√olpɑh-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ólpēɑh-
Ion.-Att. ὄλπη-
(f.) ‘Ölflasche’
(GEW 1:503)
(Gr. ὄλπη ‹no Gr. h-, , not to Goth. salbo›)
1. PIE *ólpēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ólpāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ólpāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ólpāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ólpāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ólpā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ólpā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *ólpē-
5. ólpē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. ὄλπη-
PIE *olpēɑh-
Hitt. alpāḫ-
(vb.2.intr.) ‘spucken’ (tr.) ‘ausspucken’
(HED 1:30-31)
1. PIE *olpēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *olpāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. olpāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *olpāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. olpāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *alpāh-
4. alpāh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. alpāḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√olopɑh-
PIE *olopēɑh-
Hitt. alapāḫ-
(vb.2.intr.) ‘spucken’ (tr.) ‘ausspucken’
(HEG A:15)
(HHand. 13)
1. PIE *olopēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *olopāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. olopāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *olopāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. olopāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *alapāh-
4. alapāh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. alapāḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *olopēɑhont-
Hitt. alapāḫant-
(pt.) ‘ausgespuckt’
(HED 1:30-31)
1. PIE *olopēɑhont-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *olopāɑhont-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. olopāɑhont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *olopāhont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. olopāhont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *alapāhant-
4. alapāhant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. alapāḫant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *olopēɑhiski̯e/o-
Hitt. alapāḫiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘spit, spit at’
(HED 1:30-31)
1. PIE *olopēɑhiski̯e/o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *olopāɑhiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. olopāɑhiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *olopāhiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. olopāhiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *olopāhisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. olopāhisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *alapāhisḱe/a-
5. alapāhisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *alapāhiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. alapāhiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *alapāhiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. alapāhiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. alapāḫiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√olpi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *olpi-
Hitt. alpi-
(c.) ‘Wolke: Akd. URPU’
(HEG A:18)
(Hitt. al-pí-it)
1. PIE *olpi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. alpi-
PIE *olpi-
OIcl. elf-
(f.) ‘Fluß’
(ANEtWb. 100)
(OIcl. elfr)
1. PIE *olpi-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›fRestr → *olfi-
2. olfi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *alfi-
3. alfi-
*a – i → e – Ø
Umlaut for *a – i
Ralfi›elf → OIcl. elf-
PIE *ólpiɦɑd-
Gr. ὄλπιδ-
(f.) ‘Ölflasche’
(GEW 1:503)
(‹no Gr. h-›)
1. PIE *ólpiɦɑd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ólpiɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ólpiɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ólpid-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ólpid-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄλπιδ-
√olobɑɦ-
PIE *olobɑɦēɑh-
Hitt. alabāḫ-
(vb.2.intr.) ‘spucken’
(HEG A:15)
(HHand. 13)
1. PIE *olobɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *olobɑɦāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. olobɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *olobɦāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. olobɦāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *alabɦāh-
4. alabɦāh-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *alabāh-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. alabāh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. alabāḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√olbɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *olbɑɦēɑh-
Hitt. albāḫ-
(vb.2.intr.) ‘spucken’
(HHand. 13)
(HEG A:15, HED –)
1. PIE *olbɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *olbɑɦāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. olbɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *olbɦāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. olbɦāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *albɦāh-
4. albɦāh-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *albāh-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. albāh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. albāḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *olbɑɦon-
Hitt. alban-
(pt.n.) ‘(said of GA.KIN.AG ‘cheese’)’
(HIL. 205)
(‹thus Hitt. alpan(t)- does not belong to Hitt. alpant- ‘bewitched’›)
1. PIE *olbɑɦon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *olbɦon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. olbɦon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *albɦan-
3. albɦan-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. alban-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *élbɑɦos-
Gr. ἔλφοσ-
(n.) ‘Butter, Kuhquark’
(GEW 2:261)
(Gr. ἔλφος · βούτυρον)
1. PIE *élbɑɦos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *élbɦos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. élbɦos-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *élphos-
3. élphos-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἔλφοσ-


PIE √lep- √lop- √lebɑɦ- √lobɑɦ- (vb.) ‘brennen, glänzen, glühen’ (sb.) ‘Zeus, Fieber, Fackel, Funken’
(IEW –)
(SPIE 88)
√lop-
(HEG L:32)
(SHV 443, HIL. 601f.)
PIE *lop-
Hitt. lap-
(vb.1.) ‘glühen, entflammt sein, brennen’
(CHD L:39f.)
(Hitt. la-ap-zi, la-ap-ta, la-a-ap-ta [3sg], HHand. 92)
1. PIE *lop-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. lap-
PIE *lopo-
Hitt. lapa-
(URUDU.) ‘Zange, Brandeisen? (Metallwerkzeug)’
(CHD L:40)
(Hitt. la-a-ap-pa, la-ap-pa-za, la-a-ap-pí-it)
1. PIE *lopo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. lapa-
√lep-
PIE *lep-
Lyd. lef-
(dc.) ‘Zeus’
(AHPh. 334)
(Lyd. lefś [sgN])
1. PIE *lep-
PIE *p → b
Orthographic change of *p into b
Rp›b → Lyd. leb-
√lopi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *lopei̯o-
Hitt. lapei̯a-
(c.) ‘Fieber: fever’
(HEG L:32)
(Hitt. la-ap-pí-aš [sgN], la-ap-pí-ia-an [sgA], HIL. 601)
1. PIE *lopei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. lapei̯a-
PIE *lopei̯o-
Hitt. lapei̯a-
(GIŠ.) ‘Funken’ or ‘Feuerholz’
(HEG L:32)
(Hitt. la-ap-pí-ia-aš [sgN], HIL. 601, la-ap-pí-ia-an, HED L:59)
1. PIE *lopei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. lapei̯a-
PIE *lopei̯o-
Hitt. lapei̯a-
(GIŠc.) ‘Kienspan, Feuerholz?’ (CHD L:44)
(HHand. 92)
(Hitt. la-ap-pí-ia-aš)
1. PIE *lopei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. lapei̯a-
√lopin-
PIE *lopino-
Hitt. lapina-
(sb.) ‘Docht o.ä. (Gegenstand im Ritual)’
(HEG L:43)
(Hitt. SÍGi-ia-at-na! la-ap-pí-na-an i[(-ia-an)-zi])
1. PIE *lopino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. lapina-
PIE *lopino-
Hitt. lapina-
(vb.dn.) ‘erglühen lassen, anzünden’
(HEG L:32)
(Hitt. la-ap-pí-na-an-zi [3pl], obj. šašanus ‘Lampen’)
1. PIE *lopino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. lapina-
√lobɑɦ-
PIE *lobɑɦo·Σ
Hitt. laba·LÚ-
(LÚc.*) ‘(trésorier)’
(NOMS. 688)
(in la-pa-LÚ)
1. PIE *lobɑɦo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lobɦo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. lobɦo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *labɦa·Σ
3. labɦa·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. laba·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√lobɑɦi-
PIE *lobɑɦíɦɑd-
Dor. λοφίδ-
(f.) ‘Fackel: torch’
(GEW 2:139)
(Cypr. λοφίς)
1. PIE *lobɑɦíɦɑd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lobɦíɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. lobɦíɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *lobɦíd-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. lobɦíd-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *lophíd-
4. lophíd-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. λοφίδ-
√lobɑɦn-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *lobɑɦníɦɑd-
Gr. λοφνίδ-
(f.) ‘Fackel: torch’
(GEW 2:139)
(Gr. λοφνίς)
1. PIE *lobɑɦníɦɑd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lobɦníɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. lobɦníɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *lobɦníd-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. lobɦníd-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *lophníd-
4. lophníd-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. λοφνίδ-
PIE *lobɑɦnu̯ont-
Hitt. labnu̯ant-
(vb.) ‘anzündend, zu Glühen bringend’
(HEG L:32)
(CHD L:44)
1. PIE *lobɑɦnu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lobɦnu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. lobɦnu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *labɦnu̯ant-
3. labɦnu̯ant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. labnu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *lobɑɦnuski̯e/o-
Hitt. labnuške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘glühen’
(HEG L:32)
(Hitt. lapnuškiu̯an [sup])
1. PIE *lobɑɦnuski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lobɦnuski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. lobɦnuski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *lobɦnusḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. lobɦnusḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *labɦnusḱe/a-
4. labɦnusḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *labɦnuske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. labɦnuske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *labnuske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. labnuske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. labnuške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√lobɑɦono-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG L:33)
PIE *lobɑɦ·ono-
CLu. lab·ana-
(GKLc.) ‘Sommerweide, Alm’ (DLL. 62)
(CHD L:40f.)
(CLu. la-pa-na-an-(na) [sgA])
1. PIE *lobɑɦ·ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lobɦ·ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. lobɦ·ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *labɦ·ana-
3. labɦ·ana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. lab·ana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *lobɑɦ·ono-
Hitt. lab·ana-
(URUc.) ‘‹summer-pasture›’
(OGH. 243)
(Hitt. la-pa-na [Stf.] “Götter von Taramika, Kunkunija, Wijanawanta, Tiura, Pirwašuwa”)
1. PIE *lobɑɦ·ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lobɦ·ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. lobɦ·ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *labɦ·ana-
3. labɦ·ana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. lab·ana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *lobɑɦ·ono-
Hitt. lab·ana
(dc.) ‘(with dala-, dapalua-)’
(OHP. 1:279)
(Hitt. la-pa-na [Abs])
1. PIE *lobɑɦ·ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lobɦ·ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. lobɦ·ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *labɦ·ana-
3. labɦ·ana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. lab·ana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *lobɑɦ·onoi̯o-
Hitt. lab·anaa-
(d.) ‘god of summer pasture’
(OHP. 1:279)
(Hitt. la-pa-na-a-an [sgA])
1. PIE *lobɑɦ·onoi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lobɦ·onoi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. lobɦ·onoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *labɦ·anai̯a-
3. labɦ·anai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *labɦ·anaa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. labɦ·anaa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. lab·anaa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *lobɑɦ·ono·ilo-
Hitt. lab·ana·ila-
(mc.) ‘(roi de l’Ulliwi au temps de Naram-Sin)’
(NOMS. 684)
(Hitt. la-pa-na-i-la “nom amorréen”)
1. PIE *lobɑɦ·ono·ilo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lobɦ·ono·ilo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. lobɦ·ono·ilo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *labɦ·ana·ila-
3. labɦ·ana·ila-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. lab·ana·ila-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√lobɑɦoni-
PIE *lobɑɦoni-
HLu. labani-
(vb.tr.) ‘(sommer)weiden (obj.: die Pferde)’
(HEG L:34)
(HLu. la-pa-ni-wa/i [1sg])
1. PIE *lobɑɦoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lobɦoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. lobɦoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *labɦani-
3. labɦani-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. labani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √lor- (vb.) ‘gedeihen, lieben’ (a.) ‘lieb, geliebt’
(IEW –)
(SPIE 249)
√lor-
(Pyysalo)
(For Hitt. ga· ‘NU : un-’, see PIE √gɦɑ- ‘un-, ohne, -los’)
PIE *gɦɑe·lor-
Hitt. ga·lar-
(a.) ‘NU.SIG5: ungünstig, unheilvoll: nefas
(HIL. 497)
(Hitt. kal-la-ra-an, kal-la-ri, kal-la-ri-it ‹to HLu. lar- ≈ ‘SIG5’›)
1. PIE *gɦɑe·lor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gɦɑa·lor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gɦɑa·lor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦa·lor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦa·lor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦa·lar-
4. gɦa·lar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ga·lar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɦɑe·lor-
CLu. ga·lar-
(GKLn.) ‘nefas’
(DLL. 53)
(CLu. gal-la-ar(mašmaškan) [sgNA])
1. PIE *gɦɑe·lor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gɦɑa·lor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gɦɑa·lor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦa·lor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦa·lor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦa·lar-
4. gɦa·lar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. ga·lar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɦɑe·lor-
Hitt. ga·lar-
(n.) ‘Unglück: nefas’
(HHand. 69)
(Hitt. kal-la-ar, gal-la-ar, HiuA 46)
1. PIE *gɦɑe·lor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gɦɑa·lor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gɦɑa·lor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦa·lor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦa·lor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦa·lar-
4. gɦa·lar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ga·lar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√loro-
(Pyysalo)
(HLu. r = TochB. r → PIE *r, not †T, see SPIE 248f.)
PIE *Π·loro-
HLu. ARHA’ lara-·-
(vb.) ‘burgeon, prosper, flourish’
(CHLu. 10.14.6)
(HLu. ARHA-’ la+ra/i-ta)
1. PIE *Π·loro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. Π·lara-
PIE *loro-
HLu. lara-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 4.9.1)
(HLu. la+ra/i+a-sa)
1. PIE *loro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. lara-
PIE *loro·Σ
HLu. lara·ḫirei̯a-
(VAS.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 11.1.fg4)
(HLu. “VAS”(-)la+ra/i-hi-ri+i-ia-zi-ha)
1. PIE *loro·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. lara·Σ
PIE *loro-
TochB. lara-
(a.) ‘dear, beloved’
(DTochB. 548)
(TochB. larepi, lareṃ)
1. PIE *loro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → TochB. lara-
PIE *lōro-
TochB. lāra-
(a.) ‘dear, beloved’
(DTochB. 548)
(TochB. lāre)
1. PIE *lōro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lōra-
2. lōra-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → TochB. lāra-
PIE *tr̥hɑu·loro-
Hitt. tr̥ḫu·lara-
(LÚc.) ‘(prince de Gurgum sous Tiglatpileser)’
(NOMS. 1258)
(in Ass. tar-ḫu-la-ra, ta-ar-ḫu-la-ra)
1. PIE *tr̥hɑu·loro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥hu·loro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥hu·loro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tr̥hu·lara-
3. tr̥hu·lara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. tr̥ḫu·lara-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√loroi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɑɦugɑɦ·lori-
Hitt. dug·lari-
(c.) ‘(eine Opfergabe, Art Flüßigkeit?)’
(HHand. 180)
1. PIE *dɑɦugɑɦ·lori-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦugɦ·lori-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦugɦ·lori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦugɦ·lari-
3. dɦugɦ·lari-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dug·lari-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *lōroi·Σ
TochB. ·lāre yām-
(vb.tr.) ‘love’
(DTochB. 548)
1. PIE *lōroi·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lōrai·Σ
2. lōrai·Σ
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *lārai·Σ
3. lārai·Σ
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *lārē·Σ
4. lārē·Σ
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochB. lāre·Σ
PIE *loroi·si̯o-
TochB. lare·ṣṣa-
(a.) ‘dear, beloved’
(DTochB. 548)
(TochB. lareṣṣe)
1. PIE *loroi·si̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *larai·si̯a-
2. larai·si̯a-
*si̯ → ṣ
Palatalization of *si̯
Rsi̯›ṣ → *larai·ṣa-
3. larai·ṣa-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *larē·ṣa-
4. larē·ṣa-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochB. lare·ṣa-
PIE *loroi·Σ
TochB. lare·yok-
(a.) ‘love-like, dear’
(DTochB. 548)
1. PIE *loroi·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *larai·Σ
2. larai·Σ
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *larē·Σ
3. larē·Σ
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochB. lare·Σ
√loromo-
PIE *loromo-
HLu. larama-
(Ic.) ‘‹≈ prosperous›’
(CHLu. 4.1.1)
(HLu. la+ra/i+a-ma-sa)
1. PIE *loromo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. larama-
PIE *loromo·si-
HLu. larama·ši-
(Ia.gen.) ‘‹of Larama-›’
(CHLu. 4.4.1b)
(HLu. la+ra/i+a-ma-si-i-sa)
1. PIE *loromo·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *larama·si-
2. larama·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. larama·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√loron-
PIE *gɦɑe·loron-
Hitt. ga·laran-
(n.) ‘Unglück, Überbelastung’
(HHand. 69)
(Hitt. kal-la-ra-an-ni, gal-la-ra-an-ni)
1. PIE *gɦɑe·loron-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gɦɑa·loron-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gɦɑa·loron-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦa·loron-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦa·loron-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦa·laran-
4. gɦa·laran-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ga·laran-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɦɑe·lorono-
CLu. ga·larana-
(GKLn.) ‘nefas’
(DLL. 53)
(CLu. gal-la-ra-an-ni [sgD])
1. PIE *gɦɑe·lorono-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gɦɑa·lorono-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gɦɑa·lorono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦa·lorono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦa·lorono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦa·larana-
4. gɦa·larana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. ga·larana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *loront-
Hitt. larant-
(URUpt.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGHErg. 94)
(Hitt. la!-ra-an-ta [Stf.]; “Nach A. Archi Hrsg. eher atranta zu lesen.”)
1. PIE *loront-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. larant-
PIE *Π·loronu-
HLu. ARHA laranu·-
(vb.) ‘cause to prosper/live’
(CHLu. 1.1.4)
(HLu. ARHA-ha-wa/i la+ra/i-a-nu-ha [1sg])
1. PIE *Π·loronu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. Π·laranu-


PIE √les- √los- (vb.) ‘glänzen’ (a.) ‘glänzend’ (sb.) ‘Fieber, Komet’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√los- √les-
PIE *hɑe·Los-
OInd. a·las-
(a.) ‘not shining’
(MonWil. 94)
1. PIE *hɑe·Los-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa·Los-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa·Los-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ha·Los-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ha·Los-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *ha·los-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. ha·los-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ha·las-
5. ha·las-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OInd. a·las-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√loso- √leso-
(Pyysalo 2013:272)
PIE *loso·loso-
HLu. laša·laša-
(FLAMMAEvb.) ‘shine, burn?’
(CHLu. 9.1.11)
(HLu. (‘FLAMMAE(?)’)la/i/u-sà-la-/i-/u-sà-ta ‹thus not HLu. †luslus- against CHLu.›)
1. PIE *loso·loso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lasa·lasa-
2. lasa·lasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. laša·laša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Loso-
OInd. lasa-
(a.) ‘shining’
(MonWil. 899)
1. PIE *Loso-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *loso-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. loso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OInd. lasa-
PIE *Loso-
OInd. lasa-
(m.) ‘fever’
(MonWil. 899)
1. PIE *Loso-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *loso-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. loso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OInd. lasa-
PIE *lesolo-
Hitt. lešala-
(MULc.) ‘Komet’ (Stefanini 1983:150)
(HEG L:54)
(Hitt. takku-kan MULle-eš-šal-la-aš [sgN] u̯izzi nu-ši-kan ḫaparnu̯atar-šet para meki lalukešzi, CHD L:72)
1. PIE *lesolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lesala-
2. lesala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. lešala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *lilosolo-
Hitt. lilašala-
(sb.) with NA4ZI.KIN = ‘Kultstein, Kultmal’
(HEG L:56-7)
(Hitt. NA4ZI.KIN li-la-aš-ša-al-la ku-ua-pí nu A-NA dMA[Ḫ-)
1. PIE *lilosolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lilasala-
2. lilasala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. lilašala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *losonu-
Hitt. lašanu-
(cs.) ‘beschreibt die rituelle Reinigung von Tieren’
(HHand. 96)
1. PIE *losonu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lasanu-
2. lasanu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. lašanu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √ls- √los- √les- (vb.) ‘lesen, auflesen, aufpicken, sammeln’
(IEW 680)
(Sommer 1939:680n2: Hitt. + IE; WP. 2:440)
√les-
(Sommer 1939:680n2)
PIE *lés-
Lith. lès-
(vb.) ‘mit dem Schnabel aufpicken, Körner lesen’
(LiEtWb. 359)
(Lith. lèsti [inf.], lesù [1sg])
1. PIE *lés-
é → è
Emergence of gravis PLith. è
RLiAcc4 → Lith. lès-
PIE *les-
Hitt. leš-
(vb.) ‘(auf)lesen, sammeln, aufräumen’
(HEG L:64)
(Hitt. in li-i]š-šu-u-ua-an-zi [inf.], le-eš-šu-u-ua-an-zi)
1. PIE *les-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. leš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√leso-
(Sommer 1939:680n2)
PIE *leso-
Hitt. leša-
(vb.) ‘lesen, auflesen, sammeln’ (CHD L:72)
(HEG L:64)
(Hitt. li-iš-ša-ta-ri [3sg], li-iš-ša-an-zi)
1. PIE *leso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lesa-
2. lesa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. leša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *leso-
Goth. lisa-
(pr.) ‘sammeln, lesen’ (GoElB. 208, HbGo. 230)
(GoEtD. L42)
(Goth. lisand Mat 6,26 CA, lisanda Mat 7,16 CA)
1. PIE *leso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lesa-
2. lesa-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → Goth. lisa-
PIE *Π·leso-
HLu. ARHA leša·-
(vb.) ‘separate, delimit’, but HEG L:64: ‘einebnen’
(CHLu. 5.2.2)
(HLu. ARHA li-sa-ha [1sg])
1. PIE *Π·leso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·lesa-
2. Π·lesa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. Π·leša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *leso·Σ
Hitt. leša·dU-
(mc.) ‘‹here if ‘chosen by the Storm god’ vel sim.›’
(NOMS. 700)
(Hitt. liš-ša-dU [Abs])
1. PIE *leso·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lesa·Σ
2. lesa·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. leša·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√lesoi-
PIE *lesoi-
Hitt. lešai-
(vb.1.M.) ‘lesen, auflesen, sammeln, aufräumen’
(HEG L:64)
(Hitt. li-ša-iz-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *lesoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lesai-
2. lesai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. lešai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·lesoi-
Hitt. šara lešai·-
(vb.) ‘auflesen, aufräumen’
(HEG L:64)
1. PIE *Π·lesoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·lesai-
2. Π·lesai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·lešai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√lesu-
PIE *gɑɦo·lēsu-
Goth. ga·lesu-
(pret.pl) ‘assemble, collect’
(GoEtWb. 233)
(Goth. galesun [3pl], Joh 6,13 CA)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·lēsu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·lēsu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦo·lēsu-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *go·lēsu-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. go·lēsu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ga·lēsu-
4. ga·lēsu-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → Goth. ga·lesu-
PIE *lesu̯o-
Hitt. lešu̯a-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘collect’
(HHand. 95)
(Hitt. le-eš-šu-u-ua-an-zi, li-i]š-šu-u-ua-an-zi)
1. PIE *lesu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lesu̯a-
2. lesu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. lešu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√los-
PIE *los-
Goth. las-
(pret.) ‘συλλέγειν, συνάγειν: colligere, congregare’
(GoEtD. L42)
(Goth. las SkB 7,18, Enb)
1. PIE *los-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. las-
PIE *losiɑ́h-
Latv. lasî-
(vb.) ‘gather, select’
(LiEtWb. 359)
(Latv. lasît [inf.], IE&IE 725)
1. PIE *losiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *losiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. losiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *losií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. losií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *losī́-
4. losī́-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lasī́-
5. lasī́-
*ī́ → î
Change of ī́ into î
Rī́›î → Latv. lasî-
PIE *losiɑ́h-
Lith. lasý-
(vb.) ‘herauspicken, auslesen, wählen’
(LiEtWb. 341,359)
(Lith. lasýti [inf.])
1. PIE *losiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *losiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. losiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *losií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. losií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *losī́-
4. losī́-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lasī́-
5. lasī́-
*ī́ → ý
Orthographic change of ī́ into ý
Rī́›ý → Lith. lasý-


PIE √ls- √los- √les- ‘(vb.) liegen, hinsinken’ (sb.) ‘Lager, Ruhestätte, Halle’
(IEW 661f.)
(Pyysalo: OAnat. + Gr.)
√los-
PIE *los·Σ
Hitt. laš·ḫuru-
(sb.) ‘-(?)-, eine Örtlichkeit?’
(HHand. 93)
(‹for the second part of the compound, cf. Hitt. ḫuru- (PN)›)
1. PIE *los·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *las·Σ
2. las·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. laš·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√losi-
PIE *Π·losi-
HLu. ARHA’ laši·-
(OCCIDENSvb.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 11.1.fg45)
(HLu. ARHA-’ OCCIDENS(-)la/i/u-si-ta)
1. PIE *Π·losi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·lasi-
2. Π·lasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. Π·laši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·losin-
OPr. lasin·-
(vb.) ‘legen’
(APrS. 369)
(OPr. lasinna [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·losin-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OPr. Π·lasin-
√lesgɑɦ-
PIE *lésgɑɦēɑh-
Gr. λέσχη-
(f.) ‘Raum od. Gebäude zu müßigem Aufenthalt’
(GEW 2:107-108)
(σ 329, Hesiod Op. 493, 501)
1. PIE *lésgɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *lésgɑɦāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. lésgɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lésgɦāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lésgɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *lésgɦā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. lésgɦā-
*gɦ → kh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›kh → *léskhā-
5. léskhā-
ā –> ē (Att)
Attican change of ā –› ē
Rā›ēAtt → *léskhē-
6. léskhē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. λέσχη-
PIE *lésgɑɦēɑh-
Dor. λέσχᾱ-
(f.) ‘Ruhestätte, Grab’
(GEW 2:107-108)
1. PIE *lésgɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *lésgɑɦāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. lésgɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lésgɦāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lésgɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *lésgɦā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. lésgɦā-
*gɦ → kh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›kh → *léskhā-
5. léskhā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. λέσχᾱ-
PIE *lésgɑɦēɑh-
Gr. λέσχη-
(f.) ‘öffentliche Halle, Gemeindehalle’
(GEW 2:107-108)
1. PIE *lésgɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *lésgɑɦāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. lésgɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lésgɦāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lésgɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *lésgɦā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. lésgɦā-
*gɦ → kh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›kh → *léskhā-
5. léskhā-
ā –> ē (Att)
Attican change of ā –› ē
Rā›ēAtt → *léskhē-
6. léskhē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. λέσχη-
PIE *lésgɑɦēɑh-
Dor. λέσχᾱ-
(f.) ‘öffentliche Halle, Gemeindehalle’
(GEW 2:107-108)
1. PIE *lésgɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *lésgɑɦāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. lésgɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lésgɦāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lésgɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *lésgɦā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. lésgɦā-
*gɦ → kh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›kh → *léskhā-
5. léskhā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. λέσχᾱ-


PIE √ldɑɦ- √lodɑɦ- √ledɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Frucht’
(IEW –)
(Pedersen Lyk&Hitt. 15-6: Anat. + Slav.; Pyysalo: Germ.)
√lōdɑɦ-
(Pedersen Lyk&Hitt. 15-6)
(HEG –; Pyysalo: Germ.)
PIE *Π·lōdɑɦo-
HLu. ARHA lāda·-
(vb.) ‘prosper?’
(CHLu. 10.16.1)
(HLu. ARHA la-tà-ta)
1. PIE *Π·lōdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·lōdɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·lōdɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·lōdɦa-
3. Π·lōdɦa-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·lādɦa-
4. Π·lādɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. Π·lāda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *lōdɑɦo
OIcl. lōð-
(n.) ‘Ertrag, Frucht’
(ANEtWb. 362)
1. PIE *lōdɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lōdɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. lōdɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *lōdo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. lōdo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lōda
4. lōda
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *lōd
5. lōd
*d -› ð
Change of d into ð
Rd›ð → OIcl. lōð
PIE *lōdɑɦo-
LycA. lada-
(c.) ‘Frau’
(Pedersen Lyk&Hitt. 15-6)
(LycA. lada [sgN])
1. PIE *lōdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lōdɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. lōdɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lōdɦa-
3. lōdɦa-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *lādɦa-
4. lādɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *lāda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. lāda-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → LycA. lada-
PIE *lōdɑɦēɑh
OIcl. lōð-
(f.) ‘Ertrag, Frucht’
(ANEtWb. 362)
1. PIE *lōdɑɦēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *lōdɑɦāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. lōdɑɦāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lōdɦāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lōdɦāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *lōdɦā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. lōdɦā
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *lōdā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. lōdā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *lōdō
(XX:XX)
6. lōdō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *lōda
7. lōda
*-a -u
Change of root final -a into -u
R=a›=u → *lōdu
8. lōdu
*d -› ð
Change of d into ð
Rd›ð → *lōðu
9. lōðu
*-u → Ø
Loss of -u in root-final position
R=u›=0 → OIcl. lōð
PIE *lṓdɑɦēɑh-
Russ. láda-
(c.) ‘Gemahl(in)’
(REW 2:5)
(Russ. láda [sgN])
1. PIE *lṓdɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *lṓdɑɦāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. lṓdɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lṓdɦāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lṓdɦāh-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *lā́dɦāh-
4. lā́dɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *lā́dɦā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. lā́dɦā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *lā́dā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. lā́dā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *lā́da-
7. lā́da-
*ā́ → a
Change of *ā́ into á
Rā́›á → Russ. láda-
PIE *lṓdɑɦiɑ́h-
Russ. ládi-
(vb.) ‘passen, stimmen usw.’
(LiEtWb. 328)
(Russ. ládit’ [inf.])
1. PIE *lṓdɑɦiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *lṓdɑɦiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. lṓdɑɦiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lṓdɦiíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lṓdɦiíh-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *lā́dɦiíh-
4. lā́dɦiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *lā́dɦií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. lā́dɦií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *lā́dɦī́-
6. lā́dɦī́-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *lā́dī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. lā́dī́-
*ā́ → a
Change of *ā́ into á
Rā́›á → *ládī́-
8. ládī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → Russ. ládí-
√lēdɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *un·lēdɑɦo-
Goth. un·led-
(a.) ‘arm: πένης, πτωχός: mendicus, pauper’
(GoEtD. U31)
(Goth. unleds, Luk 16,20, unledai [plN] Mat 11,5, unledam [plD], Joh 13,29)
1. PIE *un·lēdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *un·lēdɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. un·lēdɦo-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *un·lēdo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. un·lēdo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *un·lēda-
4. un·lēda-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → Goth. un·leda-
PIE *un·lēdɑɦono
Goth. un·ledan-
(a.) ‘arm: πένης, πτωχός: mendicus, pauper’
(GoEtD. U31)
(Goth. unledans [plA] Joh 12,8 CA, unledane [plG] Gal 2,10 B)
1. PIE *un·lēdɑɦono
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *un·lēdɦono
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. un·lēdɦono
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *un·lēdono
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. un·lēdono
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *un·lēdana
4. un·lēdana
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *un·lēdan
5. un·lēdan
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → Goth. un·ledan


PIE √ldɑɦ- √oldɑɦ- √eldɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Fluß, Wasser usw.’
(IEW 32)
(Krahe 1964:35)
√oldɑɦo-
(HEG A:20)
PIE *oldɑɦo-
Hitt. alda-
(ÍDc.) ‘(›Lawazantija, ›Manuzuḫi, ›Tarman[na)’
(OGH. 523)
(Hitt. a-al-da, a-al-ta; OGHErg. 205)
1. PIE *oldɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oldɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oldɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aldɦa-
3. aldɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. alda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *oldɑɦo-
Hitt. alda-
(ÍDc.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 523)
(Hitt. al-da, al-ta-aš-š[a [sgN])
1. PIE *oldɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oldɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oldɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aldɦa-
3. aldɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. alda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√eldɑɦi-
PIE *eldɑɦii̯ḗɑh
Lith. eldijà-
(f.) ‘Flusskahn’
(LiEtWb. 120)
1. PIE *eldɑɦii̯ḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *eldɑɦii̯ā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. eldɑɦii̯ā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eldɦii̯ā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. eldɦii̯ā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *eldɦii̯ā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. eldɦii̯ā́
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *eldii̯ā́
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. eldii̯ā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *eldii̯ṓ
(XX:XX)
6. eldii̯ṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → *eldii̯à
7. eldii̯à
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Lith. eldijà
√oldɑɦon-
PIE *oldɑɦo·n-
OIcl. alda·n-
(f.) ‘Welle; Talsohle, durch welche ein Bach fließt’
(ANEtWb. 5)
1. PIE *oldɑɦo·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oldɦo·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oldɦo·n-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *oldo·n-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. oldo·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OIcl. alda·n-
PIE *oldɑɦono-
Hitt. aldana-
(c.) ‘Quelle, Wasserbasin, Brunnen’
(HHand. 14)
1. PIE *oldɑɦono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oldɦono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oldɦono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aldɦana-
3. aldɦana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. aldana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *oldɑɦono-
Hitt. aldana-
(URUc.) ‘(im Kriegzug gegen Tumana› Šapituwa)’
(OGH. 10-11)
(Hitt. al-ta-an-na [Stf.]; OGHErg. 3, DKašk. 94)
1. PIE *oldɑɦono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oldɦono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oldɦono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aldɦana-
3. aldɦana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. aldana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *oldɑɦoni-
Hitt. aldani-
(PÚc.) ‘Quelle, Wasserbasin, Brunnen’
(HEG A:20)
(HHand. 14)
1. PIE *oldɑɦoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oldɦoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oldɦoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aldɦani-
3. aldɦani-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. aldani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *oldɑɦoni-
Hitt. aldani-
(PÚc.) ‘(hurrischer Bereich)’
(OGH. 523)
(Hitt. al-da-ni-iš, al-ta-an-ni-iš)
1. PIE *oldɑɦoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oldɦoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oldɦoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aldɦani-
3. aldɦani-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. aldani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *oldɑɦoni·mo-
CLu. aldani·ma-
(pt.) ‘-(?)-’
(DLL. 26)
(CLu. al-ta-an-ni-ma)
1. PIE *oldɑɦoni·mo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oldɦoni·mo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oldɦoni·mo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aldɦani·ma-
3. aldɦani·ma-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. aldani·ma-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√oldɑɦi-
PIE *oldɑɦiɑ́h-
OCS. ladi-
(f.) ‘Schiff’
(Sadnik √7)
1. PIE *oldɑɦiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *oldɑɦiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. oldɑɦiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oldɦiíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. oldɦiíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aldɦiíh-
4. aldɦiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aldɦií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aldɦií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *aldɦī́-
6. aldɦī́-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *aldī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. aldī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *oldī́-
8. oldī́-
*old → lād
Slavic metathesis of old to lād
Rold›lād → *lādī́-
9. lādī́-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *ladī́-
10. ladī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *ladí-
11. ladí-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → OCS. ladi-
PIE *oldɑɦii̯ḗɑh
Lith. aldijà-
(f.) ‘Flusskahn’
(LiEtWb. 120)
1. PIE *oldɑɦii̯ḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *oldɑɦii̯ā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. oldɑɦii̯ā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oldɦii̯ā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. oldɦii̯ā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oldɦii̯ā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. oldɦii̯ā́
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aldɦii̯ā́
5. aldɦii̯ā́
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *aldii̯ā́
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. aldii̯ā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *aldii̯ṓ
(XX:XX)
7. aldii̯ṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → *aldii̯à
8. aldii̯à
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Lith. aldijà
PIE *oldɑɦeii̯ei-
OCS. ladiji-
(f.) ‘Kahn’
(Sadnik √7)
1. PIE *oldɑɦeii̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oldɦeii̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oldɦeii̯ei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aldɦeii̯ei-
3. aldɦeii̯ei-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *aldeii̯ei-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. aldeii̯ei-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *oldeii̯ei-
5. oldeii̯ei-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *oldīi̯ī-
6. oldīi̯ī-
*old → lād
Slavic metathesis of old to lād
Rold›lād → *lādīi̯ī-
7. lādīi̯ī-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *lādījī-
8. lādījī-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *ladījī-
9. ladījī-
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → OCS. ladiji-
PIE *oldɑɦeii̯eikuɑhi̯ēɑh-
OCS. ladijica-
(f.) ‘Schifflein’
(REW 2:52)
1. PIE *oldɑɦeii̯eikuɑhi̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *oldɑɦeii̯eikuɑhi̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. oldɑɦeii̯eikuɑhi̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oldɦeii̯eikuhi̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. oldɦeii̯eikuhi̯āh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aldɦeii̯eikuhi̯āh-
4. aldɦeii̯eikuhi̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aldɦeii̯eikui̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aldɦeii̯eikui̯ā-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *aldɦeii̯eiki̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. aldɦeii̯eiki̯ā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *aldeii̯eiki̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. aldeii̯eiki̯ā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *oldeii̯eiki̯ā-
8. oldeii̯eiki̯ā-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *oldīi̯īki̯ā-
9. oldīi̯īki̯ā-
*old → lād
Slavic metathesis of old to lād
Rold›lād → *lādīi̯īki̯ā-
10. lādīi̯īki̯ā-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *lādījīkjā-
11. lādījīkjā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *ladījīkja-
12. ladījīkja-
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → OCS. ladijikja-


PIE √lu- √lou- √leu- (sb.) ‘Art Messer, Klinge o.ä.’ (vb.) ‘brechen’
(IEW –; Pisani 1966:51)
(Pyysalo)
√luo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *lu̯o-
Hitt. lu̯a-
(sb.) ‘Art Messer, Klinge?’
(HHand. 96)
(stem uncertain)
1. PIE *lu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. lu̯a-
PIE *peru·lu̯o-
Hitt. peru·lu̯a-
(NA4vb.) ‘mit Stein ‹Hitt. piru-› mahlen’
(HHand. 132)
(CHD P:314f., Hitt. pí-ru-lu-u-u̯a-ri [3sg] in VBoT 58 i (30))
1. PIE *peru·lu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. peru·lu̯a-
√lumpo-
(Pisani 1966:51)
(CHD L:85, HEG L:76-77)
PIE *Lumpó-
AV. lumpá-
(pr.) ‘zerbrechen, beschädigen, unterdrücken’
(KEWA 2:108)
(AV. lumpáti)
1. PIE *Lumpó-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *lumpó-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. lumpó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → AV. lumpá-
PIE *lumposo-
Hitt. lumpaša-
(?.) ‘-(?)-’
(HHand. 95)
(Hitt. l]umpaša-)
1. PIE *lumposo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lumpasa-
2. lumpasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. lumpaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *lumpostei-
Hitt. lumpaštei-
(c.) ‘Gram, Bedaurern, Ärgernis?’
(HEG L:76)
1. PIE *lumpostei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lumpastei-
2. lumpastei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. lumpaštei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *lumpostei-
CLu. lumpaštei-
(c.) ‘(etwas Unangenehmes)’ (HHand. 95)
(DLL. 64)
(CLu. lu-um-pa-aš-ti-in [sgA])
1. PIE *lumpostei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lumpastei-
2. lumpastei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. lumpaštei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√lup-
(Pisani 1966:51)
PIE *Lup-
AV. lup-
(pf.) ‘zerbrechen, beschädigen, unterdrücken’
(KEWA 2:108)
(in AV. luptá-)
1. PIE *Lup-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → AV. lup-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
PIE *lupostei-
CLu. lupaštei-
(GKLc.) ‘Ärgernis = lumpašti-’ (HHand. 96)
(DLL. 64)
(CLu. lu-up-pa-aš-ti-iš [sgN], lu-up-pa-aš-ti-in)
1. PIE *lupostei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lupastei-
2. lupastei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. lupaštei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *lupostei-
Hitt. lupaštei-
(c.) ‘Ärgernis (o.ä.)’
(HEG L:76)
(Hitt. lu-pa-aš-tin [sgA] ‹note Hitt. -p-›)
1. PIE *lupostei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lupastei-
2. lupastei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. lupaštei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√lōur-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *lōur-
TochB. laur-
(m.sg) ‘spike (of iron, piercing a skull)’
(DTochB. 563)
(TochB. laursa [Perl] eñcwaññe tarne räskre tsopyeṃne)
1. PIE *lōur-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *lāur-
2. lāur-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → TochB. laur-
√louor-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *lou̯ori-
Hitt. lau̯ari-
(GKL.) ‘Einzelteil o.ä.?’ (HEG L:47)
(DLL. 63)
(Hitt. la-ua-ri-i-iš[(-))
1. PIE *lou̯ori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. lau̯ari-
PIE *lou̯orimo-
CLu. lau̯arima-
(GKLpt.) ‘broken (or ‘beraubt?’)’
(DLL. 63)
(CLu. [la]-ua-ar-ri-ma [plNA] ‹here or to PIE √l- ‘angreifen, ergreifen, nehmen, rauben’›)
1. PIE *lou̯orimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. lau̯arima-
PIE *lou̯oru-
Hitt. lau̯aru-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘briser: break’
(DLL. 63)
(Hitt. la-u-ua-ar-ru-na [inf.])
1. PIE *lou̯oru-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. lau̯aru-


PIE √lu- √lou- √leu- (vb.) ‘gießen, waschen, baden’ (sb.) ‘Bad’
(IEW 692)
(Pyysalo: TochB.)
√lou-
PIE *lélou-
Gr. λέλου-
(pr.A.) ‘bathe’
(LSJ. 1062)
(Gr. λέλουμαι [1sg])
1. PIE *lélou-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. λέλου-
√louo-
PIE *lóu̯o-
Gr. λόο-
(pr.) ‘waschen’
(GEW 2:138-9)
(Gr. λόω [1sg])
1. PIE *lóu̯o-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *lóo-
2. lóo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. λόο-
PIE *hɑerdeɑh·lóu̯o-
Gr. ἀρδα·λόο-
(vb.) ‘beschmutzen’
(GEW 1:134)
(Gr. ἀρδαλόω)
1. PIE *hɑerdeɑh·lóu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑardeɑh·lóu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑardeɑh·lóu̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑardaɑh·lóu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑardaɑh·lóu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hardah·lóu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hardah·lóu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arda·lóu̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arda·lóu̯o-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *arda·lóo-
6. arda·lóo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀρδα·λόο-
√leuo-
PIE *leu̯o·Σ
LinB. λεϝο·τροχοϝο-
(m.) ‘Badediener’
(HEG L:6)
(LinB. re-wo-to-ro-ko-wo)
1. PIE *leu̯o·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → LinB. λεϝο·Σ
√lēuo-
PIE *lēu̯o-
TochB. lyāwa-
(vb.) ‘anoint (Buddha’s body)’
(DTochB. 567)
1. PIE *lēu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lēu̯a-
2. lēu̯a-
PIE *ē → i̯ ā
Change of *ē into i̯ā
Rē›i̯ā → *li̯āu̯a-
3. li̯āu̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *lyāu̯a-
4. lyāu̯a-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. lyāwa-
√lu-
PIE *lu-
CLu. lu-
(vb.) ‘gießen?’
(HHand. 95)
(DLL. 61, CLu. lu-(ú)-un-ni [1pl]))
PIE *lílu-
Gr. λίλυ-
(n.) ‘τὸ ὕδωρ’
(HEG L:73)
(Hes. λίλυ · τὸ ὕδωρ “Libysch”)
1. PIE *lílu-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. λίλυ-
PIE *lu̯o-
CLu. lu̯a-
(vb.) ‘gießen?’
(HHand. 96)
(DLL. 64, CLu. lu-u-ua-an-da [3pl])
1. PIE *lu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. lu̯a-
PIE *lilu̯o-
CLu. lilu̯a-
(vb.) ‘gießen, schütten’
(DLL. 63)
(CLu. li-lu-u-ua [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *lilu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. lilu̯a-


PIE √luɑh- (vb.) ‘waschen, reinigen’
(IEW 835-836)
(Pyysalo: Arm. + Anat.)
√luɑh-
(IEW 835-836)
PIE *lu̯ēɑhnēɑh-
Arm. lvana-
(pr.) ‘wash, cleanse, bathe’
(ArmGr. 1:454)
(Arm. lvanam [1sg])
1. PIE *lu̯ēɑhnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *lu̯āɑhnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. lu̯āɑhnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lu̯āhnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lu̯āhnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *lu̯ānā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. lu̯ānā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *lu̯ana-
5. lu̯ana-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Arm. lvana-
√luɑh-
(HEG L:64-5)
(HIL. 613-4, HED 5:102, CHD L:73)
PIE *luɑho-
CLu. luḫa-
(c.) ‘‹not ‘Licht’ but ‘Reinheit’?›’
(DLL. 135)
(CLu. lu-u-ḫa-aš [N], lu-u-ḫa-an [sgA])
1. PIE *luɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *luho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. luho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *luha-
3. luha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. luḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *luɑho-
Hitt. luḫa-
(c.) ‘‹not ‘Licht’ but ‘Reinheit’ vel sim.?›’
(HHand. 95)
(Hitt. lu-u-ḫa [sgD])
1. PIE *luɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *luho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. luho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *luha-
3. luha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. luḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *luɑho·tumon-
Kpd. luḫa·tuman-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 701)
(Kpd. lu-ḫa-tù-ma-an)
1. PIE *luɑho·tumon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *luho·tumon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. luho·tumon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *luha·tuman-
3. luha·tuman-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. luḫa·tuman-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *luɑho·Σ
Hitt. luḫa·[…]šan[-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 249)
(Hitt. [x IK]U Feld auf dem Weg nach URUlu-u[ḫ- ]-ša-an-[)
1. PIE *luɑho·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *luho·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. luho·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *luha·Σ
3. luha·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. luḫa·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √lubɑɦ- √leubɑɦ- √loubɑɦ- (vb.) ‘lieben’ (sb.) ‘Liebe’
(IEW 685-)
√leubɑɦ-
PIE *leubɑɦo
OCS. ljubŭ-
(a.) ‘lieb, wert’
(Sadnik √488)
(OCS. ljubŭ [sgN])
1. PIE *leubɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *leubɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. leubɦo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *leubɦa
3. leubɦa
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *leuba
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. leuba
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *leubo
5. leubo
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *leubu
6. leubu
eu → i̯u
Change of *eu into i̯u
Reu›i̯u → *li̯ubu
7. li̯ubu
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *ljubu
8. ljubu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. ljubŭ
PIE *leubɑɦo·Σ
Goth. liuba·leik-
(a.) ‘lovely: προφιλής’
(GoEtD. L49)
(Goth. liubaleiks)
1. PIE *leubɑɦo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *leubɦo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. leubɦo·Σ
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *leubo·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. leubo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *leuba·Σ
4. leuba·Σ
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → Goth. liuba·Σ
PIE *leubɑɦēɑh-
Russ. ljuba-
(PN.f.dim.) ‘Ljuba’
(REW 2:77)
(Russ. ljuba [sgN])
1. PIE *leubɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *leubɑɦāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. leubɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *leubɦāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. leubɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *leubɦā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. leubɦā-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *leubā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. leubā-
eu → i̯u
Change of *eu into i̯u
Reu›i̯u → *li̯ubā-
6. li̯ubā-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *ljubā-
7. ljubā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → Russ. ljuba-
PIE *Leubɑɦo-
OInd. lobha-
(m.) ‘Gier, Habsucht: eager desire’
(KEWA 3:107)
1. PIE *Leubɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Leubɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Leubɦo-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *leubɦo-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. leubɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *leubɦa-
4. leubɦa-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *laubɦa-
5. laubɦa-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *lōbɦa-
6. lōbɦa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *lōbha-
7. lōbha-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → OInd. lobha-
PIE *leubɑɦos-
OCS. ljubo
(adv.n.) ‘vel: or’
(Sadnik √488)
(in OCS. ljubo – ljubo ‘vel – vel’)
1. PIE *leubɑɦos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *leubɦos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. leubɦos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *leubɦas-
3. leubɦas-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *leubas-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. leubas-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *leubos-
5. leubos-
eu → i̯u
Change of *eu into i̯u
Reu›i̯u → *li̯ubos-
6. li̯ubos-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → OCS. ljubos-


PIE √ludɑɦ- √loudɑɦ- √leudɑɦ- (vb.) ‘(für sich) halten, hemmen, hindern’ (sb.) ‘Hälter’
(IEW –, LIV2:415)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + CLu.)
√ ludɑɦ-
(HEG K:543-4)
(Also in Celtic, see Hamp 1978: Cymr. adludd ‘obstacle’ & EtDiPC. 245 for OIr. lod ‘fence’ etc.)
PIE *Π·lúdɑɦi̯o-
RV. ni·rúdhya-
(absol.) ‘(Feinde, Mangel) fernhalten, abwehren’
(WbRV. 1176)
(RV. nirúdhya; EWA 2:467)
1. PIE *Π·lúdɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·lúdɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·lúdɦi̯o-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *Π·rúdɦi̯o-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. Π·rúdɦi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·rúdɦi̯a-
4. Π·rúdɦi̯a-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *Π·rúdhi̯a-
5. Π·rúdhi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·rúdhya-
PIE *Π·ludɑɦi̯ei-
Hitt. kata·luzei-
(GIŠn.) ‘Schwelle, Türstütz: treshold’
(HHand. 76)
(Hitt. kat-ta-lu-uz-zi, kat-ta-lu-uz-zi-ia-aš)
1. PIE *Π·ludɑɦi̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ludɦi̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ludɦi̯ei-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *Π·lujɦei-
3. Π·lujɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·lujei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·lujei-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. Π·luzei-
PIE *Π·ludɑɦi̯ei-
Hitt. šarazi kata·luzei-
(n.) ‘lintel’ (HED 4:124-5)
(HIL. 536)
1. PIE *Π·ludɑɦi̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ludɦi̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ludɦi̯ei-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *Π·lujɦei-
3. Π·lujɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·lujei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·lujei-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. Π·luzei-
PIE *Π·ludɑɦi̯eiso-
CLu. kata·luzeiša-
(GIŠn.) ‘Schwelle, Türstütz: seuil’
(DLL. 54)
(CLu. kat-ta-lu-uz-[zi]-ša [sgNA])
1. PIE *Π·ludɑɦi̯eiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ludɦi̯eiso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ludɦi̯eiso-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *Π·lujɦeiso-
3. Π·lujɦeiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·lujɦeisa-
4. Π·lujɦeisa-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *Π·luzɦeisa-
5. Π·luzɦeisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·luzɦeiša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. Π·luzɦeiša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. Π·luzḫeiša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √m- √mo- √me- (vb.) ‘wachsen, gedeihen, reifen’ (a.) ‘reif’ (a.) ‘viel’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Anat. + Toch.)
√mo-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG M:91, 166, CHD M:113-115)
PIE *mo-
Hitt. ma-
(vb.2.) ‘wachsen, gedeihen, reifen’ (HHand. 97)
(HEG M:91,166)
(Hitt. ma-a-i [3sg], ma-a-ú [ipv3sg])
1. PIE *mo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ma-
PIE *Π·mo-
TochB. mā·ma-
(a.) ‘unripe, raw’
(DTochB. 448)
(TochB. māme [sgN] ‹= mā- ‘un-’ + ma- ‘ripe’›)
1. PIE *Π·mo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → TochB. Π·ma-
PIE *mo-
LycC. μα-
(PNm.) ‘-(?)-’
(NdLyk. 138)
(in Kpd. μας [sgN])
1. PIE *mo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ma-
2. ma-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → LycC. μα-
PIE *mo-
HLu. ma-
(a.) ‘viel: many, much’ (HEG M:181)
(CHLu. 1.1.57)
(HLu. ma-pa-wa/i ‘und viel’, ma-wa/i-za ‘für uns viel’)
1. PIE *mo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. ma-


PIE √mɑhl- (sb.) ‘Wein, Weinrebe, Weinstock, Bacchae’ (a.) ‘trunken’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Anat. + IE)
√mɑhlo-
(SPIE 156)
(cf. HEG M:89f. for Lat. mālo- ‘Apfel’)
PIE *mōɑhlo-
Hitt. māḫla-
(GIŠc.) ‘Weinrebe, Zweig des Weinstocks’
(HHand. 96)
(Hitt. ma-a-aḫ-la-aš)
1. PIE *mōɑhlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mōhlo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. mōhlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *mōhla-
3. mōhla-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *māhla-
4. māhla-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. māḫla-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *mōɑhlo-
Pal. māḫla-
(c.) ‘Weinstock?’ (HHand. 96)
(DPal. 62)
1. PIE *mōɑhlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mōhlo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. mōhlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *mōhla-
3. mōhla-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *māhla-
4. māhla-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. māḫla-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *mōɑhlo-
TochB. māla-
(sb.) ‘a kind of intoxicating drink’
(DTochB. 449)
1. PIE *mōɑhlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mōhlo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. mōhlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *mōhla-
3. mōhla-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *māhla-
4. māhla-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochB. māla-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *mṓɑhlok-
LydG. μώλακ-
(c.) ‘Wein’
(HEG M:89)
(Lyd. μῶλαξ· λυδοὶ τὸν οἶνον; εἶδος οἴνου)
1. PIE *mṓɑhlok-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mṓhlok-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. mṓhlok-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *mṓhlak-
3. mṓhlak-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *mṓlak-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. mṓlak-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → LydG. μώλακ-
PIE *mōɑhlo·Σ
TochB. ·mālatsai-
(a.) ‘drunken’
(DTochB. 449)
1. PIE *mōɑhlo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mōhlo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. mōhlo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *mōhla·Σ
3. mōhla·Σ
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *māhla·Σ
4. māhla·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochB. māla·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√mɑhli-
(SPIE 156)
PIE *mēɑhli̯·Σ
Arm. mał·zmay-
(sb.) ‘Weinglas’
(ArmGr. 1:196)
1. PIE *mēɑhli̯·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *māɑhli̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. māɑhli̯·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *māhli̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. māhli̯·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *māli̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. māli̯·Σ
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *mali̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.5.8)
5. mali̯·Σ
*li̯ → ł
Change of *li̯ into ł
Rli̯›ł → Arm. mał·Σ
PIE *moɑhli̯o·Σ
Arm. moło·zmay-
(sb.) ‘Weinglas’
(ArmGr. 1:196)
1. PIE *moɑhli̯o·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mohli̯o·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. mohli̯o·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *moli̯o·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. moli̯o·Σ
*li̯ → ł
Change of *li̯ into ł
Rli̯›ł → Arm. moło·Σ
√meɑhlnon-
(SPIE 156)
PIE *mimeɑhlnón-
Maced. μιμαλλόν-
(f.pl) ‘αἱ βάκχαι’
(LSJ. 1135)
(μιμαλλόνες [plN])
1. PIE *mimeɑhlnón-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *mimaɑhlnón-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. mimaɑhlnón-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mimahlnón-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. mimahlnón-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *mimalnón-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. mimalnón-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → *mimallón-
5. mimallón-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Maced. μιμαλλόν-


PIE √mɑhu- (vb.) ‘abreißen, schälen, abstreifen, stülpen, anziehen’
(IEW 743)
(LIV2:445; Pyysalo: Hitt. + CLu.)
√mēɑhu-
PIE *mḗɑhu̯ēhɑ-
Lith. móvė-
(pret.) ‘abstreifen, abreißen, schälen, stülpen’
(LiEtWb. 420)
(Lith. móviau [1sg])
1. PIE *mḗɑhu̯ēhɑ-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *mā́ɑhu̯ēhɑ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. mā́ɑhu̯ēhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mā́hu̯ēh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. mā́hu̯ēh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *mā́u̯ē-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. mā́u̯ē-
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *mṓu̯ē-
(XX:XX)
5. mṓu̯ē-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → *móu̯ē-
6. móu̯ē-
* ē -> ė
Change of *ē into ė
Rē›ė → *móu̯ė-
7. móu̯ė-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. móvė-
√mēɑhui-
PIE *mēɑhu̯i-
Hitt. māḫu̯i-
(vb.M.) ‘‹cf. the context in StBoT 22 + CHD›’
(HHand. 96)
(Hitt. ma-aḫ-ḫu-it-ta [3sg]; Oettinger 1976b:16f., CHD M:113)
1. PIE *mēɑhu̯i-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *māɑhu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. māɑhu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *māhu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. māhu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. māḫu̯i-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *mḗɑhui̯o-
Lith. máuja-
(pr.) ‘abreißen’
(LiEtWb. 420)
(Lith. máuju [1sg])
1. PIE *mḗɑhui̯o-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *mā́ɑhui̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. mā́ɑhui̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mā́hui̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. mā́hui̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *mā́ui̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. mā́ui̯o-
*ā́RC → áRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ā́RC
Rā́RC›áRC → *máui̯o-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
5. máui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *máui̯a-
6. máui̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Lith. máuja-
PIE *mēɑhui̯ḗɑh-
Lith. maujó-
(vb.) ‘stülpen, abstreifen, abreißen, schälen’
(LiEtWb. 417)
1. PIE *mēɑhui̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *māɑhui̯ḗɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. māɑhui̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *māɑhui̯ā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. māɑhui̯ā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *māhui̯ā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. māhui̯ā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *māui̯ā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. māui̯ā́-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *maui̯ā́-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
6. maui̯ā́-
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *maui̯ṓ-
(XX:XX)
7. maui̯ṓ-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → *maui̯ó-
8. maui̯ó-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Lith. maujó-
PIE *momɑhu̯i-
CLu. mamḫu̯i-
(vb.M.) ≈ ‘skin, flay?’
(HHand. 99)
(CLu. tarpaš[… mamḫu̯itari [3sg] ziti [sgD] ‘‹a ritual substi[tute] is m.-ed for a man?›’)
1. PIE *momɑhu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *momhu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. momhu̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *mamhu̯i-
3. mamhu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. mamḫu̯i-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *momɑhu̯isto-
Hitt. mamḫu̯išta-
(NA4.) ‘(ein Gegenstand aus Stein ‹a tool/weapon?›)’
(HEG M:115)
(Hitt. ma-am-ḫu-iš-t[a/g[a(-)], HHand. 99, CHD M:139)
1. PIE *momɑhu̯isto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *momhu̯isto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. momhu̯isto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *mamhu̯ista-
3. mamhu̯ista-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *mamhu̯išta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. mamhu̯išta-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. mamḫu̯išta-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √mehɑ- (sb.) ‘time, age’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Germ.)
√mehɑn-
(Goth. aldomin- not here against SPIE 33, Roland Schuhmann (personal communication))
PIE *mehɑn-
Hitt. meḫn-
(n.) ‘Zeit’
(HEG M:171)
(Hitt. me-eḫ-ni [sgL])
1. PIE *mehɑn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mehn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. mehn-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. meḫn-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√mehɑun-
(Pyysalo)
(CHD M:239)
PIE *mehɑu̯en-
Hitt. meḫu̯en-
(n.obl.) ‘Zeit’
(HEG M:171-4)
(Hitt. me-e-ḫu-e-ni [sgL])
1. PIE *mehɑu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mehu̯en-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. mehu̯en-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. meḫu̯en-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *mehɑun-
Hitt. meḫun-
(n.obl.) ‘Zeit’
(HEG M:171-4)
(Hitt. me-e-ḫu-na-aš [sgG], me-e-ḫu-ni [L], HuIdg. 48-9)
1. PIE *mehɑun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mehun-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. mehun-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. meḫun-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·mehɑuni
Hitt. ḫandaiši meḫuni·
(phr.) ‘in the heat of the noon’
(StBoT 18:98)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ta-i-ši me-e-ḫu-n[i] (KBo 3.22 obv. 19), HIL. 341)
1. PIE *Π·mehɑuni
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·mehuni
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·mehuni
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·meḫuni
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *mhɑundɑɦo
OIcl. mund-
(n.) ‘Zeitpunkt’
(ANEtWb. 395)
1. PIE *mhɑundɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mhundɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. mhundɦo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *mundɦo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. mundɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *mundo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. mundo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *munda
5. munda
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OIcl. mund
PIE *mhɑundɑɦo
OSwed. mund-
(m.) ‘Zeitpunkt’
(ANEtWb. 395)
(OSwed. munder [sgN])
1. PIE *mhɑundɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mhundɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. mhundɦo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *mundɦo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. mundɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *mundo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. mundo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *munda
5. munda
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OSwed. mund
√mehɑur-
PIE *mehɑur-
Hitt. meḫur-
(n.) ‘Zeit’
(HEG M:171-4)
(Hitt. me-e-ḫur, me-ḫu-ur [sgN], HED 6:108-112)
1. PIE *mehɑur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mehur-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. mehur-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. meḫur-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *mehɑuri-
Hitt. meḫuri-
(n.pl) ‘Zeit’
(HIL. 656)
(Hitt. me-ḫur-riḪI.A, Kretschmer apud Hrozný 1917:70n3 to PIE *mē- ‘measure’)
1. PIE *mehɑuri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mehuri-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. mehuri-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. meḫuri-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √mi- √mei- √moi- (a.) ‘klein, schwach’ (vb.) ‘zu Grunde richten, verkleiner, vermindern’
(IEW 711)
(Seebold: Hitt.; Pyysalo: CLu.)
√mi-
(Seebold 1988:510)
(SPIE 149)
PIE *mei̯o-
LAv. maya-
(pr.) ‘zu Grunde richten’
(AIWb. 1141)
(LAv. mayat̰ [3sg])
1. PIE *mei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *mei̯a-
2. mei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *mai̯a-
3. mai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. maya-
PIE *o·mei̯ont-
Hitt. a·mei̯ant-
(pt.a.) ‘klein, schwach’
(HEG A:22)
(Hitt. a-mi-ia-an-za [sgN], a-mi-ia-an-te-eš [plN])
1. PIE *o·mei̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. a·mei̯ant-
PIE *o·mei̯ontesor-
Hitt. a·mei̯antešar-
(n.) ‘miniature bread’
(HIL. 207-8)
(Hitt. a-mi-an-te-eš-šar [sgNA], HW2 A:66f.)
1. PIE *o·mei̯ontesor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·mei̯antesar-
2. a·mei̯antesar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. a·mei̯antešar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√min-
PIE *min-
Osc. min-
(a.) ‘klein’
(WH. 2:92)
(Osc. min [sgN])
PIE *minú·i̯ōro-
Gr. μινύ·ωρο-
(a.) ‘kurze Zeit lebend’
(GEW 2:242)
(Gr. μινύωρος)
1. PIE *minú·i̯ōro-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *minú·ōro-
2. minú·ōro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. μινύ·ωρο-
PIE *minu.hɑendɑɦḗs-
Gr. μινυ.ανθήσ-
(a.) ‘kurze Zeit blühend’
(LSJ. 1135)
1. PIE *minu.hɑendɑɦḗs-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *minu.hɑandɑɦḗs-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. minu.hɑandɑɦḗs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *minu.handɦḗs-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. minu.handɦḗs-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *minu.andɦḗs-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. minu.andɦḗs-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *minu.anthḗs-
5. minu.anthḗs-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. μινυ.ανθήσ-
PIE *minú·dɑɦo-
Gr. μινύ·θο-
(vb.tr.) ‘verkleinern, vermindern’
(GEW 2:242)
(Gr. μινύθω)
1. PIE *minú·dɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *minú·dɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. minú·dɦo-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *minú·tho-
3. minú·tho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. μινύ·θο-
√mis-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *misti-
CLu. mišti-
(c.) ‘Kleinigkeit, Geringfügigkeit (Gerätschaften)’
(HEG M:217)
(CLu. mi-iš-ti-in, and HHand. 106)
1. PIE *misti-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. mišti-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *misti-
CLu. mišti-
(GKLc.) ‘(ein äußerlich geringfügiger Körperteil)’
(DLL. 71)
(CLu. mi-eš-te-en)
1. PIE *misti-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. mišti-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *mistri-
Osc. mistri-
(a.comp.) ‘kleiner: minor’
(WbOU. 478)
(Osc. mistreis [sgG])


PIE √min- √moin- √mein- (vb.) ‘jagen’ (sb.) ‘Jäger, Pfahl, Bogen, Baum’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√mein-
(Pyysalo)
(HIL. 667f., CHD M:290, HHand. 105)
PIE *meíno-
Latv. mìena-
(pr.) ‘(einen Pfahl) einjagen, bepfählen’
(LiEtWb. 451)
1. PIE *meíno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *meína-
2. meína-
eí -› ìe
Change of eí to ìe
Reí›ìe → Latv. mìena-
PIE *meinei̯o-
Hitt. meinei̯a-
(LÚc.) ‘Bogenschütze, Jäger’
(HEG M:198)
(Hitt. me-ne-ia-aš, me-e-ni-aš, me-e-ni-i[a-aš], mi-ni-ia-aš [sgN], me-ne-an, mi-ni-ia-an [sgA], me-ne-ia-š=a)
1. PIE *meinei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. meinei̯a-


PIE √mis- √mois- √meis- (sb.) ‘Fleisch, Aas, Lockspeise’
(IEW 697, 725)
(Pyysalo: CLu. + Hitt.)
√meis-
PIE *meisēɑh
Lith. meisa-
(f.) ‘Fleisch: meat’
(LiEtWb. 427)
1. PIE *meisēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *meisāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. meisāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *meisāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. meisāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *meisā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. meisā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *meisō
(XX:XX)
5. meisō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *meisa
6. meisa
*ei -> ie
Change of *ei into ie
Rei›ie → Lith. miesa
√mis-
(Pyysalo: CLu. + Hitt. + Gr.)
PIE *mis-
CLu. miš-
(n.?) ‘Fleisch’ (HHand. 106)
(DLL. 71)
1. PIE *mis-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. miš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·mis-
RV. ā́·miṣ-
(n.) ‘(rohes) Fleisch; Aas, Lockspeise’
(WbRV. 181)
1. PIE *Π·mis-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *Π·miš-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. Π·miš-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. Π·miṣ-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
PIE *Π·mis-
LAv. ā·miš-
(n.) ‘Fleisch’
(EWA 1:170-1)
(AIWb. –)
1. PIE *Π·mis-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIIr → LAv. Π·miš-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
PIE *miseɑh
TochB. misa-
(f.pl.tant.) ‘meat, flesh: Fleisch’
(DTochB. 464)
1. PIE *miseɑh
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *misaɑh
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. misaɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *misah
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. misah
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochB. misa
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *misn-
Alb. mishn-
(m./n.pl) ‘Fleisch’
(AlbEtD. 267)
(Alb. mishna)
1. PIE *misn-
*s → sh
Change of *s into sh
Rs›sh → Alb. mishn-
PIE *misr-
Alb. mishr-
(m./n.pl) ‘Fleisch’
(AlbEtD. 267)
(Alb. mishra)
1. PIE *misr-
*s → sh
Change of *s into sh
Rs›sh → Alb. mishr-
PIE *mis·túlno-
Gr. μισ·τύλλο-
(vb.) ‘Fleisch zertstückeln’
(GEW 2:244-5)
(Gr. μιστύλλω)
1. PIE *mis·túlno-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → *mis·túllo-
2. mis·túllo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. μισ·τύλλο-
PIE *mis·Σ
Hitt. miš·tili̯a-
(a.) ‘(Spezifierung einer Mahlzeit)’ (HHand. 106)
(HEG M:218)
1. PIE *mis·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. miš·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √mis- √mois- √meis- (sb.) ‘Kleinvieh, Schaf(bock)’
(IEW 747)
(Kimball 1999:14-17)
√meis-
PIE *meis·ɦɑegi̯oɦɑegi̯ó-
Gr. μει·αγωγό-
(m.) ‘der das Kleinvieh auf die Waage bringt’
(GEW 2:195)
(Gr. μειαγωγός)
1. PIE *meis·ɦɑegi̯oɦɑegi̯ó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *meis·ɦɑagi̯oɦɑagi̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. meis·ɦɑagi̯oɦɑagi̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *meis·ɦagi̯oɦagi̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. meis·ɦagi̯oɦagi̯ó-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *meis·ɦaǵoɦaǵó-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. meis·ɦaǵoɦaǵó-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *meis·aǵoaǵó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. meis·aǵoaǵó-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *meis·agoagó-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. meis·agoagó-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *meih·agoagó-
7. meih·agoagó-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *mei·agoagó-
8. mei·agoagó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. μει·αγοαγό-
PIE *meis·ɦɑegi̯oɦɑegi̯éi̯o-
Gr. μει·αγωγέο-
(cs.A.) ‘das Kleinvieh auf die Waage bringen’
(GEW 2:195)
(Gr. μειαγωγέω)
1. PIE *meis·ɦɑegi̯oɦɑegi̯éi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *meis·ɦɑagi̯oɦɑagi̯éi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. meis·ɦɑagi̯oɦɑagi̯éi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *meis·ɦagi̯oɦagi̯éi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. meis·ɦagi̯oɦagi̯éi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *meis·ɦaǵoɦaǵéi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. meis·ɦaǵoɦaǵéi̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *meis·aǵoaǵéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. meis·aǵoaǵéi̯o-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *meis·agoagéi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. meis·agoagéi̯o-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *meih·agoagéi̯o-
7. meih·agoagéi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *meih·agoagéo-
8. meih·agoagéo-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *mei·agoagéo-
9. mei·agoagéo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. μει·αγοαγέο-
√meiso-
PIE *meisó-
RV. meṣá-
(m.) ‘Widder, Schafbock: male sheep, ram’
(WbRV. 1064)
(KEWA 2:689, EWA 2:380)
1. PIE *meisó-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *meišó-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. meišó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *meišá-
3. meišá-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *maišá-
4. maišá-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *mēšá-
5. mēšá-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *mēṣá-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
6. mēṣá-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → RV. meṣá-
PIE *meiso-
LAv. maeša-
(m.) ‘Schaf: sheep’
(AIWb. 1109)
(LAv. maeša-)
1. PIE *meiso-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIIr → *meišo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. meišo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *meiša-
3. meiša-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *maiša-
4. maiša-
*ai → ae
Opening of *ai into ae
Rai›ae → LAv. maeša-
PIE *meíso-
Gr. μείο-
(n.) ‘Kleinvieh: lamb, sheep’ (LSJ. 1093)
(GEW 2:195)
(Gr. μει̃ον)
1. PIE *meíso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *meího-
2. meího-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *meío-
3. meío-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. μείο-
√meisi-
PIE *Π·meisi-
LAv. dawrā·maeši-
(m.) ‘EN. eines Gläubigen’
(AIWb. 680)
(‹contains LAv. dawra ‘feist, fett’›)
1. PIE *Π·meisi-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIIr → *Π·meiši-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. Π·meiši-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·maiši-
3. Π·maiši-
*ai → ae
Opening of *ai into ae
Rai›ae → LAv. Π·maeši-
meisiɑh-
PIE *√meisiɑ́h-
RV. meṣī́-
(f.) ‘weibliches Schaf, Schafmutter; Schaffell’
(WbRV. 1064)
1. PIE *√meisiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *√meisiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. √meisiíh-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *√meišiíh-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. √meišiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *√meišií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. √meišií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *√meišī́-
5. √meišī́-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *√maišī́-
6. √maišī́-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *√mēšī́-
7. √mēšī́-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *√mēṣī́-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
8. √mēṣī́-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → RV. √meṣī́-
PIE *meisiɑ́h-
LAv. maešī-
(f.) ‘Schaf, Schafmutter’
(AIWb. 1109)
1. PIE *meisiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *meisiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. meisiíh-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIIr → *meišiíh-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. meišiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *meišií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. meišií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *meišī́-
5. meišī́-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *maišī́-
6. maišī́-
*ai → ae
Opening of *ai into ae
Rai›ae → *maešī́-
7. maešī́-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → LAv. maešī-
PIE *meisino-
LAv. maešina-
(a.) ‘vom Schaf herrührend’
(AIWb. 1109)
1. PIE *meisino-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIIr → *meišino-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. meišino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *meišina-
3. meišina-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *maišina-
4. maišina-
*ai → ae
Opening of *ai into ae
Rai›ae → LAv. maešina-
√moist-
(Kimball 1994:14-7)
(HEG M:96, CHD M:119)
PIE *moisto-
Hitt. maišta-
(SÍGc.) ‘Garnsträhne ≈ bale of wool’ (MA. 511)
(HHand. 97)
(Hitt. SÍGma-iš-ta-an [sgA] ma-ši-ua-an-ta-an)
1. PIE *moisto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *maista-
2. maista-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. maišta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *moisto·Σ
Hitt. maišta·arpa-
(sb.) ‘ein Dämon bzw. Schadstoff’
(HHand. 97)
(Hitt. maištarpa- ‹uncertain whether this entry belongs to this root›)
1. PIE *moisto·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *maista·Σ
2. maista·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. maišta·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √ml- √mol- √mel- (sb.) ‘Honig’
(IEW 723-724)
(Sturtevant CGr. 89)
√moli-
(HEG M:207f.)
PIE *moli-
Hitt. mali-
(fc.) ‘Honig’ (HEG M:208)
(NOMS. 726)
(Hitt. ma-li-[iš] [sgN])
1. PIE *moli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. mali-
PIE *moli-
Hitt. mali-
(URU.) ‘(vgl. ›Kilišra)’
(OGHErg. 99)
(Hitt. ma-li)
1. PIE *moli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. mali-
PIE *moli-
HLu. mali-
(URU.) ‘Malatiya-?’
(CHLu. 5.11.1)
(HLu. MAx-LIx(URBS); MALATYA 10)
1. PIE *moli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. mali-
√meliri- √moliri-
(Pyysalo)
(SPIE 250 ‹HLu. r = Arm. r, no rhotacism›)
PIE *melirì-
Arm. mełr-
(sb.) ‘Honig’
(ArmGr. 1:473)
(Arm. mełr [sgN])
1. PIE *melirì-
*li → ł
Change of *li into ł
Rli›ł → *mełrì-
2. mełrì-
*i → Ø
Loss of unaccented *i
Rì›0 → Arm. mełr-
PIE *moliri·mi-
HLu. maliri·mi-
(pt.a.) ‘honeyed’
(CHLu. 4.4.1.)
(HLu. ma-li-ri+i-mi-i-sá)
1. PIE *moliri·mi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. maliri·mi-
√molni-
(Note the counterexamples against PIE *ln → OAnat. ll: Hitt. uiln- & Hitt. [...] GI(.)URU? iš-ka-at-ta(-)ša-al-nu-a[n(-)...], HEG S:781)
PIE *molni-
CLu. malli-
(fc.) ‘(auteur de rituel, arzawienne)’
(NOMS. 726)
(in Hitt. ma-al-li-i)
1. PIE *molni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. malni-
PIE *molni-
CLu. malli-
(n.) ‘Honig’ (HEG M:208)
(DLL. 66)
(CLu. ma-al-li [sgN])
1. PIE *molni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. malni-
√meln-
PIE *meln-
Lat. mell-
(n.obl.) ‘Honig’
(WH. 2:61f.)
(Lat. mel, mellis [G])
1. PIE *meln-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → Lat. mell-
PIE *meln-
OGaul. mell-
(PNm.) ‘‹Honig?›’
(ACSS 2:539)
1. PIE *meln-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → OGaul. mell-


PIE √mel- √mol- (sb.) ‘μένος: Mut, Körperschaft; Denken, Geistesstärke’
(IEW 720)
(Pyysalo: Anat. + Germ.)
√mol-
(HEG M:100)
PIE *mol-
Hitt. mal-
(n.) ‘Mut, Körperschaft; Denken, Geistesstärke’
(HHand. 97)
(Hitt. ma-a-al, ma-al, Rieken 1999:49)
1. PIE *mol-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. mal-
PIE *mol-
CLu. mal-
(n.) ‘though, idea’
(CHD M:124,128)
(CLu. ma-a-li-i [sgD], HIL. 631)
1. PIE *mol-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. mal-
PIE *mol·Σ
Hitt. mal·nigal-
(c.) ‘(reine hittite)’
(NOMS. 730)
(Hitt. ma-al-ni-gal)
1. PIE *mol·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. mal·Σ
√melo-
PIE *mélo-
Gr. μέλο-
(pr.) ‘am Herzen liegen, besorgt sein, kümmern’
(GEW 2:204-5)
(Gr. μέλει μοι [sgD])
1. PIE *mélo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. μέλο-
PIE *mēlo-
Pis. μηλα-
(PNc.) ‘-(?)-’
(HEG M:100)
(Pis. μηλας)
1. PIE *mēlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *mēla-
2. mēla-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Pis. μηλα-
√molo-
(Pyysalo: Germ. + Anat.)
PIE *molo-
Hitt. mala-
(vb.1.2.) ‘gutheißen, billigen’ (CHD M:126-7)
(HEG M:103)
(Hitt. ma-a-la-a-ši, ma-la-ši [2sg], ma-l[a]-a-i, ma-a-la-i, ma-a-la-an-zi)
1. PIE *molo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. mala-
PIE *molo-
Hitt. mala-
(fc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 720.2)
(Hitt. ma-a-la-aš)
1. PIE *molo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. mala-
PIE *molo-
Kpd. mala-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 720.1)
(Kpd. ma-lá(-áš))
1. PIE *molo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Kpd. mala-
PIE *molo·u̯osɑhi-
Kpd. mala·u̯ašḫi-
(fc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 723)
(Kpd. ma-lá-ua-áš-ḫi)
1. PIE *molo·u̯osɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *molo·u̯oshi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. molo·u̯oshi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *mala·u̯ashi-
3. mala·u̯ashi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *mala·u̯ašhi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. mala·u̯ašhi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. mala·u̯ašḫi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *molo·u̯osɑhino-
Kpd. mala·u̯ašḫina-
(fc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 724)
(Kpd. ma-lá-ua-áš-ḫi-na)
1. PIE *molo·u̯osɑhino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *molo·u̯oshino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. molo·u̯oshino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *mala·u̯ashina-
3. mala·u̯ashina-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *mala·u̯ašhina-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. mala·u̯ašhina-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. mala·u̯ašḫina-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *molo·Σ
Hitt. mala·zidi-
(LÚc.) ‘(officier de Muršili II)’
(NOMS. 725)
(Hitt. ma-la-zi-ti-in, ma-la-LÚ-in)
1. PIE *molo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. mala·Σ
PIE *molo·Σ
HLu. mala·zidi-
(Ic.) ‘(prince)’
(NOMS. 725)
(HLu. ma-la-ZITI-i)
1. PIE *molo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. mala·Σ
PIE *o·molo
Goth. a·mal-
(PNm.) ‘tapfer, tätig: active, brave’
(GoEtWb. 6)
(Goth. amals [sgN])
1. PIE *o·molo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·mala
2. a·mala
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Goth. a·mal
PIE *o·molo·Σ
Goth. a·mala·bairgan-
(PN.) ‘tapfer·bergend’
(GoEtWb. 11)
(Goth. amalabairga [sgN])
1. PIE *o·molo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. a·mala·Σ
√moloi-
PIE *moloi-
CLu. malai-
(vb.) ‘denken, erwägen’
(HHand. 98)
1. PIE *moloi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. malai-
PIE *moloi-
Hitt. malai-
(vb.1.) ‘billigen, gutheißen, offiziell anerkennen’
(HHand. 97)
(Hitt. ma-la-a-iš, ma-la-a-it, ma-la-a-iš)
1. PIE *moloi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. malai-
PIE *moloi·mi-
Hitt. malaimi-
(sb.?) ‘-(?)-’
(HHand. 97)
1. PIE *moloi·mi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. malai·mi-
PIE *moloi·mi-
CLu. malai·mi-
(pt.) ‘gebilligt?’
(HHand. 97)
(CLu. ma-la-a-i-mi-in[(-) [sgA], “Kontext nicht erhalten”)
1. PIE *moloi·mi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. malai·mi-
PIE *meleimi-
LycA. meleimi-
(pt.) ‘Genehmigung?’
(HEG M:103)
(Lyc. meleime [plD?] ‘für die Genehmigungen?’)
PIE *moloi·uri-
Hitt. malai̯·uri-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 721)
(Hitt. ma-la-a-i-u-ri-eš [sgN])
1. PIE *moloi·uri-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *malai·uri-
2. malai·uri-
* a i u → a i̯ u
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *u
Raiu›ai̯u → Hitt. malai̯·uri-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
PIE *moloi·dɑɦum-
Hitt. malai·dum-
(sb.) ‘(Bez. eines Kleidungstücks)’
(HEG M:101)
(in Akd. kusītum ma-al-a-i-tum)
1. PIE *moloi·dɑɦum-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *moloi·dɦum-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. moloi·dɦum-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *malai·dɦum-
3. malai·dɦum-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. malai·dum-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√moli-
(IEW 720)
PIE *moli-
CLu. mali-
(vb.) ‘denken, überlegen’ (HIL. 632)
(HHand. 97)
(CLu. ma!-li-ui5, ma-li-ši [DLL. 56, sub ku-li-])
1. PIE *moli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. mali-
PIE *moli-
CLu. mali-
(vb.) ‘billigen, denken, überlegen’ (DLL. 56, ku-li-)
(HHand. 97)
(CLu. ma!-li-ui5, ma-li-ši)
1. PIE *moli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. mali-
PIE *moli-
CLu. mali-
(n.) ‘Gedanke, Idee, Absicht’
(HHand. 98)
(DLL. 66, CLu. ma-al-li [sgN])
1. PIE *moli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. mali-
PIE *moli-
CLu. mali-
(vb.) ‘denken, erwägen, billigen’ (HEG M:106)
(HHand. 98)
(CLu. ma!-li-ui5 [1sg], ma-li-ši [2sg], DLL. 56 ku-li-wi)
1. PIE *moli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. mali-
PIE *moli-
LycA. mali-
(sb.) ‘Rat’
(NdLyk. 139)
(Lyc. mali [sgN])
1. PIE *moli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → LycA. mali-
PIE *moli·u̯osɑhi-
Kpd. mali·u̯ašḫi-
(fc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 723)
(Kpd. ma-li-ua-áš-ḫa/i)
1. PIE *moli·u̯osɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *moli·u̯oshi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. moli·u̯oshi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *mali·u̯ashi-
3. mali·u̯ashi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *mali·u̯ašhi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. mali·u̯ašhi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. mali·u̯ašḫi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√molio-
√molim-
PIE *molimo·si-
CLu. malima·ši-
(a.gen.) ‘-(?)-’
(HEG M:106)
(CLu. ma!-li-im-ma-aš-ši)
1. PIE *molimo·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *malima·si-
2. malima·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. malima·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *molimi-
CLu. malimi-
(pr.) ‘gebilligt?’
(GEW 2:103)
1. PIE *molimi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. malimi-
√molios-
PIE *molii̯osɑho-
Hitt. malii̯ašḫa-
(c.N.act.) ‘Zustimmung, Billigung, Einverständnis’
(HEG M:104,106)
(Hitt. [ma-l]i-ia-aš-ḫa-aš [sgN/G?])
1. PIE *molii̯osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *molii̯osho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. molii̯osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *malii̯asha-
3. malii̯asha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *malii̯ašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. malii̯ašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. malii̯ašḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *molii̯osɑho-
CLu. malii̯ašḫa-
(c.N.act.) ‘Zustimmung, Billigung, Einverständnis’
(HHand. 97, 98)
(CLu. ma-li-ia-aš-ḫa-az [Abl])
1. PIE *molii̯osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *molii̯osho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. molii̯osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *malii̯asha-
3. malii̯asha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *malii̯ašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. malii̯ašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. malii̯ašḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *moli̯eski̯e/o-
Hitt. mali̯eške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘billigen’ (HEG M:103-4)
(HHand. 97)
(Hitt. ma-li-eš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *moli̯eski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *moli̯esḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. moli̯esḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *mali̯esḱe/a-
3. mali̯esḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *mali̯eske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. mali̯eske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. mali̯eške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√moliio-
PIE *molii̯o-
LycA. malija-
(dc.) ‘Aθηνᾶ’
(DLycLg. 36, BLyk. 3:35)
(in Lyc. mal[ija]-)
1. PIE *molii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *malii̯a-
2. malii̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → LycA. malija-
PIE *molii̯o-
LycA. malija
(sb.) ‘Rat’ (Lyk&Hitt. 29)
(BLyk. 3:36)
(Lyc. malija [sgN], LuPG 54, NdLyk. 139)
1. PIE *molii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *malii̯a-
2. malii̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → LycA. malija-
PIE *molii̯osi-
LycA. malijahi
(a.) ‘of Athene’
(BLyk. 3:36)
(Lyc. malijahi)
1. PIE *molii̯osi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *malii̯asi-
2. malii̯asi-
PIE *s → h
Change of fricative *s into h
Rs›h → *malii̯ahi-
3. malii̯ahi-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → LycA. malijahi-
PIE *molii̯o-
Car. μαλια-
(ONf.) ‘-(?)-’
(NdLyk. 139)
(Car. μαλια [sgN])
1. PIE *molii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *malii̯a-
2. malii̯a-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *malia-
3. malia-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Car. μαλια-
PIE *melii̯o-
Car. μελια-
(ONf.) ‘-(?)-’
(NdLyk. 139)
(Car. μελια [sgN])
1. PIE *melii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *melii̯a-
2. melii̯a-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *melia-
3. melia-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Car. μελια-
PIE *molii̯eu-
LycC. μαλιευ-
(sb.) ‘(a deme)’
(NdLyk. 139)
(Lyc. μαλιευς [sgN])
1. PIE *molii̯eu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *malii̯eu-
2. malii̯eu-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *malieu-
3. malieu-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → LycC. μαλιευ-
PIE *molii̯u-
LycC. μαλιο-
(dc.) ‘-(?)-’
(BLyk. 4:54)
1. PIE *molii̯u-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *malii̯u-
2. malii̯u-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *maliu-
3. maliu-
* u → o
Change of *u into o
Ru›o → *malio-
4. malio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → LycC. μαλιο-
√molon-
PIE *molon·Σ
Hitt. ·malan ḫar-
(vb.) ‘einverstanden sein’
(HEG M:105)
(Hitt. ma-la-a-an ḫarti)
1. PIE *molon·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. malan·Σ
PIE *molon-
Hitt. malan-
(pt.a.n.) ‘having mal-’
(HEG M:105)
(Hitt. ma-a-la-an [sgA])
1. PIE *molon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. malan-
PIE *molont-
Hitt. malant-
(pt.) ‘gebilligt’
(HHand. 97, 98)
(Hitt. ma-a-la-an-t-, ma-la-an-t-, ma-la-a-an-t-)
1. PIE *molont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. malant-
PIE *molont-
Hitt. malant-
(a.) ‘kraftstrotzend, kraftvoll, mutig, stark’
(HEG M:105)
(Hitt. ma-a-la-an-ta-an [sgA])
1. PIE *molont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. malant-
√molsK-
(IEW 719 [diff.])
(Pyysalo)
PIE *molski̯o
OSax. malsk-
(a.) ‘stolz: proud, haughty’
(GoEtD. U37)
1. PIE *molski̯o
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *molsḱo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. molsḱo
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *molsko
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. molsko
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *malska
4. malska
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OSax. malsk
PIE *Π·Π·molski̯o
Goth. un·tila·malsk-
(a.) ‘προπετής: unbesonnen: reckless’
(GoEtD. U37)
1. PIE *Π·Π·molski̯o
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *Π·Π·molsḱo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. Π·Π·molsḱo
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *Π·Π·molsko
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·Π·molsko
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·Π·malska
4. Π·Π·malska
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Goth. Π·Π·malsk
PIE *molskirēɑh
OEng. malscr-
(f.) ‘bewitching, fascination’
(ASaxD. 666)
(OEng. malscra)
1. PIE *molskirēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *molskirāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. molskirāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *molskirāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. molskirāh
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *molsḱrāh
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. molsḱrāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *molsḱrā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. molsḱrā
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *molskrā
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. molskrā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *malskrā
7. malskrā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *malskrō
(XX:XX)
8. malskrō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *malskra
9. malskra
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → OEng. malscra
PIE *molskiredɑɦo-
OEng. malscrid
(a.) ‘fascinated, spell-bound, mazed, charmed’
(ASaxD. 666)
(OEng. malscred, malscrid)
1. PIE *molskiredɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *molskiredɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. molskiredɦo-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *molsḱredɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. molsḱredɦo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *molskredɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. molskredɦo-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *molskredo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. molskredo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *malskreda-
6. malskreda-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *malskrida-
7. malskrida-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → OEng. malscrida-
PIE *molskirungɑɦo-
OEng. malscrung-
(f.) ‘bewitching, fascination’
(ASaxD. 666)
1. PIE *molskirungɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *molskirungɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. molskirungɦo-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *molsḱrungɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. molsḱrungɦo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *molskrungɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. molskrungɦo-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *molskrungo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. molskrungo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *malskrunga-
6. malskrunga-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → OEng. malscrunga-
PIE *molskirungɑɦo-
OEng. malscrung-
(a.) ‘fascinatus’
(ASaxD. 666)
1. PIE *molskirungɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *molskirungɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. molskirungɦo-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *molsḱrungɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. molsḱrungɦo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *molskrungɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. molskrungɦo-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *molskrungo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. molskrungo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *malskrunga-
6. malskrunga-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → OEng. malscrunga-
√molou-
PIE *molou-
Hitt. malau-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘billigen’
(HHand. 97)
(Hitt. ma-a-la-ua-an-zi [inf.])
1. PIE *molou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. malau-


PIE √ml- √mol- √mel- (vb.) ‘brennen, glänzen, erscheinen’ (a.) ‘gelb, weiß’
(IEW 750)
(Pyysalo: CLu. + Russ. + Gr. [WP. 2:303,310])
√mōlu-
PIE *mṓlu-
Dor. μώλυ-
(n.) ‘Allium Nigrum, gelbblühender Knoblauch’
(GEW 2:282)
(Arc. μῶλυ)
1. PIE *mṓlu-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. μώλυ-
PIE *mṓlu-
Gr. μώλυ-
(n.) ‘ein fabelhaftes Wunderkraut’
(GEW 2:282)
(Hom. μῶλυ)
1. PIE *mṓlu-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. μώλυ-
PIE *mṓlu·Σ
Gr. μώλυ·ζα-
(f.) ‘N. einer Knoblauchart’
(GEW 2:282-3)
(Gr. μώλυζα)
1. PIE *mṓlu·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. μώλυ·Σ
√molu-
PIE *molu̯ono-
CLu. malu̯ana-
(?.) ‘-(?)-’
(HHand. 98)
(‹uncertain whether this entry belongs to this root›)
1. PIE *molu̯ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. malu̯ana-
PIE *molu̯oro-
CLu. malu̯ara-
(GKL.) ‘(in Zsh. mit ‘brennen’)’
(HEG M:111)
(DLL. 67, CLu. ma-al-ua-ra-an-zi [plN], ma-al-ua-ra-an-za [plA])
1. PIE *molu̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. malu̯ara-
PIE *molu̯iɑ́h-
Russ. moloví-
(vb.) ‘scheinen, vorkommen’
(REW 2:150)
(Rus. molovít’ [inf.])
1. PIE *molu̯iɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *molu̯iíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. molu̯iíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *malu̯iíh-
3. malu̯iíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *malu̯ií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. malu̯ií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *malu̯ī́-
5. malu̯ī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *molu̯ī́-
6. molu̯ī́-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *molvī́-
7. molvī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → Russ. molví-


PIE √ml- √mol- √mel- (vb.) ‘mahlen, zerkleinern’
(IEW 716ff.)
(Friedrich 1922:159)
√mol-
PIE *mol-
Hitt. mal-
(vb.2.) ‘mahlen, zerkleinern’
(HHand. 97)
(HEG M:102; Hitt. ma-al-li [3sg])
1. PIE *mol-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. mal-
PIE *mol-
OLat. mol-
(pret.) ‘mahlen’
(WH. 2:104)
(in OLat. moltum)
PIE *memol-
Hitt. memal-
(n.) ‘Grütze, Schrot(mehl): ZÌ(.DA)’
(HEG M:191)
(Hitt. me-e-ma-al, me-ma-al, me-ma-la-aš [G])
1. PIE *memol-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. memal-
√mole/o-
PIE *molo-
Hitt. mala-
(pr.2.) ‘mahlen, zerkleinern’ (CHD M:125-6)
(HIL. 632)
(Hitt. m[a-al-l]a-a-i, ma-al-la-i, ma-al-la-an-zi, ma-la-an-zi)
1. PIE *molo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. mala-
PIE *Π·molo-
Hitt. arḫa mala·-
(vb.) ‘wegmahlen, durch Zermahlen beseitigen’
(HHand. 97)
1. PIE *Π·molo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. Π·mala-
PIE *molo-
Lat. molo-
(pr.3.) ‘mahlen’
(IEW 716)
(Lat. molō, molĕre)
PIE *Π·molo-
Lat. re·molo-
(n.) ‘Kleie’ (Gl.)
(WH. 2:104)
(Lat. remolum)
PIE *molo
OIr. mol-
(m.) ‘axe/roue de moulin: mill wheel: Mühlstange’
(LEIA M-61)
(OIr. mol-)
1. PIE *molo
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr → OIr. mol
PIE *mole·mōnii̯o-
Lat. mole·mōnio-
(n.) ‘Pflanze mit Brechen erregender Wirkung’
(WH. 2:101)
1. PIE *mole·mōnii̯o-
*ii̯o → io
Loss *i̯ between i and o
Rii̯o›io → Lat. mole·mōnio-
√molɑh-
PIE *molēɑh-
Lat. molā-
(f.) ‘Mühlstein, Mühle’
(WH. 2:104)
1. PIE *molēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *molāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. molāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *molāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. molāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. molā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *molēɑh-
Lat. molā-
(f.) ‘Opferschrot: roasted grits of spelt’
(HED 6:23)
(PFest. mola etiam uocatur far tostum)
1. PIE *molēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *molāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. molāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *molāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. molāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. molā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Π·molēɑh-
Lat. in·molā-
(pr.1.) ‘opfern’
(WH. 2:105)
(Lat. immolare)
1. PIE *Π·molēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·molāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·molāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·molāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·molāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. Π·molā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *molmolēɑh-
OInd. marmarā-
(f.) ‘coarse ground meal’
(MonWil. 791)
1. PIE *molmolēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *molmolāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. molmolāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *molmolāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. molmolāh-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *mormorāh-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. mormorāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *marmarāh-
5. marmarāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OInd. marmarā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *momolɑh-
CLu. mamalḫ-
(vb.) ‘zerdrücken, zerbrechen’
(HHand. 98)
(CLu. ma-am-ma-al-ḫu-un-ni [1pl], CLuLex. 134)
1. PIE *momolɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *momolh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. momolh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *mamalh-
3. mamalh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. mamalḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·molēɑhu
Lat. in·molāu-
(pf.) ‘opfern’
(WH. 2:105)
1. PIE *Π·molēɑhu
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·molāɑhu
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·molāɑhu
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·molāhu
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·molāhu
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. Π·molāu
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *molēɑhu-
CLu. malāḫu-
(vb.) ‘zerdrücken, zerbrechen’
(DLL. 65)
(CLu. ma-a-la-ḫu-u-ta)
1. PIE *molēɑhu-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *molāɑhu-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. molāɑhu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *molāhu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. molāhu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *malāhu-
4. malāhu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. malāḫu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √mldɑɦ- √moldɑɦ- √meldɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Spitze, Kopf, Höhe, Hügel usw.’
(IEW 721-722)
(Pyysalo: Anat. + IE)
√moldɑɦ-
PIE *moldɑɦoni-
Hitt. maldani-
(GKLc.) ‘künstlicher Hügel, Belagerungsrampe?’
(HHand. 98)
1. PIE *moldɑɦoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *moldɦoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. moldɦoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *maldɦani-
3. maldɦani-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. maldani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *moldɑɦoni-
CLu. maldani-
(GKLc.) ‘(er (Ulikumi) erhebt sich wie ein M.)’
(DLL. 66)
1. PIE *moldɑɦoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *moldɦoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. moldɦoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *maldɦani-
3. maldɦani-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. maldani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·ml̥dɑɦo-
LAv. ka·mǝrǝδa-
(n.) ‘Kopf’
(AIWb. 440)
(to Pahl. ka·māl- (sb.) ‘Kopf’, AIWb. 440)
1. PIE *Π·ml̥dɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ml̥dɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ml̥dɦo-
PIE *l̥ → r̥
Change of *l̥ into r̥
Rl̥›r̥ → *Π·mr̥dɦo-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. Π·mr̥dɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·mr̥dɦa-
4. Π·mr̥dɦa-
*r̥ → ǝr
Change of *r̥ into ǝr
Rr̥›ǝr → *Π·mǝrdɦa-
5. Π·mǝrdɦa-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
Rr›rǝ → *Π·mǝrǝdɦa-
6. Π·mǝrǝdɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·mǝrǝda-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. Π·mǝrǝda-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
Rd›δ → LAv. Π·mǝrǝδa-
PIE *Π·ml̥dɑɦo-
LAv. ϑri.ka·mǝrǝδa-
(a.) ‘mit drei Köpfen’
(AIWb. 806)
1. PIE *Π·ml̥dɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ml̥dɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ml̥dɦo-
PIE *l̥ → r̥
Change of *l̥ into r̥
Rl̥›r̥ → *Π·mr̥dɦo-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. Π·mr̥dɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·mr̥dɦa-
4. Π·mr̥dɦa-
*r̥ → ǝr
Change of *r̥ into ǝr
Rr̥›ǝr → *Π·mǝrdɦa-
5. Π·mǝrdɦa-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
Rr›rǝ → *Π·mǝrǝdɦa-
6. Π·mǝrǝdɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·mǝrǝda-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. Π·mǝrǝda-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
Rd›δ → LAv. Π·mǝrǝδa-
PIE *moldɑɦēɑh-
MidPers. mardā-
(f.) ‘Scheitel, Vorderkopf’
(KEWA 2:666)
(MidPers. mardā-)
1. PIE *moldɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *moldɑɦāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. moldɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *moldɦāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. moldɦāh-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *mordɦāh-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. mordɦāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *mardɦāh-
5. mardɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *mardɦā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. mardɦā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → MidPers. mardā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)


PIE √mldɑɦ- √moldɑɦ- √meldɑɦ- (vb.) ‘rezitieren, geloben, bitten, verkünden’
(IEW 722)
(Benveniste 1932a:133-135)
√moldɑɦ-
(HEG M:109f.)
(CHD M:132ff.)
PIE *moldɑɦ-
Hitt. mald-
(vb.2.) ‘rezitieren, geloben’
(HHand. 98)
(Hitt. ma-a-al-di, ma-al-di [3sg], SHV 444)
1. PIE *moldɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *moldɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. moldɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *maldɦ-
3. maldɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. mald-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *moldɑɦo-
Hitt. malda-
(vb.2.) ‘rezitieren, geloben’
(HEG M:109)
(Hitt. ma-al-ta-i [3sg], ma-al-da-aḫ-ḫi [1sg])
1. PIE *moldɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *moldɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. moldɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *maldɦa-
3. maldɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. malda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *moldɑɦont-
Hitt. maldant-
(pt.) ‘rezitieren, geloben’
(HIL. 636)
(Hitt. ma-al-ta-an-t=)
1. PIE *moldɑɦont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *moldɦont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. moldɦont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *maldɦant-
3. maldɦant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. maldant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *moldɑɦḗɑh
Lith. maldà-
(f.) ‘Bitte, Gebet’
(LiEtWb. 432)
1. PIE *moldɑɦḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *moldɑɦā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. moldɑɦā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *moldɦā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. moldɦā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *moldɦā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. moldɦā́
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *maldɦā́
5. maldɦā́
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *maldā́
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. maldā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *maldṓ
(XX:XX)
7. maldṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → Lith. maldà
PIE *moldɑɦṓɑh-
Lith. maldúo-
(pr.) ‘melden’
(LiEtWb. 401)
(Lith. maldúoti [inf.])
1. PIE *moldɑɦṓɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *moldɦṓh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. moldɦṓh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *moldɦṓ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. moldɦṓ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *maldɦṓ-
4. maldɦṓ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *maldṓ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. maldṓ-
*ṓ → úo
Change of ṓ into úo
Rṓ›úo → Lith. maldúo-
PIE *moldɑɦéɑhu-
Lith. maldáu-
(pr.) ‘wiederholt bitten, anflehen’
(LiEtWb. 401)
1. PIE *moldɑɦéɑhu-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *moldɑɦáɑhu-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. moldɑɦáɑhu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *moldɦáhu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. moldɦáhu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *moldɦáu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. moldɦáu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *maldɦáu-
5. maldɦáu-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → Lith. maldáu-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *moldɑɦiɑ́h
Lith. maldý-
(iter.) ‘wiederholt bitten, anflehen’
(IEW 722)
(Lith. maldýti [inf.])
1. PIE *moldɑɦiɑ́h
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *moldɑɦiíh
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. moldɑɦiíh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *moldɦiíh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. moldɦiíh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *moldɦií
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. moldɦií
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *moldɦī́
5. moldɦī́
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *maldɦī́
6. maldɦī́
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *maldī́
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. maldī́
*ī́ → ý
Orthographic change of ī́ into ý
Rī́›ý → Lith. maldý
√meldɑɦ-
PIE *meldɑɦ-
Lith. mel̃d-
(pr.) ‘bitten, beten’
(LiEtWb. 431)
(Lith. mel̃sti [inf.])
1. PIE *meldɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *meldɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. meldɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → Lith. meld-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *meldɑɦ-
OEng. meld-
(f.) ‘declaration, proclamation’
(ASaxD. 677)
1. PIE *meldɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *meldɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. meldɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *meld-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. meld-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → OEng. mild-
PIE *meldɑɦṓɑh-
Lith. meldúo-
(vb.) ‘(bei der Polizei an)melden’
(LiEtWb. 401)
1. PIE *meldɑɦṓɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *meldɦṓh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. meldɦṓh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *meldɦṓ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. meldɦṓ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *meldṓ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. meldṓ-
*ṓ → úo
Change of ṓ into úo
Rṓ›úo → Lith. meldúo-
PIE *meldɑɦēɑh-
OSax. meldō-
(vb.) ‘declare, betray, proclaim’
(ASaxD. 677)
1. PIE *meldɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *meldɑɦāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. meldɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *meldɦāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. meldɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *meldɦā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. meldɦā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *meldā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. meldā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *meldō-
(XX:XX)
6. meldō-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → OSax. mildō-
PIE *meldɑɦo-
OEng. melda-
(vb.) ‘announce, declare’
(ASaxD. 677)
1. PIE *meldɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *meldɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. meldɦo-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *meldo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. meldo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *melda-
4. melda-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → OEng. milda-
PIE *meldɑɦi̯o-
OEng. meldia-
(vb.) ‘declare, announce, tell: verkünden’
(ASaxD. 677)
1. PIE *meldɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *meldɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. meldɦi̯o-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *meldi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. meldi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *meldi̯a-
4. meldi̯a-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *mildi̯a-
5. mildi̯a-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → OEng. mildia-
PIE *meldɑɦi̯o-
Lith. meldžia-
(pr.) ‘bitten, beten’
(LiEtWb. 431)
(Lith. meldžiù [1sg])
1. PIE *meldɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *meldɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. meldɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → džɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i̯
Rdɦi̯›džɦi → *meldžɦio-
(SPIE §XX)
3. meldžɦio-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *meldžio-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. meldžio-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Lith. meldžia-


PIE √mn- √mon- √men- (vb.) ‘sehen’
(IEW 726-8)
(Rieken 1999:56: Hitt.; Starke 1980:142-8)
√men-
(Rieken 1999:56: Hitt.)
(HIL. 666)
PIE *men-
Hitt. men-
(c.) ‘Gesicht, Wange’
(HEG M:196)
(Hitt. me-nu-uš=ša [plA])
PIE *men·Σ
Lat. men·cep-
(a.) ‘mente captus’
(WH. 2:68)
PIE *men-
RV. man-
(ao.M.) ‘sich halten für, sich dünken’
(WbRV. 992)
1. PIE *men-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → RV. man-
PIE *men-
gAv. mǝ̄n-
(ao.M.) ‘denken, meinen sich vorstellen’
(AIWb. 1121)
1. PIE *men-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → gAv. man-
PIE *memen-
Lat. memen-
(pf.) ‘sich erinnern, gedenken’
(WH. 2:65)
√mon-
(HEG M-115)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. [opt.ptcl.] ‘wish-’)
PIE *mon
Hitt. man
(ptcl.) ‘optative, irrealis and potentialis’
(CHD M:139ff.)
(Hitt. ma-an, HIL. 638, CHD M:143)
1. PIE *mon
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. man
PIE *mon-
Goth. man-
(pret.pr.) ‘meinen, glauben: δοκῶ’
(GoEtD. M80)
(Goth. man [1sg])
1. PIE *mon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. man-
PIE *mon-
OEng. man-
(pret.) ‘remember, be mindful of, think’
(ASaxD. 700)
1. PIE *mon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OEng. man-
PIE *mémon-
Gr. μέμον-
(pf.) ‘im Sinne haben, gedenken, streben’
(GEW 2:206)
(Gr. μέμονα)
1. PIE *mémon-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. μέμον-
PIE *memon-
LAv. maman-
(pf.) ‘denken, meinen, sich vorstellen’
(AIWb. 1121)
(in LAv. mamanāite [pt.du.f.])
1. PIE *memon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *meman-
2. meman-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. maman-
√mono-
(Starke 1980:142-8)
PIE *mono-
HLu. mana-
(LITUUSpret.) ‘anschauen’ (HEG M:113)
(CHLu. 469)
(HLu. in LITUUS+na-)
1. PIE *mono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. mana-
PIE *mono-
CLu. mana-
(pret.) ‘sehen’
(HEG M:113)
(CLu. ma-na-a[-ta? [3sg])
1. PIE *mono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. mana-
PIE *mono-
Kataon. μανα-
(PNm.) ‘-(?)-’
(NdLyk. 141)
1. PIE *mono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *mana-
2. mana-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Kataon. μανα-
PIE *Π·mono-
Lith. ìš·mana-
(m.) ‘Verstand’
(LiEtWb. –)
(Hübschmann 1885:118, ìšmanas [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·mono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Lith. Π·mana-
PIE *momono-
CLu. mamana-
(vb.) ‘schauen’
(DLL. 67, CHD M:138)
(Hitt. ma-am-ma-an-na-tén [2pl]; or Pal.?, HHand. 99, HEG M:112)
1. PIE *momono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. mamana-
PIE *momono-
HLu. mamana-
(LITUUS.LITUUSvb.) ‘anschauen’
(HEG M:113)
(HLu. LITUUS.LITUUS-na)
1. PIE *momono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. mamana-
√monɑh-
PIE *monēɑh·u̯oni-
CLu. manāḫ·u̯ani-
(sb.) ‘(ein Teil des Kopfes, neben SAG.DU, IGI.ḪI.A)’
(HEG N:253)
1. PIE *monēɑh·u̯oni-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *monāɑh·u̯oni-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. monāɑh·u̯oni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *monāh·u̯oni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. monāh·u̯oni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *manāh·u̯ani-
4. manāh·u̯ani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. manāḫ·u̯ani-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *monēɑh-
Kibyr. μανᾱ-
(PNf.) ‘-(?)-’
(NdLyk. 141)
(Kibyr. μανα [sgN])
1. PIE *monēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *monāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. monāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *monāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. monāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *manāh-
4. manāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *manā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. manā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Kibyr. μανᾱ-
PIE *monēɑh-
OSax. manō-
(vb.) ‘mahnen’
(ASächsWb. 50)
1. PIE *monēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *monāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. monāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *monāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. monāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *monā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. monā-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *manā-
5. manā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → OSax. manō-
(XX:XX)
√moniɑh-
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
(HIL. 639, SHV 458, CHD M:163ff.)
PIE *moni̯ēɑh-
Hitt. mani̯āḫ-
(vb.2.) ‘beaufsichtigen: supervise, oversee’
(HHand. 99)
1. PIE *moni̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *moni̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. moni̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *moni̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. moni̯āh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *mani̯āh-
4. mani̯āh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. mani̯āḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·moni̯ēɑh
Latv. at·maņa-
(f.) ‘Besinnung, Bewußtsein’
(LiEtWb. 455)
1. PIE *Π·moni̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·moni̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·moni̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·moni̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·moni̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·moni̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·moni̯ā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·mani̯ā
5. Π·mani̯ā
*ni̯ → ņ
Change of ni̯ into ņ (palatalization)
Rni̯›ņ → *Π·maņā
6. Π·maņā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R=ā›=a → Latv. Π·maņa
PIE *Π·moni̯ēɑh
Latv. sa·maņa-
(f.) ‘Einsicht, Verstand, Scharfsinn, Aufmerksamkeit’
(LiEtWb. 455)
1. PIE *Π·moni̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·moni̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·moni̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·moni̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·moni̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·moni̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·moni̯ā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·mani̯ā
5. Π·mani̯ā
*ni̯ → ņ
Change of ni̯ into ņ (palatalization)
Rni̯›ņ → *Π·maņā
6. Π·maņā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R=ā›=a → Latv. Π·maņa
PIE *moni̯ēɑhtɑh-
OPr. manioth-
(PN.) ‘-(?)-’
(APrPN. 55)
(OPr. manyoth)
1. PIE *moni̯ēɑhtɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *moni̯āɑhtɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. moni̯āɑhtɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *moni̯āhth-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. moni̯āhth-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *moni̯āth-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. moni̯āth-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *mani̯āth-
5. mani̯āth-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *mani̯ōth-
(XX:XX)
6. mani̯ōth-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → *maniōth-
7. maniōth-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → OPr. manioth-
PIE *moni̯ēɑhtɑh·Σ
OPr. manioth·kaym-
(ON.) ‘(jetzt Mandtkeim Kr. Fischhausen)’
(APrON. 94)
(OPr. maniothkaym-)
1. PIE *moni̯ēɑhtɑh·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *moni̯āɑhtɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. moni̯āɑhtɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *moni̯āhth·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. moni̯āhth·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *moni̯āth·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. moni̯āth·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *mani̯āth·Σ
5. mani̯āth·Σ
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *mani̯ōth·Σ
(XX:XX)
6. mani̯ōth·Σ
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → *maniōth·Σ
7. maniōth·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → OPr. manioth·Σ
√monon-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *monóno-
RV. manána-
(a.) ‘bedächtig’
(WbRV. 993)
1. PIE *monóno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *manóna-
2. manóna-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. manána-
PIE *monono-
Kpd. manana-
(LÚc.) ‘bedächtig?’
(NOMS. 738)
1. PIE *monono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Kpd. manana-
PIE *mononḗɑh-
RV. mananā́-
(f.) ‘Andacht’
(WbRV. 993)
1. PIE *mononḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *mononā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. mononā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mononā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. mononā́h-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *mananā́h-
4. mananā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. mananā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)


PIE √mn- √mon- √men- (a.) ‘gereinigt, heilig’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo 2014:51-52)
√monoi-
PIE *monoi-
CLu. manai-
(a.) ‘(beschreibt Vorratskörbe)’
(HHand. 99)
(HEG M:118, Hitt. GIPISAN SA5 ma-an-na-[iš?], GIPISAN ma!-an-na-iš)
1. PIE *monoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. manai-
PIE *monoi·mi-
CLu. manai·mi-
(GKLpt.) ‘(rituell) gereinigt?’
(HEG M:118)
(CLu. ma-an-na-i-mi-iš [sgN], HHand. 99)
1. PIE *monoi·mi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. manai·mi-
√meniɑh-
PIE *mení·Σ
OIr. meini·stir-
(f.) ‘coffre contenant les ustensiles du culte’
(LEIA M-29)
1. PIE *mení·Σ
ení → einí
Epenthesis of í
Reni›einí → OIr. meini·Σ
PIE *mení·Σ
OIr. meini·stir-
(f.) ‘objet sacré’
(LEIA M-29)
1. PIE *mení·Σ
ení → einí
Epenthesis of í
Reni›einí → OIr. meini·Σ
√monouo-
PIE *monou̯o-
Hitt. manau̯a-
(n.) ‘(Gegenstand aus Silber)’ (HHand. 99)
(HEG M:99)
(Hitt. 1 ma-na-ua KÙ.BABBAR[...)
1. PIE *monou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. manau̯a-
PIE *Π·monou̯o-
Hitt. tarḫu·manau̯a-
(dc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1259)
(Hitt. dU-ma-na-ua; NOMS. 1259 also HLu. W-ma-na-[wa] (a prince))
1. PIE *Π·monou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. Π·manau̯a-
PIE *monou̯o·loimi-
CLu. manau̯a·laimi-
(pt.) ‘-(?)-’
(DLL. 68)
(CLu. ma-an-na-u-ua-al-la-a-i-i[m-mi-iš] [sgN]; HHand. 99; for the suffix, see šar·laimi-)
1. PIE *monou̯o·loimi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. manau̯a·laimi-


PIE √mn- √mon- √men- (vb.) ‘verwalten, zuteilen, übergeben, einhändigen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√monio- √mōnio-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *pro·moni̯o-
LAv. fra·mainya-
(n.) ‘Praevalenz, Vormacht über [G]’
(AIWb. 987)
1. PIE *pro·moni̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pra·mani̯a-
2. pra·mani̯a-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
RpR›fR → *fra·mani̯a-
3. fra·mani̯a-
*ani → aini
Anaptyxis of *i
RanI›ainI → *fra·maini̯a-
4. fra·maini̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. fra·mainya-
PIE *Π·mōnii̯o-
Lat. merci·mōnio-
(n.) ‘commercial enterprise’
(OxLatD. 1101)
1. PIE *Π·mōnii̯o-
*ii̯o → io
Loss *i̯ between i and o
Rii̯o›io → Lat. Π·mōnio-
PIE *Π·mōnii̯o-
Lat. uadi·mōnio-
(n.) ‘Bürgschaftsleistung’
(OxLatD. 2002)
1. PIE *Π·mōnii̯o-
*ii̯o → io
Loss *i̯ between i and o
Rii̯o›io → Lat. Π·mōnio-
√mōniēɑh-
(Pyysalo, CHD M:163ff.)
(HIL. 638)
PIE *mōnii̯ēɑh-
Hitt. māni̯āḫ-
(vb.2.) ‘verwalten, zuteilen, übergeben, einhändigen’
(HEG M:119)
(Hitt. ma-ni-ia-aḫ-ḫi)
1. PIE *mōnii̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *mōnii̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. mōnii̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mōnii̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. mōnii̯āh-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *mānii̯āh-
4. mānii̯āh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. mānii̯āḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·mōnii̯ēɑh-
Lat. casti·mōniā-
(f.) ‘ceremonial purity or purification’
(OxLatD. 282)
1. PIE *Π·mōnii̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·mōnii̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·mōnii̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·mōnii̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·mōnii̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·mōnii̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·mōnii̯ā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → Lat. Π·mōniiā-
PIE *Π·mōnii̯ēɑh-
Lat. caeri·mōniā-
(f.) ‘religiöse Handlung, heilige Verehrung’
(WH. 1:132)
1. PIE *Π·mōnii̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·mōnii̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·mōnii̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·mōnii̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·mōnii̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·mōnii̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·mōnii̯ā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → Lat. Π·mōniiā-
PIE *mōnii̯ēɑho-
Hitt. māni̯āḫa-
(N.act.) ‘Verwaltung(sbezirk)’
(HHand. 99)
1. PIE *mōnii̯ēɑho-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *mōnii̯āɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. mōnii̯āɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mōnii̯āho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. mōnii̯āho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *mōnii̯āha-
4. mōnii̯āha-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *mānii̯āha-
5. mānii̯āha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. mānii̯āḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *mōnii̯ēɑhon-
Hitt. māni̯āḫan-
(n.) ‘Verwaltung’ (HEG M:121)
(HHand. 99)
1. PIE *mōnii̯ēɑhon-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *mōnii̯āɑhon-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. mōnii̯āɑhon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mōnii̯āhon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. mōnii̯āhon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *mōnii̯āhan-
4. mōnii̯āhan-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *mānii̯āhan-
5. mānii̯āhan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. mānii̯āḫan-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *mōnii̯ēɑhi̯ot-
Hitt. māni̯āḫi̯at-
(c.) ‘Zuteilung, Zuweisung, Übergabe’
(HHand. 99)
1. PIE *mōnii̯ēɑhi̯ot-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *mōnii̯āɑhi̯ot-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. mōnii̯āɑhi̯ot-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mōnii̯āhi̯ot-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. mōnii̯āhi̯ot-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *mōnii̯āhi̯at-
4. mōnii̯āhi̯at-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *mānii̯āhi̯at-
5. mānii̯āhi̯at-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. mānii̯āḫi̯at-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √mn- √mon- √men- (vb.) ‘gehen, kommen’
(IEW 726, 2. men-)
√mono- √meno-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *meno-
Hitt. mena-
(GIŠc.) ‘Akd. daltu: Tür’
(HEG M:194,196)
(Hitt. me-na-an [sgA] ‹for the semantics cf. Lat. iānuā- (f.) ‘Türe’›)
1. PIE *meno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. mena-
PIE *koɑh·mono-
Osc. co·mono-
(n.) ‘comitium’
(WbOU. 414)
(Osc. comonei [sgD] ‹for the semantics cf. RV. ni·yā́na- (n.) ‘Herbeikommen’›)
1. PIE *koɑh·mono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *koh·mono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. koh·mono-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ko·mono-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ko·mono-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Osc. co·mono-
√mone-
PIE *mone-
OBret. mone-
(vb.sb.) ‘aller’
(LEIA M-36)
(OBret. monet)
PIE *moni-
OGaul. moni-
(pr.) ‘komm (her), wohlan’
(LIV2:438)
PIE *mone-
OIr. muini-
(pr.) ‘vient’
(LEIA M-35)
(OIr. muinithir [3sg])
1. PIE *mone-
one -> oine
Anaptyxis *one to oine
Rone›oine → *moine-
2. moine-
R=e-›=i- → OIr. moini-
PIE *mone
Bret. mon-
(vb.) ‘aller’
(LEIA M-36)
(Bret. mont [inf.])
√mene-
PIE *menen-
OPr. menen-
(cs.) ‘führen’
(APrS. 377)
(OPr. menentwey [inf.])
PIE *menes-
Umbr. menes-
(1.fut.) ‘kommen werden’
(WbOU. 143-4)
(Umbr. menes [2sg])
√meni-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *meni-
Hitt. meni-
(sb.) ‘Kreislauf, Umkreis?’
(HHand. 105)
PIE *Π·meni-
Hitt. udu·meni-
(n.?) ‘a wind or direction of wind’
(HIL. 1079)
(Hitt. ú-du-me-ni)
PIE *Π·meni-
Hitt. taraš·meni-
(sb.) ‘‹the moist wind?›’
(HEG T:153)
(Hitt. tarašmeni-)
√mnɑh-
PIE *Π·mnēɑh-
OIr. to·mna-
(vb.) ‘venir’
(LEIA M-35)
(OIr. tomnaiter [3pl] ‘sont venus’, dia tomna ‘si vient’)
1. PIE *Π·mnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·mnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·mnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·mnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·mnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·mnā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·mnā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OIr. Π·mna-
PIE *Π·mnēɑh·klo-
Umbr. ku·mnāh·clo-
(sb.) ‘in conventu’
(WbOU. 414-5)
(Umbr. kumnahkle)
1. PIE *Π·mnēɑh·klo-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·mnāɑh·klo-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·mnāɑh·klo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·mnāh·klo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·mnāh·klo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·mnā·klo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·mnā·klo-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Umbr. Π·mnā·clo-


PIE √mon- √men- (sb.) ‘Menge’ (adv.) ‘much’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√mono-
PIE *mono
HLu. mana
(adv.) ‘much?’
(CHLu. 10.14.14)
(HLu. ma-na)
1. PIE *mono
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. mana
√meno-
PIE *mɦɑégi·meno-
Lith. mãž·mena-
(f.) ‘kleine Menge’
(LiEtWb. 422)
1. PIE *mɦɑégi·meno-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *mɦɑági·meno-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. mɦɑági·meno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mɦági·meno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. mɦági·meno-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *mɦáj́·meno-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. mɦáj́·meno-
á → à
Emergence of gravis PLith. à
RLiAcc1 → *mɦàj́·meno-
5. mɦàj́·meno-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *màj́·meno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. màj́·meno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *màj́·mena-
7. màj́·mena-
*j́ → ž
From Satem *j́ to ž
Rj́›ž → Lith. màž·mena-
(SPIE §4.8.4)


PIE √mn- √mno- (vb.) ‘liegen, bleiben’ (a.) ‘befindlich, liegend’
(IEW 729)
(Tischler HEG S:874)
√mno-
(Tischler)
PIE *hɑersu·mno-
Hitt. ḫaršu·mna-
(n.) ‘Quellgebiet’
(HEG H:187-8)
(Hitt. ḫaršumna [plNA], Rieken 1999:311)
1. PIE *hɑersu·mno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarsu·mno-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsu·mno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harsu·mno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harsu·mno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harsu·mna-
4. harsu·mna-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haršu·mna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haršu·mna-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaršu·mna-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *sro·mno-
Hitt. šra·mna-
(a.) ‘oben befindlich’
(HEG S:874ff.)
(HHand. 144)
1. PIE *sro·mno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sra·mna-
2. sra·mna-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šra·mna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *mí·mno-
Gr. μίμνο-
(pr.) ‘(ver)bleiben, (er)warten, standhalten’
(GEW 2:208-9)
(Gr. μίμνω)
1. PIE *mí·mno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. μί·μνο-
PIE *ni·mno-
OInd. ni·mna-
(a.) ‘tief liegend’
(AiGr. 2/2:777)
1. PIE *ni·mno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OInd. ni·mna-
PIE *ni·mnó-
RV. ni·mná-
(n.) ‘Niederung, Tiefe’
(KEWA 2:166)
1. PIE *ni·mnó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. ni·mná-
PIE *Π·mno-
Umbr. ku·mno-
(n.) ‘öffentlicher Platz’
(WbOU. 414)
(Umbr. super kumne)
√mni-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *sro·mni-
Hitt. šra·mni-
(adv.) ‘von oben herab’
(HHand. 144)
(Hitt. šaramnit [I])
1. PIE *sro·mni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sra·mni-
2. sra·mni-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šra·mni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *mni·Σ
Car. μνι·εσυτη-
(c.) ‘Demot.’
(NdLyk. 150)
(Car. μνιεσυτης [sgN])
1. PIE *mni·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Car. μνι·Σ
PIE *mníeɑh-
Gr. μνία-
(f.) ‘-(?)-’
(GEW 2:247)
1. PIE *mníeɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *mníaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. mníaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mníah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. mníah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *mnía-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. mnía-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. μνία-


PIE √moni- √meni- (sb.) ‘Bach, Fluß, Salbe, Eiter’ (vb.) ‘mästen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo 2014:52-54)
√moni-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *moni-
Hitt. mani-
(c.) ‘Eiter: pus, suppuration’
(HEG M:119)
(Hitt. ma-ni-iš)
1. PIE *moni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. mani-
PIE *moni̯o
Alb. manj-
(vb.) ‘mästen’
(WH. 2:7)
(Alb. manj [1sg])
1. PIE *moni̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *mani̯a
2. mani̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *mani̯
3. mani̯
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Alb. manj
PIE *moni-
OSax. meni-
(sb.) ‘Bach, Fluß: brook’
(ASächsWb. 51)
1. PIE *moni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *mani-
2. mani-
*ani → eni
Umlaut *ani to eni
Rani›eni → OSax. meni-
PIE *monihɑ́ku̯o-
OInd. manīka-
(n.) ‘eye-salve, collyrium’
(MonWil. 787)
1. PIE *monihɑ́ku̯o-
PIE *iḫɑ́ → iḫí
Distant assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RiHɑ́›iHí → *monihíku̯o-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. monihíku̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *manihíku̯a-
3. manihíku̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *maniíku̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. maniíku̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *maniíka-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. maniíka-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → OInd. manī́ka-
√meni-
PIE *meni·Σ
OIr. mein·bligi-
(pr.) ‘foisonner, fourmiller’
(LEIA M-30)
(OIr. meinbligid [3sg] ‘il foisonne, il fourmille’)
1. PIE *meni·Σ
*eni → ein
Epenthesis of i
Reni›ein → OIr. mein·Σ


PIE √mnt- √mont- √ment- (sb.) ‘Schädigung, Tot, Feind(lichkeit) o.ä.’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: TochB.; or PIE √mondɑɦ- √mendɑɦ-?)
√monT-
(HEG M:128)
(CHD M:176)
PIE *mont-
Hitt. mant-
(c.) ‘Schädigung, Gift, Zauberei?’
(HHand. 100)
(Hitt. ma(?)-an-za [sgN])
1. PIE *mont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. mant-
PIE *monto-
Hitt. manta-
(ÉRINMEŠ.) ‘(‹cf. above› ›Ḫimuwa)’
(OGH. 259)
(Hitt. ma-an-da [Stf.])
1. PIE *monto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. manta-
PIE *hɑe·mōnto·Σ
TochB. a·māntatte
(a.) ‘not evil-minded’
(DTochB. 18)
(contains TochB. ·atte = ‘mind’?)
1. PIE *hɑe·mōnto·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa·mōnto·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa·mōnto·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ha·mōnto·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ha·mōnto·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ha·mōnta·Σ
4. ha·mōnta·Σ
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ha·mānta·Σ
5. ha·mānta·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochB. a·mānta·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√menT-
PIE *mente-
LycA. mẽte-
(sb.) ‘Schädigung’
(HEG M:128)
(Lyc. mẽtẽ [sgA])
1. PIE *mente-
*en → ẽn
Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ
ReN›ẽN → *mẽnte-
2. mẽnte-
*nt → ñt
Change of *n into ñ before t
Rnt›ñt → LycA. mẽñte-
√monTol-
(HEG M:126)
PIE *montolo-
Hitt. mantala-
(a.) ‘feindlich, schädlich’ (HHand. 100)
(DLL. 68)
(Hitt. ma-(a)-an-ta-(a)-al-la [plNA?])
1. PIE *montolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. mantala-
PIE *montolōi·Σ
TochB. mantalai·cce
(a.) ‘evil-minded’
(DTochB. 440)
1. PIE *montolōi·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *mantalōi·Σ
2. mantalōi·Σ
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *mantalāi·Σ
3. mantalāi·Σ
āi → ai
Orthographic change of āi into ai
Rāi›ai → TochB. mantalai·Σ
PIE *montoli-
Hitt. mantali-
(SISKURc./n.) ‘Totenritual?’
(HHand. 100)
(Hitt. SISKURma-an-tal-li [n.])
1. PIE *montoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. mantali-
PIE *montoli-
Hitt. mantali-
(a.) ‘verfeindet (describes ‘Zungen’)’
(HEG M:126)
(Hitt. ma-an-ta-al-li-i-e-eš EMEḪI.A-eš)
1. PIE *montoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. mantali-
PIE *montoli-
CLu. mantali-
(GKLc./n.) ‘(eine Art Totenritual) (HHand. 100)’
(DLL. 68)
(CLu. ma-an-tal-li-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *montoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. mantali-
PIE *montolei̯o-
CLu. mantalei̯a-
(GKLa.) ‘verfeindet, verleumderisch?’
(HHand. 100)
(Hitt. SISKURma-an-tal-li-ia-an-za)
1. PIE *montolei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. mantalei̯a-
PIE *montolosomi-
CLu. mantalašami-
(SISKURpt.) ‘zum mantali-Ritual bestimmt’
(DLL. 127)
(CLu. ma-an-tal-la-aš-ša-am-mi-iš)
1. PIE *montolosomi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *mantalasami-
2. mantalasami-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. mantalašami-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *montōlou-
TochB. mantālo
(sb.) ‘evilmindedness, malice’
(DTochB. 440)
1. PIE *montōlou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *mantōlau-
2. mantōlau-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *mantālau-
3. mantālau-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *mantālō-
4. mantālō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. mantālo-
√menTli-
PIE *mentli-
Lyd. mẽtli-
(pr.) ‘(eine Fluchformel, etwas Negatives)’
(LydWb. 164)
(Lyd. mẽtlid [3pers])
1. PIE *mentli-
*en → ẽn
Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ
ReN›ẽN → *mẽntli-
2. mẽntli-
*nt → ñt
Change of *n into ñ before t
Rnt›ñt → Lyd. mẽñtli-


PIE √mp- √omp- √emp- (sb) ‘Getreide, Mehl, Nahrung’
IEW 780)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Gr.)
√omp-
PIE *omp· u̯ono-
Hitt. amp·u̯ana-
(URU.) ‘(pflegen die zilipurijatala-Leute aus A. zu geben)’
(OGHErg.4)
(Hitt. am-pu-ua-na-za [Abl.]; ‘(der Kult der Gottheiten von ›Kizimara behandelt)’)
1. PIE *omp· u̯ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. amp· u̯ana-
PIE *omp·uro-
Hitt. amp·ura-
(NINDAc.) ‘(Art Gebäck)’
(HEG I:23)
(Hitt. ampuraš [sgN], Alimenta 151, HHand. 15)
1. PIE *omp·uro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. amp·ura-
PIE *omp·urei̯o-
Hitt. amp·urei̯a-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 13-14)
(Hitt. am-pu-ri-ia [Stf.])
1. PIE *omp·urei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. amp·urei̯a-
√ompēhɑ-
PIE *ómpēhɑ-
Gr. ὄμπη-
(f.) ‘Getreide, Nahrung’
(GEW 2:390)
(Kall., Nik., H., EM)
1. PIE *ómpēhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ómpēh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ómpēh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ómpē-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ómpē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄμπη-
PIE *ómpēhɑ-
Gr. ὄμπη-
(f.pl.) ‘Kuchen aus Mehl und Honig’
(GEW 2:390)
1. PIE *ómpēhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ómpēh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ómpēh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ómpē-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ómpē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄμπη-
√ompn-
PIE *ómpnēhɑ-
Gr. ὄμπνη-
(f.) ‘Nahrung, Getreide’
(GEW 2:390)
1. PIE *ómpnēhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ómpnēh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ómpnēh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ómpnē-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ómpnē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄμπνη-
PIE *ómpnēhɑ-
Gr. ὄμπνη-
(f.pl.) ‘Kuchen aus Mehl und Honig’
(GEW 2:390)
1. PIE *ómpnēhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ómpnēh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ómpnēh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ómpnē-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ómpnē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄμπνη-
PIE *ómpnii̯o-
Gr. ὄμπνιο-
(a.) ‘zum Getreide gehörig, reich an Nahrung, fruchtbar’
(GEW 2:390)
1. PIE *ómpnii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *ómpnio-
2. ómpnio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄμπνιο-
PIE *ompníeɑh-
Gr. ὀμπνία-
(f.) ‘(Beiwort der Demeter)’
(GEW 2:390)
1. PIE *ompníeɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ompníaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. ompníaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ompníah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ompníah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ompnía-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ompnía-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀμπνία-


PIE √mr- √mor- √mer- (vb.) ‘verschwinden’
(IEW 735)
(Sturtevant 1929b:230)
√mer-
(CHD M:295)
(HED 6:148-150)
PIE *mer-
Hitt. mer-
(vb.1.) ‘verschwinden, verlorengehen, absterben’
(HEG M:199)
(Hitt. me-er-zi [3sg], me-er-ta [3sg], me-ri-ir [3pl], me-er-ta-at [3sg])
PIE *méro-
RV. mára-
(pr.) ‘sterben’
(WbRV. 1054)
(RV. márate, maranti)
1. PIE *méro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *méra-
2. méra-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. mára-
√mor-
PIE *mor-
Hitt. mar-
(vb.1.&2.) ‘verschwinden, verlorengehen, absterben’
(HEG M:199)
(Hitt. mar-ta, mar-ta-ri [3sg])
1. PIE *mor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. mar-
PIE *móro-
Gr. μόρο-
(m.) ‘violent death’
(LSJ. 1147)
1. PIE *móro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. μόρο-
PIE *pro·moró-
RV. pra·mará-
(m.) ‘Tot’
(WbRV. 877)
1. PIE *pro·moró-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pra·maró-
2. pra·maró-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. pra·mará-
√mernu-
PIE *mernu-
Hitt. mernu-
(cs.1.) ‘verschwinden lassen, unterschlagen’
(HEG M:201)
(Hitt. me-er-nu-un [1sg])
√mornu-
PIE *mornu-
Hitt. marnu-
(cs.1.) ‘verschwinden lassen, unterschlagen?’
(HHand. 105)
(Hitt. m]a-ar-nu-ši [2sg], oder kum]arnu- ‘erzürnen’)
1. PIE *mornu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. marnu-
PIE *mornu̯o-
HLu. marnu̯a-
(DELEREvb.cs.) ‘destroy: zerstören, auflöschen’
(CHLu. 2.70.g*1.2)
(in HLu. ...]DELERE p[á?]+ra/i-nu-w[a/i-... ‹pá is to be read as max›)
1. PIE *mornu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. marnu̯a-


PIE √mr- √mor- √mer- (vb.) ‘richten’
(IEW 969)
(Pyysalo: Anat. + Italo-Celt.)
√mor-
PIE *mor-
LycA. mar-
(vb.) ‘order, command’
(DLycLg. 37)
(LycA. martti [3sg])
1. PIE *mor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → LycA. mar-
PIE *moro-
LycA. mara
(n.pl) ‘Gesetz, Anordnung’
(DLycLg. 39)
(LycA. mara [plA], HEG M:113)
1. PIE *moro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → LycA. mara-
√moro-
PIE *moro·Σ
LycA. mara·za-
(sb.) ‘Befehlshaber/Richter: judge, arbitrator’
(DLycLg. 37)
(LycA. maraza [sgN], HEG M:113, 188)
1. PIE *moro·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → LycA. mara·Σ
PIE *moro·Σ
LycA. mara·zija-
(n.pl) ‘court’
(DLycLg. 37)
(LycA. marazija [plNA], LuPG 54)
1. PIE *moro·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → LycA. mara·Σ
√mer-
PIE *mero-
LycB. mera-
(n.pl) ‘law(s)’
(DLycLg. 39)
(LycA. mere [plDL])
1. PIE *mero-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → LycB. mera-
√mori-
PIE *morei-
Hitt. marei-
(c.) ‘-(?)-’
(HHand. 101)
1. PIE *morei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. marei-
PIE *morei-
Hitt. marei-
(Ic.) ‘(trésorier)’
(NOMS. 761)
(Hitt. mar-ri-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *morei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. marei-
PIE *morei̯o-
Hitt. marei̯a-
(d.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:299)
(Hitt. maaria [Abs])
1. PIE *morei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. marei̯a-
PIE *morei̯o-
Hitt. marei̯a-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(HEG M:134)
(Hitt. ma-ri-ia, ma-ri-ia-aš, -an; NOMS. 762)
1. PIE *morei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. marei̯a-
√morotei-
PIE *morotei-
HLu. maratei-
(LOQUIc.) ‘order’
(CHLu. 11.1.b4)
(HLu. (“LOQUI”)ma-ra+a-ti-na)
1. PIE *morotei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. maratei-
PIE *morotei-
Hitt. maratei-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 760)
(Hitt. ma-ra-at-ti-ia [sgD])
1. PIE *morotei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. maratei-
√mert-
PIE *mertēɑh-
MidIr. merta-
(vb.) ‘einrichten’
(IEW 969)
(MidIr. mertaid [3sg], also Vann. ar-merhein (vb.) ‘einrichten’; IEW 969; Bret. merzou- ‘gewahr werden’)
1. PIE *mertēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *mertāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. mertāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mertāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. mertāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *mertā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. mertā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → MidIr. merta-
PIE *Π·mertēɑh
OIr. air·mert
(f.) ‘Verbot’
(IEW 969)
(also Cymr. ar·merth- ‘Verbereitung’)
1. PIE *Π·mertēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·mertāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·mertāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·mertāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·mertāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·mertā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·mertā
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *Π·merta
5. Π·merta
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OIr. Π·mert
√merts-
PIE *merts-
Umbr. mers-
(n.) ‘Recht: iūs’
(WbOU. 461)
(WH. 2:100)
1. PIE *merts-
*ts → s
Loss of dental in *ts
Rts›s → Umbr. mers-
PIE *mertsēɑh
OIr. mers-
(f.) ‘amende: fine, penalty’
(LEIA M-31)
(OIr. mersi [sgD])
1. PIE *mertsēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *mertsāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. mertsāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mertsāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. mertsāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *mertsā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. mertsā
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *mertsa
5. mertsa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OIr. merts


PIE √mr- √mor- √mer- ‘glänzen’
(IEW 737)
(Neumann apud HEG M:135: Hitt. + Russ.)
√mor-
(CHD M:185)
PIE *mor-
Hitt. mar-
(c.?) ‘Morgenröte, Sonnenlicht, Tageslicht’
(HEG M:135)
(Hitt. mar-ri [sgL] IGI-an-da = Akd. A-NA ṢE-RI)
1. PIE *mor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. mar-
PIE *mor-
OGaul. mor-
(?.) ‘gallische Münze’
(ACSS 2:627)
(OGaul. mor.)
√moro-
(HEG M:135)
PIE *mṓro-
Russ. már-
(m.) ‘Sonnenglut; trockener Nebel, Schlaf’
(REW 2:97)
(Russ. már [sgN])
1. PIE *mṓro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *mṓra-
2. mṓra-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *mā́ra-
3. mā́ra-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *mā́ro-
4. mā́ro-
*ā́ → a
Change of *ā́ into á
Rā́›á → Russ. máro-
PIE *moro·Σ
Hitt. mara·pši-
(a.) ‘Epitheton des Wettergottes dU’
(HHand. 100)
(HEG M:131, dU ma-ra-ap-ši, A-NA dU ma-ra-ap-še da-a[-i])
1. PIE *moro·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. mara·Σ
PIE *móro·Σ
Gr. μόρο·ξο-
(m.) ‘Ton zum Bleichen (der Kleider)’
(GEW 2:256)
(Gr. μόροξος [sgN])
1. PIE *móro·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. μόρο·Σ
PIE *móro·Σ
Gr. μόρο·χθο-
(m.) ‘Ton zum Bleichen (der Kleider)’
(GEW 2:256)
(Gr. μόροχθος [sgN])
1. PIE *móro·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. μόρο·Σ
√mero-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *mero-
Lat. mero-
(a.) ‘unvermischt, lauter, bloß, rein, echt’
(WH. 2:78)
(Lat. merus, mera, merum)
PIE *mero-
Lat. mero-
(n.) ‘reiner Wein’
(WH. 2:78)
(Lat. merum)
PIE *mer·Σ
Lat. mer·enda-
(f.) ‘Vesperbrot, zwischen vier und fünf Uhr’
(WH. 2:75)
(cf. Lat. cal·endae?)
PIE *Π·mero
OIr. ē·mer-
(a.) ‘nicht glänzend, nicht hell’
(WH. 2:78)
1. PIE *Π·mero
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr → OIr. Π·mer


PIE √mrgɑɦu- √morgɑɦu- √mergɑɦu- (a.) ‘rot, braun, dunkel’
(IEW 733-4)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√morgɑɦu-
(HIL. 648)
PIE *Π·morgɑɦu̯o-
Gr. πολύ·μορφο-
(a.) ‘vielgestaltig’
(GEW 2:257)
(Gr. πολύμορφος)
1. PIE *Π·morgɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·morgɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·morgɦu̯o-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *Π·morbɦo-
3. Π·morbɦo-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *Π·morpho-
4. Π·morpho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·μορφο-
PIE *morgɑɦu̯oii̯o-
Hitt. margu̯ai̯a-
(DINGIR.) ‘(BW von Erdgottheiten)’
(HEG M:153)
1. PIE *morgɑɦu̯oii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *morgɦu̯oii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. morgɦu̯oii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *margɦu̯aii̯a-
3. margɦu̯aii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *margɦu̯aia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. margɦu̯aia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *margɦu̯ai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. margɦu̯ai̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. margu̯ai̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *mórgɑɦuno-
Gr. μόρφνο-
(a.) ‘dunkelfarbig?’
(GEW 2:258)
(Gr. μόρφνος, epith. of an eagle, LSJ. 1147)
1. PIE *mórgɑɦuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mórgɦuno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. mórgɦuno-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *mórbɦno-
3. mórbɦno-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *mórphno-
4. mórphno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. μόρφνο-


PIE √mrs- √mors- √mers- (a.) ‘falsch, umsonst, vergeblich’
(IEW 736-7)
(Burrow apud HEG M:143: OAnat.)
√mrs-
(Burrow apud HEG M:143)
PIE *mŕ̥sē
RV. mŕ̥sā
(adv.) ‘umsonst, vergeblich’
(WbRV. 1062)
(RV. mŕ̥ṣā [sgI], KEWA 2:678)
1. PIE *mŕ̥sē
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → RV. mŕ̥sā
PIE *mŕ̥sē
AV. mŕ̥sā
(adv.) ‘in falscher Weise’
(WbRV. 1062)
1. PIE *mŕ̥sē
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → AV. mŕ̥sā
√morso-
(HEG M:143-4)
(CHD M:195f.)
PIE *morso-
Hitt. marša-
(a.) ‘falsch, unzuverlässig, unberechenbar’
(HEG M:143)
(Hitt. mar-ša-an [c.sgA], mar-ša = KBo 5.2.iv.64)
1. PIE *morso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *marsa-
2. marsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. marša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *morso-
CLu. marša-
(a.) ‘falsch, unzuverlässig, unberechenbar’
(DLL. 69)
(CLu. ma-ar-ša-ta)
1. PIE *morso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *marsa-
2. marsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. marša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *morsēɑh-
Hitt. maršāḫ-
(vb.) ‘verfälschen, irreführen’
(HHand. 101)
(in Hitt. mar-ša-a-aḫ-ḫa-an-t- [pt.])
1. PIE *morsēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *morsāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. morsāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *morsāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. morsāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *marsāh-
4. marsāh-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *maršāh-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. maršāh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. maršāḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√morsi-
(IEW 736)
PIE *morsei-
OHitt. maršei-
(vb.1.) ‘falsch (betrügerisch) werden’ (HHand. 101)
(HEG M:144)
(OHitt. mar-še-e-ir [2pl])
1. PIE *morsei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *marsei-
2. marsei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → OHitt. maršei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √mort- (vb.) ‘≈ schlagen?’
(IEW 735-6)
(Pyysalo: CLu. + Lat.)
√mort-
PIE *mort·Σ
Lat. mort·ārio-
(n.) ‘Mörser’
(HEG M:130)
(Lat. mortārium [sgNA]; suffix as in Lat. alt·ārio-)
PIE *morto-
CLu. marta-
(sb.) ‘‹cf. below›’ (HHand. 102)
(DLL. 69)
(CLu. ma-a-ar-da-a-ti [sgI] dûpiti [3sg] ‘strikes with CLu. marta-’)
1. PIE *morto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. marta-
PIE *o·morto-
CLu. a·marta-
(vb.) ‘‹‘schlagen’ vel sim.?›’
(HHand. 15)
(CLu. ḫarraninzi arudi ‘eagles with their wing(s)’ am-mar-ta-an-du [3pl])
1. PIE *o·morto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. a·marta-


PIE √mru- √moru- √meru- (a.) ‘rot, braun, dunkel’
(IEW 734)
(Bernabé Pajares 1973:433: Gr. + Lu.)
√moruoi-
(HEG M:152)
(HIL. 650f., CHD M:201f.)
PIE *moru̯oi-
CLu. maru̯ai-
(vb.1.) ‘rot erhellen (Blitz)’
(DLL. 69)
(CLu. ma-ru-ua-a-it [3sg])
1. PIE *moru̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. maru̯ai-
PIE *moru̯oi-
CLu. maru̯ai-
(dMEŠ.) ‘‹cf. CLuLex. 142, REL. 93›’
(OHP. 1:300)
(CLu. mar-ua-a-in-z[i] [plN])
1. PIE *moru̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. maru̯ai-
PIE *moru̯oi-
HLu. maru̯ai-
(DEUS.) ‘Maru̯ai-’
(CHLu. 489)
(HLu. (DEUS)pá?+ra/i-wa/i-i-zi, KLuN. §490 ‹pá is to be read as max›)
1. PIE *moru̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. maru̯ai-
PIE *moru̯oii̯o-
CLu. maru̯ai̯a-
(a.) ‘(BW. von Erdgottheiten (HHand. 102))’
(HEG M:152)
(KLuN. §285, CLu. mar-ua-ia-an-za)
1. PIE *moru̯oii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *maru̯aii̯a-
2. maru̯aii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *maru̯aia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. maru̯aia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → CLu. maru̯ai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
√morugɑɦ-
(Bernabé Pajares 1973:433)
PIE *mémorugɑɦ-
Gr. μέμορυχ-
(pf.) ‘(rauch)geschwärt, beschmutzt sein’
(GEW 2:257)
(Gr. μεμορυχμένος [pf.pt.])
1. PIE *mémorugɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mémorugɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. mémorugɦ-
*gɦ → kh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›kh → *mémorukh-
3. mémorukh-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. μέμορυχ-
PIE *mórugɑɦo-
Gr. μόρυχο-
(a.) ‘(BN des Dionysos in Sizilien)’
(IEW 734)
(Gr. μόρυχος· σκοτεινός)
1. PIE *mórugɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mórugɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. mórugɦo-
*gɦ → kh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›kh → *mórukho-
3. mórukho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. μόρυχο-
PIE *mórugɑɦs-
Gr. μόρυξ-
(ao.) ‘beschmieren’
(GEW 2:257)
(Gr. μορύξαις [opt2sg])
1. PIE *mórugɑɦs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mórugɦs-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. mórugɦs-
*gɦ → kh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›kh → *mórukhs-
3. mórukhs-
*khs → ks
Loss of *h between *k and *s
Rkhs›ks → *móruks-
4. móruks-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. μόρυξ-


PIE √mru- √moru- √meru- (sb.) ‘Misch(masch)’ (adv.) ‘durchaus’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: IE + Anat.)
√moruɑh- √meruɑh-
PIE *moru̯ḗɑh
Lith. marvà-
(f.) ‘Mischmasch, alles durcheinander’
(LiEtWb. 413)
1. PIE *moru̯ḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *moru̯ā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. moru̯ā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *moru̯ā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. moru̯ā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *moru̯ā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. moru̯ā́
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *maru̯ā́
5. maru̯ā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *maru̯ṓ
(XX:XX)
6. maru̯ṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → *maru̯à
7. maru̯à
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. marvà
PIE *meru̯ēɑhlo
OIr. merbal-
(m.f.) ‘égarement, confusion (mentale)’
(LEIA M-40)
1. PIE *meru̯ēɑhlo
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *meru̯āɑhlo
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. meru̯āɑhlo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *meru̯āhlo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. meru̯āhlo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *meru̯ālo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. meru̯ālo
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *meru̯alo
5. meru̯alo
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr → *meru̯al
6. meru̯al
ru̯ → rb
Change of ru̯ → rb
Rru̯›rb → OIr. merbal
√morui-
PIE *moru̯oi-
CLu. maru̯ai-
(vb.) ‘ver-, durcheinandermengen’ (DLL. 69)
(HEG M:151)
(CLu. nu ša-ra-az-zi kat-te-ir-ra-ia an-da ma-ru-ua-a-it nu ne-pí-is te-kán-na)
1. PIE *moru̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. maru̯ai-
PIE *moru̯eili-
Hitt. maru̯eili-
(mc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 769)
(Hitt. ma-ar-ui-li-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *moru̯eili-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. maru̯eili-
PIE *moru̯eisno-
Hitt. maru̯eišna-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 264)
(Hitt. mar-ui5-eš-na-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *moru̯eisno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *maru̯eisna-
2. maru̯eisna-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. maru̯eišna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √mos- √mes- (sb.) ‘Gott, Götze, Altar, Tempel’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo; for the semantics, see RV. devá- ‘Gott’, gAv. daēva- ‘Götze’)
√moso-
PIE *moso-
LycB. masa-
(sb.) ‘Gott’
(HEG M:155)
(LycB. masa [sgN], masasi [sgG])
1. PIE *moso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → LycB. masa-
PIE *moso-
Hitt. maša-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 770)
(Hitt. ma-ša [All])
1. PIE *moso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *masa-
2. masa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. maša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√mosoi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *mosoi-
LycB. masai-
(sb.) ‘Gott’
(LuPG 57)
(LycB. masaiz)
1. PIE *mosoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → LycB. masai-
√meseieɑhn-
PIE *mesei̯ēɑhnì
Arm. mehean-
(sb.) ‘Götzenbild, Altar, Tempel’
(ArmGr. 1:191)
(Arm. mehean)
1. PIE *mesei̯ēɑhnì
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *mesei̯āɑhnì
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. mesei̯āɑhnì
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mesei̯āhnì
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. mesei̯āhnì
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *mesei̯ānì
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. mesei̯ānì
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *mehei̯ānì
5. mehei̯ānì
*ei̯ā → eā
Loss *i̯ between e and ā
Rei̯ā›eā → *meheānì
6. meheānì
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *meheanì
7. meheanì
*i → Ø
Loss of unaccented *i
Rì›0 → Arm. mehean
√mosigɑɦo-
(IEW 713)
(Pyysalo; suffix unclear)
PIE *mosigɑɦó-
Gr. μοιχό-
(m.) ‘Götzendiener, Ehebrecher’
(GEW 2:249)
1. PIE *mosigɑɦó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mosigɦó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. mosigɦó-
*gɦ → kh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›kh → *mosikhó-
3. mosikhó-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *mohikhó-
4. mohikhó-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *moikhó-
5. moikhó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. μοιχό-
PIE *keɑhteɑh·mosigɑɦó-
Gr. κατα·μοιχό-
(m.) ‘Götzendiener, Ehebrecher’
(GEW 2:249)
1. PIE *keɑhteɑh·mosigɑɦó-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhtaɑh·mosigɑɦó-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhtaɑh·mosigɑɦó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahtah·mosigɦó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahtah·mosigɦó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kata·mosigɦó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kata·mosigɦó-
*gɦ → kh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›kh → *kata·mosikhó-
5. kata·mosikhó-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *kata·mohikhó-
6. kata·mohikhó-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *kata·moikhó-
7. kata·moikhó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. κατα·μοιχό-
PIE *mosígɑɦeɑhi̯o-
Gr. μοίχαο-
(pr.) ‘Götzendienst treiben, verfälschen’
(GEW 2:249)
1. PIE *mosígɑɦeɑhi̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *mosígɑɦaɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. mosígɑɦaɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mosígɦahi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. mosígɦahi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *mosígɦai̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. mosígɦai̯o-
*gɦ → kh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›kh → *mosíkhai̯o-
5. mosíkhai̯o-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *mohíkhai̯o-
6. mohíkhai̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *mohíkhao-
7. mohíkhao-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *moíkhao-
8. moíkhao-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. μοίχαο-
√mosoni-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *mosoni-
CLu. mašani-
(c.) ‘Gott’ (HHand. 102)
(DLL. 69)
(CLu. ma-aš-ša-ni-ia [D], ma-aš-ša-ni-in-[zi])
1. PIE *mosoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *masani-
2. masani-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. mašani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *mosoni-
HLu. mašani-
(DEUSc.) ‘Gott’
(HEG M:155)
(HLu. DEUS-ni-sa [sgN])
1. PIE *mosoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *masani-
2. masani-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. mašani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *oni·mosoni-
CLu. ani·mašani-
(fc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 73)
(Hitt. an-ni-ma-aš-ša-an-ni-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *oni·mosoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ani·masani-
2. ani·masani-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. ani·mašani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·mosoni-
CLu. kuišḫa·mašani-
(dc.) ‘‹cf. GhR. 307; CLuLex. 119›’
(OHP. 1:244)
(CLu. ku-iš-ḫa-ma-aš-ša-ni-eš [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·mosoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·masani-
2. Π·masani-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. Π·mašani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *uro·mosoni-
Hitt. ura·mašani-
(dc.) ‘-(?)-’ (GhR. 307 n. 96)
(OHP. 1:540)
(Hitt. u-ra-am-ma-aš-ša-ni [Abs])
1. PIE *uro·mosoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ura·masani-
2. ura·masani-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ura·mašani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *urdɑɦi̯o·mosoni-
Hitt. urza·mašani-
(dc.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:543)
(Hitt. ur-za-ma-aš-ša-ni [Abs])
1. PIE *urdɑɦi̯o·mosoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *urdɦi̯o·mosoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. urdɦi̯o·mosoni-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *urjɦo·mosoni-
3. urjɦo·mosoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *urjɦa·masani-
4. urjɦa·masani-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *urja·masani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. urja·masani-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *urza·masani-
6. urza·masani-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. urza·mašani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *mosonei̯o-
CLu. mašanei̯a-
(a.) ‘göttlich’
(HHand. 102)
1. PIE *mosonei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *masanei̯a-
2. masanei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. mašanei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *mosonei̯o·si-
CLu. mašanei̯aši-
(a.) ‘göttlich’ (HHand. 102)
(DLL. 69)
(CLu. ma-aš-ša-ni-ia-aš-ši)
1. PIE *mosonei̯o·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *masanei̯a·si-
2. masanei̯a·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. mašanei̯a·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√meseni-
PIE *mesenì
Arm. mehen-
(sb.) ‘Götzenbild, Altar, Tempel’
(ArmGr. 1:191)
(Arm. mehen [sgN], meheni [sgG])
1. PIE *mesenì
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *mehenì
2. mehenì
*i → Ø
Loss of unaccented *i
Rì›0 → Arm. mehen
√mosor-
PIE *mosoro-
HLu. mašara-
(472c.) ‘‹cf. Sid. maśara [plD]: θεοι̃ς πα̃σι HEG M:155›’
(CHLu. 11.1.d7)
(HLu. *472(-)ma-sa5+ra/i-zi-ha-wa/i-mu!)
1. PIE *mosoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *masara-
2. masara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. mašara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *mósori-
Car. μάσαρι-
(c.) ‘(karischer Name des Dionysos)’
(HEG M:156)
(Car. μάσαρις [Stephanus v. Byz])
1. PIE *mósori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *mósari-
2. mósari-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *másari-
3. másari-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Car. μάσαρι-


PIE √msɑh- √mosɑh- √mesɑh- (sb.) ‘Wachstum, Wohlstand’
(IEW –)
(to PIE √mos- √mes- (sb.) ‘Gott usw.’)
√mosɑh-
PIE *mosɑho·ɦɑiso-
CLu. mašḫa·ḫiša-
(n.) ‘≈ Wachstum, Wohlstand’ (HHand. 103)
(DLL. 70)
(CLu. ma-aš-ḫa(-a)-ḫi-ša; HEG M:91)
1. PIE *mosɑho·ɦɑiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mosho·ɦiso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. mosho·ɦiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *masha·ɦisa-
3. masha·ɦisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *mašha·ɦiša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. mašha·ɦiša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. mašḫa·ḫiša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *mosɑho·nei-
HLu. mašḫa·nei-
(cs.) ‘make grow: wachsen lassen/machen’
(CHLu. 10.14.22)
(HLu. ma-sa-ha-ni-i-ti [3sg], KLuN. §98)
1. PIE *mosɑho·nei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mosho·nei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. mosho·nei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *masha·nei-
3. masha·nei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *mašha·nei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. mašha·nei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. mašḫa·nei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *mesɑheri·Σ
OGaul. meseri·aco-
(n.) ‘-(?)-’
(ACSS 2:574)
(‹a guess by form, uncertain›)
1. PIE *mesɑheri·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mesheri·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. mesheri·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OGaul. meseri·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *mosɑhoriso-
CLu. mašḫariša-
(n.) ‘eine erwünschte Sache’ (HHand. 103)
(DLL. 70)
(CLu. ma-aš-ḫa-re-eš-ša)
1. PIE *mosɑhoriso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *moshoriso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. moshoriso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *masharisa-
3. masharisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *mašhariša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. mašhariša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. mašḫariša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *mosɑh·ili-
Kpd. mašḫ·ili-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 778)
(Kpd. maš-ḫi-li)
1. PIE *mosɑh·ili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mosh·ili-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. mosh·ili-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *mash·ili-
3. mash·ili-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *mašh·ili-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. mašh·ili-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. mašḫ·ili-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √mdɑɦ- √modɑɦ- √medɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Honig, Wein’ (a.) ‘süß’
(IEW 707)
(Meriggi 1957:198n17)
√medɑɦo-
PIE *medɑɦo
OCS. medŭ-
(m.) ‘Honig’
(REW 2:110)
(OCS. medŭ, meda [sgG])
1. PIE *medɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *medɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. medɦo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *medɦa
3. medɦa
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *meda
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. meda
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *medo
5. medo
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *medu
6. medu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. medŭ
PIE *medɑɦo·Σ
OCS. medo·točĭnŭ-
(a.) ‘honigtriefend, honigsüß’
(Sadnik √497)
1. PIE *medɑɦo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *medɦo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. medɦo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *medɦa·Σ
3. medɦa·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *meda·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. meda·Σ
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → OCS. medo·Σ
PIE *medɑɦo·Σ
OGaul. medo·briga-
(ONf.) ‘Metburg’
(ACSS 2:526)
1. PIE *medɑɦo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *medɦo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. medɦo·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → OGaul. medo·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
√medɑɦu-
PIE *medɑɦu-
HLu. medu-
(n./c.?) ‘wine’
(CHLu. 7.2/2.fr2)
(in HLu. (“VITIS”)mi-t[u-...]x ‹uncertain whether HLu. ‹i› represents PIE *e›)
1. PIE *medɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *medɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. medɦu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. medu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *medɑɦu-
OCS. medŭ-
(m.) ‘Honig’
(Sadnik √497)
(OCS. medŭ [N], medu [G])
1. PIE *medɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *medɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. medɦu-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *medu-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. medu-
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. medŭ-
PIE *médɑɦu-
Gr. μέθυ-
(n.) ‘Rauschtrank, Wein’ (LSJ. 1091)
(GEW 2:191)
(Gr. μέθυ, μέθυος)
1. PIE *médɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *médɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. médɦu-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *méthu-
3. méthu-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. μέθυ-
PIE *medɑɦu-
OGaul. medu-
(PN.) ‘Honig’
(ACSS 2:534)
1. PIE *medɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *medɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. medɦu-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → OGaul. medu-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
√modɑɦu-
PIE *modɑɦu-
CLu. matu-
(n.) ‘Traubensaft, Honigwein’
(DLL. 70)
(CLu. ma-ad-du [sgN], HHand. 103; CLu. -dd-)
1. PIE *modɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *modɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. modɦu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *madɦu-
3. madɦu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. madu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *modɑɦu-
Hitt. madu-
(NINDA.) ‘Süßbrot?’ (HHand. 103)
(HEG M:165)
(Hitt. INA É dIM ... 1 NINDAma-du[-)
1. PIE *modɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *modɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. modɦu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *madɦu-
3. madɦu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. madu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *modɑɦu-
HLu. madu-
(c.?) ‘wine’
(CHLu. 10.14.26, 7.7.2)
(HLu. ma-tu-sà, (“X”)ma-tu-sa-pa-wa/i-tu-ta)
1. PIE *modɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *modɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. modɦu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *madɦu-
3. madɦu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. madu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *modɑɦu-
CLu. matu-
(a.) ‘süß’
(HEG M:165)
(CLu. ma-ad-du; CLu. -dd-)
1. PIE *modɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *modɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. modɦu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *madɦu-
3. madɦu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. madu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √mu- (vb.) ‘wachsen, mächtig werden, übermächtigen’ (sb.) ‘Same, Lebenssaft’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: OIcl. + Hitt.)
√mu-
PIE *mu-
HLu. mu-
(273vb.tr.) ‘conquer’
(CHLu. 10.5.2)
(HLu. (*273)mu(wa)-tá)
PIE *mu-
Car. μυ-
(PNm.) ‘-(?)-’
(NdLyk. 160)
(Car. μυς)
1. PIE *mu-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Car. μυ-
PIE *di̯eɑɦo·mu-
HLu. zaḫa·mu-
(PN.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 2.27.17)
(HLu. za-ha-mu-sa)
1. PIE *di̯eɑɦo·mu-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *di̯aɑɦo·mu-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. di̯aɑɦo·mu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *di̯aɦo·mu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. di̯aɦo·mu-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *jaɦo·mu-
4. jaɦo·mu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jaɦa·mu-
5. jaɦa·mu-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zaɦa·mu-
6. zaɦa·mu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. zaḫa·mu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√muto-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *muto
OIcl. moð-
(n.) ‘Same, Frucht; Heuabfall’
(ANEtWb. 391)
1. PIE *muto
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *muþo
2. muþo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *muþa
3. muþa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *muþ
4. muþ
*þ → ð
Change of þ into ð
R=þ›=ð → OIcl. muð
PIE *muto-
Hitt. muta-
(mc.) ‘(devin)’
(NOMS. 826.2)
(Hitt. mu-ut-ta [Abs])
1. PIE *muto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. muta-
PIE *muto-
HLu. muta-
(vb.) ‘≈ conquer?’
(CHLu. 10.5.2)
(HLu. mu-tá-‘)
1. PIE *muto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. muta-
PIE *muto·hɑilo-
Hitt. muta·ḫila-
(GIŠ.) ‘(ein Baum oder hölzernes Gerät)’
(HHand. 108)
(Hitt. EZEN4 GIŠmu-ut-ta-ḫi-la-aš [sgG] EZEN4 ŠU.KIN ‘Sichel’ ‹or to be read as mu-ut-ta-ḫi-at-aš?›)
1. PIE *muto·hɑilo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *muto·hilo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. muto·hilo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *muta·hila-
3. muta·hila-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. muta·ḫila-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *muto·noni-
CLu. muta·nani-
(mc.) ‘‹≈ Same/Frucht + Bruder?›’
(NOMS. 828)
(Hitt. mu-ut-ta-na-ni-iš)
1. PIE *muto·noni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. muta·nani-
√mute/oi-
PIE *mutei-
CLu. mutei-
(c.) ‘having overpowering might?’
(HIL. 681)
(CLu. [m]u-ut-ti-iš [sgN])
PIE *mutei-
HLu. mutei-
(PNc.?) ‘Kraft’
(CHLu. 10.45.3)
(HLu. mu-ti-na [sgA], Hluwlex. 70)
PIE *mutoi̯o-
Hitt. mutaa-
(mc.) ‘(homme d’Ura)’
(NOMS. 862.3)
(in Akd. mu-ut-ta-a)
1. PIE *mutoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *mutai̯a-
2. mutai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → Hitt. mutaa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
√mutol-
PIE *mutolo-
LycB. mutala-
(a.) ‘mighty: mächtig’
(DLycLg. 122)
(HEG M:240; LycB. mutala [plNA])
1. PIE *mutolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → LycB. mutala-
PIE *mutoli-
Hitt. mutali-
(mc.) ‘(roi hittite, fils de Muršili II)’
(NOMS. 837.2)
(Hitt. mu-ut-ta-al-li)
1. PIE *mutoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. mutali-
√mutel-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *mutelio-
OGaul. mutelio-
(PNm.) ‘-(?)-’
(ACSS 2:664)
(‹a guess by form›)
PIE *mutelnio-
OGaul. mutellio-
(PNm.) ‘-(?)-’
(ACSS 2:664)
1. PIE *mutelnio-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → OGaul. mutellio-
√mutlei-
PIE *mutlei-
LycA. mutlei-
(I.) ‘≈ Muwatali-’
(DLycLg. 100)
(Lyc. mutlẽi [sgN], Lyk&Hitt. 37, LuPG 116, HIL. 682)
√muton-
(Pyysalo)
(OGaul. a guess by form)
PIE *muton-
Hitt. mutan-
(n.) ‘Abfall?’ (HHand. 108)
(HEG M:237)
(Hitt. A-NA UR.GI7ḪI.A ŠAḪḪI.A-ma mu-ú-da-na e-et-ri-eš-mi-it)
1. PIE *muton-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. mutan-
PIE *mutono-
Hitt. mutana
(URU.) ‘(im Bezirk von ›Ulušna)’ (HEG M:237)
(OGH. 277)
(Hitt. mu-ut-ta-na [Stf.])
1. PIE *mutono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. mutana-
PIE *mutono·u̯oni-
Hitt. mutana·u̯ani-
(a.) ‘(Spezifierung eines Feldes, HHand. 108)’
(DLL. 72)
(Hitt. A.ŠÀ mu-ut-ta-na-ua-an-ni-eš)
1. PIE *mutono·u̯oni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. mutana·u̯ani-
PIE *mutono·u̯oni-
CLu. mutana·u̯ani-
(GKLa.) ‘(Spezifierung eines Feldes, HHand. 108)’
(DLL. 72)
(CLu. A.ŠÀ mu-ut-ta-na-ua-an-ni-eš)
1. PIE *mutono·u̯oni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. mutana·u̯ani-
PIE *muteno-
OGaul. muteno-
(ONn.) ‘(in Pannonia superior)’
(ACSS 2:664)
(‹uncertain whether this entry belongs to this root›)
PIE *mutenei̯ēɑh-
OGaul. muteneiā-
(PNf.) ‘-(?)-’
(ACSS 2:664)
(‹uncertain whether this entry belongs to this root›)
1. PIE *mutenei̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *mutenei̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. mutenei̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mutenei̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. mutenei̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *mutenei̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. mutenei̯ā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → OGaul. muteneiā-
√muuo-
(HEG M:238-43)
(HED 6:196-200 ‘fluid, sperm; potency, power, might, victory’)
PIE *muu̯o-
Hitt. muu̯a-
(c.) ‘Lebenssaft, Same, Bohne’ (HHand. 108)
(HEG M:238-43)
(Hitt. mu-u-ua-an [sgA], A.A-an, mu-u-ua-aš [plDL?])
1. PIE *muu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. muu̯a-
PIE *muu̯o-
Hitt. muu̯a-
(c.) ‘victory’
(HED 6:196)
(Hitt. muuaš [sgN])
1. PIE *muu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. muu̯a-
PIE *muu̯o-
LycB. muwa-
(n.) ‘might, power’
(DLycLg. 122)
(LycB. muwa [pl])
1. PIE *muu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *muu̯a-
2. muu̯a-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → LycB. muwa-
PIE *muu̯o-
CLu. muu̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘stark sein, überwältigen’ (HHand. 109)
(DLL. 72)
(CLu. mu-u-ua-an-ti [3pl])
1. PIE *muu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. muu̯a-
PIE *muu̯o-
CLu. muu̯a-
(pr.2.) ‘overpower’ (vel sim.)
(HIL. 681)
(CLu. mu-u-ua-i [3sg])
1. PIE *muu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. muu̯a-
PIE *muu̯o-
HLu. muu̯a-
(pr.2.A.) ‘overpower, conquer’
(CHLu. 10.14.32)
(HLu. mu-wa/i-i [3sg] = SULTANHAN §32)
1. PIE *muu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. muu̯a-
PIE *muu̯o-
HLu. muu̯a-
(pret.A.) ‘conquer’
(CHLu. 10.14.44)
(HLu. mu-wa/i-ta [3sg])
1. PIE *muu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. muu̯a-
PIE *muu̯o-
LycB. muwa-
(vb.) ‘overpower’
(DLycLg. 122)
(LycB. muwati, muwaxa)
1. PIE *muu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *muu̯a-
2. muu̯a-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → LycB. muwa-
√muuoi-
PIE *muu̯oi-
CLu. muu̯ai-
(vb.) ‘stark sein, überwältigen’ (HHand. 109)
(DLL. 72)
(CLu. mu-u-ua-i [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *muu̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. muu̯ai-
PIE *gɑɦuro·muu̯oi-
HLu. gura·muu̯ai-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 10.36.32)
(HLu. IREL+RA/I-mu-wa/i-ia-’)
1. PIE *gɑɦuro·muu̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuro·muu̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuro·muu̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦura·muu̯ai-
3. gɦura·muu̯ai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. gura·muu̯ai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√muuont-
PIE *muu̯ont-
Hitt. muu̯ant-
(pt.*) ‘powerful’
(HED 6:197)
(Hitt. A.A.-an-za; cf. Lyc. muẽtẽ [sgA], HIL. 682, HEG M:240)
1. PIE *muu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. muu̯ant-
PIE *muu̯onto-
HLu. muu̯anta-
(sb.) ‘enforcement, conquest’
(CHLu. 10.12.29)
(HLu. mu-wa/i-tax; for *n, see Pis. μουαντιανος NdLyk. 160)
1. PIE *muu̯onto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. muu̯anta-
PIE *uro·muu̯onto-
HLu. ura·muu̯anta-
(Ic.) ‘≈ of great conquest(s)?’
(CHLu. 10.36.3)
(HLu. IMAGNUS-RA/I-mu-wa/i-ta)
1. PIE *uro·muu̯onto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. ura·muu̯anta-
√muuotei-
PIE *muu̯otei-
CLu. muu̯atei-
(a.) ‘having overpowering might?’
(HIL. 681)
(CLu. mu-u-ua-at-ti-in)
1. PIE *muu̯otei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. muu̯atei-
PIE *muu̯otei-
Hitt. muu̯atei-
(fc.) ‘(fille de Suppiluliuma I, épouse de Mašḫuilua-)’
(NOMS. 838)
(Hitt. mu-u-ua-at-ti-in)
1. PIE *muu̯otei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. muu̯atei-
PIE *muu̯otei-
Hitt. muu̯atei-
(dc.) ‘(cult in Uša-)’
(OHP. 1:320)
(Hitt. mu-ua-at-ti-iš [N])
1. PIE *muu̯otei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. muu̯atei-
PIE *muu̯otei-
Hitt. muu̯atei-
(PÚc.) ‘(›Kizzuwatna)’
(OGH. 540)
(Hitt. mu-u-ua-at-ti-in-na [sgA])
1. PIE *muu̯otei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. muu̯atei-
PIE *bɑɦono·muu̯otei-
HLu. bana·muu̯atei-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 6.1.1)
(HLu. pa-na-mu-wa/i-ti-sa)
1. PIE *bɑɦono·muu̯otei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦono·muu̯otei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦono·muu̯otei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦana·muu̯atei-
3. bɦana·muu̯atei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. bana·muu̯atei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·muu̯otei-
Kpd. puna·muu̯atei-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1051)
(Kpd. pu-na-mu-ua-ti)
1. PIE *Π·muu̯otei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Kpd. Π·muu̯atei-
PIE *muu̯otei̯o-
Hitt. muu̯atei̯a-
(c.) ‘(ein dämonisches Wesen)’
(HHand. 108)
1. PIE *muu̯otei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. muu̯atei̯a-
√muuotoli-
PIE *muu̯otoli-
Hitt. muu̯atali
(d.) ‘NIR.GÁL’ (cf. Götze 1940:68, RDH. 110)
(OHP. 1:319)
(Hitt. mu-ua-at-ta-al-li [Abs])
1. PIE *muu̯otoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. muu̯atali-
PIE *muu̯otoli-
Hitt. muu̯atali-
(a.) ‘Ehrfurcht einflößend, furchterregend’
(HHand. 108)
(Hitt. [m]u-ua-ta-li [sgNA], mu-u-ua-at-ta-a[l-l]i-iš)
1. PIE *muu̯otoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. muu̯atali-
PIE *muu̯otoli-
Hitt. muu̯atali-
(mc.) ‘(prince de la famille de Suppiluliuma Ier)’
(NOMS. 837)
(Hitt. mu-u-ua-at-ta-al-li = NIR.GÁL)
1. PIE *muu̯otoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. muu̯atali-
PIE *muu̯otoli-
HLu. muu̯atali-
(FORTISa.) ‘mighty’
(CHLu. 2.1.5)
(HLu. (FORTIS)mu-[wa/i]-ta-[la/li-ti])
1. PIE *muu̯otoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. muu̯atali-
PIE *muu̯otoli-
HLu. muu̯atali-
(PNc.) ‘(prince de Gurgum)’ (NOMS. 837.4)
(CHLu. 4.2.1)
(HLu. mu-wa/i-ta-la/i/u-i-sa)
1. PIE *muu̯otoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. muu̯atali-
PIE *muu̯otoli·si-
HLu. muu̯atali·ši-
(a.gen.) ‘of Muwatali-’
(CHLu. 4.1.1)
(HLu. [mu]-wa/i-ta-li-si)
1. PIE *muu̯otoli·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *muu̯atali·si-
2. muu̯atali·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. muu̯atali·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√muuodɑɦei-
PIE *bɑɦuno·muu̯odɑɦei-
Kpd. buna·muu̯adei-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1051)
(Kpd. pu-na-mu-ua-ti)
1. PIE *bɑɦuno·muu̯odɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦuno·muu̯odɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦuno·muu̯odɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦuna·muu̯adɦei-
3. bɦuna·muu̯adɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Kpd. buna·muu̯adei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √mu- √mou- √meu- (vb.) ‘eilen, fliegen, fallen’ (sb.) ‘Pferde’ (num.) ‘vier’ (adv.) ‘über’
(IEW 743)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + CLu. + OIcl. + Toch.)
√mōu-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *mōu̯o-
CLu. māu̯a-
(num.) ‘vier’ (HHand. 103, HEG M:168)
(DLL. 70)
(CLu. ma-a-u-ua-a-ti (partati))
1. PIE *mōu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *mōu̯a-
2. mōu̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → CLu. māu̯a-
PIE *mōu̯o-
HLu. māu̯a-
(num.*) ‘vier’
(CHLu. 3.10.6)
(HLu. “4”-wa/i-zi [pl] ‹not *miwa- against HIL. 661›)
1. PIE *mōu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *mōu̯a-
2. mōu̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → HLu. māu̯a-
PIE *mōu̯o
OIcl. mō-
(m.) ‘Pferdename’
(ANEtWb. 392)
1. PIE *mōu̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *mōu̯a
2. mōu̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *mōu̯
3. mōu̯
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *mōv
4. mōv
-v → Ø
Loss of -v in root-final position
R=v›=0 → OIcl. mō
√mou-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·mou-
TochB. mla·mo-
(a.) ‘overflowing’
(DTochB. 479)
(‹i.e. flowing [mla] over [mo-]›)
1. PIE *Π·mou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·mau-
2. Π·mau-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *Π·mō-
3. Π·mō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. Π·mo-
PIE *mou̯olo-
Hitt. mau̯ala-
(URU.) ‘(begibt sich nach Ḫarharanta, ›Parmana-)’
(OGH. 267)
(Hitt. ma?-ua-al-la)
1. PIE *mou̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. mau̯ala-
PIE *mou̯olo·so-
CLu. mau̯ala·ša-
(a.gen.?) ‘-(?)-’
(HHand. 103)
(CLu. ma-a-ú?-[u]a-al-la-aš-ša (or ma-a-ḫu-[u]a-al-la-aš-ša))
1. PIE *mou̯olo·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *mau̯ala·sa-
2. mau̯ala·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. mau̯ala·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *mou̯oli-
Hitt. mau̯ali-
(a.) ‘im Vierergespann laufend’ (HEG M:168)
(DLL. 70)
(CLu. ma-ua-al-li-in [sgA]: parall. ANŠU.KUR.RA)
1. PIE *mou̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. mau̯ali-
√mou·oni-
(HEG M:177-181)
PIE *mou̯·onei-
CLu. mau̯·anei-
(vb.) ‘im Viergespann laufen’ (CHD M:211)
(DLL. 70)
(CLu. ma-a-u-ua-ni-in-ta [3pl])
1. PIE *mou̯·onei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. mau̯·anei-
√mou·ori-
PIE *mou̯·ori-
CLu. mau̯·ari-
(?.) ‘‹vier/Ross + ARI?›’
(HHand. 103)
(CLu. mauarr[i-)
1. PIE *mou̯·ori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. mau̯·ari-
√mou·osɑhi-
PIE *mou̯·osɑhi-
Kpd. mau̯·ašḫi-
(fc.) ‘‹vier/Ross + ašḫi-?›’
(NOMS. 795)
(Kpd. ma-ua-áš-ḫi)
1. PIE *mou̯·osɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mou̯·oshi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. mou̯·oshi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *mau̯·ashi-
3. mau̯·ashi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *mau̯·ašhi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. mau̯·ašhi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. mau̯·ašḫi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√mu-
PIE *mu-
Hitt. mu-
(vb.1.A.M.intr.) ‘fallen’ (HHand. 107)
(HEG M:166-8)
(Hitt. mu-uḫ-ḫi [1sg], mu-uḫ-ḫu-un, HuIdg. 227, DLar. 140)
PIE *mu·Σ
LycA. mu·pm̃ma-
(a.) ‘fourfold’ (HIL. 661)
(DLycLg. 41)
(LycA. mupm̃me [plDL])
√muo-
(HED 6:187f.)
(CHD M:329)
PIE *mu̯o-
Hitt. mu̯a-
(vb.1.M.) ‘fallen’ (HEG M:225)
(HEG M:167)
(Hitt. mu-ua-a-an-ta-ru [3pl])
1. PIE *mu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. mu̯a-
PIE *mumu̯ont-
Hitt. mumu̯ant-
(pt.) ‘flying’
(HEG M:230)
(Hitt. mu-ga-a-u-ua-aš ud-da-a-ar mu-um-mu-ua-a-a[n] e-eš-tu)
1. PIE *mumu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. mumu̯ant-
PIE *mu̯onei̯ont-
Hitt. mu̯anei̯ant-
(pt.) ‘in Vierergespann laufend’
(HEG M:223)
(Hitt. mu-u-ua-ni[-ia-an-te-eš] [plN], HHand. 109)
1. PIE *mu̯onei̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. mu̯anei̯ant-


PIE √mun- (sb.) ‘Hand, Mittel, Schütz’ (vb.) ‘schützen’
(IEW 741, 743)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Germ. + OIr.)
√muni-
(IEW 743)
PIE *muni-
OIr. muin
(sb.) ‘patronage, protection’
(LEIA M-72)
(EtDiPC. 277-8)
1. PIE *muni-
*uni → uin
Epenthesis of i
Runi›uin → OIr. muin-
√mundɑɦ-
(IEW 741)
(Pyysalo)
PIE *mundɑɦ-
OSax. mund-
(f.) ‘Hand’
(ASaxD. 700)
1. PIE *mundɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mundɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. mundɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → OSax. mund-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *mundɑɦ-
OEng. mund-
(f.) ‘hand(ful), protection, guardianship’
(ASaxD. 700)
(OEng. mund, munde)
1. PIE *mundɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mundɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. mundɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → OEng. mund-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *mundɑɦ-
OHG. munt-
(f.) ‘palmus, cubitus, protectio, protector’
(ASaxD. 700)
1. PIE *mundɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mundɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. mundɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *mund-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. mund-
*d → t
OHG sound shift of *d
Rd›tHG → OHG. munt-
PIE *mundɑɦēɑh-
OSax. mundō-
(pr.) ‘protect, shelter, guard’
(ASaxD. 700)
1. PIE *mundɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *mundɑɦāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. mundɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mundɦāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. mundɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *mundɦā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. mundɦā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *mundā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. mundā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → OSax. mundō-
(XX:XX)
PIE *Π·mundɑɦo·dɑɦor-
Hitt. nek·munda·dar-
(n.) ‘Mittellosigkeit: destitutiton’
(HEG N:309)
(Hitt. a[-ši-u]a-an-ta-tar ne-ek-mu-un-ta-ta[r-ra piyandu)
1. PIE *Π·mundɑɦo·dɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·mundɦo·dɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·mundɦo·dɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·mundɦa·dɦar-
3. Π·mundɦa·dɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·munda·dar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √mur- (sb.) ‘Traube, Wein’
(IEW 970-971)
(Tischler; Pyysalo)
√mur-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *mur·Σ
Hitt. mur·šili-
(LÚc.) ‘(roi de l’ancien royaume ‹i.e. Bachhus?›)’
(NOMS. 823)
(Hitt. mur·šili- like Hitt. ḫatu·šili- etc.)
PIE *múr·Σ
Dor. μύρ·σιλι-
(PNm.?) ‘Mursili’
(POxy 18.2165])
(Alkm. μύρσιλ[.. [P. Oxy XVIII [1941] nro. 2165])
1. PIE *múr·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. μύρ·Σ
√muro-
PIE *muro
ModPersL. mul-
(sb.) ‘Wein’
(KEWA 2:677)
1. PIE *muro
r -› l
Change of r to l
Rr›l → *mulo
2. mulo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *mula
3. mula
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → ModPersL. mul
PIE *múro-
Gr. μύρο-
(n.) ‘sweet oil, unguent, perfume’
(LSJ. 1155)
1. PIE *múro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. μύρο-
PIE *muró-
Phryg. μυρό-
(FlN.) ‘-(?)-’
(HEG M:200)
(Phryg. μυρός)
1. PIE *muró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Phryg. μυρό-
PIE *muro-
CLu. mura-
(a.) ‘(qualifiziert ‘Ritual’, in Arzawa)’ (HHand. 108)
(HEG M:232)
(DLL. 72, in SÍSKUR mu-u-ra-an-za [plA] ii̯anzi)
1. PIE *muro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. mura-
PIE *muro-
Hitt. mura-
(URU.) ‘(Ḫašamili, Mann von M.)’
(OGHErg. 107)
(Hitt. mu-ra [Stf.])
1. PIE *muro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. mura-
PIE *muro·si-
Hitt. mura·ši-
(URUa.gen.) ‘(›Ḫarziuna)’ (HEG M:233)
(OGH. 275)
(Hitt. mu-ra-aš-ši-i[š?])
1. PIE *muro·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *mura·si-
2. mura·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. mura·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√murmur-
(IEW 748)
(Pyysalo)
PIE *murmuro-
Hitt. murmura-
(mc.) ‘‹cf. above & below›’
(NOMS. 822)
(Hitt. mu-ur-mu-ra-aš)
1. PIE *murmuro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. murmura-
PIE *murmurēɑh-
RV. murmurā-
(ÍDf.) ‘Name eines Flusses’
(EWA 2:411)
1. PIE *murmurēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *murmurāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. murmurāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *murmurāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. murmurāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. murmurā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√muri-
(Tischler)
PIE *muri-
Hitt. muri-
(c.) ‘Traube von Wein, Früchten’ (HHand. 108)
(HEG M:233)
(Hitt. GEŠTIN-aš mu-ri-eš, e-ip-pí-ia-aš mu-ú-ri-iš, mu-u-ri-uš)
PIE *muri̯o-
Hitt. muri̯a-
(vb.M.) ‘sich zusammenkauern’ (HHand. 108)
(HEG M:233-4)
(Hitt. mu-u-ri-at-ta [3sg])
1. PIE *muri̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. muri̯a-
PIE *murinēɑh-
Dor. μυρινᾱ-
(ONf.) ‘Traube’
(HEG M:233)
(Cret. μυρινα, Plin. myrina)
1. PIE *murinēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *murināɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. murināɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *murināh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. murināh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *murinā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. murinā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. μυρινᾱ-


PIE √n- (vb.) ‘biegen’
(IEW: in extensions)
(Pedersen HiuA 187; Pyysalo; for the semantics, cf. RV. tyaj- : Gr. σεβ-)
√nɑh- ‘biegen’
(Pyysalo)
PIE *neɑh-
Hitt. naḫ-
(vb.1.) ‘(sich) fürchten, vorsichtig sein’
(CHD N:338ff.)
(Hitt. na-aḫ-mi, na-aḫ-ti [3sg])
1. PIE *neɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *naɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. naɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nah-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. naḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *neɑh-
Hitt. naḫ-
(vb.2.) ‘(sich) fürchten, vorsichtig sein’
(HIL. 683)
(Hitt. na-a-ḫi [3sg], ḪUŠ-ḫi [3sg])
1. PIE *neɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *naɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. naɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nah-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. naḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *neɑh·Σ
Kpd. naḫ·pašu̯a-
(fc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 845)
(Kpd. na-aḫ-pá-áš-ua)
1. PIE *neɑh·Σ
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *naɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. naɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nah·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nah·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. naḫ·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *nem·neɑh·liu-
OGaul. nem·na·liu-
(vb.) ‘célèbrer’
(DLG. 234)
1. PIE *nem·neɑh·liu-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *nem·naɑh·liu-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. nem·naɑh·liu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nem·nah·liu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nem·nah·liu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OGaul. nem·na·liu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *nem·neɑh·lno
OIr. nem·na·ll-
(sb.) ‘célébration (de la messe)’
(DIL. 477)
1. PIE *nem·neɑh·lno
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *nem·naɑh·lno
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. nem·naɑh·lno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nem·nah·lno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nem·nah·lno
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *nem·na·lno
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. nem·na·lno
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → *nem·na·llo
5. nem·na·llo
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr → OIr. nem·na·ll
√nɑho-
PIE *noɑho-
Hitt. naḫa-
(LÚc.) ‘(égyptien) ‹here if *σεβαστός vel sim.›’
(NOMS. 842)
1. PIE *noɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *noho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. noho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *naha-
3. naha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. naḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√nɑhi-
PIE *neɑhi-
Hitt. naḫi-
(pr.A.) ‘fürchten’
(HIL. 683)
(Hitt. na-a-ḫi, na-ḫi [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *neɑhi-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *naɑhi-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. naɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nahi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nahi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. naḫi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *neɑhi-
Pal. naḫi-
(vb.?) ‘-(?)-’ (HHand. 109)
(DPal. 64)
(Pal. na-aḫ-ḫi-ir ‹here if [3pl]›)
1. PIE *neɑhi-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *naɑhi-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. naɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nahi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nahi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. naḫi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *neɑhi·ru̯o-
Hitt. naḫi·ru̯a-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 843)
1. PIE *neɑhi·ru̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *naɑhi·ru̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. naɑhi·ru̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nahi·ru̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nahi·ru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nahi·ru̯a-
4. nahi·ru̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. naḫi·ru̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *neɑhi·ski̯e/o-
Hitt. naḫiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘sich fürchten’
(HHand. 109)
(Hitt. [n]a-aḫ-ḫe-eš-ki-mi-ua, na-a-ḫi-eš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *neɑhi·ski̯e/o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *naɑhi·ski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. naɑhi·ski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nahi·ski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nahi·ski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *nahi·sḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. nahi·sḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nahi·sḱe/a-
5. nahi·sḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *nahi·ske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. nahi·ske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *nahi·ške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. nahi·ške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. naḫi·ške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√nɑhim-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *noɑhim-
RV. nem-
(pf.) ‘sich beugen, sein Macht weichen’
(WbRV. 710)
1. PIE *noɑhim-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nohim-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. nohim-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nahim-
3. nahim-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *naim-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. naim-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *nēm-
5. nēm-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → RV. nem-
PIE *noɑhimí-
RV. nemí-
(f.) ‘Radkranz, Radfelge’ (WbRV. 755)
(EWA 2:56)
1. PIE *noɑhimí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nohimí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. nohimí-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nahimí-
3. nahimí-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *naimí-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. naimí-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *nēmí-
5. nēmí-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → RV. nemí-
PIE *drɑɦu·neɑhímeto-
Galat. δρυ·ναίμετο-
(n.) ‘heiliger Eichenhain’
(IEW 215)
1. PIE *drɑɦu·neɑhímeto-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *drɑɦu·naɑhímeto-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. drɑɦu·naɑhímeto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *drɦu·nahímeto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. drɦu·nahímeto-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dru·nahímeto-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dru·nahímeto-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dru·naímeto-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dru·naímeto-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Galat. δρυ·ναίμετο-
√nɑhon-
PIE *neɑhont-
Hitt. naḫant-
(pt.) ‘ehrfürchtig’
(HHand. 109)
(Hitt. na-aḫ-ḫa-an-te-eš [plN])
1. PIE *neɑhont-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *naɑhont-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. naɑhont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nahont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nahont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nahant-
4. nahant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. naḫant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *neɑhonto-
Hitt. naḫanta-
(URU.) ‘(zwischen ›Pitaša und dem Hulaja)’
(OGHErg. 109)
(Hitt. na-aḫ-ḫa-an-ta-aš [N])
1. PIE *neɑhonto-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *naɑhonto-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. naɑhonto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nahonto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nahonto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nahanta-
4. nahanta-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. naḫanta-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√nɑhor-
(uncertain)
PIE *neɑhorso-
HLu. naḫarša-
(MONSa.gen.) ‘of NAḪAR?’
(CHLu. 5.2.2)
(HLu. MONS(-)na-ha+ra/i-sà-na(?))
1. PIE *neɑhorso-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *naɑhorso-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. naɑhorso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nahorso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nahorso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *naharsa-
4. naharsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *naharša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. naharša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. naḫarša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√nɑhso-
PIE *neɑhso-
HLu. naḫša-
(ANNUSvb.iter.) ‘≈ bow, fear, expect?’
(CHLu. 10.12.10)
(HLu. ANNUS(-)na-ha-sax-hax [1sg])
1. PIE *neɑhso-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *naɑhso-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. naɑhso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nahso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nahso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nahsa-
4. nahsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *nahša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. nahša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. naḫša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√nɑhsr-
(Pedersen 1938:187)
PIE *nḗɑhsro-
OIr. nār-
(a.) ‘schamhaft: noble, modest’
(LEIA N-3)
(OIr. nār [sgN])
1. PIE *nḗɑhsro-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *nā́ɑhsro-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. nā́ɑhsro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nā́hsro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nā́hsro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *nā́sro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. nā́sro-
*sr → r
Loss of *s before r
Rsr›r → *nā́ro-
5. nā́ro-
Rā́›ā → OIr. nāro-
PIE *nēɑhsrot-
Hitt. nāḫšrat-
(c.) ‘Furcht, Angst, Ehrfurcht, Furchtsamkeit’
(HHand. 109)
(Hitt. na-aḫ-ša-ra-az, na-aḫ-ša-ra-at-ta-an)
1. PIE *nēɑhsrot-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *nāɑhsrot-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. nāɑhsrot-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nāhsrot-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nāhsrot-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nāhsrat-
4. nāhsrat-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *nāhšrat-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. nāhšrat-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. nāḫšrat-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *nḗɑhsri̯ēɑh
OIr. nāire-
(f.) ‘shame, nobility, modesty’
(DIL. 474)
1. PIE *nḗɑhsri̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *nḗɑhsri̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. nḗɑhsri̯āɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *nā́ɑhsri̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. nā́ɑhsri̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nā́hsri̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. nā́hsri̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *nā́sri̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. nā́sri̯ā
*sr → r
Loss of *s before r
Rsr›r → *nā́ri̯ā
6. nā́ri̯ā
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *nā́ri̯a
7. nā́ri̯a
*i̯o/i̯a -›ē
Monophthongization of final -i̯o/i̯a into -ē
R=i̯V›=ē → *nā́rē
8. nā́rē
*-ē → -e
Shortening of ē in root-final position
R=ē›=e → *nā́re
9. nā́re
Rā́›ā → OIr. nāre
PIE *nēɑhsrei̯o-
Hitt. nāḫšrei̯a-
(vb.1.A.dn.) ‘sich fürchten, Ehrfurcht erweisen’
(HHand. 109)
(Hitt. na-aḫ-ša-ri-ia-az-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *nēɑhsrei̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *nāɑhsrei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. nāɑhsrei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nāhsrei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nāhsrei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nāhsrei̯a-
4. nāhsrei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *nāhšrei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. nāhšrei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. nāḫšrei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *nēɑhsrei̯o-
Hitt. nāḫšrei̯a-
(vb.M.dn.) ‘sich fürchten, Ehrfurcht erweisen’
(HHand. 109)
(Hitt. na-aḫ-šar-ri-ia-an-da-ri [3pl])
1. PIE *nēɑhsrei̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *nāɑhsrei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. nāɑhsrei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nāhsrei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nāhsrei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nāhsrei̯a-
4. nāhsrei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *nāhšrei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. nāhšrei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. nāḫšrei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *nēɑhsriski̯e/o-
Hitt. nāḫšriške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘sich fürchten, Ehrfurcht erweisen’
(HHand. 109)
(Hitt. na-aḫ-ša-ri-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *nēɑhsriski̯e/o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *nāɑhsriski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. nāɑhsriski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nāhsriski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nāhsriski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *nāhsrisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. nāhsrisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nāhsrisḱe/a-
5. nāhsrisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *nāhsriske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. nāhsriske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *nāhšriške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. nāhšriške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. nāḫšriške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *nēɑhsrei̯ou̯ont-
Hitt. nāḫšrei̯au̯ant-
(a.) ‘furchtsam’
(HHand. 109)
(Hitt. na-aḫ-ša-ri-ia-ua-an-za)
1. PIE *nēɑhsrei̯ou̯ont-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *nāɑhsrei̯ou̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. nāɑhsrei̯ou̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nāhsrei̯ou̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nāhsrei̯ou̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nāhsrei̯au̯ant-
4. nāhsrei̯au̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *nāhšrei̯au̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. nāhšrei̯au̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. nāḫšrei̯au̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *nēɑhsrnu-
Hitt. nāḫšrnu-
(cs.) ‘in Furcht versetzen’
(HHand. 109)
(Hitt. na-aḫ-šar-nu-ši [2sg], na-aḫ-šar-nu-ut)
1. PIE *nēɑhsrnu-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *nāɑhsrnu-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. nāɑhsrnu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nāhsrnu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nāhsrnu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *nāhšrnu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. nāhšrnu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. nāḫšrnu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√nɑhsu-
(Pyysalo)
(uncertain)
PIE *neɑhsúi̯o-
Gr. ναύο-
(vb.) ‘ἱκετεύω’
(LSJ. 1163)
(Hes. ναύω [1sg])
1. PIE *neɑhsúi̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *naɑhsúi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. naɑhsúi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nahsúi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nahsúi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *nasúi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. nasúi̯o-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *nahúi̯o-
5. nahúi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *nahúo-
6. nahúo-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *naúo-
7. naúo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ναύο-
PIE *neɑhsu·soro-
Kpd. naḫšu·šara-
(PNc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 846)
1. PIE *neɑhsu·soro-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *naɑhsu·soro-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. naɑhsu·soro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nahsu·soro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nahsu·soro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nahsu·sara-
4. nahsu·sara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *nahšu·šara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. nahšu·šara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. naḫšu·šara-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *kuni·neɑhsusor-
Kpd. kuni·naḫšušar-
(fc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 632)
(Kpd. ku-ni-na-aḫ-šu-šar)
1. PIE *kuni·neɑhsusor-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kuni·naɑhsusor-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kuni·naɑhsusor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kuni·nahsusor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kuni·nahsusor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kuni·nahsusar-
4. kuni·nahsusar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *kuni·nahšušar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. kuni·nahšušar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. kuni·naḫšušar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√nɑhuo-
PIE *neɑhu̯o-
CLu. naḫu̯a-
(vb.) ‘am Herzen liegen, Gegenst. der Sorge sein’
(DLL. 73)
(CLu. na-aḫ-ḫu-u-ua-i, na-aḫ-ḫu-ua-ad-du)
1. PIE *neɑhu̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *naɑhu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. naɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nahu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nahu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nahu̯a-
4. nahu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. naḫu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *neɑhu̯o-
CLu. naḫu̯a-
(n.) ‘Ehrfurcht, Verehrung’
(HHand. 109)
1. PIE *neɑhu̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *naɑhu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. naɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nahu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nahu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nahu̯a-
4. nahu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. naḫu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *neɑhu̯o-
Hitt. naḫu̯a-
(LÚc.) ‘‹cf. above›’
(NOMS. 847)
(Hitt. na-aḫ-ḫu-ua)
1. PIE *neɑhu̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *naɑhu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. naɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nahu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nahu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nahu̯a-
4. nahu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. naḫu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *neɑhu̯o-
Hitt. naḫu̯a-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘fear, respect, care: Sum. ḪUŠ’
(HIL. 683)
(Hitt. na-aḫ-ḫu-ua-aš [G], na-a-ḫu-u-ua-aš [G])
1. PIE *neɑhu̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *naɑhu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. naɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nahu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nahu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nahu̯a-
4. nahu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. naḫu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *neɑhu̯oii̯o-
CLu. naḫu̯ai̯a-
(vb.) ‘am Herzen liegen, Gegenst. der Sorge sein’
(DLL. 73)
(CLu. na-aḫ-ḫu-ua-ia-(ad)-du [3sg])
1. PIE *neɑhu̯oii̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *naɑhu̯oii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. naɑhu̯oii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nahu̯oii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nahu̯oii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nahu̯aii̯a-
4. nahu̯aii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *nahu̯aia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. nahu̯aia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *nahu̯ai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
6. nahu̯ai̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. naḫu̯ai̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *neɑhumo-
Hitt. naḫuma-
(PNpt.) ‘-(?)-’
(HEG N:252)
1. PIE *neɑhumo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *naɑhumo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. naɑhumo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nahumo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nahumo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nahuma-
4. nahuma-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. naḫuma-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *neɑhu̯or-
Hitt. naḫu̯ar-
(n.) ‘Ehrfürcht, Verehrung’
(HHand. 109)
1. PIE *neɑhu̯or-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *naɑhu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. naɑhu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nahu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nahu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nahu̯ar-
4. nahu̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. naḫu̯ar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *neɑhu̯osi-
CLu. naḫu̯aši-
(a.gen.) ‘furchtbar’ oder ‘furchtsam’
(HHand. 109)
(CLu. na-aḫ-ḫu-ua-aš-ši-en‹-zi›)
1. PIE *neɑhu̯osi-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *naɑhu̯osi-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. naɑhu̯osi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nahu̯osi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nahu̯osi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nahu̯asi-
4. nahu̯asi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *nahu̯aši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. nahu̯aši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. naḫu̯aši-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *neɑhu̯oski̯i-
Hitt. naḫu̯aški-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 848)
(Hitt. na-aḫ-ḫu-ua-aš-ki)
1. PIE *neɑhu̯oski̯i-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *naɑhu̯oski̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. naɑhu̯oski̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nahu̯oski̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nahu̯oski̯i-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *nahu̯osḱi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. nahu̯osḱi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nahu̯asḱi-
5. nahu̯asḱi-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *nahu̯aski-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. nahu̯aski-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *nahu̯aški-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. nahu̯aški-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. naḫu̯aški-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√neɑhur-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *neɑhuró-
Gr. ναυρό-
(n.) ‘Masse, Last, Gewicht usw.’
(LSJ. 1162)
(Hes. ναυρόν · ὄγκος)
1. PIE *neɑhuró-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *naɑhuró-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. naɑhuró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nahuró-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nahuró-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *nauró-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. nauró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ναυρό-
PIE *neɑhurei̯o-
Hitt. naḫurei̯a-
(URU.) ‘(in der Umgebung von Tuwanuwa ›Šaparanta)’
(OGH. 279)
(Hitt. na-aḫ-ḫu-ri-ia)
1. PIE *neɑhurei̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *naɑhurei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. naɑhurei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nahurei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nahurei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nahurei̯a-
4. nahurei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. naḫurei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√nem-
PIE *nem·neɑh·liu-
OGaul. nem·na·liu-
(vb.) ‘célèbrer’
(DLG. 234)
(OGaul. nemnaliIumi [1sg])
1. PIE *nem·neɑh·liu-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *nem·naɑh·liu-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. nem·naɑh·liu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nem·nah·liu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nem·nah·liu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OGaul. nem·na·liu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *nem·neɑh·lno
OIr. nem·na·ll-
(sb.) ‘célébration (de la messe)’
(DIL. 477)
1. PIE *nem·neɑh·lno
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *nem·naɑh·lno
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. nem·naɑh·lno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nem·nah·lno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nem·nah·lno
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *nem·na·lno
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. nem·na·lno
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → *nem·na·llo
5. nem·na·llo
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr → OIr. nem·na·ll


PIE √n- (vb.) ‘sapere, schmecken, wissend sein, sehen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√nɑh-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *o·nēɑh-
OEng. ana-
(vb.) ‘sehen’
(AeEtWb. 4)
(OEng. ana [ipv2sg] ‘siehe!’)
1. PIE *o·nēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *o·nāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. o·nāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·nāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. o·nāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *o·nā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. o·nā-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·nā-
5. a·nā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *a·nō-
(XX:XX)
6. a·nō-
*a → ea
Change of *a into ea
Ra=›ea= → *ea·nō-
7. ea·nō-
-ō → -a
Change of stem-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a= → OEng. ea·na-
PIE *nēɑh-
Bulg. na-
(vb.) ‘siehe da’
(WH. 2:150)
(REW 2:1919)
1. PIE *nēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *nāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. nāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *nā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. nā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → Bulg. na-
PIE *nēɑh-
OInd. nā-
(f.) ‘knowledge’
(MonWil. 523)
1. PIE *nēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *nāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. nāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OInd. nā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Π·Π·nēɑh
Dor. ἐν·κατά·νᾱ
(adv.) ‘κατὰ γνώμην, κατὰ νοῦν’
(LSJ. 470)
(Hes. ἐγκατανα · κατὰ γνώμην, κατὰ νοῦν)
1. PIE *Π·Π·nēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·Π·nāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·Π·nāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·nāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·Π·nāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·Π·nā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·Π·nā
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. Π·Π·νᾱ
PIE *Π·Π·nēɑh-
gAv. vy·ā·nā-
(f.) ‘Gescheitheit, Weisheit’
(AIWb. 1478)
(gAv. vyānā-)
1. PIE *Π·Π·nēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·Π·nāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·Π·nāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·nāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·Π·nāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → gAv. Π·Π·nā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√nɑhi-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG A:25)
PIE *onēɑhi-
Hitt. anāḫi-
(n.sg) ‘Kostprobe (einer Opfergabe)’
(HHand. 15)
(Hitt. anaḫi [sgNA], anaḫita [pl])
1. PIE *onēɑhi-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *onāɑhi-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. onāɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *onāhi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. onāhi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *anāhi-
4. anāhi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. anāḫi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *nēɑhi̯i-
Arm. nayi-
(vb.) ‘look at, apprehend, take care’
(EtDiArm. 499)
(Arm. nayil [inf.])
1. PIE *nēɑhi̯i-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *nāɑhi̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. nāɑhi̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nāhi̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nāhi̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *nāi̯i-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. nāi̯i-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *nai̯i-
5. nai̯i-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → Arm. nayi-
PIE *onēɑhidɑɦ-
CLu. anāḫid-
(n.) ‘Kostprobe (einer Opfergabe)’
(HHand. 15)
1. PIE *onēɑhidɑɦ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *onāɑhidɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. onāɑhidɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *onāhidɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. onāhidɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *anāhidɦ-
4. anāhidɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *anāhid-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. anāhid-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. anāḫid-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *onēɑhidɑɦoi-
Hitt. anāḫidai-
(vb.) ‘eine Kostprobe nehmen?’
(HHand. 15)
1. PIE *onēɑhidɑɦoi-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *onāɑhidɑɦoi-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. onāɑhidɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *onāhidɦoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. onāhidɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *anāhidɦai-
4. anāhidɦai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *anāhidai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. anāhidai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. anāḫidai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *onēɑhidɑɦo·ɦɑid-
Hitt. anāḫida·ḫid-
(n.) ‘(eine Art Brotopfer)’
(HHand. 15)
1. PIE *onēɑhidɑɦo·ɦɑid-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *onāɑhidɑɦo·ɦɑid-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. onāɑhidɑɦo·ɦɑid-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *onāhidɦo·ɦid-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. onāhidɦo·ɦid-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *anāhidɦa·ɦid-
4. anāhidɦa·ɦid-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *anāhida·ɦid-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. anāhida·ɦid-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. anāḫida·ḫid-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√noio-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ō·noi̯o-
CLu. ā·naa-
(n.) ‘Erfahrung, Klugheit’
(HHand. 15)
1. PIE *ō·noi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ō·nai̯a-
2. ō·nai̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ā·nai̯a-
3. ā·nai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → CLu. ā·naa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
PIE *ō·noi̯o-
Hitt. ā·naa-
(LÚc.) ‘(devin)’
(NOMS. 57.2)
(Hitt. an-na-a [Abs])
1. PIE *ō·noi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ō·nai̯a-
2. ō·nai̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ā·nai̯a-
3. ā·nai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → Hitt. ā·naa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
PIE *ō·noi̯o-
CLu. ā·naa-
(LÚc.) ‘(arzavien)’
(NOMS. 57.3)
(CLu. an-n[a-aš] [sgN])
1. PIE *ō·noi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ō·nai̯a-
2. ō·nai̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ā·nai̯a-
3. ā·nai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → CLu. ā·naa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
PIE *ō·noi̯o-
Hitt. ā·naa-
(fc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 58.4)
(Hitt. an-na-a-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *ō·noi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ō·nai̯a-
2. ō·nai̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ā·nai̯a-
3. ā·nai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → Hitt. ā·naa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
√ni-
PIE *oni·tiu̯oro-
HLu. ani·tiu̯ara-
(LITUUS.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 13.15.1)
(HLu. (LITUUS)á-(ni?)-ti-wa/i+ra/i)
1. PIE *oni·tiu̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. ani·tiu̯ara-
PIE *ō·ni̯ēɑh
OIr. ā·ine
(f.) ‘wit’
(DIL. 18, 141-2)
1. PIE *ō·ni̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ō·ni̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ō·ni̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ō·ni̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ō·ni̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ō·ni̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ō·ni̯ā
*ōRC → oRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ōRC
RōRC›oRC → *o·ni̯ā
(SPIE §2.5.8)
5. o·ni̯ā
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *o·ni̯a
6. o·ni̯a
*i̯o/i̯a -›ē
Monophthongization of final -i̯o/i̯a into -ē
R=i̯V›=ē → *o·nē
7. o·nē
*-ē → -e
Shortening of ē in root-final position
R=ē›=e → OIr. o·ne
√nu-
PIE *enu-
OEng. eonu-
(vb.) ‘sehen’
(AeEtWb. 92)
(OEng. eonu, eno [ipv2sg] siehe!)
1. PIE *enu-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *inu-
2. inu-
inu -› eonu
Umlaut of *inu to eonu
Rinu›eonu → OEng. eonu-
PIE *onu̯ēɑh-
OEng. anna-
(vb.) ‘sehen’
(AeEtWb. 4)
(OEng. anna [ipv2sg] siehe!)
1. PIE *onu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *onu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. onu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *onu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. onu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *onu̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. onu̯ā-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *anu̯ā-
5. anu̯ā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *anu̯ō-
(XX:XX)
6. anu̯ō-
*nu̯ -› nn
Change of *nu̯ into nn
Rnu̯›nn → *annō-
7. annō-
*a → ea
Change of *a into ea
Ra=›ea= → *eannō-
8. eannō-
-ō → -a
Change of stem-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a= → OEng. eanna-


PIE √n- (sb.) ‘Zeit, Jahr’ (a.) ‘alt, vormalig’
(sub IEW 810 *per- 2A)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√n-
PIE *Π·ḗn
Gr. πρητ·ήν-
(m.) ‘einjähriges Lamm’
(LSJ. 1463)
1. PIE *Π·ḗn
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·ήν
√no-
PIE *pur·ēnó
RV. pur·āṇá-
(a.) ‘vormalig, uralt, seit lange bestehend’
(WbRV. 827)
1. PIE *pur·ēnó
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *pur·ēná
2. pur·ēná
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *pur·āná
3. pur·āná
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → RV. pur·āṇá
PIE *éno-
Gr. ἔνο-
(m.) ‘Jahr’
(GEW 1:518)
(Hes. ἔνος; or ἔνοσ- (n.)?)
1. PIE *éno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἔνο-
PIE *Π·eno-
Gr. δί·ενο-
(a.) ‘zweijährig’
(GEW 1:518)
(Gr. δίενος)
1. PIE *Π·eno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·ενο-
PIE *Π·no
Lith. pér·na-
(a.) ‘vorjährig’
(LiEtWb. 576)
1. PIE *Π·no
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Lith. Π·na
√ni-
PIE *eni·Σ
Gr. ἐνι·αυτό-
(m.) ‘Jahr’
(GEW 1:518)
(Gr. ἐνιαυτός)
1. PIE *eni·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐνι·Σ
PIE *ḗni-
Gr. ἤνι-
(a.) ‘jährig’
(Hom. ἦνιν)
1. PIE *ḗni-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἤνι-
PIE *Π·ni̯o
Goth. fair·ni-
(a.) ‘alt: old, antiquated: παλαιός: vetus’
(GoEtD. F14)
(Goth. fairni [A] Luk 5,39 CA; fairnjamma [sgD] 1Kr 5,8 A; fairnjans [plA] Mat 9,17 CA)
1. PIE *Π·ni̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ni̯a
2. Π·ni̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *Π·ni̯
3. Π·ni̯
-ni̯ -› -ni
Change of root-final -ni̯ into -ni
R=ni̯›=ni → Goth. Π·ni
PIE *Π·ni̯on-
Goth. fair·njan-
(a.) ‘alt: old, antiquated: παλαιός: vetus’
(GoEtD. F14)
(Goth. fairnjan [sgA] Eph 4,22 A B, fairnjana Mat 9,16 CA)
1. PIE *Π·ni̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ni̯an-
2. Π·ni̯an-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Goth. Π·njan-
PIE *Π·ni̯en-
Goth. fair·njin-
(a.) ‘alt: old, antiquated: παλαιός: vetus’
(GoEtD. F14)
(Goth. fairnjin [sgD] Luk 5,36 CA; Mrk 2,21 CA)
1. PIE *Π·ni̯en-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *Π·ni̯in-
2. Π·ni̯in-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Goth. Π·njin-
PIE *Π·ni̯ēɑh·n
Goth. fair·njo·n
(a.f.n.) ‘alt: old, antiquated: παλαιός: vetus’
(GoEtD. F14)
(Goth. fairnjo [n.sgN] Luk 5,39 CA, fairnjons [f.sgG] 2Kr 3,14 A B)
1. PIE *Π·ni̯ēɑh·n
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·ni̯āɑh·n
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·ni̯āɑh·n
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ni̯āh·n
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·ni̯āh·n
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ni̯ā·n
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·ni̯ā·n
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *Π·ni̯ō·n
(XX:XX)
5. Π·ni̯ō·n
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *Π·njō·n
6. Π·njō·n
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Goth. Π·njo·n
√nin-
PIE *Π·nin-
Goth. fair·nin-
(a.) ‘vorjährig, alt: praeteritus, prior’
(GoEtD. F15)
(Goth. fairnin [D] 2Kr 8,10 A B; 2Kr 9,2 A B)
PIE *Π·nitēɑh-
Goth. fair·niþo-
(f.) ‘Alter: antiquity: παλαιότης: vetustas’
(GoEtD. F14)
(Goth. fairniþai [sgD] Rom 7,6 A, GoElB. 182, HbGo. 158,1)
1. PIE *Π·nitēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·nitāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·nitāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·nitāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·nitāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·nitā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·nitā-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *Π·niþā-
5. Π·niþā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *Π·niþō-
(XX:XX)
6. Π·niþō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Goth. Π·niþo-
√nol- √nel-
PIE *onolo-
Hitt. anala-
(a.) ‘früher, alt; erfahren, erprobt’
(HHand. 15)
1. PIE *onolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. anala-
PIE *onolo·Σ
Hitt. anala·z
(adv.) ‘früher’
(HHand. 15)
1. PIE *onolo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. anala·Σ
PIE *onoli-
Hitt. anali-
(a.) ‘früher, alt; erfahren, erprobt’
(HHand. 15)
1. PIE *onoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. anali-
√nos- √nes-
PIE *Π·enes-
Gr. τετρά·ενεσ-
(a.) ‘vierjährig’
(GEW 1:518)
1. PIE *Π·enes-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·ενεσ-


PIE √n- (vb.) ‘behandeln, wirken, tun, treiben, helfen, nützen’ (sb.) ‘Arbeit’
(IEW 754)
(Machek 1958:76ff.; Pyysalo: Av.)
√n-
√nɑh-
(Machek 1958:76ff., HEG A:30)
PIE *onṓɑh-
Lith. anúo-
(vb.) ‘tun’
(HEG A:30)
(Lith. anúoti [inf.])
1. PIE *onṓɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *onṓh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. onṓh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *onṓ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. onṓ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *anṓ-
4. anṓ-
*ṓ → úo
Change of ṓ into úo
Rṓ›úo → Lith. anúo-
PIE *óneɑh-
Gr. ὄνα-
(vb.M.) ‘nützen, helfen, frommen’
(GEW 2:395)
(Gr. ὄνασθαι [inf.])
1. PIE *óneɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ónaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. ónaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ónah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ónah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *óna-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. óna-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄνα-
√ni-
(HEG A:30f.)
(HW2 A:81f., AHPh. 85, Rieken 1999:107f., HIL. 216-8)
PIE *oni-
Pal. ani-
(vb.1.) ‘behandeln, bewirken, durchführen’
(DPal. 27, 50)
(Pal. a-ni-it-ti [3sg], HHand. 16)
1. PIE *oni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Pal. ani-
PIE *oni-
CLu. ani-
(vb.) ‘wirken, vollbringen, tun: Sum. KIN’
(DLL. 27)
(CLu. a-an-ni-ti, a-an-ni-i-ti, an-ni-i-ti [3sg])
1. PIE *oni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. ani-
PIE *oni-
Hitt. ani-
(vb.1.A.) ‘wirken, schaffen’
(HIL. 216)
(Hitt. a-ni-e-mi)
1. PIE *oni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ani-
PIE *oní·nēɑh-
Dor. ὀνί·νᾱ-
(vb.A.) ‘deliver, profit, benefit, support’
(GEW 2:395)
1. PIE *oní·nēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *oní·nāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. oní·nāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oní·nāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. oní·nāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oní·nā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. oní·nā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. ὀνί·νᾱ-
√nio-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·ni̯o-
gAv. xrū·nya-
(n.) ‘Bluttat, blutige Mißhandlung’
(AIWb. 539)
(gAv. xrūnyāt̰; to LAv. xrū- ‘blutiges, rohes Fleisch’)
1. PIE *Π·ni̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ni̯a-
2. Π·ni̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → gAv. Π·nya-
PIE *oni̯o-
CLu. ani̯a-
(vb.) ‘durchführen, behandeln, bewirken’
(HHand. 16)
(CLu. a-ni-ia, a-ni-e-ia-an-t[i... [3pl?])
1. PIE *oni̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. ani̯a-
PIE *oni̯o-
Hitt. ani̯a-
(vb.) ‘wirken, schaffen’
(HEG A:30-31)
(Hitt. a-ni-ia-mi [1sg])
1. PIE *oni̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ani̯a-
PIE *oni̯o-
Pal. ani̯a-
(cs.) ‘wirken, tun’
(DPal. 50)
(Pal. a-ni-ia, a-ni-ia-ši [2sg])
1. PIE *oni̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Pal. ani̯a-
√nioi-
(Pyysalo: Hitt. gut·ani̯ei-)
PIE *oni̯oi-
Hitt. ani̯ai-
(vb.) ‘wirken, schaffen’
(HIL. 216)
(Hitt. a-ni-ia-e-ez-zi)
1. PIE *oni̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ani̯ai-
PIE *oni̯ei-
Pal. ani̯ei-
(vb.) ‘behandeln, bewirken, durchführen’
(DPal. 50)
(Pal. a-ni-e-iḫ-a [1sg], HHand. 16, DPal. 27)
1. PIE *oni̯ei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Pal. ani̯ei-
PIE *gɦɑut·oni̯ei-
Hitt. gut·ani̯ei-
(vb.1.) ‘herrisch behandeln’
(HHand. 87)
1. PIE *gɦɑut·oni̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦut·oni̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦut·oni̯ei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦut·ani̯ei-
3. gɦut·ani̯ei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gut·ani̯ei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *oni̯ei-
Hitt. ani̯ei-
(vb.) ‘wirken, schaffen’
(HIL. 216)
(Hitt. an-ni-i-ir, a-ni-i-e-i[r])
1. PIE *oni̯ei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ani̯ei-
√nion-
PIE *oni̯on-
Hitt. ani̯an-
(n.) ‘Arbeit’
(HHand. 16)
1. PIE *oni̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ani̯an-
PIE *oni̯ont-
Hitt. ani̯ant-
(pt.) ‘wirken, schaffen’
(HHand. 16)
(Hitt. a-ni-ia-an-t-, a-ni-an-t-)
1. PIE *oni̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ani̯ant-
√niu-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *oni̯ou̯or-
Hitt. ani̯au̯ar-
(n.) ‘Opferzurüstung’
(HHand. 16)
(Hitt. a-ni-ia-u-ua-ar, a-ni-ia-u-ua-an-zi)
1. PIE *oni̯ou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ani̯au̯ar-
PIE *oni̯ur-
Hitt. ani̯ur-
(n.) ‘Opferritus, Ritual’
(HEG A:32)
(Hitt. a-ni-ú-ur, a-ni-ur-aš, a-ni-ú-ri)
1. PIE *oni̯ur-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ani̯ur-
PIE *oniu̯·ei̯oni-
Hitt. aniu̯·ei̯ani-
(fc.) ‘(magicienne, auteur d’un rituel)’
(NOMS. 78)
(Hitt. a-an-ni-ui/ú-ia-ni [All]
1. PIE *oniu̯·ei̯oni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. aniu̯·ei̯ani-
PIE *óneiu̯eɑhr-
Gr. ὄνειαρ
(n.) ‘Nutzen, Wert, Hilfe, Erquickung’
(GEW 2:394)
(Gr. ὄνει(ϝ)αρ)
1. PIE *óneiu̯eɑhr-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *óneiu̯aɑhr-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. óneiu̯aɑhr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *óneiu̯ahr-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. óneiu̯ahr-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *óneiu̯ar-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. óneiu̯ar-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *óneiar-
5. óneiar-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄνειαρ-
PIE *óneiu̯eɑht-
Gr. ὄνειατ-
(n.obl.) ‘Erquickungen, Speisen, Wertsachen, Geschenke’
(GEW 2:394)
(Gr. ὄνει(ϝ)ατ-)
1. PIE *óneiu̯eɑht-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *óneiu̯aɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. óneiu̯aɑht-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *óneiu̯aht-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. óneiu̯aht-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *óneiu̯at-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. óneiu̯at-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *óneiat-
5. óneiat-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄνειατ-


PIE √n- (adv.) ‘unter’
(IEW 312, 766)
(Pyysalo: OAnat.)
√onon-
PIE *onon
Hitt. anan
(adv.) ‘unter’
(HEG A:26)
1. PIE *onon
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. anan
PIE *onon
CLu. anan
(adv.) ‘unter’
(HEG A:26)
(Carruba 1970a:86)
1. PIE *onon
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. anan
√onontoro-
PIE *onontoro-
HLu. anantara-
(a.comp.) ‘unterer: lower (with tu-na-sa(URBS))’
(CHLu. 10.36.38)
(HLu. á-na-tara/i-‹ › tu-na-sa(URBS))
1. PIE *onontoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. anantara-
PIE *onontoro·so-
HLu. anantara·ša-
(a.gen.?) ‘of the lower one’ (with tu-na-sá(URBS))’
(CHLu. 10.36.15)
(HLu. á-na-tara/i-sa-’ tu-na-sá(URBS))
1. PIE *onontoro·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *anantara·sa-
2. anantara·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. anantara·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√enen-
PIE *enen
LycA. ẽnẽ
(prep.) ‘under’
(LuPG 62)
(Lyc. ẽnẽ xñtawata xerixehe ‘Under king Xerxes’)
1. PIE *enen
*en → ẽn
Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ
ReN›ẽN → *ẽnẽn
2. ẽnẽn
*-ã/ẽn → -ã/ẽ
Loss of word-final nasal
R=ãn›=ã → LycA. ẽnẽ
√ni-
PIE *ní
AV. ní
(adv.) ‘down, back; in, into, within’
(MonWil. 538)
(AV. ní [AV. 10,8,7])
PIE *ní·Σ
Arm. ni·
(pref.) ‘nieder’
(IEW 312)
(Arm. ni-, cf. e.g. EtDiArm. 499 s.v. nayim)
1. PIE *ní·Σ
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → Arm. ni·Σ
PIE *ni·mnó-
RV. ni·mná-
(n.) ‘Niederung, Tiefe’
(KEWA 2:166)
1. PIE *ni·mnó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. ni·mná-
PIE *ni·mno-
OInd. ni·mna-
(a.) ‘tief liegend’
(AiGr. 2/2:777)
1. PIE *ni·mno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OInd. ni·mna-
√ner-
(IEW 312, 766)
(WP. 2:333f.)
PIE *é·nero-
Gr. ἔ·νερο-
(m.pl) ‘die Unterirdischen’
(GEW 1:514-5)
(Gr. οἱ ἔνεροι)
1. PIE *é·nero-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἔ·νερο-
PIE *nḗroko-
AV. nā́raka-
(a.) ‘zur Hölle in Beziehung stehend’
(KEWA 2:138)
1. PIE *nḗroko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nḗraka-
2. nḗraka-
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → AV. nā́raka-
PIE *nḗroko-
AV. nā́raka-
(m.) ‘Unterwelt, Hölle (with loká-)’
(EWA 2:37)
1. PIE *nḗroko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nḗraka-
2. nḗraka-
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → AV. nā́raka-
√neroi-
PIE *neroi-
TochA. ñare-
(sb.) ‘infernum, sceleratum apud infernos sedes’
(Poucha 108)
(TochA. ñare)
1. PIE *neroi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nerai-
2. nerai-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *ni̯arai-
3. ni̯arai-
*ni̯ → ñ
Palatalization of *n before i̯
Rni̯›ñ → *ñarai-
4. ñarai-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *ñarē-
5. ñarē-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochA. ñare-
PIE *neroi·sí-
TochA. ñare·ṣi-
(a.) ‘inferni, infernalis’
(Poucha 108)
(TochA. ñare ṣi-)
1. PIE *neroi·sí-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nerai·sí-
2. nerai·sí-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *ni̯arai·sí-
3. ni̯arai·sí-
*sí → ṣí
Palatalization of *sí
Rsí›ṣ → *ni̯arai·ṣí-
4. ni̯arai·ṣí-
*ni̯ → ñ
Palatalization of *n before i̯
Rni̯›ñ → *ñarai·ṣí-
5. ñarai·ṣí-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *ñarē·ṣí-
6. ñarē·ṣí-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → *ñare·ṣí-
7. ñare·ṣí-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → TochA. ñare·ṣi-
PIE *neri̯ó-
Gr. νειρό-
(a.) ‘der Unterste’
(GEW 1:515)
(Gr. νειρός [sgN])
1. PIE *neri̯ó-
*eri̯ → eir
Epenthesis of *i
Reri̯›eir → *neiró-
2. neiró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. νειρό-
PIE *ner·Σ
Arm. ner·kʼoy
(adv.) ‘drinnen’
(IEW 311-4)
(Arm. nerkʼoy)
√nertr-
PIE *nertro-
Umbr. nertro-
(a.) ‘links: sinistro’
(WbOU. 492-3)
(Umbr. nertru [sgAbl])
PIE *nértero-
Gr. νέρτερο-
(a.comp.) ‘unterer, tieferer, unterirdischer’
(GEW 1:514-5)
(Gr. νέρτερος)
1. PIE *nértero-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. νέρτερο-
√nr-
PIE *nrōi-
TochB. nrai
(n.) ‘hell’
(DTochB. 351)
(TochB. nrain)
1. PIE *nrōi-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *nrāi-
2. nrāi-
āi → ai
Orthographic change of āi into ai
Rāi›ai → TochB. nrai-
PIE *nrōi·si̯o-
TochB. nrai·ṣṣa-
(a.) ‘hellish’ (n.) ‘denizen of hell’
(DTochB. 351)
(TochB. nraiṣṣe)
1. PIE *nrōi·si̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nrōi·si̯a-
2. nrōi·si̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *nrāi·si̯a-
3. nrāi·si̯a-
*si̯ → ṣ
Palatalization of *si̯
Rsi̯›ṣ → *nrāi·ṣa-
4. nrāi·ṣa-
āi → ai
Orthographic change of āi into ai
Rāi›ai → TochB. nrai·ṣa-
√neur-
PIE *neur
TochB. ñor
(adv.) ‘below, beneath, under, down’
(DTochB. 272)
(TochB. ñor)
1. PIE *neur
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *ni̯aur
2. ni̯aur
*ni̯ → ñ
Palatalization of *n before i̯
Rni̯›ñ → *ñaur
3. ñaur
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ñōr
4. ñōr
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. ñor
PIE *neur·Σ
TochA. ñor·īya-
(a.comp.) ‘lower’
(DTochB. 272)
(TochB. ñorīya kātso)
1. PIE *neur·Σ
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *ni̯aur·Σ
2. ni̯aur·Σ
*ni̯ → ñ
Palatalization of *n before i̯
Rni̯›ñ → *ñaur·Σ
3. ñaur·Σ
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ñōr·Σ
4. ñōr·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. ñor·Σ
PIE *neuru·Σ
TochB. ñoru·wär
(adv.) ‘downstream’
(DTochB. 272)
(TochB. kaucūwär (...) ñoruwär ‘upstream (...) downstream’ ‹cf. TochB. wär- ‘stream’›)
1. PIE *neuru·Σ
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *ni̯auru·Σ
2. ni̯auru·Σ
*ni̯ → ñ
Palatalization of *n before i̯
Rni̯›ñ → *ñauru·Σ
3. ñauru·Σ
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ñōru·Σ
4. ñōru·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. ñoru·Σ
PIE *neurmi̯o-
TochB. ñormya-
(a.) ‘≈ lower’
(DTochB. 272)
(TochB. ñormye bhūmi)
1. PIE *neurmi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *neurmi̯a-
2. neurmi̯a-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *ni̯aurmi̯a-
3. ni̯aurmi̯a-
*ni̯ → ñ
Palatalization of *n before i̯
Rni̯›ñ → *ñaurmi̯a-
4. ñaurmi̯a-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ñōrmi̯a-
5. ñōrmi̯a-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *ñormi̯a-
6. ñormi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochB. ñormya-
PIE *neurmii̯o-
TochB. ñormiya-
(a.) ‘≈ lower’
(DTochB. 272)
(TochB. ñormiye wassi///)
1. PIE *neurmii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *neurmii̯a-
2. neurmii̯a-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *ni̯aurmii̯a-
3. ni̯aurmii̯a-
*ni̯ → ñ
Palatalization of *n before i̯
Rni̯›ñ → *ñaurmii̯a-
4. ñaurmii̯a-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ñōrmii̯a-
5. ñōrmii̯a-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *ñormii̯a-
6. ñormii̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochB. ñormiya-


PIE √n- √on- √en- (vb.) ‘gebären’ (sb.) ‘Mutter, Schwester, Bruder’
(IEW 754)
√ono-
PIE *ono-
Hitt. ana-
(c.) ‘Mutter’ (HHand. 15)
(HEG A:24)
(Hitt. an-na-aš [sgN], an-na-an [sgA])
1. PIE *ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ana-
PIE *ono-
CLu. ana-
(c.) ‘Mutter’
(DLL. 27)
1. PIE *ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. ana-
√eno-
PIE *eno-
Lyd. ẽna-
(c.) ‘Mutter’
(LydWb. 106)
(Lyd. ẽnaś [sgN])
1. PIE *eno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ena-
2. ena-
*en → ẽn
Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ
ReN›ẽN → Lyd. ẽna-
PIE *enesi-
LycB. ẽnesi-
(a.gen.) ‘mütterlich’
(DLycLg. 116)
1. PIE *enesi-
*en → ẽn
Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ
ReN›ẽN → LycB. ẽnesi-
√nono-
PIE *nono·ɦɑid-
CLu. nana·ḫid-
(n.) ‘Brüderlichkeit’ (o.ä.)
(HHand. 110)
1. PIE *nono·ɦɑid-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nono·ɦid-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. nono·ɦid-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nana·ɦid-
3. nana·ɦid-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. nana·ḫid-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *nono·soro-
HLu. nana·šara-
(FEMINAc.) ‘sister’
(CHLu. 278)
(HLu. (FEMINA)na-na-sa5+ra/i-za)
1. PIE *nono·soro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nana·sara-
2. nana·sara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. nana·šara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *nono·srei̯o-
CLu. nana·šrei̯a-
(c.) ‘Schwester’
(DLL. 73)
(CLu. na-a-na-aš-ri[-ia], NIN-ia-an)
1. PIE *nono·srei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nana·srei̯a-
2. nana·srei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. nana·šrei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√nɑh-
√nonɑh-
(IEW 754)
PIE *nonḗɑh-
RV. nanā́-
(f.) ‘Mama, Mütterchen’
(WbRV. 707)
(RV. tatáḥ (...) nanā́ [sgN] [9.112.3.])
1. PIE *nonḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *nonā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. nonā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nonā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nonā́h-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nanā́h-
4. nanā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. nanā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *nonēɑh-
Alb. nanë-
(f.) ‘Mutter, Amme’
(AlbEtD. 291)
(Alb. nanë ‹a dial. (Gheg) form›)
1. PIE *nonēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *nonāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. nonāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nonāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nonāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *nonā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. nonā-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nanā-
5. nanā-
*ā → ë
Change of *ā into Alb. ë
Rā›ë → Alb. nanë-
(XX:XX)
PIE *nónēɑhɦɑender-
RV. nánāndar-
(f.) ‘des Mannes Schwester’
(WbRV. 707)
(RV. nánāndari [sgL])
1. PIE *nónēɑhɦɑender-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *nónēɑhɦɑander-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. nónēɑhɦɑander-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *nónāɑhɦɑander-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. nónāɑhɦɑander-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nónāhɦander-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. nónāhɦander-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *nánāhɦander-
5. nánāhɦander-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *nánāhander-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. nánāhander-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *nánāander-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. nánāander-
*āa → ā
 Contraction of āa into ā
Rāa›ā → *nánānder-
8. nánānder-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → RV. nánāndar-
PIE *nónēɑhɦɑendur-
AV. nánāndur-
(f.) ‘des Mannes Schwester’
(EWA 2:10)
(AV. nánāndur-)
1. PIE *nónēɑhɦɑendur-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *nónēɑhɦɑandur-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. nónēɑhɦɑandur-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *nónāɑhɦɑandur-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. nónāɑhɦɑandur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nónāhɦandur-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. nónāhɦandur-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *nánāhɦandur-
5. nánāhɦandur-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *nánāhandur-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. nánāhandur-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *nánāandur-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. nánāandur-
*āa → ā
 Contraction of āa into ā
Rāa›ā → AV. nánāndur-
√nenɑh-
PIE *nenēɑh-
SCr. nena-
(f.) ‘Mutter’
(KEWA 2:131)
(EWA 2:9)
1. PIE *nenēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *nenāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. nenāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nenāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nenāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *nenā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. nenā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → SCr. nena-
√oni-
PIE *oni-
Hitt. ani-
(c.) ‘Mutter’
(HHand. 15)
1. PIE *oni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ani-
PIE *onei̯o-
CLu. anei̯a-
(a.) ‘mütterlich’ (HHand. 16)
(DLL. 27)
(CLu. [a]-an-ni-ia-an)
1. PIE *onei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. anei̯a-
√eni-
PIE *eni-
LycA. ẽni-
(c.) ‘Mutter’
(DLycLg. 20)
(LycA. ẽni [sgN])
1. PIE *eni-
*en → ẽn
Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ
ReN›ẽN → LycA. ẽni-
√ni-
PIE *ni-
HLu. ni-
(INFANSc.) ‘child, son’
(CHLu. 10.14.1)
(HLu. (INFANS)ni-sa [sgN])
PIE *ni·gɑɦo-
Hitt. ni·ga-
(c.) ‘Schwester’
(HHand. 112)
(Hitt. niga-)
1. PIE *ni·gɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ni·gɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ni·gɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ni·gɦa-
3. ni·gɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ni·ga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ni·gɑɦo-
Kpd. ni·ga-
(PNc.) ‘Schwester’
(NOMS. 878)
(Kpd. ni-ga)
1. PIE *ni·gɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ni·gɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ni·gɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ni·gɦa-
3. ni·gɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Kpd. ni·ga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ni·gɑɦno-
Hitt. ni·gna-
(c.) ‘Bruder: Sum. ŠEŠ’
(HHand. 112)
1. PIE *ni·gɑɦno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ni·gɦno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ni·gɦno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ni·gɦna-
3. ni·gɦna-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ni·gna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ni·mu̯odɑɦi̯o-
HLu. ni·mu̯aza-
(INFANSc.) ‘son’
(CHLu. 96)
(HLu. (INFANS)ni-mu-wa/i-za-sa)
1. PIE *ni·mu̯odɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ni·mu̯odɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ni·mu̯odɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ni·mu̯ojɦo-
3. ni·mu̯ojɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ni·mu̯ajɦa-
4. ni·mu̯ajɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ni·mu̯aja-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ni·mu̯aja-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → HLu. ni·mu̯aza-
PIE *ni·dɑɦi̯o-
HLu. ni·za-
(INFANSc.) ‘son’
(CHLu. 148)
(HLu. (INFANS)ni-za-sa)
1. PIE *ni·dɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ni·dɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ni·dɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ni·jɦo-
3. ni·jɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ni·jɦa-
4. ni·jɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ni·ja-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ni·ja-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → HLu. ni·za-
PIE *ni·u̯o-
HLu. ni·u̯a-
(c.) ‘daughter?’
(CHLu. 148)
(HLu. ni-wa/i-za [pl])
1. PIE *ni·u̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. ni·u̯a-
PIE *ni·u̯oroni-
HLu. ni·u̯arani-
(INFANSc.) ‘child’
(CHLu. 258)
(HLu. (INFANS)ni-wa/i-ra/i-ni-zi [plN])
1. PIE *ni·u̯oroni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. ni·u̯arani-
PIE *ni·u̯odɑɦi̯o-
HLu. ni·u̯aza-
(INFANSc.) ‘child, son’
(CHLu. 96, 148)
(HLu. (INFANS)ni-wa/i-za-sa)
1. PIE *ni·u̯odɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ni·u̯odɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ni·u̯odɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ni·u̯ojɦo-
3. ni·u̯ojɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ni·u̯ajɦa-
4. ni·u̯ajɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ni·u̯aja-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ni·u̯aja-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → HLu. ni·u̯aza-
√noni-
PIE *noni-
CLu. nani-
(c.) ‘frère’
(DLL. 73)
(CLu. na-a-ni-e-ia [D])
1. PIE *noni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. nani-
PIE *noni-
Hitt. nani-
(LÚc.) ‘(homme d’Išmiriga-)’
(NOMS. 861.3)
(Hitt. na-ni-iš)
1. PIE *noni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. nani-
PIE *noni-
HLu. nani-
(Ic.) ‘brother ‹see the context›’
(CHLu. 2.27.17)
(HLu. na-ni-sa FRATER-la-wa/i+ra/i-sa)
1. PIE *noni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. nani-
√neni-
PIE *neni-
LycA. nẽni-
(c.) ‘frère’
(DLycLg. 44)
1. PIE *neni-
*en → ẽn
Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ
ReN›ẽN → LycA. nẽni-


PIE √n- √on- √en- (sb.) ‘dux, iudex’ (vb.) ‘ducere, educare’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√eno-
(HEG E:106)
(Pyysalo)
PIE *eno-
Hitt. ena-
(pr.*) ‘≈ abrichten’
(HHand. 31)
(in Hitt. enant-, see below)
1. PIE *eno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ena-
PIE *Π·eno-
Goth. kind·in-
(m.) ‘ἡγεμών: Statthalter: governor’
(GoEtD. K22)
(Goth. kindins [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·eno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ena-
2. Π·ena-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → Goth. Π·ina-
PIE *Π·eno-
OLat. dub·eno-
(m.) ‘δεσπότης’
(WH. 1:375)
(OLat. dubenus)
PIE *Π·èno-
Lat. dom·ino-
(m.) ‘Hausherr’
(WH. 1:367)
(Lat. dominus)
PIE *Π·eno-
RV. vivā́c·ana-
(m.) ‘Schiedrichter’
(WbRV. 1292)
1. PIE *Π·eno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ena-
2. Π·ena-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → RV. Π·ana-
PIE *Π·enó-
RV. trait·aná-
(dm.) ‘mit tritá- verwandter Gott’
(WbRV. 560)
1. PIE *Π·enó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·ená-
2. Π·ená-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → RV. Π·aná-
PIE *enont-
Hitt. enant-
(pt.) ‘abgerichtet, zahm’
(HHand. 31)
1. PIE *enont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. enant-
√ononu-
(HEG A:27)
PIE *ononu-
Hitt. ananu-
(cs.) ‘ausbilden, unterrichten: train, educate’
(HHand. 15)
(Hitt. an-na-nu-ut, an-na-nu-ua-an-zi)
1. PIE *ononu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ananu-
PIE *ononu-
Kpd. ananu-
(Ic.) ‘‹cf. above›’
(NOMS. 65.1.)
(Kpd. a-na-nu)
1. PIE *ononu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Kpd. ananu-
PIE *ononu-
Hitt. ananu-
(fc.) ‘‹cf. above›’
(NOMS. 65.2)
(in Akd. a-na-nu)
1. PIE *ononu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ananu-
PIE *ononu̯ont-
Hitt. ananu̯ant-
(pt.) ‘ausgebildet, gezähmt’
(HHand. 15)
(Hitt. an-na-nu-ua-an-t-)
1. PIE *ononu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ananu̯ant-
PIE *ononuɑho-
Hitt. ananuḫa-
(a.) ‘ausgebildet, zahm, abgerichtet (von Wildtieren)’
(HHand. 16)
(Hitt. an-na-nu-uḫ-ḫa-an)
1. PIE *ononuɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ononuho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ononuho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ananuha-
3. ananuha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ananuḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ononuski̯e/o-
Hitt. ananuške/a-
(pr.) ‘ausbilden, unterrichten: train, educate’
(HIL. 213)
(Hitt. an-na-nu-uš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *ononuski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ononusḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ononusḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ananusḱe/a-
3. ananusḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ananuske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ananuske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ananuške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √n- √no- √ne- (vb.) ‘treiben, fahren, wenden, leiten’ (sb.) ‘Arm, Hand’
(IEW 760)
(Pyysalo: Gr. + OInd.)
√no-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *no-
Hitt. na-
(vb.2.) ‘wenden, lenken, schicken’
(HEG N:253-7
(Hitt. na-i; ‹or PIE *noi̯·i?›)
1. PIE *no-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. na-
PIE *no-
OInd. na-
(m.) ‘gift: Geschenk’
(MonWil. 523)
(Lex. nas [sgN])
1. PIE *no-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OInd. na-
PIE *eno-
Hitt. ena-
(vb.) ‘treiben (Tiere)’
(HHand2 35)
(Hitt. enna- ; thus not for “penna-” against Tischler)
1. PIE *eno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ena-
PIE *Π·no-
Hitt. išḫu·na-
(c.) ‘Oberarm: upper ‹išḫu-› arm’
(HHand. 64)
(Hitt. iš-ḫu-na-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·no-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. Π·na-
√neno-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑepo·néno-
Gr. ἀπο·νένο-
(pr.M.) ‘ἀποστρέφεται’
(LSJ. 210)
(Gr. ἀπονένεται· ἀποστρέφεται)
1. PIE *hɑepo·néno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapo·néno-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapo·néno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapo·néno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapo·néno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *apo·néno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. apo·néno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀπο·νένο-
√nono-
(Sturtevant CGr. 1:215, 247)
PIE *nono-
Hitt. nana-
(vb.2.intr.) ‘treiben, ziehen, marschieren, fahren’
(HEG N:272, HIL. 692)
(Hitt. n]a-an-na-i [3sg] 1 UDU ap-pa-an-[zi] [3pl], na-an-na-aḫ-ḫi [1sg], na-na-an-zi, na-an-na-ú)
1. PIE *nono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. nana-
PIE *nono-
CLu. nana-
(vb.1.) ‘lenken, leiten, richten, schicken, wenden’
(DLL. 73, HHand. 110)
(CLu. na-na-a-at-ti [3sg], na-n[a-a]n-ta)
1. PIE *nono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. nana-
PIE *Π·nono-
Hitt. apa nana·-
(vb.2.tr.) ‘zurückziehen, -treiben’
(HEG N:272)
(Hitt. GIŠḫa-at-tal-ua-an-za GIM-an GIŠSAG.GUL EGIR-pa na-an-na-a-i [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·nono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. Π·nana-
PIE *nono·mo-
CLu. nana·ma-
(pt.) ‘geführt’
(HHand. 110)
(CLu. [nan]aman KUB xxxv 54 Rs. iii 17, nanamma- ‘geführt’ [HHand. 110])
1. PIE *nono·mo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. nana·ma-
√nonoiio-
PIE *nonoii̯o-
Hitt. nanai̯a-
(d.) ‘(cult in Malitaškuria-)’ (Siegelová 1971:25)
(OHP. 1:324-5)
(Hitt. na-na-ia(-aš) [Abs])
1. PIE *nonoii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nanaii̯a-
2. nanaii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *nanaia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. nanaia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → Hitt. nanai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
PIE *nonoii̯o-
Hitt. nanai̯a-
(dc.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:325)
(Hitt. na-na-ia-aš-ma-za URUki-iš-ši-na-an [e-eš-zi] ‘the god nanaia- is in URUkišinan-’)
1. PIE *nonoii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nanaii̯a-
2. nanaii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *nanaia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. nanaia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → Hitt. nanai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
PIE *nonoii̯o-
Hitt. nanai̯a-
(mc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 855.2)
(Hitt. na-na-ia-an [sgA])
1. PIE *nonoii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nanaii̯a-
2. nanaii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *nanaia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. nanaia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → Hitt. nanai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
PIE *nonoii̯o-
HLu. nanai̯a-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 10.36.16)
(HLu. Ina-na-ia-’)
1. PIE *nonoii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nanaii̯a-
2. nanaii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *nanaia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. nanaia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → HLu. nanai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
PIE *Π·nonoii̯o-
CLu. piḫa·nanai̯a-
(mc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 965)
(in Hitt. pí-ḫa-na-na-i[a-aš] [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·nonoii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·nanaii̯a-
2. Π·nanaii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *Π·nanaia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. Π·nanaia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → CLu. Π·nanai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
√nɑh-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *onṓɑh-
Lith. anúo-
(vb.) ‘treiben’
(HEG A:30)
(Lith. anúoti [inf.])
1. PIE *onṓɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *onṓh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. onṓh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *onṓ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. onṓ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *anṓ-
4. anṓ-
*ṓ → úo
Change of ṓ into úo
Rṓ›úo → Lith. anúo-
PIE *neɑh·Σ
Hitt. naḫ·ši-
(c.) ‘Handvoll (Öl, Honig, Früchte & Wein)’
(HEG N:251)
(Hitt. Ì.DUG.GA na-aḫ-ši-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *neɑh·Σ
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *naɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. naɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nah·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nah·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. naḫ·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *neɑh·Σ
Hitt. naḫ·zi-
(c.) ‘Handvoll: Akd. (½) UPNU’ (CHD N:341)
(HEG N:251-2)
(Hitt. [G]EŠTIN! na-aḫ-zi-i[š] [sgN])
1. PIE *neɑh·Σ
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *naɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. naɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nah·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nah·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. naḫ·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *neɑho·Σ
Hitt. naḫa·ši-
(c.) ‘Handvoll’ (eine kleine Mengenangabe)
(HEG N:251)
(Hitt. 1 na-aḫ-ḫa-ši-iš Ì.NUN = “1 N. Butterschmalz”)
1. PIE *neɑho·Σ
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *naɑho·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. naɑho·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *naho·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. naho·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *naha·Σ
4. naha·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. naḫa·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√nɑhi-
(IEW 760)
PIE *néɑHi-
RV. ná.i-
(ao.) ‘führen, leiten’
(WbRV. 739)
(RV. náïṣi [2sg])
1. PIE *néɑHi-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *náɑHi-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. náɑHi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *náHi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. náHi-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → RV. ná.i-
PIE *ninóɑhi̯·e
RV. ninā́y·a
(pf.A.) ‘führen, leiten’
(WbRV. 739)
(RV. ninā́ya [3sg], Brugmann's law II, see SPIE 121ff.)
1. PIE *ninóɑhi̯·e
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ninóhi̯·e
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ninóhi̯·e
PIE *óhCV → ā́hCV
Brugmann’s Law for *óhCV
RóHCV›ā́HCV → *ninā́hi̯·e
(SPIE §2.3.7)
3. ninā́hi̯·e
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ninā́i̯·e
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ninā́i̯·e
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ninā́i̯·a
5. ninā́i̯·a
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. ninā́y·a
PIE *neɑHitór-
RV. na.itár-
(m.) ‘Führer, Leiter, Lenker’
(WbRV. 754)
(RV. naïtā́ [sgN])
1. PIE *neɑHitór-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *naɑHitór-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. naɑHitór-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *naHitór-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. naHitór-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *naHitár-
4. naHitár-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → RV. na.itár-
PIE *nɑ́hi-
RV. nī́-
(ao.) ‘darbringen’
(WbRV. 735)
(RV. ánītām [3du])
1. PIE *nɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *níhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. níhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *níi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. níi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → RV. nī́-
√noi-
PIE *noi-
Hitt. nai-
(vb.2.) ‘drehen’
(HHand. 109)
1. PIE *noi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. nai-
PIE *noi-
HLu. nai-
(Ic.) ‘‹cf. above›’
(CHLu. 10.38/1.5)
(HLu. Ina-i-sá)
1. PIE *noi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. nai-
PIE *Π·noi-
Hitt. para (...) nai-
(vb.2.) ‘lenken, leiten, richten, schicken, wenden’
(HEG N:254)
(Hitt. pa-ra-a na-it-ti [2sg] ‘schickest’)
1. PIE *Π·noi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. Π·nai-
PIE *Π·noi-
Hitt. arḫa (...) nai-
(vb.2.) ‘loslassen’
(HEG N:254)
(Hitt. ar-ḫa-pát na-iš [pret3sg])
1. PIE *Π·noi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. Π·nai-
PIE *hɑeku·noi-
Hitt. ḫaku·nai-
() ((DUG)c./n.) ‘Gefäß für Öl ‹Ölgefäß?›’
(HEG H:125)
(Hitt. ḫakunai-, EHS 207)
1. PIE *hɑeku·noi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaku·noi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaku·noi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haku·noi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haku·noi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haku·nai-
4. haku·nai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaku·nai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√nei-
PIE *nei-
Hitt. nei-
(vb.2.A.) ‘wenden, lenken, leiten, richten, schicken’
(HEG N:253-7)
(Hitt. ne-e-eḫ-ḫi, ne-e-eḫ-[ḫu-un])
PIE *nei-
Hitt. nei-
(URUn.) ‘(um Apamea am Orontes)’ (OGHErg. 111)
(OGH. 281)
(Hitt. ne-e, ni-i)
PIE *nei̯o-
Hitt. nei̯a-
(vb.M.) ‘sich wenden’
(HEG N:253-7)
(Hitt. ne-e-a, ne-a [3sg], ni-ia-an-ta-ri, ni-ia-ri, ne-ia-aḫ-ḫa-ri [1sg])
1. PIE *nei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. nei̯a-
PIE *nei̯o-
Hitt. nei̯a-
(vb.) ‘wenden, lenken, leiten, richten, schicken’
(HEG N:253-7)
(Hitt. ne-e-ia-an-zi, ni-ia-ši [2sg])
1. PIE *nei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. nei̯a-
PIE *nei̯o-
Hitt. nei̯a-
(KUR.URU, URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 281)
(Hitt. ne-ia, ni-ia, ne-i-ia)
1. PIE *nei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. nei̯a-
PIE *nei̯o-
HLu. nei̯a-
(CRUS.CRUSvb.) ‘turn, follow’
(CHLu. 2.9.13)
(HLu. CRUS.CRUS-ta)
1. PIE *nei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. nei̯a-
PIE *nei̯o-
HLu. nei̯a-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 10.36.19)
(HLu. Ini-ia [D], Ini-ia-sa [10.18.3])
1. PIE *nei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. nei̯a-
PIE *nei̯o·Σ
HLu. nei̯a·šḫa-
(CRUS.CRUSc.) ‘procession’
(CHLu. 2.11.16)
(HLu. CRUS.CRUS(-)ní-ia-sa-ha-na)
1. PIE *nei̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. nei̯a·Σ
PIE *nei̯o·Σ
HLu. nei̯a·šatala-
(CRUS.CRUSc.) ‘successor’
(CHLu. 2.24.13)
(HLu. CRUS.CRUS(-)ní-ia-sa-ta-la-na ‹cf. HLu. azu·šatala- ‘ride’ for the suffix’›)
1. PIE *nei̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. nei̯a·Σ
PIE *nei̯o·Σ
HLu. nei̯a·za-
(CRUS.CRUSvb.) ‘‹≈ make turn, follow?›’
(CHLu. 2.11.21)
(HLu. CRUS.CRUS[(-)ni?]-ia-za-i)
1. PIE *nei̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. nei̯a·Σ
√nonei-
PIE *Π·nonei-
Hitt. arḫa·nanei-
(vb.) ‘herbeitreiben’
(HEG N:272)
(Hitt. ar-ḫa na-an-ni-i-er)
1. PIE *Π·nonei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. Π·nanei-
√neinei-
PIE *Π·neinei̯o-
Hitt. arḫa·neinei̯a-
(vb.) ‘treiben, wegtreiben’
(HEG N:272)
(Hitt. 2 UDU.ḪI.A (...) ar-ḫa ne-in-ni-ia-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *Π·neinei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. Π·neinei̯a-
√nou-
PIE *ɦɑergi̯o·nou-
Hitt. ḫarga·nau-
(c./n.) ‘ein Körperteil, Sohle?, Ferse?’
(HHand. 42)
(Hitt. ḫar-ga-na-ú, ḫar-ga-na-u-ua-aš)
1. PIE *ɦɑergi̯o·nou-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑargi̯o·nou-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑargi̯o·nou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦargi̯o·nou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦargi̯o·nou-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ɦarǵo·nou-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ɦarǵo·nou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦarǵa·nau-
5. ɦarǵa·nau-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *ɦarga·nau-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. ɦarga·nau-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarga·nau-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·nou-
Hitt. išḫu·nau-
(c.) ‘Oberarm’
(HHand. 64)
(Hitt. iš-ḫu-na-ú-uš [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·nou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. Π·nau-
PIE *Π·nou-
Hitt. išḫu·nau-
(n.) ‘Oberarm’
(HHand. 64)
(Hitt. [iš]-ḫu-na-ú, iš-ḫu-na-u-ua, iš-ḫu-na-u-ua-aš, iš-ḫu-na-u-i)
1. PIE *Π·nou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. Π·nau-
PIE *Π·nou̯ont-
Hitt. išḫu·nau̯ant-
(c.) ‘Oberarm’
(HHand. 64)
(Hitt. iš-ḫu-na-u-ua-an-za)
1. PIE *Π·nou̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. Π·nau̯ant-
PIE *ɦɑergi̯o·nou̯ont-
Hitt. ḫarga·nau̯ant-
(c.) ‘ein Körperteil, Sohle?, Ferse?’
(HHand. 42)
(Hitt. ḫar-ga-na-u-ua-an-za)
1. PIE *ɦɑergi̯o·nou̯ont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑargi̯o·nou̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑargi̯o·nou̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦargi̯o·nou̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦargi̯o·nou̯ont-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ɦarǵo·nou̯ont-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ɦarǵo·nou̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦarǵa·nau̯ant-
5. ɦarǵa·nau̯ant-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *ɦarga·nau̯ant-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. ɦarga·nau̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarga·nau̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√noui-
PIE *ɦɑergi̯o·nou̯i-
Hitt. ḫarga·nau̯i-
(c.) ‘ein Körperteil, Sohle?, Ferse?’
(HHand. 42)
(Hitt. ḫar-ga-na-ú-i, ḫar-ga-na-u-i-ša-at [N])
1. PIE *ɦɑergi̯o·nou̯i-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑargi̯o·nou̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑargi̯o·nou̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦargi̯o·nou̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦargi̯o·nou̯i-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ɦarǵo·nou̯i-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ɦarǵo·nou̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦarǵa·nau̯i-
5. ɦarǵa·nau̯i-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *ɦarga·nau̯i-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. ɦarga·nau̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarga·nau̯i-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √n- √no- √ne- (pref.) ‘eben, gleich’ (prep.) ‘zusammen’
(IEW –)
(Goedegebuure 2010:314; Pyysalo)
√ono-
(Goedegebuure 2010: HLu.)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
PIE *ono
HLu. ana
(CUMprep.*) ‘cum: with’
(CHLu. 1.1.15.)
(in HLu. CUM-na)
1. PIE *ono
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. ana
PIE *ono·Σ
Hitt. ana·niga-
(c.) ‘Schwester (von derselben Mutter)’
(HHand. 15)
(Hitt. an-na-ne-ku-uš [plA], an-na-ni-ku-uš, not ‘Dirne, Prostituierte’, see HEG A:26-7)
1. PIE *ono·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ana·Σ
PIE *ono·uli-
Hitt. ana·uli-
(a.) ‘gleichrangig, ebenbürtig’
(HEG A:29)
(Hitt. an-na-ú-li-, EHS 212)
1. PIE *ono·uli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ana·uli-
PIE *ono·ulilei̯o-
Hitt. ana·ulilei̯a-
(URUa.) ‘(im Lande Tarḫuntaša)’
(OGHErg. 5)
(Hitt. an-na-ú-li-li-ia-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *ono·ulilei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ana·ulilei̯a-
PIE *ono·u̯oli-
Hitt. ana·u̯ali-
(a.) ‘gleichrangig, ebenbürtig’
(HHand. 16)
(Hitt. an-na-ú-li-e-eš)
1. PIE *ono·u̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ana·u̯ali-
√no-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *nó·Σ
RV. ná·veda-
(a.) ‘kundig ‹lit. ‘*with·Veda-’›’
(WbRV. 716)
1. PIE *nó·Σ
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. ná·Σ
PIE *nó·Σ
RV. ná·vedas-
(a.) ‘mit √bhav + [G] = aufmerken, vernehmen’
(WbRV. 716)
1. PIE *nó·Σ
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. ná·Σ
PIE *nó·Σ
RV. ná·vedas-
(a.) ‘vertraut, bekannt’ (m.) ‘Vertrauer [G]’
(WbRV. 716)
1. PIE *nó·Σ
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. ná·Σ
PIE *no·sorto-
CLu. na·šarta-
(GKLc.) ‘Konkubine’ (HHand. 111)
(HEG N:278-9)
(Hitt. 1 NINDA.SIG A-NA dNIN.É.GAL na-šar-ta-aš-ša [plD] ŠA dIM)
1. PIE *no·sorto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *na·sarta-
2. na·sarta-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. na·šarta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *no·sorto-
HLu. na·šarta-
(d.) ‘(cult of Tešup & Hepat of Aleppo)’
(HEG N:278)
(HLu. na-sá+ra-tá)
1. PIE *no·sorto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *na·sarta-
2. na·sarta-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. na·šarta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *no·sortei-
Hitt. na·šartei-
(GKLc.) ‘Konkubine?’
(HEG N:278)
(Hitt. 1 NINDA.SIG A-NA dNIN.É.GAL na-šar-ti-ia [sgD] ŠA dU)
1. PIE *no·sortei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *na·sartei-
2. na·sartei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. na·šartei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√oni-
(Goedegebuure 2010:314)
PIE *oni
HLu. ani
(CUMprep.*) ‘with, for’
(CHLu. 2.6.18)
(HLu. in CUM-ni, CUM-ní)
1. PIE *oni
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. ani


PIE √n- √on- √en- (vb.) ‘glänzen; erscheinen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√ono-
PIE *ono-
Hitt. ana-
(URU.KI.) ‘(König von Ana- = Heliopolis)’
(OGH. 15)
(Hitt. a-na “in Briefen von Ramses II”)
1. PIE *ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ana-
PIE *ono-
HLu. ana-
(REGIO.) ‘‹cf. above?›’
(CHLu. 3.6.10)
(HLu. á-na(REGIO)-pa-wa/i-sa)
1. PIE *ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. ana-
√onoi-
PIE *onoi-
CLu. anai-
(vb.M.) ‘‹brennen, glänzen› (subject: paḫur ‘Feuer’)’
(DLL. 26)
(CLu. a-na-it-ta-ri [3sg])
1. PIE *onoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. anai-
PIE *onoito·u̯ono-
HLu. anaita·u̯ana-
(REGIOn./c.?) ‘Anaitean’
(CHLu. 3.1.10)
(HLu. á-na-i-tá(REGIO)-wa/i-na-‘)
1. PIE *onoito·u̯ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. anaita·u̯ana-
√onei-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·onei̯o-
Hitt. deišḫ·anei̯a-
(vb.1.&M.) ‘im Traum erscheinen’
(HHand. 174)
1. PIE *Π·onei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. Π·anei̯a-
PIE *oni-
LAv. aini-
(adv.bs.) ‘zum Schein, als der Wahrheit entspricht’
(AIWb. 126)
(LAv. ainim baraiti)
1. PIE *oni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ani-
2. ani-
*ani → aini
Anaptyxis of *i
RanI›ainI → LAv. aini-
√neim-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *nēimēɑh
MidIr. nīam-
(f.) ‘Glanz, Schönheit’
(DIL. 478f.)
(LEIA N-16; MidIr. niam [N], nēime [G], nēim [D])
1. PIE *nēimēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *nēimāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. nēimāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nēimāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nēimāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *nēimā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. nēimā
*ēRC → eRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ēRC
RēRC›eRC → *neimā
(SPIE §2.5.8)
5. neimā
*ei → ē
Monophthongization of *ei into ē
Rei›ē → *nēmā
6. nēmā
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *nēma
7. nēma
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → MidIr. nēm
PIE *nēimēɑh-
OIr. nīama-
(vb.) ‘faire briller’
(LEIA N-16)
(OIr. nīamaid [3sg])
1. PIE *nēimēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *nēimāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. nēimāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nēimāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nēimāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *nēimā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. nēimā-
*ēRC → eRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ēRC
RēRC›eRC → *neimā-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
5. neimā-
*ei → ē
Monophthongization of *ei into ē
Rei›ē → *nēmā-
6. nēmā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OIr. nēma-
PIE *nēimi-
TochA. ñemi-
(n.) ‘gemma: Skt. ratna-’
(LeTokh. 1:325f.)
(Poucha 111; TochA. ñemi [N], ñemyis [G], ñemyaṃ [L], ñemyo [I])
1. PIE *nēimi-
PIE *ē → i̯ ā
Change of *ē into i̯ā
Rē›i̯ā → *ni̯āimi-
2. ni̯āimi-
*ni̯ → ñ
Palatalization of *n before i̯
Rni̯›ñ → *ñāimi-
3. ñāimi-
*āiC → aiC
Osthoff’s Law for āiC
RāiC›aiC → *ñaimi-
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
4. ñaimi-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *ñēmi-
5. ñēmi-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochA. ñemi-
√nisKo-
PIE *niskó-
RV. niṣká-
(m.) ‘goldener Halsschmuck: Geldstück’
(WbRV. 735)
1. PIE *niskó-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *niškó-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. niškó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *nišká-
3. nišká-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. niṣká-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
PIE *niskó·Σ
RV. niṣká·grīva-
(a.) ‘Goldschmuck am Halse tragend’
(KEWA 2:169)
1. PIE *niskó·Σ
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *niškó·Σ
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. niškó·Σ
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *nišká·Σ
3. nišká·Σ
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. niṣká·Σ
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
√nit-
PIE *nitei̯o-
Lat. niteo-
(pr.2.) ‘glänzen’
(WH. 2:171)
(Lat. niteō)
1. PIE *nitei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
Rei̯o›eo → Lat. niteo-
PIE *nitōr
Lat. nitōr-
(m.) ‘Glanz, Glätte’
(WH. 2:171)
(Lat. nitor, nitōris)
PIE *nítro-
Gr. νίτρο-
(n.) ‘Natron’
(GEW 2:321)
1. PIE *nítro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. νίτρο-
PIE *nitro-
Lat. nitro-
(n.) ‘Laugensalz, Soda, Natron’
(WH. 2:171)
PIE *nitri-
Hitt. nitri-
(NA4n.) ‘Natron, Soda, Salpeter’
(HEG N:336)
(Hitt. ni-it-ri [sgNA], ni-it-ri-az [Abl])


PIE √n- (neg.) ‘no’
(IEW 756-7)
(Bugge and Torp apud Knudtzon 1902:106, 118)
√nouo-
(Pyysalo)
(or PIE *neu̯o; ‹note the Avestan meaning, also in Luwian?›)
PIE *nou̯o
CLu. nau̯a
(neg.) ‘nicht’
(HEG N:294)
(CLu. na-a-ua)
1. PIE *nou̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. nau̯a
PIE *nou̯o
HLu. nau̯a
(neg.) ‘nicht’
(HEG N:294)
(HLu. NEG-wa/i, na-wa/i)
1. PIE *nou̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. nau̯a
PIE *nou̯o
LAv. nava
(neg.) ‘durchaus/überhaupt nicht, keineswegs’
(AIWb. 1043)
1. PIE *nou̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nau̯a
2. nau̯a
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. nava
PIE *nou̯o·ku̯is
LAv. nava·čiš
(neg.) ‘durchaus nicht mehr’
(AIWb. 1044)
1. PIE *nou̯o·ku̯is
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIIr → *nou̯o·ku̯iš
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. nou̯o·ku̯iš
PIE *ku̯ → ču̯
2nd palatalization of *ku̯
Rku̯›ču̯ → *nou̯o·ču̯iš
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. nou̯o·ču̯iš
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nau̯a·ču̯iš
4. nau̯a·ču̯iš
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *nau̯a·čiš
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. nau̯a·čiš
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. nava·čiš


PIE √n- √on- √en- (prep./adv.) ‘in, zu, hin’
(IEW 311-314)
√on-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *on·dɦɑe
Hitt. an·da
(adv.) dabei, darin’ (postp.L) ‘in, an, dazu’
(HHand. 17)
(Hitt. an-da)
1. PIE *on·dɦɑe
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *on·dɦɑa
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. on·dɦɑa
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *on·dɦa
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. on·dɦa
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *an·dɦa
4. an·dɦa
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. an·da
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *on·dɦɑe
Hitt. an·da
(prep.) ‘hinein-, ein-’
(HHand. 17)
1. PIE *on·dɦɑe
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *on·dɦɑa
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. on·dɦɑa
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *on·dɦa
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. on·dɦa
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *an·dɦa
4. an·dɦa
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. an·da
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *on·dɦɑe
CLu. an·da
(prep.) ‘hinein’
(HHand. 17)
(CLu. an-da)
1. PIE *on·dɦɑe
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *on·dɦɑa
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. on·dɦɑa
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *on·dɦa
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. on·dɦa
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *an·dɦa
4. an·dɦa
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. an·da
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *on·dɦɑe
CLu. an·da
(adv.) ‘dabei?: dans: in’
(DLL. 28)
(CLu. (a-)an-da, a-an-ta)
1. PIE *on·dɦɑe
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *on·dɦɑa
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. on·dɦɑa
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *on·dɦa
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. on·dɦa
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *an·dɦa
4. an·dɦa
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. an·da
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *on·dɦɑe
HLu. an·da
(prep.) ‘in’
(CHLu. 1.1.12)
(HLu. a-ta)
1. PIE *on·dɦɑe
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *on·dɦɑa
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. on·dɦɑa
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *on·dɦa
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. on·dɦa
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *an·dɦa
4. an·dɦa
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. an·da
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *on·dɦɑe
Pal. an·da
(ptcl.) ‘hinein: into’
(HHand. 17)
(Pal. a-an-ta)
1. PIE *on·dɦɑe
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *on·dɦɑa
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. on·dɦɑa
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *on·dɦa
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. on·dɦa
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *an·dɦa
4. an·dɦa
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Pal. an·da
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *·on
OHitt. ·an
(loc.ptcl.) ‘von außen nach innen’
(HEG A:24)
1. PIE *·on
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OHitt. ·an
PIE *on·Σ
OCS. on·ušta
(f.) ‘Sandale: Schuhwerk’
(Sadnik √625+1035)
1. PIE *on·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *an·Σ
2. an·Σ
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → OCS. on·Σ
PIE *on·Σ
OCS. ǫ·dolь
(f.) ‘Tal’
(Sadnik √625+157)
1. PIE *on·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *an·Σ
2. an·Σ
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → OCS. on·Σ
PIE *on·Σ
OCS. ǫ·troba
(f.) ‘Mutter-, Unterleib, das Innere; κοιλία’
(Sadnik √625)
1. PIE *on·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *an·Σ
2. an·Σ
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → OCS. on·Σ
PIE *on·Σ
OCS. ǫ·trь
(adv.) ‘εἴσω: innen, herein, innerlich’
(Sadnik √625)
1. PIE *on·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *an·Σ
2. an·Σ
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → OCS. on·Σ


PIE √nɑhku- √nɑɦgu- (vb.) ‘biegen, krümmen, neigen’ (sb.) ‘Kuppe, Schlucht’
(IEW 754)
(Pyysalo: LAv. + OCS. + Gr.)
√nɑhku-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *néɑhku̯ēɑh-
Att. νάπη-
(f.) ‘waldiger Talgrund, Schlucht’
(GEW 2:288)
1. PIE *néɑhku̯ēɑh-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *náɑhku̯ēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. náɑhku̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *náɑhku̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. náɑhku̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *náhku̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. náhku̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *náku̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. náku̯ā-
*ku/u̯ → p
Bilabialization of labiovelar q into p
RkU›p → *nápā-
6. nápā-
ā –> ē (Att)
Attican change of ā –› ē
Rā›ēAtt → *nápē-
7. nápē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Att. νάπη-
PIE *Π·neɑhku̯otu̯o-
LAv. tīrō·nakaϑwa-
(PN.m.) ‘EN eines Gläubigen’
(AIWb. 651)
(LAv. tīrō.nakaϑwa-)
1. PIE *Π·neɑhku̯otu̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·naɑhku̯otu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·naɑhku̯otu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·nahku̯otu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·nahku̯otu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·nahku̯atu̯a-
4. Π·nahku̯atu̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·naku̯atu̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·naku̯atu̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·nakatu̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·nakatu̯a-
*tR → ϑR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
RtR›ϑR → *Π·nakaϑu̯a-
7. Π·nakaϑu̯a-
*ϑu̯ → ϑw
Affricativisation of *u̯ after dental fricative ϑ
Rϑu̯›ϑw → LAv. Π·nakaϑwa-
PIE *nṓɑhku̯o-
RV. nā́ka-
(n.) ‘Himmelsgewölbe, Himmelskuppe, Himmel’
(WbRV. 721)
1. PIE *nṓɑhku̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nṓhku̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. nṓhku̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nṓhku̯a-
3. nṓhku̯a-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *nā́hku̯a-
4. nā́hku̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *nā́ku̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. nā́ku̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → RV. nā́ka-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
PIE *Π·nōɑhku̯o
OCS. vŭz·nakŭ-
(a.) ‘zurückgeneigt, rücklings’
(Sadnik √566)
1. PIE *Π·nōɑhku̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·nōhku̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·nōhku̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·nōhku̯a
3. Π·nōhku̯a
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·nāhku̯a
4. Π·nāhku̯a
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·nāku̯a
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·nāku̯a
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·nāka
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·nāka
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·nāko
7. Π·nāko
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *Π·nāku
8. Π·nāku
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *Π·naku
9. Π·naku
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. Π·nakŭ
PIE *Π·nōɑhku̯o-
LAv. uz·nāka-
(PN.m.) ‘EN eines Gläubigen’
(AIWb. 408)
(LAv. usnāka-)
1. PIE *Π·nōɑhku̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·nōhku̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·nōhku̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·nōhku̯a-
3. Π·nōhku̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·nāhku̯a-
4. Π·nāhku̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·nāku̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·nāku̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → LAv. Π·nāka-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
PIE *Π·nṓɑhku̯ēɑh-
RV. ropa·nā́kā-
(PN.m.) ‘Drossel’ (Sāy.); lit. ‘Fuchs+Himmel’
(WbRV. 1186)
1. PIE *Π·nṓɑhku̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·nṓɑhku̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·nṓɑhku̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·nṓhku̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·nṓhku̯āh-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *Π·nā́hku̯āh-
4. Π·nā́hku̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·nā́ku̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·nā́ku̯ā-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → RV. Π·nā́kā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
PIE *nenṓɑhku̯ē-
Gr. νενώπη-
(pf.) ‘= τεταπείνωται’
(GEW 2:600)
1. PIE *nenṓɑhku̯ē-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nenṓhku̯ē-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. nenṓhku̯ē-
*ku/u̯ → t
Palatalization of labiovelar *ku/u̯
RkU›tFr → *nenṓhtē-
3. nenṓhtē-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *nenṓtē-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. nenṓtē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. νενώτη-
PIE *pronōɑhku̯ḗs-
Gr. προνωπήσ-
(a.) ‘vorwärts gebeugt, geneigt’
(GEW 2:600)
(DELG 941)
1. PIE *pronōɑhku̯ḗs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pronōhku̯ḗs-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pronōhku̯ḗs-
*ku/u̯ → t
Palatalization of labiovelar *ku/u̯
RkU›tFr → *pronōhtḗs-
3. pronōhtḗs-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pronōtḗs-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pronōtḗs-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. προνωτήσ-


PIE √ni- (vb.) ‘Getreide durch Schwingen reinigen, worfeln, schwingen’
(IEW 761)
(Pyysalo 2014:56-7: CLu.)
√ni-
(Pyysalo 2014:56-7)
PIE *noni-
CLu. nani-
(GKLvb.?) ‘‹winnow›’ (HHand. 110, HEG N:273)
(DLL. 74)
(CLu. [na]m-ma DINGIRLUM fdu-ut-tari-ia-ti-iš GKLna-ni-ti [3sg] gán-ga-ti-ti [sgI])
1. PIE *noni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. nani-
√neihɑk-
(IEW 761)
PIE *neihɑkḗɑh-
Lith. niekó-
(vb.) ‘(Getreide) schwingen, worfeln’
(LiEtWb. 502)
1. PIE *neihɑkḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *neihɑkā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. neihɑkā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *neihkā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. neihkā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *neikā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. neikā́-
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *neikṓ-
(XX:XX)
5. neikṓ-
*ei -> ie
Change of *ei into ie
Rei›ie → *niekṓ-
6. niekṓ-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → Lith. niekó-
PIE *neihɑkḗɑh-
Latv. niẽkâ-
(vb.) ‘Grütze in einer Mulde schwingen’
(GEW 2:123)
(‹Latv. iẽ → PIE *eihɑ›)
1. PIE *neihɑkḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *neihɑkā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. neihɑkā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *neihkā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. neihkā́h-
*ā́H → âH
Latvian tone rule for *ā́h
RAccLatv3 → *neihkâh-
4. neihkâh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *neikâ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. neikâ-
*ei -> ie
Change of *ei into ie
Rei›ie → Latv. niekâ-
PIE *neíhɑklo-
Gr. νείκλο-
(n.) ‘Getreideschwinge’
(GEW 2:123)
(Gr. νεῖκλο-)
1. PIE *neíhɑklo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *neíhklo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. neíhklo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *neíklo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. neíklo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. νείκλο-
√nihɑk-
PIE *nihɑkéɑhi̯o-
Gr. νικάο-
(pr.) ‘Getreide schwingen, worfeln’
(GEW 2:123)
(Gr. νικάω)
1. PIE *nihɑkéɑhi̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *nihɑkáɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. nihɑkáɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nihkáhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nihkáhi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *nikái̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. nikái̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *nikáo-
5. nikáo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. νικάο-
PIE *níhɑklo-
Gr. νίκλο-
(n.) ‘Getreideschwinge’
(GEW 2:123)
(Gr. νίκλο-)
1. PIE *níhɑklo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *níhklo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. níhklo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *níklo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. níklo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. νίκλο-
PIE *Π·nihɑkto
OIr. cruith·necht-
(f.) ‘wheat: Weizen’
(DIL. 162)
(LEIA C-254f.)
1. PIE *Π·nihɑkto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·nihkto
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·nihkto
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·nikto
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·nikto
kt → kht
Lenition of voiceless stop *k
Rkt›kht → *Π·nikhto
4. Π·nikhto
*iCo → eCo
Lowering of *i into e
Rikhto›ekhto → *Π·nekhto
5. Π·nekhto
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr → *Π·nekht
6. Π·nekht
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → OIr. Π·necht
PIE *Π·nihɑkto
Cymr. gwe·nith-
(m.) ‘wheat: Weizen’
(GPC 1, 3099)
1. PIE *Π·nihɑkto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·nihkto
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·nihkto
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·nikto
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·nikto
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → *Π·nikt
4. Π·nikt
*kt → th
Loss of k before t and lenition
Rkt›th → Cymr. Π·nith
PIE *Π·nihɑkto
Corn. gwa·neth-
(n.) ‘froment: Weizen’
(LEIA C-255)
1. PIE *Π·nihɑkto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·nihkto
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·nihkto
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·nikto
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·nikto
ikto -› ekto
Umlaut of ikto into ekto
Rikto›ekto → *Π·nekto
4. Π·nekto
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → *Π·nekt
5. Π·nekt
*kt → th
Loss of k before t and lenition
Rkt›th → Corn. Π·neth
PIE *nihɑkti-
Cymr. nithi-
(m./f.) ‘winnow, sift’
(GPC 2, 4655)
(Cymr. nithiaf)
1. PIE *nihɑkti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nihkti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. nihkti-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *nikti-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. nikti-
*kt → th
Loss of k before t and lenition
Rkt›th → Cymr. nithi-
PIE *nihɑktēɑh-
Bret. niza-
(vb.) ‘worfeln: vanner le grain’
(LEIA C-255)
1. PIE *nihɑktēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *nihɑktāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. nihɑktāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nihktāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nihktāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *niktā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. niktā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *nikta-
5. nikta-
*kt → z
Loss of k before t and lenition
Rkt›z → Bret. niza-


PIE √ni- √oni- √eni- (dem.pron.) ‘jener’
(IEW 281)
(Hrozný 1917:135; Pyysalo: Gr.)
√oni-
(HEG A:29)
(HW2 A:81, HIL. 209-10)
PIE *o·ni-
Hitt. a·ni-
(dem.pron.) ‘jener: [IŠ-TU AN-NI-I]Š: GÚ.R[I.TA]’
(HEG A:29-30)
(Hitt. an-ni-iš KBo 1.42 iii 33)
1. PIE *o·ni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. a·ni-
PIE *o·ni·son
Hitt. a·ni·šan
(adv.) ‘früher, einst’
(HEG A:31)
1. PIE *o·ni·son
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·ni·san
2. a·ni·san
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. a·ni·šan
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√eni-
PIE *e·ni-
Hitt. e·ni-
(dem.pron.) ‘that one’
(HEG E:106-7)
(HiuA §54, e-ni-iš, e-ni, e-ni-uš)
PIE *e·ni·son
Hitt. e·ni·šan
(adv.) ‘thus, as stated’
(HIL. 260-1)
(Hitt. e-ni-iš-ša-an)
1. PIE *e·ni·son
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *e·ni·san
2. e·ni·san
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. e·ni·šan
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ni-
PIE *ní-
Gr. νί-
(dem.pron.) ‘eum, eam, id; se’
(GEW 2:241)
(Gr. νίν [sgA])
1. PIE *ní-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. νί-


PIE √ni- √noi- √nei- (sb.) ‘Acker, Feld, Flur, Weide, Nahrung’
(IEW 313)
(Pyysalo: CLu.)
√nei-
PIE *nei̯ó-
Gr. νεό-
(f.) ‘Feld, Flur: fallowland’
(GEW 2:297-8)
(Od. νεός)
1. PIE *nei̯ó-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *neó-
2. neó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. νεό-
√noimo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *noimo-
CLu. naima-
(pt.) ‘‹pasture(land)?, graze?, food?›’
(DLL. 73)
(CLu. parḫaddu na-im-ma-an-za [plD])
1. PIE *noimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. naima-
PIE *Π·noimo-
CLu. ḫu̯i·naima-
(sb.) ‘‹blood/life·pasture/food, i.e. ambrosia?›’
(DLL. 46)
(CLu. (the gods) take (lalanti) ḫu-u-i-na-i-ma-an, but you feed yourself, KUB ix 31 Vs. ii 30-32)
1. PIE *Π·noimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. Π·naima-
√neiuo-
PIE *neiu̯ó-
Gr. νειό-
(f.) ‘Feld, Flur: fallowland’
(GEW 2:297-8)
(Il. νειός)
1. PIE *neiu̯ó-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *neió-
2. neió-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. νειό-


PIE √nik- (vb.) ‘ergreifen, erheben, entstehen, keimen’
(IEW 761 [diff.])
(LIV2:451; Benveniste 1954:40; Meiser 1986:85-7)
√nik-
(CHD N:438f.)
(Benveniste 1954:40)
PIE *ni·nik-
Hitt. ni·nik-
(vb.) ‘(auf)heben (Truppen); aufbrechen (Siegel)’
(HIL. 700)
(Hitt. ni-ni-kán-zi [3pl] ‹note -k- against Sturtevant’s law›)
PIE *Π·neiko-
OCS. vŭz·niko-
(pr.) ‘sich aufrichten’
(Sadnik √577)
(OCS. vŭznikǫ [1sg])
1. PIE *Π·neiko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·neika-
2. Π·neika-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·neiko-
3. Π·neiko-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *Π·nīko-
4. Π·nīko-
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → OCS. Π·niko-
PIE *Π·neiknun
OCS. vŭz·niknǫ-
(vb.) ‘emporspriessen, sich emporrichten, nüchtern’
(Sadnik √577)
(OCS. vŭzniknǫti [inf.])
1. PIE *Π·neiknun
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *Π·nīknun
2. Π·nīknun
*-un → -ǫ
Emergence of nasal vowel ǫ
Run›ǫ → *Π·nīknǫ
3. Π·nīknǫ
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → OCS. Π·niknǫ
PIE *Π·neiknun
Pol. wz·nikną-
(vb.) ‘zum Vorschein kommen, sich erheben’
(LiEtWb. 503)
1. PIE *Π·neiknun
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *Π·nīknun
2. Π·nīknun
*-un → -ǫ
Emergence of nasal vowel ǫ
Run›ǫ → *Π·nīknǫ
3. Π·nīknǫ
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → *Π·niknǫ
4. Π·niknǫ
*ǫ → ą
Change of *ǫ into ą
Rǫ›ą → Pol. Π·nikną
√nink-
(IEW 761)
(LIV2:451 + AC:53)
PIE *nink-
Umbr. ninc-
(vb.) ‘ergreifen’
(Meiser 1986:85-87)
(Umbr. ninctu [ipv3sg])
1. PIE *nink-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Umbr. ninc-
PIE *ninkeisor-
Hitt. ninkeišar-
(n.) ‘Erhöhung, Erhebung’
(HEG N:330)
1. PIE *ninkeisor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ninkeisar-
2. ninkeisar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ninkeišar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ninink-
PIE *ni·nink-
Hitt. ni·nink-
(vb.1.A.) ‘in Bewegung setzen, antreiben, bewegen’
(HEG N:328)
(Hitt. ni-ni-ik-[ta], ni-ni-in-kán-[du], ni-ni-in-ku-un)
PIE *ni·nink-
Hitt. ni·nink-
(vb.M.) ‘sich aufrüherisch benehmen, sich erheben’
(HEG N:328)
(Hitt. ni-ni-ik-ta-ri)
PIE *ni·nink-
Hitt. ni·nink-
(vb.1.A.) ‘(Truppen, auf)heben; Siegel aufbrechen’
(HHand. 113)
(Hitt. ni-ni-ik-mi, ni-ni-in-kán-zi)
PIE *ni·nink-
Hitt. ni·nink-
(vb.1.M.) ‘sich aufheben’
(HHand. 113)
PIE *Π·ni·nink-
Hitt. pedi ni·nink-
(vb.1.M.) ‘vom Ort wegnehmen’
(HHand. 113)
PIE *Π·ni·nink-
Hitt. šer arḫa ni·nink-
(vb.1.M.) ‘(Totengeister) aufstören’
(HHand. 113)
PIE *ni·ninkont-
Hitt. ni·ninkant-
(pt.) ‘ausgerissen, ausgefranst’
(HHand. 113)
(Hitt. ni-ni-in-kán-t-)
1. PIE *ni·ninkont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ni·ninkant-
PIE *ni·ninkont-
Hitt. ni·ninkant-
(a.) ‘schwierig?’ ‹with MU.KAMḪI.A›
(HHand. 113)
1. PIE *ni·ninkont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ni·ninkant-
PIE *ni·ninkont-
Hitt. ni·ninkant-
(pt.) ‘erhöht’
(HEG N:330)
(Hitt. ni-ni-in-kán)
1. PIE *ni·ninkont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ni·ninkant-
PIE *ni·ninkeiski̯o-
Hitt. ni·ninkeiška-
(iter.) ‘(Truppen) aufbieten’
(HEG N:330)
(Hitt. nu-uš-ši 1 ME ÉRINMEŠ ni-ni-in-ki-iš-kán-du)
1. PIE *ni·ninkeiski̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ni·ninkeisḱo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ni·ninkeisḱo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ni·ninkeisḱa-
3. ni·ninkeisḱa-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ni·ninkeiska-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ni·ninkeiska-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ni·ninkeiška-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ni·ninkeisor-
Hitt. ni·ninkeišar-
(n.) ‘Erhöhung, Erhebung’ (HIL. 700)
(HEG N:330)
(Hitt. ni-ni-in-ke-eš-šar-za [in a broken context])
1. PIE *ni·ninkeisor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ni·ninkeisar-
2. ni·ninkeisar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ni·ninkeišar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ni·ninku̯o-
Hitt. ni·ninku̯a-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘(Truppen) aufbieten’
(HEG N:330)
(Hitt. na-an-kán A-NA ÉRIN ŠA KU[(R) UGUTI)] [ni]-ni-in-ku-u-an-zi ú-e-ri-at)
1. PIE *ni·ninku̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ni·ninku̯a-
PIE *ni·ninku̯o-
Hitt. ni·ninku̯a-
(n.) ‘Aushebung’ (HIL. 700)
(HEG N:330)
(Hitt. ŠA ANŠE.KU]R.RAMEŠ ni-ni-in-ku-ua-aš[(-)... [vb.sb.sgG])
1. PIE *ni·ninku̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ni·ninku̯a-


PIE √neiol- √neiel- (vb.) ‘hängen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Lat.)
√neio/el-
(Pyysalo)
(CHD N:437-8, HEG N:309; to Hitt. nei- ‘wenden’, HEG N:253-7)
PIE *ni·nei̯ol-
Hitt. ninei̯al-
(GIŠn.) ‘Wiege: cradle’
(HEG N:327-8)
(Hitt. ni-ni-ia-al, ni-ni-ia-al-li, ni-ni-ia-la-aš)
1. PIE *ni·nei̯ol-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ni·nei̯al-
PIE *no·nei̯olēɑh-
OLat. no·neolā-
(f.) ‘papillae, quae ex faucibus caprārum dēpendent’
(WH. 2:175)
1. PIE *no·nei̯olēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *no·nei̯olāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. no·nei̯olāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *no·nei̯olāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. no·nei̯olāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *no·nei̯olā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. no·nei̯olā-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
Rei̯o›eo → OLat. no·neolā-
PIE *nei̯elont-
Hitt. nei̯elant-
(a.) ‘angehängt (um den Hals)’
(HEG N:309)
(Hitt. ne-e-la-an [NA]; against Eichner 1975:157-161)
1. PIE *nei̯elont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. nei̯elant-


PIE √nin- (a.) ‘liquid’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√nin-
(Pyysalo 2014:58-59)
PIE *nin-
Hitt. nin-
(vb.) ‘quench one’s thirst, drink one's fill, get drunk’
(HIL. 701)
(Hitt. ni-in-zi [3sg])
PIE *nino
OIr. nin-
(sb.) ‘cloud, wave’
(DIL. 477-478)
(OIr. nin, LEIA N-4)
1. PIE *nino
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr → OIr. nin
√ninɑh-
PIE *ninēɑhko
OIr. ninach-
(a.) ‘cloudy’
(DIL. 478)
(LEIA N-4)
1. PIE *ninēɑhko
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *nināɑhko
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. nināɑhko
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nināhko
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nināhko
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *nināko
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. nināko
VkV → VkhV
Lenition of voiceless stop *k
Rk›kh → *ninākho
5. ninākho
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *ninakho
6. ninakho
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr → *ninakh
7. ninakh
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → OIr. ninach
√ningɑɦ-
(CHD N:443f.)
PIE *ningɑɦ-
Hitt. ning-
(vb.1.A.) ‘sich satt trinken, sich betrinken’
(HHand. 113)
(Hitt. ni-ik, ni-ik-zi, ni-in-kán-zi)
1. PIE *ningɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ningɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ningɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ning-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ningɑɦo-
Hitt. ninga-
(d.) ‘-(?)-’ ‹cf. GhR. 295, Riemschneider 1970:44 n. 43›
(OHP. 1:340)
(Hitt. ni-in-ga-aš, nin-ga-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *ningɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ningɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ningɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ningɦa-
3. ningɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ninga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ningɑɦont-
Hitt. ningant-
(pt.) ‘sich satt trinken, sich betrinken’
(HIL. 701-2)
(Hitt. ni-in-kán-t-, SHV 143)
1. PIE *ningɑɦont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ningɦont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ningɦont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ningɦant-
3. ningɦant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ningant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ningɑɦonu-
Hitt. ninganu-
(cs.) ‘make drink to satisfaction, drench’
(HIL. 701)
(Hitt. ni-in-ga-nu-ua-an-zi, [n]i-in-ga-nu-nu-u[n] [1sg])
1. PIE *ningɑɦonu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ningɦonu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ningɦonu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ningɦanu-
3. ningɦanu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ninganu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *espɑhi·ningɑɦodɑɦor-
Hitt. ešpi·ningadar-
(n.) ‘satiation of hunger and thirst’
(HIL. 468)
(Hitt. išpiningadar-)
1. PIE *espɑhi·ningɑɦodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *esphi·ningɦodɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. esphi·ningɦodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *esphi·ningɦadɦar-
3. esphi·ningɦadɦar-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *espi·ningɦadɦar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. espi·ningɦadɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *espi·ningadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. espi·ningadar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ešpi·ningadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ningɑhi-
PIE *ningɑɦei-
Hitt. ningei-
(vb.) ‘quench one’s thirst, drink full, get drunk’
(HIL. 701)
(Hitt. ni-in-ki [ipv2sg], ni-in-ki-iḫ-ḫ[u-ut] [2sg])
1. PIE *ningɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ningɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ningɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ningei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ninbɑɦ-
(IEW 316 [diff.])
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ninbɑɦo
OIr. nimb-
(sb.) ‘cloud, a drop’
(DIL. 478)
(LEIA N-17)
1. PIE *ninbɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ninbɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ninbɦo
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *ninbo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ninbo
*nb → mb
Change of *n into m before b
Rnb›mb → *nimbo
4. nimbo
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr → OIr. nimb
PIE *ninbɑɦo-
Lat. nimbo-
(m.) ‘Sturz-, Sturmregen, Regenwolke’
(WH. 2:168)
(cf. Lat. membra for preservation of *e in Cemb-)
1. PIE *ninbɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ninbɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ninbɦo-
*bɦ → f
Affricativization of labial *bɦ
Rbɦ›f → *ninfo-
3. ninfo-
*nf → mf
Labialization of *n before f
Rnf›mf → *nimfo-
4. nimfo-
*f → b
Change of *f into b
Rf›b → Lat. nimbo-


PIE √neki- √noki- (a.) ‘wichtig, wert, lieb’ (sb.) ‘Ehre, Bedeutung, Kraft, Gott’
(IEW –)
(van Windekens: Toch.; Pyysalo: Hitt.; for the semantics, cf. Hitt. dašu-, Gr. θεός)
√nokii-
(HEG N:257-61)
(CHD N:364ff.)
PIE *noki̯i-
Hitt. naki-
(n.) ‘Ehre, Bedeutung, Kraft’
(HHand. 110)
(Hitt. na-ak-ki [NA], na-ak-ki-it [sgI])
1. PIE *noki̯i-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *noḱi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. noḱi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *naḱi-
3. naḱi-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → Hitt. naki-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
PIE *noki̯i-
Hitt. naki-
(vb.) ‘be honoured/important/difficult/an obstacle’
(HIL. 686)
(Hitt. na-ak-ke-ez-zi, HIL. 685-6)
1. PIE *noki̯i-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *noḱi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. noḱi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *naḱi-
3. naḱi-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → Hitt. naki-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
PIE *noki̯i-
Hitt. naki-
(a.) ‘wichtig, schwerwiegend, wert, lieb’
(HHand. 110)
(Hitt. na-ak-ki-iš, DUGUD, na-ak-ki-ia)
1. PIE *noki̯i-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *noḱi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. noḱi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *naḱi-
3. naḱi-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → Hitt. naki-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
PIE *nokii̯on-
Hitt. naki̯an-
(n.) ‘Schwere, Wichtigkeit, Ansehen’
(HIL. 685)
(Hitt. na-ak-ki-ia-an-ni)
1. PIE *nokii̯on-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *noḱi̯on-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. noḱi̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *naḱi̯an-
3. naḱi̯an-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → Hitt. naki̯an-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
√nekit-
(van Windekens apud GEW 2:300-1)
PIE *nekito-
TochB. ñäkta-
(m.) ‘Skt. deva-’
(DTochB. 263)
(TochB. ñäktetsä = Skt. devānām)
1. PIE *nekito-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *neḱto-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. neḱto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *neḱta-
3. neḱta-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *ni̯aḱta-
4. ni̯aḱta-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ni̯akta-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. ni̯akta-
*ni̯ → ñ
Palatalization of *n before i̯
Rni̯›ñ → TochB. ñakta-
PIE *nèkito
TochA. ñkät-
(m.) ‘Deus’ (f.) ‘Dea’
(Poucha 113)
(TochA. ñkät)
1. PIE *nèkito
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *nèḱto
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. nèḱto
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nèḱta
3. nèḱta
PIE *è → i̯ à
 Change of *è into i̯à
Rè›i̯à → *ni̯àḱta
4. ni̯àḱta
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ni̯àkta
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. ni̯àkta
*ni̯ → ñ
Palatalization of *n before i̯
Rni̯›ñ → *ñàkta
6. ñàkta
*a → Ø
Metathesis of kta- into kät-
R=kta›=kät → *ñàkät
7. ñàkät
*a → Ø
Loss of unaccented *a
Rà›0 → TochA. ñkät
PIE *Π·nèkito
TochA. ma·ñkät-
(f.) ‘Dea Luna’
(Poucha 113)
1. PIE *Π·nèkito
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *Π·nèḱto
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. Π·nèḱto
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·nèḱta
3. Π·nèḱta
PIE *è → i̯ à
 Change of *è into i̯à
Rè›i̯à → *Π·ni̯àḱta
4. Π·ni̯àḱta
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *Π·ni̯àkta
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. Π·ni̯àkta
*ni̯ → ñ
Palatalization of *n before i̯
Rni̯›ñ → *Π·ñàkta
6. Π·ñàkta
*a → Ø
Metathesis of kta- into kät-
R=kta›=kät → *Π·ñàkät
7. Π·ñàkät
*a → Ø
Loss of unaccented *a
Rà›0 → TochA. Π·ñkät
PIE *nékit.hɑer-
Gr. νέκτ.αρ-
(n.) ‘Göttertränk’
(GEW 2:300)
(Gr. νέκταρ, νέκταρος)
1. PIE *nékit.hɑer-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *nékit.hɑar-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. nékit.hɑar-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nékit.har-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nékit.har-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *néḱt.har-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. néḱt.har-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *néḱt.ar-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. néḱt.ar-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *nékt.ar-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. nékt.ar-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. νέκτ.αρ-
PIE *nekit.hɑérei̯o-
Gr. νεκτ.άρεο-
(a.) ‘aus N., wie N. duftend’
(GEW 2:300)
(Gr. νεκτάρεος)
1. PIE *nekit.hɑérei̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *nekit.hɑárei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. nekit.hɑárei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nekit.hárei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nekit.hárei̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *neḱt.hárei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. neḱt.hárei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *neḱt.árei̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. neḱt.árei̯o-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *nekt.árei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. nekt.árei̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *nekt.áreo-
7. nekt.áreo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. νεκτ.άρεο-
PIE *nekit.hɑérii̯o-
Gr. νεκτ.άριο-
(n.) ‘Pflanzenname: ἑλένιον’
(GEW 2:300-1)
(Gr. νεκτάριον)
1. PIE *nekit.hɑérii̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *nekit.hɑárii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. nekit.hɑárii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nekit.hárii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nekit.hárii̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *neḱt.hárii̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. neḱt.hárii̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *neḱt.árii̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. neḱt.árii̯o-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *nekt.árii̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. nekt.árii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *nekt.ário-
7. nekt.ário-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. νεκτ.άριο-


PIE √nki- √noki- √neki- (sb.) ‘Untergang’
(IEW 762)
(LIV2:451-2; Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)
√neki-
PIE *neki-
Lat. nec-
(f.) ‘gewaltsamer Tod, Mord’
(WH. 2:153-5)
(Lat. nex, necis)
1. PIE *neki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *neḱ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. neḱ-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *nek-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. nek-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. nec-
PIE *néki-
Gr. νέκ-
(m.) ‘corpse’
(GEW 2:299-300)
(Hes. νέκες· νεκροί [plN])
1. PIE *néki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *néḱ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. néḱ-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *nék-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. nék-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. νέκ-
PIE *neki-
OInd. naś-
(f.) ‘Verderben’ (AiGr. 2/2:14)
(KEWA 2:146)
(Gaṇ. naś-)
1. PIE *neki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *neć-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. neć-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → *neś-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. neś-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → OInd. naś-
PIE *Π·neki-
OInd. jīva·naś-
(a.) ‘Opfer, wobei lebende Wesen getötet werden’
(KEWA 2:146)
(Pāṇ. jīva·naś-)
1. PIE *Π·neki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *Π·neć-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. Π·neć-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → *Π·neś-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·neś-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → OInd. Π·naś-
PIE *neki·Σ
Gr. νεκ·άδ-
(f.) ‘Leichenhaufe’
(GEW 2:299-300)
(see δεκάδ-, νιφάδ- for the suffix)
1. PIE *neki·Σ
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *neḱ·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. neḱ·Σ
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *nek·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. nek·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. νεκ·Σ
PIE *Π·neki-
OInd. vi (...) naś-
(vb.) ‘verlorengehen’
(EWA 2:29)
(Ved. vyanaśat [conj3sg])
1. PIE *Π·neki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *Π·neć-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. Π·neć-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → *Π·neś-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·neś-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → OInd. Π·naś-
√nо̄ki- √nēki-
PIE *nenēki-
RV. nanāś-
(pf.) ‘verschwinden, sich davon machen’
(WbRV. 717-8)
(RV. nanāśa [3sg])
1. PIE *nenēki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *nenēć-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. nenēć-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → *nenēś-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. nenēś-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *nanēś-
4. nanēś-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → RV. nanāś-
PIE *Π·nenēki-
gAv. vi·nǝnās-
(pf.) ‘dem Untergang verfallen sein’
(AIWb. 1055-6)
(gAv. vi.nǝnāsā [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·nenēki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *Π·nenēć-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. Π·nenēć-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *Π·nenēs-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
3. Π·nenēs-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·nanēs-
4. Π·nanēs-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → gAv. Π·nanās-
PIE *nṓki.hɑer-
Gr. νώκ.αρ-
(n.) ‘Totenschlaf’
(GEW 2:299-300)
(Gr. νῶκαρ, νῶκαρος)
1. PIE *nṓki.hɑer-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *nṓki.hɑar-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. nṓki.hɑar-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nṓki.har-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nṓki.har-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *nṓḱ.har-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. nṓḱ.har-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *nṓḱ.ar-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. nṓḱ.ar-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *nṓk.ar-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. nṓk.ar-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. νώκ.αρ-
√nokii- √nekii-
(SPIE 123)
PIE *noki̯eiu̯-
Hitt. nakeiu̯-
(GNc.) ‘Art Unterweltsgottheit’
(HEG N:261-2)
1. PIE *noki̯eiu̯-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *noḱeiu̯-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. noḱeiu̯-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *naḱeiu̯-
3. naḱeiu̯-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → Hitt. nakeiu̯-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
PIE *noki̯eiu̯o-
Lat. nocīuo-
(a.) ‘schädlich’
(WH. 2:153)
1. PIE *noki̯eiu̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *noḱeiu̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. noḱeiu̯o-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *nokeiu̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. nokeiu̯o-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *nokīu̯o-
4. nokīu̯o-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *nocīu̯o-
5. nocīu̯o-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. nocīuo-
PIE *Π·neki̯eiu̯o-
Lat. inter·necīuo-
(a.) ‘mörderisch, tödlich’
(WH. 2:153)
1. PIE *Π·neki̯eiu̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *Π·neḱeiu̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. Π·neḱeiu̯o-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *Π·nekeiu̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·nekeiu̯o-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *Π·nekīu̯o-
4. Π·nekīu̯o-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *Π·necīu̯o-
5. Π·necīu̯o-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. Π·necīuo-


PIE √negiɑɦ- √nogiɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Heimat’ (vb.) ‘heimkehren, gerettet werden, genesen’
(IEW 776-7)
(Pyysalo: Anat. + IE)
√nogiɑɦo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *po·nogi̯ɑɦo-
Pal. pa·naga-
(vb.) ‘zurückkommen(d)?’
(HHand. 118)
(Pal. pa-na-a-ga-an-zi [3pl] or [pt.?], see BPal. 7, DPal. 66)
1. PIE *po·nogi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *po·nogi̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. po·nogi̯ɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *po·noǵɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. po·noǵɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pa·naǵɦa-
4. pa·naǵɦa-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *pa·nagɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. pa·nagɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Pal. pa·naga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *po·nogi̯ɑɦo-
Kpd. pa·naga-
(LÚc.) ‘‹zurückkommend?›’
(NOMS. 926)
(Kpd. pá-na-ga ‹for the semantics cf. Nestor›)
1. PIE *po·nogi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *po·nogi̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. po·nogi̯ɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *po·noǵɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. po·noǵɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pa·naǵɦa-
4. pa·naǵɦa-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *pa·nagɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. pa·nagɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Kpd. pa·naga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√nogiɑhiɑh-
(OCS. √nez- √noz- thus not a Germanic loan)
PIE *gɑɦo·nogi̯ɑɦiɑ́h-
OCS. go·nozi-
(vb.) ‘retten’
(Sadnik √239)
(REW 1:292)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·nogi̯ɑɦiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *gɑɦo·nogi̯ɑɦiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. gɑɦo·nogi̯ɑɦiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·nogi̯ɦiíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦo·nogi̯ɦiíh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *gɦo·noj́ɦiíh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. gɦo·noj́ɦiíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦa·naj́ɦiíh-
5. gɦa·naj́ɦiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦa·naj́ɦií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. gɦa·naj́ɦií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *gɦa·naj́ɦī́-
7. gɦa·naj́ɦī́-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *gɦa·nazɦī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
8. gɦa·nazɦī́-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *ga·nazɦī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
9. ga·nazɦī́-
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *ga·nazī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
10. ga·nazī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *go·nozī́-
11. go·nozī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *go·nozí-
12. go·nozí-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → OCS. go·nozi-
PIE *gɑɦo·nōgi̯ɑɦi̯ēɑh-
OCS. go·naža-
(vb.) ‘erlösen, befreien’
(Sadnik √239)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·nōgi̯ɑɦi̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦo·nōgi̯ɑɦi̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦo·nōgi̯ɑɦi̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·nōgi̯ɦi̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦo·nōgi̯ɦi̯āh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *gɦo·nōj́ɦi̯āh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. gɦo·nōj́ɦi̯āh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦa·nōj́ɦi̯āh-
5. gɦa·nōj́ɦi̯āh-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *gɦa·nāj́ɦi̯āh-
6. gɦa·nāj́ɦi̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦa·nāj́ɦi̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. gɦa·nāj́ɦi̯ā-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *gɦa·nāzɦi̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
8. gɦa·nāzɦi̯ā-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *ga·nāzɦi̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
9. ga·nāzɦi̯ā-
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *ga·nāzi̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
10. ga·nāzi̯ā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *go·nāzi̯ā-
11. go·nāzi̯ā-
* zi̯ → ž
Change of zi̯ into ž
Rzi̯›ž → *go·nāžā-
12. go·nāžā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OCS. go·naža-
√negiɑh-
PIE *gɑɦo·negi̯ɑɦnun
OCS. go·neznǫ-
(vb.) ‘genesen, entgehen, sich retten, verborgen sein’
(Sadnik √239)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·negi̯ɑɦnun
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·negi̯ɦnun
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦo·negi̯ɦnun
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *gɦo·nej́ɦnun
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. gɦo·nej́ɦnun
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦa·nej́ɦnun
4. gɦa·nej́ɦnun
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *gɦa·nezɦnun
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. gɦa·nezɦnun
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *ga·nezɦnun
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ga·nezɦnun
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *ga·neznun
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. ga·neznun
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *go·neznun
8. go·neznun
*-un → -ǫ
Emergence of nasal vowel ǫ
Run›ǫ → OCS. go·neznǫ


PIE √nku- √noku- √neku- (sb.) ‘Schaden, Beschädigung, Verlust, Schuld, Sündenbock’ (vb.) ‘zu Grunde gehen’
(IEW 762)
(Laroche 1986:137-140: Lat.; Pyysalo: LAv.)
√noku-
PIE *noku-
Hitt. naku-
(c.) ‘Substitut, Stellvertreter, ritueller Sündenbock’
(HEG N:262-4)
(HIL. 686f., CHD N:374f.)
1. PIE *noku-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. naku-
√nokus-
(Laroche 1986:137-140)
(Not *noḱ- but *noku̯-, see LAv. below)
PIE *nokus-
Hitt. nakuš-
(n.) ‘Verlust, Schaden, Beschädigung, Schuld’
(HEG N:262-4)
(Hitt. na-ak-ku-uš)
1. PIE *nokus-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nakus-
2. nakus-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. nakuš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *nokusēɑh-
Lat. noxā-
(f.) ‘Schaden; Strafe’
(WH. 2:154)
1. PIE *nokusēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *nokusāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. nokusāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nokusāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nokusāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *nokusā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. nokusā-
* ku/u̯ → q
Emergence of labiovelar q
RkU›q → *noqsā-
5. noqsā-
*qs → ks
Delabialization of *q before s
Rqs›ks → *noksā-
6. noksā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *nocsā-
7. nocsā-
*cs → x
Orthographic change of cs into x
Rks›x → Lat. noxā-
PIE *nokusoɦɑid-
CLu. nakušaḫid-
(n.) ‘Funktion des Sündenträgers’
(DLL. 73)
1. PIE *nokusoɦɑid-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nokusoɦid-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. nokusoɦid-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nakusaɦid-
3. nakusaɦid-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *nakušaɦid-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. nakušaɦid-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. nakušaḫid-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *nokusi-
CLu. nakuši-
(c.) ‘Substitut, Stellvertreter, Sündenbock’
(HEG N:264)
1. PIE *nokusi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nakusi-
2. nakusi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. nakuši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *nokusei̯o-
Hitt. nakušei̯a-
(vb.) ‘Schuld übernehmen?’
(HEG N:266)
1. PIE *nokusei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nakusei̯a-
2. nakusei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. nakušei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *nokusou-
CLu. nakušau-
(vb.) ‘ein Substitut stellen’
(HHand. 110)
(CLu. na-ak-ku-uš-ša-a-u-un-ta [3pl])
1. PIE *nokusou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nakusau-
2. nakusau-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. nakušau-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√nekus-
PIE *nekuso-
Lat. nexo-
(n.) ‘Schuldhörigkeit’
(WH. 2:155)
(Lat. nexum)
1. PIE *nekuso-
* ku/u̯ → q
Emergence of labiovelar q
RkU›q → *neqso-
2. neqso-
*qs → ks
Delabialization of *q before s
Rqs›ks → *nekso-
3. nekso-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *necso-
4. necso-
*cs → x
Orthographic change of cs into x
Rks›x → Lat. nexo-
PIE *nekuso-
Lat. nexo-
(m.) ‘der in Schuldhaft Befindliche’
(WH. 2:155)
(Lat. nexus)
1. PIE *nekuso-
* ku/u̯ → q
Emergence of labiovelar q
RkU›q → *neqso-
2. neqso-
*qs → ks
Delabialization of *q before s
Rqs›ks → *nekso-
3. nekso-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *necso-
4. necso-
*cs → x
Orthographic change of cs into x
Rks›x → Lat. nexo-
PIE *nekusou-
Lat. nexū-
(m.) ‘Verschlingung, Schuldhörigkeit’
(WH. 2:155)
1. PIE *nekusou-
* ku/u̯ → q
Emergence of labiovelar q
RkU›q → *neqsou-
2. neqsou-
*qs → ks
Delabialization of *q before s
Rqs›ks → *neksou-
3. neksou-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *neksū-
4. neksū-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *necsū-
5. necsū-
*cs → x
Orthographic change of cs into x
Rks›x → Lat. nexū-
√nēkus- or √nōkus-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·nēkusto-
LAv. a·nāxšta-
(a.) ‘der nicht zu Grunde geht’
(AIWb. 122-3)
(LAv. mąϑrō spǝntō anāxštō anādruxtō)
1. PIE *Π·nēkusto-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *Π·nēkušto-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. Π·nēkušto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·nēkušta-
3. Π·nēkušta-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·nēkšta-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·nēkšta-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *Π·nākšta-
5. Π·nākšta-
PIE *kš → xš
Change of *k into x before *š
Rkš›xš → LAv. Π·nāxšta-


PIE √nku- √neku- √noku- (sb.) ‘Dunkel, Abend, Nacht’ (vb.) ‘dämmern’
(IEW 762-3)
(Hrozný 1917:69)
√neku-
PIE *neku-
Hitt. neku-
(vb.1.A.M.) ‘es wird dunkel/Abend, es dämmert’
(HEG N:302-7)
(Hitt. ne-ku-uz-zi, ne-ku-zi, ne-ku-ut-ta, ne-ku-ut-t[a-a]t, HHand. 112)
√noku-
PIE *noku·Σ
Hitt. naku·ri̯au̯ar-
(n.) ‘verspäten, sich aufhalten’
(HEG N:262)
(Hitt. me-ek-ki(-)ši na-ak-ku-ri-ia-u-ua-ar: Sum. UL4.GAL, Akd. ka-šu)
1. PIE *noku·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. naku·Σ
√nokus-
(CHD N:394-5)
PIE *nonokus-
Hitt. nanakuš-
(vb.1.A.) ‘dunkel werden/sein’
(HEG N:273)
(Hitt. na-na-ku-uš-[zi] [3sg])
1. PIE *nonokus-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nanakus-
2. nanakus-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. nanakuš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *nonokusei̯ont-
Hitt. nanakušei̯ant-
(pt.) ‘dunkel’
(HEG N:273)
(Hitt. [n]a-na-ku-uš-ši-ia-an)
1. PIE *nonokusei̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nanakusei̯ant-
2. nanakusei̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. nanakušei̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√nekut-
PIE *nekut-
Hitt. nekut-
(sb.) ‘Abend, Nacht’
(HEG N:302-7)
(Hitt. ne-ku-uz [sgG] me-ḫur ki-ša-ri)
√nokut-
PIE *nókut-
RV. nákt-
(f.) ‘Nacht’
(WbRV. 719)
(RV. ápa svásur uṣáṣas nág jihīte [RV. 7.72.1])
1. PIE *nókut-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *nákut-
2. nákut-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → RV. nákt-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
PIE *nokut-
Lith. nakt-
(f.) ‘Nacht’
(LiEtWb. 481)
(Lith. naktų̃ [plG])
1. PIE *nokut-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *nokt-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
2. nokt-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Lith. nakt-
PIE *nokut-
Lat. noct-
(f.) ‘Nacht’ (GEW 2:327f., 3:157f.)
(WH. 2:181-3)
(Lat. nox, noctis)
1. PIE *nokut-
* ku/u̯ → q
Emergence of labiovelar q
RkU›q → *noqt-
2. noqt-
q → qu
Orthographic change of q to qu
Rq›qu → Lat. noqut-


PIE √nbɑh- √nobɑɦ- √nebɑɦ- (vb.) ‘zerspalten’ (sb.) ‘Axt’
(IEW 758, LIV2:448)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + HLu. + IE)
√nebɑɦ-
(EWA 2:12-13, KEWA 2:133-4)
PIE *nébɑɦ-
RV. nábh-
(f.) ‘Zerspalter, Zerbrecher: Sāy.: hiṃsā’
(WbRV. 708)
1. PIE *nébɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nébɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. nébɦ-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *nábɦ-
3. nábɦ-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. nábh-
PIE *nébɑɦo-
RV. nábha-
(pr.) ‘bersten, zerspringen, enzweigehen’
(WbRV. 708)
1. PIE *nébɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nébɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. nébɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nébɦa-
3. nébɦa-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *nábɦa-
4. nábɦa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. nábha-
√nobɑɦ-
PIE *nobɑɦ·Σ
Hitt. nab·[...
(NA4.) ‘‹Hitt. na-ap[... = HLu. napari-?›’
(HEG N:275)
(Hitt. [2 MÁ.URU.U]RU5 Ga-aš-ga ŠÀ.BA 99 GIG.GAG.TAG 2 a-šu-ša-aš KÙ.BABBAR 1 NA4na-ap[...])
1. PIE *nobɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nobɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. nobɦ·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nabɦ·Σ
3. nabɦ·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. nab·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *nobɑɦori-
HLu. nabari-
(ASCIAsb.) ‘axe’
(CHLu. 2.6.3)
(HLu. ASCIA(-)na-pa-[ri]+i)
1. PIE *nobɑɦori-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nobɦori-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. nobɦori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nabɦari-
3. nabɦari-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. nabari-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√nbɑɦ-
PIE *nombɑɦei̯o-
OInd. nambhaya-
(cs.A.) ‘bersten lassen’
(LIV2:448)
(OInd. nambhayati)
1. PIE *nombɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nombɦei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. nombɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nambɦei̯a-
3. nambɦei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *nambɦai̯a-
4. nambɦai̯a-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *nambhai̯a-
5. nambhai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. nambhaya-


PIE √nbɑɦ- √nebɑɦ- √nobɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Nebel, Wolke, Himmel’
(IEW 315-6)
(WP. 1:131; Hrozný 1919:72n5; Kloekhorst HIL. 129)
√nōbɑɦ-
PIE *nṓbɑɦ-
RV. nā́bh-
(f.) ‘Quell’
(WbRV. 722)
(RV. cátasras nā́bhas níhitās avás divás, havís bharanti amŕ̥tam ghr̥taścútas; or *ē?)
1. PIE *nṓbɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nṓbɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. nṓbɦ-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *nā́bɦ-
3. nā́bɦ-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. nā́bh-
√nobɑɦ-
PIE *Π·nénobɑɦ-
Gr. ξυν·νένοφ-
(pf.) ‘wolkig sein’
(LSJ. 1719)
(Gr. ξυννένοφε ‘es ist wolkig’)
1. PIE *Π·nénobɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·nénobɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·nénobɦ-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *Π·nénoph-
3. Π·nénoph-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·νένοφ-
√nebɑɦo-
PIE *Π·nébɑɦo-
Gr. συν·νέφο-
(pr.) ‘sich umziehen’
(GEW 2:309)
(Gr. συννέφει ‘es zieht sich um’)
1. PIE *Π·nébɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·nébɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·nébɦo-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *Π·népho-
3. Π·népho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·νέφο-
PIE *Π·nébɑɦo-
Gr. ἐπι·νέφο-
(pr.) ‘es wird bewölkt’
(GEW 2:309)
(Gr. ἐπινέφει)
1. PIE *Π·nébɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·nébɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·nébɦo-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *Π·népho-
3. Π·népho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·νέφο-
√nebbɑɦel-
PIE *nebbɑɦélēɑh-
Gr. νεφέλη-
(f.) ‘Wolke, Gewölk’
(GEW 2:309)
(Gr. νεφέλη)
1. PIE *nebbɑɦélēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *nebbɑɦélāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. nebbɑɦélāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nebbɦélāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nebbɦélāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *nebbɦélā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. nebbɦélā-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *nebphélā-
5. nebphélā-
ā –> ē (Att)
Attican change of ā –› ē
Rā›ēAtt → *nebphélē-
6. nebphélē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. νεβφέλη-
√nebɑɦi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *nebɑɦi̯o-
Hitt. nebi̯a-
(c./n.?) ‘Sum. AN: Himmel’
(HEG N:310-5)
(Hitt. ne-pi-aš [sgG], HHand. 112)
1. PIE *nebɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nebɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. nebɦi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nebɦi̯a-
3. nebɦi̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. nebi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·nebɑɦi̯ó-
RV. abhi·nabhyá-
(n.) ‘Wolkennähe’
(WbRV. 84)
1. PIE *Π·nebɑɦi̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·nebɦi̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·nebɦi̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·nebɦi̯á-
3. Π·nebɦi̯á-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·nabɦi̯á-
4. Π·nabɦi̯á-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *Π·nabhi̯á-
5. Π·nabhi̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·nabhyá-
PIE *nebɑɦi̯o-
OInd. nabhya-
(a.) ‘cloudy, moist, foggy’
(MonWil. 528)
1. PIE *nebɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nebɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. nebɦi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nebɦi̯a-
3. nebɦi̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *nabɦi̯a-
4. nabɦi̯a-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *nabhi̯a-
5. nabhi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. nabhya-
√nebɑɦis-
(CHD N:448f.)
PIE *nebɑɦis-
Hitt. nebiš-
(n.) ‘Himmel: Sum. AN: Akd. šamū’
(HEG N:310-5)
(Hitt. ne-e-pí-iš [N], ne-pí-iš [L], ne-e-pí-ša [Dir])
1. PIE *nebɑɦis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nebɦis-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. nebɦis-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *nebis-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. nebis-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. nebiš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *nebɑɦiso-
Hitt. nebiša-
(c.) ‘Himmel’
(HEG N:310-5)
(Hitt. ne-pí-ša-an [sgA])
1. PIE *nebɑɦiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nebɦiso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. nebɦiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nebɦisa-
3. nebɦisa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *nebisa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. nebisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. nebiša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *nebɑɦison-
Hitt. nebišan-
(n.) ‘Himmel’
(HEG N:310-1)
(Hitt. ne-pí-ša-an [sgG], ne-pí-ša-an-na-az [sgAbl])
1. PIE *nebɑɦison-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nebɦison-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. nebɦison-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nebɦisan-
3. nebɦisan-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *nebisan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. nebisan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. nebišan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *nebɑɦisont-
Hitt. nebišant-
(c.) ‘Himmel (als handelndes Subjekt)’ (HHand. 112)
(HEG N:310-)
(Hitt. ne-pí-ša-an-za [sgN])
1. PIE *nebɑɦisont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nebɦisont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. nebɦisont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nebɦisant-
3. nebɦisant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *nebisant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. nebisant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. nebišant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√nebɑɦos-
(Kloekhorst HIL. 129)
PIE *nebɑɦos-
Hitt. nebaš-
(d.) ‘-(?)-’
(HIL. 698)
(in OAss. ni-pa-aš, HIL. 129, in OAss. Kültepe-texts with dAna-)
1. PIE *nebɑɦos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nebɦos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. nebɦos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nebɦas-
3. nebɦas-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *nebas-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. nebas-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. nebaš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *nébɑɦos-
RV. nábhas-
(n.) ‘Nass, Feuchtigkeit, Wasser, Wolke, Nebel’
(WbRV. 709)
(RV. nábhas)
1. PIE *nébɑɦos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nébɦos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. nébɦos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nébɦas-
3. nébɦas-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *nábɦas-
4. nábɦas-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. nábhas-
PIE *nebɑɦos-
gAv. nabah-
(n.pl) ‘Luftraum, Himmel’
(AIWb. 1040)
(gAv. nabåsčā [plA] [Y.44.4.])
1. PIE *nebɑɦos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nebɦos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. nebɦos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nebɦas-
3. nebɦas-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *nebɦah-
4. nebɦah-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *nebah-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. nebah-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → gAv. nabah-
PIE *nébɑɦos-
Gr. νέφοσ-
(n.) ‘Wolke, Nebel’
(GEW 2:313)
(Gr. νέφος, νέφεος, νέφους)
1. PIE *nébɑɦos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nébɦos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. nébɦos-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *néphos-
3. néphos-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. νέφοσ-
PIE *nebɑɦos
OCS. nebo-
(n.) ‘Himmel’
(Sadnik √570)
(OCS. nebo [sgNA])
1. PIE *nebɑɦos
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nebɦos
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. nebɦos
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nebɦas
3. nebɦas
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *nebas
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. nebas
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *nebos
5. nebos
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in -os (root-final)
Ros=›o= → OCS. nebo


PIE √nr- √nor- √ner- (sb.) ‘Lebenskraft’ (a.) ‘stark, kräftlich’ (vb.) ‘machen’
(IEW 765)
(Kretschmer 1928:79; not to Hitt. inara-)
√nori-
PIE *onori-
CLu. anari-
(c.) ‘Rüstigkeit, Lebenskraft’
(DLL. 26-27)
(HEG A:28)
1. PIE *onori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. anari-
PIE *onori-
CLu. anari-
(d.) ‘Rustigkeit, Lebenskraft’
(OHP. 1:30f.)
1. PIE *onori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. anari-
PIE *nōréi̯o-
Gr. νωρέο-
(vb.) ‘be in action, operate, effect, execute, etc.’
(GEW 2:331)
(in Hes. νωρει̃ · ἐνεργει̃)
1. PIE *nōréi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *nōréo-
2. nōréo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. νωρέο-
PIE *nóriHo-
RV. nária-
(a.) ‘stark, kräftlich’
(WbRV. 713-4)
(RV. nárias [N], náriam [A], KEWA 2:140)
1. PIE *nóriHo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nóriHa-
2. nóriHa-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *náriHa-
3. náriHa-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → RV. nári.a-
√noru-
PIE *onoru-
CLu. anaru-
(vb.) ‘stark sein’
(HEG A:28, 359ff.)
(in CLu. anaruminzi [pt.plN])
1. PIE *onoru-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. anaru-
PIE *nr̥u̯ét-
RV. nr̥vát
(adv.) ‘kräftig, tuchtig, reichlich’
(WbRV. 753)
1. PIE *nr̥u̯ét-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *nr̥u̯át-
2. nr̥u̯át-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. nr̥vát-
√norum-
PIE *onorumo·ɦɑid-
CLu. anaruma·ḫid-
(n.) ‘Kraft, Stärke: power, might’
(HHand2 16)
1. PIE *onorumo·ɦɑid-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *onorumo·ɦid-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. onorumo·ɦid-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *anaruma·ɦid-
3. anaruma·ɦid-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. anaruma·ḫid-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *onorumo·ɦɑidosi-
CLu. anaruma·ḫidaši-
(a.) ‘rüstig, stark, kräftig’
(HHand2 16)
1. PIE *onorumo·ɦɑidosi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *onorumo·ɦidosi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. onorumo·ɦidosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *anaruma·ɦidasi-
3. anaruma·ɦidasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *anaruma·ɦidaši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. anaruma·ɦidaši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. anaruma·ḫidaši-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *onorumi-
CLu. anarumi-
(pt.a.) ‘stark, kräftlich’
(HHand2 17)
(CLu. anaruminzi [plN])
1. PIE *onorumi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. anarumi-


PIE √ns- √ōns- √ēns- (vb.) ‘abwischen’ (cf. Hitt. u̯arš- ‘reap, harvest, wipe’) (sb.) ‘Schwert’
(IEW 771)
(SPIE 305: Hitt.; for the semantics, cf. OIcl. ver- ‘Schwert’)
√ōns-
(HED 1:74)
(SHV 436-7, HIL. 219-20, HEG A:33)
PIE *ōns-
Hitt. ānš-
(vb.) ‘abwischen’
(HEG A:33)
(Hitt. a-an-ši [3sg], a-an-aš-ta-at [3sg])
1. PIE *ōns-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *āns-
2. āns-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ānš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ōnsont-
Hitt. ānšant-
(pt.) ‘verwischt, abgewischt, glatt’
(HHand. 17)
(Hitt. a-an-ša-an-t-, an-ša-an-t-)
1. PIE *ōnsont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ōnsant-
2. ōnsant-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ānsant-
3. ānsant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ānšant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ōnso·Σ
Hitt. ānša·šibi-
(c.) ‘Leichnam’
(HEG A:33)
(‹suffix unclear›)
1. PIE *ōnso·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ōnsa·Σ
2. ōnsa·Σ
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ānsa·Σ
3. ānsa·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ānša·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ēnsi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ēnsi-
Lat. ēnsi-
(m.) ‘Schwert’
(WH. 2:406)
(Lat. ēnsis [sgN], ēnsis [sgG])
1. PIE *ēnsi-
*ēRC → eRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ēRC
RēRC›eRC → *ensi-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
2. ensi-
*ens → ēns
Lengthening of ens into ēns
Rens›ēns → Lat. ēnsi-
PIE *ēnsi·Σ
Lat. ēnsi·culo-
(m.dim.) ‘Schwertlein’
(WH. 2:406)
(Lat. ēnsiculus [sgN])
1. PIE *ēnsi·Σ
*ēRC → eRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ēRC
RēRC›eRC → *ensi·Σ
(SPIE §2.5.8)
2. ensi·Σ
*ens → ēns
Lengthening of ens into ēns
Rens›ēns → Lat. ēnsi·Σ
ōnsi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ōnsei̯o-
Hitt. ānšei̯a-
(vb.) ‘abwischen’
(EHS 507)
(Hitt. a-an-ši-an-zi, a-a[n]-ši-ia-an-zi)
1. PIE *ōnsei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ōnsei̯a-
2. ōnsei̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ānsei̯a-
3. ānsei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ānšei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ōnsigɑɦe/o-
Hitt. ānšige/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘(ab)wischen’
(HHand. 16)
(Hitt. a-an-ši-ke/a-)
1. PIE *ōnsigɑɦe/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ōnsigɦe/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ōnsigɦe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ōnsigɦe/a-
3. ōnsigɦe/a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ānsigɦe/a-
4. ānsigɦe/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ānsige/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ānsige/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ānšige/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ōnsi·ski̯e/o-
Hitt. ānši·ške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘(ab)wischen’
(HHand. 16)
1. PIE *ōnsi·ski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ōnsi·sḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ōnsi·sḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ōnsi·sḱe/a-
3. ōnsi·sḱe/a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ānsi·sḱe/a-
4. ānsi·sḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ānsi·ske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. ānsi·ske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ānši·ške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ōnski-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ōnski̯o-
OInd. āñcha-
(vb.A.) ‘zurechtzerren’
(AiGr. 1:15)
(OInd. āñchati [3sg])
1. PIE *ōnski̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ōnsćo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ōnsćo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ōnsća-
3. ōnsća-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ānsća-
4. ānsća-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → *ānsśa-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. ānsśa-
*sś → ch
Change of sś to ch
Rsś›ch → *āncha-
6. āncha-
*nch → ñch
Palatalization of nasal
Rnch›ñch → OInd. āñcha-
PIE *ōnski̯e/o-
Hitt. ānške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘(ab)wischen’
(HHand. 16)
(Hitt. a-an-aš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *ōnski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ōnsḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ōnsḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ōnsḱe/a-
3. ōnsḱe/a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ānsḱe/a-
4. ānsḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ānske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. ānske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ānške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √ns- √nes- √nos- (sb.) ‘URUneša- = Heimat’ (vb.) ‘heimkehren, gerettet werden, genesen usw.’
(IEW 766-7)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√nes-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gɑɦo·nes-
Hitt. ga·neš-
(URUn.) ‘URUneša- ‹i.e. Heimat: Homeland?›’
(OGH. 169-70)
(Hitt. ka-ni-eš, ka-ni-iš)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·nes-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·nes-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦo·nes-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦa·nes-
3. gɦa·nes-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ga·nes-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ga·nes-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ga·neš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *néso-
Gr. νέο-
(pr.M.) ‘(glücklich) gelangen, zurück-, heimkehren’
(GEW 2:304f.)
(Gr. νέο-)
1. PIE *néso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *ného-
2. ného-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *néo-
3. néo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. νέο-
PIE *neso-
Hitt. neša-
(URU.) ‘URUganeš-’ (OGHErg. 62-3)
(HEG N:315-9)
(Hitt. ne-ša-, ne-e-ša-)
1. PIE *neso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nesa-
2. nesa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. neša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦo·neso-
Goth. ga·nisa-
(vb.) ‘gerettet werden, genesen’
(GoEtD. G52)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·neso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·neso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦo·neso-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *go·neso-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. go·neso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ga·nesa-
4. ga·nesa-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → Goth. ga·nisa-
PIE *nesili
Hitt. nešili
(URUadv.) ‘hethitisch’
(HEG N:318)
(Hitt. ni-ši-li)
1. PIE *nesili
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. nešili
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦo·nesti-
Goth. ga·nisti-
(f.) ‘Genesung, Heil: σωτηρία’
(GoEtD. G52)
(Goth. ganists)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·nesti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·nesti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦo·nesti-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *go·nesti-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. go·nesti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ga·nesti-
4. ga·nesti-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → Goth. ga·nisti-
PIE *néstōr
Gr. νέστωρ-
(PNm.) “der (glücklich wohin) gelangt”
(GEW 2:305)
1. PIE *néstōr
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. νέστωρ
√nos-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gɑɦo·nosi̯o-
Goth. ga·nasja-
(vb.) ‘ἰᾶσθαι, σῶσαι, διασώσειν’
(GoEtD. N7)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·nosi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·nosi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦo·nosi̯o-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *go·nosi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. go·nosi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ga·nasi̯a-
4. ga·nasi̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Goth. ga·nasja-
PIE *nosili
Hitt. našili
(adv.) ‘hethitisch’
(HEG N:318)
(Hitt. na-a-ši-li)
1. PIE *nosili
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nasili
2. nasili
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. našili
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *nósto-
Gr. νόστο-
(m.) ‘Rück-, Heimkehr, Fahrt, Ertrag’
(GEW 2:305)
1. PIE *nósto-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. νόστο-
√ns-
PIE *nínsso-
Gr. νί̄σο-
(pr.) ‘fahren, gehen, kommen’
(GEW 1:304-5)
(Gr. νίσομαι, νίσσομαι)
1. PIE *nínsso-
*ínss → ī́ss
Loss of nasal with lengthening
Rinss›īss → *nī́sso-
2. nī́sso-
*ss → s
Degemination of *ss
Rss›s → *nī́so-
3. nī́so-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. νί̄σο-
PIE *nínsseɑh-
Gr. νί̄σα-
(ao.) ‘fahren, gehen, kommen’
(GEW 1:304-5)
(Gr. νίσασθαι, νίσσασθαι)
1. PIE *nínsseɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *nínssaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. nínssaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nínssah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nínssah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *nínssa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. nínssa-
*ínss → ī́ss
Loss of nasal with lengthening
Rinss›īss → *nī́ssa-
5. nī́ssa-
*ss → s
Degemination of *ss
Rss›s → *nī́sa-
6. nī́sa-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. νί̄σα-


PIE √nu- √neu- √nou- (a.) ‘neu, frisch, jung’ (sb.) ‘Geburt’ (num.) ‘neun’
(IEW 769)
(Forrer apud Feist 1924:130)
√neuo-
(CHD N:455ff.)
PIE *neu̯o-
Hitt. neu̯a-
(a.) ‘GIBIL: neu, frisch’
(HEG N:320ff.)
(Hitt. ne-e-ua-an, ne-e-u-[it], ni-u-i-i[t], HHand. 112)
1. PIE *neu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. neu̯a-
PIE *neu̯ó·Σ
ODor. νεϝό·στατο-
(a.sup.) ‘newest’
(HEG N:307)
(Cypr. νεϝόστατος)
1. PIE *neu̯ó·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → ODor. νεϝό·Σ
PIE *néu̯o-
RV. náva-
(a.) ‘neu, frisch, jung’
(EWA 2:25)
(WbRV. 714, návas; or *nou̯o-?)
1. PIE *néu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *néu̯a-
2. néu̯a-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *náu̯a-
3. náu̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. náva-
PIE *neu̯̯ēɑh-
Hitt. neu̯āḫ-
(vb.1.) ‘erneuern’
(HHand. 112)
(Hitt. ne-e-u-ua-aḫ-ḫa-an-zi, ne-ua-aḫ-ḫa-an-zi, ne-ua-aḫ-ḫu-un)
1. PIE *neu̯̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *neu̯̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. neu̯̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *neu̯̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. neu̯̯āh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. neu̯̯āḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√nouo-
PIE *nou̯o-
OLat. nouo-
(a.) ‘neu’
(WH. 2:181)
(OLat. nouos [sgN])
1. PIE *nou̯o-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OLat. nouo-
PIE *nou̯o-
OCS. novo-
(a.) ‘neu’
(Sadnik √583)
(OCS. novŭ, novo, nova)
1. PIE *nou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nau̯a-
2. nau̯a-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *nou̯o-
3. nou̯o-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OCS. novo-
PIE *nou̯o-
CLu. nau̯a-
(a.) ‘neu’ (HHand. 111)
(HIL. 699)
(CLu. na-a-ú-ua-ti, na-ú-ua-ti, na-a-ú-ua-te)
1. PIE *nou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. nau̯a-
PIE *nou̯o-
HLu. nau̯a-
(INFANSc.) ‘great-great-grandson’
(CHLu. 4.4.1)
(HLu. (INFANS)na-wa/i-sa)
1. PIE *nou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. nau̯a-
PIE *nou̯o·nou̯o-
HLu. nau̯a·nau̯a-
(INFANSc.) ‘great-great-great-grandson’
(CHLu. 4.4.1)
(HLu. (INFANS)na-wa/i-na-wa/i-sa)
1. PIE *nou̯o·nou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. nau̯a·nau̯a-
√nouēɑh-
PIE *nou̯ēɑh-
Lat. nouā-
(pr.1.) ‘erneuen’
(WH. 2:181)
(Lat. nouāre [inf.])
1. PIE *nou̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *nou̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. nou̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nou̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nou̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *nou̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. nou̯ā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. nouā-
PIE *nou̯ēɑhko-
TochB. nawāka-
(m.sg) ‘novice’
(DTochB. 331)
(TochB. nawākeṃ)
1. PIE *nou̯ēɑhko-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *nou̯āɑhko-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. nou̯āɑhko-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nou̯āhko-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nou̯āhko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nau̯āhka-
4. nau̯āhka-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *nau̯āka-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. nau̯āka-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. nawāka-
PIE *nou̯ēɑhko
CS. novakŭ-
(m.) ‘Neuling’
(LiEtWb. 488)
1. PIE *nou̯ēɑhko
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *nou̯āɑhko
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. nou̯āɑhko
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nou̯āhko
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nou̯āhko
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nau̯āhka
4. nau̯āhka
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *nau̯āka
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. nau̯āka
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *nou̯āko
6. nou̯āko
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *nou̯āku
7. nou̯āku
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *novāku
8. novāku
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *novaku
9. novaku
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → CS. novakŭ


PIE √nu- √neu- √nou- (vb.) ‘movere’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: BSl. + OAnat.)
√nou-
PIE *nou̯·Σ
Lith. nav·ynà-
(f.) ‘Botschaft’
(LiEtWb. 488)
1. PIE *nou̯·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nau̯·Σ
2. nau̯·Σ
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. nav·Σ
√nugiɑɦ-
(Or *ǵɦ = gɑɦi vel sim.?)
PIE *su·nougiɑɦino
OCS. sŭ·nuzĭnŭ-
(a.) ‘(zu ‘Pferd’ oder ‘Wagen’?)’
(Sadnik √914)
1. PIE *su·nougiɑɦino
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *su·nougiɦino
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. su·nougiɦino
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *su·nouj́ɦino
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. su·nouj́ɦino
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su·nauj́ɦina
4. su·nauj́ɦina
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *su·nauzɦina
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. su·nauzɦina
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *su·nauzina
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. su·nauzina
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *su·nouzino
7. su·nouzino
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *su·nouzinu
8. su·nouzinu
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *su·nūzinu
9. su·nūzinu
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *su·nūzĭnu
10. su·nūzĭnu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → *sŭ·nūzĭnŭ
11. sŭ·nūzĭnŭ
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → OCS. sŭ·nuzĭnŭ
√nun·dɑɦor-
(HEG N:347f.)
(CHD N:472f., HIL. 704-705)
PIE *nundɑɦoro-
Hitt. nundara-
(n.) ‘Eile, Hast’
(HHand. 114)
(Hitt. nu-un-tar-aš [G], nu-un-ta-ra-aš [G])
1. PIE *nundɑɦoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nundɦoro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. nundɦoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nundɦara-
3. nundɦara-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. nundara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *nundɑɦoros
Hitt. nundaraš
(adv.) ‘promptly, soon’
(HIL. 704)
(Hitt. nu-un-tar-aš)
1. PIE *nundɑɦoros
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nundɦoros
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. nundɦoros
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nundɦaras
3. nundɦaras
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *nundaras
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. nundaras
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. nundaraš
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *nundɑɦorei-
Hitt. nundarei-
(vb.1.M.) ‘sich beeilen’
(HHand. 114)
(Hitt. nu-un-tar-ri-it-ta-ni [2pl])
1. PIE *nundɑɦorei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nundɦorei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. nundɦorei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nundɦarei-
3. nundɦarei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. nundarei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *nundɑɦorei̯o-
Hitt. nundarei̯a-
(vb.) ‘eilen, hasten’
(HHand. 114)
(Hitt. nu-un-tar-ri-ia [2sg])
1. PIE *nundɑɦorei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nundɦorei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. nundɦorei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nundɦarei̯a-
3. nundɦarei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. nundarei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *nundɑɦorei̯o-
Hitt. nundarei̯a-
(a.) ‘eilig, schnell’
(HHand. 114)
(Hitt. nu-un-tar-ia-ša [sgN])
1. PIE *nundɑɦorei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nundɦorei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. nundɦorei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nundɦarei̯a-
3. nundɦarei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. nundarei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *nundɑɦoroei̯osɑho-
Hitt. nundarei̯ašḫa-
(EZEN4c.) ‘Beeilung, rasche Erledigung’
(HHand. 114)
(Hitt. nu-un-tar-ri-ia-aš-ḫa-aš)
1. PIE *nundɑɦoroei̯osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nundɦoroei̯osho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. nundɦoroei̯osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nundɦaraei̯asha-
3. nundɦaraei̯asha-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *nundaraei̯asha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. nundaraei̯asha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *nundaraei̯ašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. nundaraei̯ašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. nundaraei̯ašḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *nundɑɦornu-
Hitt. nundarnu-
(cs.) ‘antreiben, beeilen’
(HHand. 114)
(Hitt. nu-un-tar-nu-ši)
1. PIE *nundɑɦornu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nundɦornu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. nundɦornu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nundɦarnu-
3. nundɦarnu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. nundarnu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *nundɑɦornu·mor-
Hitt. nundarnu·mar-
(n.) ‘Antreibung’
(HIL. 704)
(Hitt. nu-un-tar-nu-um-mar)
1. PIE *nundɑɦornu·mor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nundɦornu·mor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. nundɦornu·mor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nundɦarnu·mar-
3. nundɦarnu·mar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. nundarnu·mar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√nu·tɑhor-
PIE *nutɑhorei̯o-
Hitt. nutari̯a-
(a.) ‘eilig, schnell’
(HHand. 114)
(Hitt. nu-ut-ta-ri-ia-aš)
1. PIE *nutɑhorei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nuthorei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. nuthorei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nutharei̯a-
3. nutharei̯a-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. nutarei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *nutɑhorei̯osɑho-
Hitt. nutari̯ašḫa-
(EZEN4c.) ‘Beeilung, rasche Erledigung’
(HHand. 114)
(Hitt. nu-ut-tar-ia-aš-ḫa-aš)
1. PIE *nutɑhorei̯osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nuthorei̯osho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. nuthorei̯osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nutharei̯asha-
3. nutharei̯asha-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *nutarei̯asha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. nutarei̯asha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *nutarei̯ašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. nutarei̯ašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. nutarei̯ašḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√nu·dɑɦor-
(HEG N:347f.)
(CHD N:472f., HIL. 704-705)
PIE *nudɑɦoro-
Hitt. nudara-
(n.) ‘Eile, Hast’
(HHand. 114, HIL. 704)
(Hitt. nu-tar-aš [adv.])
1. PIE *nudɑɦoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nudɦoro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. nudɦoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nudɦara-
3. nudɦara-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. nudara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *nudɑɦornu-
Hitt. nudarnu-
(cs.) ‘antreiben, beeilen’
(HHand. 114)
(Hitt. nu-tar-nu-ši)
1. PIE *nudɑɦornu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nudɦornu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. nudɦornu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nudɦarnu-
3. nudɦarnu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. nudarnu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √nu- √nou- √neu- (vb.A.) ‘machen’ (vb.P.) ‘gemacht werden, geschehen’
(IEW –)
(Kloekhorst HIL. 286; Pyysalo)
√enu-
(HIL. 286)
(Pyysalo)
PIE *enu-
Hitt. enu-
(vb.) ‘‹≈ make, prepare?, cf. context →›’
(HIL. 286)
(Hitt. nu tap-pí-in e-nu-z[i (doctor) nu-ká]n UZUI-ŠA-RI=ŠU an-da zi-ik-ke-ez-zi)
PIE *enu̯ont-
Hitt. enu̯ant-
(pt.) ‘‹≈ prepared?, cf. context →›’
(HHand. 31)
(Hitt. ŠA.BA 1EN e-nu-ua-an-da[(-)...]
1. PIE *enu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. enu̯ant-
√nu-
PIE *·nu-
Hitt. ·nu-
(cs.suff.) ‘machen’
(HIL. 703)
(Hitt. šaš·nu-, mar·nu-, etc.)
PIE *·nu-
Gr. ·νυ-
(cs.suff.) ‘machen’
(GrGr. 1:695f.)
1. PIE *·nu-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ·νυ-
√nuo-


PIE √num- √enum- √onum- (sb.) ‘Beruhigung, Friede’
(IEW 321)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Gr.)
√enum-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *enumo-
Hitt. enuma-
(vb.M.) ‘sich beruhigen ‹rather than ‘sich erholen’›’
(HHand. 31)
(Hitt. e-nu-ma-an-da-ri [3pl])
1. PIE *enumo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. enuma-
PIE *enumeɑh·Σ
Gr. ἐνυμα·κρατίδα-
(PNm.) ‘-(?)-’
(GEW 2:396)
(Lac. ἐνυμακρατίδας ‹not to Gr. ὄνομα›)
1. PIE *enumeɑh·Σ
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *enumaɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. enumaɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *enumah·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. enumah·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *enuma·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. enuma·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐνυμα·Σ
PIE *enumeɑhnti·Σ
Gr. ἐνυμαντι·άδα-
(PNm.) ‘-(?)-’
(GEW 2:396)
(Lac. ἐνυμαντιάδας ‹not to Gr. ὄνομα›)
1. PIE *enumeɑhnti·Σ
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *enumaɑhnti·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. enumaɑhnti·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *enumahnti·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. enumahnti·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *enumanti·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. enumanti·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐνυμαντι·Σ


PIE √nun- (vb.) ‘können, vermögen’ (sb.) ‘Herrscher?’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√nun-
PIE *nun·Σ
CLu. nun·zidi-
(mc.) ‘(officier du palais)’
(NOMS. 899)
(in Hitt. nu-un-zi-ti [Abs])
√nuno-
PIE *nuno-
HLu. nuna-
(Ic.) ‹‘nobleman, commander?’›
(CHLu. 10.48.1)
(HLu. nu-na-sa [sgG], NOMS. 896)
1. PIE *nuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. nuna-
√nunɑh-
PIE *núneɑh-
Dor. νύνα-
(vb.) ‘können, vermögen, gelten, bedeuten’
(GEW 1:423-4)
(Cret. νύναμαι [1sg] (Gortyn))
1. PIE *núneɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *núnaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. núnaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *núnah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. núnah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *núna-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. núna-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. νύνα-
√nuni-
PIE *Π·nuni·Σ
OGaul. silic·nuni·[...
(PN.) ‘(containing OGaul. silic- ‘(Feuer)stein’?)’
(ACSS 2:1547)
(OGaul. silicnuni[... [?] ‹uncertain whether this word belongs here›)


PIE √nudɑɦ- √noudɑɦ- √neudɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Verlangen, Begier’ (a.) ‘angenehm’ (vb.) ‘genießen’
(IEW 767)
(Pyysalo: CLu. + IE)
√neudɑɦ-
PIE *neudɑɦo
OSax. niud-
(m.) ‘Verlangen, Begier’
(ASächsWb. 56)
1. PIE *neudɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *neudɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. neudɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *neudo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. neudo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *neuda
4. neuda
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *niuda
5. niuda
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OSax. niud
PIE *neudɑɦo
OHG. niot-
(a.) ‘angenehm: pleasant, agreeable’
(WH. 1065)
1. PIE *neudɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *neudɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. neudɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *neudo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. neudo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *neuda
4. neuda
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *niuda
5. niuda
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *niud
6. niud
*d → t
OHG sound shift of *d
Rd›tHG → OHG. niut
PIE *neudɑɦo
OHG. niot-
(m.) ‘Verlangen, Begierde, Sehnsucht’
(N. + Gl.)
(Lat. amor N, aviditas N, cupiditas N, cupido N, desiderium Gl)
1. PIE *neudɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *neudɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. neudɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *neudo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. neudo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *neuda
4. neuda
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *niuda
5. niuda
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *niud
6. niud
*d → t
OHG sound shift of *d
Rd›tHG → OHG. niut
PIE *Π·neudɑɦo-
OSax. gi·niuda-
(vb.) ‘genießen, sich erfreuen’
(ASächsWb. 56)
1. PIE *Π·neudɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·neudɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·neudɦo-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·neudo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·neudo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·neuda-
4. Π·neuda-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → OSax. Π·niuda-
√nudɑɦu-
PIE *nudɑɦu-
CLu. nudu-
(vb.) ‘desire’
(KUB xxxv 113 5-7)
(CLu. nu-u-tu-ši [2sg])
1. PIE *nudɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nudɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. nudɦu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. nudu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √p- √po- √pe- (vb.) ‘gehen, fliegen, eilen’ (sb.) ‘Fuß, Flügel’ (prep.adv.) ‘vor(ne)’
(IEW: in extensions)
(Pyysalo)
√po-, √pe-
(SPIE 47)
(IEW –)
PIE *po-
HLu. pa-
(PES2vb.) ‘go’
(CHLu. 11.1.e24)
(HLu. (“PES2”)pa-tu)
1. PIE *po-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. pa-
PIE *po-
Hitt. pa-
(vb.) ‘go, pass, flow’
(CHD P:18ff.)
(Hitt. pa-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *po-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. pa-
PIE *trí·po-
Gr. τρί·πο-
(m.) ‘tripod’
(LSJ. 1821)
(Gr. τρίπος, τρίπον, τρίπου)
1. PIE *trí·po-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τρί·πο-
PIE *ɦɑoidí·po-
Gr. οἰδί·πο-
(m.) ‘Oidipus’
(GEW 2:358-9)
(Gr. οἰδίπος [N], οἰδίπου [G])
1. PIE *ɦɑoidí·po-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦoidí·po-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦoidí·po-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *oidí·po-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. oidí·po-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. οἰδί·πο-
PIE *hɑei̯eró·po-
Gr. ἀερό·πο-
(a.) ‘κοχλίας: aereis pedibus praeditus’
(GEW 1:25)
(Hes. ἀερόπος · κοχλίας)
1. PIE *hɑei̯eró·po-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑai̯eró·po-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑai̯eró·po-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hai̯eró·po-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hai̯eró·po-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ai̯eró·po-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ai̯eró·po-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *aeró·po-
5. aeró·po-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀερό·πο-
PIE *hɑepo·pé-
Gr. ἀπο·πέ-
(ao.?) ‘ἀποπεῖν’
(LSJ. 212)
(Hes. ἀποπεῖν · ἀπελθεῖν)
1. PIE *hɑepo·pé-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapo·pé-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapo·pé-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapo·pé-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapo·pé-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *apo·pé-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. apo·pé-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀπο·πέ-
√poi-, √pei-
(SPIE 36, 47)
PIE *poi-
Hitt. pai-
(vb.1.) ‘gehen, fließen, fliegen’
(CHD P:19f.)
(Hitt. paizi, HIL. 712)
1. PIE *poi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. pai-
PIE *poi̯o
TochA. pe-
(m.) ‘pes’
(Poucha 186)
(TochA. pe [sgN])
1. PIE *poi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pai̯a
2. pai̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *pai̯
3. pai̯
*a y → ē
Change of ay into ē in root-final
R=ay›=ē → *pē
4. pē
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochA. pe
PIE *pōi
TochA. pai-
(PN.?) ‘-(?)-’
(Poucha 188)
(from *pāyi-?, cf. OInd. pāyika- ‘footman, footsoldier’)
1. PIE *pōi
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *pāi
2. pāi
*āiC → aiC
Osthoff’s Law for āiC
RāiC›aiC → *pai
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
3. pai
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *pē
4. pē
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochA. pe
PIE *pei̯o-
OInd. paya-
(vb.M.) ‘go, move’
(MonWil. 585)
(Dhātup. payate [3sg])
1. PIE *pei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pei̯a-
2. pei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *pai̯a-
3. pai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. paya-
√pi-
PIE *pi-
Hitt. pi
(adv.) ‘vor, vorne’
(HEG N:170)
(Hitt. pí, EHS 67)
PIE *ɦɑergii·pì-
Arm. arci·v-
(sb.) ‘Adler: eagle’
(EtDiArm. 139)
1. PIE *ɦɑergii·pì-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑargii·pì-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑargii·pì-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦargii·pì-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦargii·pì-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦarj́i·pì-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ɦarj́i·pì-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *arj́i·pì-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arj́i·pì-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → *arji·pì-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. arji·pì-
*j → c
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›c → *arci·pì-
7. arci·pì-
ipì -> ivì
Affricativization of p between i _ i
Ripì›ivì → *arci·vì-
8. arci·vì-
*i → Ø
Loss of unaccented *i
Rì›0 → Arm. arci·v-
PIE *ɦɑergiì·pi-
Arm. arc·ui-
(sb.) ‘Adler: eagle’
(EtDiArm. 139)
1. PIE *ɦɑergiì·pi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑargiì·pi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑargiì·pi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦargiì·pi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦargiì·pi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦarj́ì·pi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ɦarj́ì·pi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *arj́ì·pi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arj́ì·pi-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → *arjì·pi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. arjì·pi-
*j → c
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›c → *arcì·pi-
7. arcì·pi-
ìpi -> ìui
Affricativization of p between ì _ i
Rìpi›ìvi → *arcì·ui-
8. arcì·ui-
*i → Ø
Loss of unaccented *i
Rì›0 → Arm. arc·ui-
PIE *ɦɑrgii·pi̯o-
OInd. r̥ji·pya-
(a.) ‘(BW von śyená- ‘Adler, Falke’)’
(Beitr. 2:827)
(PIE *arǵ- ‘Adler’, IEW 854-5, Brugmann Grundr2 1:462)
1. PIE *ɦɑrgii·pi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦrgii·pi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦrgii·pi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦrj́i·pi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦrj́i·pi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦrj́i·pi̯a-
4. ɦrj́i·pi̯a-
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → *ɦr̥j́i·pi̯a-
5. ɦr̥j́i·pi̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *r̥j́i·pi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. r̥j́i·pi̯a-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → *r̥ji·pi̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. r̥ji·pi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. r̥ji·pya-
PIE *ɦɑrgii·pi̯o-
LAv. ǝrǝzi·fya-
(m.) ‘Adler’
(AIWb. 354)
1. PIE *ɦɑrgii·pi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦrgii·pi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦrgii·pi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦrj́i·pi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦrj́i·pi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦrj́i·pi̯a-
4. ɦrj́i·pi̯a-
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → *ɦr̥j́i·pi̯a-
5. ɦr̥j́i·pi̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *r̥j́i·pi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. r̥j́i·pi̯a-
*r̥ → ǝr
Change of *r̥ into ǝr
Rr̥›ǝr → *ǝrj́i·pi̯a-
7. ǝrj́i·pi̯a-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
Rr›rǝ → *ǝrǝj́i·pi̯a-
8. ǝrǝj́i·pi̯a-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *ǝrǝzi·pi̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
9. ǝrǝzi·pi̯a-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
RpR›fR → *ǝrǝzi·fi̯a-
10. ǝrǝzi·fi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. ǝrǝzi·fya-
PIE *pi̯on
Hitt. pi̯an
(adv.) ‘vor, vorne’
(HEG N:170)
(Hitt. pí-an, EHS 67)
1. PIE *pi̯on
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. pi̯an
√pim-
(IEW 795)
(Pyysalo: TochA. ‹uncertain›)
PIE *pimo-
OIcl. fim-
(a.) ‘behende, gewandt’
(ANEtWb. 120)
(OIcl. fimr [sgN])
1. PIE *pimo-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›fRestr → *fimo-
2. fimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OIcl. fima-
PIE *peimi-
OIr. ēim-
(a.) ‘prompt, ready, timely’ (adv.) ‘quickly’
(DIL. 268)
(IEW 795)
1. PIE *peimi-
*ei → ē
Monophthongization of *ei into ē
Rei›ē → *pēmi-
2. pēmi-
*ēmi → ēimi
Epenthesis of i
Rēmi›ēimi → OIr. pēimi-
PIE *pimo-
OIcl. fima-
(vb.) ‘sich eilen’
(ANEtWb. 120)
(OIcl. fimast [inf.])
1. PIE *pimo-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›fRestr → *fimo-
2. fimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OIcl. fima-
PIE *pimo-
TochA. pim-
(PNm.) ‘‹cf. above?›’
(Poucha 180)
1. PIE *pimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → TochA. pima-
PIE *Π·pimiɑh-
OIcl. orð·fimi-
(f.) ‘Gewandtheit in Worten’
(ANEtWb. 120)
1. PIE *Π·pimiɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·pimih-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·pimih-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·pimi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·pimi-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›fRestr → OIcl. Π·fimi-
PIE *peimi-
OIr. ēim-
(a.) ‘rasch, flink’
(IEW 795)
1. PIE *peimi-
*ei → ē
Monophthongization of *ei into ē
Rei›ē → *pēmi-
2. pēmi-
*ēmi → ēimi
Epenthesis of i
Rēmi›ēimi → OIr. pēimi-
√pir-
PIE *piron
Hitt. piran
(adv.) ‘vor, vorne’
(HEG N:170)
(Hitt. pí-ra-an, EHS 67)
1. PIE *piron
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. piran
√pis-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *poiskie/o-
Hitt. paiške/a-
(vb.1.M.iter.) ‘gehen’
(HIL. 712)
(Hitt. pa-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *poiskie/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *poisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. poisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *paisḱe/a-
3. paisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *paiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. paiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. paiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *pisnḗɑh-
Lith. pisnó-
(vb.) ‘mit schüttelnder Bewegung laufen’
(LiEtWb. 599)
1. PIE *pisnḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *pisnā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. pisnā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pisnā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pisnā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pisnā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pisnā́-
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *pisnṓ-
(XX:XX)
5. pisnṓ-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → Lith. pisnó-
PIE *píst
Lith. pìst
(intj.) ‘(bez. ein schüttelndes Laufen)’
(LiEtWb. 599)
1. PIE *píst
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → Lith. pìst
√pit-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *poit-
RV. pet-
(pf.) ‘fliegen’
(WbRV. 762)
(RV. petathus, petátus)
1. PIE *poit-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pait-
2. pait-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *pēt-
3. pēt-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → RV. pet-
PIE *pítno-
Gr. πίτνο-
(vb.) ‘fallen’
(LSJ. 1409)
(Gr. πίτνω)
1. PIE *pítno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πίτνο-
PIE *pitnēɑh
Lat. pinnā-
(f.) ‘Flügel, Feder’
(WH. 2:306)
1. PIE *pitnēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *pitnāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. pitnāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pitnāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pitnāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pitnā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pitnā
*tn → nn
Assimilation of *tn into *nn
Rtn›nn → Lat. pinnā
PIE *pítulo-
Gr. πίτυλο-
(m.) ‘Ruderschlag, heftigen Schlag’
(GEW 2:545)
1. PIE *pítulo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πίτυλο-
PIE *pít·Σ
Gr. πίτ·υρο-
(n.) ‘Kleieähnlicher Ausschlag, Niederschlag’
(GEW 2:545)
1. PIE *pít·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πίτ·Σ
√piu-
PIE *Π·poiu̯o-
TochB. snai·pewa-
(a.) ‘without feet: dépourvu de pieds’
(DTochB. 399)
(TochB. snaipewaṃ [plA], LeTokh. 1:373)
1. PIE *Π·poiu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·paiu̯a-
2. Π·paiu̯a-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *Π·pēu̯a-
3. Π·pēu̯a-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → *Π·peu̯a-
4. Π·peu̯a-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. Π·pewa-
PIE *Π·poiu̯o-
TochB. wi·pewa-
(a.) ‘two-footed: bipède’
(DTochB. 399)
(TochB. wipewaṃ [plA], LeTokh. 1:373)
1. PIE *Π·poiu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·paiu̯a-
2. Π·paiu̯a-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *Π·pēu̯a-
3. Π·pēu̯a-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → *Π·peu̯a-
4. Π·peu̯a-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. Π·pewa-
√pol- √pel- √pl-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *peLo-
OInd. pala-
(vb.1.) ‘go’
(MonWil. 609)
(Dhātup. palati [3sg])
1. PIE *peLo-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *pelo-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. pelo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pela-
3. pela-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → OInd. pala-
PIE *pélo-
Gr. πέλο-
(pr.M.) ‘sich regen, sich bewegen’
(GEW 2:500)
(Gr. πέλομαι, Not from *ku̯el- → Gr. †τελ-)
1. PIE *pélo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πέλο-
PIE *pól-
Arm. hol-
(sb.) ‘Kreisel’
(HEG H:278)
(Arm. hol; stem uncertain)
1. PIE *pól-
*p- → h-
Change of *p- into h-
Rp=›h= → *hól-
2. hól-
*ó → o
Loss/Absence of accent
Ró›o → Arm. hol-
PIE *póle-
Arm. hole-
(vb.) ‘drehen’
(HEG H:278)
(Arm. holel [inf.])
1. PIE *póle-
*p- → h-
Change of *p- into h-
Rp=›h= → *hóle-
2. hóle-
*ó → o
Loss/Absence of accent
Ró›o → Arm. hole-
√pols-
(HIL. 719-720)
(CHD P:69ff.)
PIE *pols-
Hitt. palš-
(c.) ‘Weg, Pfad, Feldzug, Gelegenheit, Mal’
(HHand. 117)
(Hitt. pal-ši [L])
1. PIE *pols-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pals-
2. pals-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. palš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *polso-
HLu. palša-
(sb.) ‘way?’
(CHLu. 2.14.22)
(Hawkins 2000:112: KARKAMIŠ A2-3: wa-i-sa-’ ku-ma-na-sa-ti-’ pa-la-sa-ti-i)
1. PIE *polso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *palsa-
2. palsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. palša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *polsi-
Hitt. palši-
(KASKALc.*) ‘Weg, Pfad, Feldzug’
(HHand. 117)
(Hitt. KASKAL-ši-iš)
1. PIE *polsi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *palsi-
2. palsi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. palši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *polsiēɑh-
Hitt. palšiāḫ-
(KASKALvb.*) ‘auf den Weg bringen, befördern’
(HHand. 117)
(Hitt. KASKAL-ši-aḫ-mi)
1. PIE *polsiēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *polsiāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. polsiāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *polsiāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. polsiāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *palsiāh-
4. palsiāh-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *palšiāh-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. palšiāh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. palšiāḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√por- √per- √pr-
(Hrozný 1919:110, IEW 816-7)
(see SPIE 47, 83)
PIE *por-
CLu. par-
(vb.1.) ‘treiben, jagen?’
(DLL. 77)
(CLu. pár-du [3sg], HIL. 734, CHD P:143ff., HEG P:451ff.)
1. PIE *por-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. par-
PIE *píper-
RV. pípar-
(pr.) ‘hinüberführen’
(WbRV. 777-8)
(RV. píparti [3sg])
1. PIE *píper-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → RV. pípar-
√poro-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *poro-
CLu. para-
(vb.) ‘chase, hunt: jagen’
(DLL. 77)
(CLu. pa-ra-ad-du [3sg])
1. PIE *poro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. para-
PIE *Π·poro-
HLu. ARHA para·-
(PES2vb.) ‘hunt’
(CHLu. 7.2.1.fr6)
(HLu. ARHA (PES2)*501+RA/I-ha)
1. PIE *Π·poro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. Π·para-
PIE *poro-
HLu. para-
(PESsb.) ‘foot’
(CHLu. 10.14.9)
(HLu. (“PES”)pa+ra/i-za)
1. PIE *poro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. para-
PIE *Π·poró-
RV. pūrvā·pará-
(a.) ‘nachfolgend’
(WbRV. 846-7)
1. PIE *Π·poró-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·paró-
2. Π·paró-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. Π·pará-
√porɑh-
(CHD P:143ff.)
(Hrozný 1919:110)
PIE *peréɑhi̯o-
Gr. περάο-
(pr.) ‘durchschreiten, -fahren’
(GEW 2:510)
(Gr. περάω)
1. PIE *peréɑhi̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *peráɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. peráɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *peráhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. peráhi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *perái̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. perái̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *peráo-
5. peráo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. περάο-
PIE *porɑho-
Hitt. parḫa-
(vb.intr.) ‘eilen, jagen’
(HHand. 121)
(CHD P:143ff.)
1. PIE *porɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *porho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. porho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *parha-
3. parha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. parḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *porɑho-
Hitt. parḫa-
(vb.2.) ‘treiben, jagen’
(HHand. 121)
(Hitt. pár-ḫa-i [3sg])
1. PIE *porɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *porho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. porho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *parha-
3. parha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. parḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *porɑho-
CLu. parḫa-
(vb.) ‘treiben, jagen’
(DLL. 78)
(CLu. pár-ḫa-ad-du [3sg])
1. PIE *porɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *porho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. porho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *parha-
3. parha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. parḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√pors-
(HIL. 740, HEG P:490)
(Pyysalo)
PIE *porso-
Hitt. parša-
(vb.1.) ‘fliehen’
(CHD P:179f.)
(Hitt. pár-ša, pár-ša[-at-tén?] HHand. 124)
1. PIE *porso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *parsa-
2. parsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. parša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *porso·nu-
Hitt. parša·nu-
(cs.) ‘make flee, chase away’
(HIL. 740)
(Hitt. pár-ša-nu-ir)
1. PIE *porso·nu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *parsa·nu-
2. parsa·nu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. parša·nu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *persóni-
RV. parṣáṇi-
(a.) ‘übersetzend, hinüberfahrend’
(WbRV. 793)
1. PIE *persóni-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiOIA → *peršóni-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. peršóni-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *peršáni-
3. peršáni-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *paršáni-
4. paršáni-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *parṣáni-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
5. parṣáni-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → RV. parṣáṇi-
√porto-
PIE *porto-
Hitt. parta-
(c.) ‘Fuß, Klaue’
(HHand. 125)
1. PIE *porto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. parta-
PIE *porto-
CLu. parta-
(c./n.?) ‘Fuß’
(DLL. 80)
(CLu. pa-(a)-ar-ta-(a-)-ti [sgI])
1. PIE *porto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. parta-
PIE *porto·hɑu̯ino-
Hitt. parta·ḫu̯ina-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 308)
(in: Arzawa, Maša, Kuntara, Ura, Laḫma, pár-ta-ḫu-i-na-az, Kašüla’; OGHErg. 122 ‹for the suffix cf. Pal. ḫuina- ‘eilen’›)
1. PIE *porto·hɑu̯ino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *porto·hu̯ino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. porto·hu̯ino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *parta·hu̯ina-
3. parta·hu̯ina-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. parta·ḫu̯ina-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ports- √perts-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *perts-
Umbr. pers-
(m.) ‘Fuß’
(WbOU. 522-3)
(Umbr. persi [sgAbl])
1. PIE *perts-
*ts → s
Loss of dental in *ts
Rts›s → Umbr. pers-
PIE *duɑɦ·portso-
Umbr. du·porso-
(a.) ‘Zweifüßler’
(WbOU. 192)
(Umbr. duporsus)
1. PIE *duɑɦ·portso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *duɦ·portso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. duɦ·portso-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *du·portso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. du·portso-
*ts → s
Loss of dental in *ts
Rts›s → Umbr. du·porso-
PIE *kuetur·portso-
Umbr. petur·porso-
(a.) ‘Vierfüßler’
(WbOU. 551)
(Umbr. peturporsus [plD])
1. PIE *kuetur·portso-
*ku/u̯ → p
Bilabialization of labiovelar q into p
RkU›p → *petur·portso-
2. petur·portso-
*ts → s
Loss of dental in *ts
Rts›s → Umbr. petur·porso-
√pordɑɦ-
PIE *pórdɑɦ-
Arm. hord-
(a.pt.) ‘begangen, betreten’
(EtDiArm. –)
(IEW 816)
1. PIE *pórdɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pórdɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pórdɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *pórd-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. pórd-
*p- → h-
Change of *p- into h-
Rp=›h= → *hórd-
4. hórd-
*ó → o
Loss/Absence of accent
Ró›o → Arm. hord-
√pordɑɦi-
PIE *pordɑɦi̯o
CLu. parza-
(pret.) ‘‹≈ jagen?›’
(HHand. 126)
(CLu. parzata [3sg], KBo xxx 167 Rs. iii)
1. PIE *pordɑɦi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pordɦi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pordɦi̯o
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *porjɦo
3. porjɦo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *parjɦa
4. parjɦa
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *parzɦa
5. parzɦa
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. parzḫa
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *pordɑɦi̯oso-
CLu. parzaša-
(a.) ‘-(?)- (Epith. de ‘flèches’ ou ‘carquois’)’
(DLL. 40)
(CLu. pár-za-aš-ša, Kimball (1999:428) ‘epithet of an arrow’)
1. PIE *pordɑɦi̯oso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pordɦi̯oso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pordɦi̯oso-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *porjɦoso-
3. porjɦoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *parjɦasa-
4. parjɦasa-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *parzɦasa-
5. parzɦasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *parzɦaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. parzɦaša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. parzḫaša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *pordɑɦi̯o·liu̯o-
Hitt. parza·liu̯a-
(URU.) ‘(Kultlieferungen für Pirwa)’
(OGH. 309)
(Hitt. pár-za-li-u-ua[(-)) [Stf.])
1. PIE *pordɑɦi̯o·liu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pordɦi̯o·liu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pordɦi̯o·liu̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *porjɦo·liu̯o-
3. porjɦo·liu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *parjɦa·liu̯a-
4. parjɦa·liu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *parja·liu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. parja·liu̯a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. parza·liu̯a-
PIE *pordɑɦi̯oi-
Hitt. parzai-
(vb.) ‘-(?)-’
(HHand. 126)
1. PIE *pordɑɦi̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pordɦi̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pordɦi̯oi-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *porjɦoi-
3. porjɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *parjɦai-
4. parjɦai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *parjai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. parjai-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. parzai-
PIE *po·pordɑɦi̯ino-
Hitt. pa·parzina-
(mc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 934)
(Hitt. pa-ap-pár-zi-na [Abs])
1. PIE *po·pordɑɦi̯ino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *po·pordɦi̯ino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. po·pordɦi̯ino-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *po·porjɦino-
3. po·porjɦino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pa·parjɦina-
4. pa·parjɦina-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *pa·parjina-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. pa·parjina-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. pa·parzina-
PIE *por·pordɑɦi̯ino-
Hitt. par·parzina-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 306)
(Hitt. pár-pár-zi-na-an [sgA])
1. PIE *por·pordɑɦi̯ino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *por·pordɦi̯ino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. por·pordɦi̯ino-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *por·porjɦino-
3. por·porjɦino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *par·parjɦina-
4. par·parjɦina-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *par·parjina-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. par·parjina-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. par·parzina-
PIE *pordɑɦi·u̯eni-
Hitt. parz·u̯eni-
(mc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 952)
(Hitt. pár-zu-u-e-ni [Abs])
1. PIE *pordɑɦi·u̯eni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pordɦi·u̯eni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pordɦi·u̯eni-
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi›jɦi → *porjɦi·u̯eni-
3. porjɦi·u̯eni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *parjɦi·u̯eni-
4. parjɦi·u̯eni-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *parji·u̯eni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. parji·u̯eni-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. parzi·u̯eni-
PIE *pordɑɦi̯·udɑɦo-
HLu. parz·uda-
(URBS.) ‘city’
(CHLu. 10.12.3)
(HLu. pa+ra/i-zu?-tax(URBS))
1. PIE *pordɑɦi̯·udɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pordɦi̯·udɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pordɦi̯·udɦo-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *porjɦ·udɦo-
3. porjɦ·udɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *parjɦ·udɦa-
4. parjɦ·udɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *parj·uda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. parj·uda-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → HLu. parz·uda-
PIE *pordɑɦi̯·udɑɦo·si-
HLu. parz·uda·ši-
(a.gen.) ‘of Parzuda’
(CHLu. 10.12.7)
(HLu. pa+ra/i-zu?-tax-sí-sa6-[x]-wa/i-mu-tax)
1. PIE *pordɑɦi̯·udɑɦo·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pordɦi̯·udɦo·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pordɦi̯·udɦo·si-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *porjɦ·udɦo·si-
3. porjɦ·udɦo·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *parjɦ·udɦa·si-
4. parjɦ·udɦa·si-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *parj·uda·si-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. parj·uda·si-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *parz·uda·si-
6. parz·uda·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. parz·uda·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *pordɑɦi̯·udɑɦo·u̯oni-
HLu. parz·uda·u̯ani-
(URBSa.ethn.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 10.12.13)
(HLu. pa+ra/i-zu?-tax-wa/i-nix(URBS))
1. PIE *pordɑɦi̯·udɑɦo·u̯oni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pordɦi̯·udɦo·u̯oni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pordɦi̯·udɦo·u̯oni-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *porjɦ·udɦo·u̯oni-
3. porjɦ·udɦo·u̯oni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *parjɦ·udɦa·u̯ani-
4. parjɦ·udɦa·u̯ani-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *parj·uda·u̯ani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. parj·uda·u̯ani-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → HLu. parz·uda·u̯ani-
√pordɑɦti-
PIE *pēpordɑɦti-
OInd. pāparddhi-
(f.) ‘Jagd’
(EWA 3:314)
(Graßmann: *pā-pardh-ti-)
1. PIE *pēpordɑɦti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pēpordɦti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pēpordɦti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pēpardɦti-
3. pēpardɦti-
*Dɦt → Ddɦ
Bartholomae’s Law
RDɦt›Ddɦ → *pēparddɦi-
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
4. pēparddɦi-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *pāparddɦi-
5. pāparddɦi-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. pāparddhi-
PIE *pēpordɑɦtin-
OInd. pāparddhin-
(m.) ‘Jäger’
(EWA 3:314)
1. PIE *pēpordɑɦtin-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pēpordɦtin-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pēpordɦtin-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pēpardɦtin-
3. pēpardɦtin-
*Dɦt → Ddɦ
Bartholomae’s Law
RDɦt›Ddɦ → *pēparddɦin-
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
4. pēparddɦin-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *pāparddɦin-
5. pāparddɦin-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. pāparddhin-
√pes-
PIE *Π·pes-
Lat. quadru·pes-
(a.n.) ‘vierfüssig’
(OxLatD. 1532)
(Lat. quadrupes [n.sg])
√pou-
(SPIE 47)
PIE *pou-
Hitt. pau-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘das Hinausgehen, Ausgang’
(HHand. 128)
(in Hitt. pa-a-u-ar, pa-a-u-ua-ar, pa-a-u-ua-aš, pa-ú-ua-a-an-zi [inf.]; or from PIE *poi̯ou̯-?)
1. PIE *pou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. pau-
PIE *trí·pou-
Gr. τρί·που-
(n.) ‘tripod’
(LSJ. 1821)
(Gr. τρίπουν [NA])
1. PIE *trí·pou-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τρί·που-
√peuo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *peu̯o-
OInd. pava-
(vb.M.) ‘go’
(MonWil. 610)
(Dhatup. pavate [3sg])
1. PIE *peu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *peu̯a-
2. peu̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *pau̯a-
3. pau̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OInd. pava-
√pu-
PIE *pu̯o
CLu. pu̯a
(adv.) ‘früher ≈ Hitt. garu’
(HHand. 137)
(CLu. pu-ú-u̯a)
1. PIE *pu̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. pu̯a
PIE *pu̯o·dɑɦil-
CLu. pu̯a·dil-
(a.) ‘passé: früher, vergangen’ (HHand. 137)
(DLL. 83)
(CLu. pu-u-ua-ti-i-il [sgNA])
1. PIE *pu̯o·dɑɦil-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pu̯o·dɦil-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pu̯o·dɦil-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pu̯a·dɦil-
3. pu̯a·dɦil-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. pu̯a·dil-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *pu̯·olei̯o-
CLu. pu̯·alei̯a-
(n.) ‘a garment for the leg or foot?’
(CHD P:369)
(CLu. pu-ua-li-ia-an-za [sgNA], HIL. 791)
1. PIE *pu̯·olei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. pu̯·alei̯a-
PIE *pu̯·olei̯o-
Hitt. pu̯·alei̯a-
(n.) ‘a garment for the leg or foot?’
(CHD P:369)
(Hitt. pu-ua-li-ia [sgNA], HIL. 791)
1. PIE *pu̯·olei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. pu̯·alei̯a-
√puɑh-
PIE *puɑh-
CLu. puḫ-
(vb.) ‘campaign, fight, hunt?’
(CHD P:402)
(CLu. pu-u-uḫ-ti)
1. PIE *puɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *puh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. puh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. puḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√pun-
PIE *pou̯on-
Hitt. pau̯an-
(n.obl.) ‘das Hinausgehen, Ausgang’
(HHand. 128)
(Hitt. pa-ú-ua-a-an-zi; or from PIE *poi̯ou̯-?)
1. PIE *pou̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. pau̯an-
PIE *pou̯on·Σ
Hitt. pau̯an·kipa-
(URU.) ‘‹here if ‘Ausgang + kipa’›’
(OGH. 311)
(or from PIE *poi̯ou̯-?)
1. PIE *pou̯on·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. pau̯an·Σ
PIE *puno-
Arm. hun-
(sb.) ‘Furt, Übergang’
(ArmGr. 1:468-9)
(Arm. hun [sgN])
1. PIE *puno-
*p- → h-
Change of *p- into h-
Rp=›h= → Arm. huno-
PIE *pundɑɦēɑɦ-
OSax. fundō-
(pr.) ‘strive’
(ASaxD. 349)
1. PIE *pundɑɦēɑɦ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *pundɑɦāɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. pundɑɦāɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pundɦāɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pundɦāɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *pundɦā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pundɦā-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *fundɦā-
5. fundɦā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *fundā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. fundā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → OSax. fundō-
(XX:XX)
PIE *pundɑɦi̯o-
OEng. fundia-
(pr.) ‘sich aufmachen nach, streben, gehen, eilen’
(ASaxD. 348-9)
1. PIE *pundɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pundɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pundɦi̯o-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *fundɦi̯o-
3. fundɦi̯o-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *fundi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. fundi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *fundi̯a-
5. fundi̯a-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → OEng. fundia-
PIE *puntɑhi̯o-
OHG. fundja-
(pr.) ‘subire’
(ASaxD. 349)
1. PIE *puntɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *punthi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. punthi̯o-
*t h → þ
Affricativization of *th
Rth›þ → *punþi̯o-
3. punþi̯o-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *funþi̯o-
4. funþi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *funþi̯a-
5. funþi̯a-
*þ → d
OHG sound shift of *þ
Rþ›d → *fundi̯a-
6. fundi̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → OHG. fundja-
√pur-
(IEW 810)
PIE *pou̯or-
Hitt. pau̯ar-
(n.N.act.) ‘das Hinausgehen; Ausgang’
(HHand. 128)
(or from PIE *poi̯ou̯-?)
1. PIE *pou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. pau̯ar-
PIE *puro-
OInd. pura-
(pr.A.) ‘go before, precede, lead’
(MonWil. 634)
(OInd. purati [3sg])
1. PIE *puro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OInd. pura-
PIE *puro-
OIcl. for-
(a.) ‘hastig, eilig’
(ANEtWb. 139)
(OIcl. forr: but cf. *furha- in Beitr. 2:960)
1. PIE *puro-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›fRestr → *furo-
2. furo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OIcl. fura-
PIE *puro
Goth. faur
(adv.prep.) ‘vor, für’
(GoEtD. F29)
1. PIE *puro
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *furo
2. furo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *fura
3. fura
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *fur
4. fur
*u → au
Allophonic change of *u into au
Ru›au → Goth. faur
PIE *puro-
ModPersL. pul-
(sb.) ‘Brücke’
(Güntert 1916:95)
1. PIE *puro-
r -› l
Change of r to l
Rr›l → *pulo-
2. pulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → ModPersL. pula-
PIE *pur·Σ
RV. ·purā́
(adv.) ‘früher, zuvor, von Alters her’
(WbRV. 826)
PIE *pur·ōnó-
RV. pur·āṇá-
(a.) ‘vormalig, uralt, seit lange bestehend’
(WbRV. 827)
1. PIE *pur·ōnó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *pur·ōná-
2. pur·ōná-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *pur·āná-
3. pur·āná-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → RV. pur·āṇá-
PIE *purós
RV. purás
(prep.A) ‘vor’
(WbRV. 825-6)
1. PIE *purós
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. purás
PIE *pouri̯o-
LAv. paoirya
(adv.) ‘zu Anfang (der ersten Welt)’
(AIWb. 874)
1. PIE *pouri̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pauri̯a-
2. pauri̯a-
*au → ao
Opening of *au
Rau›ao → *paori̯a-
3. paori̯a-
*aori → aoiri
Anaptyxis of *i
RaorI›aoirI → *paoiri̯a-
4. paoiri̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. paoirya-
PIE *purtis
Goth. faurþis
(adv.) ‘πρῶτον, πρότερον: before, earlier’
(GoEtD. F36)
1. PIE *purtis
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *furtis
2. furtis
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *furþis
3. furþis
*u → au
Allophonic change of *u into au
Ru›au → Goth. faurþis
PIE *purti̯oumou-
TochA. purcomo-
(a.) ‘primus, optimus’
(Poucha 201)
1. PIE *purti̯oumou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *purti̯aumau-
2. purti̯aumau-
PIE *ti̯ → c
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›c → *purcaumau-
3. purcaumau-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *purcōmō-
4. purcōmō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. purcomo-
PIE *púru̯o-
RV. pū́rva-
(a.) ‘vorder, voran seiend/gehend usw.’
(WbRV. 844-5)
1. PIE *púru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *púru̯a-
2. púru̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *púrva-
3. púrva-
urv → ūrv
Lengthening of *u before rv
Rurv›ūrv → RV. pū́rva-
PIE *pouru̯o-
LAv. paourva-
(a.) ‘der vordere, vorn, vornan befindlich’
(AIWb. 870)
1. PIE *pouru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pauru̯a-
2. pauru̯a-
*au → ao
Opening of *au
Rau›ao → *paoru̯a-
3. paoru̯a-
*aoru → aouru
Anaptyxis of *u
RaorU›aourU → *paouru̯a-
4. paouru̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. paourva-
PIE *pouru̯ɑ́him
gAv. paourvīm
(adv.) ‘zuerst, vor allem, bei Beginn’
(AIWb. 873-4)
1. PIE *pouru̯ɑ́him
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *pouru̯íhim
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. pouru̯íhim
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pauru̯íhim
3. pauru̯íhim
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pauru̯íim
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pauru̯íim
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *pauru̯ī́m
5. pauru̯ī́m
*au → ao
Opening of *au
Rau›ao → *paoru̯ī́m
6. paoru̯ī́m
*aoru → aouru
Anaptyxis of *u
RaorU›aourU → *paouru̯ī́m
7. paouru̯ī́m
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *paourvī́m
8. paourvī́m
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → gAv. paourvīm
√pusko-
PIE *pusko-
Arm. husk-
(a.) ‘dernier’
(Meillet 1894:296)
1. PIE *pusko-
*k → kʼ
Glottalization of *k
Rk›k' → *pusk'o-
2. pusk'o-
*p- → h-
Change of *p- into h-
Rp=›h= → Arm. husk'o-
√pud-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *poúd-
Gr. πούδ-
(m.) ‘foot’
(GEW 2:587)
(Gr. πούς [sgN])
1. PIE *poúd-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πούδ-
PIE *hɑergi̯ió·poud-
Maced. ἀργιό·πουδ-
(m.) ‘ἀετός’
(LSJ. 235)
1. PIE *hɑergi̯ió·poud-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑargi̯ió·poud-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑargi̯ió·poud-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hargi̯ió·poud-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hargi̯ió·poud-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *harǵió·poud-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. harǵió·poud-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arǵió·poud-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arǵió·poud-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *argió·poud-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. argió·poud-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Maced. ἀργιό·πουδ-
PIE *poudo-
Parth. pwd
(sb.) ‘Lauf’
(IEW 998 [diff.])
1. PIE *poudo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pauda-
2. pauda-
*a → 0
Orthographic absence of *a
Ra›0 → *pud-
3. pud-
*u → w
Orthographic change of *u into w
Ru›w → Parth. pwd-
PIE *pudo-
MAv. puda-
(EN.) ‘Name einer iranischen Familie’
(AIWb. 909)
(MAv. puda-)
1. PIE *pudo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → MAv. puda-
PIE *pud.hɑeríhɑdi̯o-
Gr. πυδ.αρίζο-
(pr.) ‘mit dem Fuß/Huf ausschlagen’
(GEW 2:620)
(Gr. πυδαρίζω)
1. PIE *pud.hɑeríhɑdi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *pud.hɑaríhɑdi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. pud.hɑaríhɑdi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pud.haríhdi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pud.haríhdi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pud.arídi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pud.arídi̯o-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *pud.aríjo-
5. pud.aríjo-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *pud.arízo-
6. pud.arízo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πυδ.αρίζο-
PIE *pud.hɑelíhɑdi̯o-
Gr. πυδ.αλίζο-
(pr.) ‘mit dem Fuß/Huf ausschlagen’
(GEW 2:620)
(Gr. πυδαλίζω)
1. PIE *pud.hɑelíhɑdi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *pud.hɑalíhɑdi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. pud.hɑalíhɑdi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pud.halíhdi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pud.halíhdi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pud.alídi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pud.alídi̯o-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *pud.alíjo-
5. pud.alíjo-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *pud.alízo-
6. pud.alízo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πυδ.αλίζο-


PIE √p- √op- √ep- (aff.) ‘nach, zurück’ (sb.) ‘Abend(land)’ (a.) ‘unterländisch’ (vb.) ‘fertig sein, zu Ende sein/machen’
(IEW 323-5)
(Kretschmer apud Hrozný 1917:21; Hrozný 1917:180f.; Pyysalo)
√po-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *po·giɦɑnu-
Hitt. pa·gnu-
(vb.2.) ‘anzeigen, verleumden’
(HHand. 117)
(Hitt. pa-ak-nu-ir, pa-ak-nu-e-ir)
1. PIE *po·giɦɑnu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *po·giɦnu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. po·giɦnu-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *po·ǵɦnu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. po·ǵɦnu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pa·ǵɦnu-
4. pa·ǵɦnu-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *pa·gɦnu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. pa·gɦnu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. pa·gnu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *po·nogi̯ɑɦo-
Pal. pa·naga-
(vb.) ‘zurückkommen(d)?’
(HHand. 118)
(Pal. pa-na-a-ga-an-zi [3pl] or [pt.], see BPal. 7, DPal. 66)
1. PIE *po·nogi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *po·nogi̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. po·nogi̯ɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *po·noǵɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. po·noǵɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pa·naǵɦa-
4. pa·naǵɦa-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *pa·nagɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. pa·nagɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Pal. pa·naga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *po·nogi̯ɑɦo-
Kpd. pa·naga-
(LÚc.) ‘‹zurückkommend?›’
(NOMS. 926)
(Kpd. pá-na-ga ‹for the semantics cf. Nestor›)
1. PIE *po·nogi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *po·nogi̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. po·nogi̯ɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *po·noǵɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. po·noǵɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pa·naǵɦa-
4. pa·naǵɦa-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *pa·nagɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. pa·nagɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Kpd. pa·naga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *po·sku-
Hitt. pa·šku-
(vb.1.) ‘zurückweisen, vernachlässigen, vergessen’
(HHand. 127)
(CHD P:208-9; HEG P:523-4)
1. PIE *po·sku-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pa·sku-
2. pa·sku-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. pa·šku-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·po·sku-
HLu. ARHA pa·šku-
(vb.) ‘overlook, neglect’
(KLuN. 334f.)
(HLu. ARHA pa-sà-REL-i)
1. PIE *Π·po·sku-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·pa·sku-
2. Π·pa·sku-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. Π·pa·šku-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *po·sēɑh-
OHG. fa·sō-
(vb.) ‘nachspüren, suchen’
(Gl. NGl.)
(OHG. fasôn [inf.], Grundr2 1:765, WH. 2:241, insequi Gl, quaerere NGl, vestigare Gl)
1. PIE *po·sēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *po·sāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. po·sāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *po·sāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. po·sāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *po·sā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. po·sā-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *fo·sā-
5. fo·sā-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *fa·sā-
6. fa·sā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → OHG. fa·sō-
(XX:XX)
PIE *·po
Hitt. ·pa
(encl.ptcl.) etwa ‘wieder, zuruck’
(HHand. 18)
(HEG P:1)
1. PIE *·po
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ·pa
√opo-
(Hrozný 1917:180f.)
(Kronasser EHS 574)
PIE *opo
Hitt. apa
(adv.) ‘wieder, zurück’ (postp.GD) ‘nach, hinter’
(HHand. 18)
(Hitt. ap-pa, EGIR-pa)
1. PIE *opo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. apa
PIE *opo
CLu. apa
(pref.) ‘wieder, zurück’
(HHand. 18)
1. PIE *opo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. apa
PIE *·opo
Hitt. ·apa
(encl.ptcl.) etwa ‘wieder, zuruck’
(HHand. 18)
(HEG A:41f.)
1. PIE *·opo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ·apa
PIE *opo·Σ
HLu. apa·zidi-
(OCCIDENSa.) ‘western, unterländisch?’
(CHLu. 4.17.A)
(HLu. (‘OCCIDENS’)á-pa-zi-i-ti)
1. PIE *opo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. apa·Σ
PIE *op·oi-
OHitt. ap·ai-
(vb.2.) ‘fertig sein, zu Ende sein: be finished/done’
(HHand. 18)
(OHitt. a-ap-pa-i [3sg], ap-pa-i, HIL. 231)
1. PIE *op·oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OHitt. ap·ai-
PIE *op·oi-
Hitt. ap·ai-
(vb.M.) ‘be finished, be done’
(HIL. 231)
(Hitt. ap-pa-a-ru [3sg])
1. PIE *op·oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ap·ai-
PIE *op·oii̯o-
Hitt. apai̯a-
(KUR.URU.) ‘‹≈ Border city?›’
(OGH. 26)
(Hitt. ab-ba-ia, ]ap-pa-ia [Stf.])
1. PIE *op·oii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ap·aii̯a-
2. ap·aii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *ap·aia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. ap·aia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → Hitt. ap·ai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
√ēpo-
PIE *ēpo·dɑɦoriso-
CLu. ēpa·dariša-
(vb.) ‘‹≈ hold behind/away?›’
(DLL. 52)
(CLu. (i)-ip-pa-tar-re-(eš)-ša-(at)-ta [3sg], obj. [malḫašš]aššin EN)
1. PIE *ēpo·dɑɦoriso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ēpo·dɦoriso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ēpo·dɦoriso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ēpa·dɦarisa-
3. ēpa·dɦarisa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ēpa·darisa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ēpa·darisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. ēpa·dariša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√opeio-
(Pyysalo)
(SHV 472)
PIE *op·ei̯o-
OHitt. ap·ei̯a-
(vb.1.A.) ‘fertig/zu Ende sein: be finished/done’
(HHand. 18, HIL. 231)
(Hitt. ap-pi-ia-zi [3sg], ap-pi-ia-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *op·ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OHitt. ap·ei̯a-
PIE *op·ei̯o-
LAv. ap·aya-
(pr.) ‘(Gebot) nachkommen, es erfüllen, befolgen’
(AIWb. 70-1)
(LAv. apayantahe [them.pt.sgG])
1. PIE *op·ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ap·ei̯a-
2. ap·ei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ap·ai̯a-
3. ap·ai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. ap·aya-
PIE *prōpei̯o-
LAv. frāpaya-
(a.) ‘nach Sonnenuntergang zu gelegen, westlich’
(AIWb. 1015-6)
(LAv. frāpayå [f.plA])
1. PIE *prōpei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *prōpei̯a-
2. prōpei̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *prāpei̯a-
3. prāpei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *prāpai̯a-
4. prāpai̯a-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
RpR›fR → *frāpai̯a-
5. frāpai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. frāpaya-
PIE *prōpei̯os-
LAv. frāpayah-
(m.) ‘Name eines Bergs oder Gebirgs’
(AIWb. 1016)
1. PIE *prōpei̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *prōpei̯as-
2. prōpei̯as-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *prāpei̯as-
3. prāpei̯as-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *prāpei̯ah-
4. prāpei̯ah-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *prāpai̯ah-
5. prāpai̯ah-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
RpR›fR → *frāpai̯ah-
6. frāpai̯ah-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. frāpayah-
√opi-
PIE *opi
LinB. ὀπι
(prep.D) ‘after, around, upon’
(DMycGr. 402)
(LinB. o-pi)
1. PIE *opi
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → LinB. ὀπι
PIE *opi
HLu. api
(adv.conj.) ‘wieder, zurück; außerdem, ferner’
(CHLu. 11.5.4)
(HLu. á-pi [adv.] 11.5.4 etc., á-pi [conj.?] 11.6.28 etc.)
1. PIE *opi
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. api
PIE *Π·opi
CLu. ·api
(postp.) ‘after, again’
(DLL. 29)
(CLu. duwayai kuis·ti·appi wassa lalluyawa tapala)
1. PIE *Π·opi
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. Π·api
√opidɑɦi-
PIE *opídɑɦi̯ō-
Gr. ὀπίσσω
(adv.) ‘nach hinten, hernach’
(GEW 2:404)
(Gr. ὀπίσσω)
1. PIE *opídɑɦi̯ō-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *opídɦi̯ō-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. opídɦi̯ō-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *opíjɦō-
3. opíjɦō-
*jɦ → ch
Loss of voice of media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›ch → *opíchō-
4. opíchō-
*c → s
Change of *c into s
Rc›s → *opíshō-
5. opíshō-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀπίσhω-
PIE *opidɑɦi̯ei̯o-
Hitt. apizei̯a
(adv.) ‘hinterer, letzter, geringer’
(HEG A:46)
1. PIE *opidɑɦi̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *opidɦi̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. opidɦi̯ei̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *opijɦei̯o-
3. opijɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *apijɦei̯a-
4. apijɦei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *apijei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. apijei̯a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. apizei̯a-
√ēpomi-
(AHPh. 254)
PIE *ēpomi-
HLu. ipami-
(OCCIDENSpt.) ‘occidens: west’
(CHLu. 1.1.5)
(HLu. (“OCCIDENS”)i-pa-mi, “OCCIDENS”-pa-mi [1.1.32])
1. PIE *ēpomi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ēpami-
2. ēpami-
*ē → i
Change of *ē into i
Rē›i → HLu. ipami-
√opon-
PIE *opon
Hitt. apan
(adv.) ‘dahinter, hinten’
(HHand. 18)
(Hitt. ap-pa-an, EGIR-an)
1. PIE *opon
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. apan
PIE *opon
CLu. apan
(pref.) ‘zurück’ (postp.) ‘hinter’
(HHand. 18)
1. PIE *opon
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. apan
PIE *opon
HLu. apan
(POSTadv.) ‘after’
(CHLu. 4.3.2)
(HLu. (‘POST’)á-pa-pa-wa/i-mu-ta)
1. PIE *opon
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. apan
√ēpon-
PIE *ēponto
OHG. āband-
(m.) ‘Abend, Vorabend, Westen’
(EWAhd. 1:9)
(OHG. âband-; Lat. sero N, suprema Gl, vesper Gl, vespera B, N)
1. PIE *ēponto
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *ēfonto
2. ēfonto
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *ēfonþo
3. ēfonþo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ēfanþa
4. ēfanþa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *ēfanþ
5. ēfanþ
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *āfanþ
6. āfanþ
*þ → d
OHG sound shift of *þ
Rþ›d → *āfand
7. āfand
*f → b
OHG sound shift of *f
Rāfa›āba → OHG. āband
PIE *ēpondɑɦ-
OSax. āvand-
(m.) ‘Abend’
(ASaxD. 4)
1. PIE *ēpondɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ēpondɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ēpondɦ-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *ēfondɦ-
3. ēfondɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *ēfond-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ēfond-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ēfand-
5. ēfand-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *āfand-
6. āfand-
*āfa → -āva
Change of f into v between vowels
Rāfa›āva → OSax. āvand-
PIE *ēpondɑɦi-
OLFrank. āvandi
(adv.) ‘vesperem’
(MNPs 9)
(OLFrank. avandi [sgD]: vesperem 58, 7 Berlin, 58, 15)
1. PIE *ēpondɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ēpondɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ēpondɦi-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *ēfondɦi-
3. ēfondɦi-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *ēfondi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ēfondi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ēfandi-
5. ēfandi-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *āfandi-
6. āfandi-
*āfa → -āva
Change of f into v between vowels
Rāfa›āva → OLFrank. āvandi-
√op·oro-
(IEW 53-54)
PIE *op·oro-
Goth. af·ar-
(m.) ‘Nachkomme: ἐφημερία: vicis’
(GoEtD. A10)
(Goth. afaram [plD] Luk 1,5 CA)
1. PIE *op·oro-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *of·oro-
2. of·oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. af·ara-
PIE *op·oró-
RV. ap·ará-
(adv.) ‘später, künftig’
(WbRV. 73)
1. PIE *op·oró-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ap·aró-
2. ap·aró-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. ap·ará-
PIE *óp·oro-
RV. áp·ara-
(a.) ‘hintere, spätere, westliche, zurückstehende’
(WbRV. 72-3)
1. PIE *óp·oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *óp·ara-
2. óp·ara-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. áp·ara-
PIE *op·oro
HLu. ap·ara
(adv.) ‘thereafter, afterwards?’
(CHLu. 4.2.15)
(HLu. á-pa-ara/i)
1. PIE *op·oro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. ap·ara
PIE *op·oro
Goth. af·ar
(pref.) ‘nach, hinter, hernach, zufolge, an’
(GoEtD. A9)
1. PIE *op·oro
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *of·oro
2. of·oro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *af·ara
3. af·ara
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Goth. af·ar
PIE *op·oro
Goth. af·ar
(prep.) ‘διά, εἰς, ἐπί, κατά, μετά, ὀπίσω: post’
(GoEtD. A9)
(Goth. afar Mat 8,1 CA; Mat 8,22 CA; Mat 9,9 CA2, etc., HbGo. 199,2a, 200,1)
1. PIE *op·oro
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *of·oro
2. of·oro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *af·ara
3. af·ara
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Goth. af·ar
PIE *op·oro
HLu. ap·ara
(POSTadv.) ‘afterwards’
(CHLu. 10.12.16)
(HLu. POST+ra/i(-ti?))
1. PIE *op·oro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. ap·ara
PIE *op·oro-
HLu. ap·ara-
(POSTa.) ‘later, lesser’
(CHLu. 10.12.37)
(HLu. POST+ra/i-sa, POST+ra/i-zi/a [CHLu. 10.12.3])
1. PIE *op·oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. ap·ara-
√oporoi-
PIE *op·oroi-
HLu. ap·arai-
(POSTa.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 6.3.20)
(HLu. POST+ra/i-i-sá [sgN])
1. PIE *op·oroi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. ap·arai-
PIE *op·oroi-
CLu. ap·arai-
(vb.) ‘‹go after/ forth?›’
(HHand. 18)
(CLu. apparaindu [3pl])
1. PIE *op·oroi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. ap·arai-
√oporont-
PIE *op·oronto-
HLu. ap·aranta
(POSTsb.) ‘future’
(CHLu. 2.27.5)
(HLu. POST+ra/i-tá [sgAll] ‘in the future’)
1. PIE *op·oronto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. ap·aranta-
PIE *op·oronti-
CLu. ap·aranti-
(a.) ‘zukünftig, folgend: future’ (HHand. 18)
(DLL. 29)
(CLu. aparanti, ap-pa-ra-an-ti-in)
1. PIE *op·oronti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. ap·aranti-
√opt-
PIE *opton-
OIcl. aptan-
(m.) ‘Abend’
(ANEtWb. 11)
(OIcl. aptann [sgN])
1. PIE *opton-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *opþon-
2. opþon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *apþan-
3. apþan-
*þ → ð
Change of þ into ð
R=þ›=ð → OIcl. apðan-
PIE *optro
OIcl. aptr
(adv.) ‘zurück, wiederum’
(ANEtWb. 11)
1. PIE *optro
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *opþro
2. opþro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *apþra
3. apþra
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *apþr
4. apþr
*þ → ð
Change of þ into ð
R=þ›=ð → OIcl. apðr
√pu-
(IEW 55)
PIE *pú·meɑhto-
Gr. πύ·ματο-
(sup.) ‘hindermost, last’
(LSJ. 1554)
(Gr. πύματος)
1. PIE *pú·meɑhto-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *pú·maɑhto-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. pú·maɑhto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pú·mahto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pú·mahto-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pú·mato-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pú·mato-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πύ·ματο-
PIE *pú·nor
RV. pú·nar
(adv.) ‘zurück, wieder, ferner’
(KEWA 2:305)
(‹suffix unclear›)
1. PIE *pú·nor
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → RV. pú·nar
PIE *pu·pɑhpɑhi-
Lat. pu·ppi-
(f.) ‘Hinterdeck (des Schiffs)’
(WH. 2:389)
(for Lat. ·ppi-, see √pɑhpɑh- √bɑɦbɑɦ- ‘Deck, Tisch usw.’)
1. PIE *pu·pɑhpɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pu·phphi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pu·phphi-
*ph → p
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *ph
Rph›p → Lat. pu·ppi-
√opundɑɦ-
PIE *opundɑɦ-
OLFrank. avond-
(adv.) ‘Abend’
(MNPs)
(OLFrank. avont [sgD]: vespere 54, 18 Berlin; Son.)
1. PIE *opundɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *opundɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. opundɦ-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *ofundɦ-
3. ofundɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *ofund-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ofund-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *afund-
5. afund-
*afu → -avu
Change of f into v between vowels
Rafu›avu → OLFrank. avund-
√ēbɑɦ-
√ēbɑɦolo-
(Note the semantic difficulty)
PIE *ēbɑɦolo-
CLu. ēbala-
(a.) ‘links: gauche’ (Hitt. GUB-la-, HHand. 62)
(DLL. 51-2)
(CLu. i-pa-la-(a)-ti [sgAbl])
1. PIE *ēbɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ēbɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ēbɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ēbɦala-
3. ēbɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. ēbala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ēbɑɦolo·dɑɦei-
CLu. ēbala·dei-
(c.) ‘linkisches Verhalten, Ungeschicklichkeit’
(HHand. 62)
(CLu. i-pa-la-a-ti-en [sgA], DLL. 51-2)
1. PIE *ēbɑɦolo·dɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ēbɦolo·dɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ēbɦolo·dɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ēbɦala·dɦei-
3. ēbɦala·dɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. ēbala·dei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ēbɑɦoruos-
(Suffix not confirmed)
PIE *ēbɑɦoru̯oso-
CLu. ēbaru̯aša-
(a.) ‘zu linker Hand, links befindlich ‹or ‘western’, see CLuLex. 90›’
(HHand. 62)
1. PIE *ēbɑɦoru̯oso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ēbɦoru̯oso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ēbɦoru̯oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ēbɦaru̯asa-
3. ēbɦaru̯asa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ēbaru̯asa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ēbaru̯asa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. ēbaru̯aša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ēbɑɦoru̯osi-
CLu. ēbaru̯aši-
(a.) ‘zu linker Hand, links befindlich’
(HHand. 62)
1. PIE *ēbɑɦoru̯osi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ēbɦoru̯osi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ēbɦoru̯osi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ēbɦaru̯asi-
3. ēbɦaru̯asi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ēbaru̯asi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ēbaru̯asi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. ēbaru̯aši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ēbɑɦoru̯osɑho-
CLu. ēbaru̯ašḫa-
(GKL.) ‘links/Süden ‹or ‘west’, see CLuLex. 91›’
(DLL. 52)
(CLu. [i]-pár-ua-aš-ḫa-aš, i-pár-ua-aš-ḫa-an)
1. PIE *ēbɑɦoru̯osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ēbɦoru̯osho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ēbɦoru̯osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ēbɦaru̯asha-
3. ēbɦaru̯asha-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ēbaru̯asha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ēbaru̯asha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ēbaru̯ašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ēbaru̯ašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ēbaru̯ašḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √p- √po- √pe- (vb.) ‘schützen’ (sb.) ‘Hirt’
(IEW 839)
(WP. 2:72; Pyysalo: CLu. + gAv.)
√pe/o-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *po-
CLu. pa-
(vb.) ‘schützen: protect’
(KBo IV 11 Vs. 55)
(CLu. wašu paddu [3sg])
1. PIE *po-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. pa-
PIE *po-
gAv. pa-
(vb.) ‘hüten, schirmen’
(AIWb. 898)
(gAv. pōi [inf.])
1. PIE *po-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → gAv. pa-


PIE √pɑh- (vb.) ‘schädigen’
(IEW 827 *pau-)
(SPIE 387: Anat. + Gr. + Toch.)
√pɑhi-
(Pyysalo)
(CHD P:1f.)
PIE *peɑhi-
Hitt. paḫi-
(c.) ‘(something harmful)’
(CHD P:1)
(HEG P:361; Hitt. nu anduḫši pa-aḫ-ḫi-in ša-an-aḫ-ḫi-iš-k[i-zi])
1. PIE *peɑhi-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhi-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. paɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pahi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pahi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. paḫi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *peɑhi-
CLu. paḫi-
(vb.M.) ‘-(?)-’ ‹negative concepts in the context›
(DLL. 77)
(Hitt. pa-aḫ-ḫi-it-ta-ru [3sg])
1. PIE *peɑhi-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhi-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. paɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pahi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pahi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. paḫi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√pɑhil-
(MA. 650)
PIE *pɑ́hilo-
TochB. pīla-
(m.sg) ‘Wunde’
(DTochB. 387)
(TochB. pīle)
1. PIE *pɑ́hilo-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *píhilo-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. píhilo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *píhila-
3. píhila-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *píila-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. píila-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *pī́la-
5. pī́la-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → TochB. pīla-
PIE *pɑhilo-
TochB. pila-
(m.sg) ‘wound’ (LeTokh. 1:356)
(DTochB. 387)
(TochB. pilenta, pile[n]e, pilentse)
1. PIE *pɑhilo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *philo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. philo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *phila-
3. phila-
*ph → p
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *ph
Rph›p → TochB. pila-
PIE *pɑhilointo·Σ
TochB. ·pilentatstse-
(a.) ‘having wounds, wounded’
(DTochB. 387)
1. PIE *pɑhilointo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *philointo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. philointo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *philainta·Σ
3. philainta·Σ
*ph → p
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *ph
Rph›p → *pilainta·Σ
4. pilainta·Σ
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *pilēnta·Σ
5. pilēnta·Σ
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochB. pilenta·Σ
√pɑhis-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *peɑhíso-
Gr. παίο-
(pr.) ‘schlagen, hauen, stoßen’
(GEW 2:464)
(Gr. παίω [1sg])
1. PIE *peɑhíso-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhíso-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. paɑhíso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pahíso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pahíso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *paíso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. paíso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *paího-
5. paího-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *paío-
6. paío-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. παίο-
PIE *peɑhiski̯eu̯or-
Hitt. paḫiškeu̯ar-
(n.) ‘(eine feindselige Handlung)’
(HEG P:360-1)
(HHand. 115, Hitt. pa-aḫ-ḫi-eš-ke-u-ua-ar)
1. PIE *peɑhiski̯eu̯or-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhiski̯eu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. paɑhiski̯eu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pahiski̯eu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pahiski̯eu̯or-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *pahisḱeu̯or-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. pahisḱeu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pahisḱeu̯ar-
5. pahisḱeu̯ar-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *pahiskeu̯ar-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. pahiskeu̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *pahiškeu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. pahiškeu̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. paḫiškeu̯ar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *peɑhíss-
Gr. παίσ-
(s.ao.) ‘schlagen, hauen, stoßen’
(GEW 2:464)
(Gr. ἔπαισα [1sg])
1. PIE *peɑhíss-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhíss-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. paɑhíss-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pahíss-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pahíss-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *paíss-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. paíss-
*ss → s
Degemination of *ss
Rss›s → *país-
5. país-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. παίσ-
√pɑhu-
PIE *peɑhui̯o-
Lat. pauio-
(pr.4.) ‘schlagen, stampfen’
(WH. 2:267)
(Lat. pauiō [1sg])
1. PIE *peɑhui̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhui̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. paɑhui̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pahui̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pahui̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *paui̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. paui̯o-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → Lat. pauio-


PIE √pɑh- √bɑɦ- (vb.) ‘schlucken, trinken, kauen’ (sb.) ‘Tränke, Schmaus, Mal, Beere’
(IEW 145-6, 839-40)
(Schmitt-Brandt 1967:117: Hitt.; Pyysalo: Germ.)
√pɑh-
(IEW 839-40)
(Kuryłowicz 1935:56f.; Pyysalo: Lat.)
PIE *kúp·pēɑh-
Lat. cup·pā-
(f.) ‘Trinkgefäß, Becher’
(WH. 1:311)
(Lat. cuppa [sgN])
1. PIE *kúp·pēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kúp·pāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kúp·pāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kúp·pāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kúp·pāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kúp·pā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kúp·pā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *cúp·pā-
5. cúp·pā-
*ú → u
Orthographic change of *ú into u
Rú›u → Lat. cup·pā-
PIE *pro·pḗɑh-
RV. pra·pā́-
(f.) ‘Tränke’
(WbRV. 876)
(RV. prapā́ [sgN])
1. PIE *pro·pḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *pro·pā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. pro·pā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pro·pā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pro·pā́h-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pra·pā́h-
4. pra·pā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. pra·pā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *ɑɦegurei·pḗɑh-
RV. agre·pā́-
(a.) ‘zuerst trinkend’
(WbRV. 12)
1. PIE *ɑɦegurei·pḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *ɑɦegurei·pā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ɑɦegurei·pā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦegurei·pā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦegurei·pā́h-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *egurei·pā́h-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. egurei·pā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *egurei·pā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. egurei·pā́-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *egrei·pā́-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. egrei·pā́-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *agrai·pā́-
7. agrai·pā́-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *agrē·pā́-
8. agrē·pā́-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → RV. agre·pā́-
PIE *pṓɑh-
Aeol. πώ-
(√pr.) ‘trinken’
(GEW 2:540)
(Aeol. πῶθι [2sg], LSJ. 1406)
1. PIE *pṓɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pṓh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pṓh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pṓ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. pṓ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Aeol. πώ-
PIE *pṓɑh-
RV. pā́-
(√pr.) ‘trinken’
(WbRV. 800-1)
(RV. pāhí [2sg], ápām, ápās)
1. PIE *pṓɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pṓh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pṓh-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *pā́h-
3. pā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. pā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *pepōɑh-
RV. papā-
(pf.) ‘trinken’
(WbRV. 802)
(RV. papātha [2sg], papā́u [3sg])
1. PIE *pepōɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pepōh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pepōh-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *pepāh-
3. pepāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pepā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pepā-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → RV. papā-
PIE *póɑh·me
RV. pā́·ma
(√pr.) ‘trinken’
(WbRV. 800-1)
(RV. apāma, with Brugmann’s law II, see SPIE 121ff.)
1. PIE *póɑh·me
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *póh·me
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. póh·me
PIE *óhCV → ā́hCV
Brugmann’s Law for *óhCV
RóHCV›ā́HCV → *pā́h·me
(SPIE §2.3.7)
3. pā́h·me
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pā́·me
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pā́·me
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → RV. pā́·ma
PIE *pipeɑh-
Fal. pipa-
(vb.) ‘trinken’
(WH. 2:103)
(Fal. pipafo [fut1sg]; or from PItal. *piba-?)
1. PIE *pipeɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *pipaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. pipaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pipah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pipah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Fal. pipa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√pɑhi-
PIE *pɑ́hi-
Gr. πί̄-
(ao.) ‘trinken’
(GEW 2:540)
(Gr. πῖθι [2sg])
1. PIE *pɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *píhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. píhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *píi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. píi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *pī́-
4. pī́-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πί̄-
PIE *pɑ́hi-
OCS. pi-
(vb.) ‘trinken’
(Sadnik √655)
(OCS. piti [inf.])
1. PIE *pɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *píhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. píhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *píi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. píi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *pī́-
4. pī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *pí-
5. pí-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → OCS. pi-
PIE *pepɑ́hi-
RV. papī-
(pf.) ‘trinken’
(WbRV. 802)
(RV. papīyāt [opt3sg])
1. PIE *pepɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *pepíhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. pepíhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pepíi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. pepíi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *pepī́-
4. pepī́-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → RV. papī́-
√pɑhk-
(Delamarre, Pyysalo)
PIE *pé·pōɑhk-
Gr. πέ·πωκ-
(pf.) ‘trinken’
(GEW 2:540)
(Gr. πέπωκα [1sg])
1. PIE *pé·pōɑhk-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pé·pōhk-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pé·pōhk-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pé·pōk-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. pé·pōk-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πέ·πωκ-
PIE *Π·peɑhko-
OInd. taila·paka-
(m.) ‘tailapā- = oil-drinker’
(MonWil. 455)
1. PIE *Π·peɑhko-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·paɑhko-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·paɑhko-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·pahko-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·pahko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·pahka-
4. Π·pahka-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OInd. Π·paka-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *poɑhklo-
OGaul. oclo-
(m.?) ‘boisso[n]’
(DLG. 237)
(in OGaul. ocl[…])
1. PIE *poɑhklo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pohklo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pohklo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *poklo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. poklo-
*p → h
Change of *p into h
Rp›h → *hoklo-
4. hoklo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oklo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. oklo-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → OGaul. oclo-
PIE *poɑhklo
OIr. ōl-
(m.) ‘boisson, fait de boire’
(DLG. 237)
(OIr. ól)
1. PIE *poɑhklo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pohklo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pohklo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *poklo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. poklo
okl → ōl
Loss of *k with lengthening of *o
Rokl›ōl → *pōlo
4. pōlo
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr → OIr. pōl
PIE *pōɑhklo-
Lat. pōclo-
(n.) ‘Becher’
(WH. 2:329)
(Lat. pōcla)
1. PIE *pōɑhklo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pōhklo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pōhklo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pōklo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. pōklo-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. pōclo-
√pɑhs-
PIE *pōɑhs-
RV. pās-
(ao.) ‘trinken’
(WbRV. 802)
(RV. ápās [3sg])
1. PIE *pōɑhs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pōhs-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pōhs-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *pāhs-
3. pāhs-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. pās-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *pípōɑhseɑh-
RV. pípāsa-
(des.) ‘trinken wollen’
(WbRV. 802)
(RV. pípāsati)
1. PIE *pípōɑhseɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *pípōɑhsaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. pípōɑhsaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pípōhsah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pípōhsah-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *pípāhsah-
4. pípāhsah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. pípāsa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *pōɑhsi̯ó-
OInd. pāsyá-
(fut.) ‘trinken werden’
(MonWIl. 612)
(OInd. pāsyáti, -te)
1. PIE *pōɑhsi̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pōhsi̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pōhsi̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *pōhsi̯á-
3. pōhsi̯á-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *pāhsi̯á-
4. pāhsi̯á-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pāsi̯á-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. pāsi̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. pāsyá-
PIE *pṓɑhski̯o-
Gr. πώσκο-
(pr.) ‘trinken’
(GEW 2:540)
(Gr. πώσκω)
1. PIE *pṓɑhski̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pṓhski̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pṓhski̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *pṓhsḱo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. pṓhsḱo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pṓsḱo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pṓsḱo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *pṓsko-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. pṓsko-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πώσκο-
PIE *pōɑhski̯ēɑh-
Lat. pōscā-
(f.) ‘Wasser mit Essig gemischt als Getränk’
(WH. 2:345)
(Lat. pōsca)
1. PIE *pōɑhski̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *pōɑhski̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. pōɑhski̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pōhski̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pōhski̯āh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *pōhsḱāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. pōhsḱāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pōsḱā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. pōsḱā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *pōskā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. pōskā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. pōscā-
√bɑɦos-
(Schmitt-Brandt 1967:117)
(IEW 145-6)
PIE *bɑɦos-
Hitt. baš-
(vb.2.) ‘schlucken, verschlucken: swallow, gulp’
(HHand. 126)
(HIL. 750-1, Hitt. pa-a-ši [3sg], pa-a-šu [3sg])
1. PIE *bɑɦos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦas-
3. bɦas-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *bas-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. bas-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. baš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦos-
Hitt. baš-
(vb.1.) ‘sclucken, verschluken’
(HHand. 126)
(Hitt. pa-aš-zi, pa-aš-ta [3sg])
1. PIE *bɑɦos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦas-
3. bɦas-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *bas-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. bas-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. baš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦos-
CLu. baš-
(GKLvb.) ‘schlucken, verschlucken’
(HHand. 126)
(CLu. pa-aš-ta [3sg])
1. PIE *bɑɦos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦas-
3. bɦas-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *bas-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. bas-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. baš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·bɑɦebɑɦos-
RV. prá (...) babhas-
(pr.) ‘zerkauen’
(WbRV. 930)
(RV. prá (...) babhasat [conj])
1. PIE *Π·bɑɦebɑɦos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·bɦebɦos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·bɦebɦos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·bɦebɦas-
3. Π·bɦebɦas-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *Π·bebɦas-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
4. Π·bebɦas-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·babɦas-
5. Π·babɦas-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·babhas-
√bɑɦoso-
(CHD P:203f.)
(HIL. 726f.; Pyysalo: Av.)
PIE *bɑɦoso-
Hitt. baša-
(vb.1.) ‘schlucken, verschlucken’
(HHand. 126)
(Hitt. pa-ša?-a[n-zi] [3pl])
1. PIE *bɑɦoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦoso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦasa-
3. bɦasa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *basa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. basa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. baša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·bɑɦobɑɦoso-
CLu. arḫa (…) babaša·-
(vb.2.) ‘verschlucken: swallow’
(HIL. 726)
(CLu. pa-ap-pa-ša-i [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·bɑɦobɑɦoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·bɦobɦoso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·bɦobɦoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·bɦabɦasa-
3. Π·bɦabɦasa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·babasa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·babasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. Π·babaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦoso-
LAv. baŋha-
(m.) ‘N. einer Pflanze und deren Saft’
(AIWb. 925)
(LAv. baŋhǝm)
1. PIE *bɑɦoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦoso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦasa-
3. bɦasa-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *bɦaha-
4. bɦaha-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *baha-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. baha-
ahA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
RahA›aŋhA → LAv. baŋha-
PIE *bɑɦoso-
LAv. baŋha-
(a.) ‘trunken, narkotisirt’
(AIWb. 925)
(LAv. baŋhǝm)
1. PIE *bɑɦoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦoso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦasa-
3. bɦasa-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *bɦaha-
4. bɦaha-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *baha-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. baha-
ahA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
RahA›aŋhA → LAv. baŋha-
PIE *hɑe·bɑɦoso-
LAv. a·baŋha-
(a.) ‘frei von dem baŋha-’
(AIWb. 87)
(LAv. abaŋhō [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑe·bɑɦoso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa·bɑɦoso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa·bɑɦoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ha·bɦoso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ha·bɦoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ha·bɦasa-
4. ha·bɦasa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *a·bɦasa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. a·bɦasa-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *a·bɦaha-
6. a·bɦaha-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *a·baha-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. a·baha-
ahA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
RahA›aŋhA → LAv. a·baŋha-
PIE *bɑɦóso-
RV. bhása-
(pr.) ‘kauen’
(WbRV. 930)
(RV. bhásat [3sg])
1. PIE *bɑɦóso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦóso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦóso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦósa-
3. bɦósa-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *bɦása-
4. bɦása-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. bhása-
PIE *bɑɦosó-
RV. bhasá-
(pr.) ‘zerkauen, verzehren’
(WbRV. 930)
(RV. bhasáthas [3du])
1. PIE *bɑɦosó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦosó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦosó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦasó-
3. bɦasó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *bɦasá-
4. bɦasá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. bhasá-
PIE *Π·bɑɦóso-
RV. prá (…) bhása·-
(pr.) ‘zerkauen, zerbeissen’
(WbRV. 930)
(RV. prá (...) bhásat [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·bɑɦóso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·bɦóso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·bɦóso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·bɦósa-
3. Π·bɦósa-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·bɦása-
4. Π·bɦása-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·bhása-
√bɑɦosi-
(Pyysalo: Germ.)
(IEW 105 [diff.])
PIE *Π·bɑɦosio
Goth. weina·basi-
(n.) ‘Weinbeere’
(IEW 105)
(Pokorny “Unsicher ist, ob (…) eigentlich ‘rote Beere’?”)
1. PIE *Π·bɑɦosio
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·bɦosio
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·bɦosio
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *Π·bosio
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·bosio
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·basia
4. Π·basia
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Goth. Π·basi
PIE *bɑɦosío
OSax. beri-
(n.) ‘Beere’
(ASächsWb. 6)
1. PIE *bɑɦosío
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦosío
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦosío
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *bosío
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. bosío
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *basía
4. basía
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *basí
5. basí
*asi → esi
Umlaut *asi- to esi
Rasí›esí → *besí
6. besí
*esí → -erí
Verner's Law
Resí›erí → *berí
7. berí
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → OSax. beri
PIE *bɑɦosío
OHG. beri-
(n.) ‘Beere, Traube: berry, grape’
(EWAhd. 1, 560)
(IEW 105; Lat. baca Gl, fructus Gl, uva Gl, N, NGl)
1. PIE *bɑɦosío
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦosío
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦosío
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *bosío
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. bosío
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *basía
4. basía
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *basí
5. basí
*asi → esi
Umlaut *asi- to esi
Rasí›esí → *besí
6. besí
*esí → -erí
Verner's Law
Resí›erí → *berí
7. berí
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → OHG. beri
PIE *bɑɦosiski̯e/o-
Hitt. bašiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘swallow, gulp down’
(HIL. 750)
(Hitt. pa-a-ši-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *bɑɦosiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦosiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦosiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *bɦosisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. bɦosisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦasisḱe/a-
4. bɦasisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *bɦasiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. bɦasiske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *basiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. basiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. bašiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√bɑɦosol-
(CHD P:100)
PIE *bɑɦobɑɦosol-
CLu. babašal-
(n.) ‘Speiseröhre: throat, esophagus’
(HHand. 119)
(CLu. [pa-]pa-ša-a-la [plNA], HuIdg. 206)
1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦosol-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦobɦosol-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦobɦosol-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦabɦasal-
3. bɦabɦasal-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *babasal-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. babasal-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. babašal-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦobɑɦosolo-
Hitt. babašala-
(UZUc.) ‘Speiseröhre’
(HHand. 119)
(Hitt. pa-ap-pa-aš-ša-la-an [sgA], pa-pa-aš-ša-la-an [sgA])
1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦosolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦobɦosolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦobɦosolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦabɦasala-
3. bɦabɦasala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *babasala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. babasala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. babašala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦobɑɦosoli-
Hitt. babašali-
(UZUc.) ‘Speiseröhre: esophagus’
(HHand. 119)
(Hitt. pa-ap-pa-aš-ša-li-in [sgA])
1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦosoli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦobɦosoli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦobɦosoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦabɦasali-
3. bɦabɦasali-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *babasali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. babasali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. babašali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√bɑɦoske/o-
PIE *bɑɦoske/o-
Hitt. baške/a-
(vb.) ‘schlucken’
(HHand. 126)
(Hitt. pa-aš-ke/a-, pa-aš-ga-mi)
1. PIE *bɑɦoske/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦoske/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦoske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦaske/a-
3. bɦaske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *baske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. baske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. baške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦoske/o-
CLu. baške/a-
(GKLvb.) ‘schlucken’
(DLL. 80)
(CLu. pa-aš-ki-[...)
1. PIE *bɑɦoske/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦoske/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦoske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦaske/a-
3. bɦaske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *baske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. baske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. baške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√bɑɦosm-
PIE *bɑɦósmen-
RV. bhásman-
(a.) ‘kauend, verzehrend’
(WbRV. 930)
1. PIE *bɑɦósmen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦósmen-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦósmen-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *bɦásmen-
3. bɦásmen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *bɦásman-
4. bɦásman-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. bhásman-
√bɑɦosn-
PIE *bɑɦosnēɑh-
TochA. päsnā-
(pr.M.) ‘devouring’ (DTochB. 400)
(Poucha 179)
(TochA. ///mäl ṣeṣ camyo talke ypamāṃ kosmāṃ päsnāmāṃ [pt.sgN] tämyo.)
1. PIE *bɑɦosnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *bɑɦosnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. bɑɦosnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦosnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦosnāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦasnāh-
4. bɦasnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦasnā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. bɦasnā-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *basnā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. basnā-
*b → p
Loss of voice of media *b
Rb›p → TochA. pasnā-
PIE *bɑɦosondɑɦolo-
Hitt. bašandala-
(LÚc.) ‘a servant in the palace kitchen, taster?’
(HIL. 751)
1. PIE *bɑɦosondɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦosondɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦosondɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦasandɦala-
3. bɦasandɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *basandala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. basandala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. bašandala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√bɑɦosu-
PIE *bɑɦosu-
CLu. bašu-
(vb.) ‘schlucken: swallow’
(DLL. 80)
(CLu. pa-aš-šu-ú-na [inf.], KLuN. 310f.)
1. PIE *bɑɦosu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦosu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦosu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦasu-
3. bɦasu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *basu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. basu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. bašu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦosu̯o-
Hitt. bašu̯a-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘swallow, gulp down’
(HIL. 750)
(Hitt. pa-a-aš-šu-an-zi [inf.])
1. PIE *bɑɦosu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦosu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦosu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦasu̯a-
3. bɦasu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *basu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. basu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. bašu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√bɑɦs-
PIE *bɑɦobɑɦs-
RV. baps-
(vb.) ‘zerkauen, verzehren’
(WbRV. 930)
(RV. bapsati [3pl])
1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦobɦs-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦobɦs-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦabɦs-
3. bɦabɦs-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *babɦs-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
4. babɦs-
PIE *bɦs → ps
Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s
Rbɦs›ps → RV. baps-
√bɑɦso-
PIE *ó·bɑɦso-
Gr. ὄ·ψο-
(n.) ‘Zukost, Zubrot, bes. Fleisch’
(GEW 2:459)
1. PIE *ó·bɑɦso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ó·bɦso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ó·bɦso-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *ó·phso-
3. ó·phso-
*phs → ps
Loss of *h between *p and *s
Rphs›ps → *ó·pso-
4. ó·pso-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄ·ψο-
PIE *bɑɦobɑɦso-
RV. bapsa-
(pr.) ‘zerkauen, verzehren’
(WbRV. 930)
(RV. bapsati [3sg])
1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦobɦso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦobɦso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦabɦsa-
3. bɦabɦsa-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *babɦsa-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
4. babɦsa-
PIE *bɦs → ps
Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s
Rbɦs›ps → RV. bapsa-
PIE *bɑɦóbɑɦsot-
RV. bápsat-
(pt.) ‘kauend, zerkauend, verzehrend’
(WbRV. 930)
1. PIE *bɑɦóbɑɦsot-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦóbɦsot-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦóbɦsot-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦóbɦsat-
3. bɦóbɦsat-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *bɦábɦsat-
4. bɦábɦsat-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *bábɦsat-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
5. bábɦsat-
PIE *bɦs → ps
Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s
Rbɦs›ps → RV. bápsat-
√bɑɦsɑh-
PIE *bɑɦsēɑh-
AV. psā-
(vb.) ‘verzehren’
(WbRV. 895)
(AV. psātas [3du], psāhi [2sg])
1. PIE *bɑɦsēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *bɑɦsāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. bɑɦsāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦsāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦsāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦsā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. bɦsā-
PIE *bɦs → ps
Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s
Rbɦs›ps → AV. psā-
√bɑɦsɑhi-
PIE *bɑɦsɑ́hii̯ó-
OInd. psīyá-
(pr.P.) ‘swallow, chew, devour, eat’
(MonWil. 715)
(OInd. ápsīyata; EWA –)
1. PIE *bɑɦsɑ́hii̯ó-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *bɑɦsíhii̯ó-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. bɑɦsíhii̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦsíhii̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦsíhii̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *bɦsíhii̯á-
4. bɦsíhii̯á-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦsíii̯á-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. bɦsíii̯á-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *bɦsī́i̯á-
6. bɦsī́i̯á-
PIE *bɦs → ps
Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s
Rbɦs›ps → *psī́i̯á-
7. psī́i̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. psī́yá-
PIE *bɑɦsɑ́hii̯o-
Gr. ψί̄ο-
(pr.A.) ‘mit Bröckchen, Milch füttern, zerkauen’
(GEW 2:1139)
(Gr. ψίω)
1. PIE *bɑɦsɑ́hii̯o-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *bɑɦsíhii̯o-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. bɑɦsíhii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦsíhii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦsíhii̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦsíii̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. bɦsíii̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phsíii̯o-
5. phsíii̯o-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *phsī́i̯o-
6. phsī́i̯o-
*phs → ps
Loss of *h between *p and *s
Rphs›ps → *psī́i̯o-
7. psī́i̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *psī́o-
8. psī́o-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ψί̄ο-
√bɑɦsɑht-
PIE *bɑɦsēɑhtó-
OInd. psātá-
(pt.) ‘chewed, eaten, devoured; hungry’
(MonWil. 715)
(OInd. psātá-)
1. PIE *bɑɦsēɑhtó-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *bɑɦsāɑhtó-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. bɑɦsāɑhtó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦsāhtó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦsāhtó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *bɦsāhtá-
4. bɦsāhtá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦsātá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. bɦsātá-
PIE *bɦs → ps
Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s
Rbɦs›ps → OInd. psātá-
√bɑɦsniɑh-
PIE *Π·bɑɦsniɑHo-
RV. viśvá·psni.a-
(a.) ‘alle Nahrung erhaltend, allnährend’
(WbRV. 1302)
1. PIE *Π·bɑɦsniɑHo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·bɦsniHo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·bɦsniHo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·bɦsniHa-
3. Π·bɦsniHa-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *Π·bɦsni.a-
4. Π·bɦsni.a-
PIE *bɦs → ps
Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s
Rbɦs›ps → RV. Π·psni.a-
√bɑɦsor-
PIE *seɑh·bɑɦsoró-
RV. sa·psará-
(a.) ‘gleiches genießend’
(WbRV. 1477)
(RV. sapsará-)
1. PIE *seɑh·bɑɦsoró-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑh·bɑɦsoró-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. saɑh·bɑɦsoró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sah·bɦsoró-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sah·bɦsoró-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sah·bɦsaró-
4. sah·bɦsaró-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *sah·bɦsará-
5. sah·bɦsará-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sa·bɦsará-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. sa·bɦsará-
PIE *bɦs → ps
Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s
Rbɦs›ps → RV. sa·psará-
PIE *bɑɦséros-
RV. psáras-
(n.) ‘Schmaus, Mahl’
(WbRV. 895)
(RV. psáras-)
1. PIE *bɑɦséros-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦséros-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦséros-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦséras-
3. bɦséras-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *bɦsáras-
4. bɦsáras-
PIE *bɦs → ps
Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s
Rbɦs›ps → RV. psáras-
PIE *su·bɑɦséros-
RV. su·psáras-
(a.) ‘schönes Mahl genießend, schön schmausend’
(WbRV. 1542)
1. PIE *su·bɑɦséros-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *su·bɦséros-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. su·bɦséros-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su·bɦséras-
3. su·bɦséras-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *su·bɦsáras-
4. su·bɦsáras-
PIE *bɦs → ps
Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s
Rbɦs›ps → RV. su·psáras-
PIE *Π·bɑɦséros-
RV. madhu·psáras-
(a.) ‘Süßigkeit, süße Soma schmausend’
(WbRV. 986)
1. PIE *Π·bɑɦséros-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·bɦséros-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·bɦséros-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·bɦséras-
3. Π·bɦséras-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *Π·bɦsáras-
4. Π·bɦsáras-
PIE *bɦs → ps
Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s
Rbɦs›ps → RV. Π·psáras-
√bɑɦsu-
PIE *hɑé·bɑɦsu-
RV. á·psu-
(a.) ‘ohne Speise’
(WbRV. 80)
1. PIE *hɑé·bɑɦsu-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑá·bɑɦsu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑá·bɑɦsu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *há·bɦsu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. há·bɦsu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *á·bɦsu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. á·bɦsu-
PIE *bɦs → ps
Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s
Rbɦs›ps → RV. á·psu-
PIE *bɑɦsúr-
RV. psúr-
(f.) ‘Nahrung’
(WbRV. 395)
(RV. psúras [plA])
1. PIE *bɑɦsúr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦsúr-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦsúr-
PIE *bɦs → ps
Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s
Rbɦs›ps → RV. psúr-


PIE √pɑhl- √bɑɦl- (vb.) ‘fallen, in eine Falle locken, täuschen’ (sb.) ‘Fall, Falle, Verlust, Tod’ (a.) ‘falsch, irrig’
(IEW 851)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√poɑhlo-
PIE *pṓɑhlo-
Lith. púola-
(pr.) ‘fallen’
(LiEtWb. 666)
(Lith. púola [3pers])
1. PIE *pṓɑhlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pṓhlo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pṓhlo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pṓlo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. pṓlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pṓla-
4. pṓla-
*ṓ → úo
Change of ṓ into úo
Rṓ›úo → Lith. púola-
PIE *pṓɑhlo-
Lith. púola-
(pr.) ‘über jmd. [A] herfallen, ihn [A] angreifen’
(LiEtWb. 666)
(Lith. púola [3pers])
1. PIE *pṓɑhlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pṓhlo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pṓhlo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pṓlo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. pṓlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pṓla-
4. pṓla-
*ṓ → úo
Change of ṓ into úo
Rṓ›úo → Lith. púola-
PIE *pōɑhlo-
Latv. puola-
(vb.) ‘fallen’
(LiEtWb. 666)
(Latv. puolu [1sg])
1. PIE *pōɑhlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pōhlo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pōhlo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pōlo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. pōlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pōla-
4. pōla-
*ō → uo
Change of ō into uo
Rō›uo → Latv. puola-
PIE *Π·pōɑhlímo-
Lith. pra·puolìma-
(m.2.) ‘Abhandenkommen, Veschwinden usw.’
(LiEtWb. 666)
1. PIE *Π·pōɑhlímo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·pōhlímo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·pōhlímo-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *Π·pōhlìmo-
3. Π·pōhlìmo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·pōlìmo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·pōlìmo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·pōlìma-
5. Π·pōlìma-
*ō → uo
Change of ō into uo
Rō›uo → Lith. Π·puolìma-
√pɑhlo-
(HEG A:43)
(HED 1:95f., HIL. 234f.)
PIE *o·pɑholo-
Hitt. a·pala-
(c.) ‘Falle, Hinterhalt’
(HHand. 18)
(Hitt. a-ap-pa-li [DL], ap-pa-al-li)
1. PIE *o·pɑholo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·pholo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·pholo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·phala-
3. a·phala-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. a·pala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *o·pɑholo-
Hitt. a·pala-
(vb.) ‘in eine Falle locken: entrap’
(HIL. 234)
(Hitt. a-ap-pa-la-a-u-e-ni [1pl])
1. PIE *o·pɑholo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·pholo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·pholo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·phala-
3. a·phala-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. a·pala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√pɑhlɑhni-
PIE *pɑhlēɑh-
Arm. pʼla-
(ao.) ‘einfallen: collapse’
(ArmGr. 1:501)
(Arm. pʼlay)
1. PIE *pɑhlēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *pɑhlāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. pɑhlāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *phlāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. phlāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *phlā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. phlā-
*ph → pʼ
Glottalization of *ph
Rph›p' → *p'lā-
5. p'lā-
*p- → h-
Change of *p- into h-
Rp=›h= → *h'lā-
6. h'lā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → Arm. h'la-
PIE *pɑhlēɑh·Σ
Arm. pʼla·ni-
(pr.) ‘einfallen: collapse’
(ArmGr. 1:501)
(Arm. pʼlanim [1sg])
1. PIE *pɑhlēɑh·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *pɑhlāɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. pɑhlāɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *phlāh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. phlāh·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *phlā·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. phlā·Σ
*ph → pʼ
Glottalization of *ph
Rph›p' → *p'lā·Σ
5. p'lā·Σ
*p- → h-
Change of *p- into h-
Rp=›h= → *h'lā·Σ
6. h'lā·Σ
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → Arm. h'la·Σ
√pɑhli-
PIE *o·pɑholoi-
Hitt. a·palai-
(vb.) ‘in eine Falle locken’
(HHand. 18)
(Hitt. a-ap-pa-la-a-iz-zi)
1. PIE *o·pɑholoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·pholoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·pholoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·phalai-
3. a·phalai-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. a·palai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *o·pɑholi·Σ
Hitt. a·pali ta-
(vb.) ‘mislead’ (KLuN. 317f.: “take into a trap”)
(HIL. 234)
1. PIE *o·pɑholi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·pholi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·pholi·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·phali·Σ
3. a·phali·Σ
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. a·pali·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *o·pɑholeiski̯e/o-
Hitt. a·paleiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘in eine Falle locken’
(HHand. 18)
(Hitt. ap-pa-li-eš-ke/a-, ap-pa-li-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *o·pɑholeiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·pholeiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·pholeiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *o·pholeisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. o·pholeisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·phaleisḱe/a-
4. a·phaleisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *a·phaleiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. a·phaleiske/a-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *a·paleiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. a·paleiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. a·paleiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *o·pɑholei̯olo-
Hitt. a·palei̯ala-
(N.ag.c.) ‘Fallensteller; Betrüger, Gegner, Feind’
(HHand. 18)
(Hitt. ap-pa-li-ia-al-la-ša)
1. PIE *o·pɑholei̯olo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·pholei̯olo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·pholei̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·phalei̯ala-
3. a·phalei̯ala-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. a·palei̯ala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√pɑhln-
PIE *poɑhlno-
OHG. fall-
(m.) ‘Fall, Untergang, Sturz, Verderben, Raub’
(EWAhd. F-2)
1. PIE *poɑhlno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pohlno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pohlno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *polno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. polno-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *folno-
4. folno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *falna-
5. falna-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → OHG. falla-
PIE *poɑhlno-
OIcl. fall-
(n.) ‘Fall, Tod, Verlust’
(ANEtWb. 110)
1. PIE *poɑhlno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pohlno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pohlno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *polno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. polno-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›fRestr → *folno-
4. folno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *falna-
5. falna-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → OIcl. falla-
PIE *poɑhlno-
OHG. falla-
(vb.) ‘fallen, (herab)stürzen, zu Fall kommen usw.’
(EWAhd. F-3)
1. PIE *poɑhlno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pohlno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pohlno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *polno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. polno-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *folno-
4. folno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *falna-
5. falna-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → OHG. falla-
PIE *poɑhlno·n-
OHG. falla·n-
(f.) ‘Falle, Fallstrick, Netz: decipula’
(EWAhd. F-3)
1. PIE *poɑhlno·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pohlno·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pohlno·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *polno·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. polno·n-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *folno·n-
4. folno·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *falna·n-
5. falna·n-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → OHG. falla·n-
PIE *poɑhlno-
OEng. fealla-
(vb.) ‘fall (down), fail’
(ASaxD. 271)
1. PIE *poɑhlno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pohlno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pohlno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *polno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. polno-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *folno-
4. folno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *falna-
5. falna-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → OEng. falla-
√pɑhlns-
PIE *poɑhlnso-
MidHG. vals-
(a.) ‘falsch’
(EWAhd. F-4)
1. PIE *poɑhlnso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pohlnso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pohlnso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *polnso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. polnso-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *folnso-
4. folnso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *falnsa-
5. falnsa-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → *fallsa-
6. fallsa-
*lls → ls
Simplification of *lls to ls
Rlls›ls → *falsa-
7. falsa-
*f- → v-
Orthographic change of f- into v-
Rf›v → MidHG. valsa-
PIE *poɑhlnski̯ēɑh-
OHG. falscō-
(vb.) ‘widerlegen’
(EWAhd. F-4)
1. PIE *poɑhlnski̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *poɑhlnski̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. poɑhlnski̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pohlnski̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pohlnski̯āh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *pohlnsḱāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. pohlnsḱāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *polnsḱā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. polnsḱā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *polnskā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. polnskā-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *folnskā-
7. folnskā-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *falnskā-
8. falnskā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *falnskō-
(XX:XX)
9. falnskō-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → *fallskō-
10. fallskō-
*lls → ls
Simplification of *lls to ls
Rlls›ls → *falskō-
11. falskō-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → OHG. falscō-
PIE *poɑhlnski·Σ
OHG. falsc·heit-
(f.) ‘Falschheit’
(EWAhd. F-4)
1. PIE *poɑhlnski·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pohlnski·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pohlnski·Σ
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *pohlnsḱ·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. pohlnsḱ·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *polnsḱ·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. polnsḱ·Σ
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *polnsk·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. polnsk·Σ
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *folnsk·Σ
6. folnsk·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *falnsk·Σ
7. falnsk·Σ
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → *fallsk·Σ
8. fallsk·Σ
*lls → ls
Simplification of *lls to ls
Rlls›ls → *falsk·Σ
9. falsk·Σ
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → OHG. falsc·Σ


PIE √pɑhn- √bɑɦn- (a.) ‘ganz, all, jeder, voll’
(IEW 593)
(Pyysalo: Gr. + Germ. + Anat.)
√peɑhn-
(Pyysalo: OHG. + Gr.)
PIE *péɑhn-
Gr. πάν
(adv.) ‘ganz, all, jeder’
(GEW 2:476-7)
1. PIE *péɑhn-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *páɑhn-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. páɑhn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *páhn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. páhn-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pán-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pán-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πάν-
PIE *gɑɦou·peɑhno
OHG. gou·fan-
(a.) ‘Handvoll’
(Gl. 8th cent.)
(OHG. goufana; cf. OHG. gou·sana ‘id.’)
1. PIE *gɑɦou·peɑhno
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *gɑɦou·paɑhno
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gɑɦou·paɑhno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦou·pahno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦou·pahno
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦou·pano
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦou·pano
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *gɦou·fano
5. gɦou·fano
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gou·fano
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. gou·fano
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gau·fana
7. gau·fana
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *gau·fan
8. gau·fan
*au → ou
Change of au into ou
Rau›ou → OHG. gou·fan
PIE *péɑhn·giɑɦu-
Gr. πάν·χυ
(adv.) ‘ganz und gar’
(GEW 2:460)
1. PIE *péɑhn·giɑɦu-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *páɑhn·giɑɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. páɑhn·giɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *páhn·giɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. páhn·giɦu-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *páhn·ǵɦu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. páhn·ǵɦu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pán·ǵɦu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. pán·ǵɦu-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
Rǵɦ›ḱh → *pán·ḱhu-
6. pán·ḱhu-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *pán·khu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. pán·khu-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πάν·χυ-
PIE *péɑhnt-
Gr. πάντ-
(a.) ‘ganz, all, jeder’
(GEW 2:476-7)
1. PIE *péɑhnt-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *páɑhnt-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. páɑhnt-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *páhnt-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. páhnt-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pánt-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pánt-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πάντ-
PIE *péɑhnu-
Gr. πάνυ
(adv.) ‘ganz und gar, gar sehr’
(GEW 2:476)
1. PIE *péɑhnu-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *páɑhnu-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. páɑhnu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *páhnu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. páhnu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pánu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pánu-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πάνυ-
√bɑɦn-
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + CLu.)
(HEG P:409)
PIE *bɑɦon-
Hitt. ban
(adv.) ‘gänzlich, zur Gänze’
(HHand. 118)
1. PIE *bɑɦon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦan-
3. bɦan-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ban-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦono·muu̯otei-
HLu. bana·muu̯atei-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 6.1.1)
(HLu. pa-na-mu-wa/i-ti-sa)
1. PIE *bɑɦono·muu̯otei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦono·muu̯otei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦono·muu̯otei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦana·muu̯atei-
3. bɦana·muu̯atei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. bana·muu̯atei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦoni-
Hitt. bani
(adv.) ‘gänzlich, zur Gänze’
(HHand. 118)
1. PIE *bɑɦoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦani-
3. bɦani-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. bani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯idɑɦ·bɑɦoni-
CLu. u̯id·bani-
(c.) ‘testicles’
(KUB ix 6+ Rs. iii 28)
(CLu. uitpanim-pa-an uidāindu ‹for CLu. u̯id- see PIE √u̯idɑɦ-‘Mann, Hoden, Penis’›)
1. PIE *u̯idɑɦ·bɑɦoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯idɦ·bɦoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯idɦ·bɦoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯idɦ·bɦani-
3. u̯idɦ·bɦani-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. u̯id·bani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √pɑhpɑh- √bɑɦbɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Tisch, Deck, Tablett usw.’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√ppi-
PIE *pu·pɑhpɑhi-
Lat. pu·ppi-
(f.) ‘Hinterdeck (des Schiffs)’
(WH. 2:389)
1. PIE *pu·pɑhpɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pu·phphi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pu·phphi-
*ph → p
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *ph
Rph›p → Lat. pu·ppi-
√bɑɦobɑɦ-
(CHD P:96)
PIE *bɑɦobɑɦ-
Hitt. bab-
(vb.) ‘make loaves out of dough’
(HIL. 725)
(Hitt. pa-a-pa?-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦobɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦobɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦabɦ-
3. bɦabɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. bab-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√bɑɦobɑɦu-
(CHD P:108)
PIE *bɑɦobɑɦu-
Hitt. babu-
(GIŠc.) ‘Tisch?; Gestell?’
(HHand. 119)
(Hitt. pa-pu-u-un [sgA], [p]a?-a-p[u]-u-un?-na, “hölzernes Gerät, das in der Beckerei verwendet wird”.)
1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦobɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦobɦu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦabɦu-
3. bɦabɦu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. babu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦobɑɦu̯o-
Hitt. babu̯a-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘(Teig) formen, kneten?’
(HHand. 119)
(in Hitt. pa-a-pu-u-ua-an-zi [inf.], pa-a-pu-ua-an-zi [id.])
1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦobɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦobɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦabɦu̯a-
3. bɦabɦu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. babu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√bɑɦobɑɦul-
(CHD P:108)
PIE *bɑɦobɑɦul-
Hitt. babul-
(GIŠn.) ‘Backbrett?; Tablett?’
(HHand. 119)
(Hitt. pa-a-pu-li [DL or NA, cf. below], “hölzernes Gerät zum Transportieren von Broten”)
1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦul-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦobɦul-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦobɦul-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦabɦul-
3. bɦabɦul-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. babul-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦobɑɦuli-
Hitt. babuli-
(GIŠn.) ‘Backbrett?’; Tablett?’
(HHand. 119)
(“hölzernes Gerät zum Transportieren von Broten”)
1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦuli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦobɦuli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦobɦuli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦabɦuli-
3. bɦabɦuli-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. babuli-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √pɑhr- √bɑɦr- (vb.) ‘erscheinen’
(IEW 789, CHD P:134)
(Pyysalo: √pɑhr- + √bɑɦr-)
√pɑhr-
(IEW 789)
(WP. 2:6)
PIE *pepeɑhrό-
Gr. πεπαρό-
(ao.red.) ‘vorzeigen’
(GEW 2:508)
(Gr. πεπαρεῖν)
1. PIE *pepeɑhrό-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *pepaɑhrό-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. pepaɑhrό-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pepahrό-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pepahrό-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *peparό-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. peparό-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πεπαρό-
PIE *pēɑhrei̯o-
Lat. pāreo-
(pr.2.) ‘sichtbar sein, erscheinen, sich zeigen’
(WH. 2:252f.)
(Lat. pāreō)
1. PIE *pēɑhrei̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *pāɑhrei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. pāɑhrei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pāhrei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pāhrei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pārei̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pārei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
Rei̯o›eo → Lat. pāreo-
PIE *pēɑhru-
Lat. pāru-
(pf.) ‘sichtbar sein, erscheinen, sich zeigen’
(WH. 2:252f.)
(Lat. pāruit)
1. PIE *pēɑhru-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *pāɑhru-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. pāɑhru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pāhru-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pāhru-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. pāru-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *pepēɑhreú·Σ
Dor. πεπᾱρεύ·σιμο-
(a.) ‘εὔφραστον, σαφές’
(GEW 2:508)
(Hes. πεπαρεύσιμον · εὔφραστον, σαφές)
1. PIE *pepēɑhreú·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *pepāɑhreú·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. pepāɑhreú·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pepāhreú·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pepāhreú·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pepāreú·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pepāreú·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. πεπᾱρεύ·Σ
√bɑɦro-
(CHD P:134)
(HIL. 729f.; HEG P:439f.; SHV 472; AHPh. 220, 222; Pyysalo: Hitt. + Celt. + IIr.)
PIE *bɑɦoro-
Hitt. bara-
(vb.2.) ‘erscheinen, auftreten, vorkommen’
(HHand. 120)
(Hitt. pa-ra-a-i [3sg]
1. PIE *bɑɦoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦoro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦara-
3. bɦara-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. bara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦebɑɦro-
LAv. bawra-
(m.) ‘Biber’
(AIWb. 925)
1. PIE *bɑɦebɑɦro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦebɦro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦebɦro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦebɦra-
3. bɦebɦra-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *bebra-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. bebra-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *babra-
5. babra-
abr → awr
Change of *b into w
Rabr›awr → LAv. bawra-
√bɑɦrɑhk-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *bɑɦṓrēɑhko
OIr. bārach-
(m*o?) ‘morrow’
(EtDiPC. 50)
(LEIA B-16, i mbárach ‘tomorrow’)
1. PIE *bɑɦṓrēɑhko
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *bɑɦṓrāɑhko
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. bɑɦṓrāɑhko
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦṓrāhko
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦṓrāhko
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦṓrāko
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. bɦṓrāko
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *bṓrāko
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. bṓrāko
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *bā́rāko
6. bā́rāko
VkV → VkhV
Lenition of voiceless stop *k
Rk›kh → *bā́rākho
7. bā́rākho
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *bā́rakho
8. bā́rakho
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr → *bā́rakh
9. bā́rakh
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *bā́rach
10. bā́rach
Rā́›ā → OIr. bārach
√bɑɦri-
PIE *bɑɦoroi-
Pal. barai-
(vb.) ‘zum Vorschein kommen, erscheinen’
(HHand. 120)
(Pal. pa-ra-i-it, DPal. 67: ‘er blies’, evtl. ‘er jagte’)
1. PIE *bɑɦoroi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦoroi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦoroi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦarai-
3. bɦarai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Pal. barai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦebɑɦri-
LAv. bawri-
(m.) ‘Biber’ (f.) ‘Biberweibchen’
(AIWb. 925)
1. PIE *bɑɦebɑɦri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦebɦri-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦebɦri-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *bebri-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. bebri-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *babri-
4. babri-
abr → awr
Change of *b into w
Rabr›awr → LAv. bawri-
√bɑɦorm-
PIE *bɑɦormen-
OInd. bharmaṇ-
(n.) ‘Gold, Münze, Lohn’
(EWA 3:365)
(KEWA 2:365)
1. PIE *bɑɦormen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦormen-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦormen-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦarmen-
3. bɦarmen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *bɦarman-
4. bɦarman-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → *bɦarmaṇ-
5. bɦarmaṇ-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. bharmaṇ-
√bɑɦron-
PIE *bɑɦoron-
Hitt. baran-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘appear, emerge’
(HIL. 729)
(Hitt. pa-ra-an-na-aš [sgG], HEG P:440)
1. PIE *bɑɦoron-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦoron-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦoron-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦaran-
3. bɦaran-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. baran-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦebɑɦroni-
LAv. bawraini-
(a.) ‘von Biber stammend, biber-’
(AIWb. 925)
1. PIE *bɑɦebɑɦroni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦebɦroni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦebɦroni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦebɦrani-
3. bɦebɦrani-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *bebrani-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. bebrani-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *babrani-
5. babrani-
*ani → aini
Anaptyxis of *i
RanI›ainI → *babraini-
6. babraini-
abr → awr
Change of *b into w
Rabr›awr → LAv. bawraini-
√bɑɦrosɑh-
(CHD P:139)
PIE *bɑɦorosɑho-
Hitt. barašḫa-
(NA4c.) ‘Bergkristall, Jaspis, Chlorit, Steatit?’
(HHand. 121)
(Hitt. pa-ra-aš-ḫa-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *bɑɦorosɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦorosho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦorosho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦarasha-
3. bɦarasha-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *barasha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. barasha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *barašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. barašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. barašḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *bɑɦorosɑhi-
Hitt. barašḫi-
(NA4n.) ‘(ein Halbedelstein)’
(HHand. 121)
(Hitt. pa-ra-aš-ḫi, ba-ra-aš-ḫi)
1. PIE *bɑɦorosɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦoroshi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦoroshi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦarashi-
3. bɦarashi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *barashi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. barashi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *barašhi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. barašhi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. barašḫi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√bɑɦorosu-
PIE *bɑɦorosu-
Hitt. barašu-
(NA4.) ‘(ein Edelstein)’
(HEG P:444)
(HHand. 121 ‹cf. HLu. ašu- ‘stein’?›)
1. PIE *bɑɦorosu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦorosu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦorosu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦarasu-
3. bɦarasu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *barasu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. barasu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. barašu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦorosu̯ont-
Hitt. barašu̯ant-
(a.) ‘(qualifiziert Gegenstand aus Elfenbein)’
(HEG P:444)
(HHand. 121)
1. PIE *bɑɦorosu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦorosu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦorosu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦarasu̯ant-
3. bɦarasu̯ant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *barasu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. barasu̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. barašu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√bɑɦru-
(Pyysalo)
(CHD P:139)
PIE *bɑɦoru-
OInd. bharu-
(n.) ‘Gold’
(EWA 3:365)
1. PIE *bɑɦoru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦoru-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦoru-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦaru-
3. bɦaru-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. bharu-
PIE *bɑɦorusɑho-
Hitt. barušḫa-
(NA4c.) ‘(ein Halbedelstein)’
(HEG P:444)
(HHand. 121, Hitt. [p]a-r[u]-uš-ḫa-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *bɑɦorusɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦorusho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦorusho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦarusha-
3. bɦarusha-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *barusha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. barusha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *barušha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. barušha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. barušḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *bɑɦebɑɦrú-
RV. babhrú-
(a.) ‘rotbraun, braun’ (ENm.) ‘Biber’
(WbRV. 899)
(RV. babhrú-)
1. PIE *bɑɦebɑɦrú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦebɦrú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦebɦrú-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *bebɦrú-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
3. bebɦrú-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *babɦrú-
4. babɦrú-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. babhrú-
PIE *bɑɦebɑɦrú·Σ
RV. babhrú·dhūta-
(a.) ‘von Babhru (im Wasser) durchgeschüttelt’
(WbRV. 899)
1. PIE *bɑɦebɑɦrú·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦebɦrú·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦebɦrú·Σ
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *bebɦrú·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.4)
3. bebɦrú·Σ
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *babɦrú·Σ
4. babɦrú·Σ
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. babhrú·Σ


PIE √pɑhu- √poɑhu- √peɑhu- (sb.) ‘Feuer’
(IEW 828)
(Hrozný 1917:69; Pyysalo: IIr.)
√poɑhu-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *poɑhu̯o-
Hitt. paḫu̯a-
(URUc.) ‘(mit Išuwa, Kumaḫa und Timija)’
(OGH. 296)
(Hitt. pa-aḫ-ḫu-ua [All], pa-aḫ-ḫu-ua-an, OGHErg. 118)
1. PIE *poɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pohu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pohu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pahu̯a-
3. pahu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. paḫu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·poɑhu̯ó-
RV. hiraṇya·pāvá-
(a.) ‘von Gold glänzend’
(WbRV. 1667)
1. PIE *Π·poɑhu̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·pohu̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·pohu̯ó-
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *Π·pāhu̯ó-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
3. Π·pāhu̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·pāhu̯á-
4. Π·pāhu̯á-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·pāu̯á-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·pāu̯á-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. Π·pāvá-
PIE *poɑhu̯o·Σ
RV. pāva·ká-
(a.) ‘hell, hellstrahlend, flammend’
(WbRV. 808-9)
(cf. Grassmann for RV. pavaká- (metre))
1. PIE *poɑhu̯o·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pohu̯o·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pohu̯o·Σ
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *pāhu̯o·Σ
(SPIE §2.3.7)
3. pāhu̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pāhu̯a·Σ
4. pāhu̯a·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pāu̯a·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. pāu̯a·Σ
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. pāva·Σ
PIE *poɑhú·Σ
Gr. πού·λῑμο-
(m.) ‘Heißhunger’
(GEW 2: 124-5)
(Gr. πούλιμος)
1. PIE *poɑhú·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pohú·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pohú·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *poú·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. poú·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πού·Σ
√pɑhun-
PIE *peɑhu̯en-
Hitt. paḫu̯en-
(n.obl.) ‘Feuer’
(HHand. 115)
1. PIE *peɑhu̯en-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhu̯en-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. paɑhu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pahu̯en-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pahu̯en-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. paḫu̯en-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *peɑhu̯eno-
Hitt. paḫu̯ena-
(LÚc.) ‘Mann des Feuers?’
(HHand. 115)
1. PIE *peɑhu̯eno-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhu̯eno-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. paɑhu̯eno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pahu̯eno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pahu̯eno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pahu̯ena-
4. pahu̯ena-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. paḫu̯ena-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *peɑhu̯enoli-
Hitt. paḫu̯enali-
(NA4/DUGn.) ‘Kohlenpfanne, Feuerbecken’
(HHand. 115)
(‹suffix uncertain!›)
1. PIE *peɑhu̯enoli-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhu̯enoli-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. paɑhu̯enoli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pahu̯enoli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pahu̯enoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pahu̯enali-
4. pahu̯enali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. paḫu̯enali-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√pɑhur-
(IEW 828)
(Hrozný 1917:69: Hitt.)
PIE *peɑhu̯or-
Hitt. paḫu̯ar-
(n.) ‘Feuer: Sum. IZI: Akd. IŠATI’
(HHand. 115)
(Hitt. pa-aḫ-ḫu-ua-ar)
1. PIE *peɑhu̯or-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. paɑhu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pahu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pahu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pahu̯ar-
4. pahu̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. paḫu̯ar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *peɑhur-
Hitt. paḫur-
(n.) ‘Feuer, Feuerasche, glühende Asche’
(CHD P:12ff.)
(HHand. 115)
1. PIE *peɑhur-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhur-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. paɑhur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pahur-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pahur-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. paḫur-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *peɑhur-
CLu. paḫur-
(n.) ‘Feuer’ (KLuN. 570f.)
(DLL. 77)
(In broken context)
1. PIE *peɑhur-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhur-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. paɑhur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pahur-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pahur-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. paḫur-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *peɑhur-
TochA. por-
(n.) ‘ignis’
(Poucha 189-90)
(TochA. por [sgN])
1. PIE *peɑhur-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhur-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. paɑhur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pahur-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pahur-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *paur-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. paur-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *pōr-
5. pōr-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. por-
PIE *pɑ́hu̯or-
TochB. puwar-
(n.) ‘= Skt. agnim’
(DTochB. 393)
1. PIE *pɑ́hu̯or-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu̯ → úḫu̯
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u̯
Rɑ́Hu̯›úHu̯ → *púhu̯or-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. púhu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *púhu̯ar-
3. púhu̯ar-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *púu̯ar-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. púu̯ar-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → *púwar-
5. púwar-
*ú → u
Orthographic change of *ú into u
Rú›u → TochB. puwar-
PIE *pɑ́hur
Gr. πῦρ-
(n.) ‘Feuer’
(GEW 2:627-9)
(Gr. πῦρ [sgNA])
1. PIE *pɑ́hur
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *púhur
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. púhur
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *púur
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. púur
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *pū́r
4. pū́r
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πύ̄ρ
PIE *peɑhurei̯o-
Hitt. paḫurei̯a-
(vb.) ‘wie Feuer brennen’
(HHand. 115)
1. PIE *peɑhurei̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhurei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. paɑhurei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pahurei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pahurei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pahurei̯a-
4. pahurei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. paḫurei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √pɑhr- √bɑɦr- ‘Bart, Kinn, Backe, Wange’
(IEW 110)
√beɑɦrdɑɦ-
PIE *beɑɦrdɑɦo-
Lat. barbo-
(m.) ‘Barbe, Flußbarbe’
(WH 1: 97)
1. PIE *beɑɦrdɑɦo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *baɑɦrdɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. baɑɦrdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *baɦrdɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. baɦrdɦo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *bardɦo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. bardɦo-
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *dɦ
Rdɦ›f → *barfo-
5. barfo-
*f → b
Change of *f into b
Rf›b → Lat. barbo-
PIE *beɑɦrdɑɦēɑh
Lat. barbā-
(f.) ‘Bart, Kinn’
(WH 1:96)
1. PIE *beɑɦrdɑɦēɑh
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *baɑɦrdɑɦēɑh
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. baɑɦrdɑɦēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *baɑɦrdɑɦāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. baɑɦrdɑɦāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *baɦrdɦāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. baɦrdɦāh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *bardɦāh
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. bardɦāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bardɦā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. bardɦā
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *dɦ
Rdɦ›f → *barfā
7. barfā
*f → b
Change of *f into b
Rf›b → Lat. barbā
PIE *beɑɦrdɑɦu-
OPr. bordu-
(sb.) ‘Bart, Kinn (Voc. 101)’
(LiEtWb. 36)
(OPr. bordus)
1. PIE *beɑɦrdɑɦu-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *baɑɦrdɑɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. baɑɦrdɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *baɦrdɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. baɦrdɦu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *bardɦu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. bardɦu-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → OPr. bardu-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
√bɑɦors-
(CHD P:187f.)
PIE *bɑɦorsino-
Hitt. baršina-
(c.) ‘Backe, Wange’
(HEG P: 499-500)
(HHand. 125, pár-ši-ni [L], pár-še-na-aš [plL], HIL. 741)
1. PIE *bɑɦorsino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦorsino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦorsino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦarsina-
3. bɦarsina-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *barsina-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. barsina-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. baršina-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√bɑɦorzdɑɦ
PIE *bɑɦorzdɑɦḗɑh
Lith. barzdà
(f.) ‘Bart, Kinn’
(LiEtWb. 36)
1. PIE *bɑɦorzdɑɦḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *bɑɦorzdɑɦā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. bɑɦorzdɑɦā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦorzdɦā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦorzdɦā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦorzdɦā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. bɦorzdɦā́
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦarzdɦā́
5. bɦarzdɦā́
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *barzdɦā́
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. barzdɦā́
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *barzdā́
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. barzdā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *barzdṓ
(XX:XX)
8. barzdṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → Lith. barzdà
√bɑɦordɑɦ
PIE *bɑɦordɑɦo
OIcl. barð-
(m.a) ‘Bart’
(ANEtWb. 26a)
1. PIE *bɑɦordɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦordɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦordɦo
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *bordɦo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. bordɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *bordo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. bordo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *barda
5. barda
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *bard
6. bard
*d -› ð
Change of d into ð
Rd›ð → OIcl. barð
PIE *bɑɦordɑɦḗɑh-
Russ. borodá-
(f.) ‘Bart, Kinn’
(REW 1: 109)
1. PIE *bɑɦordɑɦḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *bɑɦordɑɦā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. bɑɦordɑɦā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦordɦā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦordɦā́h-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦardɦā́h-
4. bɦardɦā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦardɦā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. bɦardɦā́-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *bardɦā́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. bardɦā́-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *bardā́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. bardā́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *bordā́-
8. bordā́-
*ord → o r o d
Russian anaptyxis of VRC
Rord›orod → *borodā́-
9. borodā́-
*ā́ → a
Change of *ā́ into á
Rā́›á → Russ. borodá-


PIE √pɑhur- √bɑɦur- (vb.) ‘essen, kauen’ (sb.) ‘Brot, Mund, Essen’
(IEW 133-135)
(Pyysalo)
√bɑɦur-
(HEG P:657ff.)
PIE *bɑɦuri-
Hitt. buri-
(c.) ‘Lippe, Rand, Kopf’
(HHand. 136)
1. PIE *bɑɦuri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦuri-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦuri-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. buri-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦuri-
CLu. buri-
(c.) ‘Lippe, Rand?’
(HHand. 136)
1. PIE *bɑɦuri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦuri-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦuri-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. buri-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√bɑɦurio-
(IEW 133-135)
(Pyysalo: Av. + Hitt. + CLu. + Goth.)
PIE *bɑɦouri̯o-
LAv. baoirya-
(a.) ‘was gekaut werden muss, fest’
(AIWb. 946)
1. PIE *bɑɦouri̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦouri̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦouri̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦauri̯a-
3. bɦauri̯a-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *bauri̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. bauri̯a-
*au → ao
Opening of *au
Rau›ao → *baori̯a-
5. baori̯a-
*aori → aoiri
Anaptyxis of *i
RaorI›aoirI → *baoiri̯a-
6. baoiri̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. baoirya-
PIE *bɑɦuri̯oli-
Hitt. buri̯ali-
(n.) ‘Maulkorb, Trense, Halfter?’
(HHand. 136)
1. PIE *bɑɦuri̯oli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦuri̯oli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦuri̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦuri̯ali-
3. bɦuri̯ali-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. buri̯ali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦuri̯oli-
CLu. buri̯ali-
(GKLn.) ‘Maulkorb, Trense, Halfter?’
(HHand. 136)
1. PIE *bɑɦuri̯oli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦuri̯oli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦuri̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦuri̯ali-
3. bɦuri̯ali-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. buri̯ali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦo·bɑɦouri̯obɑɦō
Goth. ga·baurjaba
(adv.) ‘gern: ἡδέως, κατὰ ἑκούσιον: libenter’
(GoEtD. G3)
(Goth. gabaurjaba Mrk 6,20 CA, GoElB. 191A1)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·bɑɦouri̯obɑɦō
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·bɦouri̯obɦō
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦo·bɦouri̯obɦō
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *gɦo·bouri̯obō
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. gɦo·bouri̯obō
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *go·bouri̯obō
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. go·bouri̯obō
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ga·bauri̯abō
5. ga·bauri̯abō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *ga·bauri̯aba
6. ga·bauri̯aba
*u → au
Allophonic change of *u into au
Ru›au → *ga·baauri̯aba
7. ga·baauri̯aba
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Goth. ga·baaurjaba
PIE *pilu·gɑɦo·bɑɦiuri̯obɑɦō
Goth. filu·ga·baurjaba
(adv.) ‘ἥδιστα’
(GoEtD. G3)
1. PIE *pilu·gɑɦo·bɑɦiuri̯obɑɦō
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pilu·gɦo·bɦiuri̯obɦō
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pilu·gɦo·bɦiuri̯obɦō
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *filu·gɦo·bɦiuri̯obɦō
3. filu·gɦo·bɦiuri̯obɦō
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *filu·gɦo·biuri̯obō
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. filu·gɦo·biuri̯obō
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *filu·go·biuri̯obō
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. filu·go·biuri̯obō
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *filu·ga·biuri̯abō
6. filu·ga·biuri̯abō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *filu·ga·biuri̯aba
7. filu·ga·biuri̯aba
*u → au
Allophonic change of *u into au
Ru›au → *filu·ga·biauri̯aba
8. filu·ga·biauri̯aba
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Goth. filu·ga·biaurjaba
PIE *gɑɦo·bɑɦouri̯ēɑhtu-
Goth. ga·baurjoþu-
(m.) ‘Lust, Vergnügen: ἡδονή: voluptas’
(HbGo. 108,2)
(Goth. gabaurjoþum [plD] Luk 8,14 CA)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·bɑɦouri̯ēɑhtu-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦo·bɑɦouri̯āɑhtu-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦo·bɑɦouri̯āɑhtu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·bɦouri̯āhtu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦo·bɦouri̯āhtu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦo·bɦouri̯ātu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦo·bɦouri̯ātu-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *gɦo·bɦouri̯āþu-
5. gɦo·bɦouri̯āþu-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *gɦo·bouri̯āþu-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. gɦo·bouri̯āþu-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *go·bouri̯āþu-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. go·bouri̯āþu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ga·bauri̯āþu-
8. ga·bauri̯āþu-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *ga·bauri̯ōþu-
(XX:XX)
9. ga·bauri̯ōþu-
*u → au
Allophonic change of *u into au
Ru›au → *ga·baauri̯ōþu-
10. ga·baauri̯ōþu-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *ga·baaurjōþu-
11. ga·baaurjōþu-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Goth. ga·baaurjoþu-
√bɑɦurn-
(IEW 133-135)
PIE *bɑɦurnḗɑh
Lith. burnà-
(f.3.) ‘Mund, Gesicht: mouth, face’
(Senn 2:191)
(Lith. burnà [sgN])
1. PIE *bɑɦurnḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *bɑɦurnā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. bɑɦurnā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦurnā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦurnā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦurnā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. bɦurnā́
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *burnā́
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. burnā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *burnṓ
(XX:XX)
6. burnṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → Lith. burnà
PIE *bɑɦurnélēhɑ
Lith. burnẽlė-
(f.2.dim.) ‘Mund; Gesicht’
(Senn 2:191)
(Lith. burnẽlė [sgN])
1. PIE *bɑɦurnélēhɑ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦurnélēh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦurnélēh
é → è
Emergence of gravis PLith. è
RLiAcc4 → *bɦurnèlēh
3. bɦurnèlēh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦurnèlē
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. bɦurnèlē
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *burnèlē
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. burnèlē
èlē -› ẽlē
Circumflex intonation è -› ẽ
Rèlē›ẽlē → *burnẽlē
6. burnẽlē
* ē -> ė
Change of *ē into ė
Rē›ė → Lith. burnẽlė
√bɑɦuruo-
PIE *bɑɦouru̯o-
LAv. baourva-
(a.) ‘kauend’
(AIWb. 946)
1. PIE *bɑɦouru̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦouru̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦouru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦauru̯a-
3. bɦauru̯a-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *bauru̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. bauru̯a-
*au → ao
Opening of *au
Rau›ao → *baoru̯a-
5. baoru̯a-
*aoru → aouru
Anaptyxis of *u
RaorU›aourU → *baouru̯a-
6. baouru̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. baourva-
PIE *Π.bɑɦouru̯o-
LAv. aš.baourva·-
(a.) ‘wo es viel zu kauen/essen gibt’
(AIWb. 263)
1. PIE *Π.bɑɦouru̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π.bɦouru̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π.bɦouru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π.bɦauru̯a-
3. Π.bɦauru̯a-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *Π.bauru̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π.bauru̯a-
*au → ao
Opening of *au
Rau›ao → *Π.baoru̯a-
5. Π.baoru̯a-
*aoru → aouru
Anaptyxis of *u
RaorU›aourU → *Π.baouru̯a-
6. Π.baouru̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. Π.baourva·-


PIE √pɑhur- √pɑhuer- √pɑhuor- (sb.) ‘frumenta quae de vagina non bene exibant’ (m.) ‘Bastard’ (f.) ‘Nebenfrau’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√pɑhuer-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *peɑhu̯ero-
OLat. pauero-
(m.) ‘frumenta (…) quae de vagina non bene exibant’
(WH. 2:266-7)
(PFest. p. 250/3, OLat. pauerī [plN])
1. PIE *peɑhu̯ero-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhu̯ero-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. paɑhu̯ero-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pahu̯ero-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pahu̯ero-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pau̯ero-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pau̯ero-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OLat. pauero-
√pɑhuor-
(HEG P:370, CHD P:17)
PIE *peɑhu̯ortɑhi-
Hitt. paḫu̯arši-
(LÚc.) ‘Bastard’ (MUNUS.) ‘Nebenfrau’
(HHand. 115)
(HIL. –, HHand. 115: “Nicht regierunsfähiges Mitglied der Königsfamilie”)
1. PIE *peɑhu̯ortɑhi-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhu̯ortɑhi-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. paɑhu̯ortɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pahu̯orthi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pahu̯orthi-
PIE *thi → chi
Assibilation of *th before *i
Rthi›chi → *pahu̯orchi-
4. pahu̯orchi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pahu̯archi-
5. pahu̯archi-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *pahu̯arci-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. pahu̯arci-
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → *pahu̯arši-
7. pahu̯arši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. paḫu̯arši-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√pɑhur-
PIE *peɑhurtɑhi-
Hitt. paḫurši-
(LÚc.) ‘Bastard’ (MUNUS.) ‘Nebenfrau’
(HHand. 115)
1. PIE *peɑhurtɑhi-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhurtɑhi-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. paɑhurtɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pahurthi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pahurthi-
PIE *thi → chi
Assibilation of *th before *i
Rthi›chi → *pahurchi-
4. pahurchi-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *pahurci-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. pahurci-
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → *pahurši-
6. pahurši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. paḫurši-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *peɑhurdɑɦi-
Hitt. paḫurzi-
(LÚc.) ‘Bastard’ (MUNUS.) ‘Nebenfrau’
(HHand. 115)
1. PIE *peɑhurdɑɦi-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhurdɑɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. paɑhurdɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pahurdɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pahurdɦi-
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi›jɦi → *pahurjɦi-
4. pahurjɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *pahurji-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. pahurji-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *pahurzi-
6. pahurzi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. paḫurzi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √pil- (a.) ‘fest’ (sb.) ‘Festung, Burg, Schloß, Stadt’
(IEW 799)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.; or PIE √pɑhil-?)
√pili-
(Pyysalo)
(Rieken 1999:361)
PIE *suɑh·pili-
Hitt. šuḫ·pili-
(a.) ‘sehr fest: very firm’
(HIL. 893-7)
(Hitt. šu-uḫ-pí-li-in [sgA])
1. PIE *suɑh·pili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *suh·pili-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. suh·pili-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šuh·pili-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. šuh·pili-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šuḫ·pili-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *pilí-
Lith. pilì-
(f.4.) ‘Burg, Schloss, Stadt’
(LiEtWb. 590-1)
(Lith. pilìs, piliẽs [G])
1. PIE *pilí-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → Lith. pilì-
PIE *píli-
Lith. pìli-
(f.) ‘Burg, Schloss, Stadt’
(LiEtWb. 590-1)
(Lith. pìlis, pìlies [G])
1. PIE *píli-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → Lith. pìli-
PIE *pileíti
Lith. piliẽti-
(m.2.) ‘Bürger: citizen’
(LiEtWb. 590-1)
(Lith. piliẽtis)
1. PIE *pileíti
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *pileìti
2. pileìti
eì → eĩ
Circumflex intonation for eì
RLiAcc14 → *pileĩti
3. pileĩti
eí -› iẽ
Change of eí to iẽ
Reĩ›iẽ → Lith. piliẽti
PIE *pili-
Latv. pil-
(f.) ‘Burg, Schloss’
(LiEtWb. 591)
(Latv. pils)
√pilēhɑ-
PIE *pílēhɑ
Lith. pìlė-
(f.2.) ‘Burg, Schloß, Stadt’
(LiEtWb. 591)
(Lith. pìlė)
1. PIE *pílēhɑ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pílēh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pílēh
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *pìlēh
3. pìlēh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pìlē
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pìlē
ìlē -› ĩlē
Circumflex intonation ì -› ĩ
Rìlē›ĩlē → *pĩlē
5. pĩlē
* ē -> ė
Change of *ē into ė
Rē›ė → Lith. pĩlė
PIE *pílēhɑ
Lith. pĩlė-
(f.) ‘arx, oppidum, urbs’
(LiEtWb. 590)
(Lith. pĩle)
1. PIE *pílēhɑ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pílēh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pílēh
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *pìlēh
3. pìlēh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pìlē
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pìlē
ìlē -› ĩlē
Circumflex intonation ì -› ĩ
Rìlē›ĩlē → *pĩlē
5. pĩlē
* ē -> ė
Change of *ē into ė
Rē›ė → Lith. pĩlė


PIE √pibɑɦ- (vb.) ‘niederschlagen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo, for Meillet and Magnusson's root constraint, see SPIE 348f., 401f.)
√pibɑɦo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *pibo-
CLu. piba-
(vb.) ‘niederschlagen usw.’
(HHand. 131)
(CLu. pi-pa-at-ti [2sg] HKM 1.edge 6)
1. PIE *pibo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. piba-
PIE *ɦɑúd·pibo-
OInd. úd·piba-
(vb.) ‘attack’
(Burrow 1973:81-108)
1. PIE *ɦɑúd·pibo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦúd·pibo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦúd·pibo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦúd·piba-
3. ɦúd·piba-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → OInd. úd·piba-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Π·pibo-
OInd. anūd·piba-
(vb.) ‘assail’
(Burrow 1973:81-108)
1. PIE *Π·pibo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OInd. Π·piba-


PIE √pl- √pol- √pel- (vb.) ‘schlagen, stoßen, treiben’
(IEW 801f.)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)
√pel- √pol-
PIE *pepòl-
Lat. pepul-
(pf.) ‘drive, shoot, move, exile, strike’
(WP. 2:276-7)
(Lat. pepulit [3sg])
1. PIE *pepòl-
*ò → u
Change of second-syllable ò into u
Rò›u → Lat. pepul-
PIE *Π·pel-
Umbr. ař·pel-
(vb.) ‘appellitāre, admouēre’
(WbOU. 52)
(Umbr. ařpeltu)
√polɑh-
(Kloekhorst HIL. 717)
PIE *polɑh-
Hitt. palḫ-
(pr.A.) ‘‹stoßen/schlagen/in Bewegung setzen?›’
(HIL. 717)
(Hitt. [ÉR]INMEŠ-an pa-a[l?]-ḫe-er [3pl] = KBo 3.1.i.34)
1. PIE *polɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *polh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. polh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *palh-
3. palh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. palḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√peln-
PIE *pelno-
Lat. pello-
(vb.) ‘stoßend in Bewegung setzen, forttreiben’
(WP. 2:276-7)
(Lat. pellō, pellĕre)
1. PIE *pelno-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → Lat. pello-
√pels-


PIE √pl- √pol- √pel- (vb.) ‘extingui’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√polɑhi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *poLoɑhi̯o-
OInd. palāya-
(vb.) ‘cease, vanish; verschwinden’
(EWA 2:102)
1. PIE *poLoɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *poLohi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. poLohi̯o-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *polohi̯o-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. polohi̯o-
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *polāhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
4. polāhi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *palāhi̯a-
5. palāhi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *palāi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. palāi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. palāya-
PIE *polɑhi̯osi-
TochA. palyäṣ-
(pret.A.) ‘extingui’
(Poucha 175)
(TochA. palyäṣt)
1. PIE *polɑhi̯osi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *polhi̯osi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. polhi̯osi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *palhi̯asi-
3. palhi̯asi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pali̯asi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pali̯asi-
*si → ṣ
Palatalization of *si
Rsi›ṣ → *pali̯aṣ-
5. pali̯aṣ-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochA. palyaṣ-
√polos-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *polos-
HLu. palaš-
(vb.) ‘die?’
(CHLu. 2.13.22)
(HLu. pa-la-sa-ti-i [3sg])
1. PIE *polos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *palas-
2. palas-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. palaš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *polos·urimi-
Hitt. palaš·urimi-
(c.) ‘gemeiner Mensch’
(HHand. 117)
(LuPG 21 ‹cf. PNurimi- NOMS. 1445›)
1. PIE *polos·urimi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *palas·urimi-
2. palas·urimi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. palaš·urimi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√pels-
PIE *pelso-
OInd. parṣa-
(pr.A.) ‘beschädigen, verletzen’ (KEWA 2:230)
(EWA 3:308)
(Dhātup. parṣati)
1. PIE *pelso-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *perso-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. perso-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiOIA → *peršo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. peršo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *perša-
4. perša-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *parša-
5. parša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → OInd. parṣa-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)


PIE √pl- √pel- √pol- (sb.) ‘Haut, Mantel, Schild, Schutz, Schirm’
(IEW 803-4)
(Tischler HEG P:389: Hitt. + Gr.)
√peleɑhs-
PIE *Π·peleɑhs-
Gr. ἐρυσί·πελασ-
(n.) ‘(N. einer Hautkrankheit)’
(GEW 2:499)
(Gr. ἐρυσίπελας)
1. PIE *Π·peleɑhs-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·pelaɑhs-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·pelaɑhs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·pelahs-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·pelahs-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·pelas-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·pelas-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·πελασ-
√poleɑhso-
PIE *poleɑhso-
Hitt. palaḫša-
(TÚGc.) ‘Umhang, Mantel?’ (HEG P:389)
(HHand. 117)
(“ein Kleidungsstück, das für die Göttin Ištar und ihre Beiden Dienerinnen Ninatta und Kulitta charakteristich ist”)
1. PIE *poleɑhso-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *polaɑhso-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. polaɑhso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *polahso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. polahso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *palahsa-
4. palahsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *palahša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. palahša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. palaḫša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *poleɑhso-
Hitt. palaḫša-
(c.) ‘Schutz, Schirm, Schild’
(HHand. 117)
(Hitt. pa-la-aḫ-ša-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *poleɑhso-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *polaɑhso-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. polaɑhso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *polahso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. polahso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *palahsa-
4. palahsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *palahša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. palahša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. palaḫša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *poleɑhso-
CLu. palaḫša-
(GKLc.) ‘Umhang, Mantel?’ (HHand. 117)
(DLL. 77)
(CLu. pa-la-aḫ-ša-an [sgA])
1. PIE *poleɑhso-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *polaɑhso-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. polaɑhso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *polahso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. polahso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *palahsa-
4. palahsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *palahša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. palahša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. palaḫša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *poleɑhso-
Hitt. palaḫša-
(vb.) ‘(mit einem palaḫša-) bedecken’
(HHand. 117)
(Hitt. pa-la-aḫ-ša-an-zi)
1. PIE *poleɑhso-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *polaɑhso-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. polaɑhso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *polahso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. polahso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *palahsa-
4. palahsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *palahša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. palahša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. palaḫša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √plɑh- (vb.) ‘rufen, anrufen’
(IEW 844 [diff.])
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)
√plēɑh-
(HIL. 716)
(CHD P:60)
PIE *plēɑh-
Hitt. plāḫ-
(vb.) ‘rufen, anrufen’
(HEG P:388)
(Hitt. pa-la-a-aḫ-t[a])
1. PIE *plēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *plāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. plāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *plāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. plāh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. plāḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π plēɑh-
Hitt. u̯ari plāḫ·-
(vb.) ‘um/zu Hilfe rufen: call for help’
(HHand. 117)
(Hitt. nu ua-ar-ri pa-la-aḫ-ḫe-ir [3pl], cf. CHD P:60)
1. PIE *Π plēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π plāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π plāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π plāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π plāh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π plāḫ·-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·plḗɑh-
RV. carṣaṇi·prā́-
(a.) ‘die Menschen segnend’
(WbRV. 442)
(RV. carṣaṇiprā́s [N], carṣaṇiprā́m [A])
1. PIE *Π·plḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *Π·plā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·plā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·plā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·plā́h-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *Π·prā́h-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. Π·prā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. Π·prā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√plɑhi-
PIE *plɑ́hi-
LAv. frī-
(f.) ‘Flehen, Gebet’
(AIWb. 1025)
(LAv. fryō [plN])
1. PIE *plɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *plíhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. plíhi-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *príhi-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. príhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *príi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. príi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *prī́-
5. prī́-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
RpR›fR → *frī́-
6. frī́-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → LAv. frī-
PIE *Π·plɑ́hi-
AV. ā·prī́-
(f.) ‘(Bez. bestimmter Anrufungen)’
(EWA 1:169)
1. PIE *Π·plɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *Π·plíhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·plíhi-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *Π·príhi-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. Π·príhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·príi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·príi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → AV. Π·prī́-
PIE *Π·plɑ́hino-
LAv. ā·frīna-
(n.) ‘Segenswunsch, -spruch’
(AIWb. 331)
(LAv. āfrīnǝm)
1. PIE *Π·plɑ́hino-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *Π·plíhino-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·plíhino-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *Π·príhino-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. Π·príhino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·príhina-
4. Π·príhina-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·príina-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·príina-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *Π·prī́na-
6. Π·prī́na-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
RpR›fR → *Π·frī́na-
7. Π·frī́na-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → LAv. Π·frīna-
PIE *Π·plɑ́hiti-
LAv. ā·frīti-
(f.) ‘Anwünschen, Segnung, Segenspruch’
(AIWb. 330)
1. PIE *Π·plɑ́hiti-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *Π·plíhiti-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·plíhiti-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *Π·príhiti-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. Π·príhiti-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·príiti-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·príiti-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *Π·prī́ti-
5. Π·prī́ti-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
RpR›fR → *Π·frī́ti-
6. Π·frī́ti-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → LAv. Π·frīti-
√plɑhS-
PIE *plōɑhrēɑh-
OLat. plōrā-
(vb.) ‘clamare, laut weinen’
(WH. 2:232-3)
1. PIE *plōɑhrēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *plōɑhrāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. plōɑhrāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *plōhrāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. plōhrāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OLat. plōrā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Π·plōɑhrēɑh-
Lat. im·plōrā-
(vb.) ‘anrufen’
(WH. 2:232-3)
1. PIE *Π·plōɑhrēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·plōɑhrāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·plōɑhrāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·plōhrāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·plōhrāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. Π·plōrā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)


PIE √plɑh- √polɑh- √pelɑh- (sb.) ‘Fläche, Ebene’ (a.) ‘weit, breit’
(IEW 639, 806)
(Sturtevant CGr. 106f.)
√polēɑh-
PIE *epi·polēɑh
Dor. ἐπι·πολᾱ-
(m.pl) ‘Ben. der Hochebene bei Syrakus’
(GEW 1:541)
1. PIE *epi·polēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *epi·polāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. epi·polāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *epi·polāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. epi·polāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *epi·polā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. epi·polā
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. ἐπι·πολᾱ
PIE *epi·polḗɑh
Ion.-Att. ἐπι·πολή-
(f.) ‘Oberfläche’
(GEW 1:540)
1. PIE *epi·polḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *epi·polā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. epi·polā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *epi·polā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. epi·polā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *epi·polā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. epi·polā́
*ā́ → ḗ
Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ
Rā́›ḗ → *epi·polḗ
5. epi·polḗ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. ἐπι·πολή
PIE *polēɑh·n-
OSwed. fala·n-
(f.) ‘(baumlose) Ebene, Heide’
(IEW 806)
(GEW 1:541)
1. PIE *polēɑh·n-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *polāɑh·n-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. polāɑh·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *polāh·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. polāh·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *polā·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. polā·n-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *pola·n-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
5. pola·n-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *fola·n-
6. fola·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OSwed. fala·n-
√polɑho-
(CHD P:63f., HIL. 717-8)
(also PIE *plɑho- → Anat. plḫ- is possible)
PIE *polɑho-
CLu. palḫ-
(GKLvb.) ‘breit machen?’
(HHand. 117)
(CLu. pal-ḫu-na)
1. PIE *polɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *polho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. polho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *palha-
3. palha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. palḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *polɑho-
CLu. palḫa-
(a.) ‘wide, broad?’
(KLuN. 257)
(CLu. pal-ḫa-an[-za] [plNA])
1. PIE *polɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *polho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. polho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *palha-
3. palha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. palḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *polɑho-
Hitt. palḫa-
(DUG.) ‘= DUGpalḫi-: Kessel’
(HHand. 117)
(Hitt. pal-ḫa, pal-ḫa-aš [G])
1. PIE *polɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *polho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. polho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *palha-
3. palha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. palḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √plt- pltɑh- pldɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Erde’ (a.) ‘irdisch’ (a.) ‘breit, weit’ (vb.) ‘ausstrecken’
(IEW 833-834)
(Haas 1955:132f.)
√pelt-
PIE *pélto-
Gr. πέλτο-
(pt.n.) ‘Basis eines Altars; Grabmal’ (LSJ. 1358)
(GEW 2:501)
(Gr. πέλτο-)
1. PIE *pélto-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πέλτο-
√poltɑhi-
PIE *pĺ̥tɑhi-
RV. pŕ̥thi-
(PNm.) ‘Eigenname eines Mannes’
(WbRV. 855)
1. PIE *pĺ̥tɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pĺ̥thi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pĺ̥thi-
PIE *ĺ̥ → ŕ̥
Change of *ĺ̥ into ŕ̥
Rĺ̥›ŕ̥ → RV. pŕ̥thi-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
PIE *pl̥tɑhiɑ́h-
RV. pr̥thī-
(PNm.) ‘Eigenname eines Sängers’
(WbRV. 855)
1. PIE *pl̥tɑhiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *pl̥tɑhiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. pl̥tɑhiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pl̥thiíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pl̥thiíh-
PIE *l̥ → r̥
Change of *l̥ into r̥
Rl̥›r̥ → *pr̥thiíh-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. pr̥thiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pr̥thií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. pr̥thií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → RV. pr̥thī́-
PIE *pōltɑhiɑHó-
RV. pārthiá-
(m.) ‘Nachkomme des pr̥thi-’
(WbRV. 807)
(cf. Parth. παρθία- (f.) ‘Parthia’, OldP. 196?)
1. PIE *pōltɑhiɑHó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pōlthiHó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pōlthiHó-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *pōrthiHó-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. pōrthiHó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *pōrthiHá-
4. pōrthiHá-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *pārthiHá-
5. pārthiHá-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → RV. pārthi.á-
√poltɑhiu-
PIE *pṓltɑhiu̯o-
RV. pā́rthiva-
(a.) ‘auf der Erde befindlich, irdisch’
(WbRV. 807)
1. PIE *pṓltɑhiu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pṓlthiu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pṓlthiu̯o-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *pṓrthiu̯o-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. pṓrthiu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pṓrthiu̯a-
4. pṓrthiu̯a-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *pā́rthiu̯a-
5. pā́rthiu̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. pā́rthiva-
PIE *pṓltɑhiu̯o-
RV. pā́rthiva-
(m.) ‘Erdbewohner’
(WbRV. 807)
1. PIE *pṓltɑhiu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pṓlthiu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pṓlthiu̯o-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *pṓrthiu̯o-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. pṓrthiu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pṓrthiu̯a-
4. pṓrthiu̯a-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *pā́rthiu̯a-
5. pā́rthiu̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. pā́rthiva-
PIE *pṓltɑhiu̯o-
RV. pā́rthiva-
(a.) ‘von Erdbewohnern entsprungen’
(WbRV. 807)
1. PIE *pṓltɑhiu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pṓlthiu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pṓlthiu̯o-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *pṓrthiu̯o-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. pṓrthiu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pṓrthiu̯a-
4. pṓrthiu̯a-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *pā́rthiu̯a-
5. pā́rthiu̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. pā́rthiva-
PIE *pṓltɑhiu̯o-
RV. pā́rthiva-
(n.) ‘Raum der Erde, irdischer Raum’
(WbRV. 807)
1. PIE *pṓltɑhiu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pṓlthiu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pṓlthiu̯o-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *pṓrthiu̯o-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. pṓrthiu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pṓrthiu̯a-
4. pṓrthiu̯a-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *pā́rthiu̯a-
5. pā́rthiu̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. pā́rthiva-
PIE *pl̥tɑhiu̯i·stɑhḗhɑ-
RV. pr̥thivi·ṣṭhā́-
(a.) ‘den Erdboden betretend, fest auftretend’
(WbRV. 855)
1. PIE *pl̥tɑhiu̯i·stɑhḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pl̥thiu̯i·sthḗh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pl̥thiu̯i·sthḗh-
PIE *l̥ → r̥
Change of *l̥ into r̥
Rl̥›r̥ → *pr̥thiu̯i·sthḗh-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. pr̥thiu̯i·sthḗh-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *pr̥thiu̯i·šthḗh-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. pr̥thiu̯i·šthḗh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pr̥thiu̯i·šthḗ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. pr̥thiu̯i·šthḗ-
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → *pr̥thiu̯i·šthā́-
6. pr̥thiu̯i·šthā́-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *pr̥thivi·šthā́-
7. pr̥thivi·šthā́-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *pr̥thivi·ṣthā́-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
8. pr̥thivi·ṣthā́-
*ṣt → ṣṭ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rṣt›ṣṭ → RV. pr̥thivi·ṣṭhā́-
PIE *pltɑhiu̯iɑ́h-
RV. pr̥thivī́-
(f.) ‘die Erde’
(WbRV. 855-6)
1. PIE *pltɑhiu̯iɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *pltɑhiu̯iíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. pltɑhiu̯iíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *plthiu̯iíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. plthiu̯iíh-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *prthiu̯iíh-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. prthiu̯iíh-
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → *pr̥thiu̯iíh-
5. pr̥thiu̯iíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pr̥thiu̯ií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. pr̥thiu̯ií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *pr̥thiu̯ī́-
7. pr̥thiu̯ī́-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. pr̥thivī́-
√poltɑhu-
PIE *pl̥tɑhú-
RV. pr̥thú-
(a.) ‘breit, weit sich austreckend, geräumig’
(WbRV. 857)
1. PIE *pl̥tɑhú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pl̥thú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pl̥thú-
PIE *l̥ → r̥
Change of *l̥ into r̥
Rl̥›r̥ → RV. pr̥thú-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
PIE *pl̥tɑhú-
RV. pr̥thú-
(n.adv.) ‘weit, über eine grosse Fläche’
(WbRV. 857)
1. PIE *pl̥tɑhú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pl̥thú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pl̥thú-
PIE *l̥ → r̥
Change of *l̥ into r̥
Rl̥›r̥ → RV. pr̥thú-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
PIE *pōltɑhou̯ó-
RV. pārthavá-
(m.) ‘Nachkomme des pr̥thu-’
(WbRV. 807)
1. PIE *pōltɑhou̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pōlthou̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pōlthou̯ó-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *pōrthou̯ó-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. pōrthou̯ó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pōrthau̯ó-
4. pōrthau̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *pōrthau̯á-
5. pōrthau̯á-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *pārthau̯á-
6. pārthau̯á-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. pārthavá-
PIE *poltɑhou̯o-
OPers. parϑava-
(ON.) ‘Parthia’ (a.) ‘Parthian’
(OldP. 196)
(parϑava- = Akd. pa-ar-tu-ú)
1. PIE *poltɑhou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *polthou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. polthou̯o-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *porthou̯o-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. porthou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *parthau̯a-
4. parthau̯a-
*th → ϑ
Affricativization of *th
Rth›ϑ → *parϑau̯a-
5. parϑau̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OPers. parϑava-
PIE *pĺ̥tɑhou̯ōno-
RV. pŕ̥thavāna-
(PNm.) Eigenname eines Mannes
(WbRV. 855)
(‹suffix unclear›)
1. PIE *pĺ̥tɑhou̯ōno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pĺ̥thou̯ōno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pĺ̥thou̯ōno-
PIE *ĺ̥ → ŕ̥
Change of *ĺ̥ into ŕ̥
Rĺ̥›ŕ̥ → *pŕ̥thou̯ōno-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. pŕ̥thou̯ōno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pŕ̥thau̯ōna-
4. pŕ̥thau̯ōna-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *pŕ̥thau̯āna-
5. pŕ̥thau̯āna-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. pŕ̥thavāna-
√poldɑɦio-
(HEG P:407f.)
PIE *poldɑɦi̯o-
Hitt. palza-
(sb.) ‘Unterteil, Sockel?’
(HHand. 118)
(But mind Tischler: “die Bedeutung … ist kontextuell nicht zu sichern”)
1. PIE *poldɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *poldɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. poldɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *poljɦo-
3. poljɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *paljɦa-
4. paljɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *palja-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. palja-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. palza-
PIE *poldɑɦi̯o-
CLu. palza-
(vb.) ‘-(?)-’ (HHand. 118)
(DLL. 77)
(CLu. pal-za [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *poldɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *poldɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. poldɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *poljɦo-
3. poljɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *paljɦa-
4. paljɦa-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *palzɦa-
5. palzɦa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. palzḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *poldɑɦi̯oɑho-
Hitt. palzaḫa-
(GIŠc.) ‘Sockel, Grundfläche, Basis’ (CHD P:86)
(HHand. 118)
(Hitt. pal-za-ḫa-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *poldɑɦi̯oɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *poldɦi̯oho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. poldɦi̯oho-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *poljɦoho-
3. poljɦoho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *paljɦaha-
4. paljɦaha-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *paljaha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. paljaha-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *palzaha-
6. palzaha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. palzaḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *poldɑɦi̯oɑho-
Hitt. palzaḫa-
(vb.) ‘niederstrecken, hinstrecken’
(HIL. 721)
(Hitt. pal-za-ḫa-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *poldɑɦi̯oɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *poldɦi̯oho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. poldɦi̯oho-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *poljɦoho-
3. poljɦoho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *paljɦaha-
4. paljɦaha-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *paljaha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. paljaha-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *palzaha-
6. palzaha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. palzaḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·poldɑɦi̯oɑhoi-
Hitt. arḫa palzaḫai·-
(vb.1.) ‘niederstrecken, hinstrecken’
(HHand. 118)
(Hitt. [pal]-za-ḫa-a-iz-zi, pal-za-ḫa-[iz-]-zi)
1. PIE *Π·poldɑɦi̯oɑhoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·poldɦi̯ohoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·poldɦi̯ohoi-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *Π·poljɦohoi-
3. Π·poljɦohoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·paljɦahai-
4. Π·paljɦahai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·paljahai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·paljahai-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *Π·palzahai-
6. Π·palzahai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·palzaḫai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *poldɑɦi̯osɑho-
CLu. palzašḫa-
(GIŠc.) ‘Sockel, Grundfläche, Basis’ (CHD P:86)
(HHand. 118)
(Hitt. pal-za-aš-ḫa-aš [N], pal-za-aš-ḫa)
1. PIE *poldɑɦi̯osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *poldɦi̯osho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. poldɦi̯osho-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *poljɦosho-
3. poljɦosho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *paljɦasha-
4. paljɦasha-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *palzɦasha-
5. palzɦasha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *palzɦašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. palzɦašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. palzḫašḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√poldɑɦu-
PIE *poldɑɦu·Σ
Hitt. paldu·badeita-
(mc.) ‘-(?)-’
(DKašk. 92)
(Hitt. pa-al-du-ú-ba?-a?-ti-it-ta-aš [N]; NOMS. 917)
1. PIE *poldɑɦu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *poldɦu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. poldɦu·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *paldɦu·Σ
3. paldɦu·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. paldu·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √pn- √pon- √pen- (sb.) ‘Haus, Heim, Innere (= Hitt. parna-)’ (adv.) ‘bei, in, apud, cōram’
(IEW 807)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE; or PIE √pehɑn- √bɦɑen-?)
√pono-
PIE *pono·so-
Hitt. pana·ša-
(URUa.) ‘= URUparna·ša-’
(OGH. 306)
(Hitt. pa-na-aš-ša)
1. PIE *pono·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pana·sa-
2. pana·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. pana·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *pono·bɑɦo-
Hitt. pana·ba-
(a.) ‘(spezifiert ‘Stadt’)’
(HHand. 118)
1. PIE *pono·bɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pono·bɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pono·bɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pana·bɦa-
3. pana·bɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. pana·ba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√peno-
PIE *peno-
Lat. peno-
(n.) ‘Innere des Hauses/Vestatempels’
(WH. 2:281)
PIE *penos-
Lat. penos-
(n.) ‘das Innere des Hauses’
(WH. 2:280)
√pene-
PIE *pene·trēɑh-
Lat. pene·trā-
(pr.1.) ‘eindringen, durchdringen’
(WH. 2:281)
1. PIE *pene·trēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *pene·trāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. pene·trāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pene·trāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pene·trāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. pene·trā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *pene·s
Lat. pene·s
(prep.A) ‘bei, in: cōram, apud’
(WH. 2:280)
PIE *pené·stēɑh-
Dor. πενέ·στᾱ-
(m.) ‘Hörige, Knechte, arme Landarbeiter’
(GEW 2:504)
1. PIE *pené·stēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *pené·stāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. pené·stāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pené·stāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pené·stāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pené·stā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pené·stā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. πενέ·στᾱ-
PIE *pené·stēɑh-
Dor. πενέ·στᾱ-
(m.) ‘N. der leibeigenen Bevölkerung Thessaliens’
(GEW 2:504)
(Gr. πενέσται)
1. PIE *pené·stēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *pené·stāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. pené·stāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pené·stāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pené·stāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pené·stā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pené·stā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. πενέ·στᾱ-
PIE *pene·stēɑh-
Illyr. pene·stā-
(VN.) ‘penestai’
(GEW 2:504)
(Illyr. penestae [plN])
1. PIE *pene·stēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *pene·stāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. pene·stāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pene·stāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pene·stāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Illyr. pene·stā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *pene·stikó-
Gr. πενε·στικό-
(a.) ‘zu den πενέσται gehörig’
(GEW 2:504)
1. PIE *pene·stikó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πενε·στικό-
√penēhɑ-
PIE *penḗhɑ-
Latv. penê-
(vb.) ‘verwöhnen’
(IEW 807)
(Latv. penêt [inf.])
1. PIE *penḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *penḗh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. penḗh-
*ḗH → êH
Latvian tone rule for ḗH
RAccLatv6 → *penêh-
3. penêh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Latv. penê-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√peni-
PIE *penitos
Lat. penitus
(adv.) ‘(von) innen, tief, gründlich’
(IEW 807)
1. PIE *penitos
*-os → us
Change of root-final -os into -us
R=os›=us → Lat. penitus


PIE √pn- √pon- √pen- (adv.) ‘über’ (vb.) ‘loben, rühmen, bewundern’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + RV. + Gr.; for the semantics cf. Hitt. u̯ala- ‘rühmen, preisen’ and CLu. u̯alunaša- ‘auf das Heben bezüglich’)
√pon- √pen- √pn-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *pon
Hitt. pan
(adv.) ‘= pariauan: drüben, jenseits: over, beyond’
(HHand. 118)
1. PIE *pon
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. pan
PIE *Π·pon·Σ
Gr. δια·πον·δαρίζο-
(vb.) Hes. ‘διαναβάλλεται, διαναρρίπτεται’
(LSJ. 408)
(Hes. διαπονδαρίζει)
1. PIE *Π·pon·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·πον·Σ
PIE *Π·pepon-
RV. ā́ (...) papan-
(pf.A.) ‘bewundern, rühmen’
(WbRV. 772)
(RV. ā́ papana [1sg])
1. PIE *Π·pepon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·pepan-
2. Π·pepan-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → RV. Π·papan-
PIE *pepn-
RV. papn-
(pf.M.) ‘bewundernswert sein’
(WbRV. 772)
(RV. papné [3sg])
1. PIE *pepn-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → RV. papn-
√pono- √peno- √pno-
PIE *peno-
RV. pana-
(pr.M.) ‘bewundern, anstaunen, preisen’
(WbRV. 772)
(RV. pananta)
1. PIE *peno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pena-
2. pena-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → RV. pana-
PIE *Π·péno-
RV. ā́ (...) pána-
(pr.M.) ‘bewundern, rühmen’
(WbRV. 772)
(RV. ā́ (...) pánanta)
1. PIE *Π·péno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·péna-
2. Π·péna-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. Π·pána-
PIE *péni·pno-
RV. páni·pna-
(vb.int.A.) ‘sich wunderbar beweisen’
(WbRV. 772)
(RV. pánipnatam [pt.])
1. PIE *péni·pno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *péni·pna-
2. péni·pna-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. páni·pna-
√ponɑh- √penɑh-
PIE *ponēɑhi̯o-
RV. panāya-
(vb.M.) ‘[A] zur Bewunderung sehen lassen’
(WbRV. 772)
(RV. panāyata [3sg])
1. PIE *ponēɑhi̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ponāɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ponāɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ponāhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ponāhi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *panāhi̯a-
4. panāhi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *panāi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. panāi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. panāya-
PIE *ponḗɑhi̯iHo-
RV. panā́yia-
(a.) ‘staunenswert’
(WbRV. 772)
1. PIE *ponḗɑhi̯iHo-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *ponā́ɑhi̯iHo-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ponā́ɑhi̯iHo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ponā́hi̯iHo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ponā́hi̯iHo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *panā́hi̯iHa-
4. panā́hi̯iHa-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *panā́hi̯i.a-
5. panā́hi̯i.a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *panā́i̯i.a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. panā́i̯i.a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. panā́yi.a-
√poni- √peni-
PIE *ponéi̯o-
RV. panáya-
(cs.A.M.) ‘bewundern, rühmen, loben [A]’
(WbRV. 772)
(RV. panáyanti, panayanta)
1. PIE *ponéi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *panéi̯a-
2. panéi̯a-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *panái̯a-
3. panái̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. panáya-
PIE *ponéi̯o-
RV. panáya-
(cs.M.) ‘sich freuen über [A, G]’
(WbRV. 772)
(RV. panayanta [3pl])
1. PIE *ponéi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *panéi̯a-
2. panéi̯a-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *panái̯a-
3. panái̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. panáya-
PIE *péni·pno-
RV. páni·pna-
(vb.int.) ‘sich wunderbar beweisen’
(WbRV. 772)
(RV. pánipnatam [pt.])
1. PIE *péni·pno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *péni·pna-
2. péni·pna-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. páni·pna-
PIE *póni̯o-
RV. pánya-
(a.) ‘bewundernswerth’
(WbRV. 773)
1. PIE *póni̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *póni̯a-
2. póni̯a-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *páni̯a-
3. páni̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. pánya-
PIE *Π·poni̯ó-
RV. vi panyá·-
(pr.MP.) ‘rühmen [A]’
(WbRV. 772)
(RV. vi panyā́mahe)
1. PIE *Π·poni̯ó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·pani̯ó-
2. Π·pani̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·pani̯á-
3. Π·pani̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·panyá-
PIE *Π·poni̯éɑhi̯ē
RV. vi·panyáyā
(adv.) ‘mit Bewunderung, in bewundernswerther Weise’
(WbRV. 1283)
1. PIE *Π·poni̯éɑhi̯ē
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *Π·poni̯áɑhi̯ē
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·poni̯áɑhi̯ē
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·poni̯áhi̯ē
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·poni̯áhi̯ē
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·pani̯áhi̯ē
4. Π·pani̯áhi̯ē
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·pani̯ái̯ē
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·pani̯ái̯ē
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *Π·pani̯ái̯ā
6. Π·pani̯ái̯ā
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·panyáyā
PIE *péni̯os-
RV. pányas-
(a.comp.) ‘wunderbarer, herrlicher’
(WbRV. 773)
1. PIE *péni̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *péni̯as-
2. péni̯as-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *páni̯as-
3. páni̯as-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. pányas-
PIE *penis-
RV. paniṣ-
(s.ao.M.) ‘bewundernswerth sein’
(WbRV. 772)
(RV. paniṣṭa [3sg])
1. PIE *penis-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *peniš-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. peniš-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *paniš-
3. paniš-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. paniṣ-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
PIE *pénistɑho-
RV. pániṣṭha-
(a.sup.) ‘sehr wunderbar, sehr herrlich’
(WbRV. 773)
1. PIE *pénistɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pénistho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pénistho-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *péništho-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. péništho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *péništha-
4. péništha-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *páništha-
5. páništha-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *pániṣtha-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
6. pániṣtha-
*ṣt → ṣṭ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rṣt›ṣṭ → RV. pániṣṭha-
PIE *pénisti-
OInd. pániṣṭi-
(f.) ‘Lob, Bewunderung’
(WbRV. 773)
(SV. pániṣṭi-)
1. PIE *pénisti-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *péništi-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. péništi-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *páništi-
3. páništi-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *pániṣti-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. pániṣti-
*ṣt → ṣṭ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rṣt›ṣṭ → OInd. pániṣṭi-
PIE *ponitó-
RV. panitá-
(pt.a.) ‘gepriesen’
(WbRV. 772)
1. PIE *ponitó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *panitó-
2. panitó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. panitá-
PIE *penitór-
RV. panitár-
(a.) ‘anerkennend, lobend’
(WbRV. 773)
1. PIE *penitór-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *penitár-
2. penitár-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → RV. panitár-
PIE *Π·poni̯ú-
RV. vi·panyú-
(a.) ‘rühmend, bewundernd, rühmenswert’
(WbRV. 1283)
1. PIE *Π·poni̯ú-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·pani̯ú-
2. Π·pani̯ú-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·panyú-
√penosi-
PIE *penosi̯o-
RV. panasya-
(pr.) ‘sich bewundernswerth zeigen’
(WbRV. 772)
(RV. panasyate)
1. PIE *penosi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *penasi̯a-
2. penasi̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *panasi̯a-
3. panasi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. panasya-
PIE *penosi̯ó-
RV. panasyá-
(pr.) ‘bei jemand [L] Anerkennung/Beifall finden’
(WbRV. 772)
(RV. panasyáte)
1. PIE *penosi̯ó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *penasi̯ó-
2. penasi̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *penasi̯á-
3. penasi̯á-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *panasi̯á-
4. panasi̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. panasyá-
PIE *penosi̯ú-
RV. panasyú-
(a.) ‘sich bewundernswerth zeigend, bewundernswerth’
(WbRV. 772)
1. PIE *penosi̯ú-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *penasi̯ú-
2. penasi̯ú-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *panasi̯ú-
3. panasi̯ú-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. panasyú-
√ponu-
PIE *ponu-
RV. panu-
(f.) ‘Bewunderung, Lob’
(WbRV. 773)
(RV. panvā́ [sgI])
1. PIE *ponu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → RV. panu-


PIE √pr- √por- √per- (sb.) ‘Erde, Ton’ (a.) ‘irden’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Ital.)
√por-
(HEG P:448)
PIE *por·Σ
Hitt. par·duḫa-
(sb.) ‘(ein Gefäß bzw. Material zur Gefäßherstellung)’
(HHand. 125)
1. PIE *por·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. par·Σ
√pors- √pers-
(Pyysalo)
(CHD P:191, HEG P:510)
PIE *pors·Σ
Hitt. parš·tuḫa-
(c./n.) ‘irdener Becher: DUGGAL.GIR4’
(HHand. 121)
(Hitt. pár-aš-du-uḫ-ḫa-an, pár-aš-tu-uḫ-ḫi-it)
1. PIE *pors·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pars·Σ
2. pars·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. parš·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *perso-
Umbr. perso-
(sb.) ‘Erdboden, Grund’
(WbOU. 524)
(Umbr. persom)


PIE √pr- √por- √per- (vb.) ‘bespritzen, besprengen, waschen’
(IEW 823)
(Sturtevant CGr. 75, 215; Pyysalo: CS.)
√por-
(HEG P:422-424)
(Pyysalo)
PIE *popor-
Hitt. papar-
(vb.) ‘verspritzen’
(SHV 213)
(Hitt. pa-ap-pár-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *popor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. papar-
PIE *pero-
CS. pero-
(vb.) ‘waschen’
(LIV2:473)
(CS. perǫ [1sg])
1. PIE *pero-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pera-
2. pera-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → CS. pero-
√pori-
PIE *poporiske/o-
Hitt. papariške/a-
(pr.) ‘bespritzen, besprengen’
(HIL. 726)
(Hitt. pa-ap-par-iš-ke/a-, pa-ap-pár-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *poporiske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *papariske/a-
2. papariske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. papariške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√poros-
(CHD P:98ff.)
PIE *poporos-
Hitt. paparaš-
(pr.1.) ‘bespritzen, besprengen: sprinkle’
(HIL. 726)
(Hitt. pa-ap-pa-ar-aš-zi [3sg], pa-ap-pa-ar-aš-ša-an-zi)
1. PIE *poporos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *paparas-
2. paparas-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. paparaš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *poporosont-
Hitt. paparašant-
(pt.) ‘bespritzen, besprengen’
(HIL. 726)
(Hitt. pa-ap-pár-aš-ša-an-t-)
1. PIE *poporosont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *paparasant-
2. paparasant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. paparašant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *poporoske/o-
Hitt. paparaške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘bespritzen, besprengen’
(HHand. 119)
(Hitt. pa-ap-pár-aš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *poporoske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *paparaske/a-
2. paparaske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. paparaške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√pors-
(Sturtevant CGr. 75, 215, CHD P:98ff.)
(IEW 823)
PIE *popors-
Hitt. paparš-
(vb.2.) ‘besprizen, besprengen’
(HHand. 119)
(Hitt. pa-ap-pár-ši [3sg], pa-pár-ša-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *popors-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *papars-
2. papars-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. paparš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *popors-
TochA. papärs-
(pret.A.) ‘adspergere, spargere’
(Poucha 174)
(TochA. papärss [3sg], papärsār [3pl])
1. PIE *popors-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → TochA. papars-
PIE *pompors-
TochA. pam·pärs-
(pret.A.) ‘adspergere, spargere’
(Poucha 174)
(TochA. paṃpärs [3sg])
1. PIE *pompors-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → TochA. pampars-
√porso-
PIE *pérso-
OInd. párṣa-
(vb.) ‘besprengen’ (EWA 3:308)
(KEWA 2:230)
(OInd. párṣati)
1. PIE *pérso-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiOIA → *péršo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. péršo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pérša-
3. pérša-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *párša-
4. párša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → OInd. párṣa-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
PIE *poporsont-
Hitt. paparšant-
(pt.) ‘= Hitt. papašant-’
(HHand. 119)
(Hitt. pa-ap-pár-ša-an-t-)
1. PIE *poporsont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *paparsant-
2. paparsant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. paparšant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *pŕ̥sont-
RV. pŕ̥ṣant-
(a.) ‘gesprenkelt, schecklig, bunt’
(WbRV. 860)
(RV. pŕ̥ṣantam [sgA] “von der Wolke”)
1. PIE *pŕ̥sont-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiOIA → *pŕ̥šont-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. pŕ̥šont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pŕ̥šant-
3. pŕ̥šant-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. pŕ̥ṣant-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)


PIE √pr- √por- √per- (sb.) ‘Hauch, Atem, Luft, Himmelsraum?’ (vb.) ‘blasen’
(IEW 809-10)
(Petersen 1937:208)
√por-
(HEG P:437, 438f.)
PIE *poro-
Hitt. para-
(c.) ‘Luft, Atem, Hauch’
(CHD P:130)
(Hitt. pa-ra-a-aš [N], pa-ra-a-an [A])
1. PIE *poro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. para-
PIE *poro-
Hitt. para-
(vb.2.) ‘blow (horn, on a fire, up), inflate’
(HHand. 120)
(Hitt. pa-ra-a-i [3sg], pa-ra-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *poro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. para-
√per-
PIE *pérpero-
Gr. πέρπερο-
(m.) ‘eitel Windbeutel, Geck, Prahler’
(GEW 2:517)
1. PIE *pérpero-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πέρπερο-
PIE *pérpero-
Gr. πέρπερο-
(a.) ‘eitel, prahlerisch’
(GEW 2:517)
1. PIE *pérpero-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πέρπερο-
PIE *Π·pḗro-
Gr. ἀμφι·πήρο-
(a.) ‘μηδὲν λέγοντας’
(LSJ. 93)
(Hes. ἀμφιπήρους · μηδὲν λέγοντας)
1. PIE *Π·pḗro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·πήρο-
√pori-
PIE *poriporoi-
Pal. pari·parai-
(vb.) ‘blasen’ (CHD P:133f.)
(HHand. 122)
(Pal. pa-ri-pa-ra-a-i [3sg] ‹but note -p- instead of -pp- against Sturtevant’s law›)
1. PIE *poriporoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Pal. pariparai-
PIE *poriporoi-
Hitt. pari·parai-
(vb.) ‘blasen’
(HIL. 730)
(Hitt. pa-ri-pa-ra-a-i, pa-ri-pa-ra-an-zi ‹but note -p- instead of -pp- against Sturtevant’s law›)
1. PIE *poriporoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. pariparai-


PIE √pr- √por- √per- (prep.) ‘vor(wärts), nach, weiter, zu, bei, an usw.’
(IEW 810)
(Pyysalo)
√pri-
(HEG P:431ff.)
(Pyysalo)
PIE *pri
CLu. pri
(prep.) ‘forth, away’
(HIL. 729)
(CLu. pa-ri-i)
PIE *pri
HLu. pri
(PRAEadv.) ‘forth, away’
(CHLu. 2.6.16)
(HLu. pa+ra/i-i-’, PRAE-i)
PIE *pri
LycA. pri
(prep.) ‘forth, in front’
(DLycLg. 51)
(LycA. pri=de; HIL. 728-9)
PIE *pri
OLat. pri
(prep.) ‘prae’
(APrS. 410)
(OLat. pri)
√prei-
PIE *prei
OPr. prei
(prep.) ‘vor, hinzu, zu, bei, an’
(APrS. 410)
(OPr. prei)
PIE *preí
Lith. priẽ
(prep.) ‘bei, an, zu’
(LiEtWb. 652f.)
(Lith. priẽ)
PIE *prei
OCS. pri
(prep.L) ‘bei, an, neben, zur Zeit von’
(Sadnik √715)
(OCS. pri)
1. PIE *prei
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *prī
2. prī
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → OCS. pri


PIE √prɑhu- √perɑhu- √porɑhu- (sb.) ‘Knoten, Gelenk’
(IEW 804, 811)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√perɑhuo- √porɑhuo-
(Pyysalo; HEG P:458)
PIE *pérɑhu̯o-
RV. párva-
(n.) ‘die Stengelröhre der Pflanzen’
(WbRV. 792)
1. PIE *pérɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pérhu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pérhu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pérhu̯a-
3. pérhu̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *péru̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. péru̯a-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *páru̯a-
5. páru̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. párva-
PIE *perɑhu̯o·Σ
RV. parva·śás
(adv.) ‘gliedweise, stückweise’
(WbRV. 792)
1. PIE *perɑhu̯o·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *perhu̯o·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. perhu̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *perhu̯a·Σ
3. perhu̯a·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *peru̯a·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. peru̯a·Σ
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *paru̯a·Σ
5. paru̯a·Σ
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. parva·Σ
√perɑhuɑhn-
PIE *pérɑhu̯eɑhn-
RV. párvaṇ-
(n.) ‘Knoten der Pflanzen’
(WbRV. 792)
1. PIE *pérɑhu̯eɑhn-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *pérɑhu̯aɑhn-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. pérɑhu̯aɑhn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pérhu̯ahn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pérhu̯ahn-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *péru̯an-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. péru̯an-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *páru̯an-
5. páru̯an-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *párvan-
6. párvan-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → RV. párvaṇ-
PIE *pérɑhu̯eɑhn-
RV. párvaṇ-
(n.) ‘Knotenpunkt eines Zeitraumes, Zeitpunkt’
(WbRV. 792)
1. PIE *pérɑhu̯eɑhn-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *pérɑhu̯aɑhn-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. pérɑhu̯aɑhn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pérhu̯ahn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pérhu̯ahn-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *péru̯an-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. péru̯an-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *páru̯an-
5. páru̯an-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *párvan-
6. párvan-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → RV. párvaṇ-
PIE *perɑhu̯ḗɑhn·Σ
Ion. πειρήν·αντ-
(pt.A.) ‘knotend, knüpfend, befestigende’
(GEW 2:490)
1. PIE *perɑhu̯ḗɑhn·Σ
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *perɑhu̯ā́ɑhn·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. perɑhu̯ā́ɑhn·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *perhu̯ā́hn·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. perhu̯ā́hn·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *peru̯ā́n·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. peru̯ā́n·Σ
*eru̯ -> eir
Compensatory lengthening of eru̯ into eir
Reru̯›eir → *peirā́n·Σ
5. peirā́n·Σ
*ā́ → ḗ
Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ
Rā́›ḗ → *peirḗn·Σ
6. peirḗn·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion. πειρήν·Σ
√perɑhuɑhr-
PIE *pérɑhu̯eɑhr-
Gr. πείραρ-
(n.) ‘Knoten’
(GEW 2:490)
(Hom. πεῖραρ)
1. PIE *pérɑhu̯eɑhr-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *pérɑhu̯aɑhr-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. pérɑhu̯aɑhr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pérhu̯ahr-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pérhu̯ahr-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *péru̯ar-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. péru̯ar-
*éru̯ -> eír
Compensatory lengthening of éru̯ into eír
Réru̯›eír → *peírar-
5. peírar-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πείραρ-
√perɑhur-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *porɑhur-
Hitt. parḫur-
(GIŠn.) ‘Knospe, Ast? (Pflanzenteil)’
(HHand. 122)
1. PIE *porɑhur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *porhur-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. porhur-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *parhur-
3. parhur-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. parḫur-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *pórɑhur-
RV. párur-
(n.) ‘Gelenk zwischen den Gliedern des Leibes’
(WbRV. 789)
1. PIE *pórɑhur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pórhur-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pórhur-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *párhur-
3. párhur-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. párur-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√porɑhus-
PIE *pórɑhus-
RV. páruṣ-
(n.) ‘Gelenk zwischen den Gliedern des Leibes’
(WbRV. 789)
1. PIE *pórɑhus-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pórhus-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pórhus-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *pórhuš-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. pórhuš-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *párhuš-
4. párhuš-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *páruš-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. páruš-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. páruṣ-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
PIE *Π·porɑhus
AV. yathā·paruṣ
(adv.) ‘joint after joint’
(EWA 2:99)
(AV. yathāparuṣ)
1. PIE *Π·porɑhus
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·porhus
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·porhus
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *Π·porhuš
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. Π·porhuš
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·parhuš
4. Π·parhuš
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·paruš
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·paruš
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → AV. Π·paruṣ
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)


PIE √prku- √porku- √perku- (a.) ‘rein, sauber’ (sb.) ‘Welt’ (vb.) ‘reinigen’
(IEW 822)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Pal. + CLu.; or PIE √pharku-?; for the semantics, cf. Lat. mundus ‘id.’)
√porku-
(CHD P:163ff.)
PIE *porku-
Hitt. parku-
(a.) ‘rein, sauber, unschuldig’
(HHand. 123)
(Hitt. pár-ku, pár-ku-un [sgA], pár-ku-ua-aš [G] ‹cf. Lat. mundus ‘id.’›)
1. PIE *porku-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. parku-
PIE *porku-
Hitt. parku-
(É.) ‘a building’
(HIL. 738)
(Hitt. pár-ku-ua-aš [plG])
1. PIE *porku-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. parku-
√porkuo-
PIE *porku̯o-
Hitt. parku̯a-
(vb.) ‘reinigen, säubern’
(HIL. 738)
(Hitt. pár-ku-ua-an-zi [3pl], pár-ku-ua-at-ta)
1. PIE *porku̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. parku̯a-
PIE *poporku̯o-
CLu. paparku̯a-
(vb.) ‘reinigen, säubern’
(HHand. 119)
(CLu. pa-ap-pár-ku-ua-at-ti ‹cf. Lat. mundare ‘id.’›)
1. PIE *poporku̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. paparku̯a-
PIE *porku̯oi-
Hitt. parku̯ai-
(vb.1.) ‘sich reinigen, entsühnen’
(HHand. 123)
(Hitt. pár-ku-ua-ia-aš [G])
1. PIE *porku̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. parku̯ai-
PIE *porku̯oi-
Hitt. parku̯ai-
(a.) ‘rein usw.’
(HIL. 737)
1. PIE *porku̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. parku̯ai-
PIE *porku̯oii̯o-
Hitt. parku̯ai̯a-
(É.) ‘a building’
(HIL. 738)
(Hitt. pár-ku-ua-ia-aš [plDL])
1. PIE *porku̯oii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *parku̯aii̯a-
2. parku̯aii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *parku̯aia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. parku̯aia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → Hitt. parku̯ai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
PIE *porku̯oimi-
CLu. parku̯aimi-
(pt.) ‘gereinigt?’
(HHand. 123)
(CLu. pár-ku-ua-i-mi-in-zi)
1. PIE *porku̯oimi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. parku̯aimi-
PIE *porku̯olo-
Hitt. parku̯ala-
(a.) ‘rein?’
(HHand. 123)
(Hitt. pár-ku-ua-al-la)
1. PIE *porku̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. parku̯ala-
PIE *porku̯on·dɑɦorei̯o-
Hitt. parku̯an·darei̯a-
(vb.) ‘rein sein/werden?’
(HHand. 123)
(Hitt. pár-ku-ua-an-ta-ri-i[a-mi?] [1sg])
1. PIE *porku̯on·dɑɦorei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *porku̯on·dɦorei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. porku̯on·dɦorei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *parku̯an·dɦarei̯a-
3. parku̯an·dɦarei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. parku̯an·darei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *porku̯o·Σ
Hitt. parku̯·aštanani-
(NINDA.) ‘(ein Gebäck)’
(HHand. 123)
1. PIE *porku̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. parku̯a·Σ
PIE *perku̯ou-
Goth. fairƕau-
(m.) ‘κόσμος: mundus, saeculum: Welt: world’
(GoEtD. F12)
(Goth. fairƕau, fairƕaus)
1. PIE *perku̯ou-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *perxu̯ou-
2. perxu̯ou-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *ferxu̯ou-
3. ferxu̯ou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ferxu̯au-
4. ferxu̯au-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *firxu̯au-
5. firxu̯au-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *firhu̯au-
6. firhu̯au-
hw → ƕ
Monophonemization of hw into ƕ
Rhu̯›ƕ → *firƕau-
7. firƕau-
i → ai
Opening of i into ai
Ri›ai → Goth. fairƕau-
√porkui-
PIE *porku̯i-
Pal. parku̯i-
(vb.) ‘reinigen, säubern?’ (HHand. 123)
(DPal. 67)
(Pal. pa-ar-ku-i-ti, pár-ku-i-ti [3sg])
1. PIE *porku̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Pal. parku̯i-
PIE *porku̯i-
Hitt. parku̯i-
(sb.) ‘das Reine (Metall), Bronze: ZABAR’
(HHand. 123)
1. PIE *porku̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. parku̯i-
PIE *porku̯i·Σ
Hitt. ·parku̯i ḫaštai
(UZU.) ‘(a body part or cut of meat, ‘pure-bone’)’
(HIL. 738)
(Hitt. UZUpár-ku-i ḫa-aš-ta-i [sgNA])
1. PIE *porku̯i·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. parku̯i·Σ
PIE *porku̯i-
Hitt. parku̯i-
(a.) ‘rein, sauber, unschuldig’
(HHand. 123)
(Hitt. pár-ku-iš, pár-ku-in [A])
1. PIE *porku̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. parku̯i-
PIE *porku̯i-
Hitt. parku̯i-
(vb.1.) ‘sich reinigen, entsühnen’
(HHand. 123)
(Hitt. pár-ku-i-ed-d[a-at])
1. PIE *porku̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. parku̯i-
PIE *porkui̯o-
Hitt. parkui̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘sich reinigen, entsühnen’
(HHand. 123)
(Hitt. pár-ku-ia-ta-at)
1. PIE *porkui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. parkui̯a-
PIE *porkui̯o-
Kpd. parkui̯a-
(LÚc.) ‘rein, sauber, unschuldig’
(NOMS. 943)
(Kpd. pá-ar-ku-i-a)
1. PIE *porkui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Kpd. parkui̯a-
PIE *porku̯imor-
Hitt. parku̯imar-
(n.) ‘Reinigung’
(HHand. 123)
(Hitt. pár-ku-e-m[ar?] ‹cf. Lat. mundatio ‘id.’›)
1. PIE *porku̯imor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. parku̯imar-
PIE *porku̯is-
Hitt. parku̯iš-
(vb.) ‘rein werden, sich als unschuldig erweisen’
(HHand. 123)
(Hitt. pár-ku-e-eš-zi, pár-ku-eš-zi, pár-ku-iš-zi)
1. PIE *porku̯is-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *parku̯is-
2. parku̯is-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. parku̯iš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *porkui̯on-
Hitt. parkui̯an-
(n.) ‘(rituelle) Reinigung, Entsühnung’
(HHand. 123)
(Hitt. pár-ku-e-ia-an-na-aš [G])
1. PIE *porkui̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. parkui̯an-
PIE *porkui̯odɑɦor-
Hitt. parkui̯adar-
(n.) ‘(rituelle) Reinigung, Entsühnung’
(HHand. 123)
(Hitt. pár-ku-ia-a-tar)
1. PIE *porkui̯odɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *porkui̯odɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. porkui̯odɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *parkui̯adɦar-
3. parkui̯adɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. parkui̯adar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√porkuli-
PIE *porkuli-
Hitt. parkuli-
(sb.) ‘(ein hurr. Kult- bzw. Tempelgerät)’
(HHand. 123)
(‹or Hitt.?›)
1. PIE *porkuli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. parkuli-
√porkunu-
PIE *porkunu-
Hitt. parkunu-
(cs.) ‘reinigen, jmd. für rein erklären, freisprechen’
(HHand. 123)
(Hitt. pár-ku-nu-mi)
1. PIE *porkunu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. parkunu-
PIE *porkunu̯ont-
Hitt. parkunu̯ant-
(pt.) ‘gereinigt, sauber’ (HHand. 123)
(HIL. 738)
1. PIE *porkunu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. parkunu̯ant-
PIE *porkunumor-
Hitt. parkunumar-
(n.N.act.) ‘Reinigung’
(HHand. 123)
(Hitt. pár-ku-nu-mar, par-ku-nu-um-ma-aš)
1. PIE *porkunumor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. parkunumar-
PIE *porkunuski̯e/o-
Hitt. parkunuške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘reinigen’
(HIL. 738)
(Hitt. pár-ku-nu-uš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *porkunuski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *porkunusḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. porkunusḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *parkunusḱe/a-
3. parkunusḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *parkunuske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. parkunuske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. parkunuške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√porkus-
PIE *porkus-
Hitt. parkuš-
(vb.) ‘rein werden’
(HHand. 123)
1. PIE *porkus-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *parkus-
2. parkus-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. parkuš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√perkuu-
PIE *perku̯u-
Goth. fairƕu-
(m.) ‘κόσμος: mundus, saeculum: Welt’
(GoEtD. F12)
(Goth. fairƕus [sgN], fairƕu [sgA])
1. PIE *perku̯u-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *perxu̯u-
2. perxu̯u-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *ferxu̯u-
3. ferxu̯u-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *firxu̯u-
4. firxu̯u-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *firhu̯u-
5. firhu̯u-
hw → ƕ
Monophonemization of hw into ƕ
Rhu̯›ƕ → *firƕu-
6. firƕu-
i → ai
Opening of i into ai
Ri›ai → Goth. fairƕu-
PIE *perku̯u·Σ
Goth. ·fairƕu haban-
(pt.) ‘κοσμοκράρωρ: Weltherrscher’
(GoEtD. F12)
(Goth. fairƕu habans)
1. PIE *perku̯u·Σ
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *perxu̯u·Σ
2. perxu̯u·Σ
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *ferxu̯u·Σ
3. ferxu̯u·Σ
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *firxu̯u·Σ
4. firxu̯u·Σ
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *firhu̯u·Σ
5. firhu̯u·Σ
hw → ƕ
Monophonemization of hw into ƕ
Rhu̯›ƕ → *firƕu·Σ
6. firƕu·Σ
i → ai
Opening of i into ai
Ri›ai → Goth. fairƕu·Σ
PIE *so·perku̯u·Σ
Goth. sa·fairƕu haban-
(pt.) ‘κοσμοκράρωρ: mundi rector’
(GoEtD. F12)
1. PIE *so·perku̯u·Σ
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *so·perxu̯u·Σ
2. so·perxu̯u·Σ
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *so·ferxu̯u·Σ
3. so·ferxu̯u·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sa·ferxu̯u·Σ
4. sa·ferxu̯u·Σ
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *sa·firxu̯u·Σ
5. sa·firxu̯u·Σ
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *sa·firhu̯u·Σ
6. sa·firhu̯u·Σ
hw → ƕ
Monophonemization of hw into ƕ
Rhu̯›ƕ → *sa·firƕu·Σ
7. sa·firƕu·Σ
i → ai
Opening of i into ai
Ri›ai → Goth. sa·fairƕu·Σ


PIE √ps- √pos- √pes- (sb.) ‘Stein, Kieselstein, Steinbrocken, Sand, Kies’
(IEW 145-146)
(Sturtevant CGr. 131)
√pos-
PIE *pos·ilo-
Hitt. paš·ila-
(c.) ‘Steinbrocken, Kieselstein, Stein’
(HHand. 126)
(Hitt. pa-aš-ši-la-aš, pa-aš-ši-la-an)
1. PIE *pos·ilo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pas·ila-
2. pas·ila-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. paš·ila-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√pes-
PIE *pēsuko
OCS. pĕsŭkŭ-
(m.) ‘Sand, feiner Kies’
(Sadnik √646)
(OCS. pĕsŭkŭ)
1. PIE *pēsuko
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pēsuka
2. pēsuka
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *pēsuko
3. pēsuko
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *pēsuku
4. pēsuku
*ē → ĕ
Change of *ē into ĕ
Rē›ĕ → *pĕsuku
5. pĕsuku
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. pĕsŭkŭ
√psɑhbɑɦ-
PIE *psḗɑhbɑɦo-
Dor. ψᾱ́φο-
(f.) ‘Kiesel(stein), Steinchen: pebble’
(GEW 2:1136-1137)
(Dor. ψα̃φος)
1. PIE *psḗɑhbɑɦo-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *psā́ɑhbɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. psā́ɑhbɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *psā́hbɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. psā́hbɦo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *psā́bɦo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. psā́bɦo-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *psā́pho-
5. psā́pho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. ψᾱ́φο-
PIE *psḗɑhbɑɦo-
Ion.-Att. ψήφο-
(f.) ‘Kiesel(stein), Steinchen: pebble’
(GEW 2:1136-1137)
(Gr. ψῆφος)
1. PIE *psḗɑhbɑɦo-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *psā́ɑhbɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. psā́ɑhbɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *psā́hbɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. psā́hbɦo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *psā́bɦo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. psā́bɦo-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *psā́pho-
5. psā́pho-
*ā́ → ḗ
Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ
Rā́›ḗ → *psḗpho-
6. psḗpho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. ψήφο-
PIE *pseɑhbɑɦulo-
Lat. sabulo-
(n.) ‘Sand, Kies’
(WH. 2:458)
(Lat. sabulum)
1. PIE *pseɑhbɑɦulo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *psaɑhbɑɦulo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. psaɑhbɑɦulo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *psahbɦulo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. psahbɦulo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *psabɦulo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. psabɦulo-
*bɦ → f
Affricativization of labial *bɦ
Rbɦ›f → *psafulo-
5. psafulo-
*f → b
Change of *f into b
Rf›b → Lat. psabulo-


PIE √ps- √pos- √pes- (vb.) ‘besprengen, ausgießen’ (sb.) ‘Tropfen’
(IEW 146, 980)
(Pyysalo)
√pos-
(IEW 146)
PIE *pos-
TochA. päs-
(pr.pt.M.) ‘fundere, spargere’
(Poucha 179)
(TochA. päsmāṃ)
1. PIE *pos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → TochA. pas-
PIE *pos-
TochA. päs-
(pr.A.) ‘fundere, spargere: ausgießen, besprengen’
(Poucha 179)
(TochA. (w)rä päṣ SSS 6)
1. PIE *pos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → TochA. pas-
√poso-
PIE *poposo-
Hitt. papaša-
(vb.) ‘(politisch) vereinnahmen, korrumpieren’
(HEG P:424-5)
1. PIE *poposo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *papasa-
2. papasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. papaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *poposont-
Hitt. papašant-
(pt.) ‘= Hitt. paparšant-’
(HHand. 119)
1. PIE *poposont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *papasant-
2. papasant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. papašant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ps-
PIE *psolo-
TochA. psäl-
(sb.) ‘das Ausgießen, das Besprengen ‹or ‘husk, chaff’, see →›’
(DTochB. 389)
(TochA. psäl, SSS 6)
1. PIE *psolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → TochA. psala-
PIE *psi·Σ
Gr. ψι·άδ-
(f.) ‘Bluttropfen’
(GEW 2:1137)
(Gr. ψιάδες αἱματόεσσαι)
1. PIE *psi·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ψι·Σ


PIE √ps- √pos- √pes- (sb.) ‘Geburt, Same, Penis, Mann’
(IEW 824)
(Neu & Otten 1972:190; HEG P:585f.; Pyysalo: CLu.)
√pos-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *pos·olo
OHG. fas·al-
(m.) ‘Same, Frucht, Nachkomme, Nachwuchs, Geschlecht’
(Gl. N 1000)
(Lat. fetura, fetus, gens, semen, spes gentis/gregis)
1. PIE *pos·olo
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *fos·olo
2. fos·olo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *fas·ala
3. fas·ala
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OHG. fas·al
PIE *pos·uro-
Hitt. paš·ura-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 310)
(Hitt. pa-šu-u-ra [Stf.]; “Liste von Abgaben (mandattu) u.a. von ›Ankuwa”)
1. PIE *pos·uro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pas·ura-
2. pas·ura-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. paš·ura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *pos·urei̯o-
CLu. paš·uri̯a-
(sb.) ‘liquid ≈ CLu. pušuria-’ (HHand. 127)
(DLL. 81)
(CLu. pa-šu-ú-ri-ia-ti [sgI])
1. PIE *pos·urei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pas·urei̯a-
2. pas·urei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. paš·urei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √ps- √pos- √pes- (sb.) ‘Sockel, Stufe’ (adv.) ‘unten’
(IEW 790)
(Pyysalo: Anat. + IE)
√pes- √pos-
(Pyysalo)
(HIL. 754f., HHand. 127)
PIE *Π·pēso
Alb. për·posh
(adv.) ‘under’
(DTochB. 401)
1. PIE *Π·pēso
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·pēsa
2. Π·pēsa
*s → sh
Change of *s into sh
Rs›sh → *Π·pēsha
3. Π·pēsha
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *Π·pēsh
4. Π·pēsh
*ē → o
Change of *ē into o
Rē›o → Alb. Π·posh
PIE *pēsso
OIr. īs
(adv.) ‘underneath’
(DTochB. 401)
1. PIE *pēsso
*ē → ī
Change of *ē into ī
Rē›ī → *pīsso
2. pīsso
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr → OIr. pīss
PIE *posu-
Hitt. pašu-
(c.) ‘step, podium, pedestal: Sockel, Stufe’
(CHD P:211)
(Hitt. pa-aš-šu-un, CHD: no det. NA4, not a stone)
1. PIE *posu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pasu-
2. pasu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. pašu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √pt- √pot- √pet- (vb.) ‘lehen, bezahlen, vergelten, sich rächen’ (sb.) ‘Zuteilung, Vergeltung, Rache’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo ‹but note the problematic ‹i› in Hitt. pi-i-e-et-!)
√peto-
(HEG P:598)
PIE *peto-
Hitt. peta-
(n.pl) ‘Zuteilung an Landbesitz/Nahrungsmitteln’
(HHand. 131)
(Hitt. pí-i-e-et-ta, pí-et-ta)
1. PIE *peto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. peta-
PIE *Π·peto
Hitt. ukturi peta·
(phr.) ‘ewiges Lehen’
(HHand. 131)
(Hitt. ukturi pieda)
1. PIE *Π·peto
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. Π·peta
PIE *petoi-
Hitt. petai-
(vb.dn.) ‘bezahlen’
(HHand. 131)
(Hitt. pí-it-ta-iz-zi [3sg], píd-da-a-i [imp2sg])
1. PIE *petoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. petai-
√petoni-
PIE *petonei-
Hitt. petanei-
(vb.) ‘render, pay’
(HiuA 122)
(Hitt. píd-da-an-ni-iš)
1. PIE *petonei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. petanei-
PIE *petonoi-
Hitt. petanai-
(vb.2.) ‘pflichtgemäß entrichten’
(HHand. 133)
1. PIE *petonoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. petanai-
√petoɑh-
PIE *Π·petṓɑh-
OLith. at·petúo-
(pr.) ‘sich rächen’
(ALiEtWb. A:61)
(OLith. atpetúoti [inf.])
1. PIE *Π·petṓɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·petṓh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·petṓh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·petṓ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·petṓ-
*ṓ → úo
Change of ṓ into úo
Rṓ›úo → OLith. Π·petúo-
PIE *Π·pētṓɑh-
OLith. at·pėtúo-
(vb.) ‘sich rächen’
(ALiEtWb. A:61)
(OLith. atpėtúoti [inf.])
1. PIE *Π·pētṓɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·pētṓh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·pētṓh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·pētṓ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·pētṓ-
*ṓ → úo
Change of ṓ into úo
Rṓ›úo → *Π·pētúo-
4. Π·pētúo-
* ē -> ė
Change of *ē into ė
Rē›ė → OLith. Π·pėtúo-
√petouimo-
PIE *Π·petóu̯imo-
OLith. at·petãvima-
(m.) ‘Vergeltung, Rache’
(ALiEtWb. A:61)
(OLith. atpetãvimas [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·petóu̯imo-
ó → ò
Emergence of gravis PLith. ò
RLiAcc5 → *Π·petòu̯imo-
2. Π·petòu̯imo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·petòu̯ima-
3. Π·petòu̯ima-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OLith. Π·petòvima-
PIE *Π·pētóu̯imo-
OLith. at·pėtãvima-
(m.) ‘Vergeltung, Rache’
(ALiEtWb. A:61)
(OLith. atpėtãvimas [sgNA])
1. PIE *Π·pētóu̯imo-
ó → ò
Emergence of gravis PLith. ò
RLiAcc5 → *Π·pētòu̯imo-
2. Π·pētòu̯imo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·pētòu̯ima-
3. Π·pētòu̯ima-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *Π·pētòvima-
4. Π·pētòvima-
* ē -> ė
Change of *ē into ė
Rē›ė → OLith. Π·pėtòvima-


PIE √pt- √pet- √pot- (vb.) ‘fliegen, eilen, heben’ (a.) ‘schnell, eilend’ (sb.) ‘Vogel’
(IEW 825-6)
(Sturtevant 1927:221: Hitt.; Pyysalo: CLu.)
√pōt-
(HEG P:624)
PIE *Π·pepōt
AV. ánu (…) papāt·-
(pf.) ‘durchfliegen’
(WbRV. 761)
(AV. ví ánu papāta [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·pepōt
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·pepāt
2. Π·pepāt
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → AV. Π·papāt
PIE *pōtéɑhi̯o-
RV. pātáya-
(cs.M.) ‘dahineilen’
(WbRV. 762)
(RV. pātáyate)
1. PIE *pōtéɑhi̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *pōtáɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. pōtáɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pōtáhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pōtáhi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pōtáhi̯a-
4. pōtáhi̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *pātáhi̯a-
5. pātáhi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pātái̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. pātái̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. pātáya-
PIE *pōtéɑhi̯o-
Gr. πωτάο-
(vb.) ‘fliegen, flattern’
(GEW 2:521-2)
(Gr. πωτάομαι)
1. PIE *pōtéɑhi̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *pōtáɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. pōtáɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pōtáhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pōtáhi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pōtái̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pōtái̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *pōtáo-
5. pōtáo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πωτάο-
√pot-
PIE *Π·pót-
RV. akṣi·pát-
(adv.) ‘ein wenig’
(WbRV. 7)
(“als in die Augen fliegt”)
1. PIE *Π·pót-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. Π·pát-
PIE *pótei̯o-
RV. pátaya-
(cs.) ‘fliegen, durch die Luft dahinschiessen, -eilen’
(WbRV. 762)
1. PIE *pótei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pótei̯a-
2. pótei̯a-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *pátei̯a-
3. pátei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *pátai̯a-
4. pátai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. pátaya-
PIE *potéi̯o-
Gr. ποτέο-
(cs.) ‘fliegen, flattern’
(GEW 2:521-2)
(Gr. ποτέομαι [1sg])
1. PIE *potéi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *potéo-
2. potéo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ποτέο-
√pet-
(Sturtevant 1927:221)
(HEG P:624, CHD P:352ff.)
PIE *preɑhi·pet-
Lat. prae·pet-
(a.) ‘(in die Höhe) vorausfliegend; glückhaft, günstig; vorwärts fliegend, rasch’
(WH. 2:354)
(Lat. praepes [sgN])
1. PIE *preɑhi·pet-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *praɑhi·pet-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. praɑhi·pet-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *prahi·pet-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. prahi·pet-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *prai·pet-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. prai·pet-
*ai → ae
Opening of *ai into ae
Rai›ae → Lat. prae·pet-
PIE *peto-
Hitt. peta-
(vb.1.) ‘laufen, eilen, fliegen’
(HHand. 133)
(Hitt. pí-it-ta-i, pít-ta-i, pít-ta-a-i [3sg])
1. PIE *peto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. peta-
PIE *péto-
Gr. πέτο-
(pr.M.) ‘fliegen’
(GEW 2:521-2)
(Gr. πέτομαι [1sg])
1. PIE *péto-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πέτο-
PIE *péto-
RV. páta-
(pr.A.) ‘fliegen, was schnell durch die Luft schießt’
(WbRV. 761)
(RV. pátasi, pátanti, patāmi)
1. PIE *péto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *péta-
2. péta-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. páta-
PIE *peto-
LAv. pata-
(pr.A.) ‘fliegen, sich im Flug stürzen auf –’
(AIWb. 819)
(LAv. patǝnti [3pl])
1. PIE *peto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *peta-
2. peta-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. pata-
PIE *peto-
LAv. pata-
(pr.A.) ‘fallen, hinabstürzen’
(AIWb. 819)
(LAv. patanti [3pl])
1. PIE *peto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *peta-
2. peta-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. pata-
PIE *ɦɑud·peto-
OPers. ud·pata-
(pr.M.) ‘sich erheben: rise up, rebel’
(OldP. 195)
(OPers. udapatatā [3sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑud·peto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦud·peto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦud·peto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦud·peta-
3. ɦud·peta-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ud·peta-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ud·peta-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → OPers. ud·pata-
√po/epto-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *√popto-
CLu. papta-
(vb.) ‘‹fliegen?›’
(KBo xxix 35 Rs. iii? 10)
(]x-ti ûppi[]t[t]a papta[…)
1. PIE *√popto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. √papta-
PIE *√pépto-
RV. pápta-
(ao.) ‘fliegen’
(WbRV. 762)
(RV. paptas, prá paptán)
1. PIE *√pépto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *√pépta-
2. √pépta-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. √pápta-
√popti- √pepti-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *popti-
CLu. papti-
(pr.M.) ‘‹fliegen?, subj. zalti ‘Schlange’›’
(HHand. 119)
(CLu. pa-ap-ti-it-tar [3sg])
1. PIE *popti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. papti-
PIE *Π·pepti-
RV. áti (…) papti·-
(pf.A.) ‘vorüber fliegen, darüber hinausfliegen’
(WbRV. 762)
(RV. áti paptima [1pl])
1. PIE *Π·pepti-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → RV. Π·papti-
PIE *poptiu̯ṓns-
RV. paptivā́ṃs-
(pf.pt.) ‘fliegend sein’
(WbRV. 763)
1. PIE *poptiu̯ṓns-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *paptiu̯ṓns-
2. paptiu̯ṓns-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *paptiu̯ā́ns-
3. paptiu̯ā́ns-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *paptivā́ns-
4. paptivā́ns-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal before *ns
Rns›ṃs → RV. paptivā́ṃs-


PIE √pt- √pet- √pot- (vb.) ‘schlagen’ (sb.) ‘Dolch, Messer’ (a.) ‘schlagend, stechend’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Anat. + Russ.; PIE*p or *ph & PIE *t or *th)
√poto-
PIE *poto-
Hitt. pata-
(NA4n.) ‘(kleiner Steingegenstand)’
(HHand. 127)
(Hitt. patta-)
1. PIE *poto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. pata-
PIE *poto-
Hitt. pata-
(LÚc.) ‘(ein Funktionär)’
(HEG P:535)
(CHD P:238: LÚ GIŠGIDRU ‘sceptre-bearer’ […] LÚpad-da ‹uncertain whether this entry belongs to this root›)
1. PIE *poto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. pata-
PIE *potonu·mi-
CLu. patanu·mi-
(GKLcs.pt.) ‘(Beiwort von Löwe)’
(HHand. 127)
(CLu. pattanummi or pittanummi)
1. PIE *potonu·mi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. patanu·mi-
√petēɑh-
PIE *pétēɑh-
Russ. péta-
(vb.) ‘schlagen’
(REW 2:349)
(Russ. pétat’ [inf.])
1. PIE *pétēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *pétāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. pétāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pétāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pétāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pétā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pétā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → Russ. péta-


PIE √pt- √pot- √pet- (sb.) ‘Macht(haber), Herr’ (a.) ‘mächtig’
(IEW 842)
(Pedersen 1935:80-88)
√pot-
(HEG P:528f.)
(CHD P:213)
PIE *·pot
Hitt. ·pat
(encl.ptcl.) ‘the same, aforementioned, self, even’
(HIL. 755)
(Hitt. ·pát, a-ki-pa-a[t-š]a-an [KBo 5.3.iii.31])
1. PIE *·pot
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ·pat
PIE *pót
Lith. pàt
(adv.) ‘selbst, sogar, eben, just’
(LiEtWb. 551)
(Lith. pàt)
1. PIE *pót
ó → ò
Emergence of gravis PLith. ò
RLiAcc5 → *pòt
2. pòt
PIE *ò → à
Change of *ò into à
Rò›à → Lith. pàt
PIE *pot
Latv. pat
(adv.) ‘selbst, sogar, eben, just’
(LiEtWb. 551)
(Latv. pat)
1. PIE *pot
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Latv. pat
PIE *Π·pot-
Lat. im·pot-
(a.) ‘nicht mächtig, machtlos’
(WH. 2:350)
PIE *Π·pot-
Lat. com·pot-
(a.) ‘teilhaftig’
(WH. 1:660f., 2:350)
(Lat. compos, compotis)
PIE *Π·pot-
Pael. hos·pot-
(m.) ‘Gastherr’
(WH. 2:350f., 379f.)
(in Pael. hospus [sgN])
√pet-
PIE *Π·pet-
Lat. hos·pet-
(m.) ‘Gastfreund, Gastgeber, Gast’
(WH. 1:660-1)
(Lat. hospes, hospitis)
√poti-
PIE *poti-
Lat. poti-
(a.) ‘vermögend, mächtig’
(WH. 2:350)
(Lat. potis sum ‘ich kann’)
PIE *póti-
RV. páti-
(m.) ‘Schutzer, Herr(scher), Gebieter, Behüter’
(WbRV. 765)
1. PIE *póti-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. páti-
PIE *póti-
RV. páti-
(m.) ‘Beherrscher, Inhaber, Bezitzer’
(WbRV. 765)
1. PIE *póti-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. páti-
PIE *póti-
RV. páti-
(m.) ‘Ehemann, Gatte; Gatte der Kühe, Stier’
(WbRV. 765)
1. PIE *póti-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. páti-
PIE *potí-
OLith. patì-
(m.) ‘Ehemann, Gatte, Gemahl’
(LiEtWb. 551)
(OLith. patìs [sgN])
1. PIE *potí-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *potì-
2. potì-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OLith. patì-
PIE *potiɑ́h-
Lat. potī-
(vb.) ‘teilhaftig machen, bemächtigen, in die Gewalt bringen’
(WH. 2:350)
(Lat. potiō, potīre, potīuī)
1. PIE *potiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *potiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. potiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *potií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. potií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *potī́-
4. potī́-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → Lat. potī-
√potleio-
PIE *potlei̯o-
Lat. polleo-
(vb.) ‘stark sein, vermögen’
(WH. 2:341)
(Lat. polleō, pollēre)
1. PIE *potlei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
Rei̯o›eo → Lat. potleo-


PIE √pet- √pedɑɦ- (sb.) ‘foot, step’ (vb.) ‘carry, bring’
(IEW 790-2)
(Friedrich HW1:165, 343; Pyysalo; for the semantics, cf. MidHG. grit ‘passus’, Lith. grìd- ‘carry, bring’, LiEtWb. 161)
√pet-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG P:596)
PIE *péttro-
OInd. páttra-
(sb.) ‘vehicle, chariot, car, horse, camel’
(MonWil. 581)
(OInd. páttra-; EWA –)
1. PIE *péttro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *péttra-
2. péttra-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → OInd. páttra-
PIE *petun-
Hitt. petun-
(N.act.) ‘a utensil for carrying forward’ (CHD P:311-2)
(HHand. 130)
(Hitt. píd-du-na-aš [sgG])
√podɑɦo-
(HEG P:531-3)
(CHD P:231ff., for Meillet and Magnusson’s root constraint, see SPIE 348f., 401f.)
PIE *podo-
Hitt. pada-
(c.) ‘foot: GÌR’
(HHand. 127)
(Hitt. pa-a-tu-u[š] [plA], pa-ta-a-an [plG])
1. PIE *podo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. pada-
PIE *podo-
CLu. pada-
(c.) ‘foot’ (HHand. 127)
(DLL. 81)
(CLu. pa-ta-a-aš , pa-a-ta-an-za [plD], pa-ta-ti [sgAbl])
1. PIE *podo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. pada-
PIE *podo-
HLu. pada-
(PESsb.) ‘foot’
(CHLu. 1.1.22)
(HLu. (“PES”)pa-tà-za, (“PES”)pa-ta5-’, (“PES”)pa-tà [sgL])
1. PIE *podo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. pada-
PIE *pódo-
Lith. pãda-
(m.) ‘Fuß-, Stiefelsohle, Schienenfuß’
(LiEtWb. 521)
(Lith. pãdas [sgN])
1. PIE *pódo-
ó → ò
Emergence of gravis PLith. ò
RLiAcc5 → *pòdo-
2. pòdo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pòda-
3. pòda-
PIE *ò → à
Change of *ò into à
Rò›à → Lith. pàda-
√pedɑɦo-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG P:592)
PIE *Π·pedo-
ODor. ϝικατί·πεδο-
(a.) ‘20 Fuss betragend’
(Grundr2 1:488)
(Heracl. ϝικατίπεδο-)
1. PIE *Π·pedo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → ODor. Π·πεδο-
PIE *pedó-
RV. padá-
(n.) ‘Tritt, Fusstapfe, -spur, Spur, Schritt’
(WbRV. 770)
1. PIE *pedó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *pedá-
2. pedá-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → RV. padá-
PIE *pedo-
LAv. paδa-
(n.) ‘Tritt, Treten, Stapfe, Fussspur’
(AIWb. 842)
1. PIE *pedo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *peda-
2. peda-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *pada-
3. pada-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
Rd›δ → LAv. paδa-
PIE *pedo-
Hitt. peda-
(vb.2.) ‘hinschaffen, forttragen, (Zeit) vorbringen’
(HHand. 130)
(Hitt. pí-e-ta-aḫ-ḫé, pí-taḫ-ḫi [1sg], Kimball 1999:261-2)
1. PIE *pedo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. peda-
PIE *pipedo-
Hitt. pipeda-
(vb.M.) ‘hinschaffen, forttragen: carry out’
(HHand. 130)
(Hitt. pí-pí-e-da-an-ta [3pl], CHD P:345ff. HIL. 779, but note Hitt. -p- instead of -pp-)
1. PIE *pipedo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. pipeda-
√pedɑɦēɑh-
PIE *pedēɑh-
Lat. pedā-
(f.) ‘Fussspur’
(WH. 2:293)
1. PIE *pedēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *pedāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. pedāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pedāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pedāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. pedā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Π·pedēɑh-
Lat. re·pedā-
(pr.) ‘zurückgehen’
(WH. 2:293)
1. PIE *Π·pedēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·pedāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·pedāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·pedāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·pedāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. Π·pedā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√pedɑɦi-
PIE *pédi-
RV. pádi-
(m.) ‘ein Tier, viell. Lasttier’
(WbRV. 771)
1. PIE *pédi-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. pádi-
PIE *podei-
HLu. padei-
(PESc.?) ‘foot’
(CHLu. 4.2.13)
(HLu. (“PES”)pa-ti-zi [plA])
1. PIE *podei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. padei-
PIE *podei-
Hitt. padei-
(c.) ‘Fuss’
(HEG P:531)
(Hitt. GÌR-iš [sgN], pa-te-et [sgI])
1. PIE *podei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. padei-
PIE *podei̯·olo-
Hitt. padei̯·ala-
(GIŠ.) ‘leg, foot (of furniture)’ ‹to GÌR-iš [sgN]›
(HIL. 756)
(Hitt. pa-ti-ia-al-li [sgDL])
1. PIE *podei̯·olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. padei̯·ala-
PIE *podei̯·oli-
Hitt. padei̯·ali-
(GIŠc.) ‘hölzerner Bestandteil von Möbelstücken’
(HHand. 128)
(Hitt. pa-ti-ia-al-li-en [A])
1. PIE *podei̯·oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. padei̯·ali-
√podɑɦio-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *podi̯o-
HLu. paza-
(PES2vb.) ‘go, pass, live’
(CHLu. 2.15.11)
(HLu. (PES2)pa-za-ha 2.15.11 ‘go’, (PES2)pa-za-ha 2.46.1 ‘pass’, (PES2)pa-za-hax 9.14.2 ‘live’)
1. PIE *podi̯o-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *pojo-
2. pojo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *paja-
3. paja-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → HLu. paza-
PIE *tri·pòdi̯o-
Lat. tri·pudio-
(n.) ‘feierlicher Aufmarsch oder Tanz der sabinischen Priester; Waffentanz; günstiges Wahrzeichen’
(WH. 2:705f.)
(‹if not with PIE *u›)
1. PIE *tri·pòdi̯o-
*ò → u
Change of second-syllable ò into u
Rò›u → *tri·pudi̯o-
2. tri·pudi̯o-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → Lat. tri·pudio-
√pedɑɦio-
PIE *pédi̯o-
RV. pádya-
(a.) ‘den Fuss betreffend, zum Fusse gehörig’
(WbRV. 771)
1. PIE *pédi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pédi̯a-
2. pédi̯a-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *pádi̯a-
3. pádi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. pádya-
PIE *pedi̯ó-
Gr. πεζό-
(a.) ‘zu Fuß gehend, auf dem Lande lebend’
(GEW 2:486)
1. PIE *pedi̯ó-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *pejó-
2. pejó-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *pezó-
3. pezó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πεζό-
PIE *pedi̯ó-
Gr. πεζό-
(m.) ‘Fußgänger, Fußsoldat’
(GEW 2:486)
1. PIE *pedi̯ó-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *pejó-
2. pejó-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *pezó-
3. pezó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πεζό-
PIE *hɑeki̯u·pedi̯o-
Lat. acu·pedio-
(a.) ‘schnellfüßig’
(WH. 1:11)
1. PIE *hɑeki̯u·pedi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaki̯u·pedi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaki̯u·pedi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haki̯u·pedi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haki̯u·pedi̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *haḱu·pedi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. haḱu·pedi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aḱu·pedi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aḱu·pedi̯o-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *aku·pedi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. aku·pedi̯o-
* ku/u̯ → q
Emergence of labiovelar q
RkU›q → *aq·pedi̯o-
7. aq·pedi̯o-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → *aq·pedio-
8. aq·pedio-
q → qu
Orthographic change of q to qu
Rq›qu → Lat. aqu·pedio-
√pedɑɦu-
(HEG P:596)
PIE *pedu-
Hitt. pedu-
(vb.) ‘hinschaffen, forttragen, (Zeit) vorbringen’
(HHand. 130)
(Hitt. pí-e-tu-me-ni [1pl])
PIE *pedun-
Hitt. pedun-
(N.act.) ‘a utensil for carrying forward’ (CHD P:311-2)
(HHand. 130)
(Hitt. pí-du-na-aš [sgG])


PIE √pedɑɦ- √podɑɦ- (vb.) ‘herausnehmen, -finden, anfassen, stützen’ (sb.) ‘Hirtenstaub, Stütze’
(IEW 791 [diff.])
(Pyysalo; √pedaɦ- √podaɦ- → √ped- √pod- via Meillet-Magnusson, see SPIE 348f., 401f.)
√pedɑɦ-
(For the semantics cf. Ved. rambhá- ‘Stab, Stütze’)
PIE *pedo-
Lat. pedo-
(n.) ‘Hirtenstab, Stütze’
(WH. 2:274)
(Lat. pedum)
PIE *pedēɑh-
Lat. pedā-
(vb.) ‘stützen’
(WH. 2:274)
(Lat. pedā-)
1. PIE *pedēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *pedāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. pedāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pedāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pedāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. pedā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√podɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
(For the semantics cf. Ved. rambháya- ‘anfassen’)
PIE *pod-
OIcl. fat-
(pret.) ‘herausfinden: find one’s way?’
(LIV2:458)
(OIcl. hve ek yrkja fat = ‘how I managed to make my poem’)
1. PIE *pod-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›fRestr → *fod-
2. fod-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *fot-
3. fot-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OIcl. fat-
PIE *podo-
Pal. pada-
(vb.) ‘herausnehmen, zücken (obj.: Dolch)’
(HHand. 127)
(DPal. 67, Pal. pa-ta-am-m[a-an] [pt.n.sgA])
1. PIE *podo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Pal. pada-


PIE √pdɑɦ- √podɑɦ- √pedɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Lager, Boden, Standort, Stätte, Ort’ (vb.) ‘stellen, legen’
(IEW 790-2)
(Hrozný 1917:183; Neogr. *ped- due to Meillet and Magnusson’s root constraint, see SPIE 348f., 401f.)
√pedɑɦ-
(HEG P:587ff.)
(CHD P:330ff.)
PIE *ped·Σ
Lat. ped·sum
(adv.) ‘zu Boden, zugrunde’
(WH. 2:296)
(in Lat. pessum ‹for the suffix, see Hitt. -šan›)
PIE *pedo-
Hitt. peda-
(n.) ‘Platz, Ort, Stelle: KI’
(HHand. 127)
(Hitt. pí-e-da-an, pí-da-an, pí-e-da-aš, pí-e-di)
1. PIE *pedo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. peda-
PIE *pedo·seɑɦ-
Hitt. peda·šaḫ-
(vb.1.A.) ‘an Ort und Stelle bringen, überführen’
(HHand. 130)
(Hitt. pí-e-da-aš-ša-aḫ-ḫa-an-zi [3pl], pí-e-da-aš-ša-aḫ-ḫe-ir)
1. PIE *pedo·seɑɦ-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *pedo·saɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. pedo·saɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pedo·saɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pedo·saɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *peda·saɦ-
4. peda·saɦ-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *peda·šaɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. peda·šaɦ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. peda·šaḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *pédo-
Gr. πέδο-
(n.) ‘Fußboden, Erdboden, Boden’
(GEW 2:485)
(Gr. πέδον)
1. PIE *pédo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πέδο-
PIE *pédo-
OInd. páda-
(vb.1.) ‘stand fast/fixed’
(MonWil. 582)
(OInd. padati [3sg])
1. PIE *pédo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *péda-
2. péda-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → OInd. páda-
PIE *pedó-
RV. padá-
(n.) ‘Standort, Stätte, Ort’
(WbRV. 770)
1. PIE *pedó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *pedá-
2. pedá-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → RV. padá-
PIE *Π·pedo-
OPers. garma·pada-
(a.) ‘burning-ground ‹name of a month›’
(OldP. 183)
1. PIE *Π·pedo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·peda-
2. Π·peda-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → OPers. Π·pada-
PIE *Π·pedo-
OPers. pati·pada-
(adv.bs.) ‘on its base, in its own place’
(OldP. 195)
(OPers. patipadam)
1. PIE *Π·pedo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·peda-
2. Π·peda-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → OPers. Π·pada-
PIE *pedo-
Umbr. peřo-
(sb.) ‘bottom’
(WbOU. 524f.)
1. PIE *pedo-
*d → ř
Change of *d into ř
Rd›ř → Umbr. peřo-
√podɑɦ-
PIE *pódo-
Lith. pãda-
(m.) ‘Dreschboden, Dreschtenne’
(LiEtWb. 521)
(Lith. pãdas [sgN])
1. PIE *pódo-
ó → ò
Emergence of gravis PLith. ò
RLiAcc5 → *pòdo-
2. pòdo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pòda-
3. pòda-
PIE *ò → à
Change of *ò into à
Rò›à → Lith. pàda-
PIE *podo·lei̯o-
CLu. pada·lei̯a-
(vb.) ‘wegtreiben?’
(HHand. 127)
1. PIE *podo·lei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. pada·lei̯a-
√pēdɑɦ-
PIE *pēdo-
LAv. pāδa-
(n.) ‘Standort, Heimstätte’
(AIWb. 887)
1. PIE *pēdo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pēda-
2. pēda-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *pāda-
3. pāda-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
Rd›δ → LAv. pāδa-
PIE *ni·pēdó-
RV. ni·pādá-
(m.) ‘niedrige Gegend, Tal’
(WbRV. 731)
1. PIE *ni·pēdó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *ni·pēdá-
2. ni·pēdá-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → RV. ni·pādá-
PIE *pēdo·Σ
HLu. pida·ḫalei̯a-
(LOCUSvb.) ‘exile’ or ‘throw to the ground, demolish’
(CHLu. 2.11.4)
(HLu. (LOCUS)pi-ta-ha-li-ia-ha, AHPh. 240)
1. PIE *pēdo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pēda·Σ
2. pēda·Σ
*ē → i
Change of *ē into i
Rē›i → HLu. pida·Σ
PIE *pēdo·lei̯o-
HLu. pida·lei̯a-
(LOCUSvb.) ‘exile?’
(CHLu. 2.11.31)
(HLu. (LOCUS)pi-ta-li-ia-ha)
1. PIE *pēdo·lei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pēda·lei̯a-
2. pēda·lei̯a-
*ē → i
Change of *ē into i
Rē›i → HLu. pida·lei̯a-
√pedɑɦi-
PIE *ueɑh·ped-
Umbr. ua·peř-
(m.) ‘steinerner Sitz?’
(WbOU. 823-4)
(Umbr. uapeře)
1. PIE *ueɑh·ped-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *uaɑh·ped-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. uaɑh·ped-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *uah·ped-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. uah·ped-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ua·ped-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ua·ped-
*d → ř
Change of *d into ř
Rd›ř → Umbr. ua·peř-
PIE *pedío-
Gr. πεδίο-
(n.) ‘Ebene, Feld’
(GEW 2:485-6)
1. PIE *pedío-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πεδίο-
PIE *ueɑh·pedio-
Umbr. ua·peřio-
(a.) ‘aus Stein’
(WbOU. 824)
(Umbr. uape[řia)
1. PIE *ueɑh·pedio-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *uaɑh·pedio-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. uaɑh·pedio-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *uah·pedio-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. uah·pedio-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ua·pedio-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ua·pedio-
*d → ř
Change of *d into ř
Rd›ř → Umbr. ua·peřio-
PIE *pedi̯o-
LAv. paiδya-
(vb.) ‘hinab-, hineingeraten in [L, A]’
(AIWb. 841)
(LAv. paiδyāite [3sg])
1. PIE *pedi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pedi̯a-
2. pedi̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *padi̯a-
3. padi̯a-
*adi → aidi
Anaptyxis of *i
RadI›aidI → *paidi̯a-
4. paidi̯a-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
Rd›δ → *paiδi̯a-
5. paiδi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. paiδya-
PIE *ni·pedi̯o-
LAv. ni·paiδya-
(pr.) ‘niederlegen’
(AIWb. 841)
(LAv. nipaiδyaŋuha [2sg])
1. PIE *ni·pedi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ni·pedi̯a-
2. ni·pedi̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ni·padi̯a-
3. ni·padi̯a-
*adi → aidi
Anaptyxis of *i
RadI›aidI → *ni·paidi̯a-
4. ni·paidi̯a-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
Rd›δ → *ni·paiδi̯a-
5. ni·paiδi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. ni·paiδya-
PIE *Π·pedi̯omno-
LAv. nī (...) paiδyamna-
(pt.) ‘niederlegend’
(AIWb. 841)
(LAv. nī (...) paiδyamnō [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·pedi̯omno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·pedi̯amna-
2. Π·pedi̯amna-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·padi̯amna-
3. Π·padi̯amna-
*adi → aidi
Anaptyxis of *i
RadI›aidI → *Π·paidi̯amna-
4. Π·paidi̯amna-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
Rd›δ → *Π·paiδi̯amna-
5. Π·paiδi̯amna-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. Π·paiδyamna-
PIE *Π·pedi̯o-
LAv. hąm (...) paiδya-
(pr.) ‘sich einstellen bei [A]’
(AIWb. 842)
(LAv. hąm (...) paiδyāti)
1. PIE *Π·pedi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·pedi̯a-
2. Π·pedi̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·padi̯a-
3. Π·padi̯a-
*adi → aidi
Anaptyxis of *i
RadI›aidI → *Π·paidi̯a-
4. Π·paidi̯a-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
Rd›δ → *Π·paiδi̯a-
5. Π·paiδi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. Π·paiδya-


PIE √pu- (vb.) ‘rechnen, zählen, denken, fragen, erforschen, vermuten’
(IEW 827)
(Marstrander 1919:132n2; Pisani 1953:307-9; SPIE 410-1)
√pu-
(Pisani 1953:307-309)
(HIL. 510f., Puhvel HED 4:66-72)
PIE *Π·tei-
Hitt. pu̯a·tei-
(c.) ‘Kennzeichen, Marke, Farbe’
(HEG P:679)
(HHand. 137, Hitt. puwatti-)
PIE *gɑɦo·pu̯o-
Hitt. ga·pu̯a-
(vb.) ‘abzählen, rechnen, denken usw.’
(HEG K:493-5)
(AHPh. 126)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·pu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·pu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦo·pu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦa·pu̯a-
3. gɦa·pu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ga·pu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√pui-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *gɑɦo·pu̯oi-
Hitt. ga·pu̯ai-
(vb.) ‘abzählen, rechnen, denken usw.’
(HEG K:493-5)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·pu̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·pu̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦo·pu̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦa·pu̯ai-
3. gɦa·pu̯ai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ga·pu̯ai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *nḗɑh·pu̯iso-
Ion. νή·πιο-
(a.) ‘unverständig, kindisch’
(GrGr. 1:696)
(Gr. νήπιος)
1. PIE *nḗɑh·pu̯iso-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *nā́ɑh·pu̯iso-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. nā́ɑh·pu̯iso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nā́h·pu̯iso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nā́h·pu̯iso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *nā́·pu̯iso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. nā́·pu̯iso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *nā́·pu̯iho-
5. nā́·pu̯iho-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *nā́·piho-
6. nā́·piho-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *nā́·pio-
7. nā́·pio-
*ā́ → ḗ
Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ
Rā́›ḗ → *nḗ·pio-
8. nḗ·pio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion. νή·πιο-
√puntɑh-
(Marstrander 1919:132n2: to Hitt. punuš-)
PIE *puntɑhéɑhno-
Gr. πυνθάνο-
(vb.) ‘erfragen, erforschen, vernehmen’
(GEW 2:625)
(Gr. πυνθάνω)
1. PIE *puntɑhéɑhno-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *puntɑháɑhno-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. puntɑháɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *puntháhno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. puntháhno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *puntháno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. puntháno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πυνθάνο-
√punus-
(CHD P:377ff.)
(HIL. 788f., HEG P:650f.)
PIE *punus-
Hitt. punuš-
(vb.A.) ‘fragen, erforschen: ÈN.TAR’
(HHand. 135)
(Hitt. pu-nu-uš-mi [1sg])
1. PIE *punus-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. punuš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *punusu̯o-
Hitt. punušu̯a-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘fragen, erforschen’
(HHand. 135)
(Hitt. pu-nu-uš-šu-ua-an-zi, pu-nu-uš-šu-u-ua-ar)
1. PIE *punusu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *punusu̯a-
2. punusu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. punušu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *punuski̯e/o-
Hitt. punuške/a-
(impf.) ‘fragen, erforschen’
(HHand. 135)
(Hitt. pu-nu-uš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *punuski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *punusḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. punusḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *punusḱe/a-
3. punusḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *punuske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. punuske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. punuške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√putɑh-
(Pisani 1953:307-9)
PIE *putēɑh-
Lat. putā-
(vb.) ‘berechnen, vermuten, denken’ usw.
(WH. 2:393)
1. PIE *putēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *putāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. putāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *putāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. putāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. putā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *pútɑho-
Gr. πύθο-
(vb.) ‘erfragen, erforschen, vernehmen’
(GEW 2:625)
1. PIE *pútɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pútho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pútho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πύθο-
√puti-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *nēɑh·putii̯o-
LinB. να·πυτιjο-
(a.) ‘unverständig, kindisch’
(GEW 3:157)
(LinB. na-pu-ti-jo)
1. PIE *nēɑh·putii̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *nāɑh·putii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. nāɑh·putii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nāh·putii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nāh·putii̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *nā·putii̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. nā·putii̯o-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *na·putii̯o-
5. na·putii̯o-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *na·putijo-
6. na·putijo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → LinB. να·πυτιjο-
PIE *nēɑh·pútii̯o-
Ion. νη·πύτιο-
(a.) ‘unverständig, kindisch’
(GEW 2:315)
(Gr. νηπύτιος)
1. PIE *nēɑh·pútii̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *nāɑh·pútii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. nāɑh·pútii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nāh·pútii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nāh·pútii̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *nā·pútii̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. nā·pútii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *nā·pútio-
5. nā·pútio-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *nē·pútio-
6. nē·pútio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion. νη·πύτιο-


PIE √pu- √pou- √peu- (vb.) ‘brennen’
(IEW 828)
(Neu 1970:48n20)
√pun-
PIE *pun-
RV. pun-
(√ao.M.) ‘hell machen, entflammen’
(WbRV. 841)
(RV. punaté [3pl])
PIE *punḗɑh-
RV. punā́-
(pr.9.) ‘hell machen, entflammen; licht, hell, offenbar machen’
(WbRV. 841)
(RV. punā́ti [3sg])
1. PIE *punḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *punā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. punā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *punā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. punā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. punā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *puni·n-
OIcl. funi·n-
(m.) ‘Feuer’
(ANEtWb. 147)
(OIcl. funi [sgN])
1. PIE *puni·n-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›fRestr → OIcl. funi·n-
PIE *punin-
Goth. funin-
(obl.) ‘Feuer’
(GoEtD. F66)
(Goth. funins [sgG])
1. PIE *punin-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → Goth. funin-
√pur-
(HEG P:550, Neu 1970:48n20)
PIE *pou̯ori-
CLu. pau̯ari-
(pret.A.) ‘Lagerfeuer anzünden: light a (camp)fire’
(HHand. 128)
(CLu. pa-ua-ar-it-ta, CHD P:12ff., KLuN. 570f., HIL. 709-10)
1. PIE *pou̯ori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. pau̯ari-
PIE *pur-
Gr. πυρ-
(n.obl.) ‘Feuer’
(GEW 2:627-9)
1. PIE *pur-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πυρ-
PIE *pùro
Arm. hro-
(sb.obl.) ‘Feuer’
(ArmGr. 1:469)
(Arm. hroy [sgG])
1. PIE *pùro
*p- → h-
Change of *p- into h-
Rp=›h= → *hùro
2. hùro
ù -› 0
Loss of unaccented u
Rù›0 → Arm. hro
PIE *puró-
Gr. πυρό-
(m.) ‘Feuer’
(GEW 2:627)
(Gr. πυρός [sgN])
1. PIE *puró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πυρό-
PIE *puro-
Umbr. puro-
(sb.) ‘Feuer’
(WbOU. 617-8)
(Umbr. purom-e [sgA+postp.], pure [Abl])
PIE *purḗɑh-
Dor. πυρᾱ́-
(f.) ‘Wachtfeuer, Feuerstätte, Herd, Scheiterhaufen’
(GEW 2:627-8)
1. PIE *purḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *purā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. purā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *purā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. purā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *purā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. purā́-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. πυρᾱ́-


PIE √pu- √pou- √peu- (sb.) ‘Haar, Gebinde, Schmück usw.’ (vb.) ‘binden’
(IEW 849)
(Rieken 1999:377; Pyysalo)
√pur-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG P:668; CHD P:393-5)
PIE *Π·puro-
OInd. nū·pura-
(m.n.) ‘Fußschmuck, Fußring’
(KEWA 2:177)
(nū- = ‘Fuß’)
1. PIE *Π·puro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OInd. Π·pura-
PIE *purto
OCS. prŭtŭ-
(m.) ‘Docht’
(Sadnik √726 [diff.])
(PSlav. *pŭrto-)
1. PIE *purto
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *purta
2. purta
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *purto
3. purto
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *purtu
4. purtu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. pŭrtŭ
PIE *purt·Σ
OCS. prŭt·ištĭ-
(m.) ‘Lappen, Fetzen’
(Sadnik √726 [diff.])
1. PIE *purt·Σ
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. pŭrt·Σ
PIE *purusei̯olo-
Hitt. purušei̯ala-
(sb.) ‘Kranz, Gebinde’
(HHand. 136)
(Hitt. purušiala-; suffix and segmentation uncertain)
1. PIE *purusei̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *purusei̯ala-
2. purusei̯ala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. purušei̯ala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√pus-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG P:672)
PIE *pusoimi-
Hitt. pušaimi-
(TÚGc.) ‘(ein Kleidungsstück, ‘Gamaschen?’)’
(HHand. 137)
1. PIE *pusoimi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pusaimi-
2. pusaimi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. pušaimi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *pusoli-
Hitt. pušali-
(c.) ‘(ein Kleidungsstück, Art Schuhwerk, ‘Gamaschen?’)’
(HHand. 137)
1. PIE *pusoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pusali-
2. pusali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. pušali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *pouso-
Russ. puch-
(m.) ‘feines, wolliges Haar von Tieren’
(LiEtWb. 554)
1. PIE *pouso-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiSlav → *poušo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. poušo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pauša-
3. pauša-
*š → x
Slavonic change of *š to x
Rš›x → *pauxa-
4. pauxa-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *pouxo-
5. pouxo-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *pūxo-
6. pūxo-
*x → ch
Orthographic change of *x into ch
Rx›ch → *pūcho-
7. pūcho-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → Russ. pucho-
PIE *poustí-
Lith. paustì-
(f.) ‘Haar von Tieren’
(LiEtWb. 554)
1. PIE *poustí-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *poustì-
2. poustì-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Lith. paustì-
√put-
(CHD P:402)
(HEG P:675f.)
PIE *putor-
Hitt. putar-
(SÍGn.) ‘Haarbüschel, Strähne’
(HHand. 137)
(Hitt. pu-u-ut-tar [NA])
1. PIE *putor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. putar-
√pudɑh-
(HEG P:674)
(But cf. Gr. βεῦδος ‘woman’s dress’, probably from Lydian)
PIE *pudɑholi-
Hitt. pudali-
(GADA.) ‘Schärpe (ein wertvoller Tuch)’
(HHand2 152)
1. PIE *pudɑholi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pudholi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pudholi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pudhali-
3. pudhali-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. pudali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *pudɑholi-
CLu. pudali-
(vb.) ‘festbinden, umgürten, rüsten (Truppen)’
(HHand2 152)
(CLu. pudalitta [3sg])
1. PIE *pudɑholi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pudholi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pudholi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pudhali-
3. pudhali-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → CLu. pudali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *pudɑholei̯o-
Hitt. pudalei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘festbinden, umgürten, rüsten (Truppen)’
(HHand. 137)
1. PIE *pudɑholei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pudholei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pudholei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pudhalei̯a-
3. pudhalei̯a-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. pudalei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √puɑh- (vb.) ‘zerstören, schneiden’
(IEW 827)
(Neumann apud HEG 639: CLu. + IE)
√puɑh-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG P:639)
PIE *puɑhomi-
CLu. puḫami-
(pt.) ‘gepflückt, abgeschnitten, herausgerupft (Blumen)’
(HHand.134)
1. PIE *puɑhomi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *puhomi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. puhomi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *puhami-
3. puhami-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. puḫami-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·puɑhtēɑh-
Lat. an·putā-
(pr.1.) ‘ringsum beschneiden, wegschneiden’
(WH. 1:42)
1. PIE *Π·puɑhtēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·puɑhtāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·puɑhtāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·puhtāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·puhtāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. Π·putā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)


PIE √puhɑl- (sb.) ‘Tor, Tür, Burg, fester Platz’
(IEW 799)
(SPIE 209: Hitt.)
√puhɑl-
(IEW 799)
PIE *puHɑ́l-
RV. pu.úr-
(f.) ‘ein Gott (Indra, Agni) als der Frommen Burg’
(WbRV. 823)
(disyllabic in RV. pū́r, 7.15.14)
1. PIE *puHɑ́l-
PIE *uḫɑ́ → uḫú
Distant assimilation of *u and *ɑ́
RuHɑ́›uHú → *puHúl-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. puHúl-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *puHúr-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. puHúr-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → RV. pu.úr-
PIE *puhɑ́l-
RV. pū́r-
(f.) ‘Burg, Fester Platz’
(WbRV. 823-4)
(RV. pū́r [sgN])
1. PIE *puhɑ́l-
PIE *uḫɑ́ → uḫú
Distant assimilation of *u and *ɑ́
RuHɑ́›uHú → *puhúl-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. puhúl-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *puhúr-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. puhúr-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *puúr-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. puúr-
*uú → ū́
Contraction of u and ú
Ruú›ū́ → RV. pū́r-
PIE *puhɑ́l·Σ
RV. pū́r·pati-
(m.) ‘Herr der Burg’
(WbRV. 844)
1. PIE *puhɑ́l·Σ
PIE *uḫɑ́ → uḫú
Distant assimilation of *u and *ɑ́
RuHɑ́›uHú → *puhúl·Σ
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. puhúl·Σ
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *puhúr·Σ
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. puhúr·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *puúr·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. puúr·Σ
*uú → ū́
Contraction of u and ú
Ruú›ū́ → RV. pū́r·Σ
PIE *puhɑ́l·Σ
RV. pūr·bhíd-
(a.) ‘Burgen zerbrechend’
(WbRV. 844)
1. PIE *puhɑ́l·Σ
PIE *uḫɑ́ → uḫú
Distant assimilation of *u and *ɑ́
RuHɑ́›uHú → *puhúl·Σ
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. puhúl·Σ
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *puhúr·Σ
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. puhúr·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *puúr·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. puúr·Σ
*uú → ū́
Contraction of u and ú
Ruú›ū́ → RV. pū́r·Σ
PIE *puhɑ́l·Σ
RV. pūr·bhídya-
(n.) ‘das Zerbrechen, Zerstören der Burgen’
(WbRV. 844)
1. PIE *puhɑ́l·Σ
PIE *uḫɑ́ → uḫú
Distant assimilation of *u and *ɑ́
RuHɑ́›uHú → *puhúl·Σ
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. puhúl·Σ
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *puhúr·Σ
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. puhúr·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *puúr·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. puúr·Σ
*uú → ū́
Contraction of u and ú
Ruú›ū́ → RV. pū́r·Σ
PIE *púhɑl-
RV. púr-
(f.) ‘Burg, Fester Platz’
(WbRV. 823-4)
(RV. púras [sgG])
1. PIE *púhɑl-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *púhl-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. púhl-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *púhr-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. púhr-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. púr-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√puhɑlo-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG P:639-40)
PIE *puhɑlo-
Hitt. puḫla-
(c.) ‘(Name eines der Stadttore von Ḫattuša)’
(HHand. 134)
1. PIE *puhɑlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *puhlo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. puhlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *puhla-
3. puhla-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. puḫla-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *púhɑlo-
Gr. πύλο-
(ONf.) ‘Pylos = Tor’
(LSJ 1554)
1. PIE *púhɑlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *púhlo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. púhlo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *púlo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. púlo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πύλο-
PIE *puhɑlo-
LinB. πυλο-
(ONf.) ‘Pylos’
(PY Aa 61)
(LinB. pu-ro)
1. PIE *puhɑlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *puhlo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. puhlo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pulo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. pulo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → LinB. πυλο-
PIE *puhɑlo-
OInd. pura-
(n.) ‘a fortress, castle, city, town’
(MonWil. 635)
1. PIE *puhɑlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *puhlo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. puhlo-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *puhro-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. puhro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *puhra-
4. puhra-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OInd. pura-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Π·puhɑlo-
Gr. ἑπτά·πυλο-
(a.) ‘siebentorig’
(GEW 1:624)
(Gr. ἑπτάπυλος)
1. PIE *Π·puhɑlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·puhlo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·puhlo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·pulo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·pulo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·πυλο-
PIE *puhɑlo·uró-
Gr. πυλο·υρό-
(a.) ‘Torwart, Wächter’
(GEW 2:623)
1. PIE *puhɑlo·uró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *puhlo·uró-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. puhlo·uró-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pulo·uró-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. pulo·uró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πυλο·υρό-
PIE *puhɑlom·Σ
RV. puram·dará-
(m.) ‘Burgzerstörer’
(WbRV. 824)
(RV. puraṃdará-)
1. PIE *puhɑlom·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *puhlom·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. puhlom·Σ
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *puhrom·Σ
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. puhrom·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *puhram·Σ
4. puhram·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. puram·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√puhɑlɑh-
PIE *púhɑlēɑh-
Ion.-Att. πύλη-
(f.) ‘Türflügel, Torflügel’ (pl) ‘Tor, Pforte’
(GEW 2:623-4)
(Gr. πύλη [sgN], πύλαι)
1. PIE *púhɑlēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *púhɑlāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. púhɑlāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *púhlāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. púhlāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *púlā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. púlā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *púlē-
5. púlē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. πύλη-
PIE *puhɑlēɑh·u̯ōró-
Dor. πυλᾱ·ωρό-
(a.) ‘Torwart, Wächter’
(GEW 2:623)
(Dor. πυλαωρό-)
1. PIE *puhɑlēɑh·u̯ōró-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *puhɑlāɑh·u̯ōró-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. puhɑlāɑh·u̯ōró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *puhlāh·u̯ōró-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. puhlāh·u̯ōró-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pulā·u̯ōró-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pulā·u̯ōró-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *pulā·ōró-
5. pulā·ōró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. πυλᾱ·ωρό-
PIE *puhɑlēɑh·uró-
Dor. πυλα·υρό-
(a.) ‘Torwart, Wächter’
(GEW 2:623)
1. PIE *puhɑlēɑh·uró-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *puhɑlāɑh·uró-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. puhɑlāɑh·uró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *puhlāh·uró-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. puhlāh·uró-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pulā·uró-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pulā·uró-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *pula·uró-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
5. pula·uró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. πυλα·υρό-
√puhɑli-
PIE *puhɑlói̯o-
Gr. πυλόο-
(pr.A.) ‘mit Toren versehen’ (pr.M.) ‘mit Toren versehen werden’
(GEW 2:624)
(Gr. πυλόω)
1. PIE *puhɑlói̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *puhlói̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. puhlói̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pulói̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. pulói̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *pulóo-
4. pulóo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πυλόο-
PIE *puhɑli-
OInd. puri-
(f.) ‘town (or river?)’
(MonWil. 636)
(EWA –)
1. PIE *puhɑli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *puhli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. puhli-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *puhri-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. puhri-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OInd. puri-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *púhɑli̯o-
RV. púrya-
(a.) ‘in einem festen Platz befindlich’
(WbRV. 836)
1. PIE *púhɑli̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *púhli̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. púhli̯o-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *púhri̯o-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. púhri̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *púhri̯a-
4. púhri̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *púri̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. púri̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. púrya-
PIE *púhɑli̯o-
RV. púrya-
(a.) ‘in einem festen Platz [púr] befindlich’
(WbRV. 836)
1. PIE *púhɑli̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *púhli̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. púhli̯o-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *púhri̯o-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. púhri̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *púhri̯a-
4. púhri̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *púri̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. púri̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. púrya-
PIE *puhɑlíɦɑd-
Gr. πυλίδ-
(f.dim.) ‘kleines Tor, Törchen’
(GEW 2:624)
(Gr. πυλίς, πυλίδος)
1. PIE *puhɑlíɦɑd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *puhlíɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. puhlíɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *puhlíd-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. puhlíd-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pulíd-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pulíd-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πυλίδ-


PIE √pul- (sb.) ‘Kind, Jungfrau, Füllen, Fohlen’ (a.) ‘jung, klein’
(IEW 843)
(Hoffmann 1992:289-94)
√pul-
(Hoffmann 1992:289-94)
(HEG P:645-6)
PIE *pulo-
Hitt. pula-
(c.) ‘Kind’ (a.) ‘jung, klein: ideog. TUR-la-’
(HHand. 143)
(Hitt. Épulla-, TUR-la, HED P 2:118)
1. PIE *pulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. pula-
PIE *Π·puleɑhí
Gr. ἐμ·πυλαί
(f.pl) ‘αἱ νύμφαι (Hes.)’
(LSJ. 549)
1. PIE *Π·puleɑhí
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·pulaɑhí
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·pulaɑhí
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·pulahí
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·pulahí
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·pulaí
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·pulaí
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·πυλαί
PIE *pulo·n-
Goth. fula·n-
(m.) ‘Füllen, Fohlen’
(GoEtD. F102)
1. PIE *pulo·n-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *fulo·n-
2. fulo·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. fula·n-


PIE √pul- (sb.) ‘Brot, Nahrung’ (vb.) ‘schmausen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Lat. + Anat.; or PIE *pɑhul- → phul- → Lat. pul- = Hitt. pul-?)
√pul-
PIE *pulo-
Hitt. pula-
(DUG.) ‘Brotbehälter’
(HHand. 134)
(HEG P:645, Hitt. pu-ul-la-an)
1. PIE *pulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. pula-
PIE *e·pulo-
Lat. e·pulo-
(n.) ‘Mahl, Festmahl’
(WH. 1:410)
PIE *e·pulēɑh-
Lat. e·pulā-
(pr.1.M.) ‘schmausen’
(WH. 1:410)
1. PIE *e·pulēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *e·pulāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. e·pulāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *e·pulāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. e·pulāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. e·pulā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *e·pulēɑh-
OLat. e·pulā-
(pl) ‘Speise, Gerichte’
(WH. 1:410)
1. PIE *e·pulēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *e·pulāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. e·pulāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *e·pulāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. e·pulāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OLat. e·pulā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *pulosino-
Pal. pulašina-
(n./c.?) ‘Brot’ (HHand. 134)
(DPal. 79)
(Pal. pulašina-, fulašina-)
1. PIE *pulosino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pulasina-
2. pulasina-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Pal. pulašina-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √pur- (sb.) ‘Erde, Land; Landstück, Haus; Ton, Lehm’
(IEW –)
(Bomhard 1973:112: BSl. + Hitt.; Pyysalo: RV.)
√pur-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *púr·Σ
OInd. púr·īṣa-
(n.) ‘earth, land, loose earth, rubble: Schütt, Geröll?’
(MonWil. 636)
(WbRV. 827)
√puru-
(Bomhard 1973:112)
PIE *puŕu̯o-
Lith. pur̃va-
(m.4.) ‘mud, dirt’
(LiEtWb. 675)
(Lith. pur̃vas)
1. PIE *puŕu̯o-
*uŕ -> ur̃
Circumflex from uŕ to ur̃
Ruŕ›ur̃ → *pur̃u̯o-
2. pur̃u̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pur̃u̯a-
3. pur̃u̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. pur̃va-
PIE *puŕu̯ino-
Lith. pur̃vina-
(a.3.) ‘muddy’
(LiEtWb. 675)
(Lith. pur̃vinas)
1. PIE *puŕu̯ino-
*uŕ -> ur̃
Circumflex from uŕ to ur̃
Ruŕ›ur̃ → *pur̃u̯ino-
2. pur̃u̯ino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pur̃u̯ina-
3. pur̃u̯ina-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. pur̃vina-
√purun-
PIE *purun·kotei-
Hitt. purun·katei-
(dc.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:563-4)
(Hitt. pu-u-ru-un-kat-te-in [sgA])
1. PIE *purun·kotei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. purun·katei-
PIE *puruno·nigɑɦo-
Hitt. puruna·niga-
(dc.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:563)
(Hitt. fu-ru-na-an-ni-ga-aš [N] ‹RDH. 37, 71; fu- → Pal. or ProH.?›)
1. PIE *puruno·nigɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *puruno·nigɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. puruno·nigɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *puruna·nigɦa-
3. puruna·nigɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. puruna·niga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√purut-
(CHD P:395ff.)
(Bomhard 1973:112)
PIE *purut-
Hitt. purut-
(n.) ‘Erde, Erdreich, Schlamm, Lehm’
(HHand. 136)
(Hitt. pu-ru-ut [NA], pu-u-ru-ut, pu-ru-ut-ti)
PIE *puruto-
Hitt. puruta-
(c.) ‘Erde, Erdreich, Schlamm, Lehm’
(HHand. 136)
(Hitt. pu-ru-ud-da-za, pu-ru-ud-da-az-za)
1. PIE *puruto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. puruta-
PIE *puruto-
Hitt. puruta-
(vb.) ‘mit Lehm beschmieren, verputzen’
(HHand. 136)
(Hitt. pu-ru-ud-da-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *puruto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. puruta-
√purut-
PIE *purutoi-
Hitt. purutai-
(vb.) ‘mit Lehm beschmieren, verputzen’
(HHand. 136)
1. PIE *purutoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. purutai-
PIE *purutei̯ou̯o-
Hitt. purutei̯au̯a-
(vb.) ‘cover with mud’
(HIL. 789)
(Hitt. pu-ru-ut-ti-ia-u-u̯a-an-zi [inf.])
1. PIE *purutei̯ou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. purutei̯au̯a-
PIE *puruteisor-
Hitt. purutei̯šar-
(n.) ‘Bauwerk’
(HHand. 136)
(Hitt. [p]u-ru-ut-te-e[š-šar?])
1. PIE *puruteisor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *puruteisar-
2. puruteisar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. puruteišar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *puruteisn-
Hitt. puruteišn-
(n.) ‘mudbrick’
(HIL. 789)
(Hitt. pu-ru-ut-ti-eš-ni [sgDL])
1. PIE *puruteisn-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. puruteišn-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √pus- (vb.) ‘divide, exclipse, become small’ (sb.) ‘half’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)
√pus-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG P:670-1)
PIE *pus-
Hitt. puš-
(vb.) ‘be eclipsed (of sun and moon)’
(CHD P:398)
(Hitt. pu-uš-zi [3sg], HIL. 789)
1. PIE *pus-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. puš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *pús·Σ
Lith. pùs·dili-
(m.) ‘abnehmender Mond, Mond/Monat in letzten Viertel’
(LiEtWb. 676)
1. PIE *pús·Σ
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → Lith. pùs·Σ
PIE *pouso-
OPr. pausa-
(n.) ‘Hälfte’
(LiEtWb. 676)
1. PIE *pouso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OPr. pausa-
PIE *púsēhɑ-
Lith. pùsė-
(f.) ‘Hälfte’
(LiEtWb. 676)
(APrS. 391)
1. PIE *púsēhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *púsēh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. púsēh-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *pùsēh-
3. pùsēh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pùsē-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pùsē-
* ē -> ė
Change of *ē into ė
Rē›ė → Lith. pùsė-
PIE *pusēhɑ
Latv. puse-
(f.) ‘Hälfte, Seite, Gegend’
(APrS. 391)
1. PIE *pusēhɑ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pusēh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pusēh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pusē
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. pusē
*-ē → -e
Shortening of ē in root-final position
R=ē›=e → Latv. puse
PIE *pusḗhɑu
Lith. pusiáu
(adv.) ‘halb, mitten, entzwei’
(LiEtWb. 676)
(Lith. pusiáu [duL] = Latv. pušu)
1. PIE *pusḗhɑu
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pusḗhu
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pusḗhu
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pusḗu
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. pusḗu
*ḗu -> iáu
Brechung of ḗu into iáu
Rḗu›iáu → Lith. pusiáu
PIE *pusi̯o-
OInd. puṣya-
(pr.4.tr.) ‘divide, distribute’
(MonWil. 638)
1. PIE *pusi̯o-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *puši̯o-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. puši̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *puši̯a-
3. puši̯a-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *puṣi̯a-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. puṣi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. puṣya-
PIE *pusdɑɦi̯-
Hitt. pušz-
(vb.1.M.) ‘klein werden, sich verfinstern’
(HHand. 136)
(Hitt. pu-uš-za [3sg])
1. PIE *pusdɑɦi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pusdɦi̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pusdɦi̯-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *pusjɦ-
3. pusjɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *pusj-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. pusj-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *pusz-
5. pusz-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. pušz-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √pus- (vb.) ‘gebären’
(IEW 848)
(HEG –; Pyysalo: CLu. + RV. + Gr.)
√pus-
PIE *pupus-
RV. pupuṣ-
(pf.) ‘zur Blüthe bringen, herrlicher, reichlicher machen’
(WbRV. 837)
(RV. pupuṣyās [opt])
1. PIE *pupus-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *pupuš-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. pupuš-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. pupuṣ-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
PIE *Π·pús-
RV. viśva·púṣ-
(a.) ‘allnährend’
(WbRV. 1302)
(RV. viśvapúṣā [sgI])
1. PIE *Π·pús-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *Π·púš-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. Π·púš-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. Π·púṣ-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
PIE *Π·pús-
RV. viśvā·púṣ-
(a.) ‘alle ernährend, versorgend’
(WbRV. 1305)
1. PIE *Π·pús-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *Π·púš-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. Π·púš-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. Π·púṣ-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
√puso-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *puso-
RV. puṣa-
(ao.) ‘zur Blüthe bringen, herrlicher, reichlicher machen’
(WbRV. 837)
(RV. puṣema [opt])
1. PIE *puso-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *pušo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. pušo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *puša-
3. puša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. puṣa-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
PIE *pusoni-
CLu. pušani-
(sb.) ‘‹≈ offspring? (diminutive?)›’
(HHand. 137)
(CLu. anniš·kuwati pušin[z-X] pušanni[nz-X] laadu, KBo XIII 260 Vs. ii 6-7)
1. PIE *pusoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pusani-
2. pusani-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. pušani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√pusi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *pusi-
CLu. puši-
(c.) ‘‹≈ offspring?›’
(HHand. 137)
(CLu. anniš·kuwati pušin[z-X] pušanni[nz-X] laadu, KBo XIII 260 Vs. ii 6-7)
1. PIE *pusi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. puši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *púsiɑHo-
RV. púṣia-
(n.) ‘Blüte, Schaum/Seim (einer Flüssigkeit)’
(WbRV. 838)
1. PIE *púsiɑHo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *púsiHo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. púsiHo-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *púšiHo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. púšiHo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *púšiHa-
4. púšiHa-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *púši.a-
5. púši.a-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. púṣi.a-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
PIE *o·pusío
Gr. ὀ·πυίο-
(pr.) ‘zur Frau nehmen, heiraten’
(GEW 2:407)
(Gr. ὀπυίω, ὀπύω)
1. PIE *o·pusío
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *o·puhío
2. o·puhío
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *o·puío
3. o·puío
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀ·πυίο
PIE *púsi̯ont-
RV. púṣyant-
(pt.) ‘in üppiger Fülle, in reichl. Menge erlangend’
(WbRV. 836)
1. PIE *púsi̯ont-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *púši̯ont-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. púši̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *púši̯ant-
3. púši̯ant-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *púṣi̯ant-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. púṣi̯ant-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. púṣyant-
√pussio-
PIE *o·pússi̯o
Gr. ὀ·πύσο-
(fut.) ‘zur Frau nehmen, heiraten’
(GEW 2:407)
(Gr. ὀπύσω)
1. PIE *o·pússi̯o
si̯ → s
Loss of *i̯ after s
Rsi̯›s → *o·pússo
2. o·pússo
*ss → s
Degemination of *ss
Rss›s → *o·púso
3. o·púso
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀ·πύσο
√pust-
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + RV.)
PIE *pustí-
RV. puṣṭí-
(f.) ‘Gedeihen, Wachstum, Mehrung, Nahrung’
(WbRV. 838)
1. PIE *pustí-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *puští-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. puští-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *puṣtí-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. puṣtí-
*ṣt → ṣṭ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rṣt›ṣṭ → RV. puṣṭí-
PIE *pustei-
Hitt. puštei-
(fc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1061)
(Hitt. pu-uš-ti-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *pustei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. puštei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *o·pustú-
Gr. ὀ·πυστύ-
(f.) ‘Heirat’
(GEW 2:407)
(Gr. ὀπυστύς)
1. PIE *o·pustú-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀ·πυστύ-
√pusureio-
PIE *pusurei̯o-
CLu. pušurei̯a-
(c.) ‘a liquid = pašuria- ‹≈ Seim/Samen?›’
(DLL. 81)
(CLu. pu-šu-ri-ia-[ti], tatiš·pa·u̯a·ti-?a[ta] x-tiyati pušuriya[ti] [p]appašatti KUB xxxv 102+ Vs. i 16-17)
1. PIE *pusurei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pusurei̯a-
2. pusurei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. pušurei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √bɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Mittel, instrumentum’ (suff.) ‘Instrumental’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√bɑɦo-
PIE *·bɑɦo
OGaul. ·bo
(end.) ‘instrumental case’
(DLG. 58)
(in OGaul. atrebo)
1. PIE *·bɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *·bɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ·bɦo
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → OGaul. ·bo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *u̯oso·bɑɦo-
Hitt. u̯aša·ba-
(c.) ‘Kleid: clothing?’
(HHand. 198)
(Hitt. u̯aššapa-)
1. PIE *u̯oso·bɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯oso·bɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯oso·bɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asa·bɦa-
3. u̯asa·bɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *u̯asa·ba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯asa·ba-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯aša·ba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯oso·bɑɦo-
HLu. u̯aša·ba-
(179.347.5sb.) ‘clothing’
(CHLu. 11.1.e18)
(HLu. *179.*347.5(-)wa/i-sà-pa-ha-wa/i-mu)
1. PIE *u̯oso·bɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯oso·bɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯oso·bɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asa·bɦa-
3. u̯asa·bɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *u̯asa·ba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯asa·ba-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯aša·ba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯os·bɑɦo-
Hitt. u̯aš·ba-
(c.) ‘Kleid: Sum. TÚG’
(HHand. 198)
1. PIE *u̯os·bɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯os·bɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯os·bɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯as·bɦa-
3. u̯as·bɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *u̯as·ba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯as·ba-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯aš·ba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sori·u̯os·bɑɦo-
Hitt. šari·u̯aš·ba-
(TÚGc.) ‘(Kleidungstück, ‘Oberkleid?’ ‘Jacke?’)’
(HHand. 145)
(Hitt. šariu̯ašpa-)
1. PIE *sori·u̯os·bɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sori·u̯os·bɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sori·u̯os·bɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sari·u̯as·bɦa-
3. sari·u̯as·bɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *sari·u̯as·ba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. sari·u̯as·ba-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šari·u̯aš·ba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√bɑɦi-
PIE *hɑune·bɑɦi-
Hitt. ḫune·bi-
(LÚc.) ‘(ein Funktionär)’
(HHand. 54, HEG –)
1. PIE *hɑune·bɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hune·bɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hune·bɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hune·bi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hune·bi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫune·bi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *torsi·bɑɦi-
Kpd. tarši·bi-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)- ‹cf. above›’
(NOMS. 1290)
(Kpd. tár-ší-pì)
1. PIE *torsi·bɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *torsi·bɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. torsi·bɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarsi·bɦi-
3. tarsi·bɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tarsi·bi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tarsi·bi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Kpd. tarši·bi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *torsi·bɑɦi̯·olo-
Hitt. tarši·bi̯·ala-
(c.) ‘Kutscher?’
(HHand. 170)
1. PIE *torsi·bɑɦi̯·olo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *torsi·bɦi̯·olo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. torsi·bɦi̯·olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarsi·bɦi̯·ala-
3. tarsi·bɦi̯·ala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tarsi·bi̯·ala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tarsi·bi̯·ala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tarši·bi̯·ala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *·bɑɦis
RV. ·bhiṣ
(end.) ‘plural instrumental case’
(AiGr. 3:3)
(RV. ·bhiṣ)
1. PIE *·bɑɦis
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *·bɦis
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ·bɦis
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *·bɦiš
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. ·bɦiš
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *·bɦiṣ
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. ·bɦiṣ
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. ·bhiṣ
PIE *hɑune·bɑɦiso-
Hitt. ḫune·biša-
(sb.?) ‘ein Transportmittel?’
(HHand. 54)
(Hitt. ḫunebiša)
1. PIE *hɑune·bɑɦiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hune·bɦiso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hune·bɦiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hune·bɦisa-
3. hune·bɦisa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hune·bisa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hune·bisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hune·biša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hune·biša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫune·biša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√bɑɦol-
PIE *torsi·bɑɦolo-
Hitt. tarši·bala-
(LÚc.) ‘‹Kutscher?›’
(HHand. 170)
1. PIE *torsi·bɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *torsi·bɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. torsi·bɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarsi·bɦala-
3. tarsi·bɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tarsi·bala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tarsi·bala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tarši·bala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *torsi·bɑɦoli-
Hitt. tarši·bali-
(LÚc.) ‘‹Kutscher?›’
(HHand. 170)
1. PIE *torsi·bɑɦoli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *torsi·bɦoli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. torsi·bɦoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarsi·bɦali-
3. tarsi·bɦali-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tarsi·bali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tarsi·bali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tarši·bali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√bɑɦonto-
PIE *u̯os·bɑɦnto·si-
Hitt. u̯aš·banta·ši-
(a.gen.) ‘Garderobe’
(HHand. 198)
1. PIE *u̯os·bɑɦnto·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯os·bɦnto·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯os·bɦnto·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯as·bɦnta·si-
3. u̯as·bɦnta·si-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *u̯as·bnta·si-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯as·bnta·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯aš·bnta·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √bɑɦ- (pron.) ‘dieser’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√bɑɦo-
PIE *obɑɦo-
Hitt. aba-
(dem.pron.) ‘jener, er, der betreffende: is’
(HEG A:39-41)
(HIL. 229)
1. PIE *obɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *obɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. obɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *abɦa-
3. abɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. aba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *obɑɦo-
CLu. aba-
(dem.pron.) ‘jener, er, der betreffende: is’
(DLL. 28)
(AHPh. 342)
1. PIE *obɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *obɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. obɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *abɦa-
3. abɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. aba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦo-
HLu. ba-
(dem.pron.) ‘that one, the same, etc.’
(CHLu. 2.17.11)
(HLu. pa-sa [G], not aphaeresis against Melchert AHPh. 276, 321)
1. PIE *bɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦa-
3. bɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. ba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦo
Lyd. b-
(pers.pron.) ‘he, she’
(LydWb. 78)
(Lyd. b-λ ‘to him’, AHPh. 264)
1. PIE *bɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦa
3. bɦa
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ba
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ba
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *b
5. b
PIE *b → f
Orthographic change of *b into f
Rb›f → Lyd. f
√bɑɦi-
PIE *obɑɦi-
Hitt. abi-
(dem.pron.) ‘jener, er, der betreffende: is’
(HEG A:39-41)
(Hitt. abiel [sgG])
1. PIE *obɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *obɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. obɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *abɦi-
3. abɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. abi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦi-
Gr. φι-
(refl.ptcl.) ‘= σφι(ν)’
(GEW 2:1020)
(Lac. φιν)
1. PIE *bɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦi-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phi-
3. phi-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φι-
PIE *bɑɦi-
Lyd. bi-
(pers.pron.) ‘er/sie: (s)he’
(LydWb. 78)
(Lyd. bis [sgN], AHPh. 356)
1. PIE *bɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *bi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. bi-
PIE *b → f
Orthographic change of *b into f
Rb›f → Lyd. fi-
√bɑɦilo-
PIE *bɑɦilo-
Lyd. bil-
(a.) ‘eius’
(LydWb. 78)
1. PIE *bɑɦilo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦilo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦilo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦila-
3. bɦila-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *bila-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. bila-
PIE *b → f
Orthographic change of *b into f
Rb›f → Lyd. fila-
PIE *bɑɦiló-
Gr. φιλό-
(a.) ‘Freund, freundlich, lieb; zugehörig, eigen’, auch reflexivpossessiv ‘suus (tuus, meus)’
(GEW 2:1018-20)
(Il.+; AHPh. 377)
1. PIE *bɑɦiló-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦiló-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦiló-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *philó-
3. philó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φιλό-
√bɑɦu-
PIE *bɑɦu-
Lyd. bu-
(pers.pron.) ‘er/sie: (s)he’
(LydWb. 78)
(Lyd. buλ ‘him’)
1. PIE *bɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *bu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. bu-
PIE *b → f
Orthographic change of *b into f
Rb›f → Lyd. fu-


PIE √bɑhi- (sb.) ‘Pleiaden’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√bɑɦil-
PIE *bɑɦoilò
Arm. boyl-
(sb.pl) ‘Pleiades’
(EtDiArm. 185)
(MidArm. boyl)
1. PIE *bɑɦoilò
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦoilò
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦoilò
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *boilò
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. boilò
*o → Ø
Loss of *ò
Rò›0 → Arm. boil
√bɑɦir-
(HEG P:348)
(possibly Hurr.)
PIE *bɑɦoiro-
Hitt. baira-
(dc.) ‘die Plejaden: Sum. dINIM.IMIN.BI’
(OHP. 1:346-7)
(Hitt. pa-ir-ra-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *bɑɦoiro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦoiro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦoiro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦaira-
3. bɦaira-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. baira-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦoiro-
CLu. baira-
(dc.) ‘die Plejaden’
(OHP. 1:346-7)
(CLu. pa-ir-ra-an-za [plD], GhR. 309, 475, 483)
1. PIE *bɑɦoiro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦoiro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦoiro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦaira-
3. bɦaira-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. baira-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √bɑɦin- (sb.) ‘Baum(art), Stange, Ruder, Spitze’
(IEW 117)
(Pyysalo)
√bɑɦoin-
PIE *bɑɦoino-
OIcl. bein-
(m.) ‘Baumart’
(ANEtWb. 30)
(OIcl. beinn [sgN])
1. PIE *bɑɦoino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦoino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦoino-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *boino-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. boino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *baina-
4. baina-
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → OIcl. beina-
√bɑɦoini-
(HEG P:384)
PIE *bɑɦoini-
Hitt. baini-
(GIŠn.) ‘Tamariske, Wacholder, Zeder’
(HHand. 116)
(Hitt. pa-a-i-ni, pa-a-e-ni)
1. PIE *bɑɦoini-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦoini-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦoini-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦaini-
3. bɦaini-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. baini-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦoínik-
Gr. φοίνικ-
(m.f.) ‘(Dattel)palme, auch andere Pflanzen’
(GEW 2:1032)
(Gr. φοῖνιξ)
1. PIE *bɑɦoínik-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦoínik-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦoínik-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phoínik-
3. phoínik-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φοίνικ-
PIE *bɑɦoínik-
Gr. φοίνικ-
(m.) ‘N. eines Saiteninstruments’
(GEW 2:1032)
(Gr. φοῖνιξ)
1. PIE *bɑɦoínik-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦoínik-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦoínik-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phoínik-
3. phoínik-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φοίνικ-
PIE *bɑɦoiniso-
CLu. bainiša-
(GIŠn.) ‘Tamariske, Wacholder, Zeder?’
(HHand. 116)
1. PIE *bɑɦoiniso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦoiniso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦoiniso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦainisa-
3. bɦainisa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *bainisa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. bainisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. bainiša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦoinidɑɦ-
Hitt. bainid-
(GIŠn.) ‘Tamariske, Wacholder, Zeder?’
(HHand. 116)
(Hitt. pa-a-i-ni-ta-az [Abl])
1. PIE *bɑɦoinidɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦoinidɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦoinidɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦainidɦ-
3. bɦainidɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. bainid-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√bɑɦoindɑɦo-
(CHD P:268)
PIE *bɑɦoinidɑɦo-
CLu. binda-
(n.) ‘Ruder, Stange?: rames’ (HHand. 131)
(DLL. 82)
(CLu. pí-in-ta-an-za [plA])
1. PIE *bɑɦoinidɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦoinidɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦoinidɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦainidɦa-
3. bɦainidɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. bainida-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦoinidɑɦoii̯o-
Hitt. bindai̯a-
(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 314)
(Hitt. pí-en-ta-ia-aš [sgN]; with PIE *·ii̯o- = Hitt. ii̯a- ‘Baum’)
1. PIE *bɑɦoinidɑɦoii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦoinidɦoii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦoinidɦoii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦainidɦaii̯a-
3. bɦainidɦaii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *bɦainidɦaia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. bɦainidɦaia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *bɦainidɦai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. bɦainidɦai̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. bainidai̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √bɑɦid- (vb.) ‘binden’ (sb.) ‘Schnur, Seil, Schlinge’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Lat.)
√bɑɦidulo-
(CHD P:365, HIL. 786-7, HEG P:634-7)
(Not to *petah2- ‘spread out’ against Rieken 1999:471-2)
PIE *bɑɦidulo-
Hitt. bidula-
(SÍGc.) ‘Zwirnspule, Schnur’
(HHand. 134)
(Note the alternation -t- vs. -tt- below)
1. PIE *bɑɦidulo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦidulo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦidulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦidula-
3. bɦidula-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. bidula-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦidulo-
Hitt. bidula-
(c.) ‘Schlinge, Knoten, Seil’
(HHand. 134)
(Hitt. pít-tu-la-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *bɑɦidulo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦidulo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦidulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦidula-
3. bɦidula-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. bidula-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦiduli̯o-
Hitt. biduli̯a-
(c.) ‘Einschnürung, Beengung, Angst, Knoten’
(HHand. 134)
(Hitt. pí-tu-li-ia-an [sgA])
1. PIE *bɑɦiduli̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦiduli̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦiduli̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦiduli̯a-
3. bɦiduli̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. biduli̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√bɑɦidi-
PIE *bɑɦidi-
OLat. fidi-
(f.) ‘string of a lyre’
(OxLatD. 698)
(OLat. fidis [sgN])
1. PIE *bɑɦidi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦidi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦidi-
*bɦ → f
Affricativization of labial *bɦ
Rbɦ›f → OLat. fidi-


PIE √bɑɦngu- (sb.) ‘Menge, Schar, Sippe, Klan, Masse; Euter, Überflüß, Regenguß, Welle, Woge’
(IEW 115)
(Sordi 1959:215)
√bɑɦongu-
(Sordi 1959:215)
(HEG P:410ff.)
PIE *bɑɦongu-
Hitt. bangu-
(NINDAn.) ‘(ein Gebäck)’
(HHand. 118)
(Hitt. pa-an-ku [NA])
1. PIE *bɑɦongu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦongu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦongu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦangu-
3. bɦangu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. bangu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦongu̯o
Latv. buog-
(m.) ‘dichte Menge, Schar, Baumgruppe’
(LiEtWb. 34)
1. PIE *bɑɦongu̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦongu̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦongu̯o
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *bɦongo
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. bɦongo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦanga
4. bɦanga
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *banga
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. banga
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Latv. bang
PIE *bɑɦongu̯ḗɑh
Lith. bangà-
(f.) ‘Regenguß, Welle, Woge, Masse’
(LiEtWb. 34)
(Lith. bangà [sgN])
1. PIE *bɑɦongu̯ḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *bɑɦongu̯ā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. bɑɦongu̯ā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦongu̯ā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦongu̯ā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦongu̯ā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. bɦongu̯ā́
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *bɦongā́
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. bɦongā́
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦangā́
6. bɦangā́
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *bangā́
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. bangā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *bangṓ
(XX:XX)
8. bangṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → Lith. bangà
PIE *pro·bɑɦongu̯ḗɑh
Lith. pra·bangà-
(f.) ‘Überfluß’
(LiEtWb. 34)
1. PIE *pro·bɑɦongu̯ḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *pro·bɑɦongu̯ā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. pro·bɑɦongu̯ā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pro·bɦongu̯ā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pro·bɦongu̯ā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pro·bɦongu̯ā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pro·bɦongu̯ā́
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *pro·bɦongā́
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. pro·bɦongā́
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pra·bɦangā́
6. pra·bɦangā́
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *pra·bangā́
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. pra·bangā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *pra·bangṓ
(XX:XX)
8. pra·bangṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → Lith. pra·bangà
PIE *bɑɦongu̯ēɑh
Latv. buoga-
(f.) ‘dichte Menge, Schar, Baumgruppe’
(LiEtWb. 34)
1. PIE *bɑɦongu̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *bɑɦongu̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. bɑɦongu̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦongu̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦongu̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦongu̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. bɦongu̯ā
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *bɦongā
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. bɦongā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦangā
6. bɦangā
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *bangā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. bangā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R=ā›=a → Latv. banga
√bɑɦongun-
(CHD P:92)
PIE *bɑɦongun-
Hitt. bangun-
(n.) ‘Klan, Sippe; Euter’
(HIL. 723)
(Hitt. pa-an-ku-na-aš [sgG], pa-an-ku-ni-it [I])
1. PIE *bɑɦongun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦongun-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦongun-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦangun-
3. bɦangun-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. bangun-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦonguno·so-
Hitt. banguna·ša-
(a.) ‘one belonging to b.’
(HIL. 723)
1. PIE *bɑɦonguno·so-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦonguno·so-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦonguno·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦanguna·sa-
3. bɦanguna·sa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *banguna·sa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. banguna·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. banguna·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√bɑɦongur-
(HEG P:415)
PIE *bɑɦongur-
Hitt. bangur-
(n.) ‘Klan, Sippe; Euter’
(HHand. 118)
(Hitt. pa-an-gur, pa-a-an-gur)
1. PIE *bɑɦongur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦongur-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦongur-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦangur-
3. bɦangur-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. bangur-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √bɑɦndɑɦ- (vb.) ‘binden’
(IEW 127)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + HLu. + Av.)
√bɑɦenodɑɦ-
PIE *bɑɦenodɑɦo-
MAv. banada-
(vb.) ‘binden’
(AIWb. 926)
(MAv. banadāmi [1sg])
1. PIE *bɑɦenodɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦenodɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦenodɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦenadɦa-
3. bɦenadɦa-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *benadɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. benadɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *benada-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. benada-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → MAv. banada-
PIE *bɑɦenodɑɦo·u̯ono-
HLu. benada·u̯ana-
(URBSa.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 2.26.5)
(HLu. pi-na-tà-wa/i-na(URBS))
1. PIE *bɑɦenodɑɦo·u̯ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦenodɦo·u̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦenodɦo·u̯ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦenadɦa·u̯ana-
3. bɦenadɦa·u̯ana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. benada·u̯ana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦenodɑɦei-
Hitt. benadei-
(c.) ‘(ein Schmuckstück, Art Halskette?)’
(HEG P:561-2)
(Hitt. pí-in-na-ti-iš, HHand. 129)
1. PIE *bɑɦenodɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦenodɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦenodɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦenadɦei-
3. bɦenadɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. benadei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √bɑɦt- (vb.) ‘schroten, stößen’ (sb.) ‘Stößel’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + CLu. + Av.)
√bɑɦt-
(Pyysalo)
(HIL. 764, Rieken 1999:357, HEG P:546)
PIE *bɑɦoto-
LAv. bata-
(pf.pt.a.) ‘geschrotet (vom Getreide)’
(AIWb. 924)
(LAv. batanąm yavanąm)
1. PIE *bɑɦoto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦoto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦoto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦata-
3. bɦata-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → LAv. bata-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *hɑe·bɑɦoto-
LAv. a·bata-
(a.) ‘nichtgeschrotet (vom Getreide)’
(AIWb. 87)
1. PIE *hɑe·bɑɦoto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa·bɑɦoto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa·bɑɦoto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ha·bɦoto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ha·bɦoto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ha·bɦata-
4. ha·bɦata-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *a·bɦata-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. a·bɦata-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → LAv. a·bata-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *bɑɦotei̯odɑɦo-
Hitt. batei̯ada-
(n.) ‘(in Zusammenhang mit ‘Mehl’)’
(HHand. 128)
(HEG P:546, Hitt. pa-at-ti-ia-ta=aš-še-et)
1. PIE *bɑɦotei̯odɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦotei̯odɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦotei̯odɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦatei̯adɦa-
3. bɦatei̯adɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. batei̯ada-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦotuno-
CLu. batuna-
(n./c.?) ‘GIŠNÀGA: Stößel: mortar’
(CHD P:247)
(CLu. pá-at-tu-na-a-ti)
1. PIE *bɑɦotuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦotuno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦotuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦatuna-
3. bɦatuna-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. batuna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦotur-
Hitt. batur-
(n.) ‘Stößel: mortar’
(HHand. 128)
(HEG P:548, Hitt. pád-dur)
1. PIE *bɑɦotur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦotur-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦotur-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦatur-
3. bɦatur-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. batur-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦoturi-
Hitt. baturi-
(a.) ‘von kleinen Gegenständen, die gestreut werden’
(HHand. 128)
(HEG P:549, Hitt. pát-tu-ri)
1. PIE *bɑɦoturi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦoturi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦoturi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦaturi-
3. bɦaturi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. baturi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √bɑɦr- (vb.) ‘schmieren, streichen’
(IEW 136)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + CLu. + Slav.)
√bɑɦro-
(HEG P:426-7)
PIE *bɑɦobɑɦro-
Hitt. babra-
(vb.) ‘unrein, verunreinigt sein’
(HHand. 119)
(in Hitt. pa-ap-ra-an-za, pa-ap-ra-an-ti-it)
1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦobɦro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦobɦro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦabɦra-
3. bɦabɦra-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. babra-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√bɑɦrēɑh-
(CHD P:103)
(HEG P:426-7)
PIE *bɑɦobɑɦrēɑh-
Hitt. babrāḫ-
(vb.2.) ‘unrein machen, verunreinigen’
(HHand. 119)
(Hitt. pa-ap-ra-aḫ-ḫi)
1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦrēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *bɑɦobɑɦrāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. bɑɦobɑɦrāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦobɦrāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦobɦrāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦabɦrāh-
4. bɦabɦrāh-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *babrāh-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. babrāh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. babrāḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *bɑɦobɑɦrēɑhont-
Hitt. babrāḫant-
(pt.) ‘unrein machen, verunreinigen’
(HIL. 727)
(Hitt. pa-ap-ra-aḫ-ḫa-an-t-)
1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦrēɑhont-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *bɑɦobɑɦrāɑhont-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. bɑɦobɑɦrāɑhont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦobɦrāhont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦobɦrāhont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦabɦrāhant-
4. bɦabɦrāhant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *babrāhant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. babrāhant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. babrāḫant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *bɑɦobɑɦrēɑhiske/o-
Hitt. babrāḫiške/a-
(iter.) ‘unrein machen, verunreinigen’
(HIL. 727)
(Hitt. pa-ap-ra-aḫ-ḫi-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦrēɑhiske/o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *bɑɦobɑɦrāɑhiske/o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. bɑɦobɑɦrāɑhiske/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦobɦrāhiske/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦobɦrāhiske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦabɦrāhiske/a-
4. bɦabɦrāhiske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *babrāhiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. babrāhiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *babrāhiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. babrāhiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. babrāḫiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√bɑɦ(o)ri-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG P:426-7)
PIE *bɑɦorei-
CLu. barei-
(pr.) ‘schmieren, streichen’
(DLL. 78)
(CLu. pa-ar-ri-it-ti [3sg], pa-ar-re-en-ti)
1. PIE *bɑɦorei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦorei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦorei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦarei-
3. bɦarei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. barei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦobɑɦrei-
Hitt. babrei-
(vb.) ‘Unreines tun, sich verunreinigen, unrein sein’
(HHand. 119)
(Hitt. pa-ap-ri-iz-zi)
1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦrei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦobɦrei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦobɦrei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦabɦrei-
3. bɦabɦrei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. babrei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦrineii̯os
OCS. brĭnije-
(n.) ‘Kot, Schlamm’
(Sadnik √218)
1. PIE *bɑɦrineii̯os
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦrineii̯os
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦrineii̯os
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦrineii̯as
3. bɦrineii̯as
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *brineii̯as
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. brineii̯as
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *brineii̯os
5. brineii̯os
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in -os (root-final)
Ros=›o= → *brineii̯o
6. brineii̯o
*-i̯o → -i̯e
Change of root-final -i̯o to -i̯e
Ri̯o=›i̯e= → *brineii̯e
7. brineii̯e
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *brinīi̯e
8. brinīi̯e
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *brinīje
9. brinīje
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *brĭnīje
10. brĭnīje
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → OCS. brĭnije
PIE *bɑɦobɑɦris-
Hitt. babriš-
(vb.1.) ‘unrein werden’
(HHand. 11)
(Hitt. pa-ap-re-eš-zi, pa-ap-ri-iš-zi)
1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦris-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦobɦris-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦobɦris-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦabɦris-
3. bɦabɦris-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *babris-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. babris-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. babriš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦobɑɦrisont-
Hitt. babrišant-
(pt.) ‘unrein werden’
(HIL. 727)
(Hitt. pa-ap-re-eš-ša-an-t-)
1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦrisont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦobɦrisont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦobɦrisont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦabɦrisant-
3. bɦabɦrisant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *babrisant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. babrisant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. babrišant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦobɑɦriske/o-
Hitt. babriške/a-
(vb.) ‘Unreines tun, sich verunreinigen, unrein sein’
(HHand. 119)
(Hitt. pa-ap-ri-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦriske/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦobɦriske/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦobɦriske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦabɦriske/a-
3. bɦabɦriske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *babriske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. babriske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. babriške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦobɑɦrisn-
Hitt. babrišn-
(n.) ‘Unreinheit’
(HHand. 119)
(Hitt. pa-ap-re-eš-ni [sgL])
1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦrisn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦobɦrisn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦobɦrisn-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦabɦrisn-
3. bɦabɦrisn-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *babrisn-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. babrisn-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. babrišn-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√bɑɦobɑɦron-
PIE *bɑɦobɑɦron-
Hitt. babran-
(n.) ‘Unsauberkeit’
(HHand. 119)
(Hitt. pa-ap-ra-an-na-aš, pa-ap-ra-an-ni)
1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦron-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦobɦron-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦobɦron-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦabɦran-
3. bɦabɦran-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. babran-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦobɑɦronont-
Hitt. babranant-
(c.) ‘Unreinheit, Befleckung’
(HHand. 119)
(Hitt. pa-ap-ra-an-na-an-za)
1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦronont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦobɦronont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦobɦronont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦabɦranant-
3. bɦabɦranant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. babranant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦobɑɦront-
Hitt. babrant-
(pt.) ‘unrein, verunreinigt’
(HHand. 119)
(Hitt. pa-ap-ra-an-za, pa-ap-ra-an-ti-it)
1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦront-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦobɦront-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦobɦront-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦabɦrant-
3. bɦabɦrant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. babrant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√bɑɦobɑɦros-
PIE *bɑɦobɑɦros-
Hitt. babraš-
(vb.fient.) ‘unrein werden’
(HHand. 119)
(Hitt. pa-ap-ra-aš-zi)
1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦros-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦobɦros-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦobɦros-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦabɦras-
3. bɦabɦras-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *babras-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. babras-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. babraš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√bɑɦorot-
PIE *bɑɦorotondɑɦi̯o-
CLu. baratanza-
(n.) ‘impureté? (denotes a bad quality)’
(HIL. 727)
(CLu. pa-ra-at-ta-an-za [sgNA?])
1. PIE *bɑɦorotondɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦorotondɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦorotondɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *bɦorotonjɦo-
3. bɦorotonjɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦaratanjɦa-
4. bɦaratanjɦa-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *bɦaratanzɦa-
5. bɦaratanzɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *baratanzɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. baratanzɦa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. baratanzḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *bɑɦorotosi-
CLu. barataši-
(a.) ‘impure?’
(HIL. 727)
(CLu. pa-ra-at-ta-aš-ši-in [sgA])
1. PIE *bɑɦorotosi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦorotosi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦorotosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦaratasi-
3. bɦaratasi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *baratasi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. baratasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. barataši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦorotosoto-
CLu. baratašata-
(c.) ‘a bad quality’
(HIL. 727)
(CLu. pa-ra-at-ta-ša-at-ta-[a]n [sgA])
1. PIE *bɑɦorotosoto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦorotosoto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦorotosoto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦaratasata-
3. bɦaratasata-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *baratasata-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. baratasata-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. baratašata-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√bɑɦrodɑɦ-
(HEG P:429-30)
PIE *bɑɦobɑɦrodɑɦor-
Hitt. babradar-
(n.) ‘Unsauberkeit’
(HHand. 119)
(Hitt. pa-ap-ra-tar, pa-ap-ra-a-tar)
1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦrodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦobɦrodɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦobɦrodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦabɦradɦar-
3. bɦabɦradɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. babradar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √bɑɦu- (adv.) ‘gesamt, vereint, allgemein, ein jeder’ (sb.) Gesamtheit, Volk, Versammlung’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Toch. + Anat.)
√bɑɦou-
PIE *bɑɦou-
TochB. po-
(a.) ‘all, every, each, complete’ (sb.) ‘everything’
(DTochB. 402)
(TochB. po = Skt. sarva, posa [sgPerl], po-ne)
1. PIE *bɑɦou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦau-
3. bɦau-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *bau-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. bau-
*b → p
Loss of voice of media *b
Rb›p → *pau-
5. pau-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *pō-
6. pō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. po-
PIE *bɑɦou·Σ
TochB. po·yknesa
(adv.) ‘in every way: Skt. sarvaśas’
(DTochB. 402)
1. PIE *bɑɦou·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦou·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦou·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦau·Σ
3. bɦau·Σ
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *bau·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. bau·Σ
*b → p
Loss of voice of media *b
Rb›p → *pau·Σ
5. pau·Σ
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *pō·Σ
6. pō·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. po·Σ
√bɑɦuoi-
PIE *bɑɦou̯i-
Hitt. bau̯i-
(a.) ‘= panku-: gesamt, vereint, allgemein, ein jeder’
(HEG P:410f.)
1. PIE *bɑɦou̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦou̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦou̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦau̯i-
3. bɦau̯i-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. bau̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦou̯i-
Hitt. bau̯i-
(sb.) ‘Gesamtheit, Volk, Versammlung, Hofstaat’
(HEG P:410f.)
1. PIE *bɑɦou̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦou̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦou̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦau̯i-
3. bɦau̯i-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. bau̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√bɑɦuno-
PIE *bɑɦuno-
CLu. buna-
(a.) ‘all, every’ (HHand. 135)
(DLL. 82)
(CLu. pu-u-na)
1. PIE *bɑɦuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦuno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦuna-
3. bɦuna-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. buna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦuno·muu̯o-
Hitt. buna·muu̯a-
(mc.*) ‘of full seed’
(NOMS. 1050)
(in Hitt. pu-u-na-A.A [Abs])
1. PIE *bɑɦuno·muu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦuno·muu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦuno·muu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦuna·muu̯a-
3. bɦuna·muu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. buna·muu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦuno·muu̯odɑɦei-
Kpd. buna·muu̯adei-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1051)
(Kpd. pu-na-mu-ua-ti)
1. PIE *bɑɦuno·muu̯odɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦuno·muu̯odɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦuno·muu̯odɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦuna·muu̯adɦei-
3. bɦuna·muu̯adɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Kpd. buna·muu̯adei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √bɑɦul- (sb.) ‘Gewuchs, Baum, Balken, Stamm, Geschlecht’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: OAnat. + Gr. + Illyr.)
√bɑɦulbɑɦuli-
(HEG P:646)
(CHD P:375f.)
PIE *bɑɦul·bɑɦuli-
Hitt. bul·buli-
(sb.) ‘Stamm, Balken’ (neben dašu ‘stark, fest’)
(HHand. 135)
1. PIE *bɑɦul·bɑɦuli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦul·bɦuli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦul·bɦuli-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. bul·buli-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦul·bɑɦuli-
CLu. bul·buli-
(GKL.) ‘-(?)-’
(DLL. 82)
(CLu. pu-ul-pu-li-i[...)
1. PIE *bɑɦul·bɑɦuli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦul·bɦuli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦul·bɦuli-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. bul·buli-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√bɑɦulio-
PIE *tri·bɑɦulio-
Illyr. tri·bulio-
(ONn.) ‘-(?)-’
(GEW 2:1050)
1. PIE *tri·bɑɦulio-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tri·bɦulio-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tri·bɦulio-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → Illyr. tri·bulio-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
√bɑɦulíēɑh-
PIE *bɑɦulíēɑh-
Dor. φυλίᾱ-
(f.) ‘Art wilder Ölbaum’
(GEW 2:1050)
(Gr. φυλία)
1. PIE *bɑɦulíēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *bɑɦulíāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. bɑɦulíāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦulíāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦulíāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦulíā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. bɦulíā-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phulíā-
5. phulíā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. φυλίᾱ-
PIE *bɑɦulíēɑh-
Ion. φυλίη-
(f.) ‘Art wilder Ölbaum’
(GEW 2:1050)
1. PIE *bɑɦulíēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *bɑɦulíāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. bɑɦulíāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦulíāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦulíāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦulíā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. bɦulíā-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phulíā-
5. phulíā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *phulíē-
6. phulíē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion. φυλίη-
PIE *tri·bɑɦulíēɑh-
Dor. τρι·φυλίᾱ-
(ONf.) ‘Küstenland von Elis’
(GEW 2:1050)
(Gr. τριφυλία)
1. PIE *tri·bɑɦulíēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tri·bɑɦulíāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tri·bɑɦulíāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tri·bɦulíāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tri·bɦulíāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tri·bɦulíā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tri·bɦulíā-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *tri·phulíā-
5. tri·phulíā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. τρι·φυλίᾱ-
PIE *peɑhn·bɑɦulíēɑh-
Dor. παμ·φυλίᾱ-
(ONf.) ‘aus allen Geschlechtern bestehend’
(GEW 2:1050)
(Dor. παμφυλία)
1. PIE *peɑhn·bɑɦulíēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhn·bɑɦulíēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. paɑhn·bɑɦulíēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *paɑhn·bɑɦulíāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. paɑhn·bɑɦulíāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pahn·bɦulíāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. pahn·bɦulíāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pan·bɦulíā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. pan·bɦulíā-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *pan·phulíā-
6. pan·phulíā-
*nP → mP
Change of nP into mP
RnP›mP → *pam·phulíā-
7. pam·phulíā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. παμ·φυλίᾱ-
PIE *bɑɦuliēɑh·Σ
Dor. φυλιᾱ·δών-
(ONm.) ‘N. einer Stadt in Pthiotis’
(GEW 2:1050)
(Dor. φυλιαδών)
1. PIE *bɑɦuliēɑh·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *bɑɦuliāɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. bɑɦuliāɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦuliāh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦuliāh·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦuliā·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. bɦuliā·Σ
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phuliā·Σ
5. phuliā·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. φυλιᾱ·Σ
PIE *bɑɦuliēɑh·Σ
Dor. φυλιᾱ·δόν-
(ONm.obl.) ‘N. einer Stadt in Pthiotis’
(GEW 2:1050)
(Dor. φυλιαδόν-)
1. PIE *bɑɦuliēɑh·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *bɑɦuliāɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. bɑɦuliāɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦuliāh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦuliāh·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦuliā·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. bɦuliā·Σ
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phuliā·Σ
5. phuliā·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. φυλιᾱ·Σ


PIE √bɑɦur- (vb.) ‘greifen, stürmen’ (sb.) ‘Hand, Faust, Gewalt’
(IEW 129)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Arm.)
√bɑɦur-
(HEG E:108)
(Pyysalo)
PIE *e·bɑɦuroi-
Hitt. e·burai-
(vb.) ‘ergreifen, erstürmen’ (HEG E:108)
(HHand. 32)
(Note Eichner’s (1973:79) internal connection, certainly worth consideration, to epp- ‘ergreifen, packen’.)
1. PIE *e·bɑɦuroi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *e·bɦuroi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. e·bɦuroi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *e·bɦurai-
3. e·bɦurai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. e·burai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *e·bɑɦurei̯o-
Hitt. e·burei̯a-
(vb.) ‘militärisch erstürmen, ergreifen’
(HHand. 32, 62)
1. PIE *e·bɑɦurei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *e·bɦurei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. e·bɦurei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *e·bɦurei̯a-
3. e·bɦurei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. e·burei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *e·bɑɦurisor-
Hitt. e·burišar-
(n.) ‘Erdmassenbewegung, Rampenbau’
(HHand. 32)
1. PIE *e·bɑɦurisor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *e·bɦurisor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. e·bɦurisor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *e·bɦurisar-
3. e·bɦurisar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *e·burisar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. e·burisar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. e·burišar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦurno
Arm. buṙn
(sb.) ‘Hand, Faust, Gewalt: hand, fist, violence’
(EtDiArm.194-5)
(Arm. buṙn, bṙniw)
1. PIE *bɑɦurno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦurno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦurno
rn → ṙn
Change of *r into ṙ before *n
Rrn›ṙn → *bɦuṙno
3. bɦuṙno
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → Arm. buṙno
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *bɑɦurno
Arm. buṙn
(a.) ‘strong, violent’
(EtDiArm.194-5)
(Arm. buṙn)
1. PIE *bɑɦurno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦurno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦurno
rn → ṙn
Change of *r into ṙ before *n
Rrn›ṙn → *bɦuṙno
3. bɦuṙno
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → Arm. buṙno
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)


PIE √bɑɦus- (a.) ‘gering, schlecht, böse’
(IEW 98)
(Pyysalo: OAnat. + Germ.)
√bɑɦus-
(HEG P:673)
PIE *bɑɦus·Σ
Hitt. buš·kanti-
(a.) ‘bösartig, böswillig’
(HHand. 137)
1. PIE *bɑɦus·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦus·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦus·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *bus·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. bus·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. buš·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɑɦus·Σ
CLu. buš·kantatar/n-
(GKLn.) ‘Bösartigkeit’
(HHand. 137)
1. PIE *bɑɦus·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦus·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦus·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *bus·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. bus·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. buš·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√bɑɦousēɑh-
PIE *bɑɦousēɑh
OSax. bōsa-
(f.) ‘Posse, nichtswürdiges Zeug: frivolus, nuga’
(Gl. P 1000)
(GlP bosa : friuola [plN] Wa 85, 20b = SAAGA 132, 20b bosa nugas Wa 86, 18b = SAGA 133, 18b)
1. PIE *bɑɦousēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *bɑɦousāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. bɑɦousāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦousāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦousāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦousā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. bɦousā
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *bousā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. bousā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bausā
6. bausā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *bausō
(XX:XX)
7. bausō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *bausa
8. bausa
*au → ō
Monophthongization of *au into ō
Rau›ōRestr → OSax. bōsa
PIE *bɑɦousēɑh-
OSax. bōsō-
(pr.) ‘lästern: blaspheme: blasphemare (Gl.)’
(Gl. end of 10th cent.)
(OSax. bosod [3sg] blasphemat SAGA 43, 40-41 = Gl. 1, 711, 40-41)
1. PIE *bɑɦousēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *bɑɦousāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. bɑɦousāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦousāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦousāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦousā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. bɦousā-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *bousā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. bousā-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bausā-
6. bausā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *bausō-
(XX:XX)
7. bausō-
*au → ō
Monophthongization of *au into ō
Rau›ōRestr → OSax. bōsō-


PIE √bɦɑr- √bɦɑor- √bɦɑer- (a.) ‘hoch’ (sb.) ‘Haupt, Kopf’
(IEW 140-141)
(Pyysalo: Gaul. + CLu.)
√bɦɑero-
(Delamarre DLG. 68)
PIE *bɦɑero-
OGaul. baro-
(PNm.) ‘Tête’
(DLG. 68)
(OGaul. barus)
1. PIE *bɦɑero-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *bɦɑaro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. bɦɑaro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦaro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦaro-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → OGaul. baro-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *su·bɦɑero-
OGaul. su·baro-
(PNm.) ‘Bonne-Tête’
(DLG. 68)
(OGaul. subarus)
1. PIE *su·bɦɑero-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *su·bɦɑaro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. su·bɦɑaro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *su·bɦaro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. su·bɦaro-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → OGaul. su·baro-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *koɑhm·bɦɑero·Σ
OGaul. com·baromaro--
(PNm.) ‘Grosse-Tête’
(DLG. 68)
(OGaul. combaromarus)
1. PIE *koɑhm·bɦɑero·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *koɑhm·bɦɑaro·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. koɑhm·bɦɑaro·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohm·bɦaro·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kohm·bɦaro·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kom·bɦaro·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kom·bɦaro·Σ
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *kom·baro·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. kom·baro·Σ
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → OGaul. com·baro·Σ
√bɦɑeri-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·bɦɑerio-
OGaul. sacro·bario-
(PNm.) ‘Sacro-Tête’
(DLG. 68)
(OGaul. sacrobarii [sgG])
1. PIE *Π·bɦɑerio-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·bɦɑario-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·bɦɑario-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·bɦario-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·bɦario-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → OGaul. Π·bario-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *bɦɑeroii̯o-
CLu. barai̯a-
(a.) ‘hoch: high’
(HIL. 737)
(CLu. pár-ra-ia-an-za, pár-ra-i-ia-[ti], [p]á[r-r]a-ia-ti)
1. PIE *bɦɑeroii̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *bɦɑaroii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. bɦɑaroii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦaroii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦaroii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦaraii̯a-
4. bɦaraii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *bɦaraia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. bɦaraia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *bɦarai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
6. bɦarai̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. barai̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√bɦɑriɑh-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *bɦɑríēɑh-
Thrac. βρίᾱ-
(f.) ‘Festung’
(IEW 1152)
(Thrac. βρία; not *ϝρια-, cf. LinB. ri-jo ‘Berghöhe’)
1. PIE *bɦɑríēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *bɦɑríāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. bɦɑríāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦríāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦríāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦríā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. bɦríā-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *bríā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. bríā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Thrac. βρίᾱ-
PIE *Π·bɦɑriēɑh-
OGaul. sado·briā-
(f.) ‘-(?)-’
(ACSS 2:1283)
(OGaul. sadobria ‹cf. OGaul. sodo-bricā›)
1. PIE *Π·bɦɑriēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·bɦɑriāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·bɦɑriāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·bɦriāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·bɦriāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·bɦriā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·bɦriā-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → OGaul. Π·briā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)


PIE √bɦɑr- (vb.) ‘ritzen, schneiden, brechen, zerbröckeln, zerbrechen, zerteilen’
(IEW 133f.)
(Sturtevant 1930c:127)
√bɦɑrs-
√bɦɑers-
(HEG P:491ff.)
(CHD P:180ff., Sturtevant 1930c:127)
PIE *bɦɑers-
Hitt. barš-
(vb.2.A.) ‘zerbröckeln, zerbrechen, zerteilen’
(HHand. 124)
(Hitt. pa-ar-ši, pár-ši [3sg])
1. PIE *bɦɑers-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *bɦɑars-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. bɦɑars-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦars-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦars-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *bars-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. bars-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. barš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɦɑers-
Hitt. barš-
(vb.1.A.) ‘zerbröckeln, zerbrechen, zerteilen’
(HHand. 124)
(Hitt. pár-šu-ua-ni [1pl])
1. PIE *bɦɑers-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *bɦɑars-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. bɦɑars-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦars-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦars-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *bars-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. bars-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. barš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɦɑers-
Hitt. barš-
(vb.intr.) ‘zerspringen’
(HHand. 124)
1. PIE *bɦɑers-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *bɦɑars-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. bɦɑars-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦars-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦars-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *bars-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. bars-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. barš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɦɑérs-
Ion.-Att. φάρσ-
(vb.) ‘σχίσαι’
(GEW 2:995)
(Gr. φάρσαι · σχίσαι [EM])
1. PIE *bɦɑérs-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *bɦɑárs-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. bɦɑárs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦárs-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦárs-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phárs-
4. phárs-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. φάρσ-
PIE *bɦɑerso-
CLu. barša-
(pr.) ‘zerbröckeln, zerbrechen, zerteilen’
(HIL. 734)
(CLu. pár-ša-a-ti [3sg])
1. PIE *bɦɑerso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *bɦɑarso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. bɦɑarso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦarso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦarso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦarsa-
4. bɦarsa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *barsa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. barsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. barša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɦɑérsos-
Ion.-Att. φάρσοσ-
(n.) ‘Stück, Teil’ (a.) ‘(of Babylon etc.)’
(GEW 2:994)
(Gr. φάρσος)
1. PIE *bɦɑérsos-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *bɦɑársos-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. bɦɑársos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦársos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦársos-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phársos-
4. phársos-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. φάρσοσ-
√bɦɑrt-
√bɦɑebɦɑertomo-
PIE *bɦɑebɦɑertomo
CLu. babartama-
(GKLpt.) ‘(Beiwort der Göttin Ištar)’
(HHand. 119)
1. PIE *bɦɑebɦɑertomo
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *bɦɑabɦɑartomo
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. bɦɑabɦɑartomo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦabɦartomo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦabɦartomo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦabɦartama
4. bɦabɦartama
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. babartama
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√bɦɑertoni-
PIE *bɦɑertoni-
Hitt. bartani-
(NINDAc.) ‘(ein Gebäck)’
(HHand. 125)
1. PIE *bɦɑertoni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *bɦɑartoni-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. bɦɑartoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦartoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦartoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦartani-
4. bɦartani-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. bartani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɦɑertoni-
CLu. bartani-
(c.) ‘(Art Gebäck oder Spezifizierung von Gebäck)’ (HHand. 125)
(DLL. 80)
(CLu. pár-ta-an-ni-in-zi)
1. PIE *bɦɑertoni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *bɦɑartoni-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. bɦɑartoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦartoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦartoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦartani-
4. bɦartani-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. bartani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√bɦɑertu-
PIE *bɦɑertu·ni-
HLu. bartu·ni-
(CULTERvb.) ‘abtrennen?’
(CHLu. 2.11+12.26, 27)
(HLu. (“CULTER”)pa+ra/i-tú-ní-tú-u [pl]; (“CULTER”)pa+ra/i-tú-ni-i-tú [pl])
1. PIE *bɦɑertu·ni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *bɦɑartu·ni-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. bɦɑartu·ni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦartu·ni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦartu·ni-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. bartu·ni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √bɦɑr- (sb.) ‘Gerste, Spelt’
(IEW 111 *bʰares-)
(possibly to be connected to IEW 108 *bʰar- ‘Borste, Spitze, Ähre’)
√bɦɑeris-
PIE *bɦɑeri̯osi-
HLu. bari̯aši-
(179/HORDEUMc.) ‘barley’
(CHLu. 7.5.fr1)
(HLu. “*179”(-)pa+ra/i-ia-si-i-na, “HORDEUM” 10.14.11)
1. PIE *bɦɑeri̯osi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *bɦɑari̯osi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. bɦɑari̯osi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦari̯osi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦari̯osi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦari̯asi-
4. bɦari̯asi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *bari̯asi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. bari̯asi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. bari̯aši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɦɑeriseino
Goth. barizein-
(a.) ‘gersten: of barley: κρίθινος: hordeaceus’
(GoEtD. B26)
(Goth. barizeinam [plD] Joh 6,13 CA, barizeinans [plA] Joh 6,9 CA, HbGo. 154,2)
1. PIE *bɦɑeriseino
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *bɦɑariseino
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. bɦɑariseino
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦariseino
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦariseino
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *bariseino
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. bariseino
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bariseina
5. bariseina
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *barisīna
6. barisīna
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *barisīn
7. barisīn
*ī → ei
Orthographic change of *ī into ei
Rī›ei → Goth. barisein


PIE √bɦɑrgɑɦi- (a.) ‘hoch’ (vb.) ‘(hoch-, er-)heben’ (sb.) ‘Höhe, Berg’
(IEW 140-141)
(Marstrander 1919:148; or PIE *bɦɑrgiɑɦ-?)
√bɦɑergɑɦi-
(HEG P:465ff.)
(CHD P:155ff., HIL. 736f.)
PIE *bɦɑergɑɦi-
Hitt. barg-
(vb.) ‘(hoch-, er-)heben’
(HHand. 122)
(Hitt. pár-kán-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *bɦɑergɑɦi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *bɦɑargɑɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. bɦɑargɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦargɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦargɦi-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *bɦarǵɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. bɦarǵɦ-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *bɦargɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. bɦargɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. barg-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɦɑergɑɦi-
Arm. barj-
(ao.) ‘raise’
(EtDiArm. 171f.)
(Arm. ebarj)
1. PIE *bɦɑergɑɦi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *bɦɑargɑɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. bɦɑargɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦargɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦargɦi-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *bɦarj́ɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. bɦarj́ɦ-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → *bɦarjɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. bɦarjɦ-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *barjɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. barjɦ-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → Arm. barj-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *bɦɑergɑɦi-
TochA. park-
(pret.A.) ‘oriri (de solis ortu)’
(Poucha 172)
(TochA. parkā [3sg], parkar [3pl])
1. PIE *bɦɑergɑɦi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *bɦɑargɑɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. bɦɑargɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦargɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦargɦi-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *bɦarǵɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. bɦarǵɦ-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *bɦargɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. bɦargɦ-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *bargɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. bargɦ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *barg-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. barg-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *bark-
8. bark-
*b → p
Loss of voice of media *b
Rb›p → TochA. park-
√bɦɑorgɑɦi-
PIE *bɦɑorgɑɦi-
LAv. barǝz-
(m./f.?) ‘Höhe, Berg’
(AIWb. 949)
(LAv. barš [sgN], barǝzō; or *e?)
1. PIE *bɦɑorgɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦorgɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦorgɦi-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *bɦorj́ɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. bɦorj́ɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦarj́ɦ-
4. bɦarj́ɦ-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
Rr›rǝ → *bɦarǝj́ɦ-
5. bɦarǝj́ɦ-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *bɦarǝzɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
6. bɦarǝzɦ-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *barǝzɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. barǝzɦ-
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → LAv. barǝz-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *Π·bɦɑorgɑɦi̯ei̯o-
LAv. uz (...) barǝzaya-
(cs.) ‘aufwachsen lassen’
(AIWb. 949)
(Av. uz apara barǝzayeni)
1. PIE *Π·bɦɑorgɑɦi̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·bɦorgɦi̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·bɦorgɦi̯ei̯o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *Π·bɦorj́ɦei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·bɦorj́ɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·bɦarj́ɦei̯a-
4. Π·bɦarj́ɦei̯a-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
Rr›rǝ → *Π·bɦarǝj́ɦei̯a-
5. Π·bɦarǝj́ɦei̯a-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *Π·bɦarǝzɦei̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
6. Π·bɦarǝzɦei̯a-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *Π·barǝzɦei̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. Π·barǝzɦei̯a-
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *Π·barǝzei̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. Π·barǝzei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·barǝzai̯a-
9. Π·barǝzai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. Π·barǝzaya-
√bɦɑrgɑɦi-
PIE *bɦɑrgɑɦi-
LAv. bǝrǝz-
(m./f.) ‘Höhe, Berg’
(AIWb. 949)
(LAv. bǝrǝzō [sgG])
1. PIE *bɦɑrgɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦrgɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦrgɦi-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *bɦrj́ɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. bɦrj́ɦ-
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → *bɦr̥j́ɦ-
4. bɦr̥j́ɦ-
*r̥ → ǝr
Change of *r̥ into ǝr
Rr̥›ǝr → *bɦǝrj́ɦ-
5. bɦǝrj́ɦ-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
Rr›rǝ → *bɦǝrǝj́ɦ-
6. bɦǝrǝj́ɦ-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *bɦǝrǝzɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
7. bɦǝrǝzɦ-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *bǝrǝzɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. bǝrǝzɦ-
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → LAv. bǝrǝz-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *bɦɑrgɑɦi-
LAv. bǝrǝz-
(a.) ‘hoch, erhaben’
(AIWb. 949)
(LAv. ratǝ̄uš bǝrǝzō [sgG])
1. PIE *bɦɑrgɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦrgɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦrgɦi-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *bɦrj́ɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. bɦrj́ɦ-
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → *bɦr̥j́ɦ-
4. bɦr̥j́ɦ-
*r̥ → ǝr
Change of *r̥ into ǝr
Rr̥›ǝr → *bɦǝrj́ɦ-
5. bɦǝrj́ɦ-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
Rr›rǝ → *bɦǝrǝj́ɦ-
6. bɦǝrǝj́ɦ-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *bɦǝrǝzɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
7. bɦǝrǝzɦ-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *bǝrǝzɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. bǝrǝzɦ-
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → LAv. bǝrǝz-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
√bɦɑergɑɦio-
PIE *bɦɑergɑɦi̯o-
Hitt. barga-
(vb.M.) ‘erheben’
(HIL. 736)
(Hitt. pár-ga-aḫ-[ḫa-ri?])
1. PIE *bɦɑergɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *bɦɑargɑɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. bɦɑargɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦargɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦargɦi̯o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *bɦarǵɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. bɦarǵɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦarǵɦa-
5. bɦarǵɦa-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *bɦargɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. bɦargɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. barga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɦɑergɑɦi̯o-
Hitt. barga-
(a.) ‘high, lofty, tall, elevated’
(HIL. 736)
(Hitt. pár-ga-u-uš [plA])
1. PIE *bɦɑergɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *bɦɑargɑɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. bɦɑargɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦargɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦargɦi̯o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *bɦarǵɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. bɦarǵɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦarǵɦa-
5. bɦarǵɦa-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *bɦargɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. bɦargɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. barga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɦɑergɑɦi̯om-
Hitt. bargam-
(a.) ‘high, tall, lofty, elevated’
(HIL. 736)
(Hitt. pár-ga-mu-uš [plA])
1. PIE *bɦɑergɑɦi̯om-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *bɦɑargɑɦi̯om-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. bɦɑargɑɦi̯om-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦargɦi̯om-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦargɦi̯om-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *bɦarǵɦom-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. bɦarǵɦom-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦarǵɦam-
5. bɦarǵɦam-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *bɦargɦam-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. bɦargɦam-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. bargam-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√bɦɑergɑɦii-
PIE *bɦɑergɑɦi̯ei-
Hitt. bargei-
(a.) ‘-(?)-’ (with KUR ‘Land’; CHD P:160)
(HHand. 123)
(Hitt. [...]x ú-e-te-[na-a]n-da-an pár-ki-i KUR-i [KUB 8.2.rev. (11)])
1. PIE *bɦɑergɑɦi̯ei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *bɦɑargɑɦi̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. bɦɑargɑɦi̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦargɦi̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦargɦi̯ei-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *bɦarǵɦei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. bɦarǵɦei-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *bɦargɦei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. bɦargɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. bargei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *bɦɑergɑɦi̯ei̯o-
Hitt. bargei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘(sich) erheben, hoch werden, wachsen’
(HHand. 123)
(Hitt. pár-ki-ia-az-zi, pár-ki-ia-an-zi)
1. PIE *bɦɑergɑɦi̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *bɦɑargɑɦi̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. bɦɑargɑɦi̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦargɦi̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦargɦi̯ei̯o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *bɦarǵɦei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. bɦarǵɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦarǵɦei̯a-
5. bɦarǵɦei̯a-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *bɦargɦei̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. bɦargɦei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. bargei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√bɦɑergɑɦiro-
PIE *bɦɑergɑɦiro-
Arm. barjr-
(a.) ‘tall’
(EtDiArm. 171f.)
(Arm. barjr)
1. PIE *bɦɑergɑɦiro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *bɦɑargɑɦiro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. bɦɑargɑɦiro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦargɦiro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦargɦiro-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *bɦarj́ɦro-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. bɦarj́ɦro-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → *bɦarjɦro-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. bɦarjɦro-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *barjɦro-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. barjɦro-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → Arm. barjro-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)


PIE √r- √or- √er- (vb.) ‘glänzen, brennen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√or-
PIE *or-
Hitt. ar-
(vb.2.) ‘heiß, warm sein: be hot’
(HIL. 199)
(Hitt. a-ri [3sg])
1. PIE *or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ar-
√oro-
(Pyysalo)
(uncertain)
PIE *oro·Σ
Hitt. ara·ḫabila-
(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 29)
(Hitt. a-ra-ḫa-pí-la[)
1. PIE *oro·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ara·Σ
√oron-
(Pyysalo)
(uncertain)
PIE *oron·Σ
Hitt. aran·ḫabila-
(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘(im Land Ulma)’
(OGH. 29)
(Hitt. a-ra-an-ḫa-pí-la)
1. PIE *oron·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. aran·Σ
PIE *oron·Σ
Hitt. aran·ḫabilani
(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 29)
(Hitt. a-ra-an-ḫa-pí-la-ni )
1. PIE *oron·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. aran·Σ
PIE *oron·Σ
Hitt. aran·ḫabilizi-
(LÚc.) ‘(général de Muršilis II)’
(NOMS. 114)
(Hitt. a-ra-an-ḫa-pí-li-(iz)-zi-iš/-in)
1. PIE *oron·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. aran·Σ
PIE *oron·Σ
Hitt. aran·ḫabilizi-
(LÚc.) ‘(officier du palais sous Muwatali-)’
(NOMS. 114.2)
(in Akd. a-ra-an-ḫa-pí-li-iz-zi)
1. PIE *oron·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. aran·Σ
PIE *orono
TochA. arän-
(m.) ‘vultus, frons: aspect, apparence’
(Poucha 9)
(TochA. aräṃ [sgN])
1. PIE *orono
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arana
2. arana
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → TochA. aran
PIE *oron·Σ
TochA. arän·pāt-
(sb.) ‘statura, figura: Skt. rūpa-’
(Poucha 9)
(TochA. arämpāt [sgObl], arämpātäntu [plA])
1. PIE *oron·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → TochA. aran·Σ
PIE *oron·Σ
TochA. arän·pātṣi-
(a.) ‘staturae, figurae’
(Poucha 9)
(TochA. arämpāt ṣi, LeTokh. 1:149)
1. PIE *oron·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → TochA. aran·Σ
PIE *Π·oron·Σ
TochA. sne·arän·pātum-
(a.) ‘staturae, figurae’
(Poucha 9-10)
1. PIE *Π·oron·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → TochA. Π·aran·Σ
√oros- √ors-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *oroson-
Hitt. arašan-
(a.) ‘weiß’
HED A:206)
(Hitt. arašan- hapax; AHPh. 170)
1. PIE *oroson-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arasan-
2. arasan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. arašan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *r̥suɑ́h-
RV. r̥ṣū-
(f.?) ‘Flamme des Agni’
(WbRV. 293)
(RV. r̥ṣūnáam [plG], KEWA 1:125)
1. PIE *r̥suɑ́h-
PIE *uɑ́ → uú
Assimilation of *u and *ɑ́
Ruɑ́›uú → *r̥suúh-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. r̥suúh-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiOIA → *r̥šuúh-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. r̥šuúh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *r̥šuú-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. r̥šuú-
*uú → ū́
Contraction of u and ú
Ruú›ū́ → *r̥šū́-
5. r̥šū́-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. r̥ṣū́-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)


PIE √r- √or- √er- (a.) ‘hoch, sehr, viel’ (vb.) ‘sich regen, erheben’ (sb.) ‘Berghöhe, Akropolis, Polis’
(IEW 5, 1152)
(Kronasser EHS:528; Pyysalo)
√oro-
PIE *oro-
Hitt. ara-
(vb.2.) ‘sich erheben: (a)rise, lift, raise’
(HEG A:52)
(Hitt. a-ra-a-i, a-ra-i [3sg])
1. PIE *oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ara-
PIE *oró-
Gr. ὀρό-
(ao.) ‘sich regen/erheben, losstürzen, eilen’
(GEW 2:422)
(Gr. ὠρόμην)
1. PIE *oró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀρό-
PIE *ou̯·oro-
Hitt. au̯·ara-
(ḪUR.SAGc.) ‘(verehrt in ›Šuruwa)’
(OGH. 58)
(HEG A:95f., Hitt. a-u-ua-ra-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *ou̯·oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. au̯·ara-
√ero-
PIE *éro-
Lith. ẽra-
(m.) ‘Adler’
(LiEtWb. 122)
(Lith. ẽras [sgN])
1. PIE *éro-
é → è
Emergence of gravis PLith. è
RLiAcc4 → *èro-
2. èro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *èra-
3. èra-
èra -› ẽra
Circumflex intonation è -› ẽ
Rèra›ẽra → Lith. ẽra-
PIE *eró-
Gr. ἐρό-
(ao.) ‘sich regen/erheben, losstürzen, eilen’
(GEW 2:422)
1. PIE *eró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐρό-
√ro-
PIE *ou·ro-
Hitt. au·ra-
(n./c.) ‘Ausguck, Warte, Turm’
(HHand. 29)
(HEG A:95f.)
1. PIE *ou·ro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. au·ra-
PIE *ou·ro-
Hitt. au·ra-
(URU.) ‘‹cf. above›’
(OGH. 57)
(HEG A:95f.)
1. PIE *ou·ro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. au·ra-
√ori-
PIE *Π·ṓri-
RV. ud (…) ā́ri·-
(pf.) ‘sich erheben, sich in bewegung setzen’
(WbRV. 98-101)
(RV. ud (...) ā́rithā [2sg])
1. PIE *Π·ṓri-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → RV. Π·ā́ri-
PIE *ori-
CLu. ari-
(vb.) ‘erheben, tragen: raise, lift, bear’ (HHand. 21)
(DLL. 30-1)
(CLu. a-ri-it-t[i] [3sg])
1. PIE *ori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. ari-
PIE *ou̯·ori-
Hitt. au̯·ari-
(c.) ‘Ausguck, Warte, Turm’
(HHand. 30)
(HEG A:95f.)
1. PIE *ou̯·ori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. au̯·ari-
PIE *orei̯o-
Hitt. arei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘(a)rise, lift, raise’
(HIL. 239)
(Hitt. a-ri-ia-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *orei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. arei̯a-
√eri-
PIE *eri-
Gr. ἐρι-
(pref.) ‘hoch, sehr’
(GEW 1:557)
1. PIE *eri-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐρι-
PIE *eri·Σ
Gr. ἐρι·ώλη-
(f.) ‘Wirbelwind, Orkan’
(GEW 1:561)
(Gr. ἐριώλη, lit. ‘high/rising/intense wind’)
1. PIE *eri·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐρι·Σ
PIE *erii̯e-
LycA. erije-
(vb.) ‘raise, levy’
(HIL. 240)
(LycA. erije [3sg], erijeine [inf.], erijeina [inf.])
1. PIE *erii̯e-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → LycA. erije-
√ri-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ou·ri-
Hitt. au·ri-
(n./c.) ‘Ausguck, Warte, Turm’
(HHand. 29)
(HEG A:95f.)
1. PIE *ou·ri-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. au·ri-
PIE *ri-
TochA. ri-
(f.) ‘urbs, oppidum’
(Poucha 258)
(TochA. ri [sgN])
PIE *ou·ri̯o-
Hitt. au·ri̯a-
(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘(in der Nähe von ›Ḫaštira)’
(OGH. 57-58)
(HEG A:95f.)
1. PIE *ou·ri̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. au·ri̯a-
PIE *rii-
TochA. rī-
(f.) ‘urbs, oppidum’
(Poucha 258)
(TochA. rī [sgN])
1. PIE *rii-
*ii → ī
Contraction of i and i
Rii›ī → TochA. rī-
PIE *rii·Σ
TochA. rī·päṣe
(sb.) ‘custos urbis’
(Poucha 258)
(TochA. rīpäṣe)
1. PIE *rii·Σ
*ii → ī
Contraction of i and i
Rii›ī → TochA. rī·Σ
PIE *rii̯o-
LinB. ριjο-
(n.) ‘Berghöhe, Vorgebirge’
(GEW 2:659)
(LinB. ri-jo)
1. PIE *rii̯o-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *rijo-
2. rijo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → LinB. ριjο-
PIE *ríi̯o-
Gr. ρίο-
(n.) ‘Berghöhe, Vorgebirge’ (ON.) ‘in Achaia’
(GEW 2:659)
(HEG S:1002; Gr. ῥίο-)
1. PIE *ríi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *río-
2. río-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ρίο-
PIE *rii̯ɑh-
TochA. riy-
(f.) ‘urbs, oppidum’
(Poucha 258)
(TochA. riyis [G], riyā, riyac [sgD])
1. PIE *rii̯ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *rii̯h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. rii̯h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *rii̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. rii̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochA. riy-
PIE *ou·ri̯olo-
Hitt. au·ri̯ala-
(c.N.ag.) ‘Grenzwächter, Grenzschutzsoldat’
(HHand. 29)
(HEG A:95f.)
1. PIE *ou·ri̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. au·ri̯ala-
√ru-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *oru-
Hitt. aru-
(a.) ‘hoch’
(HEG A:70)
(HHand. 24)
1. PIE *oru-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. aru-
PIE *oru-
Pal. aru-
(a.) ‘viel, sehr’
(HHand. 24)
1. PIE *oru-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Pal. aru-
PIE *oru-
CLu. aru-
(a.) ‘hoch’
(HHand. 24)
(HIL. 253, CLu. aru [adv. = n.])
1. PIE *oru-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. aru-
PIE *Π·rú-
RV. made·rú-
(a.) ‘sehr erfreuend’ (Sāy.)
(WbRV. 983)
(For segmentation, see RV. máde·raghu-, WbRV. 983)


PIE √r- √or- √er- (a.) ‘lang’ (vb.) ‘verlängern’
(IEW –)
(van Windekens 1955:245: Toch. + Lu.; Pyysalo: OInd.)
√oro-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ōro-
CLu. āra-
(a.) ‘lang’
(HEG A:53)
(CLu. aarati [D/Abl])
1. PIE *ōro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ōra-
2. ōra-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → CLu. āra-
PIE *ōro-
HLu. āra-
(a.) ‘lang’
(HEG A:70)
(AHPh. 265: CLu. aara/i- = HLu. á+ra/i-)
1. PIE *ōro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ōra-
2. ōra-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → HLu. āra-
PIE *orṓɦɑrdo-
OInd. arā́ḍa-
(a.) ‘langhörnig’
(EWA 1:111)
(For OInd. ·ḍa- cf. Gr. ἄρδι- ‘Pfeilspitze, Stachel, MA. 439)
1. PIE *orṓɦɑrdo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *orṓɦrdo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. orṓɦrdo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arṓɦrda-
3. arṓɦrda-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *arā́ɦrda-
4. arā́ɦrda-
PIE *ɦRd → ḍ
Fortunatov’s Law for *ɦRd
RɦRd›ḍ → OInd. arā́ḍa-
(SPIE §3.3.2)
√oroi-
PIE *oroi-
CLu. arai-
(a.) ‘long’
(DLL. 30)
(CLu. a-ar-ra-i-in-zi [plN])
1. PIE *oroi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. arai-
PIE *oroii̯o-
CLu. arai̯a-
(a.) ‘long’ (HHand. 20)
(DLL. 30)
(CLu. a-ar-ra-ia-ti [sgI], a-ra-ia-a-ti)
1. PIE *oroii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *araii̯a-
2. araii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *araia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. araia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → CLu. arai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
PIE *oroii̯o-
HLu. arai̯a-
(a.) ‘long ‹epith. of ‘days’›’
(CHLu. 10.11.17)
(HLu. a-ra/i-ia [plA])
1. PIE *oroii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *araii̯a-
2. araii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *araia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. araia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → HLu. arai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
√oronu-
(HEG A:53)
PIE *oronu-
CLu. aranu-
(cs.) ‘verlängern’ (HHand. 21)
(DLL. 30)
(CLu. a-ra-an-nu-uḫ-ḫa [1sg])
1. PIE *oronu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. aranu-
PIE *oronu̯o-
Hitt. aranu̯a-
(vb.) ‘verlängern’
(HHand. 21)
(Hitt. a-ra-nu-ua-at-ta [3sg])
1. PIE *oronu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. aranu̯a-
√ori-
(van Windekens 1955:245)
PIE *ori-
CLu. ari-
(a.) ‘long’
(DLL. 30)
(CLu. aris, a-ri-i-in [sgA])
1. PIE *ori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. ari-
PIE *ori̯u-
TochA. aryu-
(a.) ‘longus (de tempore): Skt. ciram’
(Poucha 10)
(TochA. aryu-, also TochA. māryu = /mā+aryu/)
1. PIE *ori̯u-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ari̯u-
2. ari̯u-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochA. aryu-
√oru-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *oru̯·Σ
OPr. arw·arb-
(sb.) ‘langes Holz, Langwiede’
(Voc. 301)
(OPr. arwarbs [sgN]; for OPr. arb- cf. Lat. arbor)
1. PIE *oru̯·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aru̯·Σ
2. aru̯·Σ
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *arv·Σ
3. arv·Σ
*v → w
Orthographic change of of *v into w
Rv›w → OPr. arw·Σ


PIE √r- √or- √er- (vb.) ‘eilen, kommen’ (a.) ‘schnell’ (sb.) ‘Zeit’
(IEW 53-54, 326ff.)
(Pyysalo: CLu. + HLu.)
√oro-
PIE *oro-
HLu. ara-
(PES2vb.) ‘come’
(CHLu. 11.1.a6)
(HLu. (“PES2”)a+ra/i-ta-’)
1. PIE *oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. ara-
PIE *oro-
OInd. ara-
(a.) ‘speedy, swift’
(MonWil. 86)
1. PIE *oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OInd. ara-
PIE *oro-
CLu. ara-
(c.) ‘Zeit’
(HHand. 20)
(not to Goth. jer against Kimball 1999:361)
1. PIE *oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. ara-
PIE *oro-
HLu. ara-
(c.) ‘age, time’
(CHLu. 1.1.74)
(HLu. ara/i-zi [pl])
1. PIE *oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. ara-
PIE *op·oro-
Goth. af·ar-
(m.) ‘Nachkomme: ἐφημερία: vicis’
(GoEtD. A10)
(Goth. afaram [plD] Luk 1,5 CA)
1. PIE *op·oro-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *of·oro-
2. of·oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. af·ara-
PIE *op·oró-
RV. ap·ará-
(adv.) ‘künftig, später’
(WbRV. 73)
1. PIE *op·oró-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ap·aró-
2. ap·aró-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. ap·ará-
PIE *óp·oro-
RV. áp·ara-
(a.) ‘hintere, spätere, westliche, zurückstehende’
(WbRV. 72-3)
1. PIE *óp·oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *óp·ara-
2. óp·ara-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. áp·ara-
PIE *Π·oró-
RV. sam·ará-
(m.) ‘Zusammenkommen, Zusammenströmen’
(WbRV. 1480)
1. PIE *Π·oró-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·aró-
2. Π·aró-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. Π·ará-
√oroi-
PIE *op·oroi-
HLu. ap·arai-
(POSTa.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 6.3.20)
(HLu. POST+ra/i-i-sá [sgN])
1. PIE *op·oroi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. ap·arai-
PIE *op·oroi-
CLu. ap·arai-
(vb.) ‘‹go forth/after?›’
(HHand. 18)
(CLu. apparaindu [3pl])
1. PIE *op·oroi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. ap·arai-
√ōri-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ōri-
CLu. āri-
(c.) ‘Zeit’ (HHand. 20)
(DLL. 30)
(CLu. a-a-ri-i, a-a-ri-in, a-ri-i[, a-ri-i[n)
1. PIE *ōri-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → CLu. āri-
PIE *ōri-
HLu. āri-
(c.) ‘time’
(CHLu. 2.45.3)
(HLu. ara/i-i-zi)
1. PIE *ōri-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → HLu. āri-
PIE *Π·ōri
OInd. par·āri
(adv.) ‘in the year before last’
(MonWil. 589)
1. PIE *Π·ōri
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → OInd. Π·āri
PIE *Π·ōri·tno-
OInd. par·āri·tna-
(a.) ‘belonging to the year before last’
(IEW 24 [diff.])
1. PIE *Π·ōri·tno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ōri·tna-
2. Π·ōri·tna-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → OInd. Π·āri·tna-
√rei-
PIE *ki̯i.rei-
Goth. hi.rei-
(vb.) ‘komm her: come here: δευ̃ρο, ἔρχου: veni’
(GoEtD. H66)
(Goth. hiri [sg] Joh 11,34 CA; Joh 11,43 CA; Luk 18,22 CA; Mrk 10,21 CA)
1. PIE *ki̯i.rei-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱi.rei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱi.rei-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ki.rei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ki.rei-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xi.rei-
4. xi.rei-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *xi.rī-
5. xi.rī-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hi.rī-
6. hi.rī-
*ī → ei
Orthographic change of *ī into ei
Rī›ei → Goth. hi.rei-
PIE *ki̯i.ri̯o-
Goth. hi.rja-
(vb.) ‘komm her: come here: δευ̃τε’
(GoEtD. H66)
(Goth. hirjats [du] Mrk 1,17 CA, GoElB. 49,1, 215,II)
1. PIE *ki̯i.ri̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱi.ri̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱi.ri̯o-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ki.ri̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ki.ri̯o-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xi.ri̯o-
4. xi.ri̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xi.ri̯a-
5. xi.ri̯a-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hi.ri̯a-
6. hi.ri̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Goth. hi.rja-
PIE *ki̯i.ri̯e-
Goth. hi.rji-
(vb.) ‘komm her: come here: δευ̃τε’
(GoEtD. H66)
(Goth. hirjiþ [pl] Mrk 12,7 CA,HbGo. 61,5e)
1. PIE *ki̯i.ri̯e-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱi.ri̯e-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱi.ri̯e-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ki.ri̯e-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ki.ri̯e-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xi.ri̯e-
4. xi.ri̯e-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *xi.ri̯i-
5. xi.ri̯i-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hi.ri̯i-
6. hi.ri̯i-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Goth. hi.rji-
√oront-
PIE *op·oronto-
HLu. ap·aranta
(POSTsb.) ‘future’
(CHLu. 2.27.5)
(HLu. POST+ra/i-tá [sgD] ‘in the future’)
1. PIE *op·oronto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. ap·aranta-
PIE *op·oronti-
CLu. ap·aranti-
(a.) ‘zukünftig: future’
(HHand. 18)
(CLu. aparanti)
1. PIE *op·oronti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. ap·aranti-
√ort-
PIE *orto-
HLu. arta-
(n.) ‘income’
(CHLu. 9.1.10)
(HLu. a+ra/i-tà)
1. PIE *orto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. arta-
√orun-
PIE *Π·oru·n-
OSax. av·aro·n-
(m.) ‘Nachkomme, Kind: offspring, child’
(Hel. 69C)
(OSax. auaron [plN] H 69 C, auaron H 65 C, H 2126 C)
1. PIE *Π·oru·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·aru·n-
2. Π·aru·n-
R=un-›=on- → OSax. Π·aro·n-
PIE *Π·oru·n-
OSax. aƀ·aro·n-
(m.) ‘Nachkomme, Kind: offspring, child’
(Hel. 3000 C)
(OSax. aƀaron 3000 C [plD], abaron 2221 C, aƀaron [plA] 5485 C)
1. PIE *Π·oru·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·aru·n-
2. Π·aru·n-
R=un-›=on- → OSax. Π·aro·n-
PIE *Π·oru·n-
OSax. av·aru·n-
(m.) ‘Nachkomme, Kind: offspring, child’
(Hel. 491M)
(OSax. auarun [plD] H 491 M)
1. PIE *Π·oru·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·aru·n-
2. Π·aru·n-
R=un-›=on- → OSax. Π·aro·n-


PIE √r- √or- √er- (vb.) ‘zu Ende kommen, (nach)lassen’ (sb.) ‘Ende, After, Hinter’ (adv.) ‘nach, hinte(r/n), zurück’
(IEW 340)
(Pyysalo: Toch.; a parallel for the semantic field needed)
√ōr- √or-
PIE *ōr-
TochA. ār-
(pret.A.) ‘finire, desinere: cease, leave, forsake’
(Poucha 9)
(TochA. ār [3sg], ārinträ [opt], TochA. āraṣ [conjA.])
1. PIE *ōr-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → TochA. ār-
PIE *ōr-
TochB. ār-
(vb.tr.) ‘leave (behind), forsake’ (LeTokh. 1:166)
(DTochB. 47)
(TochB. āri [opt], ārtsi [inf.])
1. PIE *ōr-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → TochB. ār-
PIE *or-
TochA. ar-
(pr.M.) ‘finire, desinere’
(Poucha 9)
(TochA. artär [3sg], araträṃ [conj?])
1. PIE *or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → TochA. ar-
√ōro- √oro-
(HEG A:51-2)
(HW2 A:234, HIL. 239f., Pyysalo)
PIE *oro-
Hitt. ara-
(vb.) ‘aufhören, lassen, beruhigen’
(HEG A:52)
(EHS 472)
1. PIE *oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ara-
PIE *ōro-
TochB. āra-
(vb.) ‘cease’
(DTochB. 47-8)
(TochB. āratsi, āran, āroy [optA.])
1. PIE *ōro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ōra-
2. ōra-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → TochB. āra-
PIE *oro-
TochA. ara-
(pr.M.) ‘finire, desinere’
(Poucha 9)
(TochA. aratär [3sg], arantär)
1. PIE *oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → TochA. ara-
PIE *oro-
TochB. ara-
(vb.) ‘cease’
(DTochB. 47)
(TochB. aran-me)
1. PIE *oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → TochB. ara-
PIE *oro-
Hitt. ara-
(UZUc.) ‘After, Gesäß’
(HHand. 20)
(HEG A:51-2, Hitt. ar-ra-an [A], ar-ra-aš [G], ar-ri [L], ar-ru-uš)
1. PIE *oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ara-
PIE *oro·Σ
Hitt. ara·z
(adv.) ‘mit den Beinen voran, vom Hintern her’
(HHand. 20)
(Hitt. ar-ra-az)
1. PIE *oro·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ara·Σ
√orɑh-
PIE *orēɑh-
TochB. arā-
(vb.) ‘come to an end’
(DTochB. 47)
(TochB. arāre ‹for the semantics cf. Hitt. apeia- ‘zu Ende sein’›)
1. PIE *orēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *orāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. orāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *orāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. orāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arāh-
4. arāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochB. arā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√ori- √ri-
PIE *ori-
Hitt. ari-
(c.) ‘After, Gesäß’
(HHand. 20)
(Hitt. ar-ri-iš [sgN] ‹for the semantics cf. ModGerm. After›)
1. PIE *ori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ari-
PIE *ri-
TochA. ri-
(vb.) ‘relinquere, abicere’
(Poucha 258)
√ors-
(Friedrich 1923:376)
(Pyysalo: TochB.; HHand. 24)
PIE *orso·Σ
Ion. ὀρσο·θύρη-
(f.) ‘Hinterthüre’
(GEW 2:427)
(Ion. ὀρσοθύρη-)
1. PIE *orso·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion. ὀρσο·Σ
PIE *orso-
Hitt. arša
(adv.) ‘nach hinten’
(HHand. 25)
1. PIE *orso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arsa-
2. arsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. arša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *orso·Σ
Hitt. ·arša tei̯a-
(vb.) ‘abseits stehen’
(HHand. 24)
1. PIE *orso·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arsa·Σ
2. arsa·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. arša·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *orso·Σ
Hitt. ·arša tei̯a-
(vb.) ‘zurück treten’
(HHand. 24)
1. PIE *orso·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arsa·Σ
2. arsa·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. arša·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ōrso-
TochB. ārsa-
(vb.) ‘cease’
(DTochB. 47)
(TochB. ārsen-ne)
1. PIE *ōrso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ōrsa-
2. ōrsa-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → TochB. ārsa-
PIE *orso
OHG. ars-
(m.) ‘Arsch, Gesäß, Hintern, Hinterer’
(EWAhd. 1, 345)
(OHG. ars [sgN]: Lat. anus Gl, culus Gl, podex Gl)
1. PIE *orso
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arsa
2. arsa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OHG. ars
PIE *orso
OIcl. ars-
(m.) ‘Arsch, After’
(ANEtWb. 14)
(OIcl. ars [sgN])
1. PIE *orso
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arsa
2. arsa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OIcl. ars
PIE *órso-
Gr. ὄρρο-
(m.) ‘Hinterer, After’
(GEW 2:427)
(Gr. ὄρρος)
1. PIE *órso-
*rs → rr
Assimilation of *rs into rr
Rrs›rr → *órro-
2. órro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄρρο-
PIE *orsò
Arm. oṙ-
(sb.) ‘Hinterbacken’
(ArmGr. 1:482)
(Arm. oṙ [sgN], oṙk’ [plN])
1. PIE *orsò
*rs → ṙ
Change of *rs into ṙ
Rrs›ṙ → *oṙò
2. oṙò
*o → Ø
Loss of *ò
Rò›0 → Arm. oṙ
√ersēɑh-
PIE *ersēɑh
OIr. err-
(f.) ‘Schwanz, Ende: tail, end’
(DIL. 279)
(OIr. err [sgN], VGK 2:101)
1. PIE *ersēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ersāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ersāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ersāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ersāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ersā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ersā
*rs → rr
Assimilation of *rs into rr
Rrs›rr → *errā
5. errā
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *erra
6. erra
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OIr. err
oru-
PIE *oru-
Hitt. aru-
(c.) ‘arse, anus’
(HIL. 238)
(Hitt. ar-ru-uš [sgN])
1. PIE *oru-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. aru-


PIE √r- √or- √er- (vb.) ‘fließen, waschen’
(IEW 336)
(Sturtevant 1932:120; Pyysalo: Gr.)
√or-
PIE *or-
Hitt. ar-
(vb.2.) ‘waschen’
(HEG A:51)
(Hitt. ar-ri [3sg])
1. PIE *or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ar-
PIE *or-
Hitt. ar-
(vb.) ‘fließen: flow’
(HIL. 249)
(MidHitt. a-ar-zi [3sg], KBo 10.45 iv 39)
1. PIE *or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ar-
√oro-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *oro-
Hitt. ara-
(vb.1.) ‘waschen’
(HIL. 237)
(Hitt. ar-ra-an-zi, a-ar-at-te-en [2pl])
1. PIE *oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ara-
PIE *oró-
Gr. ὀρό-
(m.) ‘die Molke, Käsewasser’
(GEW 1:425)
(No initial h-, not from PIE *soro-)
1. PIE *oró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀρό-
√rs-
(IEW 336)
(HEG A:66-67, Sturtevant 1932:120)
PIE *ors-
Hitt. arš-
(vb.) ‘fließen’
(HHand. 23)
(Hitt. ar-aš-zi, a-ar-aš-zi, a-ar-aš-t[a?])
1. PIE *ors-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ars-
2. ars-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. arš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *orso-
Hitt. arša-
(vb.) ‘fließen’
(HIL. 249)
(Hitt. ar-ša-an-zi [3pl], a-ar-ša-aš [pret3sg])
1. PIE *orso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arsa-
2. arsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. arša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *órso-
RV. árṣa-
(pr.A.) ‘schnell fließen, strömen
(WbRV. 119-120)
(RV. árṣati [3sg])
1. PIE *órso-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiOIA → *óršo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. óršo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *órša-
3. órša-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *árša-
4. árša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. árṣa-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
PIE *órso-
RV. árṣa-
(pr.A.) ‘etwas [A] herbeiströmen’
(WbRV. 119-120)
(RV. árṣat [2sg])
1. PIE *órso-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiOIA → *óršo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. óršo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *órša-
3. órša-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *árša-
4. árša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. árṣa-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
√rsi-
PIE *orsei-
Hitt. aršei-
(vb.) ‘fließen’
(HHand. 23)
(Hitt. ar-ši-ez-zi)
1. PIE *orsei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arsei-
2. arsei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. aršei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *orsei̯o-
Hitt. aršei̯a-
(vb.) ‘fließen’
(HIL. 249)
(Hitt. ar-ši-ia-az-zi)
1. PIE *orsei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arsei̯a-
2. arsei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. aršei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *orsei̯o-
CLu. aršei̯a-
(vb.) ‘fließen: couler’ (HHand. 24)
(DLL. 32)
(CLu. a-ar-ši-ia-an-du [3pl])
1. PIE *orsei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arsei̯a-
2. arsei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. aršei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *orsei̯oi-
Hitt. aršei̯ai-
(vb.) ‘fließen’
(HIL. 249)
(Hitt. a-ar-ši-ia-iz-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *orsei̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arsei̯ai-
2. arsei̯ai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. aršei̯ai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *orseiski̯e/o-
Hitt. aršeiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘fließen’
(HIL. 249)
(Hitt. ar-ši-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *orseiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *orseisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. orseisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arseisḱe/a-
3. arseisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *arseiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. arseiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. aršeiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √r- √or- √er- (vb.) ‘essen’ (sb.) ‘Mund’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√r-
(Pyysalo)
(The HLu. words are not the result of rhotacism, see SPIE 250-1)
PIE *ōro-
HLu. āra-
(vb.) ‘edere’
(CHLu. 459)
(HLu. a-ra/i-tu [3sg])
1. PIE *ōro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ōra-
2. ōra-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → HLu. āra-
PIE *Π·ōro-
HLu. ARHA āra·-
(vb.) ‘eat up’
(CHLu. 10.20.11)
(HLu. ARHA a+ra/i-tu)
1. PIE *Π·ōro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ōra-
2. Π·ōra-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → HLu. Π·āra-
PIE *Π·ōro
TochA. kāp·ār-
(m.) ‘plenum ōs’
(Poucha 58)
(TochA. kāpāräs)
1. PIE *Π·ōro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ōra
2. Π·ōra
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·āra
3. Π·āra
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → TochA. Π·ār
PIE *su̯·ōro
TochA. sw·ār-
(a.) ‘dulcis’
(Poucha 389)
(TochA. swār [m.sgN])
1. PIE *su̯·ōro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su̯·ōra
2. su̯·ōra
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *su̯·āra
3. su̯·āra
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *su̯·ār
4. su̯·ār
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. sw·ār
PIE *su̯·ōro-
TochB. sw·āra-
(a.) ‘sweet’
(DTochB. 725-6)
(TochB. swāre)
1. PIE *su̯·ōro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su̯·ōra-
2. su̯·ōra-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *su̯·āra-
3. su̯·āra-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. sw·āra-
PIE *su̯·oro-
TochB. sw·ara-
(a.) ‘sweet’
(DTochB. 726)
(TochB. swareṃ)
1. PIE *su̯·oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su̯·ara-
2. su̯·ara-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. sw·ara-
PIE *su̯·orōuni̯o-
TochB. sw·arauñña-
(sb.) ‘sweetness’
(DTochB. 726)
(TochB. swarauññe)
1. PIE *su̯·orōuni̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su̯·arōuni̯a-
2. su̯·arōuni̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *su̯·arāuni̯a-
3. su̯·arāuni̯a-
*ni̯ → ñ
Palatalization of *n before i̯
Rni̯›ñ → *su̯·arāuña-
4. su̯·arāuña-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → *su̯·arauña-
5. su̯·arauña-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. sw·arauña-
√orgiɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *su̯·orgi̯ɑɦistɑho-
LAv. xv·arǝzišta-
(a.sup.) ‘der süsseste, schmackhafteste’
(AIWb. 1874)
1. PIE *su̯·orgi̯ɑɦistɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *su̯·orgi̯ɦistho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. su̯·orgi̯ɦistho-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIIr → *su̯·orgi̯ɦištho-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. su̯·orgi̯ɦištho-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *su̯·orj́ɦištho-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. su̯·orj́ɦištho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su̯·arj́ɦištha-
5. su̯·arj́ɦištha-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
Rr›rǝ → *su̯·arǝj́ɦištha-
6. su̯·arǝj́ɦištha-
*sth/šth → st/št
Loss of *h after st/št
RSth›St → *su̯·arǝj́ɦišta-
7. su̯·arǝj́ɦišta-
*su̯ → xu̯
Change of *su̯ into xu̯
Rsu̯›xu̯ → *xu̯·arǝj́ɦišta-
8. xu̯·arǝj́ɦišta-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *xu̯·arǝzɦišta-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
9. xu̯·arǝzɦišta-
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *xu̯·arǝzišta-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
10. xu̯·arǝzišta-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. xv·arǝzišta-
√oru-
PIE *ōru-
HLu. āru-
(EDEREvb.) ‘eat’
(CHLu. 10.11.16)
(HLu. (‘EDERE’)á-ru-na)
1. PIE *ōru-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → HLu. āru-


PIE √r- √or- √er- (a.) ‘recht’ (vb.) ‘richten’ (sb.) ‘Richter, König’
(IEW 854f.; HEG A:50)
√oro-
PIE *oro-
Hitt. ara-
(n.) ‘Wohl, Recht, Angemessenheit’ (HHand. 20)
(HEG A:50)
(Hitt. a-a-ra, a-ra)
1. PIE *oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ara-
√roɦɑgi-
PIE *Π·roɦɑgi̯u-
Oss. ā·rāzu-
(vb.) ‘errichten’
(EWA 2:425)
(Oss. ārāzun [inf.], (Iron) аразын, (Digor) аразун)
1. PIE *Π·roɦɑgi̯u-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·roɦgi̯u-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·roɦgi̯u-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *Π·roɦj́u-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·roɦj́u-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·raɦj́u-
4. Π·raɦj́u-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·raj́u-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·raj́u-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *Π·razu-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
6. Π·razu-
*u → w
Orthographic change of *u into w
Ru›w → *Π·razw-
7. Π·razw-
*a → '
Orthographic change of *a into '
Ra›' → Oss. Π·r'zw-
√reɦɑgi-
PIE *reɦɑgi̯o-
Lat. rego-
(pr3.) ‘(gerade) richten, lenken, herrschen’
(WH. 2:426-7)
(Lat. regō)
1. PIE *reɦɑgi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *reɦgi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. reɦgi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *reɦǵo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. reɦǵo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *reǵo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. reǵo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → Lat. rego-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
PIE *o·réɦɑgi̯o-
Gr. ὀ·ρέγο-
(vb.) ‘zu erreichen suchen, (die Hand) hinstrecken, darreichen, sich strecken’
(GEW 2:412-413)
(Gr. ὀρέγω)
1. PIE *o·réɦɑgi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·réɦgi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·réɦgi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *o·réɦǵo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. o·réɦǵo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *o·réǵo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. o·réǵo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *o·régo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. o·régo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀ·ρέγο-
√rḗɦɑgi-
PIE *rēɦɑgi-
Lat. rēg-
(m.) ‘König’
(WH. 2:426-7)
(Lat. rēx [sgN], rēgis [sgG])
1. PIE *rēɦɑgi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *rēɦgi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. rēɦgi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *rēɦǵ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. rēɦǵ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *rēǵ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. rēǵ-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → Lat. rēg-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
PIE *rḗɦɑgi-
RV. rā́j-
(c.) ‘König(in), Gebieter(in)’
(EWA 2:444-6)
(WbRV. 1157)
1. PIE *rḗɦɑgi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *rḗɦgi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. rḗɦgi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *rḗɦj́-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. rḗɦj́-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *rḗj́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. rḗj́-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → *rḗj-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. rḗj-
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → RV. rā́j-
PIE *Π·rēɦɑgi-
LAv. bǝrǝzi·rāz-
(a.) ‘in der Höhe gebietend’
(AIWb. 961)
(LAv. bǝrǝzirāzǝm [sgA])
1. PIE *Π·rēɦɑgi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·rēɦgi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·rēɦgi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *Π·rēɦj́-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·rēɦj́-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·rēj́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·rēj́-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *Π·rēz-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. Π·rēz-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → LAv. Π·rāz-
PIE *Π·rēɦɑgi̯ó-
RV. adhi·rājá-
(m.) ‘Oberherr’
(WbRV. 47)
(RV. adhirājá-)
1. PIE *Π·rēɦɑgi̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·rēɦgi̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·rēɦgi̯ó-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *Π·rēɦj́ó-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·rēɦj́ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·rēɦj́á-
4. Π·rēɦj́á-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·rēj́á-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·rēj́á-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → *Π·rējá-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. Π·rējá-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → RV. Π·rājá-


PIE √r- √or- √er- (sb.) ‘Krankheit, Leid, Elend’
(IEW 781-782)
(Carruthers 1933:159)
√omoro-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG H:283, 327)
PIE *oromo
OHG. aram-
(a.) ‘arm, gering, schwach, kraftlos, elend, armselig, unwürdig, unglücklich’
(IEW 782)
(Or Langobardic?)
1. PIE *oromo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arama
2. arama
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OHG. aram
PIE *Π·oromo-
Hitt. ḫult·arama-
(pt.) ‘eine Krankheit des Kopfes’
(HHand. 54)
1. PIE *Π·oromo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. Π·arama-
PIE *Π·oromon-
CLu. ḫult·araman-
(n.) ‘eine Krankheit des Kopfes’
(HHand. 54)
1. PIE *Π·oromon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. Π·araman-
PIE *Π·oromon-
CLu. ḫu̯alt·araman-
(n.) ‘eine Krankheit des Kopfes’
(HHand. 54)
1. PIE *Π·oromon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. Π·araman-
√ormo-
(Carruthers 1933:159)
PIE *Π·ormò
Arm. oł·orm-
(sb.) ‘compassion, supplication’
(EtDiArm. 529)
1. PIE *Π·ormò
*o → Ø
Loss of *ò
Rò›0 → Arm. Π·orm
PIE *ormo
Goth. arm-
(a.) ‘elend’
(GoEtD. A201)
(Goth. arms [sgN])
1. PIE *ormo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arma
2. arma
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Goth. arm
PIE *ormo
OHG. arm-
(a.) arm, gering, schwach, kraftlos, elend, armselig, unwürdig, unglücklich’
(EWAhd. 1:333)
(B, GB, Gl, N, NGl, O, OT, RhC, T, WB, WH)
1. PIE *ormo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arma
2. arma
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OHG. arm
PIE *ormo
OEng. arm-
(a.) ‘miserable’
(ASaxD. 50)
(OEng. arm, OEng. earm)
1. PIE *ormo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arma
2. arma
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *arm
3. arm
*a → ea
Change of *a into ea
Ra=›ea= → OEng. earm
PIE *ormo-
Goth. arma-
(vb.) ‘ἐλεεῖν: misereri, misericordiam consequi’
(GoEtD. A200)
(Goth. arma [1sg] Rom 9,15 A)
1. PIE *ormo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. arma-
PIE *ormolo-
Hitt. armala-
(a.) ‘krank’
(HHand. 32, 63)
(LuPG 131-134)
1. PIE *ormolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. armala-
PIE *ormolei̯o-
Hitt. armali̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘be(come) ill; afflict (with illness)’
(HED 1:159)
1. PIE *ormolei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. armalei̯a-
PIE *ormonei̯o-
Hitt. armani̯a-
(vb.2.M) ‘krank werden’
(HEG A:63)
1. PIE *ormonei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. armanei̯a-
√ormi-
PIE *Π·ormi-
Arm. oł·ormi-
(vb.) ‘sich erbarmen’ (WH. 1:184)
(EtDiArm. 529)
(Arm. ołormim [1sg])


PIE √r- √or- √er- (vb.) ‘gebären’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√oro-
PIE *oro-
TochA. arä-
(pr.A.) ‘producere, procreare’
(Poucha 8)
(TochA. aräṣ, arässi [inf.])
1. PIE *oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → TochA. ara-
√orm-
(HEG A:62-3)
(HIL. 248)
PIE *ormēɑh-
Hitt. armāḫ-
(vb.2.) ‘schwängern; (+za) schwanger werden’
(HHand. 22)
(Hitt. ar-ma-aḫ-ḫi [3sg], ar-ma-aḫ-ḫa-an-zi)
1. PIE *ormēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ormāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ormāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ormāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ormāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *armāh-
4. armāh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. armāḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ormēɑhiski̯e/o-
Hitt. armāḫiške/a-
(vb.) ‘schwängern; (+za) schwanger werden’
(HHand. 22)
1. PIE *ormēɑhiski̯e/o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ormāɑhiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ormāɑhiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ormāhiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ormāhiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ormāhisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ormāhisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *armāhisḱe/a-
5. armāhisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *armāhiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. armāhiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *armāhiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. armāhiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. armāḫiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ormēɑhon-
Hitt. armāḫan-
(n.) ‘praegnancy’
(HHand. 22)
(Hitt. ar-ma-aḫ-ḫa-an-ni [L])
1. PIE *ormēɑhon-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ormāɑhon-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ormāɑhon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ormāhon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ormāhon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *armāhan-
4. armāhan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. armāḫan-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ormēɑhont-
Hitt. armāḫant-
(pt.) ‘schwanger’
(HHand. 22)
(Hitt. ar-ma-aḫ-ḫa-an-t-)
1. PIE *ormēɑhont-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ormāɑhont-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ormāɑhont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ormāhont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ormāhont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *armāhant-
4. armāhant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. armāḫant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ormēɑhu-
Hitt. armāḫu-
(vb.1.) ‘schwängern; (+za) schwanger werden’
(HHand. 22)
(Hitt. ar-ma-aḫ-ḫu-u[d-du])
1. PIE *ormēɑhu-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ormāɑhu-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ormāɑhu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ormāhu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ormāhu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *armāhu-
4. armāhu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. armāḫu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ormēɑhu̯o-
Hitt. armāḫu̯a-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘schwängern’
(HIL. 248)
(Hitt. ar-ma-aḫ-ḫu-aš [G], ar-ma-ḫu-ua-az-za)
1. PIE *ormēɑhu̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ormāɑhu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ormāɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ormāhu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ormāhu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *armāhu̯a-
4. armāhu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. armāḫu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ormoi-
Hitt. armai-
(vb.1.) ‘schwanger sein’
(HHand. 22)
(Hitt. ar-ma-iz-zi, ar-ma-a-iz-zi)
1. PIE *ormoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. armai-
PIE *ormont-
Hitt. armant-
(pt.) ‘schwanger’
(HHand. 22)
(Hitt. ar-ma-an-t-)
1. PIE *ormont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. armant-
PIE *ormou̯o-
Hitt. armau̯a-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘schwanger sein’
(HIL. 248)
(Hitt. ar-ma-u-ua-aš [sgG])
1. PIE *ormou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. armau̯a-
PIE *ormou̯or/n-
Hitt. armau̯ar/n-
(n.) ‘Schwangerschaft’
(HHand. 22)
1. PIE *ormou̯or/n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. armau̯ar/n-
PIE *ormou̯ont-
Hitt. armau̯ant-
(pr.) ‘schwanger, trächtig: pregnant’
(HHand. 22)
(Hitt. ar-ma-u-ua-an-za [sgN], ar-ma-u-an-da-an)
1. PIE *ormou̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. armau̯ant-


PIE √r- √or- √er- (vb.) ‘orakeln, durch Orakel ermitteln, fragen, (unter)suchen’
(IEW 337)
(LIV2:251)
√ero-
PIE *eró-
Gr. ἐρό-
(ao.) ‘fragen: ask’
(GEW 1:467-468)
(Od. ἐρέσθαι)
1. PIE *eró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐρό-
√orei-
(HEG A:56-7)
(HIL. 241f., HED 1:136ff.)
PIE *orei-
Hitt. arei-
(vb.) ‘orakeln, durch Orakel ermitteln’
(HIL. 241)
(Hitt. a-ri-e-ez-zi, a-ri-en-zi, a-ri-er, HHand. 21)
1. PIE *orei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. arei-
PIE *orei̯o-
Hitt. arei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘consult an oracle’
(HEG A:56-7)
(Hitt. a-ri-ia-mi [1sg], a-ri-ia-ši [2sg], a-ri-ia-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *orei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. arei̯a-
PIE *orei̯ont-
Hitt. arei̯ant-
(pt.) ‘orakeln, durch Orakel ermitteln’
(HHand. 21)
(Hitt. a-ri-ia-an-t-)
1. PIE *orei̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. arei̯ant-
PIE *orei̯osesor-
Hitt. arei̯ašešar-
(n.) ‘Orakelbefragung, Orakel’
(HEG A:56-7)
(Hitt. a-ri-ia-še-eš-šar)
1. PIE *orei̯osesor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arei̯asesar-
2. arei̯asesar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. arei̯ašešar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√erei-
PIE *eréi̯o-
Gr. ἐρέο-
(pr.A.) ‘fragen: ask’
(GEW 1:467-468)
(Ep. ἐρέω [1sg])
1. PIE *eréi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *eréo-
2. eréo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐρέο-
√eri-
PIE *éri̯o-
Gr. εἴρο-
(pr.M.) ‘fragen: ask’
(GEW 1:467-468)
(Ep. εἴρομαι [1sg])
1. PIE *éri̯o-
*éri̯ → eír
Epenthesis of *i
Réri̯›eír → *eíro-
2. eíro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. εἴρο-


PIE √r- √or- √er- (sb.) ‘Land, Ort’
(IEW 332)
(Pyysalo: HLu. + Goth.)
√oro-
PIE *ɦɑebɑɦ·oro-
HLu. ḫab·ara-
(FLUMENc.) ‘Flußland’
(CHLu. 1.1.48 Hu.)
(HLu. “FLUMEN”)há-/pa+ra/i-sá [sgN])
1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦ·oro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦ·oro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabɑɦ·oro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦ·oro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦ·oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabɦ·ara-
4. ɦabɦ·ara-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦab·ara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦab·ara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫab·ara-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *oru̯·̯oro-
HLu. aru̯·ara-
(vb.) ‘bow down?’
(CHLu. 5.19.3)
(HLu. á-ru-wa/i+ra/i-tu [3sg])
1. PIE *oru̯·̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. aru̯·̯ara-
PIE *Π·oro
Goth. jain·ar
(adv.) ‘an jenem Ort, dort: in yon place: ἐκει̃: ibi, illic’
(GoEtD. J4)
(Goth. jainar Mat 5,23 CA; Mat 5,24 CA; etc., GoElB. 192A2, HbGo. 195)
1. PIE *Π·oro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ara
2. Π·ara
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Goth. Π·ar
PIE *Π·oro
Goth. alj·ar
(adv.) ‘anderswo (sein (wisa-): ἀπει̃ναι: abesse)’
(GoEtD. A127)
(Goth. aljar wisa- 2Kr 10,1 B; 2Kr 10,11 B, GoElB. 192A2, HbGo. 195)
1. PIE *Π·oro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ara
2. Π·ara
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Goth. Π·ar
√orso-
PIE *orsò
Arm. oṙ-
(sb.) ‘Boden, der untere Theil’
(ArmGr. 1:482)
(Arm. oṙ [sgN], oṙk’ [plN])
1. PIE *orsò
*rs → ṙ
Change of *rs into ṙ
Rrs›ṙ → *oṙò
2. oṙò
*o → Ø
Loss of *ò
Rò›0 → Arm. oṙ


PIE √rɑh- √orɑh- √erɑh- (sb.) ‘Grenze, Gebiet, Rand, Region’ (adv.) ‘ringsum, weg(s)’
(IEW 854-7)
(Laroche 1968:246-7: Lat. + Celt.; Pyysalo: Lith.)
√ōrēɑh-
(Laroche 1968:246-7)
(HEG A:55)
PIE *ōrēɑh-
Lat. ōrā-
(f.) ‘Rand, Saum, Grenze, Meeresküste, Region’
(WH. 2:218)
(Puhvel HED 1:129f., Melchert AHPh. 29, 84)
1. PIE *ōrēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ōrāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ōrāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ōrāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ōrāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. ōrā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *ōrēɑh-
Hitt. ārāḫ-
(adv.bs.) ‘ringsum, außerhalb’
(HHand. 20)
(in Hitt. a-ra-aḫ-za, HIL. 291)
1. PIE *ōrēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ōrāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ōrāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ōrāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ōrāh-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ārāh-
4. ārāh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ārāḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *orēɑh
MidCymr. or-
(f.) ‘limit, boundary, coast, margin, brink, brim, bank, edge’
(EtDiPC. 137)
1. PIE *orēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *orāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. orāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *orāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. orāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *orā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. orā
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *ora
5. ora
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → MidCymr. or
√orɑho-
(Laroche 1968:246-7)
(HEG A:55)
PIE *orɑho-
Hitt. arḫa-
(c.) ‘Grenze, Gebiet: Sum. ZAG’
(HHand. 21)
(Hitt. ar-ḫa, ar-ḫa-an, ar-ḫa-aš, ar-ḫi)
1. PIE *orɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *orho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. orho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arha-
3. arha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. arḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *orɑho
Hitt. arḫa
(adv.) ‘weg, abseits’ (pref.) ‘weg-, aus-, heim-’
(HHand. 21)
1. PIE *orɑho
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *orho
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. orho
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arha
3. arha
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. arḫa
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *orɑho
MidIr. or-
(m.) ‘edge, limit’
(EtDiPC. 137)
(LEIA O-26)
1. PIE *orɑho
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *orho
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. orho
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oro
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. oro
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → MidIr. or
PIE *orɑho
Corn. or-
(n.f.) ‘boundary, border, frontier’
(EtDiPC. 137)
1. PIE *orɑho
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *orho
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. orho
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oro
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. oro
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → Corn. or
PIE *orɑho·Σ
OLith. ara·ki-
(m.) ‘Grenzstein, Grenze’
(ALiEtWb. A:45)
(LiEtWb. 121f.)
1. PIE *orɑho·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *orho·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. orho·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oro·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. oro·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OLith. ara·Σ
√erɑhe/o-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *erɑho-
Hitt. erḫa-
(c.) ‘Sum. ZAG: Grenze, Gebiet: border, area’
(HHand. 62)
(Hitt. ir-ḫa, ir-ḫa-aš, ir-ḫa-an, er-ḫi, ir-ḫa-az, ir-ḫu-uš, HIL. 291)
1. PIE *erɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *erho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. erho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *erha-
3. erha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. erḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *erɑho-
HLu. erḫa-
(FINESsb.) ‘frontier’
(CHLu. 1.1.19)
(HLu. (“FINES”)i+ra/i-há-za)
1. PIE *erɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *erho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. erho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *erha-
3. erha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. erḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *erɑho·mu̯o-
Hitt. erḫa·mu̯a-
(LÚc.*) ‘(devin; autre)’
(NOMS. 461)
(Hitt. ir-ḫa-A.A; ZAG-A.A.)
1. PIE *erɑho·mu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *erho·mu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. erho·mu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *erha·mu̯a-
3. erha·mu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. erḫa·mu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *erɑho·u̯o-
Hitt. erḫa·u̯a-
(sb.) ‘das Reihumbeopfern’
(HHand. 62)
1. PIE *erɑho·u̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *erho·u̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. erho·u̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *erha·u̯a-
3. erha·u̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. erḫa·u̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *erɑhe·Σ
Lith. ere·kỹ-
(m.) ‘Grenzstein, Grenze’
(ALiEtWb. A:45)
1. PIE *erɑhe·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *erhe·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. erhe·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lith. ere·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√orɑhoi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *orɑh·oi-
Hitt. arḫ·ai-
(vb.dn.) ‘die Runde machen’
(HHand. 21)
(HIL. 291)
1. PIE *orɑh·oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *orh·oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. orh·oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arh·ai-
3. arh·ai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. arḫ·ai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *orɑhoi·Σ
OLith. arai·ki-
(m.) ‘Grenzstein, Grenze’
(ALiEtWb. A:45)
1. PIE *orɑhoi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *orhoi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. orhoi·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oroi·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. oroi·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OLith. arai·Σ
PIE *orɑhoi·on
Hitt. arḫai̯·an
(adv.) ‘abseits, gesondert’ (EHS 351, 353)
(HHand. 21)
(HIL. 291)
1. PIE *orɑhoi·on
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *orhoi·on
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. orhoi·on
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arhai·an
3. arhai·an
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *arhai̯·an
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. arhai̯·an
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. arḫai̯·an
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√erɑhoi-
PIE *erɑhoi-
Hitt. erḫai-
(vb.1.) ‘die Runde machen’ (HiuA 137)
(HHand. 62)
(Hitt. ir-ḫa-a-iz-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *erɑhoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *erhoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. erhoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *erhai-
3. erhai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. erḫai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√orɑhi-
PIE *orɑhí·Σ
OLith. arì·ki-
(m.) ‘Grenzstein, Grenze’
(ALiEtWb. A:45)
1. PIE *orɑhí·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *orhí·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. orhí·Σ
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *orhì·Σ
3. orhì·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *orì·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. orì·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OLith. arì·Σ
PIE *orɑhi̯o-
OBret. orio-
(sb.) ‘Gl. oram’
(EtDiPC. 137)
(OBret. orion [sgA])
1. PIE *orɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *orhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. orhi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ori̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ori̯o-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → OBret. orio-
√erɑhi-
PIE *erɑhi·
LycA. eri·
(pref.) ‘≈ ARHA’
(DLycLg. 16)
(Laroche 1957-58:177f.; in LycA. eridadi)
1. PIE *erɑhi·
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *erhi·
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. erhi·
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → LycA. eri·
(SPIE §2.1.4)


PIE √ri- √roi- √rei- (vb.) ‘fließen, strömen’ (sb.) ‘Quelle’
(IEW 330)
(Pyysalo)
√rin-
PIE *rin-
RV. riṇ-
(√pr.M.) ‘ins Fließen geraten, rinnen’
(WbRV. 1164)
(RV. riṇate [3pl])
1. PIE *rin-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → RV. riṇ-
√rino-
(HEG A:57-8)
(Pyysalo)
PIE *rinó-
RV. riṇá-
(pr.A.) ‘strömen lassen, frei lassen’
(WbRV. 1163)
(RV. riṇánti [3pl])
1. PIE *rinó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *riná-
2. riná-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → RV. riṇá-
PIE *orino-
Hitt. arina-
(c.) ‘Quelle = PÚ = TÚL-na-’
(HEG A:57-8)
(HHand. 22)
1. PIE *orino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. arina-
PIE *orino-
Hitt. arina-
(URUc.) ‘(›Matila)’
(OGH. 32-36)
(Hitt. a-ri-in-na-aš, a-ri-in-na)
1. PIE *orino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. arina-


PIE √riu- √roiu- √reiu- (sb.) ‘Eifer, Zank; Rivale, Nebenbuhler, Gegner’ (vb.) ‘nacheifern
(IEW 330-1)
(HEG H:148; Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√riuo-
PIE *hɑeni·riu̯o-
Hitt. ḫani·riu̯a-
(c.) ‘Gerichtsgegner’
(HHand. 38)
(‹read “ri” instead of “tal”›)
1. PIE *hɑeni·riu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑani·riu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑani·riu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hani·riu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hani·riu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hani·riu̯a-
4. hani·riu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫani·riu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeni·riu̯o·is-
Hitt. ḫani·riu̯a·iš-
(vb.2.) ‘Prozeßgegner werden’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ni-ri-ua-eš-šer [3pl])
1. PIE *hɑeni·riu̯o·is-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑani·riu̯o·is-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑani·riu̯o·is-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hani·riu̯o·is-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hani·riu̯o·is-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hani·riu̯a·is-
4. hani·riu̯a·is-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hani·riu̯a·iš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hani·riu̯a·iš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫani·riu̯a·iš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑeni·riu̯o·no-
Hitt. ḫani·riu̯a·na-
(c.) ‘Gerichtsgegner’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ni-ri-ua-na-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑeni·riu̯o·no-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑani·riu̯o·no-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑani·riu̯o·no-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hani·riu̯o·no-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hani·riu̯o·no-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hani·riu̯a·na-
4. hani·riu̯a·na-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫani·riu̯a·na-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *reiu̯ēɑhli-
Lat. rīuāli-
(a.) ‘Nebenbuhler’
(WH. 2:437)
1. PIE *reiu̯ēɑhli-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *reiu̯āɑhli-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. reiu̯āɑhli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *reiu̯āhli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. reiu̯āhli-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *reiu̯āli-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. reiu̯āli-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *rīu̯āli-
5. rīu̯āli-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. rīuāli-
PIE *reiu̯eino-
Lat. rīuīno-
(a.) ‘Nebenbuhler’
(WH. 2:437)
1. PIE *reiu̯eino-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *rīu̯īno-
2. rīu̯īno-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. rīuīno-
PIE *reiu̯ineii̯os
OCS. rivĭnije
(n.) ‘Eifer, Missgunst, Zank’
(Sadnik √760)
1. PIE *reiu̯ineii̯os
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *reiu̯ineii̯as
2. reiu̯ineii̯as
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *reiu̯ineii̯os
3. reiu̯ineii̯os
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in -os (root-final)
Ros=›o= → *reiu̯ineii̯o
4. reiu̯ineii̯o
*-i̯o → -i̯e
Change of root-final -i̯o to -i̯e
Ri̯o=›i̯e= → *reiu̯ineii̯e
5. reiu̯ineii̯e
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *rīu̯inīi̯e
6. rīu̯inīi̯e
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *rīvinīi̯e
7. rīvinīi̯e
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *rīvinīje
8. rīvinīje
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *rīvĭnīje
9. rīvĭnīje
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → OCS. rivĭnije
PIE *reiu̯inei·Σ
OCS. ·rivĭniteljĭ-
(m.) ‘Eiferer’
(Sadnik √760)
(Persson Beitr. 770)
1. PIE *reiu̯inei·Σ
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *rīu̯inī·Σ
2. rīu̯inī·Σ
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *rīvinī·Σ
3. rīvinī·Σ
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *rīvĭnī·Σ
4. rīvĭnī·Σ
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → OCS. rivĭni·Σ
PIE *reiu̯inou̯ēɑh-
OCS. rivĭnova-
(vb.) ‘eifersüchtig sein, nacheifern’
(Sadnik √760)
1. PIE *reiu̯inou̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *reiu̯inou̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. reiu̯inou̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *reiu̯inou̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. reiu̯inou̯āh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *reiu̯inau̯āh-
4. reiu̯inau̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *reiu̯inau̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. reiu̯inau̯ā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *reiu̯inou̯ā-
6. reiu̯inou̯ā-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *rīu̯inou̯ā-
7. rīu̯inou̯ā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *rīvinovā-
8. rīvinovā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *rīvinova-
9. rīvinova-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *rīvĭnova-
10. rīvĭnova-
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → OCS. rivĭnova-
PIE *reiu̯inosti-
OCS. rivĭnostĭ-
(f.) ‘Eifer, Nacheiferung’
(Sadnik √760)
1. PIE *reiu̯inosti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *reiu̯inasti-
2. reiu̯inasti-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *reiu̯inosti-
3. reiu̯inosti-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *rīu̯inosti-
4. rīu̯inosti-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *rīvinosti-
5. rīvinosti-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *rīvĭnostĭ-
6. rīvĭnostĭ-
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → OCS. rivĭnostĭ-
PIE *reiu̯ineiu̯o
OCS. rivĭnivŭ-
(a.) ‘eifernd, rechthaberisch’
(Sadnik √760)
1. PIE *reiu̯ineiu̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *reiu̯ineiu̯a
2. reiu̯ineiu̯a
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *reiu̯ineiu̯o
3. reiu̯ineiu̯o
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *reiu̯ineiu̯u
4. reiu̯ineiu̯u
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *rīu̯inīu̯u
5. rīu̯inīu̯u
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *rīvinīvu
6. rīvinīvu
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *rīvĭnīvu
7. rīvĭnīvu
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → *rivĭnivu
8. rivĭnivu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. rivĭnivŭ


PIE √rku- √orku- √erku- (vb.) ‘beten, bitten, (lob)singen, preisen’
(IEW 340)
(Burrow 1955:141; see Melchert 1998 & Calin 2014 for the meaning ‘chant’ in Hittite)
√orku-
(HEG A:60f.)
PIE *orku-
Hitt. arku-
(vb.) ‘pray, plead’
(HIL. 245)
(Hitt. ar-ku-ut-ta [3sg])
1. PIE *orku-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. arku-
√rku-
PIE *ŕ̥ku-
RV. ŕ̥k-
(f.) ‘Lied’
(WbRV. 278)
(RV. ŕ̥cam [A], r̥cā́ [I], r̥cás [G], ŕ̥cas [plN], r̥cā́m [plG], r̥gbhís [plI], KEWA 1:50, 118)
1. PIE *ŕ̥ku-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → RV. ŕ̥k-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
PIE *hɑen·ŕ̥ku-
RV. an·ŕ̥k-
(a.) ‘liedlos’
(WbRV. 62)
1. PIE *hɑen·ŕ̥ku-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑan·ŕ̥ku-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan·ŕ̥ku-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *han·ŕ̥ku-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. han·ŕ̥ku-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *an·ŕ̥ku-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. an·ŕ̥ku-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → RV. an·ŕ̥k-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
PIE *Π·ŕ̥ku-
RV. ān·r̥k-
(pf.) ‘singen, lobsingen’
(WbRV. 111)
(RV. ānr̥cús [3pl])
1. PIE *Π·ŕ̥ku-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → RV. Π·ŕ̥k-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
PIE *r̥ku·shɑōmó-
RV. r̥k·ṣāmá-
(n.) ‘Lied und Gesang’
(WbRV. 277)
1. PIE *r̥ku·shɑōmó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *r̥ku·shōmó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. r̥ku·shōmó-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *r̥ku·šhōmó-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. r̥ku·šhōmó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *r̥ku·šhōmá-
4. r̥ku·šhōmá-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *r̥ku·šhāmá-
5. r̥ku·šhāmá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *r̥ku·šāmá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. r̥ku·šāmá-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *r̥k·šāmá-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. r̥k·šāmá-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. r̥k·ṣāmá-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
√orkuo-
PIE *orku̯o-
Hitt. arku̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘beten, bitten, sich entschuldigen’
(HEG A:60-61)
(Hitt. ar-ku-ua[-mi], ar-ku-an-zi (HIL. 245))
1. PIE *orku̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. arku̯a-
PIE *orku̯o-
Hitt. arku̯a-
(vb.) ‘chant’
(Melchert 1998; Calin 2014)
(Hitt. arkuwanzi [3pl], KBo xx 26 + xxv 34 Ro. 13-15)
1. PIE *orku̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. arku̯a-
PIE *orku̯ó-
RV. arká-
(m.) ‘Lied, Preisgesang, Sänger’
(WbRV. 109)
(RV. arká-)
1. PIE *orku̯ó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arku̯ó-
2. arku̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *arku̯á-
3. arku̯á-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → RV. arká-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
√erkue/o-
PIE *érku̯e-
RV. árca-
(pr.1.) ‘singen, besingen, lobsingen usw.’
(WbRV. 110-1)
(RV. árcati [3sg])
1. PIE *érku̯e-
PIE *ku̯ → ču̯
2nd palatalization of *ku̯
Rku̯›ču̯ → *érču̯e-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
2. érču̯e-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *érče-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. érče-
*č → c
From 2nd palatalization *č to c
Rč›c → *érce-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. érce-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *érca-
5. érca-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. árca-
√orkuskie/o-
PIE *orkuski̯e/o-
Hitt. arkuške/a-
(vb.) ‘intone (in a singing manner)’
(Melchert 1998; Calin 2014)
(KUB xxv 37 + xxxv 131 + li 9 i 39-40: išḫamiškan-ma apa[t] /išḫamāiš/ n-at išḫamiyawanzi /āppa/ a[rku]škanzi “the song is being sung and they are intoning it back in a singing manner”)
1. PIE *orkuski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *orkusḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. orkusḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arkusḱe/a-
3. arkusḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *arkuske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. arkuske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. arkuške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *orkuski̯e/o-
Hitt. arkuške/a-
(vb.) ‘chant’
(Melchert 1998; Calin 2014)
(KUB xxxvi 12 + KBo xxvi 64 ii 10ff, Hitt. nu-za-kan [išḫ]amain dāš nu-šši nepi[š] daganzipašš-a kattan arkuškanzi)
1. PIE *orkuski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *orkusḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. orkusḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arkusḱe/a-
3. arkusḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *arkuske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. arkuske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. arkuške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √rl- √orl- √erl- (sb.) ‘offspring, man, boy’ (a.) ‘male’
(IEW 326, 328)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Lu.)
√orolo-
PIE *orolo-
Hitt. arala-
(c.) ‘(im Lande Tarḫuntaša)’
(OGHErg. 9)
(Hitt. a-ra-al-la-aš [N])
1. PIE *orolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. arala-
PIE *oroloi-
Hitt. aralai-
(vb.1.) ‘beigesellen, verheiraten?’
(HHand. 20)
(Hitt. aralait [2sg], SHV 32)
1. PIE *oroloi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. aralai-
√erlo-
PIE *erlo
OSax. erl-
(m.) ‘(noble)man, male offspring, boy’
(ASaxD. 254)
1. PIE *erlo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *erla
2. erla
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *irla
3. irla
irla -› erla
*a-umlaut of i
Rirla›erla → *erla
4. erla
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OSax. erl
PIE *erlo
OSax. erl-
(m.) ‘man, nobleman, male offspring’
(ASaxD. 254)
1. PIE *erlo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *erla
2. erla
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *irla
3. irla
irla -› erla
*a-umlaut of i
Rirla›erla → *erla
4. erla
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OSax. erl
√orlo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ɦɑud·orlo-
Hitt. ḫud·arla-
(c.) ‘ARAD: Diener, Knecht, Sklave’
(HHand. 57)
(lit. Hitt. ḫud- + arla- ‘Dienst = eilend + Mann’)
1. PIE *ɦɑud·orlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦud·orlo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦud·orlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦud·arla-
3. ɦud·arla-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫud·arla-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑud·orlo-
Kpd. ḫud·arla-
(LÚ.c.) ‘‹cf. above›’
(NOMS. 411.1A)
(Kpd. ḫu-da-ar-lá)
1. PIE *ɦɑud·orlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦud·orlo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦud·orlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦud·arla-
3. ɦud·arla-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. ḫud·arla-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *orlo-
HLu. arla-
(a.) ‘‹male?›’
(CHLu. 9.1.15)
(HLu. ara/i-la)
1. PIE *orlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. arla-
PIE *orlo-
HLu. arla-
(sb.) ‘‹man?›’
(CHLu. 2.22.19)
(HLu. ara/i-la-´)
1. PIE *orlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. arla-
PIE *orlo·nu̯o-
CLu. arla·nu̯a-
(cs.) ‘-(?)-’
(Starke KLuN. 567)
(Kimball 1999:223, CLuLex. 28, DLL. 31, CLu. a-ar-la-nu-ua-at-ta)
1. PIE *orlo·nu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. arla·nu̯a-
PIE *orlo·u̯idɑɦi-
Hitt. arla·u̯izi-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 130a)
(Hitt. ar-la-ui-iz-zi [All])
1. PIE *orlo·u̯idɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *orlo·u̯idɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. orlo·u̯idɦi-
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi›jɦi → *orlo·u̯ijɦi-
3. orlo·u̯ijɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arla·u̯ijɦi-
4. arla·u̯ijɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *arla·u̯iji-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. arla·u̯iji-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. arla·u̯izi-
√orli-
PIE *ɦɑud·orli-
Hitt. ḫud·arli-
(c.) ‘Diener, Knecht, Sklave: Sum. ARAD/ÌR’
(HHand. 57)
1. PIE *ɦɑud·orli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦud·orli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦud·orli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦud·arli-
3. ɦud·arli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫud·arli-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑud·orli-
Hitt. ḫud·arli-
(LÚc.) ‘(prêtre)’
(NOMS. 411.2.)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-tar-li [All])
1. PIE *ɦɑud·orli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦud·orli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦud·orli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦud·arli-
3. ɦud·arli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫud·arli-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ormo·ɦɑud·orli-
Hitt. arma·ḫud·arli-
(f.d.c.*) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 132)
(in Hitt. fdSIN-ÌR-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *ormo·ɦɑud·orli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ormo·ɦud·orli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ormo·ɦud·orli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arma·ɦud·arli-
3. arma·ɦud·arli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. arma·ḫud·arli-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *mosono·ɦɑud·orli-
CLu. mašana·ḫud·arli-
(fc.*) ‘(fille de Muršili II, épouse de Mašturi)’
(NOMS. 775)
(Hitt. DINGIR.MEŠ ÌR-in)
1. PIE *mosono·ɦɑud·orli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mosono·ɦud·orli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. mosono·ɦud·orli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *masana·ɦud·arli-
3. masana·ɦud·arli-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *mašana·ɦud·arli-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. mašana·ɦud·arli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. mašana·ḫud·arli-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑud·orli-
CLu. ḫud·arli-
(m.*) ‘serviteur’
(DLL. 49)
(in Hitt. mÌR-li-)
1. PIE *ɦɑud·orli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦud·orli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦud·orli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦud·arli-
3. ɦud·arli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫud·arli-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑud·orlei̯o-
CLu. ḫud·arlei̯a-
(a.) ‘sklavisch’
(DLL. 49)
(CLu. ḫu-tar-li-ia-an [sgA] = ÌR-an [dupl.])
1. PIE *ɦɑud·orlei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦud·orlei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦud·orlei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦud·arlei̯a-
3. ɦud·arlei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫud·arlei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑud·orloi̯o-
CLu. ḫud·arlaa-
(c.) ‘Sklave, Diener: serviteur’
(DLL. 49)
(CLu. ḫu-tar-la-a-an [sgA])
1. PIE *ɦɑud·orloi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦud·orloi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦud·orloi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦud·arlai̯a-
3. ɦud·arlai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *ɦud·arlaa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. ɦud·arlaa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫud·arlaa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √rl- √orl- √erl- (a.) ‘fest’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√orlibɑɦ-
PIE *orlibɑɦ-
Hitt. arlib-
(c.) ‘ein Körperteil: Penis?, Oberschenkel?’
(HEG A:61-2)
(EHS 331)
1. PIE *orlibɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *orlibɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. orlibɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arlibɦ-
3. arlibɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. arlib-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√orlont-
PIE *orlonto-
Hitt. arlanta-
(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGHErg. 12)
(Hitt. a-ar-la-an-ta)
1. PIE *orlonto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. arlanta-
PIE *orlonto-
Hitt. arlanta-
(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘(an Ḫulaja –› dU-taša, Arlantuja)’
(OGH. 37-8)
(Hitt. ar-la-an-da, Luwiya 247f.)
1. PIE *orlonto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. arlanta-
PIE *orlont·ui̯o-
Hitt. arlant·ui̯a-
(URU.) ‘(im Land Tuwanuwa)’
(OGH. 38)
(Hitt. ar-la-an-du-ia-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *orlont·ui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. arlant·ui̯a-


PIE √rn- √orn- √ern- (sb.) ‘Schuld’ (vb.) ‘büßen, ersetzen’
(IEW 501)
(SPIE 242)
√rn-
PIE *r̥nó-
RV. r̥ṇá-
(a.) ‘schuldig, sündig’
(WbRV. 281)
(RV. r̥ṇás [N])
1. PIE *r̥nó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *r̥ná-
2. r̥ná-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → RV. r̥ṇá-
PIE *orno
Sogd. 'rn-
(sb.) ‘Schuld’
(KEWA 1:121)
1. PIE *orno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arna
2. arna
*a → '
Orthographic change of *a into '
Ra›' → Sogd. 'rn'
PIE *ernet·Σ
LAv. arǝnat·čaēša-
(pt.a.) ‘avenging debts?’ (Cowgill 1965:154-5)
(AIWb. 195)
(LAv. arǝnat.čaēša-)
1. PIE *ernet·Σ
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
Rr›rǝ → *erǝnet·Σ
2. erǝnet·Σ
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. arǝnat·Σ
PIE *ōrno-
Khot. ārra-
(sb.) ‘Schuld’
(KEWA 1:121)
1. PIE *ōrno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ōrna-
2. ōrna-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ārna-
3. ārna-
*rn → rr
Assimilation of *rn into rr
Rrn›rr → Khot. ārra-
PIE *ornu-
Hitt. arnu-
(vb.) ‘büßen, ersetzen’
(Tischler 1972:278)
(HED A:163: nu É-ir=šet=pat arnuzzi ‘he [viz. the culprit] delivers his very estate as forfeit ‹i.e. ‘compensates’›’)
1. PIE *ornu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. arnu-


PIE √rs- √ors- √ers- (vb.) ‘stoßen, stechen’ (sb.) ‘Neid’
(IEW 335, 338)
(Persson Beitr. 84; Benveniste 1932b:139)
√oros-
PIE *orosko-
LAv. araska-
(m.) ‘Neid: envy’
(AIWb. 187-188)
1. PIE *orosko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → LAv. araska-
√orso-
(Benveniste 1932b:139)
PIE *orsoni-
Hitt. aršani-
(vb.) ‘be envious, angry’
(HIL. 251)
(Hitt. ar-ša-ne-e-ši)
1. PIE *orsoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arsani-
2. arsani-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. aršani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *orsoni-
Pal. aršani-
(GKLvb.) ‘be envious, angry’
(HIL. 251)
(GKLar-ša-ni-i-e-er)
1. PIE *orsoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arsani-
2. arsani-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Pal. aršani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *orsonei̯o-
Hitt. aršanei̯a-
(vb.) ‘neidisch/eifersuchtig sein, beneiden, sich ärgern’
(HHand. 24)
(Hitt. ar-ša-ni-ia-at)
1. PIE *orsonei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arsanei̯a-
2. arsanei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. aršanei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *orsoniɑ́h-
OInd. arṣaṇī́-
(f.) ‘stechender Schmerz’
(KEWA 1:53)
1. PIE *orsoniɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *orsoniíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. orsoniíh-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiOIA → *oršoniíh-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. oršoniíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aršaniíh-
4. aršaniíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aršanií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aršanií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *aršanī́-
6. aršanī́-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *arṣanī́-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
7. arṣanī́-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → OInd. arṣaṇī́-
√rso-
PIE *r̥so-
AV. r̥ṣa-
(pr.) ‘stossen, stechen’
(WbRV. 292)
(AV. r̥ṣati [3sg])
1. PIE *r̥so-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiOIA → *r̥šo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. r̥šo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *r̥ša-
3. r̥ša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → AV. r̥ṣa-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
√orsi-
PIE *orsi-
OIcl. err-
(n.) ‘Narbe’
(IEW 338)
1. PIE *orsi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OIcl. arsi-
PIE *orsio·n-
OIcl. erra·n-
(f.) ‘Kampflust’
(ANEtWb. 105)
1. PIE *orsio·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OIcl. arsia·n-
PIE *orsi̯ont-
LAv. arǝšyant-
(a.) ‘neidisch, misgünstig’
(AIWb. 206)
(Benveniste 1932b:139)
1. PIE *orsi̯ont-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiIr → *orši̯ont-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. orši̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arši̯ant-
3. arši̯ant-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. aršyant-
√rsi-
PIE *r̥si-
gAv. ǝrǝši-
(f.) ‘Neid’
(AIWb. 356)
(gAv. ǝrǝšiš [sgN])
1. PIE *r̥si-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiIr → *r̥ši-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. r̥ši-
*r̥ → ǝr
Change of *r̥ into ǝr
Rr̥›ǝr → gAv. ǝrši-


PIE √rtɑh- √rdɑɦ- (vb.) ‘ansiedeln, pflanzen, hegen usw.’
(IEW 332)
(Pyysalo: OSax. + OEng.)
√ortɑhi-
(HEG A:68)
PIE *ortɑhi̯o-
Hitt. arša-
(sb.) ‘(unbekannter Gegenstand)’
(HHand. 24)
1. PIE *ortɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *orthi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. orthi̯o-
PIE *thi̯ → ch
Assibilation of *th before *i̯
Rthi̯›ch → *orcho-
3. orcho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *archa-
4. archa-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *arca-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. arca-
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → Hitt. arša-
PIE *ortɑhi̯o-
Hitt. arša-
(ḪUR.SAGc.) ‘(Liste von (göttlichen?) Bergen)’
(OGHErg. 12)
(Hitt. ar-ša-aš [N])
1. PIE *ortɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *orthi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. orthi̯o-
PIE *thi̯ → ch
Assibilation of *th before *i̯
Rthi̯›ch → *orcho-
3. orcho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *archa-
4. archa-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *arca-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. arca-
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → Hitt. arša-
PIE *ortɑhi̯oi-
Hitt. aršai-
(vb.) ‘pflanzen, hegen’ (vb.MP.) ‘sich pflegen’
(HHand. 24)
1. PIE *ortɑhi̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *orthi̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. orthi̯oi-
PIE *thi̯ → ch
Assibilation of *th before *i̯
Rthi̯›ch → *orchoi-
3. orchoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *archai-
4. archai-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *arcai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. arcai-
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → Hitt. aršai-
PIE *ortɑhi̯ei-
Hitt. aršei-
(c.) ‘Pflanzung, Baumschule?’
(HHand. 24)
1. PIE *ortɑhi̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *orthi̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. orthi̯ei-
PIE *thi̯ → ch
Assibilation of *th before *i̯
Rthi̯›ch → *orchei-
3. orchei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *archei-
4. archei-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *arcei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. arcei-
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → Hitt. aršei-
PIE *ortɑhi̯eiski̯e/o-
Hitt. aršeiške/a-
(vb.) ‘hegen: plant, cultivate’
(HHand. 24)
(AHPh. 178)
1. PIE *ortɑhi̯eiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *orthi̯eiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. orthi̯eiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *orthi̯eisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. orthi̯eisḱe/o-
PIE *thi̯ → ch
Assibilation of *th before *i̯
Rthi̯›ch → *orcheisḱe/o-
4. orcheisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *archeisḱe/a-
5. archeisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *archeiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. archeiske/a-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *arceiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. arceiske/a-
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → *aršeiske/a-
8. aršeiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. aršeiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ortɑhi̯o·lu-
LycC. ἀρσα·λο-
(Ic.) ‘hegend + λο-’
(LuPG 117)
(LycC. αρσαλος)
1. PIE *ortɑhi̯o·lu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *orthi̯o·lu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. orthi̯o·lu-
PIE *thi̯ → ch
Assibilation of *th before *i̯
Rthi̯›ch → *orcho·lu-
3. orcho·lu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *archa·lu-
4. archa·lu-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *arca·lu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. arca·lu-
*c → s
Change of *c into s
Rc›s → *arsa·lu-
6. arsa·lu-
* u → o
Change of *u into o
Ru›o → *arsa·lo-
7. arsa·lo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → LycC. ἀρσα·λο-
PIE *ortɑhi̯ono-
Hitt. aršana-
(Éc.) ‘Herberge, Gasthaus’
(HEG A:75)
(HHand. 25)
1. PIE *ortɑhi̯ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *orthi̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. orthi̯ono-
PIE *thi̯ → ch
Assibilation of *th before *i̯
Rthi̯›ch → *orchono-
3. orchono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *archana-
4. archana-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *arcana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. arcana-
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → Hitt. aršana-
PIE *ortɑhi̯oso-
Hitt. aršaša-
(URUa.gen.) ‘(im Gebiet von Kinara)’
(OGH. 40)
(Hitt. ar-ša-a-ša [All])
1. PIE *ortɑhi̯oso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *orthi̯oso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. orthi̯oso-
PIE *thi̯ → ch
Assibilation of *th before *i̯
Rthi̯›ch → *orchoso-
3. orchoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *archasa-
4. archasa-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *arcasa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. arcasa-
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → *aršasa-
6. aršasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. aršaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ortɑhi̯osi-
LycC. ἀρσασι-
(PNc.) ‘-(?)-’
(LuPG 117)
(LycC. αρσασις)
1. PIE *ortɑhi̯osi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *orthi̯osi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. orthi̯osi-
PIE *thi̯ → ch
Assibilation of *th before *i̯
Rthi̯›ch → *orchosi-
3. orchosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *archasi-
4. archasi-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *arcasi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. arcasi-
*c → s
Change of *c into s
Rc›s → *arsasi-
6. arsasi-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → LycC. ἀρσασι-
PIE *Π·ortɑhi̯osi-
LycC. τεδι·αρσασι-
(PNc.) ‘-(?)-’
(LuPG 149)
LycC. τεδιαρσασι-)
1. PIE *Π·ortɑhi̯osi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·orthi̯osi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·orthi̯osi-
PIE *thi̯ → ch
Assibilation of *th before *i̯
Rthi̯›ch → *Π·orchosi-
3. Π·orchosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·archasi-
4. Π·archasi-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·arcasi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·arcasi-
*c → s
Change of *c into s
Rc›s → *Π·arsasi-
6. Π·arsasi-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → LycC. Π·αρσασι-
PIE *ortɑhi̯ouno-
Hitt. aršauna-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGHErg. 13)
(Hitt. ar-ša-u-na [All])
1. PIE *ortɑhi̯ouno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *orthi̯ouno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. orthi̯ouno-
PIE *thi̯ → ch
Assibilation of *th before *i̯
Rthi̯›ch → *orchouno-
3. orchouno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *archauna-
4. archauna-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *arcauna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. arcauna-
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → Hitt. aršauna-
√ordɑɦ-
PIE *ordɑɦo
OSax. ard-
(m.) ‘Aufenthaltsort’
(ASächsWb. 3)
1. PIE *ordɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ordɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ordɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *ordo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ordo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arda
4. arda
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OSax. ard
PIE *ordɑɦo
OEng. eard-
(m.) ‘native soil, land, land, residence, etc.’
(ASaxD. 231)
1. PIE *ordɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ordɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ordɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *ordo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ordo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arda
4. arda
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *ard
5. ard
*a → ea
Change of *a into ea
Ra=›ea= → OEng. eard
√ordɑɦi-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG H:74-5)
PIE *ordɑɦi̯o-
OEng. eardia-
(vb.) ‘dwell, live, feed: habitare’
(ASaxD. 232)
1. PIE *ordɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ordɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ordɦi̯o-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *ordi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ordi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ardi̯a-
4. ardi̯a-
*a → ea
Change of *a into ea
Ra=›ea= → *eardi̯a-
5. eardi̯a-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → OEng. eardia-
PIE *ordɑɦi̯ei̯o-
Hitt. arzei̯a-
(n.) ‘bestelltes Land, Kornkammer des Landes’
(HEG A:75)
(Hitt. A.ŠÀ ar-zi-ia-aš, ar-zi-ia-an)
1. PIE *ordɑɦi̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ordɦi̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ordɦi̯ei̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *orjɦei̯o-
3. orjɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arjɦei̯a-
4. arjɦei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *arjei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. arjei̯a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. arzei̯a-
PIE *ordɑɦi̯ei̯o·si-
CLu. arzei̯a·ši-
(a.gen.) ‘bezeichnet eine Geländeeigenschaft’
(DLL. 32)
(CLu. ar-zi-ia-aš-ši-iš [sgN], HHand. 25)
1. PIE *ordɑɦi̯ei̯o·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ordɦi̯ei̯o·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ordɦi̯ei̯o·si-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *orjɦei̯o·si-
3. orjɦei̯o·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arjɦei̯a·si-
4. arjɦei̯a·si-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *arzɦei̯a·si-
5. arzɦei̯a·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *arzɦei̯a·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. arzɦei̯a·ši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. arzḫei̯a·ši-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ordɑɦi̯ono-
Hitt. arzana-
(Éc.) ‘Gasthaus, Herberge’
(HEG A:75)
(HHand. 24)
1. PIE *ordɑɦi̯ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ordɦi̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ordɦi̯ono-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *orjɦono-
3. orjɦono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arjɦana-
4. arjɦana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *arjana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. arjana-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. arzana-
PIE *ordɑɦi̯onon-
Hitt. arzanan-
(n.) ‘Ansiedlung: settlement’
(HHand. 25)
(Hitt. arzanani [sgD], EHS 296)
1. PIE *ordɑɦi̯onon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ordɦi̯onon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ordɦi̯onon-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *orjɦonon-
3. orjɦonon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arjɦanan-
4. arjɦanan-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *arjanan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. arjanan-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. arzanan-
PIE *ordɑɦi̯ou̯o-
Hitt. arzau̯a-
(URUc.) ‘Land Luwija (›Ašarata)’ (OGHErg. 14)
(OGH. 42-5)
(Hitt. ar-za-ua-an, ar-za-u-ua-aš)
1. PIE *ordɑɦi̯ou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ordɦi̯ou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ordɦi̯ou̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *orjɦou̯o-
3. orjɦou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arjɦau̯a-
4. arjɦau̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *arjau̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. arjau̯a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. arzau̯a-
√ordɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ordɑɦēɑh-
OSax. ardō-
(vb.) ‘bewohnen’
(ASächsWb. 4)
(OSax. ardon [inf.])
1. PIE *ordɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ordɑɦāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ordɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ordɦāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ordɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ordɦā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ordɦā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *ordā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. ordā-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ardā-
6. ardā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → OSax. ardō-
(XX:XX)


PIE √rdɑɦ- √ordɑɦ- √erdɑɦ- (vb.) ‘trennen, spalten, sägen’ (sb.) ‘Seite, Hälfte’ (a.) ‘vereinzelt’
(IEW 383)
(Tischler 1972:281)
√ordɑɦo-
PIE *ordɑɦo-
Hitt. arda-
(vb.2.) ‘sägen’ (HHand. 24)
(HEG A:56)
1. PIE *ordɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ordɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ordɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ardɦa-
3. ardɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. arda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ordɑɦó-
RV. ardhá-
(m.) ‘die Hälfte, die Partei’ (pron.) ‘der andere’
(WbRV. 114)
1. PIE *ordɑɦó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ordɦó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ordɦó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ardɦó-
3. ardɦó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *ardɦá-
4. ardɦá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. ardhá-
PIE *órdɑɦo-
RV. árdha-
(m.) ‘Seite, Hälfte (des Luftkreises, des Himmels)’
(WbRV. 114-5)
1. PIE *órdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *órdɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. órdɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *órdɦa-
3. órdɦa-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *árdɦa-
4. árdɦa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. árdha-
PIE *ordɑɦo-
LAv. arǝδa-
(a.) ‘halb’ (m.) ‘Seite’
(AIWb. 193)
1. PIE *ordɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ordɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ordɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ardɦa-
3. ardɦa-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
Rr›rǝ → *arǝdɦa-
4. arǝdɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *arǝda-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. arǝda-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
Rd›δ → LAv. arǝδa-
PIE *ordɑɦol-
Hitt. ardal-
(URUDUn.) ‘Steinsäge’
(HHand. 24)
(Hitt. ar-da-a-la [plNA], KLuN. 306)
1. PIE *ordɑɦol-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ordɦol-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ordɦol-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ardɦal-
3. ardɦal-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ardal-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ordɑɦolo·si-
HLu. ardala·ši-
(a.) ‘(epith. of dU)’
(CHLu. 10.9.5)
(HLu. a+ra/i-ta-la-si-na [sgA])
1. PIE *ordɑɦolo·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ordɦolo·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ordɦolo·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ardɦala·si-
3. ardɦala·si-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ardala·si-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ardala·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. ardala·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ordɑɦoli-
HLu. ardali-
(c.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 10.9.10)
(HLu. a+ra/i-ta-li-na [sgA], Hluwlex. 32)
1. PIE *ordɑɦoli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ordɦoli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ordɦoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ardɦali-
3. ardɦali-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. ardali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ordɑɦoodɑɦor-
Hitt. ardadar-
(n.N.act.) ‘Einschnitt im Fels, Felsspalte, Schlucht’
(HHand. 24)
(Hitt. artatar-)
1. PIE *ordɑɦoodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ordɦoodɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ordɦoodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ardɦaadɦar-
3. ardɦaadɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ardaadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√erdɑɦo-
PIE *erdɑɦos-
LAv. arǝδah-
(n.) ‘Seite’
(AIWb. 194)
1. PIE *erdɑɦos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *erdɦos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. erdɦos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *erdɦas-
3. erdɦas-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
Rr›rǝ → *erǝdɦas-
4. erǝdɦas-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *erǝdɦah-
5. erǝdɦah-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *erǝdah-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. erǝdah-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *arǝdah-
7. arǝdah-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
Rd›δ → LAv. arǝδah-
√ordɑɦi-
PIE *Π·ordɑɦi-
RV. práty·ardhi-
(a.) ‘den die Hälfte von [G] gebührt, zur Seite stehend’
(WbRV. 871-2)
(RV. práti·ardhi also attested → PIE *h-?)
1. PIE *Π·ordɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ordɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ordɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ardɦi-
3. Π·ardɦi-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ardhi-
PIE *ordɑɦiɑ́h-
Lith. ardý-
(vb.) ‘zerlegen, auftrennen’
(LiEtWb. 15-16)
(Lith. ardýti)
1. PIE *ordɑɦiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *ordɑɦiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. ordɑɦiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ordɦiíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ordɦiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ordɦií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ordɦií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *ordɦī́-
5. ordɦī́-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ardɦī́-
6. ardɦī́-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *ardī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. ardī́-
*ī́ → ý
Orthographic change of ī́ into ý
Rī́›ý → Lith. ardý-
√ordɑɦu-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ordɑɦu-
Hitt. ardu-
(ao.) ‘cut with saw: sägen’ (HHand. 24)
(HEG A:69)
(Hitt. ar-du-me-ni [1pl])
1. PIE *ordɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ordɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ordɦu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ardɦu-
3. ardɦu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ardu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·ordɑɦu-
Hitt. arḫa (…) ardu·-
(vb.) ‘cut off with a saw’
(HED 1:175)
(Hitt. arḫa ar-du-[me-(e-)ni])
1. PIE *Π·ordɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ordɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ordɦu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ardɦu-
3. Π·ardɦu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·ardu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ordɑɦu̯o-
Hitt. ardu̯a-
(vb.) ‘sägen (HW2 A:347)’
(HIL. 252)
(Hitt. ar-du-[u̯andu])
1. PIE *ordɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ordɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ordɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ardɦu̯a-
3. ardɦu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ardu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ordɑɦumor-
Hitt. ardumar-
(N.act.) ‘sägen’
(HHand. 24)
(Hitt. ar-du-mar [sgNA])
1. PIE *ordɑɦumor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ordɦumor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ordɦumor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ardɦumar-
3. ardɦumar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ardumar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√erdɑɦu-
PIE *erdɑɦuko
OCS. rĕdŭkŭ
(a.) ‘vereinzelt, selten’
(Sadnik √750)
(PSlav. *erduko-)
1. PIE *erdɑɦuko
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *erdɦuko
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. erdɦuko
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *erdɦuka
3. erdɦuka
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *erduka
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. erduka
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *erduko
5. erduko
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *erduku
6. erduku
*erd → rēd
Slavic metathesis of erd
Rerd›rēd → *rēduku
7. rēduku
*ē → ĕ
Change of *ē into ĕ
Rē›ĕ → *rĕduku
8. rĕduku
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. rĕdŭkŭ


PIE √ru- (vb.) ‘sich verneigen, anbeten, huldigen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: OAnat. + Iran.)
√oruo-
PIE *oru̯o-
Hitt. aru̯a-
(vb.sb.) ‘sich verneigen, anbeten, huldigen’
(HIL. 254)
(Hitt. a-ru-ua-an-zi [1.inf.] = Akd. ŠUKENU)
1. PIE *oru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. aru̯a-
PIE *oru̯o-
Hitt. aru̯a-
(vb.) ‘sich verneigen, anbeten, huldigen’
(HIL. 254)
(Hitt. a-ru-ua-a-zi, a-ru-ua-an-zi, a-ru-ua-a-an-zi)
1. PIE *oru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. aru̯a-
√orui-
PIE *oru̯oi-
Hitt. aru̯ai-
(vb.1.) ‘sich verneigen, anbeten, huldigen’ (EHS 472)
(HEG A:73-4)
(Hitt. a-ru-ua-ez-zi, a-ru-ua-i-ez-zi = Akd. UŠKEN)
1. PIE *oru̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. aru̯ai-
PIE *oru̯oiski̯e/o-
Hitt. aru̯aiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘sich verneigen, anbeten, huldigen’
(HIL. 254)
(Hitt. a-ru-ua-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *oru̯oiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *oru̯oisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. oru̯oisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aru̯aisḱe/a-
3. aru̯aisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *aru̯aiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. aru̯aiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. aru̯aiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *oru̯eiski̯e/o-
Hitt. aru̯eiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘sich verneigen, anbeten, huldigen’
(HEG A:74)
(Hitt. a-ru-ú-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *oru̯eiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *oru̯eisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. oru̯eisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aru̯eisḱe/a-
3. aru̯eisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *aru̯eiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. aru̯eiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. aru̯eiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√oruoro-
PIE *oru̯oro-
HLu. aru̯ara-
(vb.) ‘bow down?’
(CHLu. 5.19.3)
(HLu. á-ru-wa/i+ra/i-tu [3sg])
1. PIE *oru̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. aru̯ara-
√oruski-
PIE *oruski-
MidParth. ´rws-
(vb.) ‘turn towards’
(MPahl. 2:30)
(in MidParth. ´rws-)
1. PIE *oruski-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *oruški-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. oruški-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *orušć-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. orušć-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arušć-
4. arušć-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *arušs-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. arušs-
*u → w
Orthographic change of *u into w
Ru›w → *arwšs-
6. arwšs-
*a → ´
Orthographic change of *a to ´
Ra›´ → MidParth. ´rwšs-
√oruto-
PIE *oruto-
Hitt. aruta-
(URUc.) ‘(am Fluß Šaḫirija, ›Zartajawaša)’
(OGH. 42)
(Hitt. a-ru-ud-da-aš)
1. PIE *oruto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. aruta-


PIE √ru- √oru- √eru- (vb.) ‘eilen, fliegen’ (a.) ‘flink, schnell’ (sb.) ‘Flügel’
(IEW 331-2)
(Pyysalo: CLu.; for the semantics, cf. Hitt. petai- ‘eilen, fliegen’, petali- ‘flink, schnell’, petar- ‘Flügel’)
√oru-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ru̯o-
Lat. ruo-
(vb.) ‘eilen, stürzen’
(WH. 2:453)
(GEW 2:422, Lat. ruō [1sg])
1. PIE *ru̯o-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. ruo-
PIE *oru̯o-
LAv. aurva-
(a.) ‘schnell’
(AIWb. 200)
1. PIE *oru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aru̯a-
2. aru̯a-
*aru → auru
Anaptyxis of *u
RarU›aurU → *auru̯a-
3. auru̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. aurva-
PIE *óru̯o·ki̯o-
RV. árva·śa-
(a.) ‘eilend, schnellfahrend’
(WbRV. 117)
1. PIE *óru̯o·ki̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *óru̯o·ćo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. óru̯o·ćo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *óru̯a·ća-
3. óru̯a·ća-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *áru̯a·ća-
4. áru̯a·ća-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → *áru̯a·śa-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. áru̯a·śa-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. árva·śa-
PIE *oru̯o
OSax. aru-
(a.) ‘bereit, reif’
(ASächsWb. 4)
(OSax. aru)
1. PIE *oru̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aru̯a
2. aru̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *aru̯
3. aru̯
*-ru̯ → -ru
Change of root-final -ru̯ into -ru
R=ru̯›=ru → OSax. aru
PIE *oru̯o
OEng. earu-
(a.) ‘quick, active, ready’
(ASaxD. 235)
1. PIE *oru̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aru̯a
2. aru̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *aru̯
3. aru̯
*a → ea
Change of *a into ea
Ra=›ea= → *earu̯
4. earu̯
*-ru̯ → -ru
Change of root-final -ru̯ into -ru
R=ru̯›=ru → OEng. earu
√orudɑɦo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *orudɑɦo-
CLu. aruda-
(c.) ‘Flügel, Schwinge’
(HHand. 25)
(CLu. a-ru-ta-ti [sgI], Rieken (1999:440): “Mittel um zu erheben”)
1. PIE *orudɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *orudɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. orudɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arudɦa-
3. arudɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. aruda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *orudɑɦo
OEng. arod-
(a.) ‘flink, schnell: swift, fleet’
(ASaxD. 51)
(‹IEW 331, is OHG. arod a ghost form?›)
1. PIE *orudɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *orudɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. orudɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *orudo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. orudo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aruda
4. aruda
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *arud
5. arud
*a → ea
Change of *a into ea
Ra=›ea= → OEng. earud


PIE √ru- (sb.) ‘Horn, Hirsch, cervus’
(IEW –)
(HEG R:681-5, Pyysalo: Anat. + IE)
√ru-
PIE *rúru-
OInd. rúru-
(m.) ‘eine Hirschart’
(KEWA 3:69)
(VS. rúru)
PIE *ruru-
TochB. ruru-
(m.sg) ‘ruru-deer’
(DTochB. 539)
(TochB. ruru-, possibly a loan)
PIE *rúru·Σ
RV. rúru·śīrṣan-
(a.) ‘mit hörnerner Spitze versehen’
(WbRV. 1177)
(RV. rúruśīrṣan-)
√ruo-
(HEG S:681-5)
PIE *ru̯o-
HLu. ru̯a
(LÚc.) ‘(serviteur de Tuwadi du Tabal)’
(CHLu.10.9.1)
(HLu. ru-wa/i-sá [sgN], NOMS. 1069)
1. PIE *ru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. ru̯a-
PIE *Π·ru̯o-
Hitt. naḫi·ru̯a-
(LÚc.) ‘respecting ‹naḫi-› Rua-’
(NOMS. 843)
(Hitt. na-ḫi-ru-ua-aš(-ša) [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·ru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. Π·ru̯a-


PIE √run- √orun- √erun- (sb.) ‘Wasser, Strom, See, Meer’
(IEW 328-9)
(Kretschmer 1926:10: OIcl.; despite being rejected by Kretschmer, the etymology is accepted here)
√runo-
PIE *runo-
OIcl. run-
(n.) ‘Wasser oder schmaler Strom zwischen zwei Seen’
(ANEtWb. 453)
1. PIE *runo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OIcl. runa-
√oruno-
PIE *oruno-
Hitt. aruna-
(c.) ‘See: Sum. A.AB.BA’ (HHand. 25)
(HEG A:71-3)
(Hitt. a-ru-na-aš, a-a-ru-na-aš, a-ru-na-a-aš)
1. PIE *oruno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. aruna-
PIE *oruno-
Pal. aruna-
(c.) ‘Meer’ (HHand. 25)
(DPal. 52)
(in Pal. a-ru-u-na-am(-pi) [sgA])
1. PIE *oruno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Pal. aruna-
PIE *oruno-
Hitt. aruna-
(URU.) ‘(Grenzstadt zwischen Kizuwatna und Ḫatti)’
(OGH. 41)
(Hitt. a-ru-u-naKI)
1. PIE *oruno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. aruna-
PIE *oruno-
Hitt. aruna-
(d.) ‘(preceded by DINGIRana)’ (GhR. 467, RDH. 72)
(OHP. 1:48-9)
(Hitt. a-ru-na-an, a-ru-ni [D])
1. PIE *oruno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. aruna-


PIE √s- √os- √es- (vb.) ‘(da) sein, existieren’
(IEW 340-2)
(Knudtzon 1902:45)
√os-
(HEG A-76-7)
PIE *os-
Hitt. aš-
(pr.) ‘sein’
(HEG E:109-110)
(Hitt. a-ša-an-du [3pl])
1. PIE *os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *as-
2. as-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. aš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *os-
Pal. aš-
(pr.) ‘sein’
(DPal. 52)
(Pal. a-aš [ipv2sg], a-aš-du [3sg])
1. PIE *os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *as-
2. as-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Pal. aš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *os-
CLu. aš-
(pr.) ‘sein’
(DLL. 32-3)
(CLu. aš-ḫa?, a-aš-ta, a-aš-du)
1. PIE *os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *as-
2. as-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. aš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *os-
HLu. aš-
(pr.) ‘sein’
(CHLu. 1.1.6)
(HLu. á-sá-ta [3pl])
1. PIE *os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *as-
2. as-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. aš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *os-
OPr. as-
(pr.) ‘sein’
(IEW 341)
(OPr. ast, assai, asmai)
1. PIE *os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OPr. as-
PIE *os·ú-
Northumbr. ar·u-
(vb.pl) ‘sein’
(IEW 340)
(Northumbr. aron [3pl])
1. PIE *os·ú-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *as·ú-
2. as·ú-
*asú → arú
Verner's law for asu -> aru
Rasú›arú → *ar·ú-
3. ar·ú-
*a → ea
Change of *a into ea
Ra=›ea= → *ear·ú-
4. ear·ú-
*ú → u
Orthographic change of *ú into u
Rú›u → Northumbr. ear·u-
√es-
(HEG E-109-10)
PIE *es-
Hitt. eš-
(pr.) ‘sein’
(HEG A:76)
(Hitt. e-eš-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *es-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. eš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *es-
Pal. eš-
(pr.) ‘sein?’
(DPal. 52)
(Pal. e-eš-ta[... [3sg])
1. PIE *es-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Pal. eš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *es-
Lith. es-
(pr.) ‘sein’
(LiEtWb. 124)
Lith. esmì [1sg])
PIE *és-
RV. ás-
(pr.A.) ‘da sein, vorhanden sein, existieren’
(WbRV. 146)
(RV. ásti [3sg])
1. PIE *és-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. ás-
PIE *es-
Gr. ἐσ-
(pr.) ‘sein’
(LSJ. 487f.)
(Gr. ἐστί [3sg])
1. PIE *es-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐσ-
PIE *es-
Lat. es-
(pr.) ‘sein’
(WH. 2:628-9)
(Lat. est [3sg])
√s-
PIE *s-
HLu. š-
(pr.) ‘be’
(CHLu. 8.2.2)
(HLu. sa-há [1sg] etc.)
1. PIE *s-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. š-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *s-
TochB. s-
(pr.copul.) ‘be’
(DTochB. 344)
(TochB. star [2sg], ste [3sg], star [3sg])
PIE *s-
gAv. h-
(pr.) ‘sein, vorhanden sein, existieren’
(AIWb. 266-279)
(gAv. mahī, stā, hvā [1du], zdī)
1. PIE *s-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → gAv. h-


PIE √s- √os- √es- (vb.intr.) ‘(übrig) bleiben’ (vb.tr.) ‘(zurück-, übrig) lassen’ (for the semantics, cf. Lith. lìkti ‘id.’, LiEtWb. 372)
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Av.)
√ōs-
(Pyysalo)
(HW2 A:366f.; HIL. 256-7; HEG A:75f.,78; HED 1:189ff.; SHV 187)
PIE *ōs-
Hitt. āš-
(vb.1.) ‘übrig bleiben’ (HHand. 25, HIL. 256)
(HEG A:75-6; 78)
(Hitt. a-aš-zi, aš-zi, a-aš-ta, a-aš-še-eš, a-aš-šer, a-aš-ša-an-zi)
1. PIE *ōs-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ās-
2. ās-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. āš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ōs-
LAv. āh-
(pr.) ‘geblieben sein’
(AIWb. 345)
(LAv. kainīnō åŋhaire [3pl] dǝrǝγǝm aγrvō)
1. PIE *ōs-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ās-
2. ās-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → LAv. āh-
PIE *kormol·oso-
Hitt. karmal·aša-
(vb.2.) ‘steif, krüppelhaft bleiben’
(HHand. 73)
(Hitt. karmalašai [3sg], KLuN. 340f., §212)
1. PIE *kormol·oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *karmal·asa-
2. karmal·asa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. karmal·aša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ōsont-
Hitt. āšant-
(pt.) ‘übrig bleiben’
(HIL. 256)
(Hitt. a-aš-ša-an-t-, aš-ša-an-t-)
1. PIE *ōsont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ōsant-
2. ōsant-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *āsant-
3. āsant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. āšant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ōski̯e/o-
Hitt. āške/a-
(pr.iter.) ‘übrig bleiben’
(HHand. 25)
(Hitt. a-aš-ke/a-, HIL. 256)
1. PIE *ōski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ōsḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ōsḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ōsḱe/a-
3. ōsḱe/a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *āsḱe/a-
4. āsḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *āske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. āske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. āške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ōsu̯o-
Hitt. āšu̯a-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘übrig bleiben’
(HIL. 256)
(Hitt. a-aš-šu-ua-an-zi, [inf.I] : KUB 22.70 obv. 51)
1. PIE *ōsu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ōsu̯a-
2. ōsu̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *āsu̯a-
3. āsu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. āšu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√so-
PIE *so-
HLu. ša-
(69vb.) ‘leave, let go’
(CHLu. 11.1.b5.)
(HLu. (“*69”)sa-ha-na [1pl])
1. PIE *so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sa-
2. sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *so-
LycA. ha-
(vb.) ‘let go, release’
(DLycLg. 21-22)
(Lyc. hadi [3sg])
1. PIE *so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sa-
2. sa-
PIE *s → h
Change of fricative *s into h
Rs›h → LycA. ha-
PIE *so-
HLu. ša-
(vb.) ‘allow’
(CHLu. 4.2.9)
(HLu. sá-ta [3sg])
1. PIE *so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sa-
2. sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·so-
HLu. INFRA ša·-
(vb.) ‘go down?’
(CHLu. 10.18.12)
(HLu. INFRA(-)sá-tu, for the meaning cf. Hawkins)
1. PIE *Π·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sa-
2. Π·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. Π·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·so-
HLu. ARHA ša·-
(69vb.) ‘let go’
(CHLu. 11.1.e13)
(HLu. ARHA (“*69”)sa-tu-i)
1. PIE *Π·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sa-
2. Π·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. Π·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *so-
CLu. ša-
(vb.) ‘entlassen, weglassen’
(DLL. 84)
(CLu. ša-an-du [3pl])
1. PIE *so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sa-
2. sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√si-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *soi̯o-
HLu. šaa-
(vb.) ‘allow’
(CHLu. 4.2.10)
(HLu. sá-a-ha [1sg])
1. PIE *soi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sai̯a-
2. sai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *saa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. saa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. šaa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *soi̯o-
CLu. šaa-
(vb.) ‘let go, leave, allow’
(DLL. 84)
(CLu. ša-a-at-ta [3sg], ša-a-an-du [3pl])
1. PIE *soi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sai̯a-
2. sai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *saa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. saa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. šaa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *soi̯o-
CLu. šaa-
(vb.) ‘entlassen, weglassen’
(DLL. 84)
(CLu. ša-a-i [2sg?])
1. PIE *soi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sai̯a-
2. sai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *saa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. saa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. šaa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ohɑ·soi̯o-
CLu. aḫ·šaa-
(vb.) ‘abandon’
(HHand. 11)
(CLu. a-aḫ-ša-a(-pa-[) [ipv2sg], to CLu. aḫ- ‘ab’, DLL. 23)
1. PIE *ohɑ·soi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oh·soi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oh·soi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ah·sai̯a-
3. ah·sai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *ah·saa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. ah·saa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ah·šaa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ah·šaa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. aḫ·šaa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ohɑo·soi̯o-
Hitt. aḫa·šaa-
(URU.) ‘(mit Tunip, Mušunipa, Itipa und Turpanta)’
(OGH. 1)
(Hitt. aḫ-ḫa-ša-a [Stf.])
1. PIE *ohɑo·soi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oho·soi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oho·soi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aha·sai̯a-
3. aha·sai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *aha·saa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. aha·saa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *aha·šaa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. aha·šaa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. aḫa·šaa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ohɑ·soi̯omi-
CLu. aḫ·šaami-
(pt.) ‘abandoned’
(HHand. 11)
(CLu. niš-pa-aš aḫša[m(miš)] SISKUR-iš EN-aš)
1. PIE *ohɑ·soi̯omi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oh·soi̯omi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oh·soi̯omi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ah·sai̯ami-
3. ah·sai̯ami-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *ah·saami-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. ah·saami-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ah·šaami-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ah·šaami-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. aḫ·šaami-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ohɑo·soi̯omi-
CLu. aḫa·šaami-
(pt.) ‘abandoned (HHand. 11)’
(DLL. 23)
(CLu. a-aḫ-ḫa-ša-a[m-mi-iš] = [a-a]ḫ-ḫa-ša-a-mi-iš)
1. PIE *ohɑo·soi̯omi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oho·soi̯omi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oho·soi̯omi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aha·sai̯ami-
3. aha·sai̯ami-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *aha·saami-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. aha·saami-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *aha·šaami-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. aha·šaami-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. aḫa·šaami-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *sei-
Lat. sī-
(pf.) ‘zulassen, gestatten’
(WH. 2:545)
(Lat. siī [1sg])
1. PIE *sei-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → Lat. sī-


PIE √s- √os- √es- (vb.) ‘sitzen, setzen’
(IEW 342-343)
(Hrozný 1917:xiii)
√ōs-
(HEG A:77)
PIE *ōs-
Hitt. āš-
(vb.A.) ‘sitzen’
(HHand. 25)
1. PIE *ōs-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ās-
2. ās-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. āš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ōs-
HLu. āš-
(SOLIUMvb.) ‘sit’
(CHLu. 2.11.10)
(HLu. (SOLIUM)á-sa-tá [3pl])
1. PIE *ōs-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ās-
2. ās-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. āš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·ōs-
HLu. SUPER āš·-
(SOLIUMvb.*) ‘sit’
(CHLu. 5.1.4)
(HLu. SUPER SOLIUM-tá [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·ōs-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·ās-
2. Π·ās-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. Π·āš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ṓs-
RV. ā́s-
(pr.M.) ‘Sitz haben, sitzen, thronen’ (EWA 1:181)
(WbRV. 188-9)
(RV. ā́sate [3pl]; or PIE *ḗs-?)
1. PIE *ṓs-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → RV. ā́s-
PIE *ōs-
Hitt. āš-
(vb.MP.) ‘sich setzen: TUŠ’
(HIL. 298)
(Hitt. a-ša-an-ta)
1. PIE *ōs-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ās-
2. ās-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. āš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ēs-
PIE *ēs-
Hitt. ēš-
(vb.MP.) ‘sich setzen: TUŠ’
(HIL. 298)
(Hitt. e-ša-an-ta, e-ša-an-ta-ri)
1. PIE *ēs-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ēš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√es-
PIE *keɑht·és-
Gr. κατ·έσ-
(vb.) ‘sitzen’
(GEW 1:633-4)
(Gr. κατέαται [3pl])
1. PIE *keɑht·és-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑht·és-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑht·és-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kaht·és-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kaht·és-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kat·és-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kat·és-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. κατ·έσ-
√sēs-
PIE *sḗs-
Gr. ἥσ-
(vb.) ‘sitzen’
(GEW 1:633-4)
(Gr. ἧμαι [1sg], ἧσται [3sg], ἧσθαι)
1. PIE *sḗs-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *hḗs-
2. hḗs-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἥσ-
√oso-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *oso-
HLu. aša-
(SOLIUM.MIc.) ‘seat (CHLu. 292)’
(CHLu. 5.1.4)
(HLu. (SOLIUM.MI)á-sa)
1. PIE *oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asa-
2. asa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. aša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *oso-
Hitt. aša-
(n.) ‘Sitz’
(HHand. 25)
(in Hitt. ALAM ašan ‘Sitzbild’)
1. PIE *oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asa-
2. asa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. aša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *oso-
LAv. aŋha-
(m.) ‘Lager, Lagerstätte’
(AIWb. 106)
(LAv. aŋhat̰)
1. PIE *oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asa-
2. asa-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *aha-
3. aha-
ahA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
RahA›aŋhA → LAv. aŋha-
PIE *osodɑɦor-
Hitt. ašadar-
(n.N.act.) ‘das Sitzen, Sitz’
(HHand. 26)
(Hitt. a-ša-tar, a-ša-a-tar)
1. PIE *osodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *osodɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. osodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asadɦar-
3. asadɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *asadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. asadar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ašadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ēso-
PIE *ēso-
LAv. åŋha-
(pr.) ‘sitzen, da sitzen’
(AIWb. 344-5)
(LAv. aešąm vantåŋhō gātuš paiti åŋhǝntē [3pl])
1. PIE *ēso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ēsa-
2. ēsa-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *ēha-
3. ēha-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *āha-
4. āha-
āhA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
RāhA›āŋhA → *āŋha-
5. āŋha-
āŋhA → åŋhA
Change of āŋhA into åŋhA
RāŋhA›åŋhA → LAv. åŋha-
PIE *suɑH·ēso·stɑhó-
RV. su.·āsa·sthá-
(m.) ‘auf gutem Sitze sich befinden’
(WbRV. 1638)
1. PIE *suɑH·ēso·stɑhó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *suH·ēso·sthó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. suH·ēso·sthó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *suH·ēsa·sthó-
3. suH·ēsa·sthó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *suH·ēsa·sthá-
4. suH·ēsa·sthá-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *su.·ēsa·sthá-
5. su.·ēsa·sthá-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → RV. su.·āsa·sthá-
√ēsonu-
PIE *ēsonu-
HLu. išanu-
(SOLIUMvb.) ‘settle’
(CHLu. 1.1.30)
(HLu. (SOLIUM)i-sà-nú-ha [1sg])
1. PIE *ēsonu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ēsanu-
2. ēsanu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ēšanu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. ēšanu-
*ē → i
Change of *ē into i
Rē›i → HLu. išanu-
PIE *ēsonu̯o-
HLu. išanu̯a-
(SOLIUMvb.) ‘cause to/make sit’
(CHLu. 1.1.16)
(HLu. (“SOLIUM”)i-sà-nu-wa/i-há(-’) [1sg])
1. PIE *ēsonu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ēsanu̯a-
2. ēsanu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ēšanu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. ēšanu̯a-
*ē → i
Change of *ē into i
Rē›i → HLu. išanu̯a-
√ōstor-
PIE *ōstorolo-
CLu. āštarala-
(GIŠ.) ‘‹here if ‘throne, seat’›’ (cf. HHand2 31: ‘?’)
(CHLu. 170n8)
(CLu. a-aš-ta-ra-la-an)
1. PIE *ōstorolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ōstarala-
2. ōstarala-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *āstarala-
3. āstarala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. āštarala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ēstor-
PIE *ēstoro-
HLu. ištara-
(THRONUSsb.) ‘throne’
(CHLu. 1.1.16)
(HLu. (“THRONUS”)i-sà-tara/i-ti)
1. PIE *ēstoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ēstara-
2. ēstara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ēštara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. ēštara-
*ē → i
Change of *ē into i
Rē›i → HLu. ištara-
PIE *ēstoro-
HLu. ištara-
(URBS.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 2.27.17)
(HLu. i-sa-tara/i(URBS))
1. PIE *ēstoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ēstara-
2. ēstara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ēštara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. ēštara-
*ē → i
Change of *ē into i
Rē›i → HLu. ištara-
PIE *ēstorolo-
HLu. ištarala-
(sb.) ‘seat’
(CHLu. 10.14.30)
(HLu. [i]-sà-[t]ara/i-la-ti-pa-wa/i-ta-’)
1. PIE *ēstorolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ēstarala-
2. ēstarala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ēštarala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. ēštarala-
*ē → i
Change of *ē into i
Rē›i → HLu. ištarala-
PIE *ēstordɑɦolo-
CLu. ēštardala-
(a.) ‘(qualifiziert ‘Sitz’)’
(HHand. 67)
(KLuN. §255, CLu. ŠÚ.A iš-tar-da-al-la)
1. PIE *ēstordɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ēstordɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ēstordɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ēstardɦala-
3. ēstardɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ēstardala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ēstardala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. ēštardala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √s- √es- √os- (vb.A.) ‘tun, wirken, schaffen, sich bemühen’ (vb.P.) ‘(gemacht) werden’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Av. + Balt.)
√s-
(Pyysalo)
(HED 2:300ff., HEG E:111)
PIE *es-
Hitt. eš-
(vb.1.) ‘wirken, schaffen; Gelübde erfüllen’
(HIL. 450-2)
(Hitt. e-eš-šu-u-e-ni [1pl])
1. PIE *es-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. eš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ēs-
LAv. āh-
(vb.) ‘sich bemühen’
(AIWb. 340)
(in LAv. uxšne xraϑwe yaonǝm āste [inf.]; see AIWb. 1231 for details)
1. PIE *ēs-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *ēh-
2. ēh-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → LAv. āh-
PIE *ēs-
LAv. āh-
(vb.) ‘in dem Tun dauernd verharren’
(AIWb. 340)
(LAv. čvat̰ drāǰō upamaitīm āste [inf.])
1. PIE *ēs-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *ēh-
2. ēh-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → LAv. āh-
PIE *eso-
Hitt. eša-
(vb.2.) ‘wirken, schaffen; Gelübde erfüllen’
(HHand. 33)
(Hitt. e-eš-ša-aḫ-ḫi [1sg], e-eš-ša-i [3sg])
1. PIE *eso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *esa-
2. esa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. eša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·éso-
Lith. rem·ẽsa-
(m.) ‘Handwerker, Zimmermann’
(LiEtWb. 717)
(Lith. remẽsas [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·éso-
é → è
Emergence of gravis PLith. è
RLiAcc4 → *Π·èso-
2. Π·èso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·èsa-
3. Π·èsa-
èsa -› ẽsa
Circumflex intonation è -› ẽ
Rèsa›ẽsa → Lith. Π·ẽsa-
PIE *Π·eso
Latv. rem·es-
(m.) ‘Handwerker, Zimmermann’
(LiEtWb. 717)
(Latv. remess [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·eso
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·esa
2. Π·esa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Latv. Π·es
√si-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·esi̯ó-
RV. mānav·asyá-
(vb.) ‘nach Art den Menschen handeln, tätig sein’
(WbRV. 1031)
(RV. mānavasyáte [pt.D] manavé)
1. PIE *Π·esi̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·esi̯á-
2. Π·esi̯á-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·asi̯á-
3. Π·asi̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·asyá-
PIE *esigɑɦe/o-
Hitt. ešige/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘behandeln’
(HHand. 33)
(Hitt. eššik-)
1. PIE *esigɑɦe/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *esigɦe/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. esigɦe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *esigɦe/a-
3. esigɦe/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *esige/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. esige/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ešige/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *esiski̯e/o-
Hitt. ešiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘behandeln’
(HHand. 33)
1. PIE *esiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *esisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. esisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *esisḱe/a-
3. esisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *esiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. esiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ešiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√eskio-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *es·ēski̯e/o-
Hitt. eš·ēške/a-
(impf.) ‘machen’
(HIL. 450ff.)
(Hitt. eš-e-eš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *es·ēski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *es·ēsḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. es·ēsḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *es·ēsḱe/a-
3. es·ēsḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *es·ēske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. es·ēske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. eš·ēške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *shɑēn·ēski̯o-
Lat. sān·ēsco-
(vb.) ‘heil machen, heilen’
(WH. 2:476)
(Lat. sānēscō)
1. PIE *shɑēn·ēski̯o-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *shɑān·ēski̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. shɑān·ēski̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shān·ēski̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. shān·ēski̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *shān·ēsḱo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. shān·ēsḱo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sān·ēsḱo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. sān·ēsḱo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *sān·ēsko-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. sān·ēsko-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. sān·ēsco-
PIE *ser·ēski̯o-
Lat. ser·ēsco-
(pr.) ‘zu saurer Milch (Lat. sero-) werden’
(WH. 2:525)
(Lat. serēscō)
1. PIE *ser·ēski̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ser·ēsḱo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ser·ēsḱo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ser·ēsko-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ser·ēsko-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. ser·ēsco-
√esl-
PIE *Π·éslo-
Lith. rem·ẽsla-
(m.) ‘Handwerk’
(WH. 2:525)
1. PIE *Π·éslo-
é → è
Emergence of gravis PLith. è
RLiAcc4 → *Π·èslo-
2. Π·èslo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·èsla-
3. Π·èsla-
èsla -> ẽsla
Circumflex intonation è -› ẽ
Rèsla›ẽsla → Lith. Π·ẽsla-
PIE *Π·eslēɑh
Lith. rem·esla-
(f.) ‘Handwerk’
(LiEtWb. 717)
1. PIE *Π·eslēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·eslāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·eslāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·eslāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·eslāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·eslā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·eslā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *Π·eslō
(XX:XX)
5. Π·eslō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → Lith. Π·esla
PIE *Π·eslos
Russ. rem·eslo
(n.) ‘Handwerk, Gewerbe, Profession’
(LiEtWb. 717)
1. PIE *Π·eslos
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·eslas
2. Π·eslas
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·eslos
3. Π·eslos
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in -os (root-final)
Ros=›o= → Russ. Π·eslo
√esu-
PIE *esu̯o-
Hitt. ešu̯a-
(sup) ‘wirken, schaffen’
(HHand. 33)
(Hitt. ešuan [sup])
1. PIE *esu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *esu̯a-
2. esu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ešu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *esumor-
Hitt. ešumar-
(n.N.act.) ‘das Wirken, das Schaffen’
(HHand. 33)
1. PIE *esumor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *esumar-
2. esumar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ešumar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √s- √os- √es- (sb.) ‘Fleisch, Aas, Haut’
(IEW 288)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Pal. + OInd.)
√os-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *os·gɑɦumou̯o-
Pal. aš·gumau̯a-
(c.) ‘reines Fleisch’ (Hitt. UZUšupa-; HHand. 27)
(DPal. 52)
(Pal. aš-ku(um-)ma-a-u-(ua)-aš [plN])
1. PIE *os·gɑɦumou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *os·gɦumou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. os·gɦumou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *as·gɦumau̯a-
3. as·gɦumau̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *as·gumau̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. as·gumau̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Pal. aš·gumau̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *os·gɑɦumou̯ogɑɦo-
Pal. aš·gumau̯aga-
(a.) ‘‹cf. above›’
(DPal. 52)
(Pal. aš-ku-ma-a-u-ua-ga [plNA])
1. PIE *os·gɑɦumou̯ogɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *os·gɦumou̯ogɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. os·gɦumou̯ogɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *as·gɦumau̯agɦa-
3. as·gɦumau̯agɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *as·gumau̯aga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. as·gumau̯aga-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Pal. aš·gumau̯aga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·osó-
OInd. tar·asá-
(n.m.) ‘rohes Fleisch: raw meat’
(KEWA 1:483)
1. PIE *Π·osó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·asó-
2. Π·asó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → OInd. Π·asá-
PIE *Π·oso·Σ
OInd. tar·asa·maya-
(a.) ‘aus rohem Fleisch bestehend’
(KEWA 1:483)
1. PIE *Π·oso·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OInd. Π·asa·Σ
√ēso-
(IEW 288 *ēdsom)
PIE *Π·ēso
OSax. Π·ās-
(n.) ‘Fleisch eines toten Körpers, Köder, Aas’
(KLUGE 1-2)
(OSax. Π·ās)
1. PIE *Π·ēso
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ēsa
2. Π·ēsa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *Π·ēs
3. Π·ēs
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → OSax. Π·ās
PIE *Π·ēso
OHG. Π·ās-
(n.) ‘Fleisch eines toten Körpers, Köder, Aas’
(KLUGE 1-2)
(OHG. Π·ās)
1. PIE *Π·ēso
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ēsa
2. Π·ēsa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *Π·ēs
3. Π·ēs
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → OHG. Π·ās
PIE *ēso
MidHG. ās-
(n.) ‘Fleisch eines toten Körpers, Köder, Aas’
(KLUGE 1-2)
(MidHG. ās)
1. PIE *ēso
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ēsa
2. ēsa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *ēs
3. ēs
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → MidHG. ās
√osɑhi-
√ēsi-
PIE *ēsi-
OEng. ǣs-
(n.) ‘meat, food, carrion, dead carcase’
(ASaxD. 19)
1. PIE *ēsi-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *āsi-
2. āsi-
āsi -> ǣs
Umlaut of āsi into ǣs
Rāsi›ǣs → OEng. ǣs-
√osi-
PIE *hɑou̯i·osi-
Hitt. ḫau̯i·aši-
(c.) ‘(Brot) mit Schaffleisch’
(HHand. 48)
(Hitt. ḫa-ú-i-aš-ši-in, ḫa-ú-i-ia-aš-ši-in, ḫa-ui5-ia-aš-ši, DLL. 45)
1. PIE *hɑou̯i·osi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hou̯i·osi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hou̯i·osi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hau̯i·asi-
3. hau̯i·asi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hau̯i·aši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hau̯i·aši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫau̯i·aši-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √s- √os- √es- (sb.) ‘Hass, Kampf, Groll, Krieg’ (vb.) ‘zürnen, grollen, hassen’
(IEW –)
(Juret 1942:40; Pyysalo)
√so-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG S:685f.)
PIE *so-
Hitt. ša-
(vb.) ‘zornig sein, zürnen, grollen, hassen’
(HHand. 137)
(Hitt. ša-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sa-
2. sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *so·méɑɦd-
RV. sa·mád-
(f.) ‘Kampflust; Kampf, Schlacht’
(WbRV. 1479)
(RV. samád-)
1. PIE *so·méɑɦd-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *so·máɑɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. so·máɑɦd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *so·máɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. so·máɦd-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sa·máɦd-
4. sa·máɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → RV. sa·mád-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *só·meɑɦdo-
Gr. ὅ·μαδο-
(m.) ‘Schlachtgedränge, lärmende Menschenmenge, Getümmel, Getöse’
(GEW 2:383)
(Gr. ὅμαδος)
1. PIE *só·meɑɦdo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *só·maɑɦdo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. só·maɑɦdo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *só·maɦdo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. só·maɦdo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *só·mado-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. só·mado-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *hó·mado-
5. hó·mado-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὅ·μαδο-
PIE *so·méɑɦdono-
RV. sa·mádana-
(n.) ‘Kampflust’
(WbRV. 1479)
(RV. samádana-)
1. PIE *so·méɑɦdono-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *so·máɑɦdono-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. so·máɑɦdono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *so·máɦdono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. so·máɦdono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sa·máɦdana-
4. sa·máɦdana-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → RV. sa·mádana-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *so·méɑɦdu̯on-
RV. sa·mádvan-
(a.) ‘kampflustig’
(WbRV. 1479)
(RV. samádvan-)
1. PIE *so·méɑɦdu̯on-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *so·máɑɦdu̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. so·máɑɦdu̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *so·máɦdu̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. so·máɦdu̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sa·máɦdu̯an-
4. sa·máɦdu̯an-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *sa·mádu̯an-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. sa·mádu̯an-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. sa·mádvan-
√sɑhiu-
(Juret 1942:40)
PIE *seɑhiu̯o-
Lat. saeuo-
(a.) ‘wütend, tobend, hart, grausam, grimmig’
(WH. 2:462)
1. PIE *seɑhiu̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑhiu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. saɑhiu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sahiu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sahiu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *saiu̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. saiu̯o-
*ai → ae
Opening of *ai into ae
Rai›ae → *saeu̯o-
5. saeu̯o-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. saeuo-
PIE *seɑhiu̯onio-
OGaul. saiuonio-
(PN.) ‘-(?)-’
(ACSS 2:1285)
(OGaul. saeuonio-, in Turin)
1. PIE *seɑhiu̯onio-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑhiu̯onio-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. saɑhiu̯onio-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sahiu̯onio-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sahiu̯onio-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *saiu̯onio-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. saiu̯onio-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OGaul. saiuonio-
√seɑhiuɑh-
PIE *seɑhiu̯ēɑh-
OLat. saiuā-
(a.f.) ‘groß’
(WH. 2:463)
(OLat. saeua)
1. PIE *seɑhiu̯ēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑhiu̯ēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. saɑhiu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *saɑhiu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. saɑhiu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sahiu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. sahiu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *saiu̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. saiu̯ā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OLat. saiuā-
PIE *seɑhiu̯ēɑht-
OGaul. saiuāt-
(VN.) ‘(norischer Stamm in Pustertale)’
(ACSS 2:1285)
(OGaul. saeuat)
1. PIE *seɑhiu̯ēɑht-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑhiu̯ēɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. saɑhiu̯ēɑht-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *saɑhiu̯āɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. saɑhiu̯āɑht-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sahiu̯āht-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. sahiu̯āht-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *saiu̯āt-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. saiu̯āt-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OGaul. saiuāt-
√soi-
(CHD S:13ff.)
PIE *soi-
Hitt. šai-
(vb.A.) ‘become sullen/sulking/angry, be angry’
(HIL. 799)
(Hitt. ša-a-iz-zi, ša-it, ša-a-iš)
1. PIE *soi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sai-
2. sai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *soi̯o-
Hitt. šaa-
(vb.) ‘zornig sein, zürnen, grollen, hassen’
(HHand. 137)
1. PIE *soi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sai̯a-
2. sai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *saa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. saa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šaa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sr- √sor- √ser-
(Pyysalo)
(Götze & Pedersen 1934:21)
PIE *sorēɑh
Alb. sharë-
(pl) ‘offense’
(AlbEtD. 408)
1. PIE *sorēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *sorāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. sorāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sorāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sorāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sorā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sorā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sarā
5. sarā
*s → sh
Change of *s into sh
Rs›sh → *sharā
6. sharā
*ā → ë
Change of *ā into Alb. ë
Rā›ë → Alb. sharë
(XX:XX)
PIE *sorou̯or-
Hitt. šarau̯ar-
(n.) ‘Groll, Erregung’
(HHand. 137)
(Hitt. ša-ra-u-ua-ar)
1. PIE *sorou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sarau̯ar-
2. sarau̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šarau̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √s- √os- √es- (a.) ‘gut, lieb, beliebt, angenehm’ (sb.) ‘Gunst usw.’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: RV. + Anat.)
√os-
(HEG A:81f.)
PIE *os-
Hitt. aš-
(vb.M.) ‘gut sein’
(HHand. 25)
(Hitt. a-aš-ša-a-ri [3sg], a-aš-ša-an-ta-ri)
1. PIE *os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *as-
2. as-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. aš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√esei-
(HEG E:116)
PIE *esei-
CLu. ešei-
(MUNUSc.) ‘Kurtisane?’ (HHand. 33)
(DLL. 37)
(CLu. MUNUS.MEŠ e-ši-in-zi [plN])
1. PIE *esei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. ešei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√osei-
PIE *osei̯o-
Hitt. ašei̯a-
(vb.M.) ‘lieb, beliebt sein’ (HHand. 27)
(HEG A:81)
(Hitt. a-aš-ši-ia-at-ta-ri [3sg])
1. PIE *osei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asei̯a-
2. asei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ašei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *osei̯o-
Hitt. ašei̯a-
(vb.A.) ‘be loved, be good’
(HIL. 257)
(Hitt. a-aš-ši-ia-an-du [ipv3pl])
1. PIE *osei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asei̯a-
2. asei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ašei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *osei̯on-
Hitt. ašei̯an-
(n.) ‘Liebe’
(HIL. 257)
(Hitt. a-aš-ši-ia-an-na-aš, a-ši-ia-na-aš [G])
1. PIE *osei̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asei̯an-
2. asei̯an-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ašei̯an-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *osei̯ont-
Hitt. ašei̯ant-
(pt.) ‘geliebt, beliebt’
(HHand. 27)
(Hitt. a-aš-ši-ia-an-t-, aš-ši-ia-an-t-)
1. PIE *osei̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asei̯ant-
2. asei̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ašei̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *osei̯onuski̯e/o-
Hitt. ašei̯anuške/a-
(cs.iter.) ‘geliebt, beliebt machen’
(HHand. 27)
(Hitt. a-aš-ši-ia-nu-uš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *osei̯onuski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *osei̯onusḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. osei̯onusḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asei̯anusḱe/a-
3. asei̯anusḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *asei̯anuske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. asei̯anuske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ašei̯anuške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√osoio-
(Gusmani)
PIE *osoi̯o-
Lyd. aśaa-
(c.) ‘Gunst, Wohlwollen?’
(LydWb. 66)
(Lyd. aśaaν)
1. PIE *osoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asai̯a-
2. asai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *asaa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. asaa-
PIE * s → ś
Orthographic change of *s into ś
Rs›ś → Lyd. aśaa-
√siɑh-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *siɑH·ounó-
RV. si·oná-
(n.) ‘angenehme Lage, weiches Lager’
(WbRV. 1616)
(cf. LAv. h́yaona- (m.) ‘ein Volk und Land’ (a.) ‘chionitisch’, AIWb. 1858)
1. PIE *siɑH·ounó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *siH·ounó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. siH·ounó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *siH·aunó-
3. siH·aunó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *siH·auná-
4. siH·auná-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *si.·auná-
5. si.·auná-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *si.·ōná-
6. si.·ōná-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → RV. si.·oná-
PIE *siɑH·ounó-
RV. si·oná-
(a.) ‘angenehm, erfreulich, freundegewährend’
(WbRV. 1616)
(EWA 2:783; KEWA 3:552)
1. PIE *siɑH·ounó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *siH·ounó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. siH·ounó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *siH·aunó-
3. siH·aunó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *siH·auná-
4. siH·auná-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *si.·auná-
5. si.·auná-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *si.·ōná-
6. si.·ōná-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → RV. si.·oná-


PIE √s- √os- √es- (sb.) ‘Vorzeichen, Weissage, Bild, Gestalt’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Lat. + Hitt.)
√ōs-
PIE *ōs·Σ
Lat. ōs·cen-
(m.) ‘Weissagevogel’
(WH. 2:226)
(Lat. ōscen, ōscinis from PItal. *ōs·kan-)
PIE *ōs·men-
OLat. ōs·men-
(n.) ‘Vorzeichen’
(WH. 2:208)
(OLat. osmen, Class. ōmen, ōminis)
PIE *ōsmènēɑh-
Lat. ōminā-
(pr.1.M.) ‘wünschen an, weissagen’
(WH. 2:208)
1. PIE *ōsmènēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ōsmènāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ōsmènāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ōsmènāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ōsmènāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. ōsmènā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Π·ōsmènēɑh-
Lat. ab·ōminā-
(pr.1.M.) ‘verwünschen, verabscheuen’
(WH. 2:208)
(Lat. abōminor [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·ōsmènēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·ōsmènāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·ōsmènāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ōsmènāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·ōsmènāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. Π·ōsmènā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√esri-
(HEG E:116)
PIE *esri-
Hitt. ešri-
(n.) ‘Bild, Form, Gestalt, Körperbau, Statue’
(HHand. 33)
(Hitt. e-eš-ri [sgNA], e-eš-ri-ia [DL])
1. PIE *esri-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ešri-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √sɑh- (vb.) ‘vollstopfen usw.’
(IEW 876)
(Kimball 1999:397)
√sɑh-
(HEG S:690ff.)
(CHD S:1)
PIE *sēɑh-
Hitt. šāḫ-
(vb.2.) ‘vollstopfen: ‘stuff full, clog, fill in’
(SHV 512)
(Hitt. ša-a-ḫi [3sg], ša-a-ḫa-an-zi, ša-aḫ-ta)
1. PIE *sēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *sāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. sāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sāh-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šāh-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šāh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šāḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *sēɑh-
Hitt. šāḫ-
(vb.M.) ‘clog, stuff, fill in, stop, block, plug up’
(HIL. 797)
(Hitt. ša-ḫa-a-ri [3sg])
1. PIE *sēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *sāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. sāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sāh-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šāh-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šāh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šāḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *sḗɑh-
Gr. ἅ̄-
(vb.M.) ‘πληροῦται (Hes.)’
(LSJ. 267)
(Gr. ἇται [3sg])
1. PIE *sḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *sā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. sā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sā́-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *hā́-
5. hā́-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἅ̄-


PIE √sɑh- (vb.) ‘singen, blasen’ (sb.) ‘Gesang, Lied’
(IEW –)
(Benveniste 1954:39f.: Hitt. + RV.; Pyysalo: Lith.)
√seɑhmɑh-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *sḗɑhmēɑh
Lith. sóma-
(f.) ‘Blasinstrument’
(LiEtWb. 855-6)
(Lith. sóma [sgN])
1. PIE *sḗɑhmēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *sḗɑhmāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. sḗɑhmāɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *sā́ɑhmāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. sā́ɑhmāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sā́hmāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. sā́hmāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sā́mā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. sā́mā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *sā́mō
(XX:XX)
6. sā́mō
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *sṓmō
(XX:XX)
7. sṓmō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *sṓma
8. sṓma
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → Lith. sóma
PIE *sēɑhmṓɑh-
Lith. somúo-
(vb.) ‘(weltliche Lieder) singen’
(LiEtWb. 855-6)
(Lith. somúoti)
1. PIE *sēɑhmṓɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *sāɑhmṓɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. sāɑhmṓɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sāhmṓh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sāhmṓh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sāmṓ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sāmṓ-
*ṓ → úo
Change of ṓ into úo
Rṓ›úo → *sāmúo-
5. sāmúo-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *sōmúo-
(XX:XX)
6. sōmúo-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Lith. somúo-
√sɑhōmo-
(Benveniste 1954:39f.)
PIE *Π·sɑhōmo-
Hitt. i·šḫāma-
(vb.2.) ‘singen’
(HEG I:379-80)
(Hitt. iš-ḫa-ma-i [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·sɑhōmo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·shōmo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·shōmo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·shōma-
3. Π·shōma-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·shāma-
4. Π·shāma-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·šhāma-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·šhāma-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫāma-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·sɑhōmo-
Hitt. i·šḫāma-
(c.) ‘Lied, Gesang: SÌR’
(HIL. 456)
(Hitt. iš-ḫa-ma-[uš] [plA])
1. PIE *Π·sɑhōmo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·shōmo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·shōmo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·shōma-
3. Π·shōma-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·shāma-
4. Π·shāma-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·šhāma-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·šhāma-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫāma-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ŕ̥ku·sɑhōmó-
RV. ŕ̥k·ṣāmá-
(n.) ‘Lied und Gesang’
(WbRV. 277)
1. PIE *ŕ̥ku·sɑhōmó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ŕ̥ku·shōmó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ŕ̥ku·shōmó-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *ŕ̥ku·šhōmó-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. ŕ̥ku·šhōmó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *ŕ̥ku·šhōmá-
4. ŕ̥ku·šhōmá-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ŕ̥ku·šhāmá-
5. ŕ̥ku·šhāmá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ŕ̥ku·šāmá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ŕ̥ku·šāmá-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ŕ̥k·šāmá-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. ŕ̥k·šāmá-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. ŕ̥k·ṣāmá-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
PIE *sɑhōmo·Σ
RV. sāma·gā́-
(a.) ‘Lieder singend’
(WbRV. 1512)
1. PIE *sɑhōmo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shōmo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. shōmo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *shōma·Σ
3. shōma·Σ
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *shāma·Σ
4. shāma·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. sāma·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *sɑhōmo·Σ
RV. sāma·gā́-
(m.) ‘Liedersänger’
(WbRV. 1512)
1. PIE *sɑhōmo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shōmo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. shōmo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *shōma·Σ
3. shōma·Σ
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *shāma·Σ
4. shāma·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. sāma·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Π·sɑhōmo·Σ
Hitt. i·šḫāma·dala-
(LÚc.) ‘Sänger: singer’
(HHand. 63)
(Hitt. iš-ḫa-ma-tal-le-eš [plN], iš-ḫa-ma-a-tal-lu-uš [plA])
1. PIE *Π·sɑhōmo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·shōmo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·shōmo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·shōma·Σ
3. Π·shōma·Σ
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·shāma·Σ
4. Π·shāma·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·šhāma·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·šhāma·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫāma·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√sɑhōmi-
PIE *Π·sɑhōmoi-
Hitt. i·šḫāmai-
(c.) ‘Lied, Gesang: SÌR’
(HEG I:379-80)
(Hitt. iš-ḫa-ma-in [A])
1. PIE *Π·sɑhōmoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·shōmoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·shōmoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·shōmai-
3. Π·shōmai-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·shāmai-
4. Π·shāmai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·šhāmai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·šhāmai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫāmai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·sɑhōmoiski̯e/o-
Hitt. i·šḫāmaiške/a-
(vb.) ‘singen’
(HIL. 456)
(Hitt. iš-ḫa-ma-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *Π·sɑhōmoiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·shōmoiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·shōmoiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *Π·shōmoisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·shōmoisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·shōmaisḱe/a-
4. Π·shōmaisḱe/a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·shāmaisḱe/a-
5. Π·shāmaisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *Π·shāmaiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. Π·shāmaiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·šhāmaiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. Π·šhāmaiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫāmaiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·sɑhōmei-
Hitt. i·šḫāmei-
(vb.1.) ‘singen’
(HIL. 456)
(Hitt. iš-ḫa-mi-en-zi)
1. PIE *Π·sɑhōmei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·shōmei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·shōmei-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·shāmei-
3. Π·shāmei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·šhāmei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·šhāmei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫāmei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·sɑhōmei̯o-
Hitt. i·šḫāmei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘singen’
(HHand. 63)
(Hitt. iš-ḫa-mi-an-zi, iš-ḫa-mi-ia-an-zi)
1. PIE *Π·sɑhōmei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·shōmei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·shōmei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·shōmei̯a-
3. Π·shōmei̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·shāmei̯a-
4. Π·shāmei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·šhāmei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·šhāmei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫāmei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√sɑhōmen-
PIE *sɑhṓmen-
RV. sā́man-
(n.) ‘Gesang, Lied, gesungenes Lied’
(WbRV. 1512)
(RV. sā́man-)
1. PIE *sɑhṓmen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shṓmen-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. shṓmen-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *shā́men-
3. shā́men-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sā́men-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sā́men-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → RV. sā́man-
PIE *Π·sɑhōmen-
RV. sahá·sāman-
(a.) ‘mit Gesang versehen’
(WbRV. 1499)
1. PIE *Π·sɑhōmen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·shōmen-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·shōmen-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·shāmen-
3. Π·shāmen-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·sāmen-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·sāmen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → RV. Π·sāman-


PIE √sɑh- (vb.) ‘suchen, spüren, verlangen’
(IEW –)
(SPIE 83, 311f.)
√sēɑh-
(Pyysalo)
(CHD S:162ff., 171; HIL. 831-2; HEG S:818f.)
PIE *sēɑh-
Hitt. šāḫ-
(vb.1.) ‘suchen, erstreben, planen, fordern, verlangen’
(HHand. 142)
(HEG S:818, SHV 182, ša-a-aḫ, ša-aḫ-ta, ša-aḫ-ḫu-un)
1. PIE *sēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *sāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. sāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sāh-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šāh-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šāh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šāḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *po·sēɑh-
OHG. fa·sō-
(vb.) ‘nachspüren, suchen’
(Gl. NGl.)
(OHG. fasôn [inf.], Grundr2 1:765, WH. 2:241, insequi Gl, quaerere NGl, vestigare Gl)
1. PIE *po·sēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *po·sāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. po·sāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *po·sāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. po·sāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *po·sā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. po·sā-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *fo·sā-
5. fo·sā-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *fa·sā-
6. fa·sā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → OHG. fa·sō-
(XX:XX)
√seɑhi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *seɑhiski̯e/o-
OHitt. šaḫiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘suchen, verlangen’
(HHand. 142)
(Hitt. ša-aḫ-ḫi-iš-ke-)
1. PIE *seɑhiski̯e/o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑhiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. saɑhiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sahiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sahiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *sahisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. sahisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sahisḱe/a-
5. sahisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *sahiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. sahiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šahiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. šahiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → OHitt. šaḫiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *seɑhiski̯e-
Arm. haicʼe-
(vb.) ‘suchen, verlangen, bitten’
(ArmGr. 1:418)
(Arm. haicʼem)
1. PIE *seɑhiski̯e-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑhiski̯e-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. saɑhiski̯e-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sahiski̯e-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sahiski̯e-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *sahisće-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. sahisće-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *saisće-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. saisće-
*sć → cʼ
Change of sć into cʼ
Rsć›cʼ → *saicʼe-
6. saicʼe-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → Arm. haicʼe-
√seɑhgi-
(IEW 876-7)
PIE *sēɑhgi̯o-
Lat. sāgo-
(a.) ‘prophetic: prosciens: practicing witchcraft’
(OxLatD. 1680)
(Lat. sāgus [sgN])
1. PIE *sēɑhgi̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *sāɑhgi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. sāɑhgi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sāhgi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sāhgi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *sāhǵo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. sāhǵo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sāǵo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. sāǵo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → Lat. sāgo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
PIE *seɑhgi̯e-
OIr. saigi-
(vb.) ‘seek out: aussuchen’
(DIL. 517)
(OIr. saigim [1sg])
1. PIE *seɑhgi̯e-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑhgi̯e-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. saɑhgi̯e-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sahgi̯e-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sahgi̯e-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *sahǵe-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. sahǵe-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *saǵe-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. saǵe-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *sage-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. sage-
*age → aigi
Epenthesis of i
Rage›aigi → OIr. saigi-
PIE *seɑhgii̯o-
Lat. sagio-
(pt.) ‘spüren, witteren’
(WH. 2:465)
(Lat. sagiō, sagīre [inf.])
1. PIE *seɑhgii̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑhgii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. saɑhgii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sahgii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sahgii̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *sahǵi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. sahǵi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *saǵi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. saǵi̯o-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *sagi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. sagi̯o-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → Lat. sagio-
PIE *sēɑhgii̯o-
Goth. sokja-
(vb.) ‘suchen’
(GoEtD. S116)
1. PIE *sēɑhgii̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *sāɑhgii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. sāɑhgii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sāhgii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sāhgii̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *sāhǵi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. sāhǵi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sāǵi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. sāǵi̯o-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *sāgi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. sāgi̯o-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *sāki̯o-
7. sāki̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sāki̯a-
8. sāki̯a-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *sōki̯a-
(XX:XX)
9. sōki̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *sōkja-
10. sōkja-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Goth. sokja-


PIE √sɑh- √osɑh- √esɑh- (sb.) ‘Herr, Verwalter, Meister’, √sosɑh- √sesɑh- (vb.) ‘anordnen, herrschen, bestimmen’
(IEW 342 [diff.])
(Ribezzo 1920:128: Hitt. + Lat., Oettinger, Pyysalo)
√osɑho-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *udɑhni̯·osɑho-
Hitt. udni̯·ašḫa-
(c.) ‘Bürgermeister’
(HHand. 189)
1. PIE *udɑhni̯·osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *udhni̯·osho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. udhni̯·osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *udhni̯·asha-
3. udhni̯·asha-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *udni̯·asha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. udni̯·asha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *udni̯·ašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. udni̯·ašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. udni̯·ašḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·osɑho-
Hitt. tup·ašḫa-
(LÚc.) ‘Lagerverwalter?’
(HHand. 181)
1. PIE *Π·osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·osho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·asha-
3. Π·asha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·ašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·ašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·ašḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *sol·osɑho-
Hitt. šal·ašḫa-
(LÚc.) ‘Stallbursche?; Kutscher?’
(HHand. 140)
1. PIE *sol·osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sol·osho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sol·osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sal·asha-
3. sal·asha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šal·ašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šal·ašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šal·ašḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√esɑho-
(Ribezzo 1920:128)
PIE *esɑho-
OHitt. ešḫa-
(c.) ‘EN: Herr: lord’
(HEG I:376)
(HIL. 452-3, HED 2:385ff.)
1. PIE *esɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *esho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. esho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *esha-
3. esha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ešha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ešha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → OHitt. ešḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *esɑho-
Lat. ero-
(m.) ‘Herr’
(WH. 1:419)
(Lat. erus [sgN], ere [sgV])
1. PIE *esɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *esho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. esho-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *eso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. eso-
*VsV → VrV
Rhotacism of *s between vowels
RVsV›VrV → Lat. ero-
PIE *esɑho·soro-
Hitt. ešḫa·šara-
(c.) ‘GAŠAN: Herrin’
(HHand. 63)
(Hitt. iš-ḫa-aš-ša-ri)
1. PIE *esɑho·soro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *esho·soro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. esho·soro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *esha·sara-
3. esha·sara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ešha·šara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ešha·šara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ešḫa·šara-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *esɑho·soru̯oi-
Hitt. ešḫa·šaru̯ai-
(vb.dn.) ‘herrschen’
(HHand. 64)
1. PIE *esɑho·soru̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *esho·soru̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. esho·soru̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *esha·saru̯ai-
3. esha·saru̯ai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ešha·šaru̯ai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ešha·šaru̯ai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ešḫa·šaru̯ai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *esɑhēɑh-
OLat. esā-
(f.) ‘Herrin’
(WH. 1:419)
(OLat. esa)
1. PIE *esɑhēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *esɑhāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. esɑhāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eshāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. eshāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OLat. esā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√sosɑho-
(Oettinger SHV 498-9)
PIE *sosɑho-
Hitt. šašḫa-
(vb.) ‘anordnen, anweisen, bestimmen’
(HHand. 150)
(Hitt. šašḫaten [2pl])
1. PIE *sosɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sosho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sosho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sasha-
3. sasha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šašḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√sesɑho-
(Oettinger SHV 498-9)
PIE *sesɑho-
Hitt. šešḫa-
(vb.) ‘order, arrange’
(HEG I:375-6)
(HIL. 875f.)
1. PIE *sesɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sesho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sesho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sesha-
3. sesha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šešha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šešha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šešḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *sesɑho-
CLu. šešḫa-
(vb.) ‘anordnen, -weisen, bestimmen, festmachen’
(HHand. 150)
(CLu. šešḫata, SHV 499)
1. PIE *sesɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sesho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sesho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sesha-
3. sesha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šešha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šešha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. šešḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *sesɑhoi-
Hitt. šešḫai-
(vb.2.) ‘anordnen, anweisen, bestimmen’
(HHand. 150
1. PIE *sesɑhoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *seshoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. seshoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *seshai-
3. seshai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šešhai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šešhai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šešḫai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √sɑh- (vb.) ‘binden’
(IEW 476, 904)
(Kuryłowicz 1927:101; Kretschmer 1927:10)
√sɑho-
(HEG I:384f.)
PIE *Π·sɑho-
Hitt. i·šḫa-
(vb.2.) ‘bind, wrap, obligate with, impose upon: Akd. rakāsu’
(HEG I:385)
(Hitt. iš-ḫa-a-i, HuIdg. 89, HHand. 63, IHL 51, CGr2: 51)
1. PIE *Π·sɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sha-
3. Π·sha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·šha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·šha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√sɑhei-
PIE *Π·sɑhei-
Hitt. i·šḫei-
(vb.) ‘binden’
(HEG I:385)
(Hitt. iš-ḫe-eḫ-ḫi [1sg], iš-ḫi-i-e-ez-zi, iš-ḫe-ḫu-un)
1. PIE *Π·sɑhei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·shei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·shei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·šhei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. Π·šhei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *sɑheí-
Lith. siẽ-
(vb.) ‘binden’
(LiEtWb. 783)
(Lith. siẽti [inf.])
1. PIE *sɑheí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sheí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sheí-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *sheì-
3. sheì-
eì → eĩ
Circumflex intonation for eì
RLiAcc14 → *sheĩ-
4. sheĩ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *seĩ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. seĩ-
eí -› iẽ
Change of eí to iẽ
Reĩ›iẽ → Lith. siẽ-
√sɑheio-
PIE *sɑhéi̯o-
Lith. sẽja-
(pr.) ‘binden’
(LiEtWb. 783)
(Lith. sejù [1sg], sẽja [3sg])
1. PIE *sɑhéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. shéi̯o-
é → è
Emergence of gravis PLith. è
RLiAcc4 → *shèi̯o-
3. shèi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sèi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sèi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sèi̯a-
5. sèi̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Lith. sèja-
PIE *sɑhéi̯o-
Latv. sèja-
(vb.) ‘binden, knüpfen’
(LiEtWb. 783)
(Latv. sèju [1sg])
1. PIE *sɑhéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. shéi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *séi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. séi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *séi̯a-
4. séi̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Latv. séja-
√sɑhm-
(Pyysalo)
(cf. Pind. ἅμερο-)
PIE *Π·sɑhomen-
Hitt. i·šḫamen-
(c.) ‘cord’
(HEG I:380)
(Hitt. iš-ḫa-mi-na-an)
1. PIE *Π·sɑhomen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·shomen-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·shomen-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·shamen-
3. Π·shamen-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·šhamen-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·šhamen-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫamen-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·sɑhomeno-
Hitt. i·šḫamena-
(c.) ‘Schnur, Seil, Strick’
(HIL. 454)
1. PIE *Π·sɑhomeno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·shomeno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·shomeno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·shamena-
3. Π·shamena-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·šhamena-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·šhamena-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫamena-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·sɑhomenoso-
Hitt. i·šḫamenaša-
(a.) ‘bandförmig’
(HHand. 63)
1. PIE *Π·sɑhomenoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·shomenoso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·shomenoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·shamenasa-
3. Π·shamenasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·šhamenaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·šhamenaša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫamenaša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *sesɑhōmen-
LAv. haŋhāman-
(n.) ‘Verbindung (der Gelenke), Gelenkband’
(AIWb. 1768)
1. PIE *sesɑhōmen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *seshōmen-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. seshōmen-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *seshāmen-
3. seshāmen-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sesāmen-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sesāmen-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *hehāmen-
5. hehāmen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *hahāman-
6. hahāman-
ahA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
RahA›aŋhA → LAv. haŋhāman-
PIE *sɑhómēro-
Gr. ὅμηρο-
(m.) ‘hostage, pledge, surety’
(LSJ. 1221)
(Gr. ὅμηρος)
1. PIE *sɑhómēro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shómēro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. shómēro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sómēro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. sómēro-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *hómēro-
4. hómēro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὅμηρο-
PIE *sɑhḗmero-
Gr. ἥμερο-
(a.) ‘tame, cultivated, reclaimed, civilized’
(LSJ. 771)
(Gr. ἥμερος)
1. PIE *sɑhḗmero-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shḗmero-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. shḗmero-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sḗmero-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. sḗmero-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *hḗmero-
4. hḗmero-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἥμερο-


PIE √sɑh- √soɑh- √seɑh- (vb.) ‘bringen, führen’
(IEW 906 *sen-)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Av.)
√seɑh-
PIE *pedo·seɑh-
Hitt. peda·šaḫ-
(vb.1.A.) ‘an Ort und Stelle bringen, überführen’
(HHand. 130)
(Hitt. pí-e-da-aš-ša-aḫ-ḫa-an-zi [3pl], pí-e-da-aš-ša-aḫ-ḫe-ir)
1. PIE *pedo·seɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *pedo·saɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. pedo·saɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pedo·sah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pedo·sah-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *peda·sah-
4. peda·sah-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *peda·šah-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. peda·šah-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. peda·šaḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√sɑho-
PIE *pki̯u·seɑh
LAv. fšu·ša-
(a.) ‘der Vieh in seinen Besitz bringt, Viehbesitzer’
(AIWb. 1030)
(LAv. fšušō, fšušasča, fšušǝmča [sgA])
1. PIE *pki̯u·seɑh
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *pki̯u·saɑh
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. pki̯u·saɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pki̯u·sah
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pki̯u·sah
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *pki̯u·šah
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. pki̯u·šah
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *pću·šah
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. pću·šah
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pću·ša
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. pću·ša
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → LAv. psu·ša
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)


PIE √sɑhu- (sb.) ‘Sonne’ (vb.) ‘rösten, dörren, schmoren’
(IEW 881-2, 1045)
(SPIE 122-3)
√sɑhu-
PIE *sɑ́hu-
LAv. hū-
(n.) ‘Sonne, Sonnenball, Sonnenlicht’
(AIWb. 1847)
(LAv. hača hū [sgG] vaxšāt)
1. PIE *sɑ́hu-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *súhu-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. súhu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *súu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. súu-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *sū́-
4. sū́-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *hū́-
5. hū́-
*ū́ → ū
Absence of accent
Rū́›ū → LAv. hū-
PIE *sɑhu-
LAv. hu-
(vb.) ‘schmoren, rösten’
(AIWb. 1782-3)
(LAv. huyārǝš [opt3pl])
1. PIE *sɑhu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. shu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *su-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. su-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → LAv. hu-
√seɑhuo-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG S:700, CHD S:12)
PIE *seɑhu̯o-
OInd. sava-
(m.) ‘the Sun’
(MonWil. 1190)
1. PIE *seɑhu̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑhu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. saɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sahu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sahu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sahu̯a-
4. sahu̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sau̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. sau̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OInd. sava-
PIE *seɑhu̯o-
Hitt. šaḫu̯a-
(vb.) ‘rösten, dörren: roast’
(CHD S:172f.)
(Hitt. ša-ḫu-ua-an KUB 29.1 iii 46, HIL. 833)
1. PIE *seɑhu̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑhu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. saɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sahu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sahu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sahu̯a-
4. sahu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šahu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. šahu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šaḫu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *seɑhu̯o-
Hitt. šaḫu̯a-
(vb.) ‘-(?)-’ (CHD S:12)
(HEG K:700)
(Hitt. (-)]ša-aḫ-ḫu-ua-az-zi na=an=šan])
1. PIE *seɑhu̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑhu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. saɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sahu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sahu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sahu̯a-
4. sahu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šahu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. šahu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šaḫu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√soɑhueio-
PIE *soɑhu̯ei̯o-
LAv. hāvaya-
(cs.) ‘rösten’
(AIWb. 1782)
(LAv. hāvayeiti [3sg], Brugmann’s law II, see SPIE 121ff.)
1. PIE *soɑhu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sohu̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sohu̯ei̯o-
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *sāhu̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
3. sāhu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sāhu̯ei̯a-
4. sāhu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sāu̯ei̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. sāu̯ei̯a-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *hāu̯ei̯a-
6. hāu̯ei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *hāu̯ai̯a-
7. hāu̯ai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *hāu̯aya-
8. hāu̯aya-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. hāvaya-


PIE √sɑhu- √sɑɦu- (prep.pref.) ‘ober-, auf-’ (sb.) ‘Höhe’ (a.) ‘hoch’
(IEW 1105-1107)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√sɑhu-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·sɑhu·no-
Hitt. i·šḫu·na-
(c.) ‘Oberarm: upper arm’
(HHand. 64)
(Hitt. iš-ḫu-na-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·sɑhu·no-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·shu·no-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·shu·no-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·shu·na-
3. Π·shu·na-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·šhu·na-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·šhu·na-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫu·na-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·sɑhu·nou-
Hitt. i·šḫu·nau-
(c.) ‘Oberarm’
(HHand. 64)
(Hitt. iš-ḫu-na-ú-uš [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·sɑhu·nou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·shu·nou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·shu·nou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·shu·nau-
3. Π·shu·nau-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·šhu·nau-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·šhu·nau-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫu·nau-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·sɑhu·nou-
Hitt. i·šḫu·nau-
(n.) ‘Oberarm’
(HHand. 64)
(Hitt. [iš]-ḫu-na-ú, iš-ḫu-na-u-ua, iš-ḫu-na-u-ua-aš, iš-ḫu-na-u-i)
1. PIE *Π·sɑhu·nou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·shu·nou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·shu·nou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·shu·nau-
3. Π·shu·nau-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·šhu·nau-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·šhu·nau-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫu·nau-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·sɑhu·nou̯ont-
Hitt. i·šḫu·nau̯ant-
(c.) ‘Oberarm’
(HHand. 64)
(Hitt. iš-ḫu-na-u-ua-an-za)
1. PIE *Π·sɑhu·nou̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·shu·nou̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·shu·nou̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·shu·nau̯ant-
3. Π·shu·nau̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·šhu·nau̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·šhu·nau̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫu·nau̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *sɑhu·Σ
Lat. su·rgo-
(vb.) ‘aufrichten, aufstehen’
(WH. 2:635)
(Lat. surgō [1sg], su· also in Lat. sūrsum ‘in die Höhe gerichted, aufwärts’)
1. PIE *sɑhu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. shu·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. su·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *sɑ́hu·Σ
LAv. hū·kairī-
(n.) ‘N des höchsten Gipfels der Harā’
(AIWb. 1818)
(LAv. hūkairīm [sgA])
1. PIE *sɑ́hu·Σ
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *súhu·Σ
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. súhu·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *súu·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. súu·Σ
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *sū́·Σ
4. sū́·Σ
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *hū́·Σ
5. hū́·Σ
*ū́ → ū
Absence of accent
Rū́›ū → LAv. hū·Σ
√sɑhuo-
PIE *sɑhu̯o.istɑho-
LAv. hvō.išta-
(a.sup.) ‘der höchste, erste, vertvolleste, beste’
(AIWb. 1856)
(LAv. hvōišta-)
1. PIE *sɑhu̯o.istɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shu̯o.istho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. shu̯o.istho-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIIr → *shu̯o.ištho-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. shu̯o.ištho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *shu̯a.ištha-
4. shu̯a.ištha-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *su̯a.ištha-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. su̯a.ištha-
*sth/šth → st/št
Loss of *h after st/št
RSth›St → *su̯a.išta-
6. su̯a.išta-
*su̯ → xu̯
Change of *su̯ into xu̯
Rsu̯›xu̯ → *xu̯a.išta-
7. xu̯a.išta-
a. → ō.
Change of a. into ō. in morpheme border
Ra›ō → *xu̯ō.išta-
8. xu̯ō.išta-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. xvō.išta-
√sɑhuper-
PIE *sɑhuper
Lat. super
(adv.) ‘oben an, auf (zu)’
(WH. 2:613)
1. PIE *sɑhuper
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shuper
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. shuper
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. super
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *sɑhuper
Umbr. super-
(pref.) ‘oben an’
(WbOU. 720)
1. PIE *sɑhuper
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shuper
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. shuper
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Umbr. super
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√sɑhupr-
PIE *sɑhupro-
Osc. supro-
(a.) ‘oberer’
(WbOU. 722)
(Osc. supru, supruis)
1. PIE *sɑhupro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shupro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. shupro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Osc. supro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *sɑhupr·Σ
Lat. supr·ā
(adv.) ‘oben darauf, vorher, darüber hinaus’
(WH. 2:613)
1. PIE *sɑhupr·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shupr·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. shupr·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. supr·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *sɑhupr·Σ
Lat. supr·ā
(prep.A) ‘oben über, oberhalb, vor, über hinaus’
(WH. 2:613)
1. PIE *sɑhupr·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shupr·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. shupr·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. supr·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√sɑɦub-
PIE *sɑɦub·Σ
OGaul. sub·ligniāco-
(ONm.) ‘-(?)-’
(ACSS 2:1651)
(OGaul. locum, qui nunc dicitur subligniācus)
1. PIE *sɑɦub·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sɦub·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sɦub·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → OGaul. sub·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *sɑɦub·Σ
Lat. sub·līmi-
(a.) ‘in die Höhe gehoben, erhaben, kehr, schwebend’
(WH. 2:618-619)
(Lat. sublīmis, sublīme [adv.])
1. PIE *sɑɦub·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sɦub·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sɦub·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. sub·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *sɑɦub·Σ
Lat. sub·līmitāt-
(f.) ‘Höhe, Erhabenheit, Schwung’
(WH. 2:618-619)
1. PIE *sɑɦub·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sɦub·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sɦub·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. sub·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *sɑɦub·Σ
Lat. sub·tīli-
(a.) ‘fein, feinfühlig, -sinnig; genau, scharfsinnig; schlicht, einfach’
(WH. 2:619-620)
(Lat. subtīlis, subtīle [adv.])
1. PIE *sɑɦub·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sɦub·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sɦub·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. sub·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *sɑɦub·Σ
Lat. sub·tīlitāt-
(f.) ‘Feinheit, Feinfühligkeit, Geschmack; Scharfsinn; Schlichtheit’
(WH. 2:619-620)
1. PIE *sɑɦub·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sɦub·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sɦub·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. sub·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)


PIE √shɑ- √sohɑ- √sehɑ- (vb.) ‘heilen’
(IEW 880)
(Pyysalo)
√shɑ-
PIE *sohɑ-
Hitt. šaḫ-
(vb.1.) ‘heilig machen, reinigen, fegen, abwischen’
(HHand. 142)
1. PIE *sohɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *soh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. soh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sah-
3. sah-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šah-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šah-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šaḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *sohɑ-
HLu. šaḫ-
(vb.) ‘heal, cure’ (CHLu. 629)
(CHLu. 2.17.7)
(HLu. sá-ha-si [2sg])
1. PIE *sohɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *soh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. soh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sah-
3. sah-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šah-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šah-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. šaḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√shɑn-
(IEW 880)
(Pyysalo: TochA.)
PIE *shɑēno-
Lat. sāno-
(a.) ‘gesund, heil, vernünftig, nüchtern’
(WH. 2:476)
(Lat. sānus [sgN])
1. PIE *shɑēno-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *shɑāno-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. shɑāno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shāno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. shāno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. sāno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *shɑēnē
Lat. sānē
(adv.) ‘healthily, reasonably; truly, indeed’
(WH. 2:476)
1. PIE *shɑēnē
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *shɑānē
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. shɑānē
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shānē
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. shānē
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. sānē
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *shɑēn·ēski̯o-
Lat. sān·ēsco-
(vb.) ‘heil machen, heilen’
(WH. 2:476)
(Lat. sānēscō)
1. PIE *shɑēn·ēski̯o-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *shɑān·ēski̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. shɑān·ēski̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shān·ēski̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. shān·ēski̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *shān·ēsḱo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. shān·ēsḱo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sān·ēsḱo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. sān·ēsḱo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *sān·ēsko-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. sān·ēsko-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. sān·ēsco-
PIE *shɑēn·Σ
TochA. sān·täk-
(sb.) ‘Arzt: doctor’
(Poucha 363)
(‹for the suffix see TochA. √täk- ‘urteilen’›)
1. PIE *shɑēn·Σ
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *shɑān·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. shɑān·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shān·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. shān·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochA. sān·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√shɑr-
(HEG I:382)
(Pyysalo: Alb.)
PIE *Π·shɑēro-
Hitt. i·šḫāra-
(dc.) ‘Göttin der Medizin’
(OHP. 1:196-202)
(Hitt. iš-ḫa-ra(-aš) [All-(N)])
1. PIE *Π·shɑēro-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·shɑāro-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·shɑāro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·shāro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·shāro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·shāra-
4. Π·shāra-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·šhāra-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·šhāra-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫāra-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·shɑēro-
Pal. i·šḫāra-
(vb.) ‘-(?)-’ (HHand. 64)
(DPal. 57)
(Pal. iš-ḫa-ra-an-ti)
1. PIE *Π·shɑēro-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·shɑāro-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·shɑāro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·shāro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·shāro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·shāra-
4. Π·shāra-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·šhāra-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·šhāra-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. Π·šḫāra-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·shɑēro-
CLu. i·šḫāra-
(d.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:196-202)
(CLu. iš-ḫa-ra-aš [N])
1. PIE *Π·shɑēro-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·shɑāro-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·shɑāro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·shāro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·shāro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·shāra-
4. Π·shāra-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·šhāra-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·šhāra-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. Π·šḫāra-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·shɑēro-
Hitt. i·šḫāra
(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘(wohl bei ›Niriša)’
(OGH. 145)
(Hitt. iš-ḫa-ra [All])
1. PIE *Π·shɑēro-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·shɑāro-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·shɑāro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·shāro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·shāro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·shāra-
4. Π·shāra-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·šhāra-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·šhāra-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫāra-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·shɑēroli-
Hitt. i·šḫārali-
(c.) ‘Priesterin der Išḫara-’
(HHand. 64)
1. PIE *Π·shɑēroli-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·shɑāroli-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·shɑāroli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·shāroli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·shāroli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·shārali-
4. Π·shārali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·šhārali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·šhārali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫārali-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *shɑērē-
Alb. shëro-
(pr.) ‘heal’
(AlbEtD. 413)
(Alb. shëroj [1sg])
1. PIE *shɑērē-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *shɑārē-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. shɑārē-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shārē-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. shārē-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sārē-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sārē-
*s → sh
Change of *s into sh
Rs›sh → *shārē-
5. shārē-
*ā → ë
Change of *ā into Alb. ë
Rā›ë → *shërē-
(XX:XX)
6. shërē-
*ē → o
Change of *ē into o
Rē›o → Alb. shëro-
PIE *Π·shɑērish-
Hitt. i·šḫārišḫ-
(vb.fient.M.) ‘die Krankheit der Išḫara bekommen’
(HHand. 64)
1. PIE *Π·shɑērish-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·shɑārish-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·shɑārish-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·shārish-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·shārish-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·šhārišh-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·šhārišh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫārišḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·shɑēriski̯e/o-
Hitt. i·šḫāriške/a-
(vb.iter.M) ‘die Krankheit der Išḫara bekommen’
(HHand. 64)
1. PIE *Π·shɑēriski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·shɑāriski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·shɑāriski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·shāriski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·shāriski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *Π·shārisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. Π·shārisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·shārisḱe/a-
5. Π·shārisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *Π·shāriske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. Π·shāriske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·šhāriške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. Π·šhāriške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫāriške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *shɑērēu̯-
Alb. shërov-
(ao.) ‘heal’
(AlbEtD. 413)
(Alb. shërova [1sg])
1. PIE *shɑērēu̯-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *shɑārēu̯-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. shɑārēu̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shārēu̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. shārēu̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sārēu̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sārēu̯-
*s → sh
Change of *s into sh
Rs›sh → *shārēu̯-
5. shārēu̯-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *shārēv-
6. shārēv-
*ā → ë
Change of *ā into Alb. ë
Rā›ë → *shërēv-
(XX:XX)
7. shërēv-
*ē → o
Change of *ē into o
Rē›o → Alb. shërov-


PIE √shɑ- √eshɑ- √ēshɑ- (sb.) ‘Blut(verwandschaft), Saft, Lebenskraft’
(IEW 343)
(Ribezzo 1920:128)
√oshɑ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *oshɑō-
CLu. ašḫā-
(n.) ‘Blut’
(KUB xxxv 113 4-5)
(CLu. ašḫa nuduši ‘you thirst for blood’)
1. PIE *oshɑō-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oshō-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oshō-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ashō-
3. ashō-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ashā-
4. ashā-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ašhā-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ašhā-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ašḫā-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·óshɑō-
Gr. ἰχ·όω-
(n.*) ‘Götterblut, Blutwasser’
(GEW 1:747)
(in Gr. ἰχῶ [sgA])
1. PIE *Π·óshɑō-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·óshō-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·óshō-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ósō-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·ósō-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *Π·óhō-
4. Π·óhō-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *Π·óō-
5. Π·óō-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·όω-
√oshɑer-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·óshɑer
Gr. ἰχ·όαρ-
(m.*) ‘Götterblut, Blutwasser’
(GEW 1:747)
(in Gr. ἰχώρ)
1. PIE *Π·óshɑer
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·óshɑar
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·óshɑar
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·óshar
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·óshar
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ósar
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·ósar
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *Π·óhar
5. Π·óhar
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *Π·óar
6. Π·óar
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·όαρ
PIE *oshɑerso-
CLu. ašḫarša-
(n.) ‘Blut’
(HHand. 26)
(CLu. a-aš-ḫar-ša [sgNA])
1. PIE *oshɑerso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *oshɑarso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. oshɑarso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *osharso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. osharso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asharsa-
4. asharsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ašharša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ašharša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ašḫarša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√eshɑer-
(HEG E:112-15)
(Ribezzo 1920:128)
PIE *eshɑer-
Hitt. ešḫar-
(n.) Blut, Bluttat, Lebenskraft, Blutverwandtschaft’
(HHand. 33)
(Hitt. e-eš-ḫa-ar)
1. PIE *eshɑer-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *eshɑar-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. eshɑar-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eshar-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. eshar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ešhar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ešhar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ešḫar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *éshɑer-
Gr. ἔαρ-
(n.) ‘Blut, Saft’
(GEW 1:432)
(Gr. ἔαρ [sgNA])
1. PIE *éshɑer-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *éshɑar-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. éshɑar-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *éshar-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. éshar-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ésar-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ésar-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *éhar-
5. éhar-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *éar-
6. éar-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἔαρ-
PIE *eshɑer-
TochB. yasar-
(n.) ‘Blut’
(DTochB. 487)
(TochB. yasar [sgNA])
1. PIE *eshɑer-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *eshɑar-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. eshɑar-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eshar-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. eshar-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *i̯ashar-
4. i̯ashar-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *i̯asar-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. i̯asar-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochB. yasar-
√ēshɑer-
PIE *ēshɑer-
Hitt. ēšḫar-
(n.) Blut, Bluttat, Lebenskraft, Blutverwandtschaft’
(HHand. 33)
(Hitt. iš-ḫar)
1. PIE *ēshɑer-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ēshɑar-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ēshɑar-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ēshar-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ēshar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ēšhar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ēšhar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ēšḫar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ḗshɑer-
Gr. ἤαρ-
(n.) ‘Blut, Saft’
(GEW 1:432)
(Gr. ἦαρ [sgNA])
1. PIE *ḗshɑer-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ḗshɑar-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ḗshɑar-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ḗshar-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ḗshar-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ḗsar-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ḗsar-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *ḗhar-
5. ḗhar-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *ḗar-
6. ḗar-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἤαρ-
√oshɑormi-
PIE *oshɑormi-
HLu. ašḫarmi-
(350c.) ‘blood sacrifice/offering’
(CHLu. 2.11.17)
(HLu. (“*350”)á-sa-ha+ra/i-mi-sa)
1. PIE *oshɑormi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oshormi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oshormi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asharmi-
3. asharmi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ašharmi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ašharmi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ašḫarmi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √shɑn- (sb.) ‘Lehen, Lehensdienst’ (vb.) ‘verdienen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Av. + Anat.)
√shɑn-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG S:694-6, HIL. 798f., CHD S:2-7)
PIE *shɑon-
HLu. šḫan-
(sb.) ‘feudal service/tax’
(CHLu. 10.43.2)
(HLu. LONGUS?(-)tà-ia(-)sa-ha-na)
1. PIE *shɑon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. shon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *shan-
3. shan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šhan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šhan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. šḫan-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *shɑon-
Hitt. šḫan-
(n.) ‘Lehen, Lehensdienst: feudal service’
(HHand. 138)
(Hitt. ša-aḫ-ḫa-an, ša-aḫ-ḫa-na-aš, KLuN. §142)
1. PIE *shɑon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. shon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *shan-
3. shan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šhan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šhan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šḫan-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *per·shɑon-
Hitt. per·šḫan-
(a.) ‘des Hauslehens, zum Lehensbesitz gehörig (of GU4 ‘bos’ and É ‘domus)’
(HHand. 126)
(Hitt. pé-er-ša-aḫ-ḫa-an-na-aš, HIL. 750, CHD P:201)
1. PIE *per·shɑon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *per·shon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. per·shon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *per·shan-
3. per·shan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *per·šhan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. per·šhan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. per·šḫan-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *peri·shɑon-
Hitt. peri·šḫan-
(a.) ‘des Hauslehens, zum Lehensbesitz gehörig’ (CHD P:201, HIL. 749)
(HHand. 126)
(Hitt. pé-re-eš-ḫa-an-na-aš)
1. PIE *peri·shɑon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *peri·shon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. peri·shon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *peri·shan-
3. peri·shan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *peri·šhan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. peri·šhan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. peri·šḫan-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *seshɑēn-
LAv. haŋhān-
(vb.) ‘verdienen (bes. Lohn)’
(AIWb. 1768)
(LAv. haŋhāna)
1. PIE *seshɑēn-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *seshɑān-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. seshɑān-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *seshān-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. seshān-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sesān-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sesān-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *hehān-
5. hehān-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *hahān-
6. hahān-
ahA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
RahA›aŋhA → LAv. haŋhān-
PIE *gi̯ɑɦemtu·shɑōn-
LAv. zantu·šān-
(a.) ‘der sich das Land verdient’
(AIWb. 683)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦemtu·shɑōn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦemtu·shōn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦemtu·shōn-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *gi̯ɦemtu·šhōn-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. gi̯ɦemtu·šhōn-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦemtu·šhōn-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. j́ɦemtu·šhōn-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *j́ɦemtu·šhān-
5. j́ɦemtu·šhān-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *j́ɦemtu·šān-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. j́ɦemtu·šān-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *zɦemtu·šān-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
7. zɦemtu·šān-
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *zemtu·šān-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. zemtu·šān-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *zamtu·šān-
9. zamtu·šān-
PIE *mt → nt
Assimilation of labial *m with dental T
Rmt›nt → LAv. zantu·šān-
PIE *u̯osu·shɑōn-
LAv. vaŋhu·šān-
(a.) ‘der sich das Gute verdient’
(AIWb. 1350)
1. PIE *u̯osu·shɑōn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯osu·shōn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯osu·shōn-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *u̯osu·šhōn-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. u̯osu·šhōn-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asu·šhōn-
4. u̯asu·šhōn-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *u̯asu·šhān-
5. u̯asu·šhān-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯asu·šān-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. u̯asu·šān-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *u̯ahu·šān-
7. u̯ahu·šān-
ahU → aŋhU
Change of h into ŋh
Rahu›aŋhU → *u̯aŋhu·šān-
8. u̯aŋhu·šān-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. vaŋhu·šān-
√shɑno-
PIE *shɑeno-
gAv. hana-
(pr.M.) ‘verdienen’
(AIWb. 1768)
(gAv. hanǝntē [3pl])
1. PIE *shɑeno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *shɑano-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. shɑano-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shano-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. shano-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *shana-
4. shana-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sana-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. sana-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → gAv. hana-
PIE *shɑeno-
LAv. hana-
(vb.) ‘Lohn erhalten werden’
(AIWb. 1769)
(LAv. hanānī [1sg])
1. PIE *shɑeno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *shɑano-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. shɑano-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shano-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. shano-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *shana-
4. shana-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sana-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. sana-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → LAv. hana-
PIE *Π·shɑono·si-
CLu. part·šḫana·ši-
(a.) ‘(defining cattle)’
(HIL. 749)
(CLu. pár-za-ḫ[a]-na-aš-ši-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·shɑono·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·shono·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·shono·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·shana·si-
3. Π·shana·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·šhana·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·šhana·ši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. Π·šḫana·ši-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√shɑneio-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *shɑonei̯o-
LAv. hanaya-
(cs.) ‘serve’
(AIWb. 1768)
(LAv. hanayamnō [pt.sgN])
1. PIE *shɑonei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shonei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. shonei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *shanei̯a-
3. shanei̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sanei̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sanei̯a-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *hanei̯a-
5. hanei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *hanai̯a-
6. hanai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. hanaya-
PIE *shɑonei̯o-
Hitt. šḫanei̯a-
(n.) ‘Lehen, Lehensdienst: feudal service’
(HEG S:964)
(Hitt. ša-aḫ-ḫa-ni-ia-aš)
1. PIE *shɑonei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shonei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. shonei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *shanei̯a-
3. shanei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šhanei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šhanei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šḫanei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *shɑoniso-
CLu. šḫaniša-
(iter.) ‘Lehen übertragen; Lehensdienst auftragen’
(DLL. 83)
(CLu. ša-(aḫ)-ḫa-ni-iš-ša-ta [3sg], ša-ḫa-ni-eš-ša-ta, HHand. 138)
1. PIE *shɑoniso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shoniso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. shoniso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *shanisa-
3. shanisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šhaniša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šhaniša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. šḫaniša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √sehɑu- (sb.) ‘Urin, Soma’ (vb.) ‘urinieren, Soma pressen, keltern’
(IEW 912)
(Sturtevant 1936:185f.; SPIE 133-4)
√sehɑu-
(SPIE 133-4)
PIE *sehɑú-
RV. só-
(ao.) ‘Soma pressen, keltern’
(WbRV. 1523)
(RV. sótā [2pl])
1. PIE *sehɑú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sehú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sehú-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *seú-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. seú-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *saú-
4. saú-
aú → ṓ
Monophthongization of *aú
Raú›ṓ → *sṓ-
5. sṓ-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → RV. só-
PIE *sehɑu·Σ
Hitt. šeḫu·gani̯au̯ant-
(pt.) ‘mit Urin (šeḫu-) befleckt’
(HEG S:972)
(Hitt. še-e-ḫu-ga-ni-ia-u-ua-an-za)
1. PIE *sehɑu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sehu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sehu·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šehu·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. šehu·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šeḫu·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *susóhɑu̯·e
RV. suṣā́v·a
(pf.) ‘Soma pressen, keltern’
(WbRV. 1523)
(RV. suṣā́va [3sg] with Brugmann’s Law II, see SPIE 121ff.)
1. PIE *susóhɑu̯·e
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *susóhu̯·e
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. susóhu̯·e
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *sušóhu̯·e
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. sušóhu̯·e
PIE *óhCV → ā́hCV
Brugmann’s Law for *óhCV
RóHCV›ā́HCV → *sušā́hu̯·e
(SPIE §2.3.7)
4. sušā́hu̯·e
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sušā́u̯·e
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. sušā́u̯·e
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *sušā́u̯·a
6. sušā́u̯·a
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *sušā́v·a
7. sušā́v·a
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. suṣā́v·a
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
√sohɑum-
PIE *soHɑ́umo-
RV. sa.ū́ma-
(m.) ‘Soma’
(WbRV. 1579)
(RV. sómam [sgA] = să.ū́mă- in RV. 4.26.7)
1. PIE *soHɑ́umo-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *soHúumo-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. soHúumo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saHúuma-
3. saHúuma-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *sa.úuma-
4. sa.úuma-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → RV. sa.ū́ma-
PIE *sohɑúmo-
RV. sóma-
(m.) ‘Soma, Saft der Somapflanze’
(WbRV. 1579-80)
1. PIE *sohɑúmo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sohúmo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sohúmo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sahúma-
3. sahúma-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *saúma-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. saúma-
aú → ṓ
Monophthongization of *aú
Raú›ṓ → *sṓma-
5. sṓma-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → RV. sóma-
PIE *sohɑumo-
LAv. haoma-
(m.) ‘Name eines Getränks’
(AIWb. 1732)
1. PIE *sohɑumo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sohumo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sohumo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sahuma-
3. sahuma-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sauma-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sauma-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *hauma-
5. hauma-
*au → ao
Opening of *au
Rau›ao → LAv. haoma-
√sehɑun-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *sehɑun-
Hitt. šeḫun-
(n.obl.) ‘Schmutz, Urin’
(HHand. 148)
(Hitt. še-e-ḫu-na [All])
1. PIE *sehɑun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sehun-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sehun-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šehun-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. šehun-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šeḫun-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *sehɑuno-
LAv. haona-
(m.?) ‘Haoma’
(AIWb. 1732-4)
(LAv. ǰarōiš haonǝm zaraϑušta [P. 29], not haoma – lectio difficilior)
1. PIE *sehɑuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sehuno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sehuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sehuna-
3. sehuna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *seuna-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. seuna-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *heuna-
5. heuna-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *hauna-
6. hauna-
*au → ao
Opening of *au
Rau›ao → LAv. haona-
PIE *sehɑunont-
Hitt. šeḫunant-
(c.) ‘Urin’
(HHand. 148)
1. PIE *sehɑunont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sehunont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sehunont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sehunant-
3. sehunant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šehunant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šehunant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šeḫunant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√sehɑur-
(Sturtevant 1936:185)
PIE *sehɑur-
Hitt. šeḫur-
(n.) ‘Schmutz, Urin’
(HEG S:973-7)
(Hitt. še-e-ḫur [sgNA], HHand. 148)
1. PIE *sehɑur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sehur-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sehur-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šehur-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. šehur-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šeḫur-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *sohɑuro
OIcl. saur-
(m.) ‘Schmutz, feuchte Erde’
(ANEtWb. 464)
(OIcl. saurr [sgN])
1. PIE *sohɑuro
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sohuro
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sohuro
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *souro
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. souro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saura
4. saura
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OIcl. saur
PIE *shɑ́uro
OCS. syrŭ-
(a.) ‘nass, feucht: wet’ (m.) ‘Käse’
(Sadnik √923)
(OCS. syrŭ [sgN])
1. PIE *shɑ́uro
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *shúuro
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. shúuro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *shúura
3. shúura
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *súura
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. súura
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *sū́ra
5. sū́ra
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *sū́ro
6. sū́ro
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *sū́ru
7. sū́ru
*ū́
ū → y
Rū›y → *syru
Change of ū́ into y
8. syru
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. syrŭ
PIE *sehɑurei̯o-
Hitt. šeḫurei̯a-
(vb.) ‘urinieren’
(HHand. 148)
1. PIE *sehɑurei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sehurei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sehurei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sehurei̯a-
3. sehurei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šehurei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šehurei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šeḫurei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √si- √soi- √sei- (sb.) ‘Spitze, Ahle, Dolch, Nadel usw.’ (vb.) ‘sticken, schneidern, nähen usw.’ (a.) ‘sauer’
(IEW 915-6)
(Melchert 1977:121; Pyysalo)
√si-
(Melchert 1977:121)
(HEG S:700f.)
PIE *Π·sisēi̯-
gAv. ā (…) hišāy·-
(pf.) ‘bedrücken’
(AIWb. 1800-1)
(gAv. ā hišāyā)
1. PIE *Π·sisēi̯-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIIr → *Π·sišēi̯-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. Π·sišēi̯-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *Π·hišēi̯-
3. Π·hišēi̯-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *Π·hišāi̯-
4. Π·hišāi̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → gAv. Π·hišāy-
PIE *Π·sei̯-
gAv. ā·hay-
(vb.) ‘unterdrücken’
(AIWb. 345)
(gAv. ā.hōiϑōi [inf.])
1. PIE *Π·sei̯-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *Π·hei̯-
2. Π·hei̯-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·hai̯-
3. Π·hai̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → gAv. Π·hay-
PIE *sei̯o-
Hitt. šei̯a-
(vb.) ‘festdrücken, einprängen’
(HHand. 138)
(CHD S:15-21, HIL. 801)
1. PIE *sei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sei̯a-
2. sei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sṓi̯o·ko-
RV. sā́ya·ka-
(m.) ‘Wurfgeschoss, Pfeil’
(EWA 1:725-6)
(WbRV. 1512)
1. PIE *sṓi̯o·ko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sṓi̯a·ka-
2. sṓi̯a·ka-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *sā́i̯a·ka-
3. sā́i̯a·ka-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. sā́ya·ka-
√siɑhu-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *si̯ɑ́hu-
Lith. siū́-
(vb.) ‘benähen, besticken, schneidern’
(LiEtWb. 789f.)
(Lith. siū́ti [inf.])
1. PIE *si̯ɑ́hu-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *si̯úhu-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. si̯úhu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *si̯úu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. si̯úu-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *si̯ū́-
4. si̯ū́-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›iRestr → Lith. siū́-
PIE *si̯ɑ́hu-
Latv. šũ-
(vb.) ‘nähen, (eine Wand) bekleiden’
(LiEtWb. 789f.)
(Latv. šũt [inf.])
1. PIE *si̯ɑ́hu-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *si̯úhu-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. si̯úhu-
*úHu → uHû
Latvian tone rule for *úHu
RAccLatv5 → *si̯uhû-
3. si̯uhû-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *si̯uû-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. si̯uû-
*uû → û
Contraction of u and û
Ruû›û → *si̯û-
5. si̯û-
* si̯ → š
Change of si̯ into š
Rsi̯›š → Latv. šû-
PIE *siɑhu̯oi-
CLu. šiḫu̯ai-
(a.) ‘sour’
(HIL. 885-6)
(CLu. ši-e-ḫu-ua-en-zi [pl])
1. PIE *siɑhu̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sihu̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sihu̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sihu̯ai-
3. sihu̯ai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šihu̯ai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šihu̯ai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. šiḫu̯ai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *siɑhu̯ol-
CLu. šiḫu̯al-
(n.) ‘Dolch (≈ šeual?)’
(HHand. 148)
(HEG S:1090-1)
1. PIE *siɑhu̯ol-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sihu̯ol-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sihu̯ol-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sihu̯al-
3. sihu̯al-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šihu̯al-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šihu̯al-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. šiḫu̯al-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *siɑhu̯i-
CLu. šiḫu̯i-
(a.) ‘sour’
(HIL. 885)
1. PIE *siɑhu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sihu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sihu̯i-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šihu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. šihu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. šiḫu̯i-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *siɑ́hu̯i̯o-
OInd. sī́vya-
(pr.) ‘nähen’
(MonWil. 1218)
1. PIE *siɑ́hu̯i̯o-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *siíhu̯i̯o-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. siíhu̯i̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *siíhu̯i̯a-
3. siíhu̯i̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *siíu̯i̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. siíu̯i̯a-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *sī́u̯i̯a-
5. sī́u̯i̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *sī́vi̯a-
6. sī́vi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. sī́vya-
PIE *siɑhui̯o-
Goth. siuja-
(vb.) ‘nähen’
(GoEtD. S70)
1. PIE *siɑhui̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sihui̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sihui̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *siui̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. siui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *siui̯a-
4. siui̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Goth. siuja-
√siei-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG S:700-8: Hitt. šai-, šiya- ‘festdrücken, usw.’)
PIE *si̯ei-
Hitt. ši̯ei-
(vb.) ‘sting etc.’
(HIL. 801)
(Hitt. ši-i-e-ez-zi, ši-i-ez-z[i] [3sg])
1. PIE *si̯ei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ši̯ei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *si̯ei-
OCS. ši-
(vb.) ‘nähen, sticken’
(Sadnik √942)
(OCS. šiti [inf.])
1. PIE *si̯ei-
* si̯ → š
Change of si̯ into š
Rsi̯›š → *šei-
2. šei-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *šī-
3. šī-
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → OCS. ši-
√sieilos-
PIE *si̯eílos
Russ. šílo-
(n.) ‘Ahle’
(REW 3:398)
1. PIE *si̯eílos
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *si̯eílas
2. si̯eílas
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *si̯eílos
3. si̯eílos
* si̯ → š
Change of si̯ into š
Rsi̯›š → *šeílos
4. šeílos
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in -os (root-final)
Ros=›o= → *šeílo
5. šeílo
*eí → ī́
Monophthongization of *eí into ī́
Reí›ī́ → *šī́lo
6. šī́lo
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → Russ. šílo
√sigɑɦ-
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + OIcl.; or √sigɑɦi-?)
PIE *sigɑɦo-
OIcl. siga-
(vb.) ‘aufhetzen’
(ANEtWb. 473)
1. PIE *sigɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sigɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sigɦo-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *sigo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. sigo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OIcl. siga-
PIE *sigɑɦo-
OIcl. sig-
(n.) ‘Kampf’ (poet.)
(ANEtWb. 473)
1. PIE *sigɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sigɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sigɦo-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *sigo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. sigo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OIcl. siga-
PIE *sigɑɦotoliski̯e/o-
Hitt. šigatališke/a-
(vb.) ‘mit dem Speer jagen, ein Gebiet erjagen’
(HEG S:1036)
1. PIE *sigɑɦotoliski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sigɦotoliski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sigɦotoliski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *sigɦotolisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. sigɦotolisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sigɦatalisḱe/a-
4. sigɦatalisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *sigɦataliske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. sigɦataliske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *sigataliske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. sigataliske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šigatališke/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√siti-
PIE *pró·siti-
OInd. prá·siti-
(f.) ‘das Dahinschießen’
(SHV 473, MonWil. 697)
(Hoffmann 1975-76:417)
1. PIE *pró·siti-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → OInd. prá·siti-
√siu-
(Pyysalo)
(Tischler HEG S:1090, Kloekhorst HIL. 885-6)
PIE *siu̯o-
CLu. šiu̯a-
(a.) ‘sour’
(HIL. 885)
(še-e-ua [plNA])
1. PIE *siu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *siu̯a-
2. siu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. šiu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *siu̯oi-
Hitt. šiu̯ai-
(a.) ‘sauer: sour’
(HEG S:1090)
(HIL. 885-6, ši-ua-e-e[š] [plA] HIL. 885)
1. PIE *siu̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *siu̯ai-
2. siu̯ai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šiu̯ai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *siu̯i-
Hitt. šiu̯i-
(a.) ‘sour’
(HIL. 885)
(HIL. 885-6, ši-ú-i-n=a [sgA])
1. PIE *siu̯i-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šiu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ne·siu̯eno
OCS. ne·sĭvenŭ-
(pt.) ‘ungenäht, ohne Naht’
(Sadnik √942)
1. PIE *ne·siu̯eno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ne·siu̯ena
2. ne·siu̯ena
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *ne·siu̯eno
3. ne·siu̯eno
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *ne·siu̯enu
4. ne·siu̯enu
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *ne·sivenu
5. ne·sivenu
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *ne·sĭvenu
6. ne·sĭvenu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. ne·sĭvenŭ
PIE *siu̯ol-
Hitt. šiu̯al-
(a.) ‘Dolch’ (Starke 1987:250n26)
(HEG S:1090-1)
1. PIE *siu̯ol-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *siu̯al-
2. siu̯al-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šiu̯al-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *siu̯olondɑɦi̯o-
CLu. šiu̯alanza-
(sb.) ‘-(?)-’
(HHand. 148)
(Hitt. šiualanzan [sgA?])
1. PIE *siu̯olondɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *siu̯olondɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. siu̯olondɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *siu̯olonjɦo-
3. siu̯olonjɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *siu̯alanjɦa-
4. siu̯alanjɦa-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *siu̯alanzɦa-
5. siu̯alanzɦa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šiu̯alanzɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. šiu̯alanzɦa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. šiu̯alanzḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *siu̯osi-
Hitt. šiu̯aši-
(c.) ‘(Art Haarnadel)’
(HHand. 153)
1. PIE *siu̯osi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *siu̯asi-
2. siu̯asi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šiu̯aši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √si- √sei- √soi- (a.) ‘arm’ (sb.) ‘Armer’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√sio-
(Kloekhorst HIL. 876)
PIE *sisi̯olo-
Hitt. šiši̯ala-
(LÚc.) ‘needy one’
(HIL. 876)
(Hitt. ši-iš-ši-ia-la-an [sgA])
1. PIE *sisi̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sisi̯ala-
2. sisi̯ala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šiši̯ala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sisi̯oni-
Hitt. šiši̯ani-
(n.) ‘need’
(HIL. 876)
(Hitt. ši-iš-ši-ia-ni-it [sgI])
1. PIE *sisi̯oni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sisi̯ani-
2. sisi̯ani-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šiši̯ani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sisi̯ou̯ont-
Hitt. šiši̯au̯ant-
(a.) ‘being in need’
(HIL. 876)
(Hitt. [ši-i]š-ši-ia-u-an-za [sgN])
1. PIE *sisi̯ou̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sisi̯au̯ant-
2. sisi̯au̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šiši̯au̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√siout-
PIE *ō·si̯outi-
OCS. ašutĭ
(adv.) ‘umsonst, vergeblich’
(Sadnik √11)
1. PIE *ō·si̯outi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ō·si̯auti-
2. ō·si̯auti-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ā·si̯auti-
3. ā·si̯auti-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *ā·si̯outi-
4. ā·si̯outi-
* si̯ → š
Change of si̯ into š
Rsi̯›š → *ā·šouti-
5. ā·šouti-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *ā·šūti-
6. ā·šūti-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *a·šūti-
7. a·šūti-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *a·šūtĭ-
8. a·šūtĭ-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → OCS. a·šutĭ-
PIE *ō·si̯outi
RussCS. ašutĭ-
(a.) ‘vergebens’
(REW 3:440)
1. PIE *ō·si̯outi
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ō·si̯auti
2. ō·si̯auti
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ā·si̯auti
3. ā·si̯auti
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *ā·si̯outi
4. ā·si̯outi
* si̯ → š
Change of si̯ into š
Rsi̯›š → *ā·šouti
5. ā·šouti
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *ā·šūti
6. ā·šūti
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *a·šūti
7. a·šūti
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *a·šūtĭ
8. a·šūtĭ
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → RussCS. a·šutĭ
PIE *si̯outo
Bulg. šut-
(a.) ‘hornlos’
(REW 3:440)
1. PIE *si̯outo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *si̯auta
2. si̯auta
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *si̯outo
3. si̯outo
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *si̯outu
4. si̯outu
* si̯ → š
Change of si̯ into š
Rsi̯›š → *šoutu
5. šoutu
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *šūtu
6. šūtu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → *šūtŭ
7. šūtŭ
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → Bulg. šutŭ
PIE *si̯out·ímo
Russ. šut·ëm-
(m.) ‘Brachfeld’ (dial.)
(REW 3:440)
1. PIE *si̯out·ímo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *si̯aut·íma
2. si̯aut·íma
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *si̯out·ímo
3. si̯out·ímo
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *si̯out·ímu
4. si̯out·ímu
* si̯ → š
Change of si̯ into š
Rsi̯›š → *šout·ímu
5. šout·ímu
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *šūt·ímu
6. šūt·ímu
*-u → Ø
Loss of -u in root-final position
R=u›=0 → *šūt·ím
7. šūt·ím
*í → é
Change of *i into e
Rí›é → *šūt·ém
8. šūt·ém
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → Russ. šut·ém
√siuon-
(HEG A:83)
(HED 1:211f., HIL. 262, KLuN. 448f., EHS 400, DLL. 33)
PIE *osiu̯on-
Hitt. ašiu̯an-
(a.n.) ‘arm’
(HHand. 27)
(Hitt. a-aš-ši-ua-an)
1. PIE *osiu̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asiu̯an-
2. asiu̯an-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ašiu̯an-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *osiu̯ont-
Hitt. ašiu̯ant-
(a.) ‘arm’ (c.) ‘Armer: MÁŠDA’ (HEG A:83)
(HHand. 27)
(Hitt. a-ši-ua-an-za, a-ši-ua-an-ta-an)
1. PIE *osiu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asiu̯ant-
2. asiu̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ašiu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *osiu̯ontonosi-
CLu. ašiu̯antanaši-
(a.gen.) ‘of poverty’
(HIL. 262)
(CLu. a-aš-ši-ua-an-ta-at-ta-na-a-ši-iš)
1. PIE *osiu̯ontonosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asiu̯antanasi-
2. asiu̯antanasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. ašiu̯antanaši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *osiu̯ontodɑɦor-
CLu. ašiu̯antadar-
(n.) ‘poverty’ (KLuN. 448f.)
(HIL. 262)
(CLu. a-aš-ši-ua-an-ta-at-tar)
1. PIE *osiu̯ontodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *osiu̯ontodɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. osiu̯ontodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asiu̯antadɦar-
3. asiu̯antadɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *asiu̯antadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. asiu̯antadar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. ašiu̯antadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *osiu̯ontodɑɦor-
Hitt. ašiu̯antadar-
(n.) ‘poverty’
(HIL. 262)
(Hitt. a-š[i-u]a-an-ta-tar)
1. PIE *osiu̯ontodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *osiu̯ontodɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. osiu̯ontodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asiu̯antadɦar-
3. asiu̯antadɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *asiu̯antadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. asiu̯antadar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ašiu̯antadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *osiu̯ontes-
Hitt. ašiu̯anteš-
(vb.fient.) ‘arm werden: become poor’
(HIL. 262)
(Hitt. a-ši-ua-an-te-eš-zi, EHS 400)
1. PIE *osiu̯ontes-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asiu̯antes-
2. asiu̯antes-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ašiu̯anteš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *osiu̯onteski̯e/o-
Hitt. ašiu̯anteške/a-
(pr.) ‘arm werden: become poor’
(HIL. 262)
(Hitt. a-ši-ua-an-te-eš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *osiu̯onteski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *osiu̯ontesḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. osiu̯ontesḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asiu̯antesḱe/a-
3. asiu̯antesḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *asiu̯anteske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. asiu̯anteske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ašiu̯anteške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *osiu̯ont-
Hitt. ašiu̯ant-
(a.pt.) ‘arm’ (c.) ‘Armer’
(HEG A:83)
1. PIE *osiu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asiu̯ant-
2. asiu̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ašiu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *osiu̯onton-
CLu. ašiu̯antan-
(n.obl.) ‘Armut’
(DLL. 33)
(CLu. ašiuantana)
1. PIE *osiu̯onton-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asiu̯antan-
2. asiu̯antan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. ašiu̯antan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *osiu̯ontotonosi-
CLu. ašiu̯antatanaši-
(a.gen.) ‘of poverty’
(DLL. 33)
(CLu. a-aš-ši-ua-an-ta-at-ta-na-aš-ši-[iš])
1. PIE *osiu̯ontotonosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asiu̯antatanasi-
2. asiu̯antatanasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. ašiu̯antatanaši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √si- √soi- √sei- (sb.) ‘Lager, Vorrat, Schatz, Magazin’ (vb.) ‘legen, vorhanden sein’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√seion-
PIE *sei̯on-
Hitt. šei̯an-
(Én.) ‘Schatzhaus, Magazin’
(HHand. 151)
(Hitt. É ši-ia-an-na-aš [sgG], if not ‘Haus der Siegelung’, see HEG S:706)
1. PIE *sei̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sei̯an-
2. sei̯an-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šei̯an-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sino-
PIE *síno-
RV. sína-
(n.) ‘Habe, Besitz’
(WbRV. 1518)
1. PIE *síno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → RV. sína-
PIE *síno-
OInd. sína-
(m.pret.pt.) ‘Vorrat, Lager, Verpflegung’
(KEWA 3:466)
1. PIE *síno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OInd. sína-
PIE *Π·sino-
RV. tát·sina-
(a.) ‘das [= tat] als Vorrat habend’
(WbRV. 513)
1. PIE *Π·sino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → RV. Π·sina-
PIE *síno·u̯ot-
RV. sína·vat-
(a.) ‘reich an Besitz’ (KEWA 3:466)
(WbRV. 1518)
1. PIE *síno·u̯ot-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sína·u̯at-
2. sína·u̯at-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. sína·vat-
√sito-
PIE *sito-
Lat. sito-
(pt.a.) ‘gelegen, befindlich’
(WH. 2:545)
(Lat. situs)
PIE *po.sitēɑh-
Lat. po.sitā-
(pr.1.) ‘vorhanden sein’
(WH. 2:335)
1. PIE *po.sitēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *po.sitāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. po.sitāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *po.sitāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. po.sitāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. po.sitā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)


PIE √sin- √soin- √sein- (aff.) ‘ohne, -los, un-’
(IEW 318, 907)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Celt.)
√sein-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *seine
OLat. seine
(prep.Abl) ‘ohne’
(WH. 2:542)
PIE *seinēɑh-
OIr. sēna-
(vb.) ‘nier, désavouer, rejeter’
(LEIA S-84)
(OIr. noco sénaim-si ‘je ne nie pas’)
1. PIE *seinēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *seināɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. seināɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *seināh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. seināh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *seinā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. seinā-
*ei → ē
Monophthongization of *ei into ē
Rei›ē → *sēnā-
5. sēnā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OIr. sēna-
PIE *seinēɑht-
OIr. sēna-
(f.) ‘the act of rejecting’
(LEIA S-84)
(OIr. a sēna ‘la r.’)
1. PIE *seinēɑht-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *seināɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. seināɑht-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *seināht-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. seināht-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *seināt-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. seināt-
*ei → ē
Monophthongization of *ei into ē
Rei›ē → *sēnāt-
5. sēnāt-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OIr. sēnat-
√sin-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *sine
Lat. sine
(prep.Abl) ‘ohne’
(WH. 2:542)
PIE *sin·ki̯ēro-
Lat. sin·cēro-
(a.) ‘unvermischt, ohne Fehler, rein, echt’
(WH. 2:541-2)
1. PIE *sin·ki̯ēro-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *sin·ḱēro-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. sin·ḱēro-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *sin·kēro-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. sin·kēro-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. sin·cēro-
PIE *sin·ki̯ēri-
Lat. sin·cēri-
(a.) ‘unvermischt, ohne Fehler, rein, echt’
(WH. 2:541-2)
1. PIE *sin·ki̯ēri-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *sin·ḱēri-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. sin·ḱēri-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *sin·kēri-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. sin·kēri-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. sin·cēri-
PIE *sin·uro-
Hitt. šin·ura-
(a.) ‘mittellos, arm: Akd. makû’
(HEG S:1053-4)
(cf. Hitt. √urra- ‘help’)
1. PIE *sin·uro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sin·ura-
2. sin·ura-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šin·ura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √sibɑɦ- √soibɑɦ- √seibɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Eiter, Rotz, Speichel’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√seibɑɦo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *seibɑɦo-
Hitt. šeiba-
(c.) ‘Eiter, Augenbutter, Akd. bubu’tu(m)’
(HHand. 149, 151)
(Hitt. šipa-, šepa-, HEG S:1054-5)
1. PIE *seibɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *seibɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. seibɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *seibɦa-
3. seibɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *seiba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. seiba-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šeiba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *seibɑɦo-
OInd. sebha-
(sb.) ‘Rotz, Speichel’
(KEWA 3:502)
1. PIE *seibɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *seibɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. seibɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *seibɦa-
3. seibɦa-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *saibɦa-
4. saibɦa-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *sēbɦa-
5. sēbɦa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *sēbha-
6. sēbha-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → OInd. sebha-
√seibɑɦl-
PIE *Π·sibɑɦlo-
MidIr. ro siblo·-
(vb.) ‘laisser couler (urine)’
(LEIA S-108)
(MidIr. co ro ṡiblur; contains PIE *lo- *l- *le- ‘lassen’ (IEW 666))
1. PIE *Π·sibɑɦlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sibɦlo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sibɦlo-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → MidIr. Π·siblo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *sibɑɦleɑh-
MidIr. sibla-
(fut.) ‘couler, laisser couler’
(LEIA S-108)
(MidIr. siblad [3sg])
1. PIE *sibɑɦleɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *sibɑɦlaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. sibɑɦlaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sibɦlah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sibɦlah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sibɦla-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sibɦla-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → MidIr. sibla-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
√seibɑɦu-
PIE *seibɑɦu-
OInd. sebhu-
(m.) ‘Rotz, Speichel: mucus, spittle’
(EWA 2:746)
(KEWA 3:503)
1. PIE *seibɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *seibɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. seibɦu-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *saibɦu-
3. saibɦu-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *sēbɦu-
4. sēbɦu-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *sēbhu-
5. sēbhu-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → OInd. sebhu-


PIE √siu- (sb.) ‘Wasser, Fluß, Quelle’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√siue/ol-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *siu̯oli-
OGaul. siuoli-
(FlNc.) ‘-(?)-’
(ACSS 2:1591)
(OGaul. siuolis [sgN])
1. PIE *siu̯oli-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OGaul. siuoli-
PIE *siu̯elnēɑh-
OGaul. siuellā-
(PNf.) ‘-(?)-’
(ACSS 2:1591)
(OGaul. siuella [sgN])
1. PIE *siu̯elnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *siu̯elnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. siu̯elnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *siu̯elnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. siu̯elnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *siu̯elnā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. siu̯elnā-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → *siu̯ellā-
5. siu̯ellā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OGaul. siuellā-
√siuono-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *siu̯ono-
Hitt. šiu̯ana-
(PÚ.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 550)
(Hitt. ši-ua-an-na, ši-ua-an-na-aš, ’Kontex: QN Dupša, Kummajani, Ḫašḫannari, Ḫalwanna, FlN Šigašiga’)
1. PIE *siu̯ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *siu̯ana-
2. siu̯ana-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šiu̯ana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *siu̯ono-
CLu. šiu̯ana-
(sb.?) ‘‹Gewässer, Fluß, Quelle?›’
(DLL. 87)
(CLu. ši-ua-an-na, KUB xxxv 8 Vs. i 8; HHand. 153)
1. PIE *siu̯ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *siu̯ana-
2. siu̯ana-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. šiu̯ana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *siu̯ono·lo-
Kpd. šiu̯ana·la-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1162)
(Kpd. ší-ua-na-lá)
1. PIE *siu̯ono·lo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *siu̯ana·la-
2. siu̯ana·la-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Kpd. šiu̯ana·la-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √skɑhu- √sokɑhu- √sekɑhu- (vb.) ‘movere’ (sb.) ‘Fussohle, Oberschenkel’
(IEW 930)
(Kühne 1986:103; Pyysalo)
√sokɑhu-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG P:523-4)
PIE *po·skɑhu-
Hitt. pa·šku-
(vb.) ‘remove’
(CHD P:208-9)
(≠ Hitt. pa·šku- ‘neglect’)
1. PIE *po·skɑhu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *po·skhu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. po·skhu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pa·skhu-
3. pa·skhu-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *pa·sku-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. pa·sku-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. pa·šku-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sokɑhu̯o-
LAv. haxa-
(n.) ‘Fussohle’
(AIWb. 1744)
1. PIE *sokɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sokhu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sokhu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sakhu̯a-
3. sakhu̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *sakha-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. sakha-
*kh → x
Affricativization of *kh
Rkh›x → *saxa-
5. saxa-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → LAv. haxa-
√sokɑhuiSo-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG S:738)
PIE *sokɑhu̯iso-
Hitt. šaku̯iša-
(sb.) ‘a body part onto which red wool was tied’
(CHD S:77)
(Hitt. ša-ku-iš-ša-i [sgDL])
1. PIE *sokɑhu̯iso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sokhu̯iso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sokhu̯iso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sakhu̯isa-
3. sakhu̯isa-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *saku̯isa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. saku̯isa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šaku̯iša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sokɑhut-
(Kühne 1986:103)
PIE *sokɑhut-
LAv. haxt-
(n.) ‘der innere Teil des Oberschenkels’
(AIWb. 1745)
1. PIE *sokɑhut-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sokhut-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sokhut-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sakhut-
3. sakhut-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *sakht-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. sakht-
*kh → x
Affricativization of *kh
Rkh›x → *saxt-
5. saxt-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → LAv. haxt-
PIE *sokɑhuto-
Hitt. šakuta-
(n.) ‘Hüften, Oberschenkel o.ä.’
(HHand. 139)
1. PIE *sokɑhuto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sokhuto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sokhuto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sakhuta-
3. sakhuta-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *sakuta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. sakuta-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šakuta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sókɑhuti-
RV. sákthi-
(n.) ‘der Schenkel, das Dickbein: thigh’
(KEWA 2:414)
1. PIE *sókɑhuti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sókhuti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sókhuti-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *sákhuti-
3. sákhuti-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *sákhti-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. sákhti-
*Tht → Tth
Bartholomae’s Law
RTht›Tth → RV. sákthi-
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
PIE *sokɑhuti-
gAv. haxti-
(n.) ‘der innere Teil des Oberschenkels’
(AIWb. 1745)
1. PIE *sokɑhuti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sokhuti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sokhuti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sakhuti-
3. sakhuti-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *sakhti-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. sakhti-
*kh → x
Affricativization of *kh
Rkh›x → *saxti-
5. saxti-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → gAv. haxti-
PIE *sokɑhutón-
RV. sakthán-
(n.) ‘der Schenkel, das Dickbein’
(WbRV. 1440)
1. PIE *sokɑhutón-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sokhutón-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sokhutón-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sakhutón-
3. sakhutón-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *sakhután-
4. sakhután-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *sakhtán-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. sakhtán-
*Tht → Tth
Bartholomae’s Law
RTht›Tth → RV. sakthán-
(SPIE §4.6.5.)


PIE √sgɑɦu- √segɑɦu- √sogɑɦu- (vb.) ‘(zu) tragen (vermögen), festhalten, erfassen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + RV.)
√sogɑɦun-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG S:834)
PIE *sogɑɦuni-
Hitt. šaguni-
(LÚc.) ‘Priester ≈ LÚšanguni-’
(HHand. 142)
(Hitt. ša-ku-ni-e-eš [plN], šak-ku-ni-iš [plN])
1. PIE *sogɑɦuni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sogɦuni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sogɦuni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sagɦuni-
3. sagɦuni-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *saguni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. saguni-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šaguni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *segɑɦuneú-
RV. saghnó-
(pr.) ‘(zu) tragen (vermögen), festhalten, erfassen’
(WbRV. 1443)
1. PIE *segɑɦuneú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *segɦuneú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. segɦuneú-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *segɦneú-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. segɦneú-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *sagɦnaú-
4. sagɦnaú-
aú → ṓ
Monophthongization of *aú
Raú›ṓ → *sagɦnṓ-
5. sagɦnṓ-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *saghnṓ-
6. saghnṓ-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → RV. saghnó-


PIE √sgɑɦu- √sogɑɦu- √segɑɦu- (vb.) ‘manere, remanere’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Toch; or PIE √sku- soku- seku-?)
√sogɑɦu- √sōgɑɦu-
PIE *sōgɑɦu-
TochA. sāk-
(pret.) ‘remain: bleiben’
(DTochB. 680)
(TochA. sāk)
1. PIE *sōgɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sōgɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sōgɦu-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *sāgɦu-
3. sāgɦu-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *sāgɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. sāgɦ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *sāg-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. sāg-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → TochA. sāk-
PIE *sogɑɦu̯o-
TochA. saka-
(vb.) ‘manere, remanere’
(Poucha 357)
1. PIE *sogɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sogɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sogɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sagɦu̯a-
3. sagɦu̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *sagɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. sagɦa-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *saga-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. saga-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → TochA. saka-
PIE *sosōgɑɦu̯o-
TochB. sasāka-
(vb.) ‘stay, remain, be’
(DTochB. 679-70)
(TochB. [sa]sākauwa])
1. PIE *sosōgɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sosōgɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sosōgɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sasōgɦu̯a-
3. sasōgɦu̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *sasāgɦu̯a-
4. sasāgɦu̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *sasāgɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. sasāgɦa-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *sasāga-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. sasāga-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → TochB. sasāka-
PIE *sōgɑɦu̯o-
TochA. sākä-
(vb.) ‘hold oneself back’
(DTochB. 680)
(TochA. sākässi [inf.])
1. PIE *sōgɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sōgɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sōgɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sōgɦu̯a-
3. sōgɦu̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *sāgɦu̯a-
4. sāgɦu̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *sāgɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. sāgɦa-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *sāga-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. sāga-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → TochA. sāka-
√sogɑɦuon-
CHD S:58ff.)
(SHV 29, 352; HIL. 815; HEG S:748f.)
PIE *sogɑɦu̯ont-
Hitt. šagu̯ant-
(a.) ‘unterbrochen, verzögert’
(HHand. 139)
(Hitt. šaguant-)
1. PIE *sogɑɦu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sogɦu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sogɦu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sagɦu̯ant-
3. sagɦu̯ant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *sagu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. sagu̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šagu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·sogɑɦu̯on·dɑɦori̯o-
Hitt. šer (...) šagu̯an·dari̯a-
(vb.) ‘sich oben aufhalten’
(HHand. 139)
(Hitt. šer (...) šaguandaria-)
1. PIE *Π·sogɑɦu̯on·dɑɦori̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sogɦu̯on·dɦori̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sogɦu̯on·dɦori̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sagɦu̯an·dɦari̯a-
3. Π·sagɦu̯an·dɦari̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·sagu̯an·dari̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·sagu̯an·dari̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·šagu̯an·dari̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sogɑɦu̯on·dɑɦori̯o-
Hitt. šagu̯an·dari̯a-
(vb.) ‘unterbleiben, ungefeiert lassen’
(HHand. 139)
(Hitt. ša-ku-ua-an-ta-ri-ia-zi)
1. PIE *sogɑɦu̯on·dɑɦori̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sogɦu̯on·dɦori̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sogɦu̯on·dɦori̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sagɦu̯an·dɦari̯a-
3. sagɦu̯an·dɦari̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *sagu̯an·dari̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. sagu̯an·dari̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šagu̯an·dari̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sogɑɦun·dɑɦori̯onu-
Hitt. šagun·dari̯anu-
(cs.) ‘ungefeiert bleiben (Feste)’
(HHand. 139)
(Hitt. šagundarianu-)
1. PIE *sogɑɦun·dɑɦori̯onu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sogɦun·dɦori̯onu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sogɦun·dɦori̯onu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sagɦun·dɦari̯anu-
3. sagɦun·dɦari̯anu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *sagun·dari̯anu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. sagun·dari̯anu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šagun·dari̯anu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sogɑɦus-
PIE *sogɑɦusi-
TochB. sakṣ-
(vb.M.) ‘hold oneself (back), abide’
(DTochB. 679)
(TochB. s[a]kṣtär)
1. PIE *sogɑɦusi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sogɦusi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sogɦusi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sagɦusi-
3. sagɦusi-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *sagɦsi-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. sagɦsi-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *sagsi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. sagsi-
*si → ṣ
Palatalization of *si
Rsi›ṣ → *sagṣ-
6. sagṣ-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → TochB. sakṣ-
PIE *sōgɑɦu̯oski-
TochB. sākäsk-
(vb.) ‘leave behind, restrain’
(DTochB. 679)
(TochB. sākäske)
1. PIE *sōgɑɦu̯oski-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sōgɦu̯oski-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sōgɦu̯oski-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *sōgɦu̯osḱ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. sōgɦu̯osḱ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sōgɦu̯asḱ-
4. sōgɦu̯asḱ-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *sāgɦu̯asḱ-
5. sāgɦu̯asḱ-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *sāgɦasḱ-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. sāgɦasḱ-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *sāgɦask-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. sāgɦask-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *sāgask-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. sāgask-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → TochB. sākask-


PIE √skhɑl- √skehɑl- √skhɑel- (sb.) ‘Schenkel’ (a.) ‘krümm: improbus’ (sb.) ‘schwanken, fehl gehen’
(IEW 928, 929)
(Pyysalo: CLu.)
√skehɑl-
(IEW 928)
PIE *skéhɑlo-
Gr. σκέλο-
(m.) ‘Schenkel’
(GEW 2:723-4)
(Gr. σκέλος)
1. PIE *skéhɑlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *skéhlo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. skéhlo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *skélo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. skélo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. σκέλο-
PIE *skehɑlíɦɑd-
Gr. σκελίδ-
(f.) ‘≈ Rippenfleisch, Keule, Speckseite’
(GEW 2:837-8)
(Gr. σκελίς)
1. PIE *skehɑlíɦɑd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *skehlíɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. skehlíɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *skehlíd-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. skehlíd-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *skelíd-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. skelíd-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. σκελίδ-
√skohɑl-
PIE *skohɑlii̯ó-
Gr. σκολιό-
(a.) ‘krumm: improbus’
(GEW 2:723)
(Gr. σκολιός)
1. PIE *skohɑlii̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *skohlii̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. skohlii̯ó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *skolii̯ó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. skolii̯ó-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *skolió-
4. skolió-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. σκολιό-
PIE *skehɑlnó-
Gr. σκελλό-
(a.) ‘krummbeinig’
(GEW 2:723)
(Gr. σκελλός)
1. PIE *skehɑlnó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *skehlnó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. skehlnó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *skelnó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. skelnó-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → *skelló-
4. skelló-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. σκελλό-
√skhɑel-
(IEW 929)
(WP. 2:599)
PIE *skhɑéLo-
OInd. skhála-
(pr.) ‘fehl gehen, stolpern, schwanken’
(KEWA 3:509)
(OInd. skhálate [3sg])
1. PIE *skhɑéLo-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *skhɑáLo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. skhɑáLo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *skháLo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. skháLo-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *skhálo-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. skhálo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OInd. skhála-
PIE *skhɑelò-
Arm. sxal-
(sb.) ‘Fehler, Irritum, Mangel’
(ArmGr. 1:490-1)
(EtDiArm. 580)
1. PIE *skhɑelò-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *skhɑalò-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. skhɑalò-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *skhalò-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. skhalò-
*kh → x
Affricativization of *kh
Rkh›x → *sxalò-
4. sxalò-
*o → Ø
Loss of *ò
Rò›0 → Arm. sxal-
PIE *skhɑelò-
Arm. sxal-
(a.) ‘fehlerhaft, mangelnd, zu wenig’
(ArmGr. 1:490-1)
1. PIE *skhɑelò-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *skhɑalò-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. skhɑalò-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *skhalò-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. skhalò-
*kh → x
Affricativization of *kh
Rkh›x → *sxalò-
4. sxalò-
*o → Ø
Loss of *ò
Rò›0 → Arm. sxal-
PIE *skhɑelē-
Arm. sxali-
(pr.) ‘straucheln, irren, sündigen, verfehlen’
(ArmGr. 1:490-1)
(Arm. sxalim [1sg])
1. PIE *skhɑelē-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *skhɑalē-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. skhɑalē-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *skhalē-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. skhalē-
*kh → x
Affricativization of *kh
Rkh›x → *sxalē-
4. sxalē-
*ē → i
Change of *ē into i
Rē›i → Arm. sxali-
PIE *skhɑeLitó-
OInd. skhalitá-
(a.) ‘taumelnd fehlgegangen, woran etwas fehlt, zu wenig’
(KEWA 3:509)
1. PIE *skhɑeLitó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *skhɑaLitó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. skhɑaLitó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *skhaLitó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. skhaLitó-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *skhalitó-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. skhalitó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → OInd. skhalitá-
PIE *skhɑel·ēɑhgò-
Arm. sxal·ak-
(a.) ‘taumelnd (im Rausch)’
(ArmGr. 1:490)
(EtDiArm. 580-1)
1. PIE *skhɑel·ēɑhgò-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *skhɑal·ēɑhgò-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. skhɑal·ēɑhgò-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *skhɑal·āɑhgò-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. skhɑal·āɑhgò-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *skhal·āhgò-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. skhal·āhgò-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *skhal·āgò-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. skhal·āgò-
*kh → x
Affricativization of *kh
Rkh›x → *sxal·āgò-
6. sxal·āgò-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *sxal·ākò-
7. sxal·ākò-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *sxal·akò-
8. sxal·akò-
*o → Ø
Loss of *ò
Rò›0 → Arm. sxal·ak-
√skhɑelto-
PIE *skhɑelto·mo-
CLu. škalta·ma-
(pt.) ‘(etwas Negatives)’
(DLL. 84)
(CLu. ša-kal-da-am-ma [n.plNA])
1. PIE *skhɑelto·mo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *skhɑalto·mo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. skhɑalto·mo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *skhalto·mo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. skhalto·mo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *skhalta·ma-
4. skhalta·ma-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *skalta·ma-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. skalta·ma-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. škalta·ma-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √ski- √oski- √eski- (vb.) ‘gehen’ (sb.) ‘Tor, Tür’
(IEW 49)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Arm.)
√oski-
PIE *os·oski̯o-
Hitt. aš·aška-
(URU.) ‘= URUkaka = URUkaška = URUTor/Tür’
(OGH. 190-2)
(Hitt. aš-aš-qa)
1. PIE *os·oski̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *os·osḱo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. os·osḱo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *as·asḱa-
3. as·asḱa-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *as·aska-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. as·aska-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. aš·aška-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *oski̯o-
Hitt. aška-
(c.) ‘Tor, Tür: Sum. KA’ (HHand. 27)
(HEG A:84)
1. PIE *oski̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *osḱo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. osḱo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asḱa-
3. asḱa-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *aska-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. aska-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. aška-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *oski̯o·Σ
Hitt. aška·z
(adv.) ‘von draußen’
(HED 1:212ff.)
(Hitt. aškaz ‹for the semantics cf. Lat. forīs›)
1. PIE *oski̯o·Σ
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *osḱo·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. osḱo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asḱa·Σ
3. asḱa·Σ
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *aska·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. aska·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. aška·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *oski̯o·Σ
Hitt. aška·šeba-
(dc.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:51-52)
(Hitt. aš-ka-še-pa, aš-ka-ši-pa , a-aš-ga-še-pa, Otten 1971:32+n36, REL. 88-89, Aspects 5, 6, 1, GhR. 281, 299, 582, 613-4; RDH. 67)
1. PIE *oski̯o·Σ
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *osḱo·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. osḱo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asḱa·Σ
3. asḱa·Σ
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *aska·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. aska·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. aška·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *oski̯o·Σ
Hitt. aška·šeba-
(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘-(?)-, im Land Pala?’
(OGH. 47-8, OGHErg. 15)
(Hitt. aš-ga-ši-pa, a-aš-ka-ši-pa-aš)
1. PIE *oski̯o·Σ
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *osḱo·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. osḱo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asḱa·Σ
3. asḱa·Σ
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *aska·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. aska·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. aška·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *oski̯o·ii̯oni-
Hitt. aška·i̯ani-
(fc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 169)
(Hitt. aš-qa-ia-ni-iš [sgN]
1. PIE *oski̯o·ii̯oni-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *osḱo·ii̯oni-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. osḱo·ii̯oni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asḱa·ii̯ani-
3. asḱa·ii̯ani-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *asḱa·iani-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. asḱa·iani-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *asḱa·i̯ani-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. asḱa·i̯ani-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *aska·i̯ani-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. aska·i̯ani-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. aška·i̯ani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *oski̯o·nosu-
Kpd. aška·našu-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 171)
(Kpd. aš-kà-na-šu)
1. PIE *oski̯o·nosu-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *osḱo·nosu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. osḱo·nosu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asḱa·nasu-
3. asḱa·nasu-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *aska·nasu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. aska·nasu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Kpd. aška·našu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ski-
(Pyysalo)
(IEW 49 [diff.])
PIE *hɑen·ski-
Arm. an·cʼ-
(ao.) ‘vorübergehen’
(Pedersen 1906 [KZ 39]:425)
(Arm. ēancʼ)
1. PIE *hɑen·ski-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑan·ski-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan·ski-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *han·ski-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. han·ski-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *han·sć-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. han·sć-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *an·sć-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. an·sć-
*sć → cʼ
Change of sć into cʼ
Rsć›cʼ → Arm. an·cʼ-
PIE *hɑen·ski·eɑhne-
Arm. an·cʼ·ane-
(pr.) ‘vorübergehen’
(WP. 1:65-6)
(Arm. ancʼanem [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑen·ski·eɑhne-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑan·ski·eɑhne-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan·ski·eɑhne-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑan·ski·aɑhne-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑan·ski·aɑhne-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *han·ski·ahne-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. han·ski·ahne-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *han·sć·ahne-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. han·sć·ahne-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *an·sć·ane-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. an·sć·ane-
*sć → cʼ
Change of sć into cʼ
Rsć›cʼ → Arm. an·cʼ·ane-


PIE √skiɑh- (vb.) ‘wissen’ (sb.) ‘Zeichen’
(IEW 919 [diff.])
(Vaillant 1942-5:84f.; Pyysalo: OIcl. + Goth.)
√sogiɑɦi-
(HEG S:714ff.)
HIL. 802, CHD S:32-5)
PIE *sogi̯ɑɦoi-
Hitt. šagai-
(c.) ‘Zeichen, Vorzeichen, Omen: GISKIM’
(HHand. 138)
(Hitt. ša-ga-a-iš, ša-ga-iš)
1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sogi̯ɦoi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦoi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. soǵɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saǵɦai-
4. saǵɦai-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *sagɦai-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. sagɦai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *sagai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. sagai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šagai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sogi̯ɑɦei-
Hitt. šagei-
(c.obl.) ‘Zeichen, Vorzeichen, Omen: GISKIM’
(HHand. 138)
(Hitt. ša-ki-ia-aš, ša-a-ki-ia-az)
1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sogi̯ɦei-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. soǵɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saǵɦei-
4. saǵɦei-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *sagɦei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. sagɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *sagei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. sagei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šagei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√skiɑhi-
(Vaillant 1942-5:84f.)
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·ski̯ɑhi·tōɑɦ-
Hitt. i·ški·tāḫ-
(vb.2.) ‘ein Zeichen geben’
(HHand. 65)
(Hitt. iš-kit9-ta-aḫ-ḫi [3sg] ‹contains Hitt. √taḫ- ‘geben’›)
1. PIE *Π·ski̯ɑhi·tōɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ski̯hi·tōɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ski̯hi·tōɦ-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *Π·sḱhi·tōɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·sḱhi·tōɦ-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·sḱhi·tāɦ-
4. Π·sḱhi·tāɦ-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *Π·skhi·tāɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. Π·skhi·tāɦ-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·ski·tāɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. Π·ski·tāɦ-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·ški·tāɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. Π·ški·tāɦ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·ški·tāḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ski̯ɑ́hi-
Lat. scī-
(pf.) ‘in Erfahrung gebracht haben, wissen’
(WH. 2:495-6)
(Lat. sciit [3sg])
1. PIE *ski̯ɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *ski̯íhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. ski̯íhi-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *sḱíhi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. sḱíhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sḱíi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sḱíi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *sḱī́-
5. sḱī́-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *skī́-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. skī́-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *scī́-
7. scī́-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → Lat. scī-
PIE *ski̯ɑ́hi̯o
OIcl. skī-
(n.) ‘Verstellung, Zauberei’
(ANEtWb. 491a)
1. PIE *ski̯ɑ́hi̯o
PIE *i̯ɑ́ → i̯í
Assimilation of *i̯ and *ɑ́
Ri̯ɑ́›i̯í → *ski̯íhi̯o
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. ski̯íhi̯o
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *sḱíhi̯o
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. sḱíhi̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sḱíi̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sḱíi̯o
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *skíi̯o
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. skíi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *skíi̯a
6. skíi̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *skíi̯
7. skíi̯
Change of root final íi̯ into ī́
R=íi̯›=ī́ → *skī́
8. skī́
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → OIcl. skī
√skiɑhiu-
PIE *ski̯ɑ́hiu
Lat. scīu-
(pf.) ‘in Erfahrung gebracht haben, wissen’
(WH. 2:495-6)
(Lat. scīuit [3sg])
1. PIE *ski̯ɑ́hiu
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *ski̯íhiu
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. ski̯íhiu
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *sḱíhiu
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. sḱíhiu
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sḱíiu
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sḱíiu
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *sḱī́u
5. sḱī́u
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *skī́u
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. skī́u
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *scī́u
7. scī́u
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → Lat. scīu
PIE *ski̯eɑhiu̯ēɑh-
Lat. scaeuā-
(f.) ‘ein Anzeichen (glücklich oder unglücklich)’
(WH. 2:485)
1. PIE *ski̯eɑhiu̯ēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ski̯aɑhiu̯ēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. ski̯aɑhiu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ski̯aɑhiu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. ski̯aɑhiu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ski̯ahiu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ski̯ahiu̯āh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *sḱahiu̯āh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. sḱahiu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sḱaiu̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. sḱaiu̯ā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *skaiu̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. skaiu̯ā-
*ai → ae
Opening of *ai into ae
Rai›ae → *skaeu̯ā-
8. skaeu̯ā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *scaeu̯ā-
9. scaeu̯ā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. scaeuā-
√sogiɑɦot-
√sogiɑɦt-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *pre·sogi̯ɑɦtēɑh-
Goth. fri·sahto-
(f.) ‘αἴνιγμα, εἰκών, τύπος, ὑπόδειγμα, ὑποτύπωσις’
(GoEtD. F96)
(Goth. frisahtai Joh 13,15 CA)
1. PIE *pre·sogi̯ɑɦtēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *pre·sogi̯ɑɦtāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. pre·sogi̯ɑɦtāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pre·sogi̯ɦtāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pre·sogi̯ɦtāh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *pre·soǵɦtāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. pre·soǵɦtāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pre·soǵɦtā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. pre·soǵɦtā-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *pre·sogɦtā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. pre·sogɦtā-
gɦt -› gt
Deaspiration of ǥɦ before t
Rǥɦt›gt → *pre·sogtā-
7. pre·sogtā-
*g → k
Devoicing of *g before *t
Rgt›kt → *pre·soktā-
8. pre·soktā-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *pre·soxtā-
9. pre·soxtā-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *fre·soxtā-
10. fre·soxtā-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *fre·saxtā-
11. fre·saxtā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *fre·saxtō-
(XX:XX)
12. fre·saxtō-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *fri·saxtō-
13. fri·saxtō-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *fri·sahtō-
14. fri·sahtō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Goth. fri·sahto-
PIE *pre·sogi̯ɑɦti-
Goth. fri·sahti-
(f.) ‘Bild, Beispiel Rätsel: exemplum, forma, imago’
(GoEtD. F96)
(Goth. frisahts 2Kr 4,4 A B, frisaht 1Kr 15,49 A B,
1. PIE *pre·sogi̯ɑɦti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pre·sogi̯ɦti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pre·sogi̯ɦti-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *pre·soǵɦti-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. pre·soǵɦti-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *pre·sogɦti-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. pre·sogɦti-
gɦt -› gt
Deaspiration of ǥɦ before t
Rǥɦt›gt → *pre·sogti-
5. pre·sogti-
*g → k
Devoicing of *g before *t
Rgt›kt → *pre·sokti-
6. pre·sokti-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *pre·soxti-
7. pre·soxti-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *fre·soxti-
8. fre·soxti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *fre·saxti-
9. fre·saxti-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *fri·saxti-
10. fri·saxti-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → Goth. fri·sahti-
PIE *gɑɦo·pre·sogi̯ɑɦti̯o-
Goth. ga·fri·sahtja-
(pr.) ‘abbilden: shape, form: ἐντυποῦν: deformare’
(GoEtD. F96)
(Goth. gafrisahtiþ [3sg] 2Kr 3,7 A B)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·pre·sogi̯ɑɦti̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·pre·sogi̯ɦti̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦo·pre·sogi̯ɦti̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *gɦo·pre·soǵɦti̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. gɦo·pre·soǵɦti̯o-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦo·pre·sogɦti̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. gɦo·pre·sogɦti̯o-
gɦt -› gt
Deaspiration of ǥɦ before t
Rǥɦt›gt → *gɦo·pre·sogti̯o-
5. gɦo·pre·sogti̯o-
*g → k
Devoicing of *g before *t
Rgt›kt → *gɦo·pre·sokti̯o-
6. gɦo·pre·sokti̯o-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *gɦo·pre·soxti̯o-
7. gɦo·pre·soxti̯o-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *gɦo·fre·soxti̯o-
8. gɦo·fre·soxti̯o-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *go·fre·soxti̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
9. go·fre·soxti̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ga·fre·saxti̯a-
10. ga·fre·saxti̯a-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *ga·fri·saxti̯a-
11. ga·fri·saxti̯a-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *ga·fri·sahti̯a-
12. ga·fri·sahti̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Goth. ga·fri·sahtja-
PIE *gɑɦo·pre·sogi̯ɑɦtno-
Goth. ga·fri·sahtna-
(pr.) ‘dargestellt werden: μορφοῦσθαι; formari’
(GoEtD. F96)
(Goth. gafrisahtnai [opt3sg] Gal 4,19 GlA, HbGo. 246,2)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·pre·sogi̯ɑɦtno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·pre·sogi̯ɦtno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦo·pre·sogi̯ɦtno-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *gɦo·pre·soǵɦtno-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. gɦo·pre·soǵɦtno-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦo·pre·sogɦtno-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. gɦo·pre·sogɦtno-
gɦt -› gt
Deaspiration of ǥɦ before t
Rǥɦt›gt → *gɦo·pre·sogtno-
5. gɦo·pre·sogtno-
*g → k
Devoicing of *g before *t
Rgt›kt → *gɦo·pre·soktno-
6. gɦo·pre·soktno-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *gɦo·pre·soxtno-
7. gɦo·pre·soxtno-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *gɦo·fre·soxtno-
8. gɦo·fre·soxtno-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *go·fre·soxtno-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
9. go·fre·soxtno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ga·fre·saxtna-
10. ga·fre·saxtna-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *ga·fri·saxtna-
11. ga·fri·saxtna-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → Goth. ga·fri·sahtna-
PIE *sogi̯ɑɦtumon-
Kpd. šaktuman-
(LÚc.a.ethn.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1084)
(Kpd. ša-ak-du-ma!-an!)
1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦtumon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦtumon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sogi̯ɦtumon-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦtumon-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. soǵɦtumon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saǵɦtuman-
4. saǵɦtuman-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *sagɦtuman-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. sagɦtuman-
gɦt -› gt
Deaspiration of ǥɦ before t
Rǥɦt›gt → *sagtuman-
6. sagtuman-
*g → k
Devoicing of *g before *t
Rgt›kt → *saktuman-
7. saktuman-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Kpd. šaktuman-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sogi̯ɑɦtunu̯o-
Kpd. šaktunu̯a-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1085)
(Kpd. ša-ak-du-nu-a)
1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦtunu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦtunu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sogi̯ɦtunu̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦtunu̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. soǵɦtunu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saǵɦtunu̯a-
4. saǵɦtunu̯a-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *sagɦtunu̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. sagɦtunu̯a-
gɦt -› gt
Deaspiration of ǥɦ before t
Rǥɦt›gt → *sagtunu̯a-
6. sagtunu̯a-
*g → k
Devoicing of *g before *t
Rgt›kt → *saktunu̯a-
7. saktunu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Kpd. šaktunu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sogiɑɦut


PIE √sgiɑɦ- √sogiɑɦ- √segiɑh- (vb.) ‘sagen, mitteilen, reden’
(IEW 897f.)
(Pyysalo: HLu. + IIr. + Gr.)
√sogiɑɦ-
(SPIE 421-2)
(IEW 897f. [diff.])
PIE *segi̯ɑɦo-
Far. siga-
(vb.) ‘sagen, mitteilen’
(ANEtWb. 459)
1. PIE *segi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *segi̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. segi̯ɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *seǵɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. seǵɦo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *segɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. segɦo-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *sego-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. sego-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sega-
6. sega-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → Far. siga-
PIE *o·sogi̯ɑɦo-
HLu. a·šaza-
(vb.) ‘sprechen: speak’
(Tischler 1990:87)
1. PIE *o·sogi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·sogi̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·sogi̯ɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *o·soj́ɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. o·soj́ɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·saj́ɦa-
4. a·saj́ɦa-
*j́ɦ → zɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ
Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *a·sazɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. a·sazɦa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *a·šazɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. a·šazɦa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. a·šazḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *sogi̯ɑɦēɑh·n-
OIcl. saga·n-
(f.) ‘Erzählung, Bericht, Saga’
(ANEtWb. 459)
1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦēɑh·n-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *sogi̯ɑɦāɑh·n-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. sogi̯ɑɦāɑh·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦāh·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sogi̯ɦāh·n-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦāh·n-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. soǵɦāh·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *soǵɦā·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. soǵɦā·n-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *soǵɦa·n-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
6. soǵɦa·n-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *sogɦa·n-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. sogɦa·n-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *soga·n-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. soga·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OIcl. saga·n-
PIE *sosgi̯ɑɦēɑhno-
OMed. hazāna-
(sb.) ‘tongue’
(OldP. 214-5)
(OMed. hazānam [sgA])
1. PIE *sosgi̯ɑɦēɑhno-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *sosgi̯ɑɦāɑhno-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. sosgi̯ɑɦāɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sosgi̯ɦāhno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sosgi̯ɦāhno-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *sosj́ɦāhno-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. sosj́ɦāhno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sasj́ɦāhna-
5. sasj́ɦāhna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sasj́ɦāna-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. sasj́ɦāna-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *hasj́ɦāna-
7. hasj́ɦāna-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *haszɦāna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
8. haszɦāna-
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → OMed. haszāna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *sogi̯ɑɦei̯o-
OIcl. segja-
(vb.) ‘sagen, mitteilen’
(ANEtWb. 467)
(OIcl. segjan [inf.])
1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sogi̯ɦei̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. soǵɦei̯o-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *sogɦei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. sogɦei̯o-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *sogei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. sogei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sagei̯a-
6. sagei̯a-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *sagii̯a-
7. sagii̯a-
*a – i i̯ → e – i̯
Umlaut for *a – ii̯
Ragii̯›egi̯ → *segi̯a-
8. segi̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → OIcl. segja-
√sogiɑɦul-
PIE *sogi̯ɑɦúlo
OIcl. sǫgul-
(a.) ‘redselig’
(ANEtWb. 578)
1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦúlo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦúlo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sogi̯ɦúlo
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦúlo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. soǵɦúlo
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *sogɦúlo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. sogɦúlo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *sogúlo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. sogúlo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sagúla
6. sagúla
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *sagúl
7. sagúl
*a — ú → ǫ — ú
Umlaut for a — ú
Ragú›ǫgú → *sǫgúl
8. sǫgúl
*ú → u
Orthographic change of *ú into u
Rú›u → OIcl. sǫgul
√sogiɑɦun-
PIE *Π·sogi̯ɑɦun-
OEng. ge·sagun-
(f.) ‘narration’
(ASaxD. 434)
(gesagun, gesagune)
1. PIE *Π·sogi̯ɑɦun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sogi̯ɦun-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sogi̯ɦun-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *Π·soǵɦun-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·soǵɦun-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *Π·sogɦun-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. Π·sogɦun-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·sogun-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·sogun-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OEng. Π·sagun-
PIE *sogi̯ɑɦun-
OIcl. sǫgn-
(f.) ‘Sage, Aussage’
(ANEtWb. 578)
1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦun-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sogi̯ɦun-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦun-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. soǵɦun-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *sogɦun-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. sogɦun-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *sogun-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. sogun-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sagun-
6. sagun-
*a — u → ǫ — Ø
Umlaut for a — u
Ragu›ǫg → OIcl. sǫgn-
√sgiɑɦ-
PIE *upo·sgi̯ɑɦo-
Gr. ὑπο·σχο-
(ao.) ‘versprechen’
(GEW 2:970)
(Gr. ὑποσχέσθαι)
1. PIE *upo·sgi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *upo·sgi̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. upo·sgi̯ɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *upo·sǵɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. upo·sǵɦo-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
Rǵɦ›ḱh → *upo·sḱho-
4. upo·sḱho-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *upo·skho-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. upo·skho-
u- → hu
Crescence of h before u-
Ru=›hu= → *hupo·skho-
6. hupo·skho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὑπο·σχο-
PIE *up.sésgiɑɦēɑh-
Ion.-Att. ὑπ.έσχη-
(pf.) ‘versprechen’
(GEW 2:970)
(Gr. ὑπέσχημαι)
1. PIE *up.sésgiɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *up.sésgiɑɦāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. up.sésgiɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *up.sésgiɦāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. up.sésgiɦāh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *up.sésǵɦāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. up.sésǵɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *up.sésǵɦā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. up.sésǵɦā-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
Rǵɦ›ḱh → *up.sésḱhā-
6. up.sésḱhā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *up.séskhā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. up.séskhā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *up.séskhē-
8. up.séskhē-
u- → hu
Crescence of h before u-
Ru=›hu= → *hup.séskhē-
9. hup.séskhē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. ὑπ.σέσχη-
PIE *upo.sgiɑɦetsíēɑh-
Ion.-Att. ὑπο.σχεσίη-
(f.) ‘das Versprechen’
(GEW 2:970)
1. PIE *upo.sgiɑɦetsíēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *upo.sgiɑɦetsíāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. upo.sgiɑɦetsíāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *upo.sgiɦetsíāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. upo.sgiɦetsíāh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *upo.sǵɦetsíāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. upo.sǵɦetsíāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *upo.sǵɦetsíā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. upo.sǵɦetsíā-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
Rǵɦ›ḱh → *upo.sḱhetsíā-
6. upo.sḱhetsíā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *upo.skhetsíā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. upo.skhetsíā-
*ts → s
Loss of dental in *ts
Rts›s → *upo.skhesíā-
8. upo.skhesíā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *upo.skhesíē-
9. upo.skhesíē-
u- → hu
Crescence of h before u-
Ru=›hu= → *hupo.skhesíē-
10. hupo.skhesíē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. ὑπο.σχεσίη-
PIE *upo.sgiɑɦḗɑhtso-
Ion.-Att. ὑπο.σχήσο-
(fut.) ‘versprechen’
(GEW 2:970)
(Gr. ὑποσχήσομαι)
1. PIE *upo.sgiɑɦḗɑhtso-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *upo.sgiɑɦā́ɑhtso-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. upo.sgiɑɦā́ɑhtso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *upo.sgiɦā́htso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. upo.sgiɦā́htso-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *upo.sǵɦā́htso-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. upo.sǵɦā́htso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *upo.sǵɦā́tso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. upo.sǵɦā́tso-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
Rǵɦ›ḱh → *upo.sḱhā́tso-
6. upo.sḱhā́tso-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *upo.skhā́tso-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. upo.skhā́tso-
*ts → s
Loss of dental in *ts
Rts›s → *upo.skhā́so-
8. upo.skhā́so-
*ā́ → ḗ
Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ
Rā́›ḗ → *upo.skhḗso-
9. upo.skhḗso-
u- → hu
Crescence of h before u-
Ru=›hu= → *hupo.skhḗso-
10. hupo.skhḗso-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. ὑπο.σχήσο-
√sisgiɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *up.sísgiɑɦo-
Gr. ὑπ.ίσχο-
(vb.) ‘versprechen’
(GEW 1:970)
(Gr. ὑπίσχομαι)
1. PIE *up.sísgiɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *up.sísgiɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. up.sísgiɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *up.sísǵɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. up.sísǵɦo-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
Rǵɦ›ḱh → *up.sísḱho-
4. up.sísḱho-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *up.sískho-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. up.sískho-
u- → hu
Crescence of h before u-
Ru=›hu= → *hup.sískho-
6. hup.sískho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὑπ.σίσχο-
PIE *up.sisgiɑɦnéi̯o-
Gr. ὑπ.ισχνέο-
(vb.M.) ‘versprechen’
(GEW 1:970)
(Gr. ὑπισχνέομαι)
1. PIE *up.sisgiɑɦnéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *up.sisgiɦnéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. up.sisgiɦnéi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *up.sisǵɦnéi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. up.sisǵɦnéi̯o-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
Rǵɦ›ḱh → *up.sisḱhnéi̯o-
4. up.sisḱhnéi̯o-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *up.siskhnéi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. up.siskhnéi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *up.siskhnéo-
6. up.siskhnéo-
u- → hu
Crescence of h before u-
Ru=›hu= → *hup.siskhnéo-
7. hup.siskhnéo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὑπ.σισχνέο-
PIE *sisgi̯ɑɦu-
gAv. hizu-
(m.) ‘Zunge: tongue’
(AIWb. 1815)
(gAv. hizvā [sgI], hizvō [sgG], hizubīš [plI])
1. PIE *sisgi̯ɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sisgi̯ɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sisgi̯ɦu-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIIr → *sišgi̯ɦu-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. sišgi̯ɦu-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *sišj́ɦu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. sišj́ɦu-
*sj́ → j́
Change of sj́ into j́
Rsj́›j́ → *sij́ɦu-
5. sij́ɦu-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *hij́ɦu-
6. hij́ɦu-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *hizɦu-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
7. hizɦu-
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → gAv. hizu-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *sisgi̯ɑɦu̯ēɑh-
LAv. hizvā-
(f.) ‘Zunge’
(AIWb. 1816)
1. PIE *sisgi̯ɑɦu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *sisgi̯ɑɦu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. sisgi̯ɑɦu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sisgi̯ɦu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sisgi̯ɦu̯āh-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIIr → *sišgi̯ɦu̯āh-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. sišgi̯ɦu̯āh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *sišj́ɦu̯āh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. sišj́ɦu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sišj́ɦu̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. sišj́ɦu̯ā-
*sj́ → j́
Change of sj́ into j́
Rsj́›j́ → *sij́ɦu̯ā-
7. sij́ɦu̯ā-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *hij́ɦu̯ā-
8. hij́ɦu̯ā-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *hizɦu̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
9. hizɦu̯ā-
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *hizu̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
10. hizu̯ā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. hizvā-
PIE *sisgi̯ɑɦu̯os-
LAv. hizvah-
(n.) ‘Zunge: tongue’
(AIWb. 1816)
1. PIE *sisgi̯ɑɦu̯os-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sisgi̯ɦu̯os-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sisgi̯ɦu̯os-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIIr → *sišgi̯ɦu̯os-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. sišgi̯ɦu̯os-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *sišj́ɦu̯os-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. sišj́ɦu̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sišj́ɦu̯as-
5. sišj́ɦu̯as-
*sj́ → j́
Change of sj́ into j́
Rsj́›j́ → *sij́ɦu̯as-
6. sij́ɦu̯as-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *hij́ɦu̯ah-
7. hij́ɦu̯ah-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *hizɦu̯ah-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
8. hizɦu̯ah-
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *hizu̯ah-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
9. hizu̯ah-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. hizvah-


PIE √sgiɑɦ- √sogiɑɦ- √segiɑɦ- (vb.) ‘ergreifen, halten, haben, siegen’ (a.) ‘fest, sicher’
(IEW 889 [seǵh-])
(Čop 1955a:397f.; Pyysalo; or PIE √sgɑɦi-?)
√segiɑɦo-
PIE *ségi̯ɑɦo-
Gr. ἔχο-
(pr.) ‘besitzen, halten, haben’
(GEW 1:602f.)
(Gr. ἔχω)
1. PIE *ségi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ségi̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ségi̯ɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *séǵɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. séǵɦo-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
Rǵɦ›ḱh → *séḱho-
4. séḱho-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *sékho-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. sékho-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *hékho-
6. hékho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἕχο-
PIE *segi̯ɑɦo-
OGaul. sego-
(m.) ‘Gewalt, Sieg’
(ACSS 2:1444)
(OGaul. sego-)
1. PIE *segi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *segi̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. segi̯ɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *seǵɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. seǵɦo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *segɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. segɦo-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → OGaul. sego-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
√sogiɑɦ-
PIE *sogi̯ɑɦ-
OGaul. sog-
(PN.?) ‘‹here if connected to OGaul. sego-›’
(ACSS 2:1597)
(OGaul. sog. [sgN?])
1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sogi̯ɦ-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. soǵɦ-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *sogɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. sogɦ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → OGaul. sog-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *prō·sógi̯ɑɦ-
RV. prā·sáh-
(a.) ‘gewaltig, siegreich’
(WbRV. 889)
1. PIE *prō·sógi̯ɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *prō·sógi̯ɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. prō·sógi̯ɦ-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *prō·sój́ɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. prō·sój́ɦ-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *prō·sáj́ɦ-
4. prō·sáj́ɦ-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *prā·sáj́ɦ-
5. prā·sáj́ɦ-
*j́ɦ → ɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ
Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *prā·sáɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. prā·sáɦ-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. prā·sáh-
PIE *prō·sógi̯ɑɦ-
RV. prā·sáh-
(f.) ‘Gewalt’
(WbRV. 889)
1. PIE *prō·sógi̯ɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *prō·sógi̯ɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. prō·sógi̯ɦ-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *prō·sój́ɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. prō·sój́ɦ-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *prō·sáj́ɦ-
4. prō·sáj́ɦ-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *prā·sáj́ɦ-
5. prā·sáj́ɦ-
*j́ɦ → ɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ
Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *prā·sáɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. prā·sáɦ-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. prā·sáh-
PIE *sogi̯ɑɦó-
Gr. ὀχό-
(a.) ‘fest, sicher’
(GEW 1:603)
1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sogi̯ɦó-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦó-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. soǵɦó-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
Rǵɦ›ḱh → *soḱhó-
4. soḱhó-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *sokhó-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. sokhó-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *hokhó-
6. hokhó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὁχό-
√sogiɑɦli-
(Pyysalo, HEG S:724)
(CHD S:44ff.)
PIE *sogi̯ɑɦloi-
Hitt. šaglai-
(c.) ‘Brauch, Sitte, Ritus, Zeremonie, Amtspflicht, traditionelle Aufwendung’
(HHand. 139)
(Hitt. ša-ak-la-iš [N], ša-ak-la-in [A], ša-ak-la-a-ia-aš [G], ša-ak-la-ia-za [Abl])
1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦloi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦloi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sogi̯ɦloi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦloi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. soǵɦloi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saǵɦlai-
4. saǵɦlai-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *sagɦlai-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. sagɦlai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *saglai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. saglai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šaglai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sogi̯ɑɦlei-
Hitt. šaglei-
(c.) ‘Brauch, Sitte, Ritus, Zeremonie, Amtspflicht, traditionelle Aufwendung’
(HIL. 808)
(Hitt. ša-ak-li-in [sgA], ša-ak-li-ia [sgDL])
1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦlei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦlei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sogi̯ɦlei-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦlei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. soǵɦlei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saǵɦlei-
4. saǵɦlei-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *sagɦlei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. sagɦlei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *saglei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. saglei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šaglei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sogi̯ɑɦlei̯o-
Kpd. šaglei̯a-
(Ic.) ‘‹cf. above?›’
(NOMS. 1080)
(Kpd. sá-ak-li-a)
1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦlei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦlei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sogi̯ɦlei̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦlei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. soǵɦlei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saǵɦlei̯a-
4. saǵɦlei̯a-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *sagɦlei̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. sagɦlei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *saglei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. saglei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Kpd. šaglei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√segiɑɦur-
(Čop 1955a:397f.)
PIE *segiɑɦuró-
Gr. ἐχυρό-
(a.) ‘haltbar, fest, sicher’
(GEW 1:602)
(Gr. ἐχυρός)
1. PIE *segiɑɦuró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *segiɦuró-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. segiɦuró-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *seǵɦuró-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. seǵɦuró-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
Rǵɦ›ḱh → *seḱhuró-
4. seḱhuró-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *sekhuró-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. sekhuró-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *hekhuró-
6. hekhuró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἑχυρό-
PIE *ségiɑɦuri-
RV. sáhuri-
(a.) ‘siegreich, sieggewohnt’
(WbRV. 1505)
(RV. sáhuriṣ; or *sógiɑɦuri-?)
1. PIE *ségiɑɦuri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ségiɦuri-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ségiɦuri-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *séj́ɦuri-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. séj́ɦuri-
*j́ɦ → ɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ
Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *séɦuri-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. séɦuri-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *sáɦuri-
5. sáɦuri-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. sáhuri-
√sogiɑɦur-
(HEG S:741)
(Čop 1955a:397f.)
PIE *sogi̯ɑɦuró-
Gr. ὀχυρό-
(a.) ‘haltbar, fest, sicher’
(GEW 1:602)
(Gr. ὀχυρός)
1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦuró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦuró-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sogi̯ɦuró-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦuró-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. soǵɦuró-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
Rǵɦ›ḱh → *soḱhuró-
4. soḱhuró-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *sokhuró-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. sokhuró-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *hokhuró-
6. hokhuró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὁχυρό-
PIE *sogi̯ɑɦurei̯o-
Hitt. šagurei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘niederstrecken, vergewaltigen, überwältigen’
(HEG S:741)
(Hitt. šakuriatari, šakuriata)
1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦurei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦurei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sogi̯ɦurei̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦurei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. soǵɦurei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saǵɦurei̯a-
4. saǵɦurei̯a-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *sagɦurei̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. sagɦurei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *sagurei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. sagurei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šagurei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sogi̯ɑɦureiski̯e/o-
Hitt. šagureiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘niederstrecken, vergewaltigen, überwältigen’
(HHand. 139)
1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦureiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦureiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sogi̯ɦureiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *sogi̯ɦureisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. sogi̯ɦureisḱe/o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦureisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. soǵɦureisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saǵɦureisḱe/a-
5. saǵɦureisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *saǵɦureiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. saǵɦureiske/a-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *sagɦureiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. sagɦureiske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *sagureiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
8. sagureiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šagureiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √sku- √soku- √seku- (vb.) ‘sehen, behüten; zeigen’ (sb.) ‘Auge(n)’
(IEW 897-8)
(Sturtevant 1927:163)
√soku-
(HEG S:731-8)
PIE *soku̯-
Goth. saƕ-
(pret.sg) ‘sehen: see, look, observe: spicere, videre’
(GoEtD. S8)
(Goth. saƕ [3sg] Joh 6,46 CA etc. saƕt [2sg] Joh 8,57 CA, GoElB. 208)
1. PIE *soku̯-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *soxu̯-
2. soxu̯-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saxu̯-
3. saxu̯-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *sahu̯-
4. sahu̯-
hw → ƕ
Monophonemization of hw into ƕ
Rhu̯›ƕ → Goth. saƕ-
PIE *soku·milo-
Hitt. šaku·mila-
(fc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1086)
(Hitt. ša-ak-kum-mil-la [Abs] ‹uncertain whether this entry belongs to this root›)
1. PIE *soku·milo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saku·mila-
2. saku·mila-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šaku·mila-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *soku̯o-
Hitt. šaku̯a-
(n.) ‘Auge(n) = Sum. IGI(ḪI.A)’
(HHand. 139)
1. PIE *soku̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saku̯a-
2. saku̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šaku̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *soku̯o-
CLu. šaku̯a-
(GKLn.) ‘yeux’
(DLL. 84)
1. PIE *soku̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saku̯a-
2. saku̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. šaku̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *soku̯o
OCS. sokŭ-
(m.) ‘Anzeiger’
(IEW 897-898)
1. PIE *soku̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saku̯a
2. saku̯a
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *saka
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. saka
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *soko
4. soko
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *soku
5. soku
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. sokŭ
PIE *soku̯ont-
Hitt. šaku̯ant-
(pt.) ‘gesehen, sichtbar, behütet, aufbewahrt’
(HHand. 139)
1. PIE *soku̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saku̯ant-
2. saku̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šaku̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sokui-
(HEG S:731)
PIE *soku̯oi-
Hitt. šaku̯ai-
(vb.1.) ‘schauen, beobachten, behüten’
(HHand. 139)
1. PIE *soku̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saku̯ai-
2. saku̯ai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šaku̯ai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *soku̯iɑ́h-
OCS. soči-
(vb.) ‘anzeigen’
(IEW 897-898)
(OCS. sočiti [inf.])
1. PIE *soku̯iɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *soku̯iíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. soku̯iíh-
PIE *ku̯ → ču̯
2nd palatalization of *ku̯
Rku̯›ču̯ → *soču̯iíh-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. soču̯iíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saču̯iíh-
4. saču̯iíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *saču̯ií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. saču̯ií-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *sačií-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. sačií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *sačī́-
7. sačī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *sočī́-
8. sočī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *sočí-
9. sočí-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → OCS. soči-
√sēku-
PIE *sēku̯-
Goth. seƕ-
(pret.) ‘ἰδεῖν, εἰδέναι, ὁρᾶν, ὁρᾶσθαι’
(GoEtD. S8)
(Goth. seƕi Joh 6,46 CA; Luk 2,26 CA)
1. PIE *sēku̯-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *sēxu̯-
2. sēxu̯-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *sēhu̯-
3. sēhu̯-
hw → ƕ
Monophonemization of hw into ƕ
Rhu̯›ƕ → *sēƕ-
4. sēƕ-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → Goth. seƕ-
√sekuo-
PIE *seku̯o-
Goth. saiƕa-
(pr.) ‘ἰδεῖν, εἰδέναι, ὁρᾶν, ὁρᾶσθαι’
(GoEtD. S8)
(Goth. saiƕ Mat 8,4 CA, saiƕa Joh 9,15 CA, saiƕan Mat 6,1 CA, saiƕiþ Mat 5,28 CA)
1. PIE *seku̯o-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *sexu̯o-
2. sexu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sexu̯a-
3. sexu̯a-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *sixu̯a-
4. sixu̯a-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *sihu̯a-
5. sihu̯a-
hw → ƕ
Monophonemization of hw into ƕ
Rhu̯›ƕ → *siƕa-
6. siƕa-
i → ai
Opening of i into ai
Ri›ai → Goth. saiƕa-
√sku-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *po·sku-
Hitt. pa·šku-
(vb.1.) ‘zurückweisen, vernachlässigen, vergessen’
(HHand. 127)
(CHD P:208-9; HEG P:523-4)
1. PIE *po·sku-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pa·sku-
2. pa·sku-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. pa·šku-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·po·sku-
HLu. ARHA pa·šku-
(vb.) ‘overlook, neglect’
(KLuN. 334f.)
(HLu. ARHA pa-sà-REL-i)
1. PIE *Π·po·sku-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·pa·sku-
2. Π·pa·sku-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. Π·pa·šku-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·sku̯o
OIr. ro·sc-
(m.) ‘Auge, Blick’
(DIL. 512)
1. PIE *Π·sku̯o
* ku/u̯ → q
Emergence of labiovelar q
RkU›q → *Π·sqo
2. Π·sqo
*q → k
Delabialization of labiovelar *q
Rq›k → *Π·sko
3. Π·sko
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr → *Π·sk
4. Π·sk
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → OIr. Π·sc
PIE *Π·sku̯o
OIr. tā·sc-
(m.) ‘Anzeige’
(DIL. 580)
1. PIE *Π·sku̯o
* ku/u̯ → q
Emergence of labiovelar q
RkU›q → *Π·sqo
2. Π·sqo
*q → k
Delabialization of labiovelar *q
Rq›k → *Π·sko
3. Π·sko
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr → *Π·sk
4. Π·sk
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → OIr. Π·sc
PIE *u̯i·sku̯oi̯o-
OInd. vi·ṣkaya-
(pr.A.) ‘sehen’
(KEWA 3:229)
(Dhātup. viṣkayati [3sg] ‹not necessarily to this root›)
1. PIE *u̯i·sku̯oi̯o-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *u̯i·šku̯oi̯o-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. u̯i·šku̯oi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯i·šku̯ai̯a-
3. u̯i·šku̯ai̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *u̯i·škai̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. u̯i·škai̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vi·škai̯a-
5. vi·škai̯a-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *vi·ṣkai̯a-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
6. vi·ṣkai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. vi·ṣkaya-
PIE *skuto-
OIcl. skoða-
(vb.) schauen, untersuchen’
(ANEtWb. 497a)
(OIcl. skoða)
1. PIE *skuto-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *skuþo-
2. skuþo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *skuþa-
3. skuþa-
*þ → ð
Change of þ into ð
R=þ›=ð → OIcl. skuða-


PIE √sku- √soku- √seku- (sb.) ‘Quelle, Spring’ (vb.) ‘hervorsprudeln’
(IEW 894 [diff.])
(Schmid 1988:314f.: Lith. + Hitt.; Pyysalo: Hitt. + RV.)
√soku-
PIE *soku̯ōɑhnḗɑh
Lith. sakuonà-
(FlNf.) ‘Quelle + ?’
(Schmid 1988:314f.)
1. PIE *soku̯ōɑhnḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *soku̯ōɑhnā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. soku̯ōɑhnā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *soku̯ōhnā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. soku̯ōhnā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *soku̯ōnā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. soku̯ōnā́
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *sokōnā́
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. sokōnā́
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sakōnā́
6. sakōnā́
*ō → uo
Change of ō into uo
Rō›uo → *sakuonā́
7. sakuonā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *sakuonṓ
(XX:XX)
8. sakuonṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → Lith. sakuonà
√sokui-
(HEG S:738ff.)
PIE *soku̯i-
Hitt. šaku̯i-
(c.) ‘Quelle, Sprudel, Quellteich: spring, well’
(HHand. 139)
(Hitt. ša-ku-iš, not “ša-ku‹-ni›-iš” against HIL. 810)
1. PIE *soku̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saku̯i-
2. saku̯i-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šaku̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *soku̯isi-
Hitt. šaku̯iši-
(vb.) ‘heraussprudeln: sprinkle?’
(CHD S:77)
(Hitt. ša-ku-iš-ši-it [3sg], KUB 17. 28 i 15)
1. PIE *soku̯isi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saku̯isi-
2. saku̯isi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šaku̯iši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sokuni-
PIE *soku̯oni-
Hitt. šaku̯ani-
(c.) ‘Quelle, Sprudel, Quellteich’
(HHand. 139)
1. PIE *soku̯oni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saku̯ani-
2. saku̯ani-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šaku̯ani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sokuni-
Hitt. šakuni-
(c.) ‘Quelle, Sprudel, Quellteich’
(HHand. 139)
1. PIE *sokuni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sakuni-
2. sakuni-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šakuni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sokunei̯o-
Hitt. šakunei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘heraussprudeln’
(HHand. 139)
1. PIE *sokunei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sakunei̯a-
2. sakunei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šakunei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sokuniski̯e/o-
Hitt. šakuniške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘heraussprudeln’
(HIL. 810)
1. PIE *sokuniski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *sokunisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. sokunisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sakunisḱe/a-
3. sakunisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *sakuniske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. sakuniske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šakuniške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sokur-
PIE *sokuro-
Hitt. šakura-
(URU.) ‘(bei ›Kartapaha)’ (DKašk. 104)
(OGH.331)
(Hitt. ša-ak-ku-ra)
1. PIE *sokuro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sakura-
2. sakura-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šakura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sokuru̯o-
Hitt. šakuru̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘tränken (Pferde)’
(HHand. 139)
1. PIE *sokuru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sakuru̯a-
2. sakuru̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šakuru̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sokuru̯oni-
HLu. šakuru̯ani-
(FLUMEN+MINUS.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 2.11.25)
(HLu. (“FLUMEN+MINUS”)sá-ku+ra/i-wa/i-ni-i-zi-ha)
1. PIE *sokuru̯oni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sakuru̯ani-
2. sakuru̯ani-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. šakuru̯ani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sokuru̯ou̯o-
Hitt. šakuru̯au̯a-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘tränken’
(HHand. 139)
(Hitt. šaguruauanzi [inf.])
1. PIE *sokuru̯ou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sakuru̯au̯a-
2. sakuru̯au̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šakuru̯au̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sokuru̯ou̯or-
Hitt. šakuru̯au̯ar-
(N.act.) ‘tränken’
(HHand. 139)
(Hitt. šakuruauar-)
1. PIE *sokuru̯ou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sakuru̯au̯ar-
2. sakuru̯au̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šakuru̯au̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sokut-
(Pyysalo)
(uncertain)
PIE *u̯i·sokutēɑh-
RV. vi·ṣaktā-
(f.) ‘eine nicht mehr Milch gebende Kuh’
(KEWA 3:227)
1. PIE *u̯i·sokutēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯i·sokutāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯i·sokutāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯i·sokutāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯i·sokutāh-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *u̯i·šokutāh-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. u̯i·šokutāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯i·šakutāh-
5. u̯i·šakutāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯i·šakutā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. u̯i·šakutā-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *u̯i·šaktā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. u̯i·šaktā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vi·šaktā-
8. vi·šaktā-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. vi·ṣaktā-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)


PIE √sl- √sol- √sel- (a.) ‘erwachsen, hoch, groß, wichtig, zahlreich’ (sb.) ‘Wachstum’ (vb.) ‘überheben, zunehmen’
(IEW 899)
(Pyysalo: OAnat. + Balt. + Lat.; not to Lat. saluus against Sturtevant CGr. 138)
√solo-
(HEG S:755)
(HIL. 817f.)
PIE *solo·gi̯ɑɦordo-
Hitt. šala·garda-
(n.) ‘Hochmut, Überheblichkeit’
(HHand. 14)
1. PIE *solo·gi̯ɑɦordo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *solo·gi̯ɦordo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. solo·gi̯ɦordo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *solo·ǵɦordo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. solo·ǵɦordo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sala·ǵɦarda-
4. sala·ǵɦarda-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *sala·gɦarda-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. sala·gɦarda-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *sala·garda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. sala·garda-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šala·garda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√solēɑh-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *solēɑh
Latv. sala-
(f.) ‘Höhe (im Morast)’
(LiEtWb. 758)
1. PIE *solēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *solāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. solāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *solāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. solāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *solā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. solā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *salā
5. salā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R=ā›=a → Latv. sala
PIE *solḗɑh
Lith. salà-
(f.) ‘Bodenerhebung (im Morast)’
(LiEtWb. 758)
1. PIE *solḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *solā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. solā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *solā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. solā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *solā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. solā́
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *salā́
5. salā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *salṓ
(XX:XX)
6. salṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → Lith. salà
√solɑho-
(HIL. 819)
(CHD S:92, HEG S:765)
PIE *solɑho-
HLu. šalḫa-
(LIGNUMsb.) ‘power’
(CHLu. 3.2.3)
(HLu. LIGNUM-la-ha)
1. PIE *solɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *solho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. solho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *salha-
3. salha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šalha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šalha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. šalḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *solɑho-
HLu. šalḫa-
(LIGNUMn.) ‘greatness, succession: Erbfolge; Größe’
(CHLu. 2.5.3)
(HLu. (LIGNUM)sá-la-ha-za, Hluwlex. 83-4)
1. PIE *solɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *solho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. solho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *salha-
3. salha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šalha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šalha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. šalḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *solɑhoi̯o-
CLu. šalḫaa-
(?.) ‘‹≈ HLu. šalḫa-?›’
(DLL. 85)
(CLu. ša-al-ḫa-a-ti [D/Abl])
1. PIE *solɑhoi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *solhoi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. solhoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *salhai̯a-
3. salhai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *salhaa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. salhaa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šalhaa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. šalhaa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. šalḫaa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *solɑhontei-
Hitt. šalḫantei-
(c.) ‘Wachstum, Gedeihen?’
(HHand. 140)
1. PIE *solɑhontei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *solhontei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. solhontei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *salhantei-
3. salhantei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šalhantei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šalhantei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šalḫantei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√soli-
(Pyysalo)
(HIL. 818f., CHD S:92f.)
PIE *soli-
Hitt. šali-
(a.) ‘groß, wichtig, erwachsen, zahlreich: Sum. GAL’
(HEG S:767-775)
(CHD S:82)
1. PIE *soli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sali-
2. sali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *soli-
Hitt. šali-
(c.) ‘Erwachsener’
(HHand. 140)
1. PIE *soli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sali-
2. sali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *solei̯o-
Hitt. šalei̯a-
(vb.) ‘groß machen, großziehen’
(HHand. 140)
1. PIE *solei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *salei̯a-
2. salei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šalei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·solei̯ent-
Lat. īn·solent-
(pt.) ‘überheblich, übermäßig, unverschämt’
(WH. 1:704)
1. PIE *Π·solei̯ent-
*ei̯e → ee
Loss *i̯ between e and e
Rei̯e›ee → *Π·soleent-
2. Π·soleent-
*ee → ē
Contraction of *ee into ē
Ree›ē → *Π·solēnt-
3. Π·solēnt-
*ēnt → ent
Shortening of *ē in ēnt
Rēnt›ent → Lat. Π·solent-
PIE *Π·solēski̯o-
Lat. īn·solēsco-
(vb.) ‘zunehmen, überheben’
(WH. 1:704)
(Lat. īnsolēscō)
1. PIE *Π·solēski̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *Π·solēsḱo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. Π·solēsḱo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *Π·solēsko-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·solēsko-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. Π·solēsco-
PIE *Π·solei̯enti̯ēɑh-
Lat. īn·solentiā-
(f.) ‘Überhebung, Übertreibung, Verschwendung’
(WH. 1:704)
1. PIE *Π·solei̯enti̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·solei̯enti̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·solei̯enti̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·solei̯enti̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·solei̯enti̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·solei̯enti̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·solei̯enti̯ā-
*ei̯e → ee
Loss *i̯ between e and e
Rei̯e›ee → *Π·soleenti̯ā-
5. Π·soleenti̯ā-
*ee → ē
Contraction of *ee into ē
Ree›ē → *Π·solēnti̯ā-
6. Π·solēnti̯ā-
*ēnt → ent
Shortening of *ē in ēnt
Rēnt›ent → *Π·solenti̯ā-
7. Π·solenti̯ā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → Lat. Π·solentiā-
PIE *Π·solei̯eto-
Lat. ob·solēto-
(pt.) ‘veraltet, abgetragen, abgenutzt, gewöhnlich’
(WH. 1:427-8)
1. PIE *Π·solei̯eto-
*ei̯e → ee
Loss *i̯ between e and e
Rei̯e›ee → *Π·soleeto-
2. Π·soleeto-
*ee → ē
Contraction of *ee into ē
Ree›ē → Lat. Π·solēto-
PIE *Π·solēu
Lat. ob·solēu-
(pf.) ‘veralten, sich abnutzen, verkümmern’
(WH. 1:427-8)


PIE √sl- √sol- √sel- (vb.tr.) ‘strecken, dehnen’ (vb.intr.) ‘breit/platt werden’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√sel-
(EWA 2:706)
PIE *sí.sel-
RV. sí.sar-
(pr.2.A.) ‘ausstrecken, dehnen: stretch, extend’
(KEWA 3:470)
(RV. sísarti [3sg])
1. PIE *sí.sel-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *sí.ser-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. sí.ser-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → RV. sí.sar-
PIE *Π·sí.sel-
RV. prá (...) sí.sar-
(pr.2.A.) ‘(Arme) vorstrecken’
(WbRV. 1570)
(RV. prá (...) sísarti [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·sí.sel-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *Π·sí.ser-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. Π·sí.ser-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → RV. Π·sí.sar-
√sl-
PIE *sísl-
RV. sísr-
(vb.) ‘ausstrecken, dehnen: stretch, extend’
(KEWA 3:470)
(RV. sísrate [3pl])
1. PIE *sísl-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → RV. sísr-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
√soloi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *soloi-
Hitt. šalai-
(vb.) ‘breit werden/laufen, platt werden’
(HHand. 140)
1. PIE *soloi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *salai-
2. salai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šalai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·sōlei̯o-
RV. prá (…) sāraya·-
(cs.M.) ‘breiten sich aus’
(KEWA 3:471)
1. PIE *Π·sōlei̯o-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *Π·sōrei̯o-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. Π·sōrei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sōrei̯a-
3. Π·sōrei̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·sārei̯a-
4. Π·sārei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·sārai̯a-
5. Π·sārai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·sāraya-


PIE √sel- √sol- √sl- (vb.) ‘fliegen, eilen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√sol-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG S:762-4)
PIE *sol-
TochA. säl-
(pr.) ‘fliegen’
(DTochB. 686)
(in TochA. sälmāṃ [pt.])
1. PIE *sol-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → TochA. sal-
PIE *sol·osɑho-
Hitt. šal·ašḫa-
(LÚc.) ‘Kutscher, Stallbursche?’
(HHand. 140)
1. PIE *sol·osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sol·osho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sol·osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sal·asha-
3. sal·asha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šal·ašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šal·ašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šal·ašḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√solo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *sélo-
RV. sára-
(pr.) ‘eilen, hineilen zu’
(WbRV. 1570)
(RV. sárat [3sg])
1. PIE *sélo-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *séro-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. séro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *séra-
3. séra-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. sára-
PIE *solou̯ono-
Hitt. šalau̯ana-
(GNc.pl) ‘Götter des Tores = dšatauana-’
(HHand. 140)
1. PIE *solou̯ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *salau̯ana-
2. salau̯ana-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šalau̯ana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √sl- √sol- √sel- (vb.) ‘binden’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√solo-
(Pyysalo 2014:59-60)
(HEG S:752)
PIE *solo-
Hitt. šala-
(KUŠ.) ‘(Teil des Zaumzeugs)’
(HHand. 140)
(Hitt. ša-a-la-aš)
1. PIE *solo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sala-
2. sala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *solo-
CLu. šala-
(KUŠn.) ‘(Teil des Zaumzeugs)’
(DLL. 84)
(CLu. ša-a-la(-pa) [plNA])
1. PIE *solo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sala-
2. sala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. šala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√selɑh-
PIE *selēɑhno-
OIr. selan-
(sb.) ‘corde, laisse de chien’
(LEIA S-79)
1. PIE *selēɑhno-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *selāɑhno-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. selāɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *selāhno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. selāhno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *selāno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. selāno-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OIr. selano-
√ɦɑd·selo-
PIE *ɦɑedselo
MidIr. aisel-
(f.) ‘joint’
(EtDiPC. 44)
(LEIA A-94, MidIr. asil, aisil, aisel)
1. PIE *ɦɑedselo
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadselo
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadselo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadselo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadselo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *adselo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. adselo
*ds → s
Change of ds into s
Rds›s → *aselo
5. aselo
*ase → aise
Epenthesis of i
Rase›aise → *aiselo
6. aiselo
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → MidIr. aisel
PIE *ɦɑedselo
MidBret. esel
(m.) ‘joint’
(EtDiPC. 44)
(DIL. 31)
1. PIE *ɦɑedselo
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadselo
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadselo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadselo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadselo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *adselo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. adselo
*ds → s
Change of ds into s
Rds›s → *aselo
5. aselo
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → *asel
6. asel
*ase → ese
Umlaut of aCe to eCe
Rase›ese → MidBret. esel
PIE *ɦɑedselo
Corn. esel-
(sb.) ‘joint’
(EtDiPC. 44)
1. PIE *ɦɑedselo
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadselo
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadselo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadselo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadselo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *adselo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. adselo
*ds → s
Change of ds into s
Rds›s → *aselo
5. aselo
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → *asel
6. asel
*ase → ese
Umlaut of aCe to eCe
Rase›ese → Corn. esel
√soli-
PIE *soli·n-
OIcl. seli·n-
(m.) ‘Geschirr, Seil’
(ANEtWb. 469)
1. PIE *soli·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sali·n-
2. sali·n-
ali -> eli
Umlaut of ali into eli
Rali›eli → OIcl. seli·n-
PIE *seli·n-
OIcl. sili·n-
(m.) ‘Geschirr, Seil’
(ANEtWb. 469)
1. PIE *seli·n-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → OIcl. sili·n-


PIE √sēli- (a.) ‘gut, verliebt, selig’ (sb.) ‘Seligkeit’
(IEW 900)
(Ševoroškin 1965:155: Hitt. + IE)
√sēli-
(Ševoroškin 1965:155)
(HEG S:987-8)
PIE *sēli-
Hitt. šēli-
(a.) ‘verliebt, einander zugetan’
(HHand. 148)
(Hitt. ši-e-li-eš [plN], “oder lies u̯a-e-li-eš?”)
1. PIE *sēli-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šēli-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sēli-
Goth. seli-
(a.) ‘good, kind, useful: ἀγαθός, χρηστός’
(GoEtD. S43)
(Goth. sels [sgN])
1. PIE *sēli-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → Goth. seli-
PIE *sēli-
OEng. sǣl-
(m.) ‘happiness, good fortune, prosperity’
(ASaxD. 810)
(OEng. sǣl [sgN])
1. PIE *sēli-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → OEng. sāli-


PIE √slbɑɦ- √solbɑɦ- √selbɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Flüßigkeit, Salbe, Excrement’ (vb.) ‘salben, beschmieren’
(IEW 901)
(Petersen 1937:209)
√solbɑɦo-
(HEG S:781f.)
(CHD S:107)
PIE *solbɑɦo-
Hitt. šalba-
(c.) ‘Exkrement, (Hunde)Kot’
(HHand. 141)
(Hitt. šal-pa-an [sgA], šalpaš [plA])
1. PIE *solbɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *solbɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. solbɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *salbɦa-
3. salbɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *salba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. salba-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šalba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *solbɑɦo-
Hitt. šalba-
(KUR URU.) ‘(Dasselbe wie ›Šalapa?)’
(OGH. 336)
(Hitt. šal-pa [Stf.]; Kontext: ‘Madduwattas (…) die Fürsten des Landes Pitašša’; OGHErg. 136)
1. PIE *solbɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *solbɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. solbɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *salbɦa-
3. salbɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *salba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. salba-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šalba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *solbɑɦo·so-
Hitt. šalba·ša-
(URU.) ‘(neben Kaziura erwähnt)’
(OGH. 336)
(Hitt. šal-pa-aš-ša [Stf.])
1. PIE *solbɑɦo·so-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *solbɦo·so-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. solbɦo·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *salbɦa·sa-
3. salbɦa·sa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *salba·sa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. salba·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šalba·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *solbɑɦēɑh-
Goth. salbo-
(vb.) ‘salben’
(GoEtD. S16)
(Goth. salbōn [inf.])
1. PIE *solbɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *solbɑɦāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. solbɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *solbɦāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. solbɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *solbɦā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. solbɦā-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *solbā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. solbā-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *salbā-
6. salbā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *salbō-
(XX:XX)
7. salbō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Goth. salbo-
√solbɑɦi-
PIE *solbɑɦei-
Hitt. šalbei-
(c.) ‘Exkrement, (Hunde)Kot’
(HHand. 141)
(Hitt. šal-pí-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *solbɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *solbɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. solbɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *salbɦei-
3. salbɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *salbei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. salbei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šalbei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *solbɑɦoi-
Hitt. šalbai-
(vb.1.) ‘beschmieren’
(HHand. 141)
1. PIE *solbɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *solbɦoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. solbɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *salbɦai-
3. salbɦai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *salbai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. salbai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šalbai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √sm- √som- √sem- (vb.) ‘sehen, freundlich blicken, lächeln’
(IEW 967-8)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)
√smo-
(HEG A:84)
PIE *o·smo-
Hitt. a·šma-
(cpd.vb.) ‘siehe, fürwahr, nun: look here, lo, behold’
(HIL. 263)
(Hitt. a-aš-ma [2sg])
1. PIE *o·smo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·sma-
2. a·sma-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. a·šma-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·smo-
Hitt. ka·šma-
(cpd.vb.) ‘siehe, fürwahr, nun: look here, lo, behold’
(HHand. 75)
(HEG K:532-3, Hitt. ka-a-aš-ma)
1. PIE *Π·smo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sma-
2. Π·sma-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·šma-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√smi-
PIE *smei̯o-
RV. smaya-
(pr.) ‘glänzend, freundlich erscheinen’
(WbRV. 1614)
(RV. tanúā vírūpe smayete (uṣásā))
1. PIE *smei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *smei̯a-
2. smei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *smai̯a-
3. smai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. smaya-
PIE *sméi̯omēno-
RV. smáyamāna-
(pt.M.) ‘freundlich hindurchblickend [durch I]’
(WbRV. 1614)
1. PIE *sméi̯omēno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sméi̯amēna-
2. sméi̯amēna-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *smái̯amēna-
3. smái̯amēna-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *smái̯amāna-
4. smái̯amāna-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. smáyamāna-
PIE *smi-
TochB. smi-
(vb.) ‘smile: lächeln’
(DTochB. 721)
(in TochB. smimane [pt.])
√smep-
PIE *smēpei̯o-
OInd. smāpaya-
(cs.) ‘cause to smile or laugh’
(MonWil. 1271)
(IEW 967, EWA –)
1. PIE *smēpei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *smēpei̯a-
2. smēpei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *smēpai̯a-
3. smēpai̯a-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *smāpai̯a-
4. smāpai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. smāpaya-


PIE √sm- √som- √sem- (sb.) ‘Grund(lage), Basis’ (vb.) ‘aufstellen, erschaffen’
(IEW 502)
(Kapancjan 1931-33:91: Hitt. + Arm.)
√som-
PIE *som·nei̯o-
Hitt. šam·nei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘aufstellen, erschaffen’
(HHand. 141)
1. PIE *som·nei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sam·nei̯a-
2. sam·nei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šam·nei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sēmo-
PIE *sēmòn-
Arm. himn-
(sb.) ‘Fundament, Grund’
(WH. 2:522; IEW 502)
(ArmGr. 1 –, EtDiArm. –)
1. PIE *sēmòn-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *hēmòn-
2. hēmòn-
*ē → i
Change of *ē into i
Rē›i → *himòn-
3. himòn-
*o → Ø
Loss of *ò
Rò›0 → Arm. himn-
√somo-
PIE *somo·no-
Hitt. šamana-
(c.) ‘Grundstein, Grundmauer, Fundament’
(HEG S:791f.)
(HHand. 141; ‹with Hitt. ·na- ‘Stein’?›)
1. PIE *somo·no-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sama·na-
2. sama·na-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šama·na-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *somo·ni-
HLu. šamani-
(vb.) ‘create’
(CHLu. 6.2.8)
(HLu. sa-ma-ni-ha)
1. PIE *somo·ni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sama·ni-
2. sama·ni-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. šama·ni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *somo·nei̯o-
Hitt. šamanei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘aufstellen, erschaffen’
(HHand. 141)
1. PIE *somo·nei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sama·nei̯a-
2. sama·nei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šama·nei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √sn- √son- √sen- (a.) ‘gut, wohl-’ (adv.) ‘well’ (vb.) ‘sich gütlich tun, sättigen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: OAnat. + RV.)
√son·ouo-
PIE *son·ou̯o-
HLu. šan·au̯a-
(a.) ‘good’ (adv.) ‘well’
(CHLu. 1.1.14)
(HLu. sa-na-wá/í [adv.])
1. PIE *son·ou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *san·au̯a-
2. san·au̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. šan·au̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *son·ou̯oii̯o
HLu. šan·au̯ai̯a-
(vb.) ‘be good’
(CHLu. 10.14.7)
(HLu. sa-na-wa/i-ia-ta-’ )
1. PIE *son·ou̯oii̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *san·au̯aii̯a
2. san·au̯aii̯a
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *san·au̯aia
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. san·au̯aia
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *san·au̯ai̯a
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. san·au̯ai̯a
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. šan·au̯ai̯a
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *son·ou̯oii̯o
HLu. šan·au̯ai̯a-
(BONUSn.) ‘good(s)’
(CHLu. 1.1.6)
(HLu. (“BONUS”)sa-na-wa/i-ia)
1. PIE *son·ou̯oii̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *san·au̯aii̯a
2. san·au̯aii̯a
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *san·au̯aia
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. san·au̯aia
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *san·au̯ai̯a
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. san·au̯ai̯a
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. šan·au̯ai̯a
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *son·ou̯oii̯ondɑɦi̯o-
Hitt. šan·au̯ai̯anza-
(URU.) ‘(bei ›Kariuna)’
(OGH. 344)
(Hitt. ša-na-ua-ia-an-za [Stf.])
1. PIE *son·ou̯oii̯ondɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *son·ou̯oii̯ondɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. son·ou̯oii̯ondɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *son·ou̯oii̯onjɦo-
3. son·ou̯oii̯onjɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *san·au̯aii̯anjɦa-
4. san·au̯aii̯anjɦa-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *san·au̯aianjɦa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. san·au̯aianjɦa-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *san·au̯ai̯anjɦa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
6. san·au̯ai̯anjɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *san·au̯ai̯anja-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. san·au̯ai̯anja-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *san·au̯ai̯anza-
8. san·au̯ai̯anza-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šan·au̯ai̯anza-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *son·ou̯oso-
HLu. šan·au̯aša-
(n.) ‘good thing’
(CHLu. 10.10.12)
(HLu. sa-na-wa/i-sa8 [plA])
1. PIE *son·ou̯oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *san·au̯asa-
2. san·au̯asa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. šan·au̯aša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *son·ou̯osotoro-
HLu. šan·au̯ašatara-
(sb.) ‘goodness of heart’
(CHLu. 1.1.18)
(HLu. sa-na-wa/i-sa-tara/i-ti)
1. PIE *son·ou̯osotoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *san·au̯asatara-
2. san·au̯asatara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. šan·au̯ašatara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√son·idɑɦiei-
(HEG S:815-818)
PIE *son·idɑɦi̯ei-
Hitt. šan·izei-
(a.) ‘wohlschmeckend, wohlriechend’
(HHand. 142)
(Hitt. ša-ni-iz-zi-iš)
1. PIE *son·idɑɦi̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *son·idɦi̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. son·idɦi̯ei-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *son·ijɦei-
3. son·ijɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *san·ijɦei-
4. san·ijɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *san·ijei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. san·ijei-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *san·izei-
6. san·izei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šan·izei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *son·idɑɦi̯ei-
Hitt. šan·izei-
(a.) ‘erstklassig, familiär’
(HHand. 142)
1. PIE *son·idɑɦi̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *son·idɦi̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. son·idɦi̯ei-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *son·ijɦei-
3. son·ijɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *san·ijɦei-
4. san·ijɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *san·ijei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. san·ijei-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *san·izei-
6. san·izei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šan·izei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *son·idɑɦi̯ei̯ēɑh-
Hitt. šan·izei̯āḫ-
(vb.1.) ‘sich gütlich tun, sättigen’
(HHand. 142)
(Hitt. [ša-n]i-iz-zi-ia-aḫ, ša-ne-ez-zi-i[a?-aḫ?])
1. PIE *son·idɑɦi̯ei̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *son·idɑɦi̯ei̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. son·idɑɦi̯ei̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *son·idɦi̯ei̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. son·idɦi̯ei̯āh-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *son·ijɦei̯āh-
4. son·ijɦei̯āh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *san·ijɦei̯āh-
5. san·ijɦei̯āh-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *san·ijei̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. san·ijei̯āh-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *san·izei̯āh-
7. san·izei̯āh-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šan·izei̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
8. šan·izei̯āh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šan·izei̯āḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *son·idɑɦi̯eis-
Hitt. šan·izeiš-
(vb.) ‘wohlschmeckend werden’
(HHand. 142)
(Hitt. šanezišta, šanezišdu)
1. PIE *son·idɑɦi̯eis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *son·idɦi̯eis-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. son·idɦi̯eis-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *son·ijɦeis-
3. son·ijɦeis-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *san·ijɦeis-
4. san·ijɦeis-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *san·ijeis-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. san·ijeis-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *san·izeis-
6. san·izeis-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šan·izeiš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√son·tio-
PIE *son·ti̯o-
RV. san·tya-
(a.) ‘wohlgesinnt, gut’
(WbRV. 1471)
(RV. santya [sgV])
1. PIE *son·ti̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *san·ti̯a-
2. san·ti̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. san·tya-


PIE √sn- √sen- √son- (pron./num.) ‘ein, einer, ein und derselbe’
(IEW 902ff.)
(Pyysalo; not *sem-)
√sen-
PIE *sén-
Gr. ἕν-
(num.pron.) ‘einer’
(GEW 1:471-72)
(Att. εἷς [m.sgN] Dor. ἧς, ἕν [n.sgNA], ἑνός [G]; GrGr. 1:588)
1. PIE *sén-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *hén-
2. hén-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἕν-
√son-
PIE *son·Σ
TochA. san·Ø
(num.f.) ‘one, same’ (pl) ‘some’
(LeTokh. 1:415)
(TochA. saṃ, sana)
1. PIE *son·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → TochA. san·Σ
PIE *soni-
Hitt. šani-
(pron.) ‘ein und derselbe’ (HHand. 142)
(HEG S:830)
(Hitt. šania, šanii, šanita)
1. PIE *soni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sani-
2. sani-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √sn- √son- √sen- (vb.) ‘(ver)suchen, erstreben, planen, fordern, verlangen’
(IEW 906, 908)
(Eichman 1973:269-271)
√son-
(CHD S:162ff.)
PIE *son-
Hitt. šan-
(vb.) ‘seek’
(HIL. 831)
(Hitt. ša-an-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *son-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *san-
2. san-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *son-
HLu. šan-
(69vb.) ‘seek’
(CHLu. 11.1.e19; p. 629)
(HLu. (“*69”)sa-na-tu)
1. PIE *son-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *san-
2. san-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. šan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sonēɑh-
(HEG S:818f.)
PIE *sonēɑh-
Hitt. šanāḫ-
(pr.) ‘(ver)suchen, erstreben, planen, fordern, verlangen’
(HEG S:818)
(Hitt. ša-an-aḫ-mi)
1. PIE *sonēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *sonāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. sonāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sonāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sonāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sanāh-
4. sanāh-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šanāh-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. šanāh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šanāḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√sonɑh-
PIE *sonɑh-
Hitt. šanḫ-
(vb.) ‘suchen, erstreben, planen, fordern, verlangen’
(HHand. 142)
(Hitt. ša-an-ḫa-mi)
1. PIE *sonɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sonh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sonh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sanh-
3. sanh-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šanh-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šanh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šanḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *sonɑhiske/o-
CLu. šanḫiške/a-
(GKLvb.iter.) ‘suchen’
(DLL. 85)
(CLu. ša-an!-ḫe-eš-ki-mi [1sg])
1. PIE *sonɑhiske/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sonhiske/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sonhiske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sanhiske/a-
3. sanhiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šanhiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šanhiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. šanḫiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√senuo-
(Eichman 1973:269-271)
PIE *senu̯o-
OHG. sinna-
(vb.) ‘streben, verlangen, sich begeben’
(N, O)
(OHG. sinnan)
1. PIE *senu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *senu̯a-
2. senu̯a-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *sinu̯a-
3. sinu̯a-
*nu̯ -› nn
Change of *nu̯ into nn
Rnu̯›nn → OHG. sinna-


PIE √sn- √sen- √son- (ptcl.) ‘über, auf’ (sb.) ‘Oberste, Gipfel, Rücken, Spitze, Horn’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Lat. + IIr.)
√son
(Pyysalo)
(Not to OInd. sám against Eichner 1992:46; HIL. 828)
PIE *·son
Hitt. ·šan
(encl.sent.ptcl.) ‘auf, über: over, upon, on’
(HEG S:803-6)
(Hitt. ·ša-an, CHD Š:126-155)
1. PIE *·son
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *·san
2. ·san
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ·šan
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·son
Lat. ped·son
(adv.*) ‘zu Boden, zugrunde ‹lit ‘onto the ground’›
(WH 2:296)
(in Lat. pessum)
√sēnēɑh-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *u̯i·sḗnēɑh-
AV. vi·ṣā́ṇā-
(f.) ‘Spitze, Horn, Hauzahn, Schere’
(KEWA 3:228)
(EWA II:564-5)
1. PIE *u̯i·sḗnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯i·sḗnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯i·sḗnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯i·sḗnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯i·sḗnāh-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *u̯i·šḗnāh-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. u̯i·šḗnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯i·šḗnā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯i·šḗnā-
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → *u̯i·šā́nā-
6. u̯i·šā́nā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vi·šā́nā-
7. vi·šā́nā-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *vi·ṣā́nā-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
8. vi·ṣā́nā-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → AV. vi·ṣā́ṇā-
PIE *sēnēɑho-
Hitt. šēnāḫa-
(c.) ‘Hinterhalt: ambush’
(HEG S:1045-47)
(Hitt. še-e-na-aḫ-aš [sgN]; for the semantics cf. ModGerm. hinterrücks)
1. PIE *sēnēɑho-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *sēnāɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. sēnāɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sēnāho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sēnāho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sēnāha-
4. sēnāha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šēnāha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. šēnāha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šēnāḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *sēnēɑhu̯or-
Hitt. šēnāḫu̯ar-
(n.) ‘‹≈ der Oberste, d.i. Zenith?›’
(HEG S:1047-48)
1. PIE *sēnēɑhu̯or-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *sēnāɑhu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. sēnāɑhu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sēnāhu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sēnāhu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sēnāhu̯ar-
4. sēnāhu̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šēnāhu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. šēnāhu̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šēnāḫu̯ar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√sēnu-
PIE *sḗnu-
RV. sā́nu-
(n.m.) ‘Oberste, Berggipfel, Oberfläche, Rücken’
(WbRV. 1511)
1. PIE *sḗnu-
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → RV. sā́nu-
PIE *Π·sḗnu-
RV. ūrdhvá·sānu-
(a.) ‘den Nacken [sānu-] emporgereckt haltend’
(WbRV. 275)
1. PIE *Π·sḗnu-
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → RV. Π·sā́nu-
PIE *poiki̯o·sēnuɑ́h-
LAv. paesa·ŋhānū-
(PNf.) ‘‹Schmuck/Zierrat + Nacken/Rücken›’
(AIWb. 818)
(LAv. paēsa·ŋhānva [sgI] (in the function of [G]))
1. PIE *poiki̯o·sēnuɑ́h-
PIE *uɑ́ → uú
Assimilation of *u and *ɑ́
Ruɑ́›uú → *poiki̯o·sēnuúh-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. poiki̯o·sēnuúh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *poićo·sēnuúh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. poićo·sēnuúh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *paića·sēnuúh-
4. paića·sēnuúh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *paića·sēnuú-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. paića·sēnuú-
*uú → ū́
Contraction of u and ú
Ruú›ū́ → *paića·sēnū́-
6. paića·sēnū́-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *paića·hēnū́-
7. paića·hēnū́-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *paisa·hēnū́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
8. paisa·hēnū́-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *paisa·hānū́-
9. paisa·hānū́-
*ai → ae
Opening of *ai into ae
Rai›ae → *paesa·hānū́-
10. paesa·hānū́-
ahA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
RahA›aŋhA → *paesa·ŋhānū́-
11. paesa·ŋhānū́-
*ū́ → ū
Absence of accent
Rū́›ū → LAv. paesa·ŋhānū-
√snu-
PIE *snú-
RV. snú-
(m.) ‘Gipfel, Oberfläche, höchster Ort’
(WbRV. 1606)
PIE *snóu̯-
RV. snáv-
(m.obl.) ‘Gipfel, Oberfläche, höchster Ort’
(WbRV. 1606)
(RV. snóh [sgAbl])
1. PIE *snóu̯-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *snáu̯-
2. snáu̯-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. snáv-


PIE √snɑhu- (vb.) ‘brennen, rösten, dörren’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + RV.)
√snɑhu-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG S:828-9, CHD S:172-3, HIL. 832-3)
PIE *sonɑhu-
Hitt. šanḫu-
(vb.1.) ‘rösten, dörren’
(HHand. 142)
(Hitt. šanḫuzi [3sg], SHV 216, Eichner 1988:143)
1. PIE *sonɑhu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sonhu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sonhu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sanhu-
3. sanhu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šanhu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šanhu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šanḫu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *sisnɑhou-
RV. siṣṇo-
(a.) ‘epithet of Agni’ (EWA 2:731)
(WbRV. 1521)
(RV. siṣṇo [sgV] agne [sgV], RV. 8,19,31)
1. PIE *sisnɑhou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sisnhou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sisnhou-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *sišnhou-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. sišnhou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sišnhau-
4. sišnhau-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sišnau-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. sišnau-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *sišnō-
6. sišnō-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *siṣnō-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
7. siṣnō-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → *siṣṇō-
8. siṣṇō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → RV. siṣṇo-
PIE *sonɑhu·Σ
Hitt. šanḫu·bi̯a-
(d.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:371)
(Hitt. ša-an-ḫu-pí-aš, ša-an-ḫu-pí-ia-an)
1. PIE *sonɑhu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sonhu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sonhu·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sanhu·Σ
3. sanhu·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šanhu·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šanhu·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šanḫu·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√snɑhuo-
PIE *sonɑhu̯o-
Hitt. šanḫu̯a-
(sb.) ‘(a food)’
(HIL. 832-3)
(Hitt. ša-an-ḫu-u-ua-aš)
1. PIE *sonɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sonhu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sonhu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sanhu̯a-
3. sanhu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šanhu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šanhu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šanḫu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *sonɑhu̯ont-
Hitt. šanḫu̯ant-
(pt.) ‘geröstet, gedörrt’
(HHand. 142)
1. PIE *sonɑhu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sonhu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sonhu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sanhu̯ant-
3. sanhu̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šanhu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šanhu̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šanḫu̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√snɑhun-
PIE *sonɑhun-
Hitt. šanḫun-
(sb.) ‘(a food)’
(HIL. 832-3)
(Hitt. ša-an-ḫu-na-aš [sgG?])
1. PIE *sonɑhun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sonhun-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sonhun-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sanhun-
3. sanhun-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šanhun-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šanhun-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šanḫun-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *sonɑhunt-
Hitt. šanḫunt-
(pt.) ‘geröstet, gedörrt’
(HHand. 142)
1. PIE *sonɑhunt-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sonhunt-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sonhunt-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sanhunt-
3. sanhunt-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šanhunt-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šanhunt-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šanḫunt-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√snɑhut-
PIE *sonɑhut-
Hitt. šanḫut-
(pt.) ‘geröstet, gedörrt’
(HHand. 142)
1. PIE *sonɑhut-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sonhut-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sonhut-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sanhut-
3. sanhut-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šanhut-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šanhut-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šanḫut-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √sent- √sont- (sb.) ‘wertvoller Gegenstand’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Celt.)
√sont-
PIE *sont-
Hitt. šant-
(c.) ‘wertvoller Gegenstand in Inventar’
(HHand. 143)
1. PIE *sont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sant-
2. sant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sent-
PIE *senti-
OGaul. senti-
(c.?) ‘fibula: Kostbarkeit, Wertgegenstand’
(ACSS 2:1502)
(OGaul. sentem [sgA])
PIE *senti-
OIr. sēt-
(m.) ‘trésor, fortune, richesse, bétail’
(LEIA S-99)
(DIL. 539, OIr. sét ‘object/unit of value, chattel, etc.’)
1. PIE *senti-
*ant/ent → ēt
Change of *ant/ent into ēt
Rent›ēt → *sēti-
2. sēti-
VtV → VthV
Lenition of voiceless stop *t
Rt›th → OIr. sēthi-
PIE *sénti̯o-
OGaulG. σέντιο-
(VNm.pl) ‘-(?)-’
(ACSS 2:1502)
(OGaul. σέντιοι [plN])
1. PIE *sénti̯o-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → *séntio-
2. séntio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → OGaulG. σέντιο-
PIE *senti̯o-
OGaul. sentio-
(m.) ‘concilium autessiodorense’
(ACSS 2:1502)
(OGaul. sentius)
1. PIE *senti̯o-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → OGaul. sentio-


PIE √snu- (sb.) ‘Jungfrau, Brautfrau’ (vb.) ‘freien, verloben’
(IEW 977-8)
(Pyysalo: HLu. + IE)
√snunbɑɦ-
PIE *snúnbɑɦēɑh-
Ion.-Att. νύμφη
(f.) ‘Braut, Jungfrau, Nymphe’
(GEW 2:325-6)
1. PIE *snúnbɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *snúnbɑɦāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. snúnbɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *snúnbɦāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. snúnbɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *snúnbɦā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. snúnbɦā-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *snúnphā-
5. snúnphā-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *hnúnphā-
6. hnúnphā-
*h → Ø
Loss of *h before n
Rhn›n → *núnphā-
7. núnphā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *núnphē-
8. núnphē-
*nP → mP
Change of nP into mP
RnP›mP → *númphē-
9. númphē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. νύμφη-
PIE *snúnbɑɦio-
Gr. νύμφιο-
(m.) ‘Bräutigam’
(GEW 2:325-6)
1. PIE *snúnbɑɦio-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *snúnbɦio-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. snúnbɦio-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *snúnphio-
3. snúnphio-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *hnúnphio-
4. hnúnphio-
*h → Ø
Loss of *h before n
Rhn›n → *núnphio-
5. núnphio-
*nP → mP
Change of nP into mP
RnP›mP → *númphio-
6. númphio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. νύμφιο-
PIE *snunbɑɦeúso-
Gr. νυμφεύο-
(pr.) ‘verloben’
(GEW 2:325-6)
1. PIE *snunbɑɦeúso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *snunbɦeúso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. snunbɦeúso-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *snunpheúso-
3. snunpheúso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *hnunpheúho-
4. hnunpheúho-
*h → Ø
Loss of *h before n
Rhn›n → *nunpheúho-
5. nunpheúho-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *nunpheúo-
6. nunpheúo-
*nP → mP
Change of nP into mP
RnP›mP → *numpheúo-
7. numpheúo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. νυμφεύο-
√snubɑɦ-
(IEW 977-978)
(WP. 2:697)
PIE *snoubɑɦ-
Lat. nūb-
(pf.) ‘heiraten (von der Frau)’
(WH. 2:183f.)
(in Lat. nūpta [pt.f.])
1. PIE *snoubɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *snoubɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. snoubɦ-
*bɦ → f
Affricativization of labial *bɦ
Rbɦ›f → *snouf-
3. snouf-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *snūf-
4. snūf-
*f → b
Change of *f into b
Rf›b → *snūb-
5. snūb-
*sn → n
Loss of sibilant *s in *sn-
Rsn=›n= → Lat. nūb-
(XX:XX)
PIE *prosnubɑɦēɑh-
Lat. prōnubā-
(f.) ‘Ehestifterin, Brautfrau’
(WH. 2:184)
(Lat. prōnuba [sgN])
1. PIE *prosnubɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *prosnubɑɦāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. prosnubɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *prosnubɦāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. prosnubɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *prosnubɦā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. prosnubɦā-
*bɦ → f
Affricativization of labial *bɦ
Rbɦ›f → *prosnufā-
5. prosnufā-
*f → b
Change of *f into b
Rf›b → *prosnubā-
6. prosnubā-
*osn → ōn
Loss of *s and lengthening of *osn to ōn
Rosn›ōn → Lat. prōnubā-
PIE *snoubɑɦo-
Lat. nūbo-
(pr.3.) ‘heiraten (von der Frau)’
(WH. 2:183f.)
Lat. nūbō, nūbere [inf.])
1. PIE *snoubɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *snoubɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. snoubɦo-
*bɦ → f
Affricativization of labial *bɦ
Rbɦ›f → *snoufo-
3. snoufo-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *snūfo-
4. snūfo-
*f → b
Change of *f into b
Rf›b → *snūbo-
5. snūbo-
*sn → n
Loss of sibilant *s in *sn-
Rsn=›n= → Lat. nūbo-
(XX:XX)
PIE *snoubɑɦiɑ́h-
RussCS. snubi-
(vb.) ‘verkuppeln’
(REW 2:683)
1. PIE *snoubɑɦiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *snoubɑɦiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. snoubɑɦiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *snoubɦiíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. snoubɦiíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *snaubɦiíh-
4. snaubɦiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *snaubɦií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. snaubɦií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *snaubɦī́-
6. snaubɦī́-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *snaubī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. snaubī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *snoubī́-
8. snoubī́-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *snūbī́-
9. snūbī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *snūbí-
10. snūbí-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → *snūbi-
11. snūbi-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → RussCS. snubi-
PIE *snoubɑɦiɑ́h-
Czech. snoubi-
(vb.) ‘freien, verloben’
(REW 2:683)
1. PIE *snoubɑɦiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *snoubɑɦiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. snoubɑɦiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *snoubɦiíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. snoubɦiíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *snaubɦiíh-
4. snaubɦiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *snaubɦií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. snaubɦií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *snaubɦī́-
6. snaubɦī́-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *snaubī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. snaubī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *snoubī́-
8. snoubī́-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *snūbī́-
9. snūbī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *snūbí-
10. snūbí-
ū -› ou
Change of ū into ou
Rū›ou → Czech. snoubí-
PIE *koɑhsnoubɑɦi̯o-
Lat. cōnūbio-
(n.) ‘gegenseitiges Heimatsrecht’
(WH. 2:268)
(Lat. cōnūbium [sgN])
1. PIE *koɑhsnoubɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohsnoubɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohsnoubɦi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kosnoubɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. kosnoubɦi̯o-
*bɦ → f
Affricativization of labial *bɦ
Rbɦ›f → *kosnoufi̯o-
4. kosnoufi̯o-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *kosnūfi̯o-
5. kosnūfi̯o-
*f → b
Change of *f into b
Rf›b → *kosnūbi̯o-
6. kosnūbi̯o-
*osn → ōn
Loss of *s and lengthening of *osn to ōn
Rosn›ōn → *kōnūbi̯o-
7. kōnūbi̯o-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *cōnūbi̯o-
8. cōnūbi̯o-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → Lat. cōnūbio-
PIE *snoubɑɦili-
Lat. nūbili-
(a.) ‘in heiratsfähigem Alter’
(WH. 2:183)
(Lat. nūbilis)
1. PIE *snoubɑɦili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *snoubɦili-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. snoubɦili-
*bɦ → f
Affricativization of labial *bɦ
Rbɦ›f → *snoufili-
3. snoufili-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *snūfili-
4. snūfili-
*f → b
Change of *f into b
Rf›b → *snūbili-
5. snūbili-
*sn → n
Loss of sibilant *s in *sn-
Rsn=›n= → Lat. nūbili-
(XX:XX)
PIE *snoubɑɦs-
Lat. nūbs-
(ao.) ‘heiraten (von der Frau)’
(WH. 2:183f.)
(Lat. nūpsit)
1. PIE *snoubɑɦs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *snoubɦs-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. snoubɦs-
CHs → Cs
Loss of *h between stop and *s
RCHs›Cs → *snoubs-
3. snoubs-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *snūbs-
4. snūbs-
*sn → n
Loss of sibilant *s in *sn-
Rsn=›n= → Lat. nūbs-
(XX:XX)
PIE *snoubɑɦtiēɑh-
Lat. nūptiā-
(f.pl) ‘Hochzeit’
(WH. 2:183)
1. PIE *snoubɑɦtiēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *snoubɑɦtiāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. snoubɑɦtiāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *snoubɦtiāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. snoubɦtiāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *snoubɦtiā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. snoubɦtiā-
*bɦ → f
Affricativization of labial *bɦ
Rbɦ›f → *snouftiā-
5. snouftiā-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *snūftiā-
6. snūftiā-
*ft → pt
Deaspiration of *f before t
Rft›pt → *snūptiā-
7. snūptiā-
*sn → n
Loss of sibilant *s in *sn-
Rsn=›n= → Lat. nūptiā-
(XX:XX)
√snusɑh-
(IEW 978)
PIE *sú.snuso-
RV. sú.snuṣa-
(a.) ‘schöne Schwiegertochter habend’
(WbRV. 1559)
(EWA 2:771-2, Tu. 13801)
1. PIE *sú.snuso-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *sú.snušo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. sú.snušo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sú.snuša-
3. sú.snuša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. sú.snuṣa-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
PIE *snusó-
Gr. νυό-
(f.) ‘Schwiegertochter’
(GEW 2:328, 3:158)
(Gr. νυός)
1. PIE *snusó-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *hnuhó-
2. hnuhó-
*h → Ø
Loss of *h before n
Rhn›n → *nuhó-
3. nuhó-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *nuó-
4. nuó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. νυό-
PIE *snusḗɑh-
AV. snuṣā́-
(f.) ‘son's wife’
(KEWA 3:535)
1. PIE *snusḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *snusā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. snusā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *snusā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. snusā́h-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *snušā́h-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. snušā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *snušā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. snušā́-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → AV. snuṣā́-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
PIE *snusò
Arm. nu
(sb.) ‘Schwiegertochter’
(EtDiArm. 506-8)
(Arm. nu [sgN], nuoy [sgG])
1. PIE *snusò
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *hnuhò
2. hnuhò
*h → Ø
Loss of *h before n
Rhn›n → *nuhò
3. nuhò
*o → Ø
Loss of *ò
Rò›0 → Arm. nuh
PIE *snusu-
Lat. nuru-
(f.) ‘Schwiegertochter’
(WH. 2:190)
(Lat. nurus, nurūs [sgG])
1. PIE *snusu-
*VsV → VrV
Rhotacism of *s between vowels
RVsV›VrV → *snuru-
2. snuru-
*sn → n
Loss of sibilant *s in *sn-
Rsn=›n= → Lat. nuru-
(XX:XX)
PIE *snusḗɑh·n-
OHG. snura·n-
(f.) ‘Schwiegertochter, Schnur: nurus’
(Gl, N)
(OHG. snura; also snora, IEW 978)
1. PIE *snusḗɑh·n-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *snusā́ɑh·n-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. snusā́ɑh·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *snusā́h·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. snusā́h·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *snusā́·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. snusā́·n-
*ā́RC → áRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ā́RC
Rā́RC›áRC → *snusá·n-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
5. snusá·n-
*usá -> urá
Verner's Law
Rusá›urá → *snurá·n-
6. snurá·n-
*á → a
Loss/absence of accent
Rá›a → OHG. snura·n-
PIE *snusḗɑh
OEng. snoru-
(f.) ‘Schwiegertochter, Schnur’
(ASaxD. 892)
(OEng. snoru [sgN], WP. 2:701f.)
1. PIE *snusḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *snusā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. snusā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *snusā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. snusā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *snusā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. snusā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *snusṓ
(XX:XX)
5. snusṓ
*usṓ -> urṓ
Verner's Law
Rusṓ›urṓ → *snurṓ
6. snurṓ
*-ṓ → -ú
Change of root-final -ṓ into -ú
R=ó›=ú → *snurú
7. snurú
*ú → u
Orthographic change of *ú into u
Rú›u → OEng. snuru
PIE *snusḗɑh
OIcl. snor-
(f.) ‘Schwiegertochter, Schnur’
(ANEtWb. 528)
1. PIE *snusḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *snusā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. snusā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *snusā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. snusā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *snusā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. snusā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *snusṓ
(XX:XX)
5. snusṓ
*usṓ -> urṓ
Verner's Law
Rusṓ›urṓ → *snurṓ
6. snurṓ
*-ṓ → -á
Change final -ṓ to -á
R=ṓ›=á → *snurá
7. snurá
*á → a
Loss/absence of accent
Rá›a → OIcl. snura
PIE *snusēɑh-
SerbCS. snŭcha-
(f.) ‘Schwiegertochter’
(REW 2:682f.)
1. PIE *snusēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *snusāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. snusāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *snusāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. snusāh-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiSlav → *snušāh-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. snušāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *snušā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. snušā-
*š → x
Slavonic change of *š to x
Rš›x → *snuxā-
6. snuxā-
*x → ch
Orthographic change of *x into ch
Rx›ch → *snuchā-
7. snuchā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *snucha-
8. snucha-
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → SerbCS. snŭcha-
√snut-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *snuto-
HLu. šnuta-
(FEMINA) (FEMINA(?)c.) ‘a designation for females’
(CHLu. 11.1.a11)
(HLu. (“FEMINA(?)”)sà-nu-ta-sa [G])
1. PIE *snuto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *snuta-
2. snuta-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. šnuta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *snuti̯eɑhi
Alb. nuse-
(f.) ‘Braut’
(Pedersen 1900:279)
(Alb. nuse [pl = sg?])
1. PIE *snuti̯eɑhi
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *snuti̯aɑhi
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. snuti̯aɑhi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *snuti̯ahi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. snuti̯ahi
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *snuti̯ai
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. snuti̯ai
*sn → n
Loss of sibilant *s in *sn-
Rsn=›n= → *nuti̯ai
(XX:XX)
5. nuti̯ai
PIE *ti̯ → s
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›s → *nusai
6. nusai
ai -> e
Monophthongization of *ai into e
Rai›e → Alb. nuse


PIE √sp- √sop- √sep- (vb.) ‘säubern’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo; or PIE √sopɑh- √sobɑɦ- to account for Sturtevant’s law?)
√sopo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *sopo-
Hitt. šapa-
(vb.) ‘säubern’
(HEG S:842-5)
1. PIE *sopo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sapa-
2. sapa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šapa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sopē-
Alb. shapo-
(pr.) ‘polish’
(AlbEtD. 408)
1. PIE *sopē-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sapē-
2. sapē-
*s → sh
Change of *s into sh
Rs›sh → *shapē-
3. shapē-
*ē → o
Change of *ē into o
Rē›o → Alb. shapo-
PIE *sopomon-
Pal. šapaman-
(pt.) ‘gereinigt’ oder (n.) ‘Reinigung’?
(DPal. 69)
(Pal. ša-pa-a-ma-an [sgNA])
1. PIE *sopomon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sapaman-
2. sapaman-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Pal. šapaman-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sopomon-
Pal. šapaman-
(sb./a.) ‘-(?)-’
(DPal. 69)
(Pal. (-)]šap-pa-ma-an [sgNA])
1. PIE *sopomon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sapaman-
2. sapaman-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Pal. šapaman-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sopou-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *sopēu̯-
Alb. shapov-
(ao.) ‘polish’
(AlbEtD. 408)
(Alb. shapova [1sg])
1. PIE *sopēu̯-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sapēu̯-
2. sapēu̯-
*s → sh
Change of *s into sh
Rs›sh → *shapēu̯-
3. shapēu̯-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *shapēv-
4. shapēv-
*ē → o
Change of *ē into o
Rē›o → Alb. shapov-
PIE *sopou̯ino-
Pal. šapau̯ina-
(vb.) ‘reinigen; säubern?’
(HHand. 143)
(DPal. 69, Pal. ša-pa-u-i-na-i))
1. PIE *sopou̯ino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sapau̯ina-
2. sapau̯ina-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Pal. šapau̯ina-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sopeio-
PIE *sopei̯o-
CLu. šapei̯a-
(vb.) ‘récurer: clean, polish, purify’
(DLL. 85)
(CLu. ša-pí-ia-ti(-pa-a[t-ta]) [3sg])
1. PIE *sopei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sapei̯a-
2. sapei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. šapei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sopei̯o-
CLu. šapei̯a-
(sb.) ‘ein Reinigungsmittel’
(HHand. 143)
1. PIE *sopei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sapei̯a-
2. sapei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. šapei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sopei̯o·si-
CLu. šapei̯a·ši-
(a.gen.) ‘of šapei̯a-’
(HHand2 161)
(DLL. –)
1. PIE *sopei̯o·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sapei̯a·si-
2. sapei̯a·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. šapei̯a·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sopisorɑh-
PIE *sopisorēɑh-
Hitt. šapišarāḫ-
(vb.1.) ‘reinigen, abwaschen’
(HHand. 143)
(‹suffix unclear›)
1. PIE *sopisorēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *sopisorāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. sopisorāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sopisorāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sopisorāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sapisarāh-
4. sapisarāh-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šapišarāh-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. šapišarāh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šapišarāḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √sp- √sop- √sep- (sb.) ‘Fuß, Pfote, Huf (des Pferdes), Roß’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Gr. + RV.)
√sopl-
PIE *soplḗɑh-
Att. ὁπλή-
(f.) ‘der ungespaltene Huf des Pferdes’
(GEW 2:404)
1. PIE *soplḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *soplā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. soplā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *soplā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. soplā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *soplā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. soplā́-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *hoplā́-
5. hoplā́-
*ā́ → ḗ
Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ
Rā́›ḗ → *hoplḗ-
6. hoplḗ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Att. ὁπλή-
PIE *soplḗɑhu̯ent-
Att. ὁπλήεντ-
(pt.) ‘mit Huf versehen’
(GEW 2:404)
(Gr. ὁπλή(ϝ)εντ-)
1. PIE *soplḗɑhu̯ent-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *soplā́ɑhu̯ent-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. soplā́ɑhu̯ent-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *soplā́hu̯ent-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. soplā́hu̯ent-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *soplā́u̯ent-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. soplā́u̯ent-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *hoplā́u̯ent-
5. hoplā́u̯ent-
*u̯E → hE
Change of u̯ into h before e,é,ē,ḗ
Ru̯E›hE → *hoplā́hent-
6. hoplā́hent-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *hoplā́ent-
7. hoplā́ent-
*ā́ → ḗ
Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ
Rā́›ḗ → *hoplḗent-
8. hoplḗent-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Att. ὁπλήεντ-
√sopti-
PIE *sópti-
RV. sápti-
(m.) ‘Ross’
(WbRV. 1476)
(Thus not to RV. sápti- (a.) ‘verbunden, vereint’ (WbRV. 1476)?
1. PIE *sópti-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. sápti-
PIE *sópti-
RV. sápti-
(a.) ‘BW des Rosses’
(WbRV. 1476)
1. PIE *sópti-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. sápti-
PIE *sóptiiu̯ont-
RV. sáptīvant-
(a.) ‘mit Rossen fahrend’
(WbRV. 1476)
1. PIE *sóptiiu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sóptiiu̯ant-
2. sóptiiu̯ant-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *sáptiiu̯ant-
3. sáptiiu̯ant-
*ii → ī
Contraction of i and i
Rii›ī → *sáptīu̯ant-
4. sáptīu̯ant-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. sáptīvant-
√sopu-
(HEG S:853-4)
PIE *sopu-
Hitt. šapu-
(sb.) ‘Fuß, Pfote, Huf?’
(HEG S:853)
(Hitt. ša-ap-pu-it; if not ‘Horn’, cf. Tischler HHand. 143)
1. PIE *sopu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sapu-
2. sapu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šapu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √sp- √sop- √sep- (vb.) ‘sehen, spähen, erwarten’
(IEW 983-4)
(Pyysalo)
√sēspo-
PIE *sēspo
Alb. shof-
(pr.) ‘see’
(AlbEtD. 425)
1. PIE *sēspo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sēspa
2. sēspa
*s → sh
Change of *s into sh
Rs›sh → *shēshpa
3. shēshpa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *shēshp
4. shēshp
*ē → o
Change of *ē into o
Rē›o → Alb. shoshp
√spē-
PIE *spē-
Lat. spē-
(f.) ‘Erwartung, Hoffnung’
(WH. 2:573)
(Lat. spēs [N], spem [A], speī [G], spē [Abl])
PIE *Π·spē-
Lat. ex·spē-
(a.) ‘hoffnungslos’
(WH. 2:573)
(Lat. exspēs [sgN])
PIE *spē· Σ
Lat. spē·culā-
(f.) ‘Hoffnungsschimmer’
(WH. 2:573)
(Lat. spēcula)
√spos-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG S:847-8)
PIE *sposei̯o-
Hitt. špašei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘spähen, Ausschau halten’
(HHand. 143)
(Hitt. ša-pa!-ši-ia-ar [pret3pl])
1. PIE *sposei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *spasei̯a-
2. spasei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. špašei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sposoli-
Hitt. špašali-
(LÚc.) ‘Späher, Wächter’
(HHand. 143)
(Hitt. ša-pa-ša-al-li-e-eš [plA])
1. PIE *sposoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *spasali-
2. spasali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. špašali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√spēs-
PIE *spēs
Lat. spēs-
(f.) ‘Erwartung, Hoffnung’
(WP. 2:573)
(Lat. spērem [sgA], spērēs [plNA])
PIE *spēsēɑh-
Lat. spērā-
(vb.1.) ‘erwarten, hoffen’
(WH. 2:573)
1. PIE *spēsēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *spēsāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. spēsāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *spēsāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. spēsāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *spēsā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. spēsā-
*VsV → VrV
Rhotacism of *s between vowels
RVsV›VrV → Lat. spērā-
PIE *Π·spēsēɑh-
Lat. dē·spērā-
(vb.1.) ‘verzweilen’
(WH. 2:573)
1. PIE *Π·spēsēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·spēsāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·spēsāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·spēsāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·spēsāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·spēsā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·spēsā-
*VsV → VrV
Rhotacism of *s between vowels
RVsV›VrV → Lat. Π·spērā-
√spes-
PIE *pro·spere
Lat. pro·spere
(adv.) ‘erwartungsgemäß’
(WH. 2:375-6)
(Lat. prospere)


PIE √sp- √sep- √sop- (sb.) ‘Abend, späte Nacht’
(IEW 983)
(Schindler 1969:166f.; not to Av. xšap-)
√spo-
PIE *Π·spo·tɑholu-
Hitt. i·špa·talu-
(sb.) ‘Nachtlager, Herberge’ ‹with Hitt. talu- ‘Lager’›
(HEG I:420)
(Hitt. išpattalu-)
1. PIE *Π·spo·tɑholu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·spo·tholu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·spo·tholu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·spa·thalu-
3. Π·spa·thalu-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·spa·talu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·spa·talu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špa·talu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√spidɑɦ-
PIE *speidɑɦis-
Goth. speidis-
(a.comp.) ‘spätere: later: ὔστερος’
(GoEtD. S121)
(Goth. speidizei [f.sgN] Mat 27,64 CA)
1. PIE *speidɑɦis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *speidɦis-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. speidɦis-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *speidis-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. speidis-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *spīdis-
4. spīdis-
*ī → ei
Orthographic change of *ī into ei
Rī›ei → Goth. speidis-
PIE *spidɑɦisto
Goth. spidist-
(a.sup.) ‘ἔσχατος: novissimus: last’
(GoEtD. S121)
(Goth. spidistaim 1Tm 4,1 B, HbGo. 166,1c)
1. PIE *spidɑɦisto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *spidɦisto
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. spidɦisto
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *spidisto
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. spidisto
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *spidista
4. spidista
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Goth. spidist
√spondɑɦ-
(HEG I:411)
(HIL. 469; HED 2:431ff.)
PIE *Π·spondɑɦ-
Hitt. i·špand-
(c.) ‘GE6(KAM): Nacht: night’ (adv.) ‘nachts’
(HHand. 66)
(Hitt. iš-pa-an-za, iš-pa-an-ta-an, iš-pa-an-da-an, GE6-an-da-aš, iš-pa-an-ti)
1. PIE *Π·spondɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·spondɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·spondɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·spandɦ-
3. Π·spandɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·spand-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·spand-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špand-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·spondɑɦ-
Hitt. i·špand-
(d.) ‘Nacht’ (RDH. 75, REL. 88-89)
(OHP. 1:204)
(Hitt. iš-pa-an-za, iš-pa-an-ta-an)
1. PIE *Π·spondɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·spondɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·spondɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·spandɦ-
3. Π·spandɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·spand-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·spand-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špand-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·spondɑɦoi-
Hitt. i·špandai-
(vb.) ‘Nacht verbringen’
(HEG I:411)
1. PIE *Π·spondɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·spondɦoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·spondɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·spandɦai-
3. Π·spandɦai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·spandai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·spandai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špandai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·spondɑɦei̯o-
Hitt. i·špandei̯a-
(a.) ‘nächtlich, zur Nacht gehörig’
(HHand. 66)
(Hitt. išpantiia-, KLuN. 130)
1. PIE *Π·spondɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·spondɦei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·spondɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·spandɦei̯a-
3. Π·spandɦei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·spandei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·spandei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špandei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·spondɑɦio·Σ
Hitt. i·španza·šeba-
(d.) ‘Genius der Nacht’
(OHP. 1:205)
(Hitt. iš-pa-an-za-še-pa-aš [N], HHand. 149, GhR. 299, RDH. 67, REL. 73)
1. PIE *Π·spondɑɦio·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·spondɦio·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·spondɦio·Σ
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi›jɦi → *Π·sponjɦio·Σ
3. Π·sponjɦio·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·spanjɦia·Σ
4. Π·spanjɦia·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·spanjia·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·spanjia·Σ
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *Π·spanzia·Σ
6. Π·spanzia·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·španzia·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√spodɑɦ-
(Schindler 1969:166f.)
PIE *Π·spodɑɦ-
Hitt. i·špad-
(c.) ‘Nacht’
(Kimball 1999:316)
(in KBo III 13 II 3 iš-pa-ta-za ‘night’)
1. PIE *Π·spodɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·spodɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·spodɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·spadɦ-
3. Π·spadɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·spad-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·spad-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špad-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *spēdɑɦo-
OHG. spāta-
(vb.1.) ‘sich verspäten: be late: repigrare’
(Gl. N ≈ 1000)
(OHG. spāten)
1. PIE *spēdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *spēdɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. spēdɦo-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *spēdo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. spēdo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *spēda-
4. spēda-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *spāda-
5. spāda-
p -> pf
HG sound shift for p
Rp›pf → *spfāda-
6. spfāda-
*d → t
OHG sound shift of *d
Rd›tHG → OHG. spfāta-
√spēdɑɦi-
PIE *spēdɑɦio
OHG. spāti-
(a.) ‘autumnalis, serus, tardus, vespertinus’
(Gl. 9th cent.)
1. PIE *spēdɑɦio
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *spēdɦio
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. spēdɦio
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *spēdio
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. spēdio
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *spēdia
4. spēdia
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *spēdi
5. spēdi
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *spādi
6. spādi
p -> pf
HG sound shift for p
Rp›pf → *spfādi
7. spfādi
*d → t
OHG sound shift of *d
Rd›tHG → OHG. spfāti
PIE *spēdɑɦisto
Goth. spedist-
(a.) ‘ἔσχατος: novissimus: der späteste: latest’
(GoEtD. S121)
(Goth. spedistamma 1Kr 15,8 A spedistaim 1Tm 4,1 A; 2Tm 3,1 A B)
1. PIE *spēdɑɦisto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *spēdɦisto
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. spēdɦisto
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *spēdisto
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. spēdisto
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *spēdista
4. spēdista
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *spēdist
5. spēdist
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → Goth. spedist
PIE *spēdɑɦiston-
Goth. spedistan-
(a.) ‘ἔσχατος: novissimus: der späteste: latest’
(GoEtD. S121)
(Goth. spedista Luk 20,32 CA, spedistans 1Kr 4,9 A, spedistana Mrk 12,6 CA)
1. PIE *spēdɑɦiston-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *spēdɦiston-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. spēdɦiston-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *spēdiston-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. spēdiston-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *spēdistan-
4. spēdistan-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → Goth. spedistan-
PIE *spēdɑɦiston·Σ
Goth. ·spedistan dag--
(sup.) ‘der jüngste Tag: ἐσχάτη ἡμέρα: novissimus dies’
(GoEtD. S121)
(e.g. Joh 6,40 CA)
1. PIE *spēdɑɦiston·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *spēdɦiston·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. spēdɦiston·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *spēdiston·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. spēdiston·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *spēdistan·Σ
4. spēdistan·Σ
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → Goth. spedistan·Σ
PIE *spēdɑɦisten-
Goth. spedistin-
(a.) ‘ἔσχατος: novissimus: späteste: latest’
(GoEtD. S121)
(Goth. spedistin Joh 6,40 CA, HbGo. 55n3, HbGo. 169,2)
1. PIE *spēdɑɦisten-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *spēdɦisten-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. spēdɦisten-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *spēdisten-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. spēdisten-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *spēdistin-
4. spēdistin-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → Goth. spedistin-
√spedɑɦu-
PIE *spēdɑɦu
OHG. spāto
(adv.) ‘ad vesperam, in hora undecima, sero, tarde’
(Gl. 800)
(B, GB, Gl, N, O, OT, T)
1. PIE *spēdɑɦu
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *spēdɦu
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. spēdɦu
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *spēdu
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. spēdu
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *spādu
4. spādu
*-u → -o
Change of root-final -u into -o
R=u›=o → *spādo
5. spādo
p -> pf
HG sound shift for p
Rp›pf → *spfādo
6. spfādo
*d → t
OHG sound shift of *d
Rd›tHG → OHG. spfāto
PIE *spēdɑɦumisto
Goth. spedumist-
(a.) ‘ἔσχατος: novissimus: spätester: last’
(GoEtD. S121)
(Goth. spedumista [f.sgN] Mrk 12,22 CA)
1. PIE *spēdɑɦumisto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *spēdɦumisto
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. spēdɦumisto
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *spēdumisto
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. spēdumisto
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *spēdumista
4. spēdumista
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *spēdumist
5. spēdumist
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → Goth. spedumist


PIE √spɑh- (a.) ‘satt’ (sb.) ‘Sättigung, Gedeihung’
(IEW 983-4)
(Sturtevant 1928a:2)
√spɑhō-
(HEG I:408)
(HIL. 468-9)
PIE *Π·spɑhō-
Hitt. i·špā-
(vb.2.) ‘sich satt essen’
(HHand. 66)
(Hitt. iš-pa-a-i [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·spɑhō-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sphō-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sphō-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·sphā-
3. Π·sphā-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·spā-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·spā-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špā-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√spɑhẽ-
√spɑhōi-
PIE *Π·spɑhōi-
Hitt. i·špāi-
(vb.1.) ‘sich satt essen’
(HIL. 468)
(Hitt. iš-pa-a-i [ipv2sg], iš-pa-a-i-ši [2sg])
1. PIE *Π·spɑhōi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sphōi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sphōi-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·sphāi-
3. Π·sphāi-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·spāi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·spāi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špāi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *pespɑhōi̯-
OInd. pasphāy-
(pf.) ‘feist geworden sein’
(EWA 2:776-7)
(OInd. pasphāye)
1. PIE *pespɑhōi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pesphōi̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pesphōi̯-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *pesphāi̯-
3. pesphāi̯-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *pasphāi̯-
4. pasphāi̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. pasphāy-
PIE *spɑhṓi̯o-
OInd. sphā́ya-
(pr.M.) ‘feist werden, zunehmen’ (Beitr. 2:717)
(EWA 2:776-7)
(Dhātup. sphā́yate)
1. PIE *spɑhṓi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sphṓi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sphṓi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sphṓi̯a-
3. sphṓi̯a-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *sphā́i̯a-
4. sphā́i̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. sphā́ya-
√spɑhei-
PIE *Π·spɑhei-
Hitt. i·špei-
(vb.) ‘sich satt essen’
(HIL. 468)
(Hitt. iš-pí-ir, iš-pí-it-tén)
1. PIE *Π·spɑhei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sphei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sphei-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·spei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. Π·spei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·spɑhei·ningɑɦodɑɦor-
Hitt. i·špei·ningadar-
(n.) ‘Sättingung an Speise und Trank’
(HHand. 66)
(Hitt. iš-pí-ni-in-ga-tar)
1. PIE *Π·spɑhei·ningɑɦodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sphei·ningɦodɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sphei·ningɦodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sphei·ningɦadɦar-
3. Π·sphei·ningɦadɦar-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·spei·ningɦadɦar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·spei·ningɦadɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·spei·ningadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·spei·ningadar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špei·ningadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·spɑhei̯o-
Hitt. i·špei̯a-
(vb.) ‘sich satt essen’
(HIL. 468)
(Hitt. iš-pí-ia, iš-pí-ia-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *Π·spɑhei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sphei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sphei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sphei̯a-
3. Π·sphei̯a-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·spei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·spei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√spɑhōn-
PIE *Π·spɑhōn-
Hitt. i·špān-
(n.) ‘Sättigung’
(HHand. 66)
(Hitt. iš-pa-a-an [sgNA], iš-pa-a-na-aš [G])
1. PIE *Π·spɑhōn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sphōn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sphōn-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·sphān-
3. Π·sphān-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·spān-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·spān-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špān-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·spɑhṓno-
RV. gaya·sphā́na-
(a.) ‘den Hausstand mehrend’
(WbRV. 386)
1. PIE *Π·spɑhṓno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sphṓno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sphṓno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sphṓna-
3. Π·sphṓna-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → RV. Π·sphā́na-
PIE *Π·spɑhṓno-
AV. sam·sphā́na-
(a.) ‘feist werdend’
(EWA 2:776-7)
(also AV. para·sphā́na-)
1. PIE *Π·spɑhṓno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sphṓno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sphṓno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sphṓna-
3. Π·sphṓna-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → AV. Π·sphā́na-


PIE √spɑh- (sb.) ‘Spieß, Stilett, Nadel, Heer’
(IEW 980)
(Kammenhuber 1955:105: Gr. + Germ. (despite GEW); Pyysalo: Iran.)
√speɑhdɑɦ-
(Kammenhuber 1955:105)
PIE *spéɑhdɑɦēɑh-
Ion.-Att. σπάθη-
(f.) ‘breites flaches Holz der Weber, Ruder-, Schulterblatt, langes breites Schwert’
(GEW 2:755)
1. PIE *spéɑhdɑɦēɑh-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *spáɑhdɑɦēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. spáɑhdɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *spáɑhdɑɦāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. spáɑhdɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *spáhdɦāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. spáhdɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *spádɦā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. spádɦā-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *spáthā-
6. spáthā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *spáthē-
7. spáthē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. σπάθη-
PIE *speɑhdɑɦu
OSax. spado
(m.) ‘Spaten, Hacke’
(ASächsWb. 69)
1. PIE *speɑhdɑɦu
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *spaɑhdɑɦu
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. spaɑhdɑɦu
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *spahdɦu
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. spahdɦu
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *spadɦu
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. spadɦu
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *spadu
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. spadu
*-u → -o
Change of root-final -u into -o
R=u›=o → OSax. spado
√spɑhon-
(HEG I:420)
(HIL. 476, Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·spɑhon-
Hitt. i·špan-
(n.) ‘Spieß, Stilett, Nadel’
(HIL. 476)
(Hitt. iš-pa-an-na-aš, iš-pa-an-na-za, iš-pa-an-ni-it, HHand. 66)
1. PIE *Π·spɑhon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sphon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sphon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sphan-
3. Π·sphan-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·span-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·span-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *spɑhḗn
Gr. σφήν-
(m.) ‘Keil’
(GEW 2:830-831)
(Gr. σφήν, σφηνός)
1. PIE *spɑhḗn
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sphḗn
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sphḗn
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. σφήν
√spɑhōdɑɦ-
(HEG I:420)
(Pyysalo: Iran.; for the semantics, see LAv. haēnā- ‘Geschoss’ & ‘Heer’ AIWb. 1729-30.)
PIE *Π·spɑhōdɑɦo-
Hitt. i·špāda-
(URUDUn.) ‘GÍR: Spieß, Stilett, Nadel’
(HHand. 66)
(Hitt. iš-pa-a-ta)
1. PIE *Π·spɑhōdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sphōdɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sphōdɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sphōdɦa-
3. Π·sphōdɦa-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·sphādɦa-
4. Π·sphādɦa-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·spādɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·spādɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·spāda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. Π·spāda-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špāda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *spɑhōdɑɦo-
gAv. spāda-
(m.) ‘Heer, Heerschaft’
(AIWb. 1617)
1. PIE *spɑhōdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sphōdɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sphōdɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sphōdɦa-
3. sphōdɦa-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *sphādɦa-
4. sphādɦa-
*ph → f
Affricativization of *ph
Rph›f → *sfādɦa-
5. sfādɦa-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *hfādɦa-
6. hfādɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → gAv. hfāda-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *Π·spɑhōdɑɦo-
OPers. taxma·spāda-
(Im.) ‘with brave army’
(OldP. 185)
1. PIE *Π·spɑhōdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sphōdɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sphōdɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sphōdɦa-
3. Π·sphōdɦa-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·sphādɦa-
4. Π·sphādɦa-
*ph → f
Affricativization of *ph
Rph›f → *Π·sfādɦa-
5. Π·sfādɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → OPers. Π·sfāda-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *Π.spɑhōdɑɦo-
LAv. pouru.spāδa·-
(a.) ‘der ein zahlreiches/grosses Heer besitzt’
(AIWb. 902)
1. PIE *Π.spɑhōdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π.sphōdɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π.sphōdɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π.sphōdɦa-
3. Π.sphōdɦa-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π.sphādɦa-
4. Π.sphādɦa-
*ph → f
Affricativization of *ph
Rph›f → *Π.sfādɦa-
5. Π.sfādɦa-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *Π.hfādɦa-
6. Π.hfādɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π.hfāda-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. Π.hfāda-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
Rd›δ → LAv. Π.hfāδa·-
PIE *Π.spɑhōdɑɦo-
LAv. vindat̰.spāδa·-
(a.) ‘der ein Heer verschafft, (für jmdn) aufbringt’
(AIWb. 1448)
1. PIE *Π.spɑhōdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π.sphōdɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π.sphōdɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π.sphōdɦa-
3. Π.sphōdɦa-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π.sphādɦa-
4. Π.sphādɦa-
*ph → f
Affricativization of *ph
Rph›f → *Π.sfādɦa-
5. Π.sfādɦa-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *Π.hfādɦa-
6. Π.hfādɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π.hfāda-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. Π.hfāda-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
Rd›δ → LAv. Π.hfāδa·-
PIE *Π.spɑhōdɑɦo-
MAv. srutō.spāda·-
(PNm.) ‘ein Gläubiger, Bruder des ǝrǝzu-’
(AIWb. 1648)
1. PIE *Π.spɑhōdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π.sphōdɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π.sphōdɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π.sphōdɦa-
3. Π.sphōdɦa-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π.sphādɦa-
4. Π.sphādɦa-
*ph → f
Affricativization of *ph
Rph›f → *Π.sfādɦa-
5. Π.sfādɦa-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *Π.hfādɦa-
6. Π.hfādɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → MAv. Π.hfāda·-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *Π·spɑhōdɑɦor-
Hitt. i·špādar-
(URUDUn.) ‘Spieß, Stilett, Nadel’
(HHand. 66)
(Hitt. iš-pa-a-tar, iš-pa-tar)
1. PIE *Π·spɑhōdɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sphōdɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sphōdɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sphōdɦar-
3. Π·sphōdɦar-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·sphādɦar-
4. Π·sphādɦar-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·spādɦar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·spādɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·spādar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. Π·spādar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špādar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √spr- √spor- √sper- (vb.) ‘hin-, ausbreiten, zerstreuen, (be)säen’ (sb.) ‘das Säen, die Saat’
(IEW 993-995)
(Watkins 1975:377; note the problematic semantics)
√spor-
(HEG I:416f.)
PIE *Π·spor-
Hitt. i·špar-
(vb.2.) ‘hin-, ausbreiten’
(HHand. 66)
(Hitt. iš-pa-ar-ḫi [1sg], iš-pa-a-ri [3sg], iš-pa-ri [3sg], iš-par-ḫu-un)
1. PIE *Π·spor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·spar-
2. Π·spar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *spóro-
Att. σπόρο-
(m.) ‘Saat, Same’
(GEW 2:762-3)
(Att. σπόρος [sgN])
1. PIE *spóro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Att. σπόρο-
PIE *Π·sporo-
Hitt. i·špara-
(vb.2.) ‘hin-, ausbreiten’
(HIL. 471)
(Hitt. [iš]-pár-ra-a-i [3sg], iš-pa-ra-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *Π·sporo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·spara-
2. Π·spara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sporéɑh-
Gr. σπορά-
(f.) ‘das Säen, Saat, Zeugung, Abstammung’
(GEW 2:762-3)
(Gr. σπορά)
1. PIE *sporéɑh-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *sporáɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. sporáɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sporáh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sporáh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sporá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sporá-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. σπορά-
PIE *sporéɑɦd-
Gr. σποράδ-
(a.) ‘verstreut’
(GEW 2:762-3)
(Gr. σποράς, σποράδος)
1. PIE *sporéɑɦd-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *sporáɑɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. sporáɑɦd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sporáɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sporáɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *sporád-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sporád-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. σποράδ-
√spori-
PIE *Π·sporei-
Hitt. i·šparei-
(vb.) ‘spread out, strew’
(HIL. 471)
(Hitt. iš-pár-ri-iz-zi)
1. PIE *Π·sporei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sparei-
2. Π·sparei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·šparei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·sporei̯o-
Hitt. i·šparei̯a-
(vb.) ‘spread out, strew’
(HIL. 471)
(Hitt. iš-pár-ri-ia-az-zi)
1. PIE *Π·sporei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sparei̯a-
2. Π·sparei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·šparei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·sporei̯ou̯or-
Hitt. i·šparei̯au̯ar-
(n.N.act.) ‘hin-, ausarbeiten; niedertreten, vernichten’
(HHand. 66)
(Hitt. iš-pár-ri-ia-u-ua-ar)
1. PIE *Π·sporei̯ou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sparei̯au̯ar-
2. Π·sparei̯au̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·šparei̯au̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·sporeiski̯e/o-
Hitt. i·špareiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘hin-, ausarbeiten; niedertreten, vernichten’
(HHand. 66)
(Hitt. iš-pa-ri-eš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *Π·sporeiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *Π·sporeisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. Π·sporeisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·spareisḱe/a-
3. Π·spareisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *Π·spareiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. Π·spareiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špareiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *epi·sporíēɑh-
Ion. ἐπι·σπορίη-
(f.) ‘Nachsaat, zweite Saat’
(GEW 2:762-3)
(Hes. ἐπισπορίη)
1. PIE *epi·sporíēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *epi·sporíāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. epi·sporíāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *epi·sporíāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. epi·sporíāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *epi·sporíā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. epi·sporíā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *epi·sporíē-
5. epi·sporíē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion. ἐπι·σπορίη-
√sper-
PIE *Π·sper-
Hitt. i·šper-
(vb.) ‘hin-, ausbreiten’
(HEG I:416ff.)
(Hitt. iš-pí-ir-te-en, HIL. 471)
1. PIE *Π·sper-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·šper-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *spéri̯o-
Gr. σπείρο-
(pr.A.) ‘säen, besäen’
(GEW 2:762-3)
(Gr. σπείρω)
1. PIE *spéri̯o-
*éri̯ → eír
Epenthesis of *i
Réri̯›eír → *speíro-
2. speíro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. σπείρο-
PIE *spérmeɑht-
Gr. σπέρματ-
(n.) ‘Same, Saat, Stamm, Sproß’
(GEW 2:762-3)
1. PIE *spérmeɑht-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *spérmaɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. spérmaɑht-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *spérmaht-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. spérmaht-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *spérmat-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. spérmat-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. σπέρματ-


PIE √spr- √spor- √sper- (vb.) ‘retten, schützen, überwinden’
(IEW 995-6)
(Feist 1939:444: Hitt. + OInd.; Kapancjan 1931-3:48: Arm.; Pyysalo: RV.)
√sper-
PIE *sper-
RV. spar-
(ao.) ‘schützen, retten; erkämpfen, erringen’
(WbRV. 1609)
(RV. áspar [2sg], sparat [3sg])
1. PIE *sper-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → RV. spar-
PIE *Π·sper-
RV. áva (...) spar-
(ao.) ‘[A] schützen vor [Abl]’
(WbRV. 1609)
(RV. áva (...) spar [2sg])
1. PIE *Π·sper-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → RV. Π·spar-
PIE *Π·spér-
RV. ava (...) spár-
(ao.) ‘schützen vor [Abl]’
(WbRV. 1609)
(RV. ava (...) spárat [3sg]
1. PIE *Π·spér-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. Π·spár-
PIE *Π·sper-
RV. nís (...) spar-
(ao.) ‘[A] retten aus [Abl]’
(WbRV. 1609)
(RV. nís (...) spartam [2du])
1. PIE *Π·sper-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → RV. Π·spar-
√spōr-
PIE *pespōr-
OInd. paspār-
(pf.) ‘befreien’
(LIV2:579)
(AVP. paspāra)
1. PIE *pespōr-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *pespār-
2. pespār-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → OInd. paspār-
√sprnu-
PIE *spr̥nu-
RV. spr̥ṇu-
(pr.A.) ‘[A] schützen vor [Abl], losmachen, befreien’
(WbRV. 1609)
(RV. spr̥ṇuhi [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *spr̥nu-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → RV. spr̥ṇu-
√sprt-
PIE *hɑé·spr̥to-
RV. á·spr̥ta-
(a.) ‘nicht überwunden, unüberwindlich’
(WbRV. 159)
1. PIE *hɑé·spr̥to-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑá·spr̥to-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑá·spr̥to-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *há·spr̥to-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. há·spr̥to-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *há·spr̥ta-
4. há·spr̥ta-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. á·spr̥ta-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Π·spertor-
RV. ava·spartar-
(m.) ‘Erretter’
(WbRV. 128)
(RV. avaspartar [V])
1. PIE *Π·spertor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·spertar-
2. Π·spertar-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → RV. Π·spartar-
√sprdɑɦ-
(HEG I:418-9)
(Feist 1939:444, Kapancjan 1931-3:48)
PIE *sprdɑɦe-
Arm. sprde-
(vb.) ‘entschlüpfen: escape’
(HIL. 475)
(Arm. sprdem [1sg])
1. PIE *sprdɑɦe-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sprdɦe-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sprdɦe-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → Arm. sprde-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *Π·spordɑɦei-
Hitt. i·špardei-
(vb.1.) ‘hoch-, entkommen, entfliehen, sich retten’
(HIL. 475)
(Hitt. iš-pár-ti-i-e-ez-zi, iš-pár-te-ir, iš-pár-ti-ed-du)
1. PIE *Π·spordɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·spordɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·spordɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·spardɦei-
3. Π·spardɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·spardei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·spardei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špardei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sprdɑɦio-
PIE *Π·spordɑɦi̯o-
Hitt. i·šparza-
(vb.1.) ‘hoch-, entkommen, entfliehen, sich retten’
(HHand. 66)
(Hitt. iš-pár-za-zi)
1. PIE *Π·spordɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·spordɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·spordɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *Π·sporjɦo-
3. Π·sporjɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sparjɦa-
4. Π·sparjɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·sparja-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·sparja-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *Π·sparza-
6. Π·sparza-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·šparza-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·spordɑɦi̯o-
Hitt. i·šparza-
(vb.2.) ‘hoch-, entkommen, entfliehen, sich retten’
(HHand. 66)
(Hitt. iš-pár-za-i, iš-pár-za-aḫ-ḫu-u[n])
1. PIE *Π·spordɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·spordɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·spordɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *Π·sporjɦo-
3. Π·sporjɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sparjɦa-
4. Π·sparjɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·sparja-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·sparja-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *Π·sparza-
6. Π·sparza-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·šparza-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √sr- √sor- √ser- (vb.) ‘teilen, trennen’ (sb.) ‘Teil, Anteil, Los, Stand, Lage’
(IEW 911)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Lat.)
√soro-
(CHD S:229f.)
PIE *soro-
Hitt. šara-
(c.) ‘Teil, Anteil’
(HEG S:863f.)
(Hitt. šarraz [adv.], HIL. 840, HHand. 144)
1. PIE *soro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sara-
2. sara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *soro-
Hitt. šara-
(vb.2.M.) ‘teilen, trennen’
(HHand. 143)
(HIL. 839)
1. PIE *soro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sara-
2. sara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sesoro-
Hitt. šešara-
(vb.1.) ‘zerteilen, sortieren’
(HHand. 149)
1. PIE *sesoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sesara-
2. sesara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šešara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sori-
PIE *sorei̯o-
Hitt. šarei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘teilen, trennen’
(HEG S:863ff.)
1. PIE *sorei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sarei̯a-
2. sarei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šarei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sorei̯o·si-
HLu. šarei̯a·ši-
(474sb.a.gen.) ‘eunuch’
(CHLu. 6.8.1)
(HLu. (*474)sa-ri+i-ia-si-sa ‹thus not from Akd. ša rēši›)
1. PIE *sorei̯o·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sarei̯a·si-
2. sarei̯a·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. šarei̯a·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *soriski̯e/o-
Hitt. šariške/a-
(vb.) ‘zerteilen, sortieren’
(HEG S:870)
(Hitt. šareški-)
1. PIE *soriski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *sorisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. sorisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sarisḱe/a-
3. sarisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *sariske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. sariske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šariške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sort-
(IEW 911 [diff.])
PIE *sort-
Lat. sort-
(f.) ‘Los, Stand, Lage, Besitz, Erbteil’
(WH. 2:563-4)
PIE *sortiɑ́h-
Lat. sortī-
(pr.4.) ‘draw lots; choose, appoint or acquire by lot’
(OxLatD. 1795-6)
(Lat. sortiō, sortīre, WH. 2:564)
1. PIE *sortiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *sortiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. sortiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sortií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. sortií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *sortī́-
4. sortī́-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → Lat. sortī-


PIE √sr- √sor- √ser- (sb.) ‘Hund’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: OInd. + Hitt.)
√sor- √ser-
PIE *sihɑ́.soro-
OInd. sīsara-
(n.) ‘Benennung eines Hundedämons’
(EWA 2:734)
1. PIE *sihɑ́.soro-
PIE *iḫɑ́ → iḫí
Distant assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RiHɑ́›iHí → *sihí.soro-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. sihí.soro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sihí.sara-
3. sihí.sara-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sií.sara-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sií.sara-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → OInd. sī́.sara-
PIE *sōLēɑh·u̯l̥ku̯ó-
RV. sālā·vr̥ká-
(m.) ‘ein Tier aus dem Hundegeschlechte’
(WbRV. 1513)
(etwa ‘Schakal, Hyäne’)
1. PIE *sōLēɑh·u̯l̥ku̯ó-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *sōLāɑh·u̯l̥ku̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. sōLāɑh·u̯l̥ku̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sōLāh·u̯l̥ku̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sōLāh·u̯l̥ku̯ó-
PIE *l̥ → r̥
Change of *l̥ into r̥
Rl̥›r̥ → *sōLāh·u̯r̥ku̯ó-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. sōLāh·u̯r̥ku̯ó-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *sōlāh·u̯r̥ku̯ó-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
5. sōlāh·u̯r̥ku̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *sōlāh·u̯r̥ku̯á-
6. sōlāh·u̯r̥ku̯á-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *sālāh·u̯r̥ku̯á-
7. sālāh·u̯r̥ku̯á-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sālā·u̯r̥ku̯á-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
8. sālā·u̯r̥ku̯á-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *sālā·u̯r̥ká-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
9. sālā·u̯r̥ká-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. sālā·vr̥ká-
√sorm- √serm-
PIE *sihɑ́.soromo-
OInd. sīsarama-
(m.) ‘ein Hundedämon’
(MonWil. 1219)
(KEWA 3:478)
1. PIE *sihɑ́.soromo-
PIE *iḫɑ́ → iḫí
Distant assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RiHɑ́›iHí → *sihí.soromo-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. sihí.soromo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sihí.sarama-
3. sihí.sarama-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sií.sarama-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sií.sarama-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → OInd. sī́.sarama-
PIE *sorémēɑh-
RV. sarámā-
(f.) ‘Hündin Indras & der Götter’ (KEWA 3:442-3)
(WbRV. 1487)
(RV. sarámā)
1. PIE *sorémēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *sorémāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. sorémāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sorémāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sorémāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sarémāh-
4. sarémāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sarémā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. sarémā-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. sarámā-
PIE *sōromeii̯ó-
RV. sārameyá-
(m.) ‘Nachkomme der Sarámā-’
(WbRV. 1513)
1. PIE *sōromeii̯ó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sōrameii̯ó-
2. sōrameii̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *sōrameii̯á-
3. sōrameii̯á-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *sārameii̯á-
4. sārameii̯á-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *sāramaii̯á-
5. sāramaii̯á-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *sāramēi̯á-
6. sāramēi̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *sāramēyá-
7. sāramēyá-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → RV. sārameyá-
√sormi- √sermi-
PIE *sormei-
Hitt. šarmei-
(d.) ‘(cult in Atarbapa-)’
(OHP. 1:375)
(Hitt. šar-mi [Abs])
1. PIE *sormei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sarmei-
2. sarmei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šarmei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sormei-
Hitt. šarmei-
(LÚc.) ‘(ein Funktionär)’
(HHand. 146)
1. PIE *sormei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sarmei-
2. sarmei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šarmei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sormei̯o-
Hitt. šarmei̯a-
(c.) ‘Wildhund, nicht domestizierter Hund’
(HHand. 146)
1. PIE *sormei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sarmei̯a-
2. sarmei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šarmei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sormei̯o-
Hitt. šarmei̯a-
(LÚc.) ‘(ein Funktionär)’
(HHand. 146)
1. PIE *sormei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sarmei̯a-
2. sarmei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šarmei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √sr- √ser- √sor- (adv.) ‘oben, über usw.’
(IEW –)
(Heubeck 1964:264-267; Pyysalo: Lat. + OGaul. + HLu. + IIr.)
√ser-
PIE *ser-
Hitt. šer
(adv.) ‘oben, oberhalb, darauf, -über’
(HHand. 149)
1. PIE *ser-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šer-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ser-
Hitt. šer
(postp.DL) ‘auf, oben, in; für, wegen’
(HHand. 149)
1. PIE *ser-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šer-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sor-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *sor·ikiu̯o-
Hitt. šar·iku̯a-
(LÚ/ÉRINc.) ‘‹cf. Gr. ἅμιπποι (light cavalry support troops)›’
(HHand. 145)
1. PIE *sor·ikiu̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *sor·iḱu̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. sor·iḱu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sar·iḱu̯a-
3. sar·iḱu̯a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *sar·iku̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. sar·iku̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šar·iku̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sor·iu̯o-
Hitt. šar·iu̯a-
(LÚ/ÉRINc.) ‘‹cf. Gr. ἅμιπποι (light cavalry support troops)›’
(HHand. 145)
1. PIE *sor·iu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sar·iu̯a-
2. sar·iu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šar·iu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sor·iu̯ondɑɦo-
Hitt. šar·iu̯anda-
(LÚc.) ‘‹cf. above›’
(NOMS. 1120)
(in Akd. ša-ri-ua-an-da)
1. PIE *sor·iu̯ondɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sor·iu̯ondɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sor·iu̯ondɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sar·iu̯andɦa-
3. sar·iu̯andɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *sar·iu̯anda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. sar·iu̯anda-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šar·iu̯anda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√soro-
PIE *soro-
Hitt. šara-
(vb.2.M.) ‘überschreiten: transgress’
(HHand. 143)
1. PIE *soro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sara-
2. sara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sorto-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *sorto
HLu. šarta
(SUPERpostp.) ‘upon, over’
(CHLu. 1.1.8.)
(HLu. SUPER+ra/i-ta)
1. PIE *sorto
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sarta
2. sarta
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. šarta
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sorto-
OLat. sorto-
(pt.) ‘surrectus’
(OxLatD. 1796)
(WH. 2:564, PFest. sortus)
PIE *sorto-
OGaul. sorto-
(f.) ‘‹cf. OLat. sorto-›’
(ACSS 2:1618)
(OGaul. sorto seruilliae Eleuterioni)
√sro-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *sro
CLu. šra
(prep.) ‘oben, auf: sur’
(DLL. 85)
1. PIE *sro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sra
2. sra
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. šra
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sro
Hitt. šra
(postp.DL) ‘empor, hinauf, herauf’
(HHand. 143)
1. PIE *sro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sra
2. sra
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šra
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sro·mno-
Hitt. šra·mna-
(a.) ‘oben befindlich’
(HHand. 144)
(cf. OInd. nimna- (a.) ‘tief liegend’ AiGr. 2/2:777)
1. PIE *sro·mno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sra·mna-
2. sra·mna-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šra·mna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sro·mni-
Hitt. šra·mni-
(adv.) ‘von oben herab’
(HHand. 144)
(cf. RV. nimná- (n.) ‘Niederung, Tiefe’ KEWA 2:166)
1. PIE *sro·mni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sra·mni-
2. sra·mni-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šra·mni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sro·storo-
OInd. sra·stara-
(m.) ‘Lager, Streu’
(EWA 2:785)
(Gr̥Sū. srastara-, KEWA 3:555f.)
1. PIE *sro·storo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OInd. sra·stara-
√sroem-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·sroem-
Pahl. ā·hrām-
(pr.P.) ‘rise, lift up, lead upwards’
(MPahl. 2:11)
may contain PIE *em- ‘nehmen’)
1. PIE *Π·sroem-
*oe → ō
Contraction of e and o
Roe›ō → *Π·srōm-
2. Π·srōm-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·srām-
3. Π·srām-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → Pahl. Π·hrām-
PIE *Π·sroemi̯o-
Pahl. ā·hrāmya-
(pr.P.) ‘rise, lift up, lead upwards’
(MPahl. 2:11)
1. PIE *Π·sroemi̯o-
*oe → ō
Contraction of e and o
Roe›ō → *Π·srōmi̯o-
2. Π·srōmi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·srōmi̯a-
3. Π·srōmi̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·srāmi̯a-
4. Π·srāmi̯a-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *Π·hrāmi̯a-
5. Π·hrāmi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → Pahl. Π·hrāmya-
√sri-
PIE *sri
CLu. šri
(adv.) ‘oben, auf, über’
(HHand. 145)
(DLL. 86, šar-ri)
1. PIE *sri
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. šri
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sri-
LycA. hri
(adv.) ‘en haut, sur’
(DLL. 26)
(Lyk&Hitt. 24)
1. PIE *sri-
PIE *s → h
Change of fricative *s into h
Rs›h → LycA. hri-
PIE *sri·Σ
Hitt. šri·u̯ašpa-
(TÚGc.) ‘Oberkleid, Jacke?’
(HHand. 145)
(Hitt. šariuašpa-)
1. PIE *sri·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šri·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √sr- √sor- √ser- (sb.) ‘Käsewasser, Molke’
(IEW 910 [diff.])
(Neumann apud HEG S:940; Pyysalo)
√ser-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *sero-
Lat. sero-
(n.) ‘Käsewasser, die Molke, das wässerliche Teil’
(WH. 2:525)
(Lat. serum)
PIE *sero-
OGaul. sero-
(PNm.) ‘(Gaul. cognomen)’
(ACSS 2:1525)
(OGaul. seri [sgG])
PIE *sorodɑɦi-
Hitt. šarazi-
(KUŠ.) ‘Wasserschlauch’
(HHand. 144)
(HEG S:886, Hitt. ša-ra-az-zi-it)
1. PIE *sorodɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sorodɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sorodɦi-
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi›jɦi → *sorojɦi-
3. sorojɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sarajɦi-
4. sarajɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *saraji-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. saraji-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *sarazi-
6. sarazi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šarazi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sorT-
(HEG S:931f.)
PIE *sorto-
Hitt. šarta-
(vb.) ‘bestreichen; (um)spülen’
(HHand. 146)
(Hitt. šar-ta-i [3sg])
1. PIE *sorto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sarta-
2. sarta-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šarta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sortou-
Hitt. šartau-
(n.) ‘Spülen’
(HHand. 146)
(Hitt. šar-ta-ua-aš [sgG])
1. PIE *sortou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sartau-
2. sartau-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šartau-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sorunT-
(Neumann apud Tischler HEG S:940)
(HIL. 852: OInd. srav- ‘flow’, CHD S:299)
PIE *sorunto-
Hitt. šarunta-
(PÚn./c.?) ‘Brunnen’
(HEG S:939-40)
(not Hitt. †uššarunta-)
1. PIE *sorunto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sarunta-
2. sarunta-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šarunta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √sr- √sor- √ser- (sb.) ‘Frau’
(IEW –; HEG S:861-3)
(Benveniste 1935a:104-6)
√sōr- √sor-
(CHD S:253-4)
(Rieken 1999:262-3, 499, HEG S:861f.)
PIE *sōr·hɑu̯ont-
Hitt. šār·ḫu̯ant-
(UZUc.) ‘Mutterleib, Bauch, Leibesinneres’
(HEG S:893-4)
(HHand. 14, HuIdg. 48)
1. PIE *sōr·hɑu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sōr·hu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sōr·hu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sōr·hu̯ant-
3. sōr·hu̯ant-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *sār·hu̯ant-
4. sār·hu̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šār·hu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. šār·hu̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šār·ḫu̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π.sōr-
Lat. uc.sōr·-
(f.) ‘Weib, Frau, Gattin’
(WH. 2:849)
(Lat. uxor, -ōris)
1. PIE *Π.sōr-
*ōRC → oRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ōRC
RōRC›oRC → Lat. Π.sor·-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
PIE *tei·sor-
OIr. tē·or-
(f.) ‘drei’
(DIL. 607)
(OIr. tēoir ← PIE *teisores)
1. PIE *tei·sor-
*ei → ē
Monophthongization of *ei into ē
Rei›ē → OIr. tē·sor-
√soro-
(Pyysalo)
(HIL. 846)
PIE *Π·soro-
HLu. ḫašu·šara-
(c.) ‘Großkönigin’
(CHLu. 2.20.6)
(HLu. ha-su-sa5+ra/i-[i?)
1. PIE *Π·soro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sara-
2. Π·sara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. Π·šara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·soro-
Hitt. ḫašu·šara-
(c.*) ‘Großkönigin’
(HIL. 382)
(in Hitt. MUNUS.LUGAL-ra)
1. PIE *Π·soro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sara-
2. Π·sara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·šara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *esɑho·soro-
Hitt. ešḫa·šara-
(c.) ‘GAŠAN: domina’
(HEG I:372-3)
(Hitt. ešḫašara-)
1. PIE *esɑho·soro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *esho·soro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. esho·soro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *esha·sara-
3. esha·sara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ešha·šara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ešha·šara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ešḫa·šara-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *nono·soro-
HLu. nana·šara-
(FEMINAc.) ‘sister?’
(CHLu. 278)
(HLu. (FEMINA)na-na-sa5+ra/i-za)
1. PIE *nono·soro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nana·sara-
2. nana·sara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. nana·šara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *soro-
Arm. hor-
(sb.) ‘daughter’s husband, son-in-law’
(EtDiArm. 420)
1. PIE *soro-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → Arm. horo-
√sorhɑi-
(Oettinger 1986:116-128)
PIE *o·sōrhɑi-
Hitt. a·šārḫi-
(EZEN4.) ‘Fest der Weiblichkeit’
(HEG A:78, HHand. 27)
(Hitt. ašarḫiaš [sgG])
1. PIE *o·sōrhɑi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·sōrhi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·sōrhi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·sōrhi-
3. a·sōrhi-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *a·sārhi-
4. a·sārhi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *a·šārhi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. a·šārhi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. a·šārḫi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *sōrhɑisiɑ́h-
LAv. hāirišī-
(f.) ‘Weib(chen) (geschlechtlich)’
(AIWb. 1806-7)
1. PIE *sōrhɑisiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *sōrhɑisiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. sōrhɑisiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sōrhisiíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sōrhisiíh-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIIr → *sōrhišiíh-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. sōrhišiíh-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *sārhišiíh-
5. sārhišiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sārišií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. sārišií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *sārišī́-
7. sārišī́-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *hārišī́-
8. hārišī́-
*ārI → āirI
Anaptyxis of *i
RārI›āirI → *hāirišī́-
9. hāirišī́-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → LAv. hāirišī-
√sr-
PIE *ti·sr-
RV. ti·sr-
(num.f.pl) ‘drei’
(WbRV. 555-6)
(RV. tisrás [plN], tisrás [plA])
PIE *ku̯éto·sr-
OInd. cáta·sr-
(f.pl) ‘vier’
(WbRV. 433)
1. PIE *ku̯éto·sr-
PIE *ku̯ → ču̯
2nd palatalization of *ku̯
Rku̯›ču̯ → *ču̯éto·sr-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
2. ču̯éto·sr-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ču̯éta·sr-
3. ču̯éta·sr-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *čéta·sr-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. čéta·sr-
*č → c
From 2nd palatalization *č to c
Rč›c → *céta·sr-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. céta·sr-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → OInd. cáta·sr-
√sro-
PIE *o·srohɑi-
Hitt. a·šraḫi-
(EZEN4.) ‘Fest der Weiblichkeit’
(HHand. 27)
1. PIE *o·srohɑi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·srohi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·srohi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·srahi-
3. a·srahi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *a·šrahi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. a·šrahi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. a·šraḫi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *o·srohɑidosi-
CLu. a·šraḫidaši-
(EZEN4c.) ‘Fest der Weiblichkeit’
(DLL. 34)
1. PIE *o·srohɑidosi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·srohidosi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·srohidosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·srahidasi-
3. a·srahidasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *a·šrahidaši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. a·šrahidaši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. a·šraḫidaši-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√sri-
PIE *nono·srei̯o-
CLu. nana·šrei̯a-
(c.) ‘Schwester’
(HHand. 144)
1. PIE *nono·srei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nana·srei̯a-
2. nana·srei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. nana·šrei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *o·sriu̯onti-
CLu. a·šriu̯anti-
(a.) ‘female?’
(HHand. 27)
(CLu. ašriwantinzi (…) šanâenta)
1. PIE *o·sriu̯onti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·sriu̯anti-
2. a·sriu̯anti-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. a·šriu̯anti-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sru-
PIE *o·srulohɑiso-
CLu. a·šrulaḫiša-
(n.) ‘Weiblichkeit’
(Weitenberg 1984:294)
1. PIE *o·srulohɑiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·srulohiso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·srulohiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·srulahisa-
3. a·srulahisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *a·šrulahiša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. a·šrulahiša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. a·šrulaḫiša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√srul-
PIE *o·srlulo-
HLu. a·šrula-
(FEMINA*sb.) ‘‹cf. below?›’
(CHLu. 7.1fr1)
(HLu. FEMINA-la-ha)
1. PIE *o·srlulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·srlula-
2. a·srlula-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. a·šrlula-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *o·srlulo·hɑiso-
CLu. a·šrula·ḫiša-
(n.) ‘Weiblichkeit: femininity’
(DLL. 34)
(CLu. aš-ru-la-ḫi-ša)
1. PIE *o·srlulo·hɑiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·srlulo·hiso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·srlulo·hiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·srlula·hisa-
3. a·srlula·hisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *a·šrlula·hiša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. a·šrlula·hiša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. a·šrlula·ḫiša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *o·sruli-
CLu. a·šruli-
(a.) ‘weiblich’
(DLL. 34)
(CLu. aš-ru-le-en)
1. PIE *o·sruli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·sruli-
2. a·sruli-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. a·šruli-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √sr- √sor- √ser- (vb.) ‘ausrauben, plündern, erbeuten’ (sb.) ‘Beute, Raub, Räuber’
(IEW 909-910 [diff.])
(Duchesne-Guillemin 1947:78)
√sori-
(HEG S:936-7)
PIE *sori-
Hitt. šari-
(n.) ‘NAM.GAR.RA: booty, spoils: Akd. šallatum’
(GLHur. 217)
(belongs here if Hur. šar-ri is Hitt., cf. HEG S:936)
1. PIE *sori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sari-
2. sari-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šari-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *soriḗɑh-
Lith. sarió-
(vb.) ‘(plündernd) umherschweifen, ausrauben’
(LiEtWb. 763)
(Lith. sarióti [inf.])
1. PIE *soriḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *soriā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. soriā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *soriā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. soriā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *soriā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. soriā́-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sariā́-
5. sariā́-
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *sariṓ-
(XX:XX)
6. sariṓ-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → Lith. sarió-
√soru-
(HEG S:936-7)
(Watkins 1976:116-122)
PIE *soru-
Hitt. šaru-
(n./c.) ‘Beute’
(HHand. 146)
(Hitt. ša-a-ru [NA], ša-a-ru-ú-i usw.)
1. PIE *soru-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saru-
2. saru-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šaru-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *soru̯o-
Hitt. šaru̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘erbeuten, plündern’
(HHand. 146)
1. PIE *soru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saru̯a-
2. saru̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šaru̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *soru̯ou̯o-
Hitt. šaru̯au̯a-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘Plünderung’
(HHand. 146)
(Hitt. ša-ar-ru-ua-u-ua-an-zi [sup])
1. PIE *soru̯ou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saru̯au̯a-
2. saru̯au̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šaru̯au̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sorunt-
Hitt. šarunt-
(pt.) ‘geplündert’
(HEG S:942)
(Hitt. ša-a-ru-un-t[i-eš] [plN])
1. PIE *sorunt-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sarunt-
2. sarunt-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šarunt-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√seru-
(Duchesne-Guillemin 1947:78)
PIE *seru̯o
MidIr. serb-
(m.) ‘thief’
(DIL. 538)
(MidIr. serb)
1. PIE *seru̯o
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → *seru̯
2. seru̯
ru̯ → rb
Change of ru̯ → rb
Rru̯›rb → MidIr. serb
PIE *seru̯o
Cymr. herw-
(m.) ‘Plünderung: predatory attack, raid’
(LEIA S-90)
(Cymr. herw [sgN])
1. PIE *seru̯o
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → *seru̯
2. seru̯
sV- -› hV-
Change of sV- into hV-
RsV=hV= → *heru̯
3. heru̯
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Cymr. herw
PIE *seru̯ēɑh
MidIr. serb-
(f.) ‘Raub’
(LEIA S-90)
(MidIr. serb)
1. PIE *seru̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *seru̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. seru̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *seru̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. seru̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *seru̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. seru̯ā
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *seru̯a
5. seru̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *seru̯
6. seru̯
ru̯ → rb
Change of ru̯ → rb
Rru̯›rb → MidIr. serb


PIE √sr- √sor- √ser- (vb.) ‘binden, fügen, weben’
(IEW 911)
(Duchesne-Guillemin 1947:78)
√sor-
(CHD S:257-8)
(HIL. 838-9, HEG S:872-3)
PIE *sor-
Hitt. šar-
(vb.M.) ‘zupfen?; weben?’
(HHand. 144)
(Hitt. ša-ra-an-t[a(-] [3pl])
1. PIE *sor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sar-
2. sar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *esoro-
Hitt. ešara-
(SÍGc.) ‘(breites) Band (aus Wolle)
(HHand. 33)
1. PIE *esoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *esara-
2. esara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ešara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *osoro-
Hitt. ašara-
(SÍGc.) ‘(breites) Band (aus Wolle)
(HHand. 33)
(Hitt. ašara-)
1. PIE *osoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asara-
2. asara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ašara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sori-
PIE *esori-
Hitt. ešari-
(SÍGn./c.) ‘Wollvlies: fleece’
(HHand. 33)
(Hitt. e-eš-šar-[ri] [NA])
1. PIE *esori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *esari-
2. esari-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ešari-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *hɑu̯on·osori-
CLu. ḫu̯an·ašari-
(sb.) ‘(ein Schmuck- oder Bekleidungsstück)’
(HHand. 58)
1. PIE *hɑu̯on·osori-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯on·osori-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯on·osori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯an·asari-
3. hu̯an·asari-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯an·ašari-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯an·ašari-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯an·ašari-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *sorei̯o-
Hitt. šarei̯a-
(vb.) ‘zupfen?; weben?’
(HEG S:872)
(Hitt. šariianzi [3pl])
1. PIE *sorei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sarei̯a-
2. sarei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šarei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ser-
PIE *sero-
Lat. sero-
(pr.) ‘link, join together, entwine, interlace’
(OxLatD. 1744)
(Lat. serō, serere)
PIE *seriē-
Lat. seriē-
(f.) ‘Reihe’
(WH. 2:521)
(Lat. seriēs)
PIE *sernēɑh-
OIr. serna-
(pr.) ‘serere’
(WH. 2:521)
(OIr. sernat : serit)
1. PIE *sernēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *sernāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. sernāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sernāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sernāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sernā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sernā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OIr. serna-
PIE *serto-
Lat. serto-
(n.) ‘Blumengewinde’
(WH. 2:521)
(Lat. sertum)
√sr-
PIE *esro-
Hitt. ešra-
(c./n.?) ‘Wollvlies’
(HIL. 309)
(Hitt. eš-ri [L])
1. PIE *esro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *esra-
2. esra-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ešra-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *esri-
Hitt. ešri-
(SÍGn.) ‘Wollvlies’
(HHand. 33)
(Hitt. e-eš-ri [NA])
1. PIE *esri-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ešri-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *esri-
Hitt. ešri-
(SÍGc.) ‘Wollvlies’
(HHand. 33)
(Hitt. e-eš-ri-iš [sgN], e-eš-ri-in [sgA])
1. PIE *esri-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ešri-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √srbɑɦ- √srobɑɦ- √srebɑɦ- (vb.) ‘schlucken, nippen, schlürfen’
(IEW 1001)
(Neumann 1967:32)
√srobɑɦ-
(HEG S:879f.)
PIE *srobɑɦ-
Hitt. šrab-
(vb.2.) ‘nippen, schlucken’
(HHand. 144)
(Hitt. ša-ra-pí, ša-a-ra-pí [pr3sg])
1. PIE *srobɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *srobɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. srobɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *srabɦ-
3. srabɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *srab-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. srab-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šrab-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *srobɑɦéi̯o-
Gr. ῥοφέο-
(vb.) ‘schlürfen’
(GEW 2:663)
(Gr. ῥοφέω [1sg])
1. PIE *srobɑɦéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *srobɦéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. srobɦéi̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *srophéi̯o-
3. srophéi̯o-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *hrophéi̯o-
4. hrophéi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *hrophéo-
5. hrophéo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. hροφέο-
PIE *srobɑɦiski̯e/o-
Hitt. šrabiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘nippen, schlucken’
(HHand. 144)
(Hitt. ša-a-ra-pé-eš-ki-iz-zi [pr3sg])
1. PIE *srobɑɦiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *srobɦiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. srobɦiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *srobɦisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. srobɦisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *srabɦisḱe/a-
4. srabɦisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *srabɦiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. srabɦiske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *srabiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. srabiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šrabiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *srobɑɦu̯or-
Hitt. šrabu̯ar-
(n.) ‘Nippen, Schlucken’
(HHand. 144)
(Hitt. šarabuar)
1. PIE *srobɑɦu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *srobɦu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. srobɦu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *srabɦu̯ar-
3. srabɦu̯ar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *srabu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. srabu̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šrabu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *srobɑɦunu̯o-
Kpd. šrabunu̯a-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1114)
(Kpd. ša-ra-bu-nu-a)
1. PIE *srobɑɦunu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *srobɦunu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. srobɦunu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *srabɦunu̯a-
3. srabɦunu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *srabunu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. srabunu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Kpd. šrabunu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√srebɑɦ-
PIE *srebɑɦ-
Hitt. šreb-
(vb.2.) ‘nippen, schlucken’
(HHand. 144)
(Hitt. šareb-)
1. PIE *srebɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *srebɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. srebɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *sreb-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. sreb-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šreb-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *srḗbɑɦ-
Lith. srė̃b-
(vb.) ‘mit dem Löffel essen, schlürfen’
(LiEtWb. 889)
(Lith. srė̃bti, srė̃bē)
1. PIE *srḗbɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *srḗbɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. srḗbɦ-
ḗ → ė̃
Change of ḗ into ė̃
RLiAcc8 → *srė̃bɦ-
3. srė̃bɦ-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → Lith. srė̃b-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *srébɑɦēɑh-
Sloven. sréba-
(vb.) ‘schlürfen’
(REW 2:612)
(Sloven. srébati)
1. PIE *srébɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *srébɑɦāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. srébɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *srébɦāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. srébɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *srébɦā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. srébɦā-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *srébā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. srébā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → Sloven. sréba-
PIE *srébɑɦio-
Lith. srẽbia-
(pr.) ‘mit dem Löffel essen’
(LiEtWb. 889)
(Lith. srẽbia [3sg], srebiù [1sg])
1. PIE *srébɑɦio-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *srébɦio-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. srébɦio-
é → è
Emergence of gravis PLith. è
RLiAcc4 → *srèbɦio-
3. srèbɦio-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *srèbɦia-
4. srèbɦia-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → Lith. srèbia-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)


PIE √ses- √sos- (vb.) ‘liegen, ruhen, schlafen’
(IEW –)
(Sturtevant CGr. 89n18; LIV2:536-7)
√ses-
(HEG S:1005ff.)
PIE *ses-
Hitt. šeš-
(vb.1.) ‘ruhen, schlafen’
(HHand. 149)
(Hitt. šešzi [3sg])
1. PIE *ses-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šeš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sés-
RV. sás-
(pr.2.) ‘schlafen’
(WbRV. 1494)
(RV. sásti, sástu)
1. PIE *sés-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. sás-
√sos-
(HEG S:1005ff.)
PIE *sos-
Hitt. šaš-
(vb.) ‘schlafen’
(HHand. 146)
(Hitt. šašanzi [3pl] šašana [inf.], HHand. 149)
1. PIE *sos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sas-
2. sas-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šaš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sosó-
RV. sasá-
(m.) ‘Schlaf’
(WbRV. 1494)
(RV. saséna [sgI])
1. PIE *sosó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sasó-
2. sasó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. sasá-
PIE *sosont-
Hitt. šašant-
(pt.) ‘schlafend’
(HHand. 146)
1. PIE *sosont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sasant-
2. sasant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šašant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sosónt-
RV. sasánt-
(pt.) ‘schlafend, untätig seiend’
(WbRV. 1496)
1. PIE *sosónt-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sasónt-
2. sasónt-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. sasánt-
PIE *sosont-
Hitt. šašant-
(c.) ‘Beischläferin, Konkubine’
(HHand. 146)
1. PIE *sosont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sasant-
2. sasant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šašant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *hɑé·sosont-
RV. á·sasant-
(a.) ‘nicht slummernd’
(WbRV. 154)
(RV. ásasantas)
1. PIE *hɑé·sosont-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑá·sosont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑá·sosont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *há·sosont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. há·sosont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *há·sasant-
4. há·sasant-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. á·sasant-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *sost-
Hitt. šašt-
(c.) ‘Bett, Bettzeug, Lager (eines Tieres)’
(HHand. 147)
1. PIE *sost-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sast-
2. sast-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šašt-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √ses- (vb.) ‘wachsen, gedeihen’ (sb.) ‘Frucht, Getreide, Saatfeld, Ernte’
(IEW 880)
(Eichner 1982:26-8)
√ses-
(Kimball 1999:440)
(HEG S:1010)
PIE *ses-
Hitt. šeš-
(vb.) ‘gedeihen: prosper, proliferate’
(HIL. 873)
1. PIE *ses-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šeš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *seso-
Hitt. šeša-
(GIŠ.c.) ‘Frucht, Ernte’
(HHand. 149)
(Hitt. še-e-ša)
1. PIE *seso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sesa-
2. sesa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šeša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sesó-
RV. sasá-
(n./m.?) ‘Saatfeld, Getreide, Feldfrucht’
(EWA 1:717)
(KEWA3:450, WbRV. 1494)
1. PIE *sesó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *sesá-
2. sesá-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → RV. sasá-
PIE *seso·hɑsusor-
Kpd. šeša·ḫšušar-
(fc.) ‘Fruchtkönigin’
(NOMS. 1158A)
(Kpd. ší-ša-aḫ-šu-šar)
1. PIE *seso·hɑsusor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *seso·hsusor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. seso·hsusor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sesa·hsusar-
3. sesa·hsusar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šeša·hšušar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šeša·hšušar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. šeša·ḫšušar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *sesolo-
Hitt. šešala-
(c.) ‘Obstpflücker’
(HHand. 149)
1. PIE *sesolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sesala-
2. sesala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šešala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *seson-
Hitt. šešan-
(n.) ‘Obstertrag, Obst’
(HHand. 149)
1. PIE *seson-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sesan-
2. sesan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šešan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √sēs- (vb.) ‘seihen, abseihen, filtern’ (sb.) ‘Sieb’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Alb. + Hitt.)
√sēs-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *sēs-
Alb. shosh-
(vb.) ‘seihen’
(AlbEtD. 427)
(GEW 1:386)
1. PIE *sēs-
*s → sh
Change of *s into sh
Rs›sh → *shēsh-
2. shēsh-
*ē → o
Change of *ē into o
Rē›o → Alb. shosh-
√sēsor-
(HEG S:1023-6)
(HIL. 863-4)
PIE *sēsorei̯o-
Hitt. šēšarei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘abseihen, filtern’
(HHand. 150)
(Hitt. šešaria-)
1. PIE *sēsorei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sēsarei̯a-
2. sēsarei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šēšarei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sēsoreiski̯e/o-
Hitt. šēšareiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘abseihen, filtern’
(HHand. 150)
(Hitt. šešariške/a-)
1. PIE *sēsoreiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *sēsoreisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. sēsoreisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sēsareisḱe/a-
3. sēsareisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *sēsareiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. sēsareiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šēšareiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sēsorul-
Hitt. šēšarul-
(n.) ‘Sieb’
(HHand. 150)
(Hitt. še-ša-ru-li-it, še-ša-ru-ul)
1. PIE *sēsorul-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sēsarul-
2. sēsarul-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šēšarul-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √st- (vb.) ‘essen’
(IEW 287-8 [diff.])
(Pyysalo: Anat. + Gr.)
√osto-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *osto·u̯or-
Hitt. ašta·u̯ar-
(n.) ‘eine Speise, die von Schwangeren gemieden wird’
(HHand. 28)
1. PIE *osto·u̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asta·u̯ar-
2. asta·u̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ašta·u̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sto-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·sto-
Gr. ἄρι·στο-
(n.) ‘breakfast’
(GEW 1:140)
(Gr. ἀρι·στον)
1. PIE *Π·sto-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·στο-
PIE *Π·stó-
Gr. δειπνη·στό-
(m.) ‘Zeit des Abendessens’
(GEW 1:358)
1. PIE *Π·stó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·στό-
PIE *Π·stó-
Gr. δορπη·στό-
(m.) ‘Zeit des Abendessens’
(GEW 1:358, 411)
1. PIE *Π·stó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·στό-
√steɑh-
PIE *e·steɑh-
Hitt. e·štaḫ-
(vb.1.A.) ‘schlucken, kosten’
(HEG I:420-1)
(Hitt. iš-taḫ-te-e-ni, iš-taḫ-ta [3sg])
1. PIE *e·steɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *e·staɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. e·staɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *e·stah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. e·stah-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *e·štah-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. e·štah-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. e·štaḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *e·steɑho-
Hitt. e·štaḫa-
(vb.) ‘taste, to try (food or drinks)’
(HIL. 479)
(Hitt. iš-taḫ-ḫa-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *e·steɑho-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *e·staɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. e·staɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *e·staho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. e·staho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *e·staha-
4. e·staha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *e·štaha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. e·štaha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. e·štaḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *e·steɑho·dɑɦolo-
Hitt. e·štaḫa·dala-
(MUNUSc.) ‘Vorkosterin?’
(HED 2:463)
(HEG I:421, Puhvel HED 2:463)
1. PIE *e·steɑho·dɑɦolo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *e·staɑho·dɑɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. e·staɑho·dɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *e·staho·dɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. e·staho·dɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *e·staha·dɦala-
4. e·staha·dɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *e·staha·dala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. e·staha·dala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *e·štaha·dala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. e·štaha·dala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. e·štaḫa·dala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√steɑhi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·stéɑhi̯o-
Gr. ἀρι·στάο-
(vb.) ‘have breakfast’
(GEW 1:140)
1. PIE *Π·stéɑhi̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *Π·stáɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·stáɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·stáhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·stáhi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·stái̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·stái̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *Π·stáo-
5. Π·stáo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·στάο-
PIE *e·steɑhiski̯e/o-
Hitt. e·štaḫiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘schlucken, kosten: taste, dry (food/drink)’
(HIL. 479)
(Hitt. iš-ta-aḫ-ḫi-eš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *e·steɑhiski̯e/o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *e·staɑhiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. e·staɑhiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *e·stahiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. e·stahiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *e·stahisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. e·stahisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *e·stahisḱe/a-
5. e·stahisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *e·stahiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. e·stahiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *e·štahiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. e·štahiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. e·štaḫiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ston-
PIE *Π·stonɑh-
Hitt. in·štanḫ-
(vb.1.) ‘schlucken, kosten’
(HHand. 62)
1. PIE *Π·stonɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·stonh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·stonh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·stanh-
3. Π·stanh-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·štanh-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·štanh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·štanḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *e·stonɑh-
Hitt. e·štanḫ-
(vb.1.) ‘schlucken, kosten’
(HHand. 66)
1. PIE *e·stonɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *e·stonh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. e·stonh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *e·stanh-
3. e·stanh-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *e·štanh-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. e·štanh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. e·štanḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·stonɑhiski̯e/o-
Hitt. in·štanḫiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘schlucken, kosten’
(HEG I:427)
1. PIE *Π·stonɑhiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·stonhiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·stonhiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *Π·stonhisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·stonhisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·stanhisḱe/a-
4. Π·stanhisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *Π·stanhiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. Π·stanhiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·štanhiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. Π·štanhiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·štanḫiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *porku̯·ostono·ni-
Hitt. parku̯·aštana·ni-
(NINDA.) ‘(ein Gebäck)’
(HHand. 123)
1. PIE *porku̯·ostono·ni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *parku̯·astana·ni-
2. parku̯·astana·ni-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. parku̯·aštana·ni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √st- √sot- √set- (vb.) ‘ergreifen, halten, siegen ’(sb.) ‘Sieg’ (a.) ‘stark’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: CLu. + RV. + Celt.)
√sot-
PIE *sót·Σ
RV. sát·pati-
(m.) ‘starker Gebieter/Beschützer’ (Indra)
(WbRV. 1451)
1. PIE *sót·Σ
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. sát·Σ
PIE *sót·Σ
RV. sát·pati-
(a.) ‘kräftig gebietend’
(WbRV. 1451)
1. PIE *sót·Σ
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. sát·Σ
√soto-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *soto-
OGaul. soto-
(VN.) ‘-(?)-’
(ACSS 2:1620)
(OGaul. sotī [plN], Ligur.)
PIE *osoto-
LycA. ahata-
(n.) ‘Sieg (Neumann 1984:89f.)’
(DLycLg. 2)
(‹‘peace, rest’ unlikely against Melchert›)
1. PIE *osoto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asata-
2. asata-
PIE *s → h
Change of fricative *s into h
Rs›h → LycA. ahata-
PIE *osoto·si-
CLu. ašata·ši-
(a.) ‘siegreich?, friedlich?’
(DLL. 33)
(CLu. daalaš aš-ša-at-ta-aš-ši-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *osoto·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asata·si-
2. asata·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. ašata·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *osoto·si-
LycA. ahata·hi-
(a.gen.) ‘siegreich, stark, kräftig’
(DLycLg. 2)
1. PIE *osoto·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asata·si-
2. asata·si-
PIE *s → h
Change of fricative *s into h
Rs›h → LycA. ahata·hi-
√seto-
PIE *seto-
OGaul. seto-
(cogn.) ‘‹≈ OGaul. sego- ‘Sieg’›’
(ACSS 2:1530)
(OGaul. setus [sgN])
PIE *seto·Σ
OGaulG. σετο·υία-
(f.) ‘‹cf. sego-uia-›’
(ACSS 2:1529)
(OGaul. σετουία)
1. PIE *seto·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → OGaulG. σετο·Σ
PIE *seto·Σ
OGaulG. σετο·ϝάκουντο-
(m.) ‘‹cf. sego-uacōton›’
(ACSS 2:1529)
(in OGaul. σετουάκουντο)
1. PIE *seto·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → OGaulG. σετο·Σ
PIE *esete·si-
LycB. esete·si
(a.) ‘épith. divine (DLL. 33)’
(DLycLg. 115)
(LycB. esetesi, Lyk&Hitt. 14)
PIE *esete·si-
LycA. ehete·hi
(a.) ‘épith. divine (DLL. 33)’
(DLycLg. 2)
(LycA. ehetehi, Lyk&Hitt. 14)
1. PIE *esete·si-
PIE *s → h
Change of fricative *s into h
Rs›h → LycA. ehete·hi-


PIE √stɑh- (vb.) ‘stehen’ (sb.) ‘Stätte, Ort, Gegend, Platz’
(IEW 1004ff.)
(Marstrander 1919:132; Tischler HEG I:427f.; Pyysalo)
√stɑhon·ono-
(Tischler HEG I:427)
PIE *Π·stɑhon·ono-
Hitt. i·štan·ana-
(c.) ‘Altarpostament, Altarunterbau: ZAG.GAR.RA’
(HHand. 67)
(Hitt. iš-ta-na-na-aš [sgN], iš-ta-na-na-an, iš-ta-na-ni)
1. PIE *Π·stɑhon·ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sthon·ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sthon·ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sthan·ana-
3. Π·sthan·ana-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·stan·ana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·stan·ana-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·štan·ana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√stɑhondɑɦ-
(Marstrander 1919:132n1, HIL. 480)
(HEG I:427f.)
PIE *stɑhondɑɦo-
Goth. standa-
(pr.) ‘stehen: (ἐφ-, παρ-)ἱστάναι, στήκειν’
(GoEtD. S135)
(Goth. standiþ Rom 14,4 A2, standan Mrk 3,24 CA, standand Luk 8,20 CA)
1. PIE *stɑhondɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sthondɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sthondɦo-
*t h → þ
Affricativization of *th
Rth›þ → *sþondɦo-
3. sþondɦo-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *sþondo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. sþondo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. sþanda-
PIE *Π·stɑhondɑɦo-
OSax. and·standa-
(vb.6.) ‘aushalten, ertragen: tolerate, bear’
(Hel.)
(Hel. antstandan [inf.] 3153 C, 4854 C, antstanden 3153 M, 4854 M)
1. PIE *Π·stɑhondɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sthondɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sthondɦo-
*t h → þ
Affricativization of *th
Rth›þ → *Π·sþondɦo-
3. Π·sþondɦo-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·sþondo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·sþondo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OSax. Π·sþanda-
PIE *Π·stɑhondɑɦoi-
Hitt. i·štandai-
(vb.1.) ‘zögern, zaudern, verweilen’
(HHand. 67)
(Hitt. iš-ta-an-ta-a-i-iz-zi, iš-ta-an-ta-it, iš-ta-an-da-a-it)
1. PIE *Π·stɑhondɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sthondɦoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sthondɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sthandɦai-
3. Π·sthandɦai-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·standɦai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·standɦai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·standai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·standai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·štandai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·stɑhondɑɦon-
Hitt. i·štandan-
(cs.1.) ‘verzögern, versäumen’
(HHand. 67)
(Hitt. iš-ta-an-da-nu-un)
1. PIE *Π·stɑhondɑɦon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sthondɦon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sthondɦon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sthandɦan-
3. Π·sthandɦan-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·standɦan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·standɦan-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·standan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·standan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·štandan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·stɑhondɑɦont-
Hitt. i·štandant-
(pt.) ‘verzögert, verspätet, verjährt’
(HHand. 67)
(Hitt. iš-ta-an-ta-an-t-)
1. PIE *Π·stɑhondɑɦont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sthondɦont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sthondɦont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sthandɦant-
3. Π·sthandɦant-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·standɦant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·standɦant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·standant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·standant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·štandant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·stɑhondɑɦonuski̯e/o-
Hitt. i·štandanuške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘verzögern, versäumen’
(HIL. 480)
(Hitt. iš-ta-an-ta-nu-uš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *Π·stɑhondɑɦonuski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sthondɦonuski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sthondɦonuski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *Π·sthondɦonusḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·sthondɦonusḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sthandɦanusḱe/a-
4. Π·sthandɦanusḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *Π·sthandɦanuske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. Π·sthandɦanuske/a-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·standɦanuske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. Π·standɦanuske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·standanuske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. Π·standanuske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·štandanuške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·stɑhondɑɦou̯or-
Hitt. i·štandau̯ar-
(n.N.act.) ‘zögern, zaudern, verweilen’
(HHand. 67)
(Hitt. iš-ta-an-ta-ua-ar)
1. PIE *Π·stɑhondɑɦou̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sthondɦou̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sthondɦou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sthandɦau̯ar-
3. Π·sthandɦau̯ar-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·standɦau̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·standɦau̯ar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·standau̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·standau̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·štandau̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√stɑhodɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *stɑhodɑɦo-
Goth. stad-
(m.sg) ‘Stätte, Ort, Gegend, Platz, Raum’
(GoEtD. S137)
(Goth. stads Luk 14,22 CA, stad Joh 10,40 CA, stadis Mrk 4,35 CA, stada Joh 6,10 CA)
1. PIE *stɑhodɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sthodɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sthodɦo-
*t h → þ
Affricativization of *th
Rth›þ → *sþodɦo-
3. sþodɦo-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *sþodo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. sþodo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. sþada-
PIE *Π·stɑhodɑɦo-
Goth. hunsla·stad-
(m.sg) ‘Opferstätte, Altar: θυσιαστήριον: altarium’
(GoEtD. H109)
(Goth. hunslastadis [sgG] Mat 5,24 CA, hunslastada [sgD] Mat 5,23 CA)
1. PIE *Π·stɑhodɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sthodɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sthodɦo-
*t h → þ
Affricativization of *th
Rth›þ → *Π·sþodɦo-
3. Π·sþodɦo-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·sþodo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·sþodo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. Π·sþada-
PIE *Π·stɑhodɑɦoi-
Hitt. i·štadai-
(vb.1.) ‘zögern, zaudern, verweilen’
(HED 2:464-5)
(Hitt. ištataait [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·stɑhodɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sthodɦoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sthodɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sthadɦai-
3. Π·sthadɦai-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·stadɦai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·stadɦai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·stadai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·stadai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·štadai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·stɑhodɑɦēɑh-
OSax. and·stadō-
(vb.2.) ‘widerstehen: resist: resistere (GlTr)’
(Gl. 11th cent.)
(GlTr. antstadon resisto SAGA 381(, 13, 106) = Ka 171(, 13, 106) = Gl. 4, 208, 24)
1. PIE *Π·stɑhodɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·stɑhodɑɦāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·stɑhodɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sthodɦāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·sthodɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·sthodɦā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·sthodɦā-
*t h → þ
Affricativization of *th
Rth›þ → *Π·sþodɦā-
5. Π·sþodɦā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·sþodā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. Π·sþodā-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sþadā-
7. Π·sþadā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → OSax. Π·sþadō-
(XX:XX)


PIE stm- √stom- √stem- (sb.) ‘Stimme, Gehör’ (a.) ‘stammelnd’
(IEW 1021)
(Marstrander 1919:132n1; PIE *t or *th?)
√stomo-
(HED 2:452ff.)
(HIL. 477-479, HEG I:424f.)
PIE *deɑɦu·stomo-
Hitt. daḫu·štama-
(sb.) ‘(ein Gegenstand aus Silber) ‹i.e. ‘Silberohr ?’›’
(HEG T:18)
(Hitt. t]a-ḫu-u-uš-ta-ma, HHand. 159)
1. PIE *deɑɦu·stomo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦu·stomo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦu·stomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦu·stomo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. daɦu·stomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *daɦu·stama-
4. daɦu·stama-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *daɦu·štama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. daɦu·štama-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. daḫu·štama-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·stomo-
Hitt. i·štama-
(vb.1.) ‘hören, erfahren, gehorchen’
(Melchert 1984:83)
(Hitt. ištamaši [2sg])
1. PIE *Π·stomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·stama-
2. Π·stama-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·štama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·stomo·hɑuro-
Hitt. ištama·ḫura-
(c.) ‘Ohrring’
(HHand. 66)
(HEG I:423-4)
1. PIE *Π·stomo·hɑuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·stomo·huro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·stomo·huro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·stama·hura-
3. Π·stama·hura-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·štama·hura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·štama·hura-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·štama·ḫura-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *stomo
OHG. stam-
(a.) ‘stammelnd: stammering: balbus’
(Gl. 9th cent.)
1. PIE *stomo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *stama
2. stama
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OHG. stam
PIE *stomolo
OHG. stamal-
(a.) ‘stammelnd: stammering: balbus’
(Gl. 11th cent.)
1. PIE *stomolo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *stamala
2. stamala
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OHG. stamal
√stomin-
PIE *Π·stomin-
Hitt. i·štamin-
(c.) ‘UZUGEŠTU: Ohr: ear’
(HHand. 66-7)
(Hitt. iš-ta-mi-na-aš [sgN], GEŠTUG-an, iš-ta-mi-ni-it)
1. PIE *Π·stomin-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·stamin-
2. Π·stamin-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·štamin-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·stomi·Σ
Hitt. i·štami·[-
(URU.) ‘‹gehorschend vel sim.?› (›Takurka)’
(OGH. 152)
(Hitt. iš-ta-mi-[)
1. PIE *Π·stomi·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·stami·Σ
2. Π·stami·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·štami·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√stomon-
PIE *Π·stomon-
Hitt. i·štaman-
(c.) ‘Ohr: UZUGEŠTU: Akd. uznu’ (HHand. 66)
(HEG I:423-)
(Hitt. iš-ta-ma-na-an [sgA], iš-ta-ma-na-aš [G], iš-ta-ma-an-ta [sgI?])
1. PIE *Π·stomon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·staman-
2. Π·staman-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·štaman-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·stomonoso-
Hitt. ištamanaša·-
(d.) ‘deity of hearing’
(OHP. 1:205)
(Hitt. iš-ta-ma-na-aš-ša-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·stomonoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·stamanasa-
2. Π·stamanasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·štamanaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√stomm-
PIE *stommoi-
OHG. stammē-
(vb.) ‘stammeln: stammer: balbutire’
(Gl. 12th cent.)
(OHG. stammēn [inf.])
1. PIE *stommoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *stammai-
2. stammai-
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → OHG. stammei-
√stomos-
PIE *Π·stomos-
Hitt. i·štamaš-
(vb.1.) ‘hören, erfahren; gehorchen’ (HHand. 66-7)
(HEG I:423)
(Hitt. iš-ta-ma-aš-mi [1sg], ištamašti, ištamašta)
1. PIE *Π·stomos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·stamas-
2. Π·stamas-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·štamaš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·stomosn-
Hitt. i·štamašn-
(UZU.) ‘Gehör’
(HHand. 66-7)
(Hitt. iš-ta-ma-aš-ni [DL])
1. PIE *Π·stomosn-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·stamasn-
2. Π·stamasn-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·štamašn-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·stomosont-
Hitt. i·štamašant-
(pt.) ‘hören, erfahren; gehorchen’
(HHand. 66-7)
(Hitt. iš-ta-ma-aš-ša-an-t-)
1. PIE *Π·stomosont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·stamasant-
2. Π·stamasant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·štamašant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·stomoski̯e/o-
Hitt. i·štamaške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘hören, erfahren; gehorchen’
(HHand. 66-7)
(Hitt. iš-ta-ma-aš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *Π·stomoski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *Π·stomosḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. Π·stomosḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·stamasḱe/a-
3. Π·stamasḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *Π·stamaske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. Π·stamaske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·štamaške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·stomosu̯o-
Hitt. i·štamašu̯a-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘Gehör’
(HHand. 66-7)
(Hitt. iš-ta-ma-aš-šu-ua-ar, iš-ta-ma-aš–šu-ua-an-zi)
1. PIE *Π·stomosu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·stamasu̯a-
2. Π·stamasu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·štamašu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√stem-
PIE *stemmēɑh
OHG. stimma-
(f.) ‘sonus, verbum, vox’
(Gl.)
(Lat. clamare = stimma irheffen, audire = stimma hōren, diapsalma, disiunctio vocum = intkwedunga stimmon, loquela?, mela?, sonus, verbum, vox)
1. PIE *stemmēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *stemmāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. stemmāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *stemmāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. stemmāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *stemmā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. stemmā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *stemmō
(XX:XX)
5. stemmō
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *stimmō
6. stimmō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → OHG. stimma
PIE *Π·stemmo-
OHG. gi·stimma-
(vb.) ‘anstimmen, gemeinsam singen: concinere’
(Gl. 9th cent.)
1. PIE *Π·stemmo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·stemma-
2. Π·stemma-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → OHG. Π·stimma-
PIE *Π·stemmio
OHG. gi·stimmi-
(a.) ‘überein-, zusammenstimmend, einhellig’
(Gl. T.)
(Gl. gistimmi consonus?, symphonia = gistimmi sang)
1. PIE *Π·stemmio
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·stemmia
2. Π·stemmia
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *Π·stimmia
3. Π·stimmia
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OHG. Π·stimmi
PIE *stemnēɑh
OHG. stimna-
(f.) ‘Stimme, Laut, Klang, Rede, Wort, Rufen’
(Gl.)
(APs, B, GB, Gl. (765), I, MF, MH, MNPs, N, NGl, O, OT, Ph, PT, T, WH)
1. PIE *stemnēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *stemnāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. stemnāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *stemnāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. stemnāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *stemnā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. stemnā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *stemnō
(XX:XX)
5. stemnō
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *stimnō
6. stimnō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → OHG. stimna


PIE √strn- √storn- √stern- (sb.) ‘Mitte, Inneres, Herz, Brust’
(IEW 1029-1030)
(Hrozný 1917:96n?)
√storn-
(HEG I:435f.)
PIE *Π·storno
Hitt. i·štarna
(adv.) ‘inmitten, darin: ŠÀ’
(HHand. 67)
(Hitt. iš-tar-na [adv.], VFLH 38)
1. PIE *Π·storno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·starna
2. Π·starna
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·štarna
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·storno-
Hitt. i·štarna-
(sb.) ‘Mitte, Inneres: ŠÀ’ (HED 2:478)
(HHand. 67)
(Hitt. iš-tar-ni [DL])
1. PIE *Π·storno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·starna-
2. Π·starna-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·štarna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·storni-
Hitt. i·štarni-
(a.) ‘middle, central’
(HIL. 484)
(Hitt. iš-tar-ni [DL])
1. PIE *Π·storni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·starni-
2. Π·starni-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·štarni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·stornei̯o-
Hitt. i·štarnei̯a-
(a.) ‘middle, central’
(HIL. 484)
(Hitt. iš-tar-ni-ia-aš, iš-tar-ni-ia-an, iš-tar-ni-ia [sgNA], iš-tar-ni-ia [DL])
1. PIE *Π·stornei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·starnei̯a-
2. Π·starnei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·štarnei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√stern-
PIE *stérno-
Gr. στέρνο-
(n.) ‘(männliche) Brust, Herz: heart, breast’
(GEW 2:791)
(Hom. στέρνον)
1. PIE *stérno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. στέρνο-


PIE √stodɑɦ- √stedɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Herz, Brust, Seele, Willen, Wunsch’
(IEW –)
(Eichner 1973:98n78)
√stēdɑɦ- 
PIE *stḗdɑɦos-
Gr. στήθοσ-
(n.) ‘männliche oder weibliche Brust’
(GEW 2:795)
(Gr. στῆθος)
1. PIE *stḗdɑɦos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *stḗdɦos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. stḗdɦos-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *stḗthos-
3. stḗthos-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. στήθοσ-
√stodɑɦ-
(HEG I:430f.)
PIE *Π·stodɑɦi̯ono-
Hitt. i·štazana-
(c.) ‘Seele, Willen, Wunsch’
(HIL. 480)
(Hitt. iš-ta-za-na-aš)
1. PIE *Π·stodɑɦi̯ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·stodɦi̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·stodɦi̯ono-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *Π·stojɦono-
3. Π·stojɦono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·stajɦana-
4. Π·stajɦana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·stajana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·stajana-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *Π·stazana-
6. Π·stazana-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·štazana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·stodɑɦi̯ono-
Hitt. i·štazana-
(c.pl) ‘living things, persons’
(HIL. 480)
(Hitt. iš-ta-za-na-aš=me-eš [plA])
1. PIE *Π·stodɑɦi̯ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·stodɦi̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·stodɦi̯ono-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *Π·stojɦono-
3. Π·stojɦono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·stajɦana-
4. Π·stajɦana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·stajana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·stajana-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *Π·stazana-
6. Π·stazana-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·štazana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √stum- (sb.) ‘Mund, Öffnung, Tor’
(IEW 1035)
(Pyysalo: CLu.)
√stum-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *stúmeɑht-
Dor. στύματ-
(n.) ‘Mund, Maul, Mündung’
(LSJ. 1657)
(Aeol. στύμα, στύματ-, Hes.)
1. PIE *stúmeɑht-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *stúmaɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. stúmaɑht-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *stúmaht-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. stúmaht-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *stúmat-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. stúmat-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. στύματ-
PIE *ostumont-
CLu. aštumant-
(sb.) ‘Tor(weg)?’ (HHand. 28)
(DLL. 34)
(CLu. a-aš-du-ma-an-ta-an-za, aš-tu-ma-an-ta-an-za(-ta)
1. PIE *ostumont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *astumant-
2. astumant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. aštumant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √su- √sou- √seu- (a./adv.) ‘schön, wohl, gut, recht, sehr, gut tüchtig’
(IEW 342, 1037)
(Friedrich 1923:370f.)
√osu-
PIE *osu-
Hitt. ašu-
(a.) ‘gut, nützlich, angenehm, gütig, beliebt: SIG5’
(HEG A:87f.)
1. PIE *osu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asu-
2. asu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ašu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *osu-
Hitt. ašu-
(n.) ‘das Gute, (Hab) und Gut’
(HEG A:87)
(Hitt. a-aš-šu-i)
1. PIE *osu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asu-
2. asu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ašu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√esu-
PIE *esú-
Gr. εὔ
(a.) ‘gut’ (adv.) ‘wohl’
(GEW 1:594)
(Gr. ἐΰς, ἐΰ)
1. PIE *esú-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *ehú-
2. ehú-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *eú-
3. eú-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. εὔ-
PIE *ēsú-
Gr. ηὔ-
(a.) ‘gut’ (adv.) ‘wohl’
(GEW 1:594)
(Gr. ἠΰς, ἠΰ)
1. PIE *ēsú-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *ēhú-
2. ēhú-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *ēú-
3. ēú-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἠύ-
√su-
(de Saussure 1892:89f.)
(but note that *su-gu̯ii̯ē-s ‘gute Lebensführung’ does not mean ‘gesund, heilsam’)
PIE *sú
RV. sú
(adv.) ‘schön, wohl, gut, recht usw.’
(WbRV. 1526)
PIE *su·Σ
Gr. ὑ·γιήσ-
(a.) ‘gesund, heilsam’
(GEW 2:954)
(Gr. ὑγιής, Bammesberger 1984:38-9, Seebold 1988:505)
1. PIE *su·Σ
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *hu·Σ
2. hu·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὑ·Σ
√suɑh-
(Catsanicos 1986:121-180, Kloekhorst HIL. 893-7)
PIE *suɑ́h
RV. sū́
(adv.) ‘schön, wohl, gut, recht, sehr, gut tüchtig’
(WbRV. 1526)
1. PIE *suɑ́h
PIE *uɑ́ → uú
Assimilation of *u and *ɑ́
Ruɑ́›uú → *suúh
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. suúh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *suú
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. suú
*uú → ū́
Contraction of u and ú
Ruú›ū́ → RV. sū́
PIE *suɑ́h·mói̯o-
RV. sū·máya-
(a.) ‘schön verfertigt’
(WbRV. 1566)
1. PIE *suɑ́h·mói̯o-
PIE *uɑ́ → uú
Assimilation of *u and *ɑ́
Ruɑ́›uú → *suúh·mói̯o-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. suúh·mói̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *suúh·mói̯a-
3. suúh·mói̯a-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *suúh·mái̯a-
4. suúh·mái̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *suú·mái̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. suú·mái̯a-
*uú → ū́
Contraction of u and ú
Ruú›ū́ → *sū́·mái̯a-
6. sū́·mái̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. sū́·máya-
PIE *suɑ́h·Σ
Hitt. šuḫ·mili-
(a.) ‘wohlgeordnet, wohlgeformt, festgefügt, passend’
(HHand. 153)
1. PIE *suɑ́h·Σ
PIE *uɑ́ → uú
Assimilation of *u and *ɑ́
Ruɑ́›uú → *suúh·Σ
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. suúh·Σ
*uú → ū́
Contraction of u and ú
Ruú›ū́ → *sū́h·Σ
3. sū́h·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šū́h·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šū́h·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → *šū́ḫ·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
5. šū́ḫ·Σ
*ū́ → u
Absence of accent and quantity in OAnat.
Rū́›u → Hitt. šuḫ·Σ
(SPIE §XX)
PIE *suɑh·Σ
Hitt. šuḫ·mili-
(GIŠ.) ‘wohlgeformtes Rohr; wohlgeformter Pfeil’
(HHand. 153)
1. PIE *suɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *suh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. suh·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šuh·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. šuh·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šuḫ·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *suɑh·pili-
Hitt. šuḫ·pili-
(a.) ‘sehr fest: very firm’
(HIL. 893-7)
1. PIE *suɑh·pili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *suh·pili-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. suh·pili-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šuh·pili-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. šuh·pili-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šuḫ·pili-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √su- (vb.) ‘sehen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√suo-
(HEG S:1223ff.)
(SHV 293f., 386; Kimball 1999:368)
PIE *su̯o-
Hitt. šu̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘spy’
(HIL. 918f.)
(Hitt. šu-ua-at-te-[en] [2pl])
1. PIE *su̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su̯a-
2. su̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√suoi-
PIE *su̯oi-
Hitt. šu̯ai-
(vb.1.) ‘spy’
(HIL. 918f.)
(Hitt. šu-ua-a-iz-zi)
1. PIE *su̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su̯ai-
2. su̯ai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šu̯ai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√suiɑh-
PIE *su̯oi̯ḗɑh
Lith. svajà-
(f.) ‘Träumerei, Schwärmerei, (Wunsch)traum’
(LiEtWb. 948)
(Lith. svajà)
1. PIE *su̯oi̯ḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *su̯oi̯ā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. su̯oi̯ā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *su̯oi̯ā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. su̯oi̯ā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *su̯oi̯ā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. su̯oi̯ā́
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su̯ai̯ā́
5. su̯ai̯ā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *su̯ai̯ṓ
(XX:XX)
6. su̯ai̯ṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → *su̯ai̯à
7. su̯ai̯à
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *svai̯à
8. svai̯à
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Lith. svajà
PIE *su̯oi̯ḗɑh-
Lith. svajó-
(vb.) ‘schwärmen, träumen, phantasieren’
(LiEtWb. 948)
(Lith. svajóti [inf.])
1. PIE *su̯oi̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *su̯oi̯ā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. su̯oi̯ā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *su̯oi̯ā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. su̯oi̯ā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *su̯oi̯ā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. su̯oi̯ā́-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su̯ai̯ā́-
5. su̯ai̯ā́-
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *su̯ai̯ṓ-
(XX:XX)
6. su̯ai̯ṓ-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → *su̯ai̯ó-
7. su̯ai̯ó-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *svai̯ó-
8. svai̯ó-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Lith. svajó-
PIE *su̯oi̯eɑhénēhɑ-
Lith. svajõnė-
(f.2.) ‘dreaming’
(LiEtWb. 948)
1. PIE *su̯oi̯eɑhénēhɑ-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *su̯oi̯aɑhénēhɑ-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. su̯oi̯aɑhénēhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *su̯oi̯ahénēh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. su̯oi̯ahénēh-
é → è
Emergence of gravis PLith. è
RLiAcc4 → *su̯oi̯ahènēh-
4. su̯oi̯ahènēh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *su̯oi̯aènē-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. su̯oi̯aènē-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su̯ai̯aènē-
6. su̯ai̯aènē-
* ē -> ė
Change of *ē into ė
Rē›ė → *su̯ai̯aènė-
7. su̯ai̯aènė-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *svai̯aènė-
8. svai̯aènė-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Lith. svajaènė-
PIE *Π·su̯iéɑhltēɑh-
Gr. ἐφ·ιάλτη-
(m.) ‘nightmare’
(GEW 1:598-9)
(Gr. ἐφιάλτης AND ἐπιάλτης, -ου with psilosis)
1. PIE *Π·su̯iéɑhltēɑh-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *Π·su̯iáɑhltēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·su̯iáɑhltēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·su̯iáɑhltāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. Π·su̯iáɑhltāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·su̯iáhltāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·su̯iáhltāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·su̯iáltā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·su̯iáltā-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *Π·hu̯iáltā-
6. Π·hu̯iáltā-
ā –> ē (Att)
Attican change of ā –› ē
Rā›ēAtt → *Π·hu̯iáltē-
7. Π·hu̯iáltē-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *Π·hiáltē-
8. Π·hiáltē-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *Π·iáltē-
9. Π·iáltē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·ιάλτη-
PIE *Π·su̯iéɑhlēt-
Gr. ἠπ·ιάλητ-
(f.) ‘nightmare’
(GEW 1:598-9)
(Gr. ἠπιάλης, ἠπιάλητα)
1. PIE *Π·su̯iéɑhlēt-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *Π·su̯iáɑhlēt-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·su̯iáɑhlēt-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·su̯iáhlēt-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·su̯iáhlēt-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·su̯iálēt-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·su̯iálēt-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *Π·hu̯iálēt-
5. Π·hu̯iálēt-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *Π·hiálēt-
6. Π·hiálēt-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *Π·iálēt-
7. Π·iálēt-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·ιάλητ-
PIE *Π·su̯ióɑhlēt-
Gr. ἠπ·ιόλητ-
(f.) ‘nightmare’
(GEW 1:598-9)
1. PIE *Π·su̯ióɑhlēt-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·su̯ióhlēt-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·su̯ióhlēt-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·su̯iólēt-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·su̯iólēt-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *Π·hu̯iólēt-
4. Π·hu̯iólēt-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *Π·hiólēt-
5. Π·hiólēt-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *Π·iólēt-
6. Π·iólēt-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·ιόλητ-
√suiɑhtiɑh-
PIE *su̯oiɑhtiɑh-
Lith. svaity-
(vb.) ‘phantasieren, irre reden’
(LiEtWb. 947-8)
1. PIE *su̯oiɑhtiɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *su̯oihtih-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. su̯oihtih-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *su̯oiti-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. su̯oiti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su̯aiti-
4. su̯aiti-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. svaiti-
PIE *su̯oiɑhti̯iēɑh-
Lith. sváičio-
(vb.) ‘phantasieren, irre reden, fasseln’
(LiEtWb. 947-8)
1. PIE *su̯oiɑhti̯iēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *su̯oiɑhti̯iāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. su̯oiɑhti̯iāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *su̯oihti̯iāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. su̯oihti̯iāh-
PIE *ti̯ → č
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›č → *su̯oihčiāh-
(SPIE §XX)
4. su̯oihčiāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *su̯oičiā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. su̯oičiā-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su̯aičiā-
6. su̯aičiā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *su̯aičiō-
(XX:XX)
7. su̯aičiō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *su̯aičio-
8. su̯aičio-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. svaičio-
√suiɑɦderɑh-
PIE *Π·su̯iɑɦderēɑh-
Lat. dē·siderā-
(vb.) ‘verlangen, begehren, ersehnen; vermissen; suchen; in Frage ziehen, erfordern’
(WH. 1:263-4)
1. PIE *Π·su̯iɑɦderēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·su̯iɑɦderāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·su̯iɑɦderāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·su̯iɦderāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·su̯iɦderāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·su̯iderāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·su̯iderāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·su̯iderā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·su̯iderā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. Π·suiderā-
√suii-
PIE *su̯oii̯o-
Hitt. šu̯ai̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘spy’
(HIL. 918f.)
(Hitt. šu-ú-ua-ia [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *su̯oii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su̯aii̯a-
2. su̯aii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *su̯aia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. su̯aia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *su̯ai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. su̯ai̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šu̯ai̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √su- √sou- √seu- (vb.) ‘treiben’ (sb.) ‘Hürde’
(IEW 914)
(Couvreur 1937:221f.; Pyysalo; for the semantics, cf. OIcl. reka- ‘treiben’, RV. vrajá- ‘Hürde’)
√sou-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *sēu-
OInd. sau-
(vb.) ‘urge, impel, incite’
(MonWil. 1219)
(ŚB. sauti [3sg])
1. PIE *sēu-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *sāu-
2. sāu-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → OInd. sau-
PIE *pro.sou̯ó-
RV. pra.savá-
(m.) ‘Erregung, Antrieb, Treiben’
(WbRV. 883)
1. PIE *pro.sou̯ó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pra.sau̯ó-
2. pra.sau̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *pra.sau̯á-
3. pra.sau̯á-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. pra.savá-
PIE *ɦɑud.sou̯ó-
RV. ud.savá-
(m.) ‘die Unternehmung’
(WbRV. 251)
1. PIE *ɦɑud.sou̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦud.sou̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦud.sou̯ó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦud.sau̯ó-
3. ɦud.sau̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *ɦud.sau̯á-
4. ɦud.sau̯á-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ud.sau̯á-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ud.sau̯á-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. ud.savá-
PIE *o·sou̯o-
Hitt. a·šau̯a-
(n.) ‘Hürde, Pferch’
(HW2 A:393f.)
(HED 1:296f.)
1. PIE *o·sou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·sau̯a-
2. a·sau̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. a·šau̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *o·sou̯or-
Hitt. a·šau̯ar-
(n.) ‘Hürde, Pferch: sheepfold, pen’
(HEG A:79)
(Rieken 1999:351-2)
1. PIE *o·sou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·sau̯ar-
2. a·sau̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. a·šau̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√su-
(Couvreur 1937:221f.)
(SHV 279)
PIE *su-
OInd. su-
(vb.) ‘urge, impel, incite’
(MonWil. 1219)
(ŚB. suhi [2sg])
PIE *su-
Hitt. šu-
(pr.M.) ‘treiben’
(HIL. 920)
(Hitt. šu-ut-ta-ti, šu-ut-ta-ru)
1. PIE *su-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√suo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *su̯o-
Hitt. šu̯a-
(vb.) ‘push’
(HIL. 920)
(Hitt. šu-ua-at-te-en [2pl], šu-ua-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *su̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su̯a-
2. su̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯r̥ɦɑgii̯eɑh·su̯o-
LAv. vǝrǝzya·ŋuha-
(a.) ‘des Antrieb, Schaffensdrang energisch ist’
(AIWb. 1426)
(LAv. vǝrǝzyaŋuhahe)
1. PIE *u̯r̥ɦɑgii̯eɑh·su̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯r̥ɦɑgii̯aɑh·su̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. u̯r̥ɦɑgii̯aɑh·su̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯r̥ɦgii̯ah·su̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯r̥ɦgii̯ah·su̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *u̯r̥ɦj́i̯ah·su̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. u̯r̥ɦj́i̯ah·su̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯r̥ɦj́i̯ah·su̯a-
5. u̯r̥ɦj́i̯ah·su̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *u̯r̥j́i̯ah·su̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. u̯r̥j́i̯ah·su̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯r̥j́i̯a·su̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. u̯r̥j́i̯a·su̯a-
*r̥ → ǝr
Change of *r̥ into ǝr
Rr̥›ǝr → *u̯ǝrj́i̯a·su̯a-
8. u̯ǝrj́i̯a·su̯a-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
Rr›rǝ → *u̯ǝrǝj́i̯a·su̯a-
9. u̯ǝrǝj́i̯a·su̯a-
su̯ -> ŋuh
Change of su̯ into ŋuh
Rsu̯›ŋuh → *u̯ǝrǝj́i̯a·ŋuha-
10. u̯ǝrǝj́i̯a·ŋuha-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *u̯ǝrǝzi̯a·ŋuha-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
11. u̯ǝrǝzi̯a·ŋuha-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *u̯ǝrǝzya·ŋuha-
12. u̯ǝrǝzya·ŋuha-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. vǝrǝzya·ŋuha-
√sui-
PIE *su̯i-
Hitt. šu̯i-
(vb.) ‘verstoßen, verdrängen, schieben’
(HHand. 157)
1. PIE *su̯i-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√soun-
PIE *o·soun-
Hitt. a·šaun-
(n.) ‘Hürde, Pferch’
(HEG A:79)
(EHS 79, 298)
1. PIE *o·soun-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·saun-
2. a·saun-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. a·šaun-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *o·souno-
Hitt. a·šauna-
(n.) ‘Hürde, Pferch’
(HIL. 260)
(Hitt. ašaunaz [sgAbl])
1. PIE *o·souno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·sauna-
2. a·sauna-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. a·šauna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√suon-
PIE *su̯on-
Hitt. šu̯an-
(vb.) ‘push’
(HIL. 920)
(Hitt. šu-ua-nu-un, šu-ua-an-du-ma-at)
1. PIE *su̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su̯an-
2. su̯an-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šu̯an-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π.su̯enu̯o-
LAv. apa.xvanva·-
(pr.) ‘repel: ablenken’
(AIWb. 1782)
(LAv. apa.xvanva-, Burrow 1979:15)
1. PIE *Π.su̯enu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π.su̯enu̯a-
2. Π.su̯enu̯a-
*su̯ → xu̯
Change of *su̯ into xu̯
Rsu̯›xu̯ → *Π.xu̯enu̯a-
3. Π.xu̯enu̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π.xu̯anu̯a-
4. Π.xu̯anu̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. Π.xvanva·-
√suos-
PIE *su̯osei̯o-
LAv. xvaŋhaya-
(cs.) ‘(be)drängen, ins Gedränge bringen’
(AIWb. 1875)
1. PIE *su̯osei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su̯asei̯a-
2. su̯asei̯a-
*su̯ → xu̯
Change of *su̯ into xu̯
Rsu̯›xu̯ → *xu̯asei̯a-
3. xu̯asei̯a-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *xu̯ahei̯a-
4. xu̯ahei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *xu̯ahai̯a-
5. xu̯ahai̯a-
ahA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
RahA›aŋhA → *xu̯aŋhai̯a-
6. xu̯aŋhai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *xu̯aŋhaya-
7. xu̯aŋhaya-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. xvaŋhaya-
PIE *Π·su̯osei̯o-
LAv. paiti (…) xvaŋhaya·-
(cs.) ‘zurückdrängen, treiben’
(AIWb. 1875)
1. PIE *Π·su̯osei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·su̯asei̯a-
2. Π·su̯asei̯a-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *Π·hu̯ahei̯a-
3. Π·hu̯ahei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·hu̯ahai̯a-
4. Π·hu̯ahai̯a-
ahA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
RahA›aŋhA → *Π·hu̯aŋhai̯a-
5. Π·hu̯aŋhai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *Π·hu̯aŋhaya-
6. Π·hu̯aŋhaya-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. Π·hvaŋhaya-
PIE *su̯ósoro-
RV. svásara-
(n.) ‘Hürde, (Kuh)stall, Nest der Vögel’
(WbRV. 1634)
1. PIE *su̯ósoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su̯ósara-
2. su̯ósara-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *su̯ásara-
3. su̯ásara-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. svásara-
PIE *su̯ósoro-
AV. svásara-
(n.) ‘Weide, Weideplatz’
(KEWA 3:565)
1. PIE *su̯ósoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su̯ósara-
2. su̯ósara-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *su̯ásara-
3. su̯ásara-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → AV. svásara-
PIE *su̯osto-
LAv. xvasta-
(pt.a.) ‘gedroschen: threshed’
(AIWb. 1874-5)
1. PIE *su̯osto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su̯asta-
2. su̯asta-
*su̯ → xu̯
Change of *su̯ into xu̯
Rsu̯›xu̯ → *xu̯asta-
3. xu̯asta-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. xvasta-
PIE *Π.su̯osto-
LAv. a.xvasta·-
(a.) ‘nicht gedroschen’
(AIWb. 299)
(LAv. axvasta-)
1. PIE *Π.su̯osto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π.su̯asta-
2. Π.su̯asta-
*su̯ → xu̯
Change of *su̯ into xu̯
Rsu̯›xu̯ → *Π.xu̯asta-
3. Π.xu̯asta-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. Π.xvasta·-


PIE √su- (vb.) ‘binden’
(IEW 915-6 [diff.])
(Sturtevant CGr. §85: Hitt. + Gr.)
√sum-
(HEG S:1149f.)
(Sturtevant CGr. §85)
PIE *sumḗn
Gr. ὑμήν-
(m.) ‘dünne, zarte Haut, Häutchen, Membran, Sehne’
(GEW 2:964)
1. PIE *sumḗn
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *humḗn
2. humḗn
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὑμήν
PIE *sumondɑɦi̯on-
Hitt. šumanzan-
(c.) ‘Strick, Band; Akd. aš-lum: bulrush’
(HHand. 154)
1. PIE *sumondɑɦi̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sumondɦi̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sumondɦi̯on-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *sumonjɦon-
3. sumonjɦon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sumanjɦan-
4. sumanjɦan-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *sumanjan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. sumanjan-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *sumanzan-
6. sumanzan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šumanzan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sumondɑɦi̯ono-
Hitt. šumanzana-
(URU.) ‘(›Kapanuwanta)’
(OGH. 366)
1. PIE *sumondɑɦi̯ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sumondɦi̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sumondɦi̯ono-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *sumonjɦono-
3. sumonjɦono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sumanjɦana-
4. sumanjɦana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *sumanjana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. sumanjana-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *sumanzana-
6. sumanzana-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šumanzana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √sul- (vb.) ‘stoßen, schlagen, kämpfen, streiten, zanken’
(IEW –)
(Kronasser 1960:178; Pyysalo)
√sulo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *sulo-
Hitt. šula-
(vb.) ‘streiten, zanken, zornig behandeln’
(HHand. 154)
(in Hitt. šulant- [pt.])
1. PIE *sulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sula-
2. sula-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šula-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·suLo-
OInd. pra (…) sula·-
(vb.) ‘hineinstoßen’
(KEWA 3:488)
(TS. TB. pra sulati, pra sulāmi)
1. PIE *Π·suLo-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *Π·sulo-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. Π·sulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OInd. Π·sula-
PIE *sulon-
Hitt. šulan-
(n.) ‘Zank, Streit, (Grund zur) Aufregung’
(HEG S:1142)
(Hitt. šu-ul-la-an-na-az)
1. PIE *sulon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sulan-
2. sulan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šulan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sulodɑɦor-
Hitt. šuladar-
(n.) ‘Zank, Streit, (Grund zur) Aufregung’
(HIL. 898)
(Hitt. šu-ul-la-tar)
1. PIE *sulodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sulodɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sulodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *suladɦar-
3. suladɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *suladar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. suladar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šuladar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√suli-
(Kronasser 1960:178)
PIE *suloi-
Hitt. šulai-
(vb.1.) ‘streiten, zanken, zornig behandeln’
(HHand. 154)
(Hitt. šulaizi)
1. PIE *suloi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sulai-
2. sulai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šulai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sulei̯o-
Hitt. šulei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘streiten, zanken, zornig behandeln’
(HHand. 154)
(Hitt. šu-ul-li-ia-at)
1. PIE *sulei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sulei̯a-
2. sulei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šulei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sulímēɑh-
Ion.-Att. ὑλίμη-
(f.) ‘Kampf’
(GEW 2:963)
(Hes. ὑλίμη· μάχη τις)
1. PIE *sulímēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *sulímāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. sulímāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sulímāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sulímāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sulímā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sulímā-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *hulímā-
5. hulímā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *hulímē-
6. hulímē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. ὑλίμη-
PIE *sulis-
Hitt. šuliš-
(vb.) ‘in Streit geraten’
(HHand. 154)
1. PIE *sulis-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šuliš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √sum- (a.) ‘schwer, schwanger’
(IEW 1048)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√sumK-
PIE *suńku-
Lith. suñk-
(vb.) ‘schwer werden’
(LiEtWb. 941)
(Lith. suñkti [inf.])
1. PIE *suńku-
uń -› uñ
Circumflex intonation for uńC
RLiAcc19 → *suñku-
2. suñku-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → Lith. suñk-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
PIE *sunku̯ingɑɦēɑh
OLith. sunkinga-
(f.) ‘schwanger’
(WP. 2:525)
1. PIE *sunku̯ingɑɦēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *sunku̯ingɑɦāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. sunku̯ingɑɦāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sunku̯ingɦāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sunku̯ingɦāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sunku̯ingɦā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sunku̯ingɦā
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *sunkingɦā
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. sunkingɦā
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *sunkingā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. sunkingā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *sunkingō
(XX:XX)
7. sunkingō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → OLith. sunkinga
√sumri-
(HEG S:1164f.)
PIE *sumroi-
Hitt. šumrai-
(vb.) ‘schwanger werden’
(HHand. 154)
1. PIE *sumroi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sumrai-
2. sumrai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šumrai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sumreiski̯e/o-
Hitt. šumreiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘schwanger sein’
(HHand. 154)
(Hitt. šum-re-eš-ke-ua-an [sup] da-a-iš)
1. PIE *sumreiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *sumreisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. sumreisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sumreisḱe/a-
3. sumreisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *sumreiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. sumreiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šumreiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √sum- (vb.) ‘wachsen, gedeihen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Anat. + IE)
√sumo-
(Pyysalo)
(Hitt. ši·šuma- requires verification/falsification)
PIE *sumo-
OInd. suma-
(n.) ‘Blume’
(KEWA 3:484)
1. PIE *sumo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OInd. suma-
PIE *si·sumo-
Hitt. ši·šuma-
(d.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:405)
(Hitt. ši-šum-ma, ši-šu-um-ma, Otten 1959b:179-81)
1. PIE *si·sumo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *si·suma-
2. si·suma-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ši·šuma-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sisumo·hɑi-
Hitt. šišuma·ḫi-
(d.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:405)
(Hitt. ši-šu-ma-ḫi [Abs])
1. PIE *sisumo·hɑi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sisumo·hi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sisumo·hi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sisuma·hi-
3. sisuma·hi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šišuma·hi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šišuma·hi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šišuma·ḫi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√sumolo-
PIE *sumolo-
Hitt. šumala-
(fc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1170)
(in Akd. šu-ma-la)
1. PIE *sumolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sumala-
2. sumala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šumala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sumolo·Σ
Hitt. šumala·ziti-
(mc.) ‘(devin)’
(NOMS. 1171)
(Hitt. šum-ma-la-LÚ)
1. PIE *sumolo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sumala·Σ
2. sumala·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šumala·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sumolo·no-
CLu. šumala·na-
(n.) ‘-(?)-’
(HHand. 154)
(CLu. šu-um-ma-al-la-an-na-)
1. PIE *sumolo·no-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sumala·na-
2. sumala·na-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. šumala·na-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sumi-
PIE *si·sumi-
Hitt. ši·šumi-
(d.c.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:406)
(Hitt. ši-šum-mi(-iš) [Abs(N)])
1. PIE *si·sumi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ši·šumi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sumei̯·oro-
Hitt. šumei̯·ara-
(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘(wohl im hethitischen Kernland)’
(OGH. 366)
(Hitt. šum-mi-ia-ra, šu-um-[mi-i]a-ra)
1. PIE *sumei̯·oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sumei̯·ara-
2. sumei̯·ara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šumei̯·ara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sumei̯·ou̯o-
Kpd. šumei̯·au̯a-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1172)
(Kpd. šu-mì-a-ua)
1. PIE *sumei̯·ou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sumei̯·au̯a-
2. sumei̯·au̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Kpd. šumei̯·au̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sumi·dɑɦoro-
Hitt. šumi·dara-
(mc.) ‘(syrien)’
(NOMS. 1174)
(Hitt. šum-mi-ta-ra-aš; also šumitaru-; AT 128, 9)
1. PIE *sumi·dɑɦoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sumi·dɦoro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sumi·dɦoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sumi·dɦara-
3. sumi·dɦara-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *sumi·dara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. sumi·dara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šumi·dara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sumil-
PIE *hɑilo·sumil-
Hitt. ḫila·šumil-
(GIŠ.) ‘(eine Pflanze)’
(HEG H:244)
(Hitt. ḫi-la-aš-šum-mi-el)
1. PIE *hɑilo·sumil-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilo·sumil-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilo·sumil-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hila·sumil-
3. hila·sumil-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hila·šumil-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hila·šumil-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫila·šumil-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑilo·sumili-
Hitt. ḫila·šumili-
(GIŠ.) ‘(eine Pflanze)’
(HHand2 55)
(Hitt. ḫi-la-aš-šu-mi-li)
1. PIE *hɑilo·sumili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilo·sumili-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilo·sumili-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hila·sumili-
3. hila·sumili-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hila·šumili-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hila·šumili-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫila·šumili-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√sumis-
PIE *sumis-
Hitt. šumiš-
(n.) ‘(eine Pflanze, neben Getreide genannt)’
(HHand. 154)
(Hitt. šumiš-, HIL. 902)
1. PIE *sumis-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šumiš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sumisn-
Hitt. šumišn-
(n.) ‘Bohnengewächs: GÚ.GAL.GAL?’
(HHand. 154)
1. PIE *sumisn-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šumišn-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sumer-
(Pyysalo)
(OGaul. is uncertain and may also be analyzed as *su·mer-)
PIE *sumer-
OGaul. sumer-
(PNf.) ‘-(?)-’
(ACSS 2:1667)
(OGaul. sumer)
PIE *sumeri-
Hitt. šumeri-
(fc.) ‘(reine, femme de Ḫuzziya-)’
(NOMS. 1173)
(Hitt. šu-um-mi-ri-in)
1. PIE *sumeri-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šumeri-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sumeri-
Hitt. šumeri-
(mc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1173)
(Hitt. šum-me-ri)
1. PIE *sumeri-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šumeri-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √sur- √sour- √suer- (a.) ‘gewichtig, mächtig, stark’ (sb.) ‘Schwere, Last’
(IEW 1050)
(Puhvel 1979:57)
√suoru-
(HEG S:1232f.)
(for the semantics, see OHG. below)
PIE *su̯oru-
CLu. šu̯aru-
(GKLa.) ‘mächtig, gewichtig, stark; voll, vollständig’
(DLL. 88)
(HIL. 918, CLu. šu-u-ua-ru)
1. PIE *su̯oru-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su̯aru-
2. su̯aru-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. šu̯aru-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *su̯oru-
Hitt. šu̯aru-
(a.) ‘mächtig, gewichtig, stark; voll, vollständig’
(HHand. 157)
(for the meanings ‘full, complete’, see HIL. 918)
1. PIE *su̯oru-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su̯aru-
2. su̯aru-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šu̯aru-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√suēro-
PIE *su̯ēro-
OHG. swāra-
(vb.) ‘beschweren, -lasten, -drücken’
(Gl. 8th cent.)
(OHG. swāren, B, GB, Gl, N gravare, opprimere)
1. PIE *su̯ēro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su̯ēra-
2. su̯ēra-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *su̯āra-
3. su̯āra-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. swāra-
PIE *Π·su̯ēro-
OHG. gi·swāra-
(vb.) ‘beschweren, belasten: burden: gravare’
(Gl. 765)
(OHG. giswāren)
1. PIE *Π·su̯ēro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·su̯ēra-
2. Π·su̯ēra-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *Π·su̯āra-
3. Π·su̯āra-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. Π·swāra-
√suēri-
PIE *su̯ēroi-
OHG. swārē-
(vb.) ‘schwer sein/werden: gravare, gravari’
(N, OT, T)
(OHG. swārēn)
1. PIE *su̯ēroi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su̯ērai-
2. su̯ērai-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *su̯ārai-
3. su̯ārai-
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → *su̯ārei-
4. su̯ārei-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. swārei-
PIE *su̯ēri-
OHG. swāri
(a.) ‘schwer, beschwerlich, gefährlich, groß, ernst, wichtig, streng, fruchttragend, gewichtig, lästig’
(B, GB, MH, N, NGl, O, T)
(Gl. gravatus, gravidus, gravis, horcus, onerosus, quanti oneris est, rapax, severus)
1. PIE *su̯ēri-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *su̯āri-
2. su̯āri-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. swāri-
PIE *su̯ēriɑ́h-
OHG. swārī-
(f.) ‘Schwere, Last, Gewicht: moles, pondus’
(Gl. N, O)
1. PIE *su̯ēriɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *su̯ēriíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. su̯ēriíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *su̯ērií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. su̯ērií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *su̯ērī́-
4. su̯ērī́-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *su̯ārī́-
5. su̯ārī́-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. swārī́-
PIE *Π·su̯ēridɑɦo-
OHG. gi·swārit-
(pt.) ‘beschwert, voll, schwanger: gravidus’
(Gl.)
1. PIE *Π·su̯ēridɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·su̯ēridɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·su̯ēridɦo-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·su̯ērido-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·su̯ērido-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·su̯ērida-
4. Π·su̯ērida-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *Π·su̯ārida-
5. Π·su̯ārida-
*d → t
OHG sound shift of *d
Rd›tHG → *Π·su̯ārita-
6. Π·su̯ārita-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. Π·swārita-
√suēru-
PIE *su̯ēru
OHG. swāro
(adv.) ‘schwer, mühsam, sehr: graviter’
(MF, 8th cent.)
1. PIE *su̯ēru
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *su̯āru
2. su̯āru
*-u → -o
Change of root-final -u into -o
R=u›=o → *su̯āro
3. su̯āro
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. swāro


PIE √t- √to- √te- (vb.) ‘nehmen, rauben, stehlen’
(IEW 1010)
(WP. 2:610; SPIE 88-9)
√to/e-
(SPIE 88-9)
(Not to Lat. dare ‘geben’ against Hrozný 1917:159-62)
PIE *to-
Hitt. ta-
(vb.2.) ‘nehmen: Sum. ME’
(HEG T:5-11)
(Hitt. taḫi [1sg], da-a-i [3sg], daḫun [1sg])
1. PIE *to-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ta-
PIE *to-
HLu. ta-
(vb.1.) ‘nehmen’
(CHLu. 2.9.27)
(HLu. tà-ti-i [3pl] 2.11+12.28, tà-ta [3sg] 3.6.12)
1. PIE *to-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. ta-
PIE *to-
HLu. ta-
(vb.2.) ‘nehmen’
(CHLu. 3.2.9)
(HLu. tà-i [3sg] 3.2.9, 3.5.13, etc.)
1. PIE *to-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. ta-
PIE *to-
OInd. ta-
(m.) ‘thief: Dieb’
(MonWil. 431)
(Lex. taḥ [sgN])
1. PIE *to-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OInd. ta-
PIE *té-
Lith. tè-
(ipv) ‘take’
(LiEtWb. 1071)
(Lith. tè [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *té-
é → è
Emergence of gravis PLith. è
RLiAcc4 → Lith. tè-
√teɑh-
PIE *tḗɑh·tēɑh-
Ion.-Att. τή·τη-
(f.) ‘ἀπορία, ἔνδεια, στέρησις (Hes.)’
(GEW 2:895)
1. PIE *tḗɑh·tēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tḗɑh·tāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tḗɑh·tāɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *tā́ɑh·tāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. tā́ɑh·tāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tā́h·tāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. tā́h·tāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tā́·tā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. tā́·tā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *tā́·tē-
6. tā́·tē-
*ā́ → ḗ
Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ
Rā́›ḗ → *tḗ·tē-
7. tḗ·tē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. τή·τη-
√teɑhi-
PIE *tēɑhtéɑhi̯o-
Dor. τᾱτάο-
(vb.Μ.) ‘entbehren, darben, beraubt sein’
(GEW 2:895)
1. PIE *tēɑhtéɑhi̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *tēɑhtáɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. tēɑhtáɑhi̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tāɑhtáɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. tāɑhtáɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tāhtáhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. tāhtáhi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tātái̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. tātái̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *tātáo-
6. tātáo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. τᾱτάο-
PIE *tēɑhi̯i-
ORuss. tajĭ
(a.) ‘heimlich’ (sb.) ‘Geheimnis’
(REW 3:69)
1. PIE *tēɑhi̯i-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tāɑhi̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tāɑhi̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tāhi̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tāhi̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tāi̯i-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tāi̯i-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *tāji-
5. tāji-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *taji-
6. taji-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → ORuss. tajĭ-
√toi- √tei-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *toi-
Hitt. tai-
(vb.1.) ‘stehlen, bestehlen’
(HEG T:24ff.)
(Hitt. ta-a-iz-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *toi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tai-
PIE *toi̯o-
gAv. taya-
(m.) ‘Dieb(stahl)’
(AIWb. 638)
1. PIE *toi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tai̯a-
2. tai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → gAv. taya-
PIE *toi̯o-
gAv. taya-
(a.) ‘verstohlen, heimlich’
(AIWb. 638)
1. PIE *toi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tai̯a-
2. tai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → gAv. taya-
PIE *téi̯e-
Dor. τέε-
(vb.) ‘take’
(GEW 2:890)
(in Gr. τῆ [2sg], τῆτε [2pl])
1. PIE *téi̯e-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *tée-
2. tée-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. τέε-
PIE *meɑhl̥ntéi̯o-
OInd. maṇṭáya-
(cs.) ‘sich wie ein Vermittler ‹maṇ-› benehmen’
(KEWA 2:557)
(For maṇ- cf. Lat. mallo- ‘Gericht’, Lex Salica)
1. PIE *meɑhl̥ntéi̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *maɑhl̥ntéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. maɑhl̥ntéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mahl̥ntéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. mahl̥ntéi̯o-
PIE *l̥ → r̥
Change of *l̥ into r̥
Rl̥›r̥ → *mahr̥ntéi̯o-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. mahr̥ntéi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *mahr̥ntéi̯a-
5. mahr̥ntéi̯a-
PIE *hRn → ṇ
Fortunatov’s Law for *hRn
RhRn›ṇ → *maṇtéi̯a-
(SPIE §3.3.2)
6. maṇtéi̯a-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *maṇtái̯a-
7. maṇtái̯a-
*ṇt → ṇṭ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rṇt›ṇṭ → *maṇṭái̯a-
8. maṇṭái̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. maṇṭáya-
√teti-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *téti-
Lith. tèti-
(vb.) ‘take’
(LiEtWb. 1071)
(Lith. tètite [ipv2pl])
1. PIE *téti-
é → è
Emergence of gravis PLith. è
RLiAcc4 → Lith. tèti-
√ti-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·ti̯-
LAv. aiwi·ϑy-
(a.) ‘sich befassend mit [G]’
(AIWb. 91)
(LAv. aiwiϑyō [plN])
1. PIE *Π·ti̯-
*tR → ϑR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
RtR›ϑR → *Π·ϑi̯-
2. Π·ϑi̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. Π·ϑy-
PIE *toii̯o-
Hitt. tai̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘(be)stehlen’
(HEG T:24f.)
(Hitt. da-a-i-ia-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *toii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *taii̯a-
2. taii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *taia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. taia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → Hitt. tai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
PIE *toiski̯e/o-
Hitt. taiške/a-
(vb.) ‘nehmen’
(HHand. 158)
(Hitt. ta-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *toiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *toisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. toisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *taisḱe/a-
3. taisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *taiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. taiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. taiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√tos- √tes-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·tetos-
RV. abhí (…) tatas·-
(pf.) ‘berauben, ausplündern’
(WbRV. 509)
(RV. tatasre)
1. PIE *Π·tetos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·tetas-
2. Π·tetas-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → RV. Π·tatas-
PIE *Π·tetos-
RV. ví (…) tatas·-
(pf.) ‘bestürmen’
(WbRV. 509)
(RV. ví tatasre [3pl])
1. PIE *Π·tetos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·tetas-
2. Π·tetas-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → RV. Π·tatas-
PIE *toski̯e/o-
Hitt. taške/a-
(vb.) ‘nehmen’
(HHand. 158)
(Hitt. da-aš-ki-e-mi, da-aš-ki-e-u-e-ni)
1. PIE *toski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *tosḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. tosḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tasḱe/a-
3. tasḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *taske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. taske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. taške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tósku̯oro-
RV. táskara-
(m.) ‘Räuber, Dieb: thief, robber’
(WbRV. 533)
1. PIE *tósku̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tósku̯ara-
2. tósku̯ara-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *tásku̯ara-
3. tásku̯ara-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → RV. táskara-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
PIE *tosku̯or·Σ
OInd. taskar·āya-
(vb.M.) ‘behave like a thief’
(MonWil. 441)
1. PIE *tosku̯or·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tasku̯ar·Σ
2. tasku̯ar·Σ
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → OInd. taskar·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.3)
PIE *tōsku̯ori̯o-
OInd. tāskarya-
(n.) ‘thievishness, thieving’ (KEWA 1:491)
(MonWil. 446)
1. PIE *tōsku̯ori̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tōsku̯ari̯a-
2. tōsku̯ari̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *tāsku̯ari̯a-
3. tāsku̯ari̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *tāskari̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. tāskari̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. tāskarya-
PIE *tosku̯oriɑ́h-
OInd. taskarī-
(f.) ‘a passionate woman; a kind of Mimosa’
(MonWil. 446)
1. PIE *tosku̯oriɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *tosku̯oriíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. tosku̯oriíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tasku̯ariíh-
3. tasku̯ariíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tasku̯arií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tasku̯arií-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *taskarií-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. taskarií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → OInd. taskarī́-
PIE *tosku̯orotēɑh-
OInd. taskaratā-
(f.) ‘thievishness, thieving’
(MonWil. 441)
1. PIE *tosku̯orotēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tosku̯orotāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tosku̯orotāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tosku̯orotāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tosku̯orotāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tasku̯aratāh-
4. tasku̯aratāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tasku̯aratā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. tasku̯aratā-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → OInd. taskaratā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)


PIE √t- √to- √te- (vb.) ‘ankommen, treten, gehen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√to-
PIE *to-
CLu. ta-
(vb.) ‘ankommen’
(HHand. 158)
1. PIE *to-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. ta-
PIE *to-
HLu. ta-
(PES2vb.) ‘walk’
(CHLu. 9.1.3)
(PES2(-)tà-ta [3pl])
1. PIE *to-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. ta-
PIE *to-
HLu. ta-
(PES2PES2vb.) ‘walk’
(CHLu. 1.1.35)
(HLu. PES2.PES2(-)tà-ti)
1. PIE *to-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. ta-
PIE *Π·to-
HLu. saraa ta·-
(PES2vb.) ‘come up’
(CHLu. 10.14.15)
(HLu. SUPER+ra/i-´ “PES2”(-)tà-i [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·to-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. Π·ta-
√toi-
PIE *toi-
HLu. tai-
(PES2PES2vb.) ‘treten?’
(CHLu. 10.44.5)
(HLu. PES2.PES2(-)tà-ia; Kimball 1999:444)
1. PIE *toi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. tai-
√teio-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG T:357f.)
PIE *tei̯o-
Hitt. tei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘(hin)treten: step’
(HHand. 175)
(Hitt. ti-ia, HIL. 1016)
1. PIE *tei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tei̯a-
PIE *tei̯o-
OInd. taya-
(pr.M.) ‘go’
(MonWil. 438)
(Dhātup. tayate [3sg])
1. PIE *tei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tei̯a-
2. tei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *tai̯a-
3. tai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. taya-
PIE *tei̯o·u̯or-
Hitt. tei̯a·u̯ar-
(n.) ‘das Eintreten’
(HHand. 176)
(HIL. 1015-6)
1. PIE *tei̯o·u̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tei̯a·u̯ar-
√teis-
PIE *teisogɑɦe/o-
Hitt. teišage/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘treten’
(Kimball 1999:444)
(Hitt. teišakezi [3sg])
1. PIE *teisogɑɦe/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *teisogɦe/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. teisogɦe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *teisagɦe/a-
3. teisagɦe/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *teisage/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. teisage/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. teišage/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *teisigɑɦe/o-
Hitt. teišige/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘treten’
(SHV 322)
(Hitt. ti-iš-ši-ki-mi ‘ich trete?’)
1. PIE *teisigɑɦe/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *teisigɦe/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. teisigɦe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *teisigɦe/a-
3. teisigɦe/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *teisige/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. teisige/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. teišige/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √tɑh- √dɑɦ- (vb.) ‘sehen, wünschen’ (sb.) ‘Auge’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Gr. + Lat. + Lith.)
√otɑh-
PIE *ótɑho-
Gr. ὄθο-
(pr.M.) ‘take heed, regard’
(LSJ. 1200)
(Gr. ὄθομαι)
1. PIE *ótɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ótho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ótho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄθο-
√etɑho-
PIE *u̯en·etɑho-
Lat. uen·eto-
(a.) ‘seefarbig, bläulich; ‹i.e. (ϝ)οίν·οπ- ‘wine-eyed’›‘
(WH 2:747)
(Lat. uenetus)
1. PIE *u̯en·etɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯en·etho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯en·etho-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *u̯en·eto-
3. u̯en·eto-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. uen·eto-
PIE *u̯en·etɑho-
OGaul. uen·eto-
(m.pl.) ‘la ville de Vannes (Guened)’
(DLG. 312)
(OGaul. uenetī [plN], EtDiPC. 413)
1. PIE *u̯en·etɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯en·etho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯en·etho-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *u̯en·eto-
3. u̯en·eto-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OGaul. uen·eto-
PIE *u̯enetɑh·Σ
Goth. winiþ·ariu-
() Goth. winiþ·ariu-
Goth. winiþ·ariu-
Goth. winiþ·ariu-
Language not found or error while translating!
√tɑhēɑh-
PIE *ótɑhēɑh-
Att. ὄθη-
(f.) ‘φροντία, ὤρα, φόβος, λόγος’
(LSJ. 1200)
1. PIE *ótɑhēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ótɑhāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ótɑhāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *óthāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. óthāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *óthā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. óthā-
ā –> ē (Att)
Attican change of ā –› ē
Rā›ēAtt → *óthē-
5. óthē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Att. ὄθη-
√tɑhi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *otɑhei-
Hitt. atei-
(sb.) ‘(ein Körperteil), ‹‘Auge(n)?’›’
(HEG A:94)
(Hitt. ad-di-)
1. PIE *otɑhei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *othei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. othei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *athei-
3. athei-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. atei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *otɑhéi̯o-
Gr. ὀθέο-
(pr.A.) ‘φροντίζω’
(LSJ. 1200)
(Gr. ὀθέω [1sg])
1. PIE *otɑhéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *othéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. othéi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *othéo-
3. othéo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀθέο-
PIE *ótɑhi̯-
Lith. àč-
(vb.) ‘sehen’
(LiEtWb. 1)
(Lith. ač ‘siehe!’, àčte)
1. PIE *ótɑhi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *óthi̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. óthi̯-
PIE *thi̯ → č h
Assibilation of *th before *i̯
Rthi̯›čh → *óčh-
(SPIE §XX)
3. óčh-
ó → ò
Emergence of gravis PLith. ò
RLiAcc5 → *òčh-
4. òčh-
PIE *ò → à
Change of *ò into à
Rò›à → Lith. àčh-
√tɑhm-
PIE *ótɑhmeɑht-
Dor. ὄθματ-
(n.) ‘Gl. ὄμμα’ (LSJ. 1200)
(GEW 2:387)
(Dor. ὄθματα [plNA]; Callimachus; also Aeol. (Hes.))
1. PIE *ótɑhmeɑht-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ótɑhmaɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. ótɑhmaɑht-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *óthmaht-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. óthmaht-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *óthmat-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. óthmat-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. ὄθματ-
√tɑhoni-
PIE *otɑhoni-
CLu. atani-
(c.) ‘‹≈ seeing, wisdom(?)›’
(HHand2 : 32 ‘-(?)-’)
(KBo VII 68+ Rs.III 8 [............ ]x(-)a(-)at-ta-ni-in har-za-ta-an
1. PIE *otɑhoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *othoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. othoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *athani-
3. athani-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → CLu. atani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯en·etɑhoni·Σ
OGaul. uen·etoni·magus
(.) 'marché des Vénètes auj. Vieu dans l'Ain, Nègre 3029’
(DLG. 312)
1. PIE *u̯en·etɑhoni·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯en·ethoni·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯en·ethoni·Σ
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *u̯en·etoni·Σ
3. u̯en·etoni·Σ
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OGaul. uen·etoni·Σ
√dɑɦo-
PIE *u̯en·edɑɦo-
OCS. ven·edo-
(m.pl.) ‘Balts/Slavs’
(DLG. 312)
(in Plin. uenedi)
1. PIE *u̯en·edɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯en·edɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯en·edɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯en·edɦa-
3. u̯en·edɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯en·eda-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. u̯en·eda-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *u̯en·edo-
5. u̯en·edo-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OCS. ven·edo-
PIE *dɑɦidɑɦo-
gAv. dida-
(pr.) ‘jemandes Acht geben, sich kümmern um [G]’
(AIWb. 724)
(gAv. didąs [pt.sgN])
1. PIE *dɑɦidɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦidɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦidɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦidɦa-
3. dɦidɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → gAv. dida-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
√dɑɦēɑh-
PIE *u̯en·edɑɦēɑh-
OGaul. uen·edā-
(f.) ‘abbaye en région de Guérande’
(DLG. 312)
(OGaul. ueneda [sgN])
1. PIE *u̯en·edɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯en·edɑɦāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯en·edɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯en·edɦāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯en·edɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯en·edɦā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯en·edɦā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯en·edā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. u̯en·edā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OGaul. uen·edā-
PIE *dɑɦedɑɦēɑh-
LAv. daδā-
(pr.) ‘blicken’
(AIWb. 724)
(LAv. daδāiti [3sg])
1. PIE *dɑɦedɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦedɑɦāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦedɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦedɦāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦedɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦedɦā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦedɦā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dedā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. dedā-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *dadā-
6. dadā-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
Rd›δ → LAv. daδā-


PIE √tɑh- (vb.) ‘schweigen’
(IEW 1055, 1056)
(Čop 1964:69)
√tɑh·ki-
(IEW 1055)
(WP. 1:703)
PIE *teɑhki̯o-
Goth. þaha-
(vb.) ‘be silent, keep secret’
(GoEtD. Þ3)
(Goth. þahan [inf.])
1. PIE *teɑhki̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhki̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhki̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahki̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahki̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *tahḱo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. tahḱo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *taḱo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. taḱo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *tako-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. tako-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *taxo-
7. taxo-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þaxo-
8. þaxo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þaxa-
9. þaxa-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → Goth. þaha-
PIE *teɑhki̯ei̯o-
Lat. taceo-
(pr.2.) ‘schweigen: be silent’
(WH. 2:641-2)
(Lat. taceō [1sg])
1. PIE *teɑhki̯ei̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhki̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhki̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahki̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahki̯ei̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *tahḱei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. tahḱei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *taḱei̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. taḱei̯o-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *takei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. takei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
Rei̯o›eo → *takeo-
7. takeo-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. taceo-
PIE *teɑhki̯ito-
Lat. tacito-
(pt.) ‘schweigsam’
(WH. 2:641-2)
1. PIE *teɑhki̯ito-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhki̯ito-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhki̯ito-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahki̯ito-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahki̯ito-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *tahḱito-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. tahḱito-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *taḱito-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. taḱito-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *takito-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. takito-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. tacito-
√tɑh·us-
(IEW 1056)
(Čop 1964:69, HEG T:421f.)
PIE *teɑhusi̯o-
CLu. taḫuši̯a-
(vb.) ‘keep ‹ušia-› silent/quiet ‹taḫ-›’
(DLL. 89)
(CLu. da-ḫu-ši-ia-aḫ-ḫa [1sg])
1. PIE *teɑhusi̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhusi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhusi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahusi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahusi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tahusi̯a-
4. tahusi̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *tahuši̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. tahuši̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. taḫuši̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *tɑ́husniɑ́h-
RV. tūṣṇī́-
(adv.) ‘still, schweigend’
(WbRV. 547)
(RV. tūṣṇī́m [adv.])
1. PIE *tɑ́husniɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *tɑ́husniíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. tɑ́husniíh-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *túhusniíh-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
3. túhusniíh-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *túhušniíh-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. túhušniíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *túušnií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. túušnií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *túušnī́-
6. túušnī́-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *tū́šnī́-
7. tū́šnī́-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *tū́ṣnī́-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
8. tū́ṣnī́-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → RV. tū́ṣṇī́-
PIE *po·teɑhúsniɑ́h-
Sloven. po·túhni-
(vb.) ‘stille werden’
(APrS. 452)
(Sloven. potúhniti [inf.])
1. PIE *po·teɑhúsniɑ́h-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *po·taɑhúsniɑ́h-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. po·taɑhúsniɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *po·taɑhúsniíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. po·taɑhúsniíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *po·tahúsniíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. po·tahúsniíh-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiSlav → *po·tahúšniíh-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
5. po·tahúšniíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pa·tahúšniíh-
6. pa·tahúšniíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pa·taúšnií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. pa·taúšnií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *pa·taúšnī́-
8. pa·taúšnī́-
*š → x
Slavonic change of *š to x
Rš›x → *pa·taúxnī́-
9. pa·taúxnī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *po·toúxnī́-
10. po·toúxnī́-
*oú → ū́
Monophthongization of *oú into ū́
Roú›ū́ → *po·tū́xnī́-
11. po·tū́xnī́-
*x → ch
Orthographic change of *x into ch
Rx›ch → *po·tū́chnī́-
12. po·tū́chnī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *po·tū́chní-
13. po·tū́chní-
*ū́ → ú
Orthographic change of *ū́ into ú
Rū́›ú → *po·túchní-
14. po·túchní-
ch → h
Change of *ch into h
Rch›h → Sloven. po·túhní-
PIE *po·teɑhusnun
OCS. po·tuchnǫ-
(vb.) ‘quiescere’
(APrS. 452)
OCS. potuchnǫti [inf.])
1. PIE *po·teɑhusnun
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *po·taɑhusnun
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. po·taɑhusnun
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *po·tahusnun
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. po·tahusnun
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiSlav → *po·tahušnun
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. po·tahušnun
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pa·tahušnun
5. pa·tahušnun
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pa·taušnun
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. pa·taušnun
*š → x
Slavonic change of *š to x
Rš›x → *pa·tauxnun
7. pa·tauxnun
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *po·touxnun
8. po·touxnun
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *po·tūxnun
9. po·tūxnun
*-un → -ǫ
Emergence of nasal vowel ǫ
Run›ǫ → *po·tūxnǫ
10. po·tūxnǫ
*x → ch
Orthographic change of *x into ch
Rx›ch → *po·tūchnǫ
11. po·tūchnǫ
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → OCS. po·tuchnǫ


PIE √tɑh- √dɑɦ- (vb.) ‘sprechen’
(IEW 291)
(Pyysalo: Anat. + IE)
√tɑh-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ṓtɑh-
OInd. ā́th-
(pf.) ‘speak’
(MonWil. 124)
(Br. ā́ttha [2sg])
1. PIE *ṓtɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ṓth-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ṓth-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → OInd. ā́th-
PIE *tɑhotɑho-
CLu. tata-
(GKLvb.) ‘(verbum dicendi)’ (HHand. 172)
(DLL. 95)
(CLu. ta-at-ta-aḫ-ḫa [1sg])
1. PIE *tɑhotɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thotho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thotho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thatha-
3. thatha-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → CLu. tata-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦ-
PIE *ō·dɑɦ-
LAv. āδ-
(ao.P.) ‘genannt werden, heißen’
(AIWb. 55)
(LAv. āiδi [3sg])
1. PIE *ō·dɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ō·dɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ō·dɦ-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ā·dɦ-
3. ā·dɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *ā·d-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ā·d-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
Rd›δ → LAv. ā·δ-
PIE *Π.ō·dɑɦ-
LAv. pairi·āδ-
(pf.) ‘aufsagen, hersagen’
(AIWb. 55)
(LAv. pairi.āδa [3sg])
1. PIE *Π.ō·dɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π.ō·dɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π.ō·dɦ-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π.ā·dɦ-
3. Π.ā·dɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π.ā·d-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π.ā·d-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
Rd›δ → LAv. Π.ā·δ-
PIE *odɑɦ-
LAv. aδ-
(pf.M.) ‘sagen’
(AIWb. 55)
(LAv. aδaeča [1sg] uiti)
1. PIE *odɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *odɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. odɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *adɦ-
3. adɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *ad-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ad-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
Rd›δ → LAv. aδ-
√dɑɦe/o-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɑɦe-
Hitt. de-
(vb.) ‘(autoritativ) sprechen’
(HEG T:291)
(Hitt. temi, teši, tezi, tenun, tet, tedu, HHand. 173)
1. PIE *dɑɦe-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦe-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦe-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. de-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·ō·dɑɦo-
LAv. paity·āδa-
(m.) ‘Anwort’
(AIWb. 840)
1. PIE *Π·ō·dɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ō·dɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ō·dɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ō·dɦa-
3. Π·ō·dɦa-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·ā·dɦa-
4. Π·ā·dɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·ā·da-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ā·da-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
Rd›δ → LAv. Π·ā·δa-
√dɑɦeio-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɑɦei̯o-
OCS. dejo-
(vb.) ‘sagen’
(Sadnik √146)
(OCS. dejǫ [1sg])
1. PIE *dɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei̯a-
3. dɦei̯a-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dei̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dei̯a-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *dei̯o-
5. dei̯o-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → OCS. dejo-
PIE *Π·odɑɦei̯o-
LAv. paiti·aδaya-
(pr.) ‘antworten auf [A]’
(AIWb. 55)
(LAv. paiti.aδayāt̰)
1. PIE *Π·odɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·odɦei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·odɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·adɦei̯a-
3. Π·adɦei̯a-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·adei̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·adei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·adai̯a-
5. Π·adai̯a-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
Rd›δ → *Π·aδai̯a-
6. Π·aδai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. Π·aδaya-
PIE *Π·ōdɑɦei̯o-
LAv. paiti (…) āδaya·-
(iter.) ‘antworten’
(AIWb. 55)
(LAv. paiti (…) āδayoit̰)
1. PIE *Π·ōdɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ōdɦei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ōdɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ōdɦei̯a-
3. Π·ōdɦei̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·ādɦei̯a-
4. Π·ādɦei̯a-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·ādei̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ādei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·ādai̯a-
6. Π·ādai̯a-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
Rd›δ → *Π·āδai̯a-
7. Π·āδai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. Π·āδaya-
√dɑɦomo-
PIE *en·dɑɦomo
Lyd. ẽ·tam-
(c.) ‘Bestimmung, Verordnung’
(LydWb. 108)
(Lyd. ẽtamś [N] ẽtamν [A])
1. PIE *en·dɑɦomo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *en·dɦomo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. en·dɦomo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *en·dɦama
3. en·dɦama
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *en·dama
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. en·dama
*am/n → ãm/n
Emergence of nasal vowel ã
RaN›ãN → *en·dãma
5. en·dãma
*en → ẽn
Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ
ReN›ẽN → *ẽn·dãma
6. ẽn·dãma
PIE *Nd → Nt
Devoicing of PIE *d after N
RNd›Nt → *ẽn·tãma
7. ẽn·tãma
*nt → ñt
Change of *n into ñ before t
Rnt›ñt → *ẽñ·tãma
8. ẽñ·tãma
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Lyd. ẽñ·tãm
PIE *o·dɑɦomo-
HLu. a·dama-
(n.) ‘name’
(CHLu. 1.1.39)
(HLu. á-ta4-ma-za Melchert 1984:82-83)
1. PIE *o·dɑɦomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·dɦomo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·dɦomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·dɦama-
3. a·dɦama-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. a·dama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *o·dɑɦomo-
LycA. a·dãma-
(n.) ‘name’
(DLycLg. 1)
(Lyc. adãma [plA])
1. PIE *o·dɑɦomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·dɦomo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·dɦomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·dɦama-
3. a·dɦama-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *a·dama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. a·dama-
*am/n → ãm/n
Emergence of nasal vowel ã
RaN›ãN → LycA. a·dãma-
PIE *o·dɑɦomo·ni-
HLu. a·dama·ni-
(sb.) ‘name’
(CHLu. 6.2.19)
(HLu. á-ta5-ma-ni-)
1. PIE *o·dɑɦomo·ni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·dɦomo·ni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·dɦomo·ni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·dɦama·ni-
3. a·dɦama·ni-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. a·dama·ni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √tɑh- √dɑɦ- (vb.) ‘geben, schenken’
(IEW 223-226)
(Pyysalo: OAnat. + IE)
√to/eɑh-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *tóɑh-
Gr. τό-
(pr.) ‘geben’
(Grundr2 1:654)
(Gr. τότω ‘dato’)
1. PIE *tóɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tóh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tóh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. tó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τό-
PIE *Π·ski̯ɑhi·toɑh-
Hitt. iški·taḫ-
(vb.2.) ‘ein Zeichen geben’
(HHand. 65)
(Hitt. iš-kit9-ta-aḫ-ḫi; or to Gr. δό-? ‹Hitt. šagi- ‘Zeichen’›)
1. PIE *Π·ski̯ɑhi·toɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ski̯hi·toh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ski̯hi·toh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *Π·sḱhi·toh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·sḱhi·toh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sḱhi·tah-
4. Π·sḱhi·tah-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *Π·skhi·tah-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. Π·skhi·tah-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·ski·tah-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. Π·ski·tah-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·ški·tah-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. Π·ški·tah-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·ški·taḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑebɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tēɑh-
Dor. ἀφρο·δί̄·τᾱ-
(f.) ‘ἀφροτίδη’
(KVG. 249)
1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑabɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. ɦɑabɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tāɑh-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *ɦɑabɑɦro·díɦi·tāɑh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
4. ɦɑabɑɦro·díɦi·tāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦro·díɦi·tāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
5. ɦabɦro·díɦi·tāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *abɦro·díi·tāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. abɦro·díi·tāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *abɦro·díi·tā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. abɦro·díi·tā-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *aphro·díi·tā-
8. aphro·díi·tā-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *aphro·dī́·tā-
9. aphro·dī́·tā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. ἀφρο·δί̄·τᾱ-
PIE *ɦɑebɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dēɑɦ-
Ion.-Att. ἀφρο·τί̄·δη-
(f.) ‘ἀφροδίτα’
(KVG. 249)
1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dēɑɦ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dēɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dēɑɦ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑabɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dāɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. ɦɑabɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dāɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *ɦɑabɑɦro·tíhi·dāɑɦ-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
4. ɦɑabɑɦro·tíhi·dāɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦro·tíhi·dāɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
5. ɦabɦro·tíhi·dāɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *abɦro·tíhi·dā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. abɦro·tíhi·dā-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *abɦro·tíi·dā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. abɦro·tíi·dā-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *aphro·tíi·dā-
8. aphro·tíi·dā-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *aphro·tī́·dā-
9. aphro·tī́·dā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *aphro·tī́·dē-
10. aphro·tī́·dē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. ἀφρο·τί̄·δη-
PIE *toɑhu̯e/o-
Phryg. τοϝε/ο-
(vb.) ‘geben?’
(CIPPhr. G-02, P-04c)
(Phryg. τοϝο, τοϝοι, ετοϝες)
1. PIE *toɑhu̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tohu̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tohu̯e/o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tou̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. tou̯e/o-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Phryg. τοϝε/ο-
√dōɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·ski̯ɑhi·dōɑɦ-
Hitt. iški·dāḫ-
(vb.2.) ‘ein Zeichen geben’
(HED 2:426)
(Hitt. iš-ki-da-a-aḫ-ḫi [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·ski̯ɑhi·dōɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ski̯hi·dōɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ski̯hi·dōɦ-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *Π·sḱhi·dōɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·sḱhi·dōɦ-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·sḱhi·dāɦ-
4. Π·sḱhi·dāɦ-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *Π·skhi·dāɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. Π·skhi·dāɦ-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·ski·dāɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. Π·ski·dāɦ-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·ški·dāɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. Π·ški·dāɦ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·ški·dāḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *dṓɑɦ-
Gr. δώ-
(ao.) ‘geben’
(GEW 1:388-9)
(Gr. ἔδων [1sg])
1. PIE *dṓɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dṓɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dṓɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dṓ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dṓ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. δώ-
PIE *dṓɑɦ-
OLith. dúo-
(vb.) ‘geben’
(LiEtWb. 111f.)
(OLith. dúomi, Lith. dúoti [inf.])
1. PIE *dṓɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dṓɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dṓɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dṓ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dṓ-
*ṓ → úo
Change of ṓ into úo
Rṓ›úo → OLith. dúo-
PIE *dṓɑɦ-
Latv. duô-
(vb.) ‘geben’
(LiEtWb. 111f.)
(Latv. duôt [inf.])
1. PIE *dṓɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dṓɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dṓɦ-
*ṓH → ôH
Latvian tone rule for ṓH
RAccLatv7 → *dôɦ-
3. dôɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dô-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dô-
*ô → uô
Change of ô into uô
Rô›uô → Latv. duô-
PIE *dṓɑɦ-
RV. dā́-
(ao.) ‘geben’
(WbRV. 590)
(RV. ádāt [3sg])
1. PIE *dṓɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dṓɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dṓɦ-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *dā́ɦ-
3. dā́ɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → RV. dā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *dōɑɦno-
Lat. dōno-
(n.) ‘Gabe, Geschenk, das Geben’
(WH. 1:371)
(Lat. dōnum [sgN])
1. PIE *dōɑɦno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dōɦno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dōɦno-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. dōno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *dṓɑɦno-
RV. dā́na-
(n.) ‘das Geben, die Gabe’
(WbRV. 594)
1. PIE *dṓɑɦno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dṓɦno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dṓɦno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dṓɦna-
3. dṓɦna-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *dā́ɦna-
4. dā́ɦna-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → RV. dā́na-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *dṓɑɦro-
Gr. δώρο-
(n.) ‘Geschenk’
(GEW 1:430)
(Gr. δῶρον)
1. PIE *dṓɑɦro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dṓɦro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dṓɦro-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dṓro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dṓro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. δώρο-
PIE *dōɑɦro
OCS. darŭ-
(m.) ‘Gabe, Geschenk, Dank’
(Sadnik √132)
(OCS. darŭ)
1. PIE *dōɑɦro
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dōɦro
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dōɦro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dōɦra
3. dōɦra
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *dāɦra
4. dāɦra
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dāra
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dāra
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *dāro
6. dāro
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *dāru
7. dāru
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *daru
8. daru
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. darŭ
√doɑɦ-
PIE *dóɑɦ-
Gr. δό-
(ao.M.) ‘geben’
(GEW 1:388-9)
(Gr. ἐδόμην)
1. PIE *dóɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dóɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dóɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. δό-
PIE *doɑɦ·te
RV. dā·ta
(ao.) ‘geben’
(WbRV. 590)
(RV. dāta [2pl] Brugmann’s law II, see SPIE 121ff.)
1. PIE *doɑɦ·te
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦ·te
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. doɦ·te
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *dāɦ·te
(SPIE §2.3.7)
3. dāɦ·te
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dā·te
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dā·te
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → RV. dā·ta
PIE *Π·dóɑɦ-
RV. draviṇo·dá-
(a.m.) ‘Gut gebend, Reichtumgeber’
(WbRV. 645)
1. PIE *Π·dóɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dóɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dóɦ-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·dáɦ-
3. Π·dáɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → RV. Π·dá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Π·doɑɦ-
Lith. priẽ·da-
(m.) ‘Zugabe, Zulage’
(LiEtWb. 112)
(Lith. priẽdas [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·doɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·doɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·doɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·do-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·do-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Lith. Π·da-
PIE *dedoɑɦ-
LAv. daδa-
(a.) ‘gebend, schenkend’
(AIWb. 678)
1. PIE *dedoɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dedoɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dedoɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dedaɦ-
3. dedaɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *deda-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. deda-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *dada-
5. dada-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
Rd›δ → LAv. daδa-
PIE *doɑɦí-
Gr. δοί-
(ao.) ‘geben’
(GEW 1:388-9)
(Gr. δοίην [opt1sg])
1. PIE *doɑɦí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. doɦí-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *doí-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. doí-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. δοί-
PIE *doɑɦi-
RV. de-
(ao.) ‘geben’
(WbRV. 589)
(RV. dehí [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *doɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. doɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *daɦi-
3. daɦi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dai-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dai-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *dē-
5. dē-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → RV. de-
PIE *dóɑɦmen-
Gr. δόμεν-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘zu geben’
(GEW 1:388-9)
(Thess. Hom. δόμεν, Hom. δόμεναι)
1. PIE *dóɑɦmen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dóɦmen-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dóɦmen-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dómen-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dómen-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. δόμεν-
PIE *dóɑɦmen-
RV. dā́man-
(n.) ‘das Geben’
(WbRV. 595)
(RV. dā́mane [sgD], Brugmann’s law II, see SPIE 121ff.)
1. PIE *dóɑɦmen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dóɦmen-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dóɦmen-
PIE *óhCV → ā́hCV
Brugmann’s Law for *óhCV
RóHCV›ā́HCV → *dā́ɦmen-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
3. dā́ɦmen-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dā́men-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dā́men-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → RV. dā́man-
PIE *doɑɦu̯i-
Fal. doui-
(pr.) ‘gewähren’
(WbOU. 614)
(Fal. douiad [conj3sg])
1. PIE *doɑɦu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. doɦu̯i-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dou̯i-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dou̯i-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Fal. doui-
PIE *Π.doɑɦu̯i-
Umbr. pur.doui·-
(pr.) ‘porriciō’
(WbOU. 613)
(Umbr. purdouitu [3sg])
1. PIE *Π.doɑɦu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π.doɦu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π.doɦu̯i-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π.dou̯i-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π.dou̯i-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → *Π.doui-
4. Π.doui-
*d → ř
Change of *d into ř
Rd›ř → Umbr. Π.řoui·-
PIE *doɑɦu̯onēɑh
Latv. davana-
(f.) ‘Gabe’
(LiEtWb. 112)
1. PIE *doɑɦu̯onēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *doɑɦu̯onāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. doɑɦu̯onāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦu̯onāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. doɦu̯onāh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dou̯onāh
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dou̯onāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dou̯onā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dou̯onā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dau̯anā
6. dau̯anā
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *davanā
7. davanā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R=ā›=a → Latv. davana
PIE *doɑɦu̯onḗɑh
Lith. davanà-
(f.) ‘Gabe’
(LiEtWb. 112)
1. PIE *doɑɦu̯onḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *doɑɦu̯onā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. doɑɦu̯onā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦu̯onā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. doɦu̯onā́h
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dou̯onā́h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dou̯onā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dou̯onā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dou̯onā́
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dau̯anā́
6. dau̯anā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *dau̯anṓ
(XX:XX)
7. dau̯anṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → *dau̯anà
8. dau̯anà
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. davanà
PIE *Π·dóɑɦu̯ēɑh-
Dor. ἀπυ·δόᾱ-
(pr.) ‘give up, return, etc.’
(GrGr. 1:745)
(in Arc. ἀπυδόας [pt.])
1. PIE *Π·dóɑɦu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·dóɑɦu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·dóɑɦu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dóɦu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·dóɦu̯āh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·dóu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·dóu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·dóu̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·dóu̯ā-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *Π·dóā-
6. Π·dóā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. Π·δόᾱ-
PIE *Π·dóɑɦu̯ēɑh-
AV. bala·dā́vā-
(a.) ‘Kraftverleihung’
(WbRV. 902)
1. PIE *Π·dóɑɦu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·dóɑɦu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·dóɑɦu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dóɦu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·dóɦu̯āh-
PIE *óhCV → ā́hCV
Brugmann’s Law for *óhCV
RóHCV›ā́HCV → *Π·dā́ɦu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
4. Π·dā́ɦu̯āh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·dā́u̯āh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·dā́u̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·dā́u̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·dā́u̯ā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → AV. Π·dā́vā-
PIE *doɑɦu̯ḗɑh-
Latv. dãvâ-
(vb.iter.) ‘anbieten, schenken’
(LiEtWb. 112)
(Latv. dãvât [inf.])
1. PIE *doɑɦu̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *doɑɦu̯ā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. doɑɦu̯ā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦu̯ā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. doɦu̯ā́h-
*ā́H → âH
Latvian tone rule for *ā́h
RAccLatv3 → *doɦu̯âh-
4. doɦu̯âh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dou̯âh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dou̯âh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dou̯â-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. dou̯â-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dau̯â-
7. dau̯â-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Latv. davâ-
PIE *doɑhu̯én-
RV. dāván-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘geben’
(WbRV. 596)
(RV. dāváne; Brugmann’s law II, , see SPIE 121ff.)
1. PIE *doɑhu̯én-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dohu̯én-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dohu̯én-
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *dāhu̯én-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
3. dāhu̯én-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dāu̯én-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dāu̯én-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *dāu̯án-
5. dāu̯án-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. dāván-
PIE *dóɑhu̯en-
ODor. δόϝεν-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘geben’
(GEW 1:388-9)
(ODor. δόϝεναι = Hom. Att. δοῦναι)
1. PIE *dóɑhu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dóhu̯en-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dóhu̯en-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dóu̯en-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dóu̯en-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → ODor. δόϝεν-
√dēɑɦ-
PIE *dēɑɦ-
Lat. dā-
(pr.1.) ‘geben, gewähren’
(WH. 2:360)
(Lat. dās [2sg])
1. PIE *dēɑɦ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dāɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dāɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dāɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dāɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. dā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Π·dēɑɦ-
Lat. man·dā-
(pr.1.) ‘übergeben, anvertrauen, überlassen, befehlen, offenbaren, schicken’
(WH. 2:24)
(Lat. mandāre)
1. PIE *Π·dēɑɦ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·dāɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·dāɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dāɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·dāɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. Π·dā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *ɦɑebɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dēɑɦ-
Ion.-Att. ἀφρο·τί̄·δη-
(f.) ‘ἀφροδίτα’
(KVG. 249)
1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dēɑɦ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dēɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dēɑɦ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑabɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dāɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. ɦɑabɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dāɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *ɦɑabɑɦro·tíhi·dāɑɦ-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
4. ɦɑabɑɦro·tíhi·dāɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦro·tíhi·dāɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
5. ɦabɦro·tíhi·dāɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *abɦro·tíhi·dā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. abɦro·tíhi·dā-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *abɦro·tíi·dā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. abɦro·tíi·dā-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *aphro·tíi·dā-
8. aphro·tíi·dā-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *aphro·tī́·dā-
9. aphro·tī́·dā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *aphro·tī́·dē-
10. aphro·tī́·dē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. ἀφρο·τί̄·δη-
PIE *dḗɑɦ-
Arm. ta-
(vb.) ‘geben’
(EtDiArm. 595; ArmGr. 1:496)
(Arm. tam [1sg])
1. PIE *dḗɑɦ-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *dā́ɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dā́ɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dā́ɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dā́ɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dā́-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *tā́-
5. tā́-
*ā́ → a
Change of *ā́ into á
Rā́›á → *tá-
6. tá-
*á → a
Loss/absence of accent
Rá›a → Arm. ta-
PIE *beɦɑLo·dḗɑɦ-
RV. bala·dā́-
(a.) ‘Kraft gebend’
(WbRV. 901)
1. PIE *beɦɑLo·dḗɑɦ-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *beɦɑLo·dā́ɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. beɦɑLo·dā́ɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *beɦLo·dā́ɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. beɦLo·dā́ɦ-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *beɦlo·dā́ɦ-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. beɦlo·dā́ɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *beɦla·dā́ɦ-
5. beɦla·dā́ɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *bela·dā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. bela·dā́-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → RV. bala·dā́-
PIE *Π.dēɑɦ-
LAv. xšaϑrō.dā·-
(a.) ‘Herrschaft schenkend’
(AIWb. 547)
(LAv. xšaϑrō.då [sgN])
1. PIE *Π.dēɑɦ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π.dāɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π.dāɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π.dāɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π.dāɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → LAv. Π.dā·-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *dēɑɦní-
Lith. donì-
(m.) ‘Zins, Steuer, Tribut’
(LiEtWb. 99)
(Lith. donì- ‹not a loan›)
1. PIE *dēɑɦní-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dāɑɦní-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dāɑɦní-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dāɦní-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dāɦní-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *dāɦnì-
4. dāɦnì-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dānì-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dānì-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *dōnì-
(XX:XX)
6. dōnì-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Lith. donì-
PIE *dēɑɦni-
OCS. danĭ-
(f.) ‘Aufgabe, Zoll, Tribut’
(Sadnik √132)
(OCS. danĭ)
1. PIE *dēɑɦni-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dāɑɦni-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dāɑɦni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dāɦni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dāɦni-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dāni-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dāni-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *dani-
5. dani-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → OCS. danĭ-
PIE *Π·dēɑɦto-
Lat. man·dāto-
(n.) ‘Auftrag, Befehl, Nachricht’
(WH. 2:34)
(Lat. mandātum)
1. PIE *Π·dēɑɦto-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·dāɑɦto-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·dāɑɦto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dāɦto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·dāɦto-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. Π·dāto-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Π·dēɑɦto-
OGaul. man·dāto-
(PNm.) ‘-(?)-’
(ACSS 2:402)
(OGaul. mandato-, cf. also OGaul. epomandatumduro- ACSS 2:401
1. PIE *Π·dēɑɦto-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·dāɑɦto-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·dāɑɦto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dāɦto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·dāɦto-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → OGaul. Π·dāto-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Π·dēɑɦu
Lat. man·dāu-
(pf.) ‘übergeben, anvertrauen, überlassen, befehlen, offenbaren, schicken’
(WH. 2:24)
(Lat. mandāuī [1sg])
1. PIE *Π·dēɑɦu
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·dāɑɦu
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·dāɑɦu
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dāɦu
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·dāɦu
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. Π·dāu
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *dēɑɦu̯onḗɑh
Lith. dovanà-
(f.3. dó-) ‘Gabe’
(LiEtWb. 112)
(Lith. dovanà [sgN])
1. PIE *dēɑɦu̯onḗɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dāɑɦu̯onḗɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dāɑɦu̯onḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *dāɑɦu̯onā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. dāɑɦu̯onā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dāɦu̯onā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. dāɦu̯onā́h
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dāu̯onā́h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dāu̯onā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dāu̯onā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. dāu̯onā́
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dāu̯anā́
7. dāu̯anā́
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *dōu̯anā́
(XX:XX)
8. dōu̯anā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *dōu̯anṓ
(XX:XX)
9. dōu̯anṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → *dōu̯anà
10. dōu̯anà
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *dou̯anà
11. dou̯anà
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. dovanà
PIE *dḗɑɦu̯onēɑh
Latv. dâvana-
(f.) ‘Gabe’
(LiEtWb. 112)
1. PIE *dḗɑɦu̯onēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dḗɑɦu̯onāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dḗɑɦu̯onāɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *dā́ɑɦu̯onāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. dā́ɑɦu̯onāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dā́ɦu̯onāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. dā́ɦu̯onāh
*ā́H → âH
Latvian tone rule for *ā́h
RAccLatv3 → *dâɦu̯onāh
5. dâɦu̯onāh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dâu̯onāh
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. dâu̯onāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dâu̯onā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. dâu̯onā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dâu̯anā
8. dâu̯anā
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dâvanā
9. dâvanā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R=ā›=a → Latv. dâvana
√deɑɦ-
PIE *deɑɦ-
Lat. da-
(pr.) ‘geben, gewähren’
(WH. 1:360)
(Lat. damus [1pl])
1. PIE *deɑɦ-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. daɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. da-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *déɑɦ-
Arm. ta-
(pr.) ‘geben usw.’
(EtDiArm. 595)
(Arm. tamk‘ [1pl])
1. PIE *déɑɦ-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *dáɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. dáɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dáɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dáɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dá-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *tá-
5. tá-
*á → a
Loss/absence of accent
Rá›a → Arm. ta-
PIE *deɑɦ-
gAv. da-
(vb.) ‘geben’
(AIWb. 678)
(gAv. daidyāi [inf.])
1. PIE *deɑɦ-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. daɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → gAv. da-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *déɑɦnos-
Gr. δάνοσ-
(n.) ‘Gabe (Euph. 42), Darlehen, Schuld’
(GEW 1:347)
(Gr. δάνος [sgNA])
1. PIE *déɑɦnos-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *dáɑɦnos-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. dáɑɦnos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dáɦnos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dáɦnos-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dános-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dános-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. δάνοσ-
PIE *deɑɦnu-
OLat. danu-
(pr.) ‘geben’
(WH. 1:362)
(OLat. danunt [3pl], or OLat. *dano-?)
1. PIE *deɑɦnu-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦnu-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦnu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦnu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. daɦnu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → OLat. danu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *deɑɦto-
Lat. dato-
(pt.) ‘gegeben’
(WH. 1:361)
(Lat. datus, datum, data)
1. PIE *deɑɦto-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦto-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. daɦto-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. dato-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *deɑɦto-
Fal. dato-
(pt.) ‘gegeben’
(WH. 1:361)
(Fal. datu)
1. PIE *deɑɦto-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦto-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. daɦto-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Fal. dato-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *deɑɦto-
Pael. dato-
(pt.) ‘gegeben’
(WH. 1:361)
(Pael. datas [f.plA])
1. PIE *deɑɦto-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦto-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. daɦto-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Pael. dato-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *déɑɦtro-
RV. dátra-
(n.) ‘Gabe’
(WbRV. 573)
1. PIE *déɑɦtro-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *dáɑɦtro-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. dáɑɦtro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dáɦtro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dáɦtro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dáɦtra-
4. dáɦtra-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → RV. dátra-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *deɑɦtrɑheik-
Lat. datrīc-
(f.) ‘Geberin’
(WH. 1:361)
(Lat. datrīx)
1. PIE *deɑɦtrɑheik-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦtrɑheik-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦtrɑheik-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦtrheik-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. daɦtrheik-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *datrheik-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. datrheik-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *datreik-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. datreik-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *datrīk-
6. datrīk-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. datrīc-
√dɑ́ɦ-
PIE *ɦɑebɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tēɑh-
Dor. ἀφρο·δί̄·τᾱ-
(f.) ‘ἀφροτίδη’
(KVG. 249)
1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑabɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. ɦɑabɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tāɑh-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *ɦɑabɑɦro·díɦi·tāɑh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
4. ɦɑabɑɦro·díɦi·tāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦro·díɦi·tāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
5. ɦabɦro·díɦi·tāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *abɦro·díi·tāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. abɦro·díi·tāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *abɦro·díi·tā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. abɦro·díi·tā-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *aphro·díi·tā-
8. aphro·díi·tā-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *aphro·dī́·tā-
9. aphro·dī́·tā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. ἀφρο·δί̄·τᾱ-
PIE *dɑ́ɦi̯o-
RV. díya-
(n.) ‘Gabe’
(WbRV. 600)
(RV. díya-)
1. PIE *dɑ́ɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi̯ → íḫi̯
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i̯
Rɑ́Hi̯›íHi̯ → *díɦi̯o-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. díɦi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *díɦi̯a-
3. díɦi̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *díi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. díi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. díya-
PIE *dɑ́ɦu̯-
RV. dúv-
(f.?) ‘Gabe’
(WbRV. 623)
(RV. dúvas [plN, plA])
1. PIE *dɑ́ɦu̯-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu̯ → úḫu̯
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u̯
Rɑ́Hu̯›úHu̯ → *dúɦu̯-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. dúɦu̯-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dúu̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dúu̯-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. dúv-
PIE *dɑ́ɦu̯eɑhno-
ODor. δύϝανο-
(vb.) ‘geben’
(GEW 1:388-9)
(Cypr. δυϝάνοι [opt])
1. PIE *dɑ́ɦu̯eɑhno-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *dɑ́ɦu̯aɑhno-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. dɑ́ɦu̯aɑhno-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu̯ → úḫu̯
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u̯
Rɑ́Hu̯›úHu̯ → *dúɦu̯aɑhno-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
3. dúɦu̯aɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dúɦu̯ahno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. dúɦu̯ahno-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dúu̯ahno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dúu̯ahno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dúu̯ano-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. dúu̯ano-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → ODor. δύϝανο-
√dɑɦ-
(SPIE 154-5)
PIE *Π.dɑɦ-
Osc. āmana.f·-
(pf.) ‘übergeben, anheimgeben’
(WbOU. 448)
(Osc. aamanaffed, aamanafed ‘mandavit’ [3sg])
1. PIE *Π.dɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π.dɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π.dɦ-
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *dɦ
Rdɦ›f → Osc. Π.f·-
PIE *Π.dɑɦ-
Osc. ēmana.f·-
(pf.) ‘übergeben, anheimgeben’
(WbOU. 448)
(Osc. emanafed [3sg[)
1. PIE *Π.dɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π.dɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π.dɦ-
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *dɦ
Rdɦ›f → Osc. Π.f·-
PIE *dɑɦ·Σ
RV. dh·iṣ-
(f.) ‘Opferlust ‹√iṣ-›, Lust zu geben’
(WbRV. 683)
(RV. dhiṣā́ [sgI])
1. PIE *dɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦ·Σ
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dh·Σ
PIE *dɑɦ·Σ
RV. dh·iṣā́-
(des.a.f.) ‘Lust zu geben, Freigebigkeit, Opferlust’
(WbRV. 683)
1. PIE *dɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦ·Σ
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dh·Σ
PIE *dɑɦ·Σ
RV. dh·íṣṇia-
(des.a.) ‘freigiebig, gerne gebend, gerne helfend’
(WbRV. 683)
1. PIE *dɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦ·Σ
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dh·Σ
√dɑɦo-
PIE *Π·dɑɦó-
OInd. ratna·dhá-
(a.) ‘Schätze verleihend’
(MonWil. 864, IEW 235-39)
(OInd. ratnadháḥ)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·dɦá-
3. Π·dɦá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·dhá-
PIE *Π.dɑɦo-
Osc. mana.fo·-
(pf.) ‘übergeben, anheimgeben’
(WbOU. 448)
(Osc. manafum)
1. PIE *Π.dɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π.dɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π.dɦo-
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *dɦ
Rdɦ›f → Osc. Π.fo·-
PIE *Π·dɑɦo-
Lith. nuo·da-
(m.) ‘Gift’
(IEW 235-39)
(Lith. nuodaĩ [plN])
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dɦa-
3. Π·dɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → Lith. Π·da-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *teino·dɑɦo-
HLu. teina·da-
(ARGENTUM.DAREn.) ‘tithe ‹i.e. ‘silver·gift›’
(CHLu. 6.5.2, 10.14.28)
(HLu. ARGENTUM.DARE)ti-na-tá, ti-na-ta-za)
1. PIE *teino·dɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *teino·dɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. teino·dɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *teina·dɦa-
3. teina·dɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. teina·da-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *kuso·dɑɦo-
Hitt. kuša·da-
(n.) ‘Brautpreis: bride-price’ (HHand. 87)
(HEG K:673)
(Hitt. ku-ša-ta-, ku-ú-ša-a-ta- HIL. 576, Rieken 1999:256f.)
1. PIE *kuso·dɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kuso·dɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kuso·dɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kusa·dɦa-
3. kusa·dɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *kusa·da-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. kusa·da-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. kuša·da-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦēɑh-
(IEW 259, 237)
(Pyysalo: OInd.)
PIE *Π·dɑɦḗɑh-
OInd. vayo·dhā́-
(a.) ‘Lebenskraft verleihend’
(IEW 237)
(OInd. vayodhā́ḥ)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *Π·dɑɦā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·dɑɦā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·dɦā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·dɦā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·dɦā́-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·dhā́-
PIE *dɑɦēɑh·no-
Lat. fāno-
(n.) ‘heiliger, den Göttern geweihter Ort’
(IEW 259)
(WH. 1:453f.; or PIE *dɑɦēɑhs·no-?)
1. PIE *dɑɦēɑh·no-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦāɑh·no-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦāɑh·no-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦāh·no-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦāh·no-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦā·no-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦā·no-
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *dɦ
Rdɦ›f → Lat. fā·no-
√dɑɦi-
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
PIE *teino·dɑɦi-
HLu. teina·di-
(n.) ‘tithe’
(CHLu. 6.1.3)
(HLu. [ti]-na-ti-i)
1. PIE *teino·dɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *teino·dɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. teino·dɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *teina·dɦi-
3. teina·dɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. teina·di-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦédɑɦi-
RV. dádhi-
(a.) ‘gebend, verleihend’
(WbRV. 574)
(or PIE dɑɦódɑɦi-?)
1. PIE *dɑɦédɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦédɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦédɦi-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *dédɦi-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
3. dédɦi-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *dádɦi-
4. dádɦi-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dádhi-
√dɑɦs-
(IEW 259)
(Pyysalo: RV.)
PIE *dɑɦēs-
RV. dhās-
(s.ao.) ‘hinschaffen, zuteilen, verleihen, geben’
(WbRV. 673)
(RV. dhāsathas [2du])
1. PIE *dɑɦēs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦēs-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦēs-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *dɦās-
3. dɦās-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dhās-
PIE *dɑɦēsnēɑh-
Osc. fēsnā-
(f.) ‘templum: Tempel’
(WbOU. 281-2)
(Osc. fíísnú, fíísnam, físnam)
1. PIE *dɑɦēsnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦēsnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦēsnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦēsnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦēsnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦēsnā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦēsnā-
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *dɦ
Rdɦ›f → Osc. fēsnā-
PIE *dɑɦēsnēɑh-
Umbr. fēsnā-
(f.) ‘Tempel’
(WbOU. 281-2)
(Umbr. fesnere, fesnafe)
1. PIE *dɑɦēsnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦēsnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦēsnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦēsnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦēsnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦēsnā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦēsnā-
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *dɦ
Rdɦ›f → Umbr. fēsnā-
√dɑɦos- and/or √dɑɦōs-
(IEW –)
(Melchert, Pyysalo)
PIE *teino·dɑɦosi-
Hitt. teina·daši-
(PÚa.gen.) ‘‹≈ argentum·dare?›’
(OGH. 554)
(Hitt. ti-i-na-ta-aš-ši-iš, (OGHErg. 211) ›Šaluataši (ON))
1. PIE *teino·dɑɦosi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *teino·dɦosi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. teino·dɦosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *teina·dɦasi-
3. teina·dɦasi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *teina·dasi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. teina·dasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. teina·daši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦos·uro-
Pal. daš·ura-
(c.) ‘Opfertisch’ (AHPh. 191)
(DPal. 73)
(Pal. ta-šu-ú-ra [sgL])
1. PIE *dɑɦos·uro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦos·uro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦos·uro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦas·ura-
3. dɦas·ura-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *das·ura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. das·ura-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Pal. daš·ura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦoseni
Lyd. taśẽν-
(sb.) ‘votive object’
(AHPh. 331)
(Lyd. taśẽν, Melchert AHPh. 362 = HLu. ta-sa-za)
1. PIE *dɑɦoseni
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦoseni
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦoseni
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦaseni
3. dɦaseni
PIE * s → ś
Orthographic change of *s into ś
Rs›ś → *dɦaśeni
4. dɦaśeni
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *daśeni
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. daśeni
*en → ẽn
Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ
ReN›ẽN → *daśẽni
6. daśẽni
PIE *Nd → Nt
Devoicing of PIE *d after N
RNd›Nt → Lyd. taśẽni
PIE *dɑɦòsen-
LycA. ϑϑẽ
(sb.) ‘votive object’
(AHPh. 287)
1. PIE *dɑɦòsen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦòsen-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦòsen-
PIE *ò → à
Change of *ò into à
Rò›à → *dɦàsen-
3. dɦàsen-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dàsen-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dàsen-
*en → ẽn
Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ
ReN›ẽN → *dàsẽn-
5. dàsẽn-
PIE *Nd → Nt
Devoicing of PIE *d after N
RNd›Nt → *tàsẽn-
6. tàsẽn-
PIE *s → h
Change of fricative *s into h
Rs›h → *tàhẽn-
7. tàhẽn-
*a → Ø
Loss of unaccented *a
Rà›0 → *thẽn-
8. thẽn-
*th → ϑ
Affricativization of *th
Rth›ϑ → *ϑẽn-
9. ϑẽn-
*ϑ- → ϑϑ-
Initial gemination of ϑ
Rϑ=›ϑϑ= → LycA. ϑϑẽn-


PIE √tɑh- √dɑɦ- (vb.) ‘essen, fressen’ (sb.) ‘Getreide, Brot, Speise’ (a.) ‘brauchbar, nützlich’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo; for the semantics, cf. Lat. frūmentum ‘Getreide, Brot, Speise’, Goth. brūk- ‘brauchbar, nützlich’)
√tɑh-
PIE *tɑho-
OInd. tha-
(m.) ‘eating’
(MonWil. 464)
(Lex. thas [sgN])
1. PIE *tɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OInd. tha-
√dɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
(Not to Lat. √ed- = PIE *eɦad-)
PIE *edɑɦ-
Hitt. ed-
(vb.) ‘essen’
(HEG E:117-9)
(Hitt. e-te-ir [3pl])
1. PIE *edɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *edɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. edɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ed-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *odɑɦ-
Hitt. ad-
(vb.) ‘essen, fressen’
(HEG A:91)
(HHand. 28)
1. PIE *odɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *odɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. odɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *adɦ-
3. adɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ad-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦṓ-
Gr. θώ-
(vb.) ‘schmausen: feast’
(GEW 1:676-7)
(A. Fr. 49 θῶσθαι· δαίνυσθαι, θοινα̃σθαι, Hes. θῶται· εὐθηνει̃ται, θοινα̃ται, GrGr. 1:675 n8)
1. PIE *dɑɦṓ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦṓ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦṓ-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thṓ-
3. thṓ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θώ-
PIE *Π·odɑɦo-
HLu. ARHA ada·-
(vb.) ‘eat up, consume’
(CHLu. 10.14.33)
(HLu. ARHA á-tà-tu-u)
1. PIE *Π·odɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·odɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·odɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·adɦa-
3. Π·adɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. Π·ada-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦi-
PIE *odɑɦoi̯o-
Pal. adaa-
(vb.) ‘essen’
(DPal. 52)
(Pal. a-ta-a-an-ti [3pl])
1. PIE *odɑɦoi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *odɦoi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. odɦoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *adɦai̯a-
3. adɦai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *adɦaa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. adɦaa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Pal. adaa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *odɑɦi̯
CLu. az-
(vb.M.) ‘essen’
(DLL. 36)
(CLu. az-tu-u-ua-ri)
1. PIE *odɑɦi̯
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *odɦi̯
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. odɦi̯
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ojɦ
3. ojɦ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ajɦ
4. ajɦ
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *azɦ
5. azɦ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. azḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *edɑɦi̯o-
Hitt. eza-
(vb.) ‘essen’
(HED 2:315ff.)
(Hitt. ezateni [2pl])
1. PIE *edɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *edɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. edɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ejɦo-
3. ejɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ejɦa-
4. ejɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *eja-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. eja-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. eza-
PIE *Π·odɑɦi̯o
HLu. ARHA aza·-
(vb.) ‘eat away, consume’
(CHLu. 10.9.12)
(HLu. ARHA á-za-tu)
1. PIE *Π·odɑɦi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·odɦi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·odɦi̯o
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *Π·ojɦo
3. Π·ojɦo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ajɦa
4. Π·ajɦa
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·aja
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·aja
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → HLu. Π·aza
√dɑɦiu-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *o·dɑɦi̯u-
gAv. a·idyu-
(a.) ‘brauchbar, nützlich, tüchtig zu [D]’
(AIWb. 65-6)
1. PIE *o·dɑɦi̯u-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·dɦi̯u-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·dɦi̯u-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·dɦi̯u-
3. a·dɦi̯u-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *a·di̯u-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. a·di̯u-
*adi → aidi
Anaptyxis of *i
RadI›aidI → *a·idi̯u-
5. a·idi̯u-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → gAv. a·idyu-
PIE *Π·dɑɦiu̯-
TochA. nä·tsw-
(vb.) ‘starve’
(Poucha 150)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦiu̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦiu̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦiu̯-
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi›jɦi → *Π·jɦiu̯-
3. Π·jɦiu̯-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *Π·jiu̯-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·jiu̯-
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → *Π·tsiu̯-
5. Π·tsiu̯-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. Π·tsiw-
PIE *Π·dɑɦi̯our-
TochB. mä·tsor-
(sb.) ‘hunger’
(DTochB. 459)
(TochB. mätsors)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦi̯our-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦi̯our-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦi̯our-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dɦi̯aur-
3. Π·dɦi̯aur-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *Π·jɦaur-
4. Π·jɦaur-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *Π·jaur-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·jaur-
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → *Π·tsaur-
6. Π·tsaur-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *Π·tsōr-
7. Π·tsōr-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. Π·tsor-
√dɑɦiuuo-
PIE *dɑɦi̯uu̯o-
Hitt. zuu̯a-
(c.) ‘Brot, Speise’
(HIL. 1202)
(Hitt. zu-u-ua-aš [plD], HuIdg. 99-100)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯uu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯uu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯uu̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦuu̯o-
3. jɦuu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦuu̯a-
4. jɦuu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *juu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. juu̯a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zuu̯a-
PIE *dɑɦi̯uu̯o-
CLu. zuu̯a-
(c.) ‘NINDA: pain, nourriture’
(DLL. 116)
(Hitt. zu-u-ua-aš [plD], HuIdg. 99-100)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯uu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯uu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯uu̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦuu̯o-
3. jɦuu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦuu̯a-
4. jɦuu̯a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zɦuu̯a-
5. zɦuu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. zḫuu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *dɑɦi̯uu̯oi-
Hitt. zuu̯ai-
(vb.1.) ‘Objekt: Rauch’
(HHand. 210)
(Hitt. zu-ua-a-iz-zi; zu-ua-a-it, HIL. 1202)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯uu̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯uu̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯uu̯oi-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦuu̯oi-
3. jɦuu̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦuu̯ai-
4. jɦuu̯ai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *juu̯ai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. juu̯ai-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zuu̯ai-
√dɑɦr-
PIE *odɑɦro·ɦɑiso-
CLu. adra·ḫiša-
(n.) ‘Nahrung’
(HHand. 29)
(DLL. 34, CLu. at-ra-ḫi-ša)
1. PIE *odɑɦro·ɦɑiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *odɦro·ɦiso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. odɦro·ɦiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *adɦra·ɦisa-
3. adɦra·ɦisa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *adra·ɦisa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. adra·ɦisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *adra·ɦiša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. adra·ɦiša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. adra·ḫiša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *edɑɦri-
Hitt. edri-
(c.) ‘Gericht, Speise, Futter, Mahlzeit, Nahrung’
(HHand. 34)
1. PIE *edɑɦri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *edɦri-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. edɦri-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. edri-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *edɑɦri̯onu-
Hitt. edri̯anu-
(cs.) ‘ernähren, füttern machen’
(HHand. 34)
1. PIE *edɑɦri̯onu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *edɦri̯onu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. edɦri̯onu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *edɦri̯anu-
3. edɦri̯anu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. edri̯anu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦu-
PIE *odɑɦu-
CLu. adu-
(vb.) ‘essen’
(DLL. 34)
(CLu. aduna [inf.])
1. PIE *odɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *odɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. odɦu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *adɦu-
3. adɦu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. adu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦuno-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *o·dɑɦuno-
HLu. a·duna-
(205sb.) ‘provision’
(CHLu. 11.1.fg18)
(HLu. (“*205”)á-tu-na-ri+i [sgI?])
1. PIE *o·dɑɦuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·dɦuno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·dɦuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·dɦuna-
3. a·dɦuna-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. a·duna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦúno-
Gr. θύνο-
(pr.M.) ‘ἥδεται’
(HEG T:466-7)
(Gr. θύνεται· ἥδεται)
1. PIE *dɑɦúno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦúno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦúno-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thúno-
3. thúno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θύνο-
PIE *dɑɦunobɑɦi-
Hitt. dunabi-
(d.) ‘cf. RDH. 90›’
(OHP. 1:528-9)
(Hitt. tu-u-na-pí [Abs], tu-na-a-pí [Abs])
1. PIE *dɑɦunobɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦunobɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦunobɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦunabɦi-
3. dɦunabɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dunabi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦunobɑɦtu-
Hitt. dunabtu-
(NINDAc.) ‘(ein Gebäck = tuniptu-)’
(HHand. 180)
1. PIE *dɑɦunobɑɦtu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦunobɦtu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦunobɦtu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦunabɦtu-
3. dɦunabɦtu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dunabtu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦuni-
PIE *o·dɑɦuni-
HLu. a·duni-
(205c.) ‘provision’
(CHLu. 11.1.a7)
(HLu. (*205)á-tu-ni-na-wa/i-mu)
1. PIE *o·dɑɦuni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·dɦuni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·dɦuni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·dɦuni-
3. a·dɦuni-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. a·duni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦuni-
Hitt. duni-
(NINDAc.) ‘(eine Speise, ein Gebäck)’
(HHand. 180)
1. PIE *dɑɦuni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦuni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦuni-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. duni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦuni-
Hitt. duni-
(TU7c.) ‘(eine Suppe oder ein Brei)’
(HHand. 180)
1. PIE *dɑɦuni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦuni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦuni-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. duni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦunei̯o-
Kpd. dunei̯a-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1375)
(Kpd. du-ni-a)
1. PIE *dɑɦunei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦunei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦunei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦunei̯a-
3. dɦunei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Kpd. dunei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦunei̯o-
Hitt. dunei̯a-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. Fr. 60)
(Hitt. dunii̯a-z[…)
1. PIE *dɑɦunei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦunei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦunei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦunei̯a-
3. dɦunei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dunei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦuniso-
CLu. duniša-
(a.gen.n.) ‘-(?)-’
(HHand. 180)
(CLu. duniša [plNA])
1. PIE *dɑɦuniso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦuniso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦuniso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦunisa-
3. dɦunisa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dunisa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dunisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. duniša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦunigɑɦ-
PIE *dɑɦunigɑɦ-
Hitt. dunig-
(NINDAn.) ‘(ein Gebäck = tunink-)’
(HHand. 180)
1. PIE *dɑɦunigɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦunigɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦunigɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dunig-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦunigɑɦuni-
Kpd. duniguni-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1376)
1. PIE *dɑɦunigɑɦuni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦunigɦuni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦunigɦuni-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Kpd. duniguni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦuningɑɦ-
PIE *dɑɦuningɑɦ-
Hitt. duning-
(NINDAn.) ‘(ein Gebäck = tunik-)’
(HHand. 180)
1. PIE *dɑɦuningɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦuningɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦuningɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. duning-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦuningɑɦolo-
HLu. duningala-
(SCUTELLA.) ‘maker of tunig’
(CHLu. 2.13+14.17c)
(HLu. (SCUTELLA)tu-ni-ka-la-sa)
1. PIE *dɑɦuningɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦuningɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦuningɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦuningɦala-
3. dɦuningɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. duningala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦuningɑɦoro-
HLu. duningara-
(PANIS.SCUTELLA.) ‘Bäcker?’ (HLuwlex. 102)
(CHLu. 11.6.45)
(HLu. (“PANIS.SCUTELLA”)tu-ni-ka-ra+a-sa)
1. PIE *dɑɦuningɑɦoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦuningɦoro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦuningɦoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦuningɦara-
3. dɦuningɦara-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. duningara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦunibɑɦ-
PIE *dɑɦunibɑɦ-
Hitt. dunib
(URU.) ‘(NW. von Homs)’ (OGHErg. 174)
(OGH. 440)
(Hitt. tu-ni-ip)
1. PIE *dɑɦunibɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦunibɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦunibɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dunib-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦunibɑɦo-
Hitt. duniba-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 440)
(Hitt. du-ni-ip-pa, du-ni-pa)
1. PIE *dɑɦunibɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦunibɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦunibɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦunibɦa-
3. dɦunibɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. duniba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦunibɑɦi-
Hitt. dunibi-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 440)
(Hitt. tu-ni-ip-pí)
1. PIE *dɑɦunibɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦunibɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦunibɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dunibi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦunibɑɦtu-
Hitt. dunibtu-
(NINDAc.) ‘(ein Gebäck = tunaptu-)’
(HHand. 180)
1. PIE *dɑɦunibɑɦtu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦunibɦtu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦunibɦtu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dunibtu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √tɑɦ- √dɑɦ- (vb.) ‘setzen, legen, stellen, gründen, einrichten’
(IEW 235-9)
(Friedrich 1922:169)
√dɑɦo-
(HEG T:19f.)
PIE *dɑɦo-
Hitt. da-
(vb.2.) ‘(ein)setzen, legen, stellen: GAR’
(HHand. 159)
(Hitt. da-i [3sg], da-a-i)
1. PIE *dɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦa-
3. dɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. da-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦo-
LycA. ta-
(vb.) ‘put, place’
(DLycLg. 59-60)
(LycA. tadi [3sg], tãti [3pl])
1. PIE *dɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦa-
3. dɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *da-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. da-
PIE *Nd → Nt
Devoicing of PIE *d after N
RNd›Nt → LycA. ta-
PIE *dɑɦo-
HLu. da-
(vb.) ‘put? (obj. stele)’
(CHLu. 2.43.1.)
(HLu. ta-ta [3sg])
1. PIE *dɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦa-
3. dɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. da-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦoi-
(HEG T:19f.)
(HIL. 931f.)
PIE *dɑɦoi-
Hitt. dai-
(vb.2.) ‘GAR: (ein)setzen, legen, stellen’
(HHand. 159)
(Hitt. da-a-iš [3sg] IEW 235-39)
1. PIE *dɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦai-
3. dɦai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦōi̯-
RV. dhāy-
(ao.P.) ‘einsetzen, aufrichten’
(WbRV. 672)
(RV. ádhāyi [3sg])
1. PIE *dɑɦōi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦōi̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦōi̯-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *dɦāi̯-
3. dɦāi̯-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *dhāi̯-
4. dhāi̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. dhāy-
√dɑɦei-
PIE *dɑɦei-
Hitt. dei-
(vb.2.) ‘(ein)setzen, legen, stellen’
(HHand. 173)
(Hitt. te-eḫ-ḫi [1sg], ti-an-zi [3pl] Pedersen HiuA 91, 112 f., 166)
1. PIE *dɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦeí-
Gr. θεί-
(ao.) ‘(hin)setzen, (nieder)legen, (fest-, her)stellen, gründen, einrichten’
(GEW 2:897-898)
(Gr. θει̃ναι [inf.], θείην [opt])
1. PIE *dɑɦeí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeí-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *theí-
3. theí-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θεί-
PIE *dɑɦei-
TochB. tse-
(pr.M.) ‘place, set’
(DTochB. 283)
(TochB. tseñtär [3pl])
1. PIE *dɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *dɦi̯ai-
3. dɦi̯ai-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦai-
4. jɦai-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *jai-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. jai-
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → *tsai-
6. tsai-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *tsē-
7. tsē-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochB. tse-
PIE *dɑɦei̯-
RV. dhay-
(ao.) ‘hinschaffen, -setzen,- stellen, -legen’
(WbRV. 667)
(RV. dhehí [ipv2sg], dhehi; ‹not †dhaddhi against Grassmann›)
1. PIE *dɑɦei̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei̯-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *dɦai̯-
3. dɦai̯-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *dhai̯-
4. dhai̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. dhay-
PIE *Π·dɑɦei̯-
RV. iṣu·dhay-
(m.obl.) ‘Köcher-’
(WbRV. 277)
(RV. iṣudhés [sgG])
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦei̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦei̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦei̯-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·dɦai̯-
3. Π·dɦai̯-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *Π·dhai̯-
4. Π·dhai̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·dhay-
√dɑɦeio-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɑɦei̯o-
Hitt. dei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘sich stellen’
(HHand. 175)
1. PIE *dɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei̯a-
3. dɦei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦei̯o-
Hitt. dei̯a-
(vb.A.) ‘setzen’
(HHand. 175)
(Hitt. tiiaueni)
1. PIE *dɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei̯a-
3. dɦei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ni·dɑɦei̯o-
LAv. ni·δaya-
(pr.) ‘niedersetzen’
(AIWb. 721)
(LAv. niδayeinte [3pl])
1. PIE *ni·dɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ni·dɦei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ni·dɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ni·dɦei̯a-
3. ni·dɦei̯a-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *ni·dei̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ni·dei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ni·dai̯a-
5. ni·dai̯a-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
Rd›δ → *ni·δai̯a-
6. ni·δai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. ni·δaya-
PIE *dɑɦei̯on-
Hitt. dei̯an-
(n.) ‘das Setzen, Legen, Stellen’
(HHand. 176)
(Hitt. deianna)
1. PIE *dɑɦei̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei̯an-
3. dɦei̯an-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei̯an-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦei̯onei̯o-
Hitt. dei̯anei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘hinlegen’
(HHand. 176)
1. PIE *dɑɦei̯onei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯onei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei̯onei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei̯anei̯a-
3. dɦei̯anei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei̯anei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦei̯ont-
Hitt. dei̯ant-
(pt.) ‘gesetzt, vesetzt, bestückt, versehen mit’
(HEG T:366)
(Hitt. deiant-, HHand. 176)
1. PIE *dɑɦei̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei̯ant-
3. dɦei̯ant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦei̯odɑɦor-
Hitt. dei̯adar-
(n.) ‘das Setzen, Legen, Stellen’ (HHand. 176)
(HEG T:370)
(Hitt. t]i-ia-dar)
1. PIE *dɑɦei̯odɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯odɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei̯odɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei̯adɦar-
3. dɦei̯adɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei̯adar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦi-
PIE *dɑɦi-
RV. dhi-
(ao.M.) ‘hinschaffen, -setzen,- stellen, -legen’
(WbRV. 669)
(RV. dhiṣe [3sg])
1. PIE *dɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dhi-
PIE *dɑɦi-
RV. dhi-
(pf.M.) ‘sich anlegen’
(WbRV. 669)
(RV. dhire [3pl])
1. PIE *dɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dhi-
PIE *Π·dɑɦí-
RV. iṣu·dhí-
(m.) ‘Köcher’
(WbRV. 277)
(RV. iṣudhís [N], iṣudhī́n [plA])
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦí-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·dhí-
PIE *dɑɦedɑɦi-
RV. dadhi-
(red.pf.) ‘setzen’
(WbRV. 670)
(RV. dadhimá [1pl])
1. PIE *dɑɦedɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦedɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦedɦi-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *dedɦi-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
3. dedɦi-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *dadɦi-
4. dadɦi-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dadhi-


PIE √tɑh- √dɑh- (vb.) ‘stehen, bleiben, überstehen’ (sb.) ‘Art’
(IEW 1004f.)
(Pyysalo: Celt. + CLu. + Gr.)
√tēɑh-
PIE *Π·tēɑh-
OIr. ar·tā-
(vb.) ‘remain over: übrig bleiben’
(GOI. 480)
(OIr. arathā [rel.] ‘who remains over’)
1. PIE *Π·tēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·tāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·tāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·tāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·tāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·tā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·tā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OIr. Π·ta-
PIE *Π·Π·tēɑh-
OIr. nī·dī·tā-
(vb.) ‘non differunt’
(GOI. 480)
(OIr. nídíthāt)
1. PIE *Π·Π·tēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·Π·tāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·Π·tāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·tāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·Π·tāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·Π·tā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·Π·tā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OIr. Π·Π·ta-
√toɑho-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *toɑho-
HLu. taḫa-
(PONEREn.pl) ‘‹≈ altar?›’
(CHLu. 2.25a)
(HLu. ta-ha [plNA] (PONERE)tu-wa/i-ha)
1. PIE *toɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *toho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. toho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *taha-
3. taha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. taḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *in·toɑho-
CLu. in·taḫa-
(a.) ‘‹in the altar?›’
(DLL. 51)
(CLu. tiwata i-in-ta-ḫa tiwata, HHand. 62’)
1. PIE *in·toɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *in·toho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. in·toho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *in·taha-
3. in·taha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. in·taḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√toɑhno-
PIE *Π·toɑhno-
OPers. hagma·tāna-
(URUpt.) ‘‹≈ Handelstadt, -stelle›’
(AIWb. 1744)
(For the first part of the compound, cf. VS. sagmá- ‘Einswerden (im Handel)’)
1. PIE *Π·toɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·tohno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·tohno-
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *Π·tāhno-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
3. Π·tāhno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·tāhna-
4. Π·tāhna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OPers. Π·tāna-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Π·Π·toɑhnēɑh-
LAv. fra·daxš·tānā-
(f.) ‘Schleuderstein’
(AIWb. 981-2)
1. PIE *Π·Π·toɑhnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·Π·toɑhnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·Π·toɑhnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·tohnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·Π·tohnāh-
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *Π·Π·tāhnāh-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
4. Π·Π·tāhnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → LAv. Π·Π·tānā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√tɑho-
(Pyysalo)
(IEW 32)
PIE *tɑho-
CLu. ta-
(vb.) ‘stehen: stand’
(HHand. 158)
1. PIE *tɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tha-
3. tha-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → CLu. ta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tɑho-
HLu. ta-
(CRUSvb.) ‘stand’
(CHLu. 12.1.1.)
(HLu. (CRUS)ta-i)
1. PIE *tɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tha-
3. tha-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → HLu. ta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·tɑho-
Gr. ἀλκά·θο-
(pr.) ‘beistehen’
(GEW 1:69)
(Gr. ἀλκάθω)
1. PIE *Π·tɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·tho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·tho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·θο-
PIE *Π·tɑho-
Gr. ἀμυνά·θο-
(pr.) ‘abwehren, helfen’
(GEW 1:97)
(Gr. ἀμυνάθω, GrGr. 1:703)
1. PIE *Π·tɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·tho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·tho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·θο-
√tɑhoni-
(HEG T:103f.)
PIE *hɑerson·tɑhoni-
HLu. ḫaršan·tani-
(DOMUSc.) ‘building of upper storeys, balcony’
(CHLu. 2.9.19)
(HLu. (DOMUS)ha+ra/i-sà-tá-ni-zi)
1. PIE *hɑerson·tɑhoni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarson·tɑhoni-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarson·tɑhoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harson·thoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harson·thoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harsan·thani-
4. harsan·thani-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *harsan·tani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. harsan·tani-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haršan·tani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. haršan·tani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫaršan·tani-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *tɑhoni·nu-
Hitt. tani·nu-
(cs.1.) ‘stellen, einrichten, ordnen, festigen’
(HHand. 164)
(Hitt. da-ni-nu-nu-un; Melchert 1984:150)
1. PIE *tɑhoni·nu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thoni·nu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thoni·nu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thani·nu-
3. thani·nu-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. tani·nu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tɑhoni·nu-
CLu. tani·nu-
(cs.A.) ‘install, settle’
(HIL. 955)
(CLu. ta-ni-nu-ut-ta [3sg])
1. PIE *tɑhoni·nu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thoni·nu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thoni·nu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thani·nu-
3. thani·nu-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → CLu. tani·nu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tɑhoni·nu̯ont-
Hitt. tani·nu̯ant-
(cs.pt.) ‘einrichten, ordnen, festigen’
(HHand. 164)
1. PIE *tɑhoni·nu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thoni·nu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thoni·nu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thani·nu̯ant-
3. thani·nu̯ant-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. tani·nu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tɑhoni·numon-
Hitt. tani·numan-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘einrichten, ordnen, festigen’
(HHand. 164)
(Hitt. ta-ni-nu-ma-an-zi [inf.])
1. PIE *tɑhoni·numon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thoni·numon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thoni·numon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thani·numan-
3. thani·numan-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. tani·numan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tɑhoni·so-
HLu. tani·ša-
(STELE.) ‘Stele’
(CHLu. 9.13.1)
(HLu. (STELE)ta-ni-sà-za)
1. PIE *tɑhoni·so-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thoni·so-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thoni·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thani·sa-
3. thani·sa-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *tani·sa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tani·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. tani·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tɑhoni·dɑɦ-
Hitt. tani·d-
(n.) ‘(ein best. Kultobjekt, ‘Stele?’)’
(HHand. 164)
(KLuN. 206)
1. PIE *tɑhoni·dɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thoni·dɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thoni·dɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thani·dɦ-
3. thani·dɦ-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *tani·dɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tani·dɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. tani·d-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tɑhoni·dɑɦo-
CLu. tani·da-
(n.) ‘(ein best. Kultobjekt, ‘Stele?’)’ (HHand. 164)
(DLL. 90)
(DLL. da-a-ni-ta [plNA])
1. PIE *tɑhoni·dɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thoni·dɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thoni·dɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thani·dɦa-
3. thani·dɦa-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *tani·dɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tani·dɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. tani·da-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√tɑhonu-
PIE *tɑhonu̯o-
HLu. tanu̯a-
(CRUSvb.) ‘make stand, begin, begin to, set up’
(CHLu. 2.22.19)
(HLu. ta-nu-wa/i-ha-‘ [1sg], (‘CRUS’)ta-nu-wa-wa/i-i [1sg])
1. PIE *tɑhonu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thonu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thonu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thanu̯a-
3. thanu̯a-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → HLu. tanu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tɑhonu̯o-
Hitt. tanu̯a-
(mc.) ‘(héraut = herald)’
(NOMS. 1245)
(Hitt. ta-nu-ua-aš, -an, ta-nu-u-i [D], da-a-nu-ua-aš [G.])
1. PIE *tɑhonu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thonu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thonu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thanu̯a-
3. thanu̯a-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. tanu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tɑhonu·no-
Hitt. tanu·na-
(KUR.) ‘-(?)-’ ‹cf. Freu 1980:205f.›
(OGH. 158)
(in Akd. ta-nu-ú-na)
1. PIE *tɑhonu·no-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thonu·no-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thonu·no-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thanu·na-
3. thanu·na-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. tanu·na-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√tɑhostɑh-
(IEW 1004ff.)
(LuwCorp., Pyysalo)
PIE *tɑhostɑh-
RV. tasth-
(pf.) ‘stehen’
(WbRV. 1600)
(RV. tasthús [3pl])
1. PIE *tɑhostɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thosth-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thosth-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → RV. thasth-
PIE *tɑhostɑho-
CLu. tašta-
(vb.) ‘stand?’ (LuwCorp.)
(DLL. 95)
(CLu. da-aš-da-a-ui [1sg]; HHand. 172)
1. PIE *tɑhostɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thostho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thostho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thastha-
3. thastha-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *tasta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tasta-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. tašta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tɑhostɑho-
Hitt. tašta-
(URU.) ‘(im Bezirk von ›Kartapaḫa)’
(OGH. 412)
(Hitt. ta-a-aš?-ta, ta-aš-ta)
1. PIE *tɑhostɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thostho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thostho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thastha-
3. thastha-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *tasta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tasta-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tašta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦogiɑɦ-
(Pyysalo: OAnat. + Germ.)
PIE *dɑɦogi̯ɑɦo-
CLu. daza-
(vb.) ‘continue to stand, remain’
(DTochB. 288)
1. PIE *dɑɦogi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦogi̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦogi̯ɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *dɦoj́ɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. dɦoj́ɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦaj́ɦa-
4. dɦaj́ɦa-
*j́ɦ → zɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ
Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *dɦazɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. dɦazɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dazɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. dazɦa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. dazḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·dɑɦogi̯ɑɦo-
HLu. ARHA daza·-
(CRUSvb.) ‘stand, be, continue’
(CHLu. 1.1.74)
(HLu. ARHA?! (“CRUS‹”›)ta-za-tu)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦogi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦogi̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦogi̯ɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *Π·dɦoj́ɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·dɦoj́ɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dɦaj́ɦa-
4. Π·dɦaj́ɦa-
*j́ɦ → zɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ
Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *Π·dɦazɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. Π·dɦazɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·dazɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. Π·dazɦa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. Π·dazḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *dɑɦogi̯ɑɦo-
OEng. daga-
(wk.vb.) ‘überstehen, erdulden, überleben’
(AeEtWb. 70)
(OEng. dagan, cf. díegan)
1. PIE *dɑɦogi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦogi̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦogi̯ɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *dɦoǵɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. dɦoǵɦo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *dɦogɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dɦogɦo-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dogɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. dogɦo-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *dogo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. dogo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OEng. daga-
PIE *dɦɑeudɑɦ.dɑɦogi̯ɑɦi-
OIcl. dauð.dagi-
(sb.) ‘Todesart’
(ANEtWb. 71b)
(OIcl. dauðdagi)
1. PIE *dɦɑeudɑɦ.dɑɦogi̯ɑɦi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑaudɑɦ.dɑɦogi̯ɑɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑaudɑɦ.dɑɦogi̯ɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦaudɦ.dɦogi̯ɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦaudɦ.dɦogi̯ɦi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *dɦaudɦ.dɦoǵɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dɦaudɦ.dɦoǵɦi-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *dɦaudɦ.dɦogɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. dɦaudɦ.dɦogɦi-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *daud.dogɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. daud.dogɦi-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *daud.dogi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. daud.dogi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *daud.dagi-
8. daud.dagi-
*d -› ð
Change of d into ð
Rd›ð → OIcl. dauð.ðagi-


PIE √tɑh- √dɑɦ- (vb.) ‘gebären’ (sb.) ‘Vater, Großvater, Tante, Amme’
(IEW: in extensions)
√dɑɦodɑɦ-
(IEW 235, 1056; HEG T:270f.)
(for the stops, see ModHG. Tate)
PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo-
Kpd. dada-
(Ic.) ‘(fils d’Assyriens et fils d’indigènes)’
(NOMS. 1300)
(Kpd. da-da)
1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦodɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦadɦa-
3. dɦadɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Kpd. dada-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo-
Hitt. dada-
(mc.) ‘(onomastisches Element)’
(NOMS. 1300)
(Hitt. da-a-da-aš [sgN], da-da, da-da-ia)
1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦodɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦadɦa-
3. dɦadɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dada-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo-
Car. δαδα-
(PNm.) ‘-(?)-’
(KPN §244-4)
(Car. δαδας [sgN])
1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦodɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦadɦa-
3. dɦadɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dada-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dada-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Car. δαδα-
PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo·Σ
Hitt. dada·šuna-
(dc.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:461)
(Hitt. ta-ta-aš-šu-na-an [sgA])
1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦodɦo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦadɦa·Σ
3. dɦadɦa·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dada·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo·Σ
Hitt. dada·šuna-
(URU.) ‘(zwischen ›Katapa und ›Taḫurpa)’
(OGH. 414)
(Hitt. ta-at-ta-šu-na [Stf.], OGHErg. 165)
1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦodɦo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦadɦa·Σ
3. dɦadɦa·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dada·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo·Σ
Hitt. dada·šuna-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 414)
(Hitt. ta-ta-šu-na [Stf.])
1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦodɦo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦadɦa·Σ
3. dɦadɦa·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dada·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo·Σ
CLu. dada·u̯ani-
(c.) ‘Schwiegervater: peau-père’ (HHand. 173)
(DLL. 95)
(CLu. ta-a-ta-ua-an-ni-i[š] [sgN])
1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦodɦo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦadɦa·Σ
3. dɦadɦa·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. dada·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦodɑɦoi-
PIE *dɑɦodɑɦoi-
HLu. dadai-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 10.36.45)
(HLu. Ita-ta-ia [sgD])
1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦodɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦadɦai-
3. dɦadɦai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. dadai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦodɑɦoi̯o-
Kpd. dadaa-
(Ic.) ‘(fils d’Assyriens et fils d’indigènes)’
(NOMS. 1300)
(Kpd. da-da-a)
1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦoi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦoi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦodɦoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦadɦai̯a-
3. dɦadɦai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *dɦadɦaa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. dɦadɦaa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Kpd. dadaa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦodɑɦoli-
PIE *dɑɦodɑɦoli-
Kpd. dadali-
(Ic.) ‘paternal?’ (DKašk. 89)
(NOMS. 1302)
(Kpd. ta-ta-li(-i))
1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦoli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦoli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦodɦoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦadɦali-
3. dɦadɦali-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Kpd. dadali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦodɑɦoli-
HLu. dadali-
(a.) ‘paternal’
(CHLu. 2.11.2)
(HLu. tá-tà-li-sa)
1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦoli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦoli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦodɦoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦadɦali-
3. dɦadɦali-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. dadali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦēdɑɦo-
PIE *dɑɦēdɑɦo
OCS. dĕdŭ-
(m.) ‘Großvater’
(Sadnik √144)
(OCS. dĕdŭ)
1. PIE *dɑɦēdɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦēdɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦēdɦo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦēdɦa
3. dɦēdɦa
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dēda
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dēda
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *dēdo
5. dēdo
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *dēdu
6. dēdu
*ē → ĕ
Change of *ē into ĕ
Rē›ĕ → *dĕdu
7. dĕdu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. dĕdŭ
PIE *Π·dɑɦēdɑɦo
OCS. pra·dĕdŭ-
(m.) ‘Urahne’
(Sadnik √144)
(OCS. pradĕdŭ)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦēdɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦēdɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦēdɦo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dɦēdɦa
3. Π·dɦēdɦa
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·dēda
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·dēda
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·dēdo
5. Π·dēdo
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *Π·dēdu
6. Π·dēdu
*ē → ĕ
Change of *ē into ĕ
Rē›ĕ → *Π·dĕdu
7. Π·dĕdu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. Π·dĕdŭ
PIE *Π·dɑɦēdɑɦo
OCS. prĕ·dĕdŭ-
(m.) ‘Vorfahre, Ahne’
(Sadnik √144)
(OCS. prĕdĕdŭ)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦēdɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦēdɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦēdɦo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dɦēdɦa
3. Π·dɦēdɦa
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·dēda
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·dēda
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·dēdo
5. Π·dēdo
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *Π·dēdu
6. Π·dēdu
*ē → ĕ
Change of *ē into ĕ
Rē›ĕ → *Π·dĕdu
7. Π·dĕdu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. Π·dĕdŭ


PIE √tɑhis- √dɑɦis- (sb.) ‘Deisam, Teig’ (vb.) ‘modellieren’
(IEW 1053)
(Pyysalo: OAnat. + IE)
√teɑhis-
(IEW 1053-4)
PIE *teɑhismu·n-
OHG. deismo·n-
(m.) ‘Deisam, Sauerteig: fermentum, zyma’
(EWAhd. 2:569)
(B, GB. Gl, OT, T)
1. PIE *teɑhismu·n-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhismu·n-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhismu·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahismu·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahismu·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *taismu·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. taismu·n-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þaismu·n-
5. þaismu·n-
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → *þeismu·n-
6. þeismu·n-
*þ → d
OHG sound shift of *þ
Rþ›d → *deismu·n-
7. deismu·n-
R=un-›=on- → OHG. deismo·n-
PIE *teɑhisso
OIr. taes-
(m.) ‘dough’
(EtDiPC. 374)
(OIr. taís, LEIA T-17)
1. PIE *teɑhisso
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhisso
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhisso
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahisso
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahisso
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *taisso
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. taisso
*iCo → eCo
Lowering of *i into e
Risso›esso → *taesso
5. taesso
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr → OIr. taess
PIE *teɑhistos
CS. tĕsto-
(n.) ‘Teig: dough’
(IEW 1054)
(for PIE *h, see SCr. tȉjesto)
1. PIE *teɑhistos
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhistos
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhistos
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahistos
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahistos
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tahistas
4. tahistas
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *taistas
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. taistas
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *toistos
6. toistos
*oi → ē
Monophthongization of *oi into ē
Roi›ē → *tēstos
7. tēstos
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in -os (root-final)
Ros=›o= → *tēsto
8. tēsto
*ē → ĕ
Change of *ē into ĕ
Rē›ĕ → CS. tĕsto
√dɑɦeis-
(HEG T:377)
PIE *dɑɦeisoi-
Hitt. deišai-
(vb.) ‘in die richtige Form bringen, modellieren’
(HHand. 174)
1. PIE *dɑɦeisoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeisoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeisoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦeisai-
3. dɦeisai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *deisai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. deisai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. deišai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦeisoi-
CLu. deišai-
(vb.) ‘in die richtige Form bringen, modellieren’
(HHand. 174)
1. PIE *dɑɦeisoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeisoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeisoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦeisai-
3. dɦeisai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *deisai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. deisai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. deišai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦeisont-
Hitt. deišant-
(MUNUSc.) ‘(eine Funktionärin)’
(HHand. 174)
1. PIE *dɑɦeisont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeisont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeisont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦeisant-
3. dɦeisant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *deisant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. deisant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. deišant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦeismoro-
Hitt. deišmara-
(mc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1336)
(Hitt. ti-eš-ma-ra-aš [sgN] ‹suffix Hitt. ·mara- uncertain›)
1. PIE *dɑɦeismoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeismoro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeismoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦeismara-
3. dɦeismara-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *deismara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. deismara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. deišmara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦeismu-
Hitt. deišmu-
(fc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1337)
(Hitt. ti-eš-mu-uš [sgN] ‹Hitt. ·mu- = muwa-?›)
1. PIE *dɑɦeismu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeismu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeismu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *deismu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. deismu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. deišmu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦeisumi-
Hitt. deišumi-
(DUGc.) ‘(ein Tongefäß, ‘Becher?)’
(HHand. 175)
(Hitt. tešumi-, tišumi- ‹suffix umi- uncertain›)
1. PIE *dɑɦeisumi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeisumi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeisumi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *deisumi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. deisumi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. deišumi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦeisumin dɑɦeisoi-
Hitt. deišumin deišai-
(fig.et.) ‘einen Becher modellieren’
(HHand. 175)
1. PIE *dɑɦeisumin dɑɦeisoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeisumin dɦeisoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeisumin dɦeisoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦeisumin dɦeisai-
3. dɦeisumin dɦeisai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *deisumin deisai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. deisumin deisai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. deišumin deišai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √tɑhk- √tɑɦg- √dɑɦg- (sb.) ‘Erde’
(IEW 416)
(Friedrich 1924:122n2: OAnat. + TochA.; Pyysalo: OEng.)
√tɑhk-
PIE *teɑɦko
ModPers. tag-
(sb.) ‘Boden, Grund’
(ArmGr. 1:250f.)
(ModPers. tak, tag)
1. PIE *teɑɦko
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑɦko
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑɦko
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *taɦko
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. taɦko
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *taɦka
4. taɦka
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *taka
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. taka
VkV -› VgV
Lenition k -› g between vowels
RVkV›VgV → *taga
6. taga
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → ModPers. tag
√deɑɦg-
PIE *deɑɦg-
Arm. tak-
(sb.) ‘down, below: was unterhalb ist, Stamm; Stiel’
(ArmGr. 1:250f.)
(Arm. tak [G] taki [G], Kapancjan 1931-33:66)
1. PIE *deɑɦg-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦg-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦg-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦg-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. daɦg-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dag-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dag-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *tag-
5. tag-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → Arm. tak-
√dɑɦeg-
(HEG T:292-300)
PIE *dɑɦego-
Hitt. dega-
(n.) ‘Erde: KI’
(HIL. 991)
(Hitt. de-e-ga-aš-še-it [sgN])
1. PIE *dɑɦego-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦego-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦego-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦega-
3. dɦega-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dega-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦegon-
Hitt. degan-
(n.) ‘Erde: KI’
(HHand. 174)
(Hitt. te-kán [sgNA])
1. PIE *dɑɦegon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦegon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦegon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦegan-
3. dɦegan-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. degan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦog-
(HEG T:35)
PIE *dɑɦogo-
Hitt. daga-
(dc.) ‘-(?)-’ (GLHur. 249)
(OHP. 1:430-1)
(Hitt. ta-ga-aš [N])
1. PIE *dɑɦogo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦogo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦogo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦaga-
3. dɦaga-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. daga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦogo·Σ
Hitt. daga·ziba-
(c.) ‘Erde, Boden, Estrich, Fußboden: KI’
(HHand. 160)
(Hitt. da-ga-zi-pu-uš)
1. PIE *dɑɦogo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦogo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦogo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦaga·Σ
3. dɦaga·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. daga·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦogmi-
PIE *dɑɦogmi-
HLu. dagmi-
(TERRAsb.) ‘terra’
(CHLu. 10.14.38)
(HLu.(“TERRA”)ta-ka-mi-i)
1. PIE *dɑɦogmi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦogmi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦogmi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦagmi-
3. dɦagmi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. dagmi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦogn-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɑɦogno-
Hitt. dagna-
(sb.) ‘zu/am Boden, nieder’
(HHand. 160)
(Hitt. tág-na-az [Abl = adv.])
1. PIE *dɑɦogno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦogno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦogno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦagna-
3. dɦagna-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dagna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦogno·Σ
Kpd. dagna·bura-
(LÚc.) ‘Erde + BURA’
(NOMS. 1211)
(Kpd. da-ag-na-bu-ra)
1. PIE *dɑɦogno·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦogno·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦogno·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦagna·Σ
3. dɦagna·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Kpd. dagna·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦogno·Σ
Hitt. dagna·za
(adv.) ‘aus der Erde’
(HHand. 160)
1. PIE *dɑɦogno·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦogno·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦogno·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦagna·Σ
3. dɦagna·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dagna·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦogni-
Kpd. dagni-
(LÚc.) ‘≈ ruralis?’
(NOMS. 1212)
(Kpd. da-ag-ni(-iš) [All-(N)])
1. PIE *dɑɦogni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦogni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦogni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦagni-
3. dɦagni-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Kpd. dagni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦognu
OSax. dakno
(adv.) ‘heimlich: stealthily: clanculo’
(Gl.)
(OSax. dakno clanculo SAGA 174, 26)
1. PIE *dɑɦognu
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦognu
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦognu
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *dɦoknu
3. dɦoknu
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *doknu
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. doknu
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *daknu
5. daknu
*-u → -o
Change of root-final -u into -o
R=u›=o → OSax. dakno
√dɑɦgo-
PIE *Π·dɑɦgo-
Hitt. ḫartei·dga-
(URU.) ‘(Personennamen in Ḫ.)’
(OGHErg. 32)
(Hitt. ḫar-ti-it-ka [All])
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦgo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦgo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦgo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dɦga-
3. Π·dɦga-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·dga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦgon-
(Friedrich 1924-25:122n2)
PIE *dɑɦgon
Hitt. dgan
(adv.) ‘zu/am Boden, nieder, zur Erde’
(HHand. 160)
(Hitt. dagan [adv.])
1. PIE *dɑɦgon
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦgon
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦgan
3. dɦgan
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dgan
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ
Hitt. dgan·za
(adv.) ‘aus der Erde’
(HHand. 160)
1. PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦgon·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦgan·Σ
3. dɦgan·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dgan·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ
Hitt. dgan·za-
(URU.) ‘im Lande ›Tarḫuntaša’
(OGHErg. 154)
(Hitt. da-ga-an-za-aš [N])
1. PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦgon·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦgan·Σ
3. dɦgan·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dgan·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ
Hitt. dgan·zei̯a-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 383)
(Hitt. ta-ga-an-zi-ia)
1. PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦgon·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦgan·Σ
3. dɦgan·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dgan·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ
Hitt. dgan·ziba-
(c.) ‘Erde, Boden, Estrich, Fußboden’
(HHand. 160)
1. PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦgon·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦgan·Σ
3. dɦgan·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dgan·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ
Hitt. dgan·ziba-
(GNc.) ‘Genius der Erde’ (RDH. 68; GhR. 299)
(OHP. 1:431)
(Hitt. ta-ga-a-an-zi-pa-aš [sgN], ta-ga-an-zi-pa-aš [sgN], Klinger 1996:146-7)
1. PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦgon·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦgan·Σ
3. dɦgan·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dgan·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ
Hitt. dgan·unda-
(URUc.) ‘(im Lande Tarḫuntaša, ›Munanta)’
(OGHErg. 154)
(Hitt. da-ga-an-nu-un-ta-aš [N])
1. PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦgon·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦgan·Σ
3. dɦgan·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dgan·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦgon-
TochA. tkan-
(f.) ‘terra, mundus, locus: Erde, Erdboden, Stätte, Ort’
(Poucha 128)
(TochA. tkaṃ [N], tkanis [G], tkanā, tkani [plN])
1. PIE *dɑɦgon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦgon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦgan-
3. dɦgan-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dgan-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dgan-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *dkan-
5. dkan-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → TochA. tkan-
PIE *dɑɦgon·sí-
TochA. tkan·ṣi-
(a.) ‘terrae, terrestis’
(Poucha 128)
(TochA. tkaṃ ṣi)
1. PIE *dɑɦgon·sí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon·sí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦgon·sí-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦgan·sí-
3. dɦgan·sí-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dgan·sí-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dgan·sí-
*sí → ṣí
Palatalization of *sí
Rsí›ṣ → *dgan·ṣí-
5. dgan·ṣí-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *dkan·ṣí-
6. dkan·ṣí-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *tkan·ṣí-
7. tkan·ṣí-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → TochA. tkan·ṣi-
PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ
TochA. tkan·ñkät
(f.) ‘Terra(-dea)’
(Poucha 128)
(TochA. tkaṃ ñkät [sgN])
1. PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦgon·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦgan·Σ
3. dɦgan·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dgan·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dgan·Σ
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *dkan·Σ
5. dkan·Σ
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → TochA. tkan·Σ
PIE *dɑɦgon-
TochB. ken-
(f.) ‘earth, ground’
(DTochB. 192)
(TochB. keṃ, kentsa)
1. PIE *dɑɦgon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦgon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦgan-
3. dɦgan-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dgan-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dgan-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *dkan-
5. dkan-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → TochB. tkan-
PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ
TochB. ken·tarśke-
(PN.) ‘(in monastic records)’
(DTochB. 193)
1. PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦgon·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦgan·Σ
3. dɦgan·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dgan·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dgan·Σ
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *dkan·Σ
5. dkan·Σ
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → TochB. tkan·Σ
√dɑɦgono-
PIE *dɑɦgono·Σ
Kpd. ·dgana-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1206)
(Kpd. da-ga-na)
1. PIE *dɑɦgono·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦgono·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦgono·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦgana·Σ
3. dɦgana·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Kpd. dgana·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦgono·Σ
TochB. kena·ṣṣe-
(a.) ‘pertaining to earth’
(DTochB. 192)
(TochB. kenaṣṣe)
1. PIE *dɑɦgono·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦgono·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦgono·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦgana·Σ
3. dɦgana·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dgana·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dgana·Σ
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *dkana·Σ
5. dkana·Σ
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → TochB. tkana·Σ
PIE *dɑɦgono·Σ
TochB. kenä·ttse
(a.) ‘earthly, terrestial’
(DTochB. 192)
(TochB. kenättse)
1. PIE *dɑɦgono·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦgono·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦgono·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦgana·Σ
3. dɦgana·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dgana·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dgana·Σ
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *dkana·Σ
5. dkana·Σ
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → TochB. tkana·Σ
√dɑɦgoniio-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɑɦgonii̯o-
Kpd. dganii̯a-
(PNc.) ‘‹cf. below›’
(NOMS. 1206)
(Kpd. da-ga-ni-a)
1. PIE *dɑɦgonii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦgonii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦgonii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦganii̯a-
3. dɦganii̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Kpd. dganii̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦgonii̯o-
TochB. kañiya-
(a.) ‘of a country/land’
(DTochB. 190)
(TochB. kañiye)
1. PIE *dɑɦgonii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦgonii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦgonii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦganii̯a-
3. dɦganii̯a-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dganii̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dganii̯a-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *dkanii̯a-
5. dkanii̯a-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *tkanii̯a-
6. tkanii̯a-
*ni → ñ i
Palatalization of *n before i̯
Rni›ñi → *tkañii̯a-
7. tkañii̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochB. tkañiya-


PIE √tɑhki- √dɑɦki- (sb.) ‘Brust, Euter, Milch, Käse’ (vb.) ‘tropfen lassen, fließen’
(IEW 241f.)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Balt.)
√tɑhoki-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *tɑhoki̯oni-
Hitt. takani-
(sb.) ‘Brust: UZUGAB: Akd. IRTU’
(HHand. 160)
(Hitt. tág-ga[-ni-ia], tág-ga-n]i-ia [L])
1. PIE *tɑhoki̯oni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thoki̯oni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thoki̯oni-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *thoḱoni-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. thoḱoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thaḱani-
4. thaḱani-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *thakani-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. thakani-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. takani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tɑhoki̯ɑhin-
Lith. tašin-
(vb.) ‘tropfen lassen, fließen’
(LiEtWb. 1065)
(Lith. tašinti [inf.])
1. PIE *tɑhoki̯ɑhin-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thoki̯hin-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thoki̯hin-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *thoćhin-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. thoćhin-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thaćhin-
4. thaćhin-
*ć → š
From Satem *ć to š
R曚 → *thašhin-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. thašhin-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *tašhin-
6. tašhin-
*šh → š
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *šh
Ršh›š → Lith. tašin-
√tɑheki-
PIE *tɑhḗki-
Lith. tė̃š-
(vb.) ‘strotzendes, straffes Euter bekommen (Kuh)’
(LiEtWb. 1084)
(Lith. tė̃šti, tešiù, tėšiaũ)
1. PIE *tɑhḗki-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thḗki-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thḗki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *thḗć-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. thḗć-
ḗ → ė̃
Change of ḗ into ė̃
RLiAcc8 → *thė̃ć-
4. thė̃ć-
*ć → š
From Satem *ć to š
R曚 → *thė̃š-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. thė̃š-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → Lith. tė̃š-
PIE *tɑheki̯ímo-
Lith. tešìma-
(m.) ‘Biestmilch, Kolostrum’
(LiEtWb. 1084)
(Lith. tešìmas)
1. PIE *tɑheki̯ímo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *theki̯ímo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. theki̯ímo-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *thećímo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. thećímo-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *thećìmo-
4. thećìmo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thećìma-
5. thećìma-
*ć → š
From Satem *ć to š
R曚 → *thešìma-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. thešìma-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → Lith. tešìma-
PIE *tɑhekimṓ-
Lith. tešmuõ
(m.) ‘Euter’
(LiEtWb. 1084)
(Lith. tešmuõ [sgN])
1. PIE *tɑhekimṓ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thekimṓ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thekimṓ-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *thećmṓ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. thećmṓ-
*ṓ -› ō̃
Cirumflex intonation for ṓ
Rṓ›ō̃ → *thećmō̃-
4. thećmō̃-
*ć → š
From Satem *ć to š
R曚 → *thešmō̃-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. thešmō̃-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *tešmō̃-
6. tešmō̃-
ō̃ -› uõ
Change of ō̃ into uõ
Rō̃›uõ → Lith. tešmuõ-
PIE *tɑhekimen-
Lith. tešmen-
(m.obl.) ‘Euter’
(LiEtWb. 1084)
(Lith. tešmens [sgG])
1. PIE *tɑhekimen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thekimen-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thekimen-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *thećmen-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. thećmen-
*ć → š
From Satem *ć to š
R曚 → *thešmen-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. thešmen-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → Lith. tešmen-
√dɑɦeki-
(IEW 241-2)
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɑɦeki̯ēɑh-
Alb. djathë-
(m./n.) ‘Käse’
(AlbEtD. 67)
1. PIE *dɑɦeki̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦeki̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦeki̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeki̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦeki̯āh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *dɦećāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dɦećāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦećā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦećā-
*ć → th
From Satem *ć to th
Rć›th → *dɦethā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. dɦethā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dethā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. dethā-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *di̯athā-
8. di̯athā-
*ā → ë
Change of *ā into Alb. ë
Rā›ë → *di̯athë-
(XX:XX)
9. di̯athë-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Alb. djathë-
PIE *dɑɦekimen-
Latv. desmen-
(.) ‘Euter’
(LiEtWb. 1084)
(Latv. desmens [sgN])
1. PIE *dɑɦekimen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦekimen-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦekimen-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *dɦećmen-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. dɦećmen-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *dɦesmen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
4. dɦesmen-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → Latv. desmen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *dɑɦedɑɦekirēɑh
Lith. dedešra-
(f.) ‘Käsekraut’
(LiEtWb. 85)
1. PIE *dɑɦedɑɦekirēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦedɑɦekirāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦedɑɦekirāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦedɦekirāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦedɦekirāh
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *dɦedɦećrāh
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dɦedɦećrāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦedɦećrā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦedɦećrā
*ć → š
From Satem *ć to š
R曚 → *dɦedɦešrā
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. dɦedɦešrā
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dedešrā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. dedešrā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *dedešrō
(XX:XX)
8. dedešrō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → Lith. dedešra


PIE √tɑhku- (sb.) ‘Fluß’
(IEW 1059-60 [diff.])
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Balt.)
√tɑhku-
PIE *teɑhoku-
Hitt. taḫaku-
(PÚ.) ‘(im Kontext [...] der ON Zinišḫa)’
(OGH. 551)
(Hitt. da-ḫa-ak-ku x[)
1. PIE *teɑhoku-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhoku-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhoku-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahoku-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahoku-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tahaku-
4. tahaku-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. taḫaku-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·tēɑhku̯ēɑh
Lith. į́·toka-
(f.) ‘Mündung: mouth (of a river) ‹i.e. ‘in-flow’›’
(IEW 1059)
(Lith. įtoka [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·tēɑhku̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·tāɑhku̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·tāɑhku̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·tāhku̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·tāhku̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·tāku̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·tāku̯ā
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·tākā
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·tākā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *Π·tōkō
(XX:XX)
6. Π·tōkō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *Π·tōka
7. Π·tōka
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Lith. Π·toka


PIE √tɑhl- √dɑɦl- (vb.) ‘nehmen, halten’ (sb.) ‘Behälter, Gefäß, Besitz’
(IEW 194-6, 197)
(LIV2:96; Pyysalo: OAnat.)
√deɑɦl-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·deɑɦlo-
RV. ū́r·dara-
(m.) ‘Gefäss zum Messen des Getreides, Scheffel’
(WbRV. 274)
(cf. ModPers. dāra- ‘Gehalt’)
1. PIE *Π·deɑɦlo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·daɑɦlo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·daɑɦlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·daɦlo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·daɦlo-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *Π·daɦro-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. Π·daɦro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·daɦra-
5. Π·daɦra-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → RV. Π·dara-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *dōɑɦlii̯o-
Lat. dōlio-
(n.) ‘Faß: pot, drinking-vessel (of stone)’
(WH. 1:364)
(Schrijver 1991:123, Lat. dōlium [sgNA])
1. PIE *dōɑɦlii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dōɦlii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dōɦlii̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dōlii̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dōlii̯o-
*ii̯o → io
Loss *i̯ between i and o
Rii̯o›io → Lat. dōlio-
√deɑɦlgiɑɦ-
PIE *deɑɦlgiɑɦ-
OBret. dalg-
(sb.) ‘maintenance, tenure’
(EtDiPC. 94)
(cf. Bret. dalc’h- ‘Besitz’, IEW 197)
1. PIE *deɑɦlgiɑɦ-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦlgiɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦlgiɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦlgiɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. daɦlgiɦ-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *daɦlǵɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. daɦlǵɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dalǵɦ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dalǵɦ-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *dalgɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. dalgɦ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → OBret. dalg-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *deɑɦlgiɑɦo
Cymr. dal-
(vb.) ‘saisir, tenir, contenir’
(DLG. 139)
(Cymr. dala)
1. PIE *deɑɦlgiɑɦo
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦlgiɑɦo
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦlgiɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦlgiɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. daɦlgiɦo
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *daɦlǵɦo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. daɦlǵɦo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dalǵɦo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dalǵɦo
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *dalgɦo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. dalgɦo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *dalgo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. dalgo
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → Cymr. dalg
√dɑɦolo-
(HEG T:56f.)
PIE *dɑɦolo-
Hitt. dala-
(GIŠ.) ‘(ein Gefäß = tali-, talai-)’
(HHand. 161)
(Hitt. tala-)
1. PIE *dɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦala-
3. dɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦolo-
CLu. dala-
(GKL.) ‘(ein Gefäß)’
(HHand. 161)
(CLu. tal-la-an [sgA])
1. PIE *dɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦala-
3. dɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. dala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·dɑɦolo-
Hitt. agu·dala-
(sb.) ‘container of water’
(HIL. 204)
(Hitt. a-ku-ta-al-li-it [sgI])
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dɦala-
3. Π·dɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·dala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·dɑɦolo-
Hitt. ḫalu̯a·dala-
(DUGn.) ‘(ein Gefäß)’
(HHand. 37)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dɦala-
3. Π·dɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·dala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·dɑɦolo-
Hitt. ḫilu̯a·dala-
(DUG.) ‘(ein Gefäß)’
(HEG H:237)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dɦala-
3. Π·dɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·dala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦolomi-
Hitt. dalami-
(DUGc.) ‘(ein Gefäß)’
(HHand. 161)
1. PIE *dɑɦolomi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦolomi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦolomi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦalami-
3. dɦalami-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dalami-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦelgiɑɦ-
PIE *dɑɦelgiɑɦo-
OGaul. delgo-
(pr.) ‘contenir’
(DLG. 139)
(OGaul. delgu [1sg] ‘je contiens’)
1. PIE *dɑɦelgiɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦelgiɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦelgiɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *dɦelǵɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. dɦelǵɦo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *dɦelgɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dɦelgɦo-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *delgɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. delgɦo-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → OGaul. delgo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *dɑɦelgiɑɦi-
OBret. delgi-
(pr.) ‘tenere’
(DLG. 139)
(OBret. delgim [1sg])
1. PIE *dɑɦelgiɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦelgiɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦelgiɦi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *dɦelǵɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. dɦelǵɦi-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *dɦelgɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dɦelgɦi-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *delgɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. delgɦi-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → OBret. delgi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *dɑɦelgiɑɦei̯o-
Hitt. delgei̯a-
(dc.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:479)
(Hitt. ti-el-ki-ia-an [sgA])
1. PIE *dɑɦelgiɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦelgiɦei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦelgiɦei̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *dɦelǵɦei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. dɦelǵɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦelǵɦei̯a-
4. dɦelǵɦei̯a-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *dɦelgɦei̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. dɦelgɦei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. delgei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √tɑhlu- (sb.) ‘Lager, Grund, Erde, Ton’
(IEW 1061)
(Pyysalo: OAnat.)
√tɑholu-
PIE *Π·spo·tɑholu-
Hitt. i·špa·talu-
(sb.) ‘Nachtlager, Herberge’
(HEG I:420)
(Hitt. išpattalu- ‹contains Hitt. špa- ‘Nacht’›)
1. PIE *Π·spo·tɑholu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·spo·tholu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·spo·tholu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·spa·thalu-
3. Π·spa·thalu-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·spa·talu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·spa·talu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špa·talu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tɑholu·Σ
Hitt. talu·benu-
(d.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:435-6)
(Hitt. ta-lu-fe-nu ‹or ProH.?›)
1. PIE *tɑholu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tholu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tholu·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thalu·Σ
3. thalu·Σ
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. talu·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√tɑholupi-
PIE *tɑholupi-
Hitt. talupi-
(c.) ‘Tonbrocken, Erdklumpen; Fladen, Brotstück’
(HHand. 162)
1. PIE *tɑholupi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tholupi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tholupi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thalupi-
3. thalupi-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. talupi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tɑholupi-
CLu. talupi-
(c.) ‘Tonbrocken, Erdklumpen, Teigfetzen’
(DLL. 89)
(CLu. ta-lu-up-pí-iš, ta-lu-up-pí-in, HHand. 162)
1. PIE *tɑholupi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tholupi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tholupi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thalupi-
3. thalupi-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → CLu. talupi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tɑholupuso-
OHitt. talupuša-
(c.) ‘-(?)-’
(HHand. 162)
(“in ah. Ritualtext” ‹or to Hitt. ‘verflechten, verzieren’?›)
1. PIE *tɑholupuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tholupuso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tholupuso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thalupusa-
3. thalupusa-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *talupusa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. talupusa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → OHitt. talupuša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√tɑhelu-
(IEW 1061)
PIE *Π·tɑhélu·mno-
Gr. προ·θέλυ·μνο-
(a.) ‘dessen Grundlage weg ist, (von der Grundlage) losgerissen’
(GEW 1:659-60)
(Gr. προθέλυμνος, also in τετραθέλυμνος ‘mit vier Schichten’)
1. PIE *Π·tɑhélu·mno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·thélu·mno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·thélu·mno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·θέλυ·μνο-
PIE *tɑhelu.n-
OHG. dilo.n-
(m.) ‘Brett, Boden, Diele, Planke, Bohle, Schindel, Bretterwand’
(Gl. 11th cent.)
(Gl. compages, laterculus, paries, planca, pluteus, tabula)
1. PIE *tɑhelu.n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thelu.n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thelu.n-
*t h → þ
Affricativization of *th
Rth›þ → *þelu.n-
3. þelu.n-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *þilu.n-
4. þilu.n-
*þ → d
OHG sound shift of *þ
Rþ›d → OHG. dilu.n-


PIE √tɑhp- √dɑɦp- √dɑɦb- (sb.) ‘Flüssigkeit, Salbe, Schmiere’ (vb.) ‘schmieren, spucken usw.’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√tɑhop-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *tɑhopo-
CLu. tapa-
(vb.) ‘spucken’ (HHand. 165)
(DLL. 90)
(CLu. tap-pa-(a)-at-ta [3sg])
1. PIE *tɑhopo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thopo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thopo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thapa-
3. thapa-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → CLu. tapa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·tɑhopo-
Lith. iñ·tapa-
(m.) ‘Muttermal, Zeichen’
(LiEtWb. 1057)
1. PIE *Π·tɑhopo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·thopo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·thopo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·thapa-
3. Π·thapa-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → Lith. Π·tapa-
PIE *tɑhopiɑ́h-
Lith. tapý-
(vb.) ‘malen, färben, schmieren: fingere ex luto’
(LiEtWb. 1057)
(Lith. tapýti [inf.])
1. PIE *tɑhopiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *tɑhopiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. tɑhopiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thopiíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. thopiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *thopií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. thopií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *thopī́-
5. thopī́-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thapī́-
6. thapī́-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *tapī́-
7. tapī́-
*ī́ → ý
Orthographic change of ī́ into ý
Rī́›ý → Lith. tapý-
PIE *tɑhopnḗɑh-
Lith. tapnó-
(vb.) ‘streichen, schmieren’
(LiEtWb. 1057)
(Lith. tapnóti)
1. PIE *tɑhopnḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *tɑhopnā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tɑhopnā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thopnā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. thopnā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *thopnā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. thopnā́-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thapnā́-
5. thapnā́-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *tapnā́-
6. tapnā́-
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *tapnṓ-
(XX:XX)
7. tapnṓ-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → Lith. tapnó-
√tɑhep-
PIE *tɑhép-
Lith. tèp-
(vb.) ‘schmieren, salben, besudeln, anstreichen’
(LiEtWb. 1081)
(Lith. tèpti)
1. PIE *tɑhép-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thép-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thép-
é → è
Emergence of gravis PLith. è
RLiAcc4 → *thèp-
3. thèp-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → Lith. tèp-
PIE *tɑhep-
Latv. tep-
(vb.) ‘schmieren, streichen’
(LiEtWb. 1081)
(Latv. tept)
1. PIE *tɑhep-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thep-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thep-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → Latv. tep-
PIE *tɑhépo-
Lith. tẽpa-
(pr.) ‘schmieren, salben, besudeln, anstreichen’
(LiEtWb. 1081)
(Lith. tẽpa [pr.])
1. PIE *tɑhépo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thépo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thépo-
é → è
Emergence of gravis PLith. è
RLiAcc4 → *thèpo-
3. thèpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thèpa-
4. thèpa-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → Lith. tèpa-
PIE *tɑhépolo-
Lith. tẽpala-
(m.) ‘Salbe, Schmiere’
(LiEtWb. 1081)
1. PIE *tɑhépolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thépolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thépolo-
é → è
Emergence of gravis PLith. è
RLiAcc4 → *thèpolo-
3. thèpolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thèpala-
4. thèpala-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → Lith. tèpala-
PIE *tɑhépēɑh-
Russ. tëpa-
(pr.) ‘schmieren’
(REW 3:94)
1. PIE *tɑhépēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tɑhépāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tɑhépāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thépāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. thépāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *thépā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. thépā-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *tépā-
5. tépā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → Russ. tépa-
PIE *tɑhépēɑh-
Russ. tëpa-
(f.) ‘Schmierfink’
(REW 3:94)
1. PIE *tɑhépēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tɑhépāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tɑhépāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thépāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. thépāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *thépā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. thépā-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *tépā-
5. tépā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → Russ. tépa-
PIE *tɑhépēhɑ-
Lith. tẽpė-
(pret.) ‘schmieren, salben, besudeln, anstreichen’
(LiEtWb. 1081)
(Lith. tẽpė)
1. PIE *tɑhépēhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thépēh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thépēh-
é → è
Emergence of gravis PLith. è
RLiAcc4 → *thèpēh-
3. thèpēh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *thèpē-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. thèpē-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *tèpē-
5. tèpē-
* ē -> ė
Change of *ē into ė
Rē›ė → Lith. tèpė-
PIE *tɑhepḗhɑ-
Latv. tepê-
(vb.) ‘schmieren’
(LiEtWb. 1081)
(Latv. tepêt)
1. PIE *tɑhepḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thepḗh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thepḗh-
*ḗH → êH
Latvian tone rule for ḗH
RAccLatv6 → *thepêh-
3. thepêh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *thepê-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. thepê-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → Latv. tepê-
PIE *tɑhepímo-
Lith. tepìma-
(m.2.) ‘Bestreichen: smearing, greasing’
(Senn 2:266)
(Lith. tepìmas [sgN])
1. PIE *tɑhepímo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thepímo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thepímo-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *thepìmo-
3. thepìmo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thepìma-
4. thepìma-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → Lith. tepìma-
PIE *tɑhepnēɑh-
Lith. tepno-
(vb.) ‘schmieren, salben’
(LiEtWb. 1081)
(Lith. tepnoti [inf.])
1. PIE *tɑhepnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tɑhepnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tɑhepnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thepnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. thepnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *thepnā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. thepnā-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *tepnā-
5. tepnā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *tepnō-
(XX:XX)
6. tepnō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Lith. tepno-
PIE *tɑhep·Σ
TochB. cap·raṣṭo-
(sb.) ‘(a medical ingredient)’
(DTochB. 730)
(‹uncertain whether this entry belongs to this root›)
1. PIE *tɑhep·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thep·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thep·Σ
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *thi̯ap·Σ
3. thi̯ap·Σ
PIE *thi̯ → ch
Assibilation of *th before *i̯
Rthi̯›ch → *chap·Σ
4. chap·Σ
*ch → c
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *ch
Rch›c → TochB. cap·Σ
√dɑɦop-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɑɦópo-
Lith. dãpa-
(m.) ‘Überschwemmung’
(LiEtWb. 82)
1. PIE *dɑɦópo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦópo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦópo-
ó → ò
Emergence of gravis PLith. ò
RLiAcc5 → *dɦòpo-
3. dɦòpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦòpa-
4. dɦòpa-
PIE *ò → à
Change of *ò into à
Rò›à → *dɦàpa-
5. dɦàpa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → Lith. dàpa-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
√dɑɦob-
PIE *Π·dɑɦobilo
OIcl. leir·depil-
(m.) ‘Lehmpfütze’
(ANEtWb. 75)
(OIcl. leirdepill [sgN], depli [D], cf. ModNorw. depel)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦobilo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦobilo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦobilo
*b → p
Loss of voice of media *b
Rb›p → *Π·dɦopilo
3. Π·dɦopilo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·dopilo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·dopilo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dapila
5. Π·dapila
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *Π·dapil
6. Π·dapil
*d -› ð
Change of d into ð
Rd›ð → OIcl. Π·ðapil
√dɑɦebu-


PIE √tɑhr- √dɑɦr- (vb.) ‘zerbrechen, zerschmettern’
(IEW 274-5)
(Pyysalo: CLu.)
√dɑɦrɑh-
PIE *dɑɦodɑɦorɑh-
CLu. dadarḫ-
(vb.) ‘zerbrechen: break: briser’ (HEG T:159)
(DLL. 95)
(CLu. ta-ta-ar-ḫa-an-du [3pl])
1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦorɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦorh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦodɦorh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦadɦarh-
3. dɦadɦarh-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dadarh-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dadarh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. dadarḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√dɑɦrɑhn-
PIE *Π·dɑɦedɑɦréɑhnō-
Gr. συν·τεθράνω-
(pf.P.) ‘zerschmettern’
(GEW 1:679)
(Gr. συντεθράνωται [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦedɑɦréɑhnō-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *Π·dɑɦedɑɦráɑhnō-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·dɑɦedɑɦráɑhnō-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦedɦráhnō-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·dɦedɦráhnō-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·dɦedɦránō-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·dɦedɦránō-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *Π·thethránō-
5. Π·thethránō-
*Th–Th → T–Th
Grassmann’s Law
Rtheth›teth → *Π·tethránō-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
6. Π·tethránō-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·τεθράνω-
PIE *dɑɦrēɑhnúkis-
Dor. θρᾱνύξ-
(ao.) ‘zerschmettern’
(GEW 1:679)
(Gr. θρανύξαντες [pt.])
1. PIE *dɑɦrēɑhnúkis-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦrāɑhnúkis-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦrāɑhnúkis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦrāhnúkis-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦrāhnúkis-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *dɦrāhnúḱs-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dɦrāhnúḱs-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦrānúḱs-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦrānúḱs-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thrānúḱs-
6. thrānúḱs-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *thrānúks-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. thrānúks-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. θρᾱνύξ-


PIE √tɑhr- √dɑɦr- (sb.) ‘Stimme, Klage, Lärm, Fluch usw.’
(IEW: 255-6 )
(Pyysalo: Lu.)
√dɑɦori-
PIE *dɑɦodɑɦorei̯o-
HLu. dadarei̯a-
(LOQUIvb.) ‘curse (subj. (DEUS)TONITRUS)’
(CHLu. 2.13.21)
(HLu. (DEUS)TONITRUS-sa (LOQUI)tá-tara/i-ia-tu)
1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦorei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦorei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦodɦorei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦadɦarei̯a-
3. dɦadɦarei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. dadarei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦodɑɦorei̯omon-
CLu. dadarei̯aman-
(n.) ‘Fluch: malediction’ (HEG T:141, DLL. 95)
(HHand. 173)
(CLu. ta-(a)-ta-ri-ia-(am)-ma-an, ta-ta-ri-ia-ma-an)
1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦorei̯omon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦorei̯omon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦodɦorei̯omon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦadɦarei̯aman-
3. dɦadɦarei̯aman-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. dadarei̯aman-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦodɑɦorei̯omno-
CLu. dadarei̯amna-
(n.pl) ‘Fluch: malediction, curse’
(DLL. 95)
(CLu. ta-ta-ar-ri-ia-am-na [pl])
1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦorei̯omno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦorei̯omno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦodɦorei̯omno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦadɦarei̯amna-
3. dɦadɦarei̯amna-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. dadarei̯amna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦodɑɦorei̯omnosi-
CLu. dadarei̯amnaši-
(a.gen.) ‘of curse’ (DLL. 95)
(HHand. 173)
(CLu. da-a-ta-ri-ia-am-na-aš-ši-iš, ta-ta-ri-ia-am-na-aš-ši-in)
1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦorei̯omnosi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦorei̯omnosi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦodɦorei̯omnosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦadɦarei̯amnasi-
3. dɦadɦarei̯amnasi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dadarei̯amnasi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dadarei̯amnasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. dadarei̯amnaši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦorub-
(IEW 255)
PIE *dɑɦórubo-
Gr. θόρυβο-
(m.) ‘Lärm, Geschrei, Geräusch, Tumult’
(GEW 1:678)
(Gr. θόρυβος)
1. PIE *dɑɦórubo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦórubo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦórubo-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thórubo-
3. thórubo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θόρυβο-
PIE *dɑɦorubéi̯o-
Gr. θορυβέο-
(vb.) ‘lärmen, in Verwirrung bringen’
(GEW 1:678)
(Gr. θορυβέω)
1. PIE *dɑɦorubéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦorubéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦorubéi̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thorubéi̯o-
3. thorubéi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *thorubéo-
4. thorubéo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θορυβέο-
√dɑɦron-
(IEW 255-6)
PIE *dɑɦréno-
OInd. dhráṇa-
(pr.1.) ‘tönen’
(GEW 1:681-682)
(Dhātup. dhráṇati [3sg])
1. PIE *dɑɦréno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦréno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦréno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦréna-
3. dɦréna-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *dɦrána-
4. dɦrána-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → *dɦráṇa-
5. dɦráṇa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. dhráṇa-
PIE *dɑɦrḗno-
Gr. θρήνο-
(m.) ‘Totenklage, Klagelied’
(GEW 1:681-682)
(Gr. θρῆνος [sgN])
1. PIE *dɑɦrḗno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦrḗno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦrḗno-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thrḗno-
3. thrḗno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θρήνο-
PIE *dɑɦrēnéi̯o-
Gr. θρηνέο-
(pr.A.) ‘wehklagen’
(GEW 1:681-682)
(Gr. θρηνέω)
1. PIE *dɑɦrēnéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦrēnéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦrēnéi̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thrēnéi̯o-
3. thrēnéi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *thrēnéo-
4. thrēnéo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θρηνέο-
PIE *dɑɦrēno
OSax. drān-
(m.) ‘Drohne’
(ASächsWb. 12)
1. PIE *dɑɦrēno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦrēno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦrēno
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *drēno
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. drēno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *drēna
4. drēna
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *drēn
5. drēn
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → OSax. drān
PIE *Π·dɑɦrḗnēɑh-
Ion.-Att. ἀν·θρήνη-
(f.) ‘Waldbiene’
(GEW 1:681-682)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦrḗnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·dɑɦrḗnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·dɑɦrḗnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦrḗnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·dɦrḗnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·dɦrḗnā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·dɦrḗnā-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *Π·thrḗnā-
5. Π·thrḗnā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *Π·thrḗnē-
6. Π·thrḗnē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. Π·θρήνη-
PIE *Π·dɑɦrḗnēɑh-
Ion.-Att. τεν·θρήνη-
(f.) ‘Horniße’
(GEW 1:681-682)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦrḗnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·dɑɦrḗnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·dɑɦrḗnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦrḗnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·dɦrḗnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·dɦrḗnā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·dɦrḗnā-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *Π·thrḗnā-
5. Π·thrḗnā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *Π·thrḗnē-
6. Π·thrḗnē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. Π·θρήνη-


PIE √tɑhs- √dɑɦs- (vb.) ‘eilen, galoppieren’ (sb.) ‘Gewässername, Fisch, usw.’
(IEW 143 [diff.])
(Pyysalo)
√tɑhs-
PIE *teɑhski̯ēɑh-
Cymr. tasga-
(vb.) ‘burst out, stream, gush out, splash, sprinkle’
(GPC)
(Cymr. tasgaf [1sg])
1. PIE *teɑhski̯ēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhski̯ēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhski̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *taɑhski̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. taɑhski̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahski̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. tahski̯āh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *tahsḱāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. tahsḱāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tasḱā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. tasḱā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *taskā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. taskā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *taska-
8. taska-
*sk → sg
Change of sk to sg
Rsk›sg → Cymr. tasga-
PIE *Π·tóɑhstēɑh-
RV. vi·tástā-
(FlNf.) ‘(im Fünfstromland; neben asiknī́-)’
(WbRV. 1269)
1. PIE *Π·tóɑhstēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·tóɑhstāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·tóɑhstāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·tóhstāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·tóhstāh-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·táhstāh-
4. Π·táhstāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. Π·tástā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Π·toɑhsturo-
LAv. baeša·tastura-
(a.) ‘von baešatastura- abstammend, dessen Nachkomme’
(AIWb. 914)
1. PIE *Π·toɑhsturo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·tohsturo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·tohsturo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·tahstura-
3. Π·tahstura-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → LAv. Π·tastura-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Π·toɑhsturo-
LAv. aoiγma·tastura-
(PNm.) ‘EN. eines Gläubigen’
(AIWb. 357)
(LAv. aoiγmatasturahe [sgG])
1. PIE *Π·toɑhsturo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·tohsturo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·tohsturo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·tahstura-
3. Π·tahstura-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → LAv. Π·tastura-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Π·toɑhsu̯etiɑ́h-
LAv. vi·taŋuhaitī-
(FlNf.) ‘N. eines Gewässers’
(AIWb. 1438-9)
1. PIE *Π·toɑhsu̯etiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *Π·toɑhsu̯etiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·toɑhsu̯etiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·tohsu̯etiíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·tohsu̯etiíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·tahsu̯etiíh-
4. Π·tahsu̯etiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·tasu̯etií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·tasu̯etií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *Π·tasu̯etī́-
6. Π·tasu̯etī́-
su̯ -> ŋuh
Change of su̯ into ŋuh
Rsu̯›ŋuh → *Π·taŋuhetī́-
7. Π·taŋuhetī́-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·taŋuhatī́-
8. Π·taŋuhatī́-
*ati → aiti
Anaptyxis of *i
RatI›aitI → *Π·taŋuhaitī́-
9. Π·taŋuhaitī́-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → LAv. Π·taŋuhaitī-
√deɑɦs-
PIE *deɑɦski̯éɑdi̯o-
Gr. δασκάζο-
(vb.) ‘ὑποφεύγει (Hes.)’
(LSJ. 370)
(Gr. δασκάζει)
1. PIE *deɑɦski̯éɑdi̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦski̯éɑdi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦski̯éɑdi̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *daɑɦski̯áɑdi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. daɑɦski̯áɑdi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦski̯ádi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. daɦski̯ádi̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *daɦsḱádi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. daɦsḱádi̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dasḱádi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. dasḱádi̯o-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *dasḱájo-
7. dasḱájo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *daskájo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
8. daskájo-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *daskázo-
9. daskázo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. δασκάζο-
PIE *déɑɦski̯ilno-
Gr. δάσκιλλο-
(m.) ‘a name of a fish’
(LSJ. 370)
(Gr. δάσκιλλος)
1. PIE *déɑɦski̯ilno-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *dáɑɦski̯ilno-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. dáɑɦski̯ilno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dáɦski̯ilno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dáɦski̯ilno-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *dáɦsḱilno-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dáɦsḱilno-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dásḱilno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dásḱilno-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *dáskilno-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. dáskilno-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → *dáskillo-
7. dáskillo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. δάσκιλλο-
√dɑɦesoi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɑɦesoi-
Hitt. dešai-
(vb.) ‘in Marsch setzen, mobil machen’
(HHand. 174)
1. PIE *dɑɦesoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦesoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦesoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦesai-
3. dɦesai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *desai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. desai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. dešai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦesoi-
CLu. dešai-
(vb.) ‘mouvoir’
(DLL. 97)
(CLu. ti-iš-ša-a-i [ipv2sg], ti-ša-in-ta [3pl])
1. PIE *dɑɦesoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦesoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦesoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦesai-
3. dɦesai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *desai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. desai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. dešai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦesoiske/o-
Hitt. dešaiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘modellieren; in Marsch setzen, mobil machen’
(HHand. 174)
1. PIE *dɑɦesoiske/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦesoiske/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦesoiske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦesaiske/a-
3. dɦesaiske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *desaiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. desaiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. dešaiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦesoiske/o-
CLu. dešaiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘mouvoir’
(HHand. 174)
1. PIE *dɑɦesoiske/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦesoiske/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦesoiske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦesaiske/a-
3. dɦesaiske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *desaiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. desaiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. dešaiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦesdɑɦesoi-
Hitt. dedešai-
(vb.2.?) ‘auf die Beine bringen?’ (HHand. 174)
(HEG T:389-90)
(HHand. 178, Hitt. titeššai-)
1. PIE *dɑɦesdɑɦesoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦesdɦesoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦesdɦesoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦesdɦesai-
3. dɦesdɦesai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *desdesai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. desdesai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. dešdešai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦesti-
(IEW 143 [diff.])
PIE *Π·dɑɦestiɑ́h-
Lat. cōn.festī·-
(adv.) ‘stracks, sofort’
(WH. 1:259)
(Lat. confestim, Walde: *“mit Eile”)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦestiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *Π·dɑɦestiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·dɑɦestiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦestiíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·dɦestiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·dɦestií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·dɦestií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *Π·dɦestī́-
5. Π·dɦestī́-
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *dɦ
Rdɦ›f → *Π·festī́-
6. Π·festī́-
*f → b
Change of *f into b
Rf›b → *Π·bestī́-
7. Π·bestī́-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → Lat. Π·bestī-
PIE *dɑɦestiɑ́nēɑh-
Lat. festīnā-
(pr.1.) ‘sich sputen, eilen’
(WH. 1:488-9)
(Lat. festīnāre [inf.])
1. PIE *dɑɦestiɑ́nēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦestiɑ́nāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦestiɑ́nāɑh-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *dɑɦestiínāɑh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. dɑɦestiínāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦestiínāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. dɦestiínāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦestiínā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦestiínā-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *dɦestī́nā-
6. dɦestī́nā-
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *dɦ
Rdɦ›f → *festī́nā-
7. festī́nā-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → Lat. festīnā-
√dɑɦostor-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɑɦostoro-
Hitt. daštara-
(GNc.) ‘‹cf. below & above›’
(OHP. 1:460)
(Hitt. ta-aš-ta-ra-an [sgA])
1. PIE *dɑɦostoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦostoro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦostoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦastara-
3. dɦastara-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dastara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dastara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. daštara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦostori-
CLu. daštari-
(vb.) ‘galoppieren?’
(HHand. 172)
(DLL. 95)
1. PIE *dɑɦostori-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦostori-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦostori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦastari-
3. dɦastari-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dastari-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dastari-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. daštari-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦostori̯eso-
Hitt. daštari̯eša-
(URUc.) ‘(nicht weit entfernt von ›Kaštama)’
(OGH. 412)
(“(...) › Kaḫamiša. Neben › Taptina”; OGHErg. 164-5)
1. PIE *dɑɦostori̯eso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦostori̯eso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦostori̯eso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦastari̯esa-
3. dɦastari̯esa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dastari̯esa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dastari̯esa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. daštari̯eša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √tɑhu- (a.) ‘kräftig’ (sb.) ‘Stier’
(IEW 1083)
(Soysal 2016:315-319: Pal.; Pyysalo: Hitt. + Germ.)
√teɑhuro-
PIE *teɑhúro-
Gr. ταύρο-
(m.) ‘Stier’
(GEW 2:860-1)
(Il. ταῦρος [sgN])
1. PIE *teɑhúro-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhúro-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhúro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahúro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahúro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *taúro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. taúro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ταύρο-
PIE *teɑhúro
Lith. taũra-
(m.) ‘Büffel, Auerochs, Stier’
(LiEtWb. 1067)
(Lith. taũras [sgN])
1. PIE *teɑhúro
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhúro
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhúro
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahúro
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahúro
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *tahùro
4. tahùro
RaHù›aHũ → *tahũro
5. tahũro
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *taũro
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. taũro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Lith. taũra
PIE *teɑhuro
OCS. turŭ-
(m.) ‘Auerochs’
(Sadnik √1013)
(OCS. turъ [sgN])
1. PIE *teɑhuro
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhuro
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhuro
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahuro
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahuro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tahura
4. tahura
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *taura
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. taura
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *touro
6. touro
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *touru
7. touru
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *tūru
8. tūru
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → *tūrŭ
9. tūrŭ
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → OCS. turŭ
PIE *teɑhuro
ORuss. turŭ-
(m.) ‘Auerochs, Buffel’
(REW 3:154)
1. PIE *teɑhuro
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhuro
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhuro
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahuro
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahuro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tahura
4. tahura
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *taura
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. taura
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *touro
6. touro
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *touru
7. touru
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *tūru
8. tūru
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → *tūrŭ
9. tūrŭ
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → ORuss. turŭ
√tɑheuno-
(Soysal 2016:315-319)
PIE *tɑheuno-
Pal. teuna-
(c.) ‘GU4.MAḪ: bull’ (KBo 19.152+ I 19'-21')
(DPal. 75)
(OHitt. 19' (…) GU4.MAḪ-an ḫu-it-tị-ia-an-[zi] 20' [na-an-š]a-an la-a-ma-an ti-ú-na-aš 21' [ḫal-zi-i]ḫ-ḫi (…))
1. PIE *tɑheuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *theuno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. theuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *theuna-
3. theuna-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Pal. teuna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√tɑheuro-
(Pyysalo)
(uncertain)
PIE *tɑheuro-
Hitt. teura-
(URU.) ‘(›Tuwanuwa)’
(OGH. 430-1)
(Hitt. ti-i-u-ra ti-ú-ra-aš (in Kultordnung für den Wettergott von Ḫašuna) OGHErg. 171)
1. PIE *tɑheuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *theuro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. theuro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *theura-
3. theura-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. teura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tɑheuro
OIcl. þjōr-
(m.) ‘Stier’
(ANEtWb. 614a)
(OIcl. þjōrr [sgN]; IEW 1080-85; PGerm. *þeuraz)
1. PIE *tɑheuro
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *theuro
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. theuro
*t h → þ
Affricativization of *th
Rth›þ → *þeuro
3. þeuro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þeura
4. þeura
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *þiura
5. þiura
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *þiur
6. þiur
*eu → iō
Change of *iu into iō
Riu›iō → OIcl. þiōr
PIE *tɑheuro
OSax. thior-
(a.) ‘kräftig, hart?’
(EH)
(thiores [n.sgG] Wa 21, 4 = SAAT 15, 4)
1. PIE *tɑheuro
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *theuro
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. theuro
*t h → þ
Affricativization of *th
Rth›þ → *þeuro
3. þeuro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þeura
4. þeura
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *þiura
5. þiura
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OSax. þiur


PIE √tɑhu- (sb.) ‘Spieß, Wurfspieß’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√tɑhum-
PIE *teɑhumóro-
OInd. tomára-
(m.) ‘Wurfspieß, Spieß’
(KEWA 1:527)
1. PIE *teɑhumóro-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhumóro-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhumóro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahumóro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahumóro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tahumóra-
4. tahumóra-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *tahumára-
5. tahumára-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *taumára-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. taumára-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *tōmára-
7. tōmára-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → OInd. tomára-
√tɑhur-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *teɑhuro-
Lat. tauro-
(m.) ‘Baumstumpf’
(WH. 2:650)
1. PIE *teɑhuro-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhuro-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahuro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahuro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. tauro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *teɑhuru̯oili-
Hitt. taḫuru̯aili-
(LÚc.) ‘Seigneur de la lance’
(NOMS. 1205)
(Hitt. ta-ḫur-ua-i-li-iš ‹personal name or N.ag.?›)
1. PIE *teɑhuru̯oili-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhuru̯oili-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhuru̯oili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahuru̯oili-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahuru̯oili-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tahuru̯aili-
4. tahuru̯aili-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. taḫuru̯aili-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√tɑhut-
PIE *teɑhuteɑhno-
Lat. tautano-
(n.) ‘Wurfholz, Keule’
(WH. 2:652)
1. PIE *teɑhuteɑhno-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhutaɑhno-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhutaɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahutahno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahutahno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. tautano-
(SPIE §2.1.4)


PIE √tɑhu- √dɑɦu- (vb.) ‘glänzen, leuchten, brennen’
(IEW: 179-81, 261)
(Pyysalo)
√tɑhui-
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
PIE *teɑhu̯io-
OHG. dewe-
(vb.) ‘brennen: tepere’
(EWAhd. 2:619)
1. PIE *teɑhu̯io-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhu̯io-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhu̯io-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahu̯io-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahu̯io-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tau̯io-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tau̯io-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þau̯io-
5. þau̯io-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þau̯ia-
6. þau̯ia-
*awi → ewi
Umlaut of *au̯i to eu̯i
Rau̯i›eu̯i → *þeu̯ia-
7. þeu̯ia-
*þ → d
OHG sound shift of *þ
Rþ›d → *deu̯ia-
8. deu̯ia-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. dewia-
PIE *teɑhu̯ilo
OHG. dewil-
(m.) ‘Brenneisen, Brandeisen: cauter, cauterium’
(EWAhd. 2:623)
1. PIE *teɑhu̯ilo
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhu̯ilo
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhu̯ilo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahu̯ilo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahu̯ilo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tau̯ilo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tau̯ilo
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þau̯ilo
5. þau̯ilo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þau̯ila
6. þau̯ila
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *þau̯il
7. þau̯il
*awi → ewi
Umlaut of *au̯i to eu̯i
Rau̯i›eu̯i → *þeu̯il
8. þeu̯il
*þ → d
OHG sound shift of *þ
Rþ›d → *deu̯il
9. deu̯il
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. dewil
PIE *teɑhu̯io·n-
OHG. dewo·n-
(m.) ‘Brenneisen, Brandeisen: brand-iron: cauter’
(Gl. 11th cent.)
1. PIE *teɑhu̯io·n-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhu̯io·n-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhu̯io·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahu̯io·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahu̯io·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tau̯io·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tau̯io·n-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þau̯io·n-
5. þau̯io·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þau̯ia·n-
6. þau̯ia·n-
*awi → ewi
Umlaut of *au̯i to eu̯i
Rau̯i›eu̯i → *þeu̯ia·n-
7. þeu̯ia·n-
*þ → d
OHG sound shift of *þ
Rþ›d → *deu̯ia·n-
8. deu̯ia·n-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. dewia·n-
√tɑhu-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *teɑhu̯·orṓɑh
Lith. tav·arúo-
(pr.) ‘flimmern’
(LiEtWb. 1071)
(Lith. tavarúoja [3sg])
1. PIE *teɑhu̯·orṓɑh
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhu̯·orṓɑh
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhu̯·orṓɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahu̯·orṓh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahu̯·orṓh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tau̯·orṓ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tau̯·orṓ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tau̯·arṓ
5. tau̯·arṓ
*ṓ → úo
Change of ṓ into úo
Rṓ›úo → *tau̯·arúo
6. tau̯·arúo
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. tav·arúo
PIE *po·teɑhu̯·orou̯-
Lith. pa·tav·arav-
(pret.) ‘scheinen’
(LiEtWb. 1071)
(Lith. patavarava [3sg] ‘es schien’)
1. PIE *po·teɑhu̯·orou̯-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *po·taɑhu̯·orou̯-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. po·taɑhu̯·orou̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *po·tahu̯·orou̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. po·tahu̯·orou̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *po·tau̯·orou̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. po·tau̯·orou̯-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pa·tau̯·arau̯-
5. pa·tau̯·arau̯-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. pa·tav·arav-
√tɑhu·(o)rP-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *teɑhu̯·orbɑɦo-
Hitt. taḫu̯·arba-
(URUc.) ‘([aus] Ḫattuša nach T. ›Katapa, Arina, Tipuwa)’
(OGH. 380-2)
(Hitt. ta-ḫu-ua-ar-pa-aš, OGHErg. 153)
1. PIE *teɑhu̯·orbɑɦo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhu̯·orbɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhu̯·orbɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahu̯·orbɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahu̯·orbɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tahu̯·arbɦa-
4. tahu̯·arbɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tahu̯·arba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. tahu̯·arba-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. taḫu̯·arba-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *teɑhurbɑɦ·estonu-
Hitt. taḫurb·eštanu-
(d.) ‘-(?)-’ ‹cf. GhR. 422, RDH. 32›
(OHP. 1:429)
(Hitt. ta-a-ḫur-pé-eš-ta-nu, ta-a-ḫur-pí-iš-ta[-)
1. PIE *teɑhurbɑɦ·estonu-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhurbɑɦ·estonu-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhurbɑɦ·estonu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahurbɦ·estonu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahurbɦ·estonu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tahurbɦ·estanu-
4. tahurbɦ·estanu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tahurb·estanu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. tahurb·estanu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *tahurb·eštanu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. tahurb·eštanu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. taḫurb·eštanu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *teɑhurbɑɦo
Hitt. taḫurba-
(URUc.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 380-2)
(Hitt. da-ḫur-pa, ta-ḫur-pa-aš)
1. PIE *teɑhurbɑɦo
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhurbɑɦo
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhurbɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahurbɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahurbɦo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tahurbɦa
4. tahurbɦa
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tahurba
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. tahurba
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. taḫurba
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *teɑhurbɑɦo·ni-
Hitt. taḫurba·ni-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 380-2)
(Hitt. ta-ḫur-pa-an-ni)
1. PIE *teɑhurbɑɦo·ni-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhurbɑɦo·ni-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhurbɑɦo·ni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahurbɦo·ni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahurbɦo·ni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tahurbɦa·ni-
4. tahurbɦa·ni-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tahurba·ni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. tahurba·ni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. taḫurba·ni-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *teɑhurbɑɦi-
Hitt. taḫurbi-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 380-2)
(Hitt. ta-a-ḫur-pí, ta-ḫur-pí, da-ḫur-pí)
1. PIE *teɑhurbɑɦi-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhurbɑɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhurbɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahurbɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahurbɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tahurbi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tahurbi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. taḫurbi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√tɑhuui-
PIE *teɑhuu̯io-
OHG. douwe-
(vb.) ‘brennen: tepere’
(EWAhd. 2:619)
1. PIE *teɑhuu̯io-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhuu̯io-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhuu̯io-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahuu̯io-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahuu̯io-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tauu̯io-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tauu̯io-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þauu̯io-
5. þauu̯io-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þauu̯ia-
6. þauu̯ia-
*au → ou
Change of au into ou
Rau›ou → *þouu̯ia-
7. þouu̯ia-
*þ → d
OHG sound shift of *þ
Rþ›d → *douu̯ia-
8. douu̯ia-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. douwia-
PIE *teɑhuu̯ilo
OHG. douwil-
(m.) ‘Brenneisen, Brandeisen: cauter, cauterium’
(EWAhd. 2:746)
1. PIE *teɑhuu̯ilo
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhuu̯ilo
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhuu̯ilo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahuu̯ilo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahuu̯ilo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tauu̯ilo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tauu̯ilo
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þauu̯ilo
5. þauu̯ilo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þauu̯ila
6. þauu̯ila
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *þauu̯il
7. þauu̯il
*au → ou
Change of au into ou
Rau›ou → *þouu̯il
8. þouu̯il
*þ → d
OHG sound shift of *þ
Rþ›d → *douu̯il
9. douu̯il
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. douwil
√tɑhōu-
(IEW –)
(LIV2 AC 13; Pyysalo: CLu.)
PIE *tɑhōu̯-
Sogd. ϑāw-
(vb.) ‘brennen’
(LIV2 AC:13)
(See LIV2 AC for additional Iranian forms)
1. PIE *tɑhōu̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thōu̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thōu̯-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *thāu̯-
3. thāu̯-
*th → ϑ
Affricativization of *th
Rth›ϑ → *ϑāu̯-
4. ϑāu̯-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Sogd. ϑāw-
√tɑhōuɑh-
PIE *tɑheu̯ēɑh-
OPers. ϑavā-
(vb.) ‘ausbrennen, abbrennen’
(A2 Sa 2,4)
(OPers. aϑavā- [3sg], LIV2 AC:13)
1. PIE *tɑheu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tɑheu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tɑheu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *theu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. theu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *theu̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. theu̯ā-
*th → ϑ
Affricativization of *th
Rth›ϑ → *ϑeu̯ā-
5. ϑeu̯ā-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ϑau̯ā-
6. ϑau̯ā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OPers. ϑavā-
PIE *tɑhōu̯ɑ́hi-
Chwar. ϑ´wȳ-
(vb.) ‘brennen’
(LIV2 AC:13)
1. PIE *tɑhōu̯ɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *tɑhōu̯íhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. tɑhōu̯íhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thōu̯íhi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. thōu̯íhi-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *thāu̯íhi-
4. thāu̯íhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *thāu̯íi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. thāu̯íi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *thāu̯ī́-
6. thāu̯ī́-
*th → ϑ
Affricativization of *th
Rth›ϑ → *ϑāu̯ī́-
7. ϑāu̯ī́-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → *ϑāwī́-
8. ϑāwī́-
ā → ´
Orthographic change of *ā into ´
Rā›´ → *ϑ´wī́-
9. ϑ´wī́-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → *ϑ´wī-
10. ϑ´wī-
ī → ȳ
Orthographic change of *ī into ȳ
Rī›ȳ → Chwar. ϑ´wȳ-
√tɑhōuɑhs-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *tɑhuɑ́hski-
Khot. ϑūs-
(vb.) ‘brennen’
(LIV2 AC:13)
1. PIE *tɑhuɑ́hski-
PIE *uɑ́ → uú
Assimilation of *u and *ɑ́
Ruɑ́›uú → *tɑhuúhski-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. tɑhuúhski-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thuúhski-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. thuúhski-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *thuúhsć-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. thuúhsć-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *thuúsć-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. thuúsć-
*uú → ū́
Contraction of u and ú
Ruú›ū́ → *thū́sć-
6. thū́sć-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *thū́ss-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
7. thū́ss-
*th → ϑ
Affricativization of *th
Rth›ϑ → *ϑū́ss-
8. ϑū́ss-
*ū́ → ū
Absence of accent
Rū́›ū → Khot. ϑūss-
PIE *tɑhōu̯ɑhsu-
TochA. tāwsu-
(pret.pt.) ‘kindle, ignite, light’ (DTochB. 298)
(Poucha 136)
(HIL. 1026f.)
1. PIE *tɑhōu̯ɑhsu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thōu̯hsu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thōu̯hsu-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *thāu̯hsu-
3. thāu̯hsu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *thāu̯su-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. thāu̯su-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *tāu̯su-
5. tāu̯su-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. tāwsu-
√tɑhuɑh-
PIE *tɑhuɑh·oro-
CLu. tuḫ·ara-
(c.) ‘Bez. einer brennbaren Substanz’ (HHand. 158)
(DLL. 88)
(CLu. tuḫ-ḫa-ra-an-zi [plN], tuḫ-ḫa-ra-an-za [A], HHand. 179)
1. PIE *tɑhuɑh·oro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thuh·oro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thuh·oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thuh·ara-
3. thuh·ara-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *tuh·ara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tuh·ara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. tuḫ·ara-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√tɑhuɑhs-
PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōso-
TochB. twāsa-
(vb.) ‘kindle, light, ignite: anzünden’
(DTochB. 298)
(TochB. twāsasi [inf.], LeTokh. 1:519, MA. 87)
1. PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thu̯hōso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thu̯hōso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thu̯hōsa-
3. thu̯hōsa-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *thu̯hāsa-
4. thu̯hāsa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *thu̯āsa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. thu̯āsa-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *tu̯āsa-
6. tu̯āsa-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. twāsa-
PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōs-
TochA. twās-
(vb.A.) ‘kindle, ignite, light’ (DTochB. 298)
(Poucha 136)
(TochA. twāsiṣ)
1. PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thu̯hōs-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thu̯hōs-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *thu̯hās-
3. thu̯hās-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *thu̯ās-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. thu̯ās-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *tu̯ās-
5. tu̯ās-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. twās-
PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōslunoi̯o
TochA. twāslune-
(vb.sb.) ‘kindle, ignite, light’ (DTochB. 298)
(Poucha 136)
1. PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōslunoi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thu̯hōslunoi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thu̯hōslunoi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thu̯hōslunai̯a
3. thu̯hōslunai̯a
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *thu̯hāslunai̯a
4. thu̯hāslunai̯a
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *thu̯āslunai̯a
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. thu̯āslunai̯a
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *tu̯āslunai̯a
6. tu̯āslunai̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *tu̯āslunai̯
7. tu̯āslunai̯
*a y → ē
Change of ay into ē in root-final
R=ay›=ē → *tu̯āslunē
8. tu̯āslunē
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → *tu̯āslune
9. tu̯āslune
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. twāslune
PIE *tɑhuɑhsoi-
TochA. tuse-
(pr.) ‘kindle, ignite, light’ (DTochB. 298)
(Poucha 125)
(TochA. tuseñcäṃ)
1. PIE *tɑhuɑhsoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thuhsoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thuhsoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thuhsai-
3. thuhsai-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *thusai-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. thusai-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *tusai-
5. tusai-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *tusē-
6. tusē-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochA. tuse-
PIE *tɑhōtɑhu̯ɑhsu-
TochA. tātwsu-
(pret.pt.) ‘kindle, ignite, light’ (DTochB. 298)
(Poucha 136)
(TochA. tātwsuṣ)
1. PIE *tɑhōtɑhu̯ɑhsu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thōthu̯hsu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thōthu̯hsu-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *thāthu̯hsu-
3. thāthu̯hsu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *thāthu̯su-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. thāthu̯su-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *tātu̯su-
5. tātu̯su-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. tātwsu-
PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhosos-
TochB. twasas-
(pr.M.) ‘kindle, ignite, light’
(DTochB. 298)
(TochB. twasastär [3sg])
1. PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhosos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thu̯hosos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thu̯hosos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thu̯hasas-
3. thu̯hasas-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *thu̯asas-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. thu̯asas-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *tu̯asas-
5. tu̯asas-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. twasas-
PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhoskḗhɑ-
Lith. tvaskė́-
(vb.) ‘glänzen, leuchten flimmern, glitzern’
(LiEtWb. 1151)
1. PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhoskḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thu̯hoskḗh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thu̯hoskḗh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *thu̯oskḗ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. thu̯oskḗ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thu̯askḗ-
4. thu̯askḗ-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *tu̯askḗ-
5. tu̯askḗ-
*ḗ -> ė́
Change of *ḗ -> ė́
Rḗ›ė́ → *tu̯askė́-
6. tu̯askė́-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. tvaskė́-
PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōsoski-
TochB. twāsäsk-
(pr.A.) ‘kindle’
(DTochB. 298)
TochB. twāsäṣṣim [opt1sg])
1. PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōsoski-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thu̯hōsoski-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thu̯hōsoski-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *thu̯hōsosḱ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. thu̯hōsosḱ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thu̯hōsasḱ-
4. thu̯hōsasḱ-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *thu̯hāsasḱ-
5. thu̯hāsasḱ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *thu̯āsasḱ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. thu̯āsasḱ-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *thu̯āsask-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. thu̯āsask-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *tu̯āsask-
8. tu̯āsask-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. twāsask-
PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōski-
TochB. twāsk-
(pr.A.) ‘kindle, ignite, light’
(DTochB. 298)
(TochB. twāṣṣäm [3sg])
1. PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōski-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thu̯hōski-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thu̯hōski-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *thu̯hōsḱ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. thu̯hōsḱ-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *thu̯hāsḱ-
4. thu̯hāsḱ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *thu̯āsḱ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. thu̯āsḱ-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *thu̯āsk-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. thu̯āsk-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *tu̯āsk-
7. tu̯āsk-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. twāsk-
PIE *tɑhuɑhsi-
TochA. tuṣ-
(pr.A.) ‘kindle, ignite, light’ (DTochB. 298)
(Poucha 125)
1. PIE *tɑhuɑhsi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thuhsi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thuhsi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *thusi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. thusi-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *tusi-
4. tusi-
*si → ṣ
Palatalization of *si
Rsi›ṣ → TochA. tuṣ-
PIE *tɑhuɑhsí-
TochB. tuṣi
(PN.) ‘(in monastic records) ‹‘enlightened?’›’
(DTochB. 302)
1. PIE *tɑhuɑhsí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thuhsí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thuhsí-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *thusí-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. thusí-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *tusí-
4. tusí-
*sí → ṣí
Palatalization of *sí
Rsí›ṣ → *tuṣí-
5. tuṣí-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → TochB. tuṣi-
√tɑhuɑhu-
PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhou-
TochB. two-
(pret.pt.) ‘kindled’
(DTochB. 298)
1. PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thu̯hou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thu̯hou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thu̯hau-
3. thu̯hau-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *thu̯au-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. thu̯au-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *tu̯au-
5. tu̯au-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *tu̯ō-
6. tu̯ō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *tu̯o-
7. tu̯o-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. two-
√deɑɦu-
(IEW 179-81)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)
PIE *deɑɦu·stomo-
Hitt. daḫu·štama-
(n.) ‘(ein Gegenstand aus Silber) ‹lit. ‘glänzend·Ohr?’›’
(HEG T:18)
(HHand. 159, Hitt. t]a-ḫu-u-uš-ta-ma)
1. PIE *deɑɦu·stomo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦu·stomo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦu·stomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦu·stomo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. daɦu·stomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *daɦu·stama-
4. daɦu·stama-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *daɦu·štama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. daɦu·štama-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. daḫu·štama-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *dédēɑɦu-
Gr. δέδαυ-
(pf.) ‘be on fire’ (LSJ. 366)
(GEW 1:342-3)
(Gr. δεδαυμένο-)
1. PIE *dédēɑɦu-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dédāɑɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dédāɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dédāɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dédāɦu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dédāu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dédāu-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *dédau-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
5. dédau-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. δέδαυ-
√dɑɦu-
(IEW 261)
(Pyysalo: OAnat.)
PIE *dɑɦu̯onto-
CLu. du̯anta-
(GKLc.) ‘(ein Gegenstand aus Silber)’
(HEG T:492)
(CLu. tu-u-ua-an-ta-an-za KÙ.BABBAR [plA])
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯onto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯onto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦu̯onto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦu̯anta-
3. dɦu̯anta-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. du̯anta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *po·dɑɦu̯onto-
Hitt. pa·du̯anta-
(URU.) ‘(›Ḫuwar[…)’ (OGHErg. 123)
(OGH. 311)
(Hitt. pa-du-ua-an-da-aš)
1. PIE *po·dɑɦu̯onto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *po·dɦu̯onto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. po·dɦu̯onto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pa·dɦu̯anta-
3. pa·dɦu̯anta-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. pa·du̯anta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦu̯·orbɑɦo-
Hitt. du̯·arba-
(URU.) ‘(bei ›Kinara)’
(OGH. 432)
(Hitt. tu-ar-pa-a)
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯·orbɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯·orbɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦu̯·orbɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦu̯·arbɦa-
3. dɦu̯·arbɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. du̯·arba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦe/ouilo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɑɦou̯ilo-
Hitt. dau̯ila-
(c.) ‘-(?)- (im Ritual)’
(HHand. 173)
(‹uncertain if here›)
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯ilo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯ilo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯ilo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦau̯ila-
3. dɦau̯ila-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dau̯ila-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦeu̯iló·Σ
Gr. θειλό·πεδο-
(n.) ‘Platz zum Trocknen in der Sonne’
(GEW 1:657)
1. PIE *dɑɦeu̯iló·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeu̯iló·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeu̯iló·Σ
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *theu̯iló·Σ
3. theu̯iló·Σ
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *theiló·Σ
4. theiló·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θειλό·Σ
√dɑɦuis-
PIE *dɑɦu̯is-
CLu. du̯iš-
(adv.) ‘hell, licht’ (HHand. 184)
(DLL. 101)
(CLu. tu-ú-iš)
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯is-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯is-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦu̯is-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *du̯is-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. du̯is-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. du̯iš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦu̯iso-
Hitt. du̯iša-
(mc.) ‘‹cf. above›’
(NOMS. 1409)
(Hitt. du/tu-ú-i-ša(-aš) [Abs(N)])
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯iso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯iso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦu̯iso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦu̯isa-
3. dɦu̯isa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *du̯isa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. du̯isa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. du̯iša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √tɑhudɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Heerlager, Truppe’
(IEW 1084f.)
(Forrer apud Feist 1924:130: Hitt. + Goth.)
√tɑheudɑɦ-
PIE *tɑheudɑɦēɑh-
Goth. þiudo-
(f.sg) ‘ἐθνικοί, ἔθνος: ethnici, gens, gentiles’
(GoEtD. Þ40)
(Goth. þiuda Joh 18,35 CA; þiuda Luk 7,5 CA, þiudos 2Kr 11,32 B, þiudai Rom 10,19 A)
1. PIE *tɑheudɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tɑheudɑɦāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tɑheudɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *theudɦāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. theudɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *theudɦā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. theudɦā-
*t h → þ
Affricativization of *th
Rth›þ → *þeudɦā-
5. þeudɦā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *þeudā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. þeudā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *þeudō-
(XX:XX)
7. þeudō-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *þiudō-
8. þiudō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Goth. þiudo-
PIE *tɑheudɑɦisko
Goth. þiudisk-
(a.) ‘heidnisch: heathenly: ἐθνικῶς: gentiliter’
(GoEtD. Þ42)
(Goth. þiudisko [adv.] Gal 2,14 B, GoElB. 191A2, HbGo. 28,4, 154,2, 193,2, GoEtD. 361)
1. PIE *tɑheudɑɦisko
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *theudɦisko
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. theudɦisko
*t h → þ
Affricativization of *th
Rth›þ → *þeudɦisko
3. þeudɦisko
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *þeudisko
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. þeudisko
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þeudiska
5. þeudiska
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *þiudiska
6. þiudiska
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Goth. þiudisk
√tɑhudɑɦi̯i-
(HEG T:499f.)
(Forrer apud Feist 1924:130)
PIE *tɑhudɑɦi̯i-
Hitt. tuzi-
(c.) ‘KARAŠ: Heer(lager), Truppenmacht’
(HHand. 184)
1. PIE *tɑhudɑɦi̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thudɦi̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thudɦi̯i-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *thujɦi-
3. thujɦi-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *tujɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tujɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tuji-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. tuji-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. tuzi-
PIE *Π·tɑhudɑɦi̯i-
Hitt. kan·tuzi-
(mc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 502)
(Hitt. kán-tu-zi [Abs])
1. PIE *Π·tɑhudɑɦi̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·thudɦi̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·thudɦi̯i-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *Π·thujɦi-
3. Π·thujɦi-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·tujɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·tujɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·tuji-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·tuji-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. Π·tuzi-
PIE *tɑhudɑɦi̯ei̯o-
Hitt. tuzei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘lagern (mit dem Heer)’
(HHand. 184)
1. PIE *tɑhudɑɦi̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thudɦi̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thudɦi̯ei̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *thujɦei̯o-
3. thujɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thujɦei̯a-
4. thujɦei̯a-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *tujɦei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. tujɦei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tujei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. tujei̯a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. tuzei̯a-
PIE *tɑhudɑɦi̯ei̯osesor/n-
Hitt. tuzei̯ašešar/n-
(n.) ‘Heerlager, Heer’
(HHand. 184)
1. PIE *tɑhudɑɦi̯ei̯osesor/n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thudɦi̯ei̯osesor/n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thudɦi̯ei̯osesor/n-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *thujɦei̯osesor/n-
3. thujɦei̯osesor/n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thujɦei̯asesar/n-
4. thujɦei̯asesar/n-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *tujɦei̯asesar/n-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. tujɦei̯asesar/n-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tujei̯asesar/n-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. tujei̯asesar/n-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *tuzei̯asesar/n-
7. tuzei̯asesar/n-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tuzei̯ašešar/n-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·tɑhudɑɦi̯i·li-
Hitt. kan·tuzi·li-
(mc.) ‘(prince hittite) ‹= mkan·li-›’
(NOMS. 503)
(Hitt. kán-tu-uz-zi-li)
1. PIE *Π·tɑhudɑɦi̯i·li-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·thudɦi̯i·li-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·thudɦi̯i·li-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *Π·thujɦi·li-
3. Π·thujɦi·li-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·tujɦi·li-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·tujɦi·li-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·tuji·li-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·tuji·li-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. Π·tuzi·li-


PIE √thɑl- √dɦɑl- (sb.) ‘Flußigkeit’
√tehɑl-
PIE *√tehɑL·Σ-
OInd. tal·aka-
(n.) ‘Teich’
(KEWA 1:470)
1. PIE *√tehɑL·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *√tehL·Σ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. √tehL·Σ-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *√tehl·Σ-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. √tehl·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *√tel·Σ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. √tel·Σ-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → OInd. √tal·Σ-
PIE *téhɑlmeɑht-
Gr. τέλματ-
(n.) ‘Pfütze, Sumpf, Morast, Schlamm, Kot’
(GEW 2:870)
(Gr. τέλμα [sgNA])
1. PIE *téhɑlmeɑht-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *téhɑlmaɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. téhɑlmaɑht-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *téhlmaht-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. téhlmaht-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *télmat-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. télmat-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τέλματ-
√deɦɑl-
(IEW. 194)
PIE *deɦɑli-
Arm. teł-
(sb.) ‘starker Regen’
(IEW. 194)
(Arm. teł [sgN])
1. PIE *deɦɑli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *deɦli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. deɦli-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *deli-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. deli-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *teli-
4. teli-
*li → ł
Change of *li into ł
Rli›ł → Arm. teł-
PIE *deɦɑli̯ēɑh-
Arm. teła-
(vb.) ‘pluō, irrigō’
(IEW. 194)
(Arm. tełam)
1. PIE *deɦɑli̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *deɦɑli̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. deɦɑli̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *deɦli̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. deɦli̯āh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *deli̯āh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. deli̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *deli̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. deli̯ā-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *teli̯ā-
6. teli̯ā-
*li̯ → ł
Change of *li̯ into ł
Rli̯›ł → *tełā-
7. tełā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → Arm. teła-
√dɦɑlɑɦgiɑɦ
PIE *dɦɑéleɑɦgiɑɦi̯eɑh-
Gr. θάλασσα-
(f.) ‘sea’
(LSJ. 781-2)
1. PIE *dɦɑéleɑɦgiɑɦi̯eɑh-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *dɦɑáleɑɦgiɑɦi̯eɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑáleɑɦgiɑɦi̯eɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *dɦɑálaɑɦgiɑɦi̯aɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. dɦɑálaɑɦgiɑɦi̯aɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦálaɦgiɦi̯ah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. dɦálaɦgiɦi̯ah-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *dɦálaɦǵɦi̯ah-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. dɦálaɦǵɦi̯ah-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dɦálaǵɦi̯ah-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. dɦálaǵɦi̯ah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦálaǵɦi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. dɦálaǵɦi̯a-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thálaǵɦi̯a-
8. thálaǵɦi̯a-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
Rǵɦ›ḱh → *thálaḱhi̯a-
9. thálaḱhi̯a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *thálakhi̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
10. thálakhi̯a-
hi̯ → h
Loss of *i̯ after h
Rhi̯›h → *thálakha-
11. thálakha-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θάλαχα-
PIE *dɦɑleɑɦgiɑɦo
OInd. draha-
(m.) ‘See’
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *dɦɑleɑɦgiɑɦo
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *dɦɑlaɑɦgiɑɦo
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. dɦɑlaɑɦgiɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦlaɦgiɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦlaɦgiɦo
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *dɦraɦgiɦo
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. dɦraɦgiɦo
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *dɦraɦj́ɦo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. dɦraɦj́ɦo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦraɦj́ɦa
6. dɦraɦj́ɦa
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dɦraj́ɦa
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. dɦraj́ɦa
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *draj́ɦa
(SPIE §4.6.4)
8. draj́ɦa
*j́ɦ → ɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ
Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *draɦa
(SPIE §4.8.4)
9. draɦa
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. draha


PIE √tɦɑg- √dɦɑg- (vb.) ‘decken, verbergen, verstecken, schirmen’
(IEW 1013-14)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√teɦɑgo-
PIE *teɦɑgo-
Lat. tego-
(pr.) ‘decken, verbergen, verstecken, schirmen’
(WH. 2:654-5)
(Lat. tegō, tegere; IEW 1013-1014)
1. PIE *teɦɑgo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *teɦgo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. teɦgo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. tego-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Π·teɦɑgo-
OGaulG. στολού·τεγο-
(n.) ‘Art die Waffe im Rückzug zu schleudern’
(WH. 2:655)
(Gaul. στολούτεγον)
1. PIE *Π·teɦɑgo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·teɦgo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·teɦgo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·tego-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·tego-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → OGaulG. Π·τεγο-
PIE *teɦɑgò·Σ
OIr. teg·lach-
(n.) ‘Hausgenossenschaft’
(DIL 582)
(OIr. teglach [sgN])
1. PIE *teɦɑgò·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *teɦgò·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. teɦgò·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → OIr. tegò·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√toɦɑgo-
PIE *toɦɑgo
OIcl. þak-
(n.) ‘Dach, Decke, Dachmaterial’
(ANEtWb. 605)
(OIcl. þak; IEW 1013-1014)
1. PIE *toɦɑgo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *toɦgo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. toɦgo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *togo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. togo
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þogo
4. þogo
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *þoko
5. þoko
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þaka
6. þaka
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OIcl. þak
PIE *toɦɑgēɑh-
Lat. togā-
(f.) ‘Gewand, Toga’
(WH. 2:654)
(Lat. toga; IEW 1013-1014)
1. PIE *toɦɑgēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *toɦɑgāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. toɦɑgāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *toɦgāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. toɦgāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *togāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. togāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. togā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√doɦɑk-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *doɦɑkó-
Gr. δοκό-
(f.) ‘Dachsparre, Balken’
(GEW 1:406)
1. PIE *doɦɑkó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦkó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. doɦkó-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dokó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dokó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. δοκό-
√deɦɑk-
PIE *deɦɑktḗɑh-
Ion.-Att. δεκτή-
(f.) ‘χλαῖνα, χλανίς’
(GEW 1:360)
1. PIE *deɦɑktḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *deɦɑktā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. deɦɑktā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *deɦktā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. deɦktā́h-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dektā́h-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dektā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dektā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dektā́-
*ā́ → ḗ
Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ
Rā́›ḗ → *dektḗ-
6. dektḗ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. δεκτή-
√dɦɑēg-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·dɦɑēg-
TochB. kuca·tāk-
(sb.) ‘tower, balcony’
(DTochB. 181)
(TochB. kucatākmeṃ ‹cf. Hitt. kut- ‘mauer’›)
1. PIE *Π·dɦɑēg-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·dɦɑāg-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·dɦɑāg-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦāg-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·dɦāg-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·dāg-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·dāg-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *Π·dāk-
5. Π·dāk-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → TochB. Π·tāk-
PIE *Π·dɦɑēg-
TochA. kucca·tāk-
(sb.) ‘tower, balcony’
(Poucha 76)
(TochA. kuccatāki)
1. PIE *Π·dɦɑēg-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·dɦɑāg-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·dɦɑāg-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦāg-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·dɦāg-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·dāg-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·dāg-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *Π·dāk-
5. Π·dāk-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → TochA. Π·tāk-
PIE *on·dɦɑēgo-
Hitt. an·dāga-
(c.) ‘Zimmer, Privatgemach’ (HHand. 17)
(HEG A:34)
(Hitt. an-ta-ki=iš-ši [sgL], an-ta-ga-aš-ša)
1. PIE *on·dɦɑēgo-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *on·dɦɑāgo-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. on·dɦɑāgo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *on·dɦāgo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. on·dɦāgo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *an·dɦāga-
4. an·dɦāga-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. an·dāga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *on·dɦɑēgeit-
Hitt. an·dāgeit-
(c./n.?) ‘Zimmer, Privatgemach’
(HIL. 223)
(Hitt. an-ta-ki-it-ti [DL])
1. PIE *on·dɦɑēgeit-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *on·dɦɑāgeit-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. on·dɦɑāgeit-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *on·dɦāgeit-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. on·dɦāgeit-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *an·dɦāgeit-
4. an·dɦāgeit-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. an·dāgeit-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √ti- √toi- √tei- (sb.) ‘Donner’
(IEW 1068 [diff.])
(Pttsalo: OAnat.)
√tiku-
(or √tɑhiku-?; the correspondence is uncertain)
PIE *teiku·gɑɦu̯o-
Hitt. teiku·gu̯a-
(URU.) ‘Donnerschlag? (Ḫurna ›Taritara ›Tašmaḫa)’
(OGH. 420-1)
(Hitt. ti-ik-ku-ku-ua, OGHErg. 169)
1. PIE *teiku·gɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *teiku·gɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. teiku·gɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *teiku·gɦu̯a-
3. teiku·gɦu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. teiku·gu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ohɑo·teiku·gɑɦuro-
HLu. aḫa·teiku·gura-
(URBSc.) ‘‹see URUti-ik-ku-ku-ua & HLu. gura- ‘cut’›’
(CHLu. 10.37.17)
(HLu. á-ha-ti-ku-ku+ra/i-za(URBS))
1. PIE *ohɑo·teiku·gɑɦuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oho·teiku·gɦuro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oho·teiku·gɦuro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aha·teiku·gɦura-
3. aha·teiku·gɦura-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *aha·teiku·gura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. aha·teiku·gura-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. aḫa·teiku·gura-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *teiku̯ēɑh·n
Goth. þeiƕo·n-
(n.) ‘Donner: thunder: βροντή: tonitrus’
(GoEtD. Þ31)
(Goth. þeiƕon [A] Joh 12,29 CA, þeiƕons [G] Mrk 3,17 CA, GoElB. 54,2, HbGo. 100n2, 139,1)
1. PIE *teiku̯ēɑh·n
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *teiku̯āɑh·n
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. teiku̯āɑh·n
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *teiku̯āh·n
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. teiku̯āh·n
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *teiku̯ā·n
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. teiku̯ā·n
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *teixu̯ā·n
5. teixu̯ā·n
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þeixu̯ā·n
6. þeixu̯ā·n
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *þeixu̯ō·n
(XX:XX)
7. þeixu̯ō·n
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *þīxu̯ō·n
8. þīxu̯ō·n
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *þīhu̯ō·n
9. þīhu̯ō·n
hw → ƕ
Monophonemization of hw into ƕ
Rhu̯›ƕ → *þīƕō·n
10. þīƕō·n
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *þīƕo·n
11. þīƕo·n
*ī → ei
Orthographic change of *ī into ei
Rī›ei → Goth. þeiƕo·n


PIE √ti- √toi- √tei- (vb.) ‘erscheinen, brennen, glänzen’ (sb.) ‘Glanz, Zeichen, Gott’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√tei-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·tei-
Hitt. pu̯a·tei-
(c.) ‘Kennzeichen, Marke, Farbe’
(HEG P:679)
(HHand. 137, Hitt. puwatti-)
PIE *Π·tei-
Hitt. memišar·tei-
(d.) ‘‹cf. Archi 1990:114-128›’
(OHP. 1:301-2)
(Hitt. me-mi-šar-ti-iš, me-me-šar-ti-iš, me-me-šar-ti-iš [sgN])
PIE *Π·tei-
Hitt. angar·tei-
(dc.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:31)
(Hitt. dan-kar-ti [Abs], -in [sgA])
√teio-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *tei̯o-
OPhryg. τεο-
(m.) ‘Gott’
(PHRYG. XX)
1. PIE *tei̯o-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → *teio-
2. teio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → OPhryg. τειο-
PIE *tei̯odɑɦ-
Pal. tei̯ad-
(c.) ‘sun god’
(DPal. 75)
(Pal. ti-ia-az [sgN])
1. PIE *tei̯odɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tei̯odɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tei̯odɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tei̯adɦ-
3. tei̯adɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Pal. tei̯ad-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tei̯odɑɦei-
Hitt. tei̯adei-
(c.) ‘(eine Drogenpflanze?, ‘Teufelsdreck?’)’
(HHand. 176)
1. PIE *tei̯odɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tei̯odɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tei̯odɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tei̯adɦei-
3. tei̯adɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. tei̯adei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√teiiɑh-
PIE *teii̯ēɑh-
OPhryg. τειᾱ-
(f.) ‘Göttin’
(PHRYG. 136)
1. PIE *teii̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *teii̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. teii̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *teii̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. teii̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *teii̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. teii̯ā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → *teiiā-
5. teiiā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → OPhryg. τειιᾱ-
√ti-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ti-
OPhryg. τι-
(m.) ‘Gott’
(PHRYG. 136)
(Phryg. τιος ‘dei’ [sgG])
1. PIE *ti-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → OPhryg. τι-
PIE *Π·ti-
RV. amá·ti-
(f.) ‘Sonnenschein, Sonnenglanz’
(WbRV. 90)
(RV. ámati-)
PIE *Π·ti-
Lat. penā·ti-
(m.) ‘im Inneren des Hauses waltenden Gottheiten’
(WH. 2:278)
(Lat. penātēs, penātium)
√tio-
√tiɑh-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *tiɑ́h-
OInd. tī-
(f.) ‘Lakṣmi’
(MonWil. 431)
1. PIE *tiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *tiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. tiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. tií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → OInd. tī́-
PIE *Π·tiɑ́h-
OInd. bhāra·tī-
(f.) ‘Goddess of speech, wisdom and arts’
(WbRV. 933)
1. PIE *Π·tiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *Π·tiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·tiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·tií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·tií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → OInd. Π·tī́-
PIE *Π·tiɑ́h-
LAv. harai·tī-
(f.) ‘Name eines sagenhaften Gebirgs’
(AIWb. 1787)
(LAv. haraitī-)
1. PIE *Π·tiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *Π·tiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·tiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·tií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·tií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *Π·tī́-
4. Π·tī́-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → LAv. Π·tī-
PIE *tiɑ́h·Σ
Lat. tī·tiōn-
(m.) ‘Feuerbrand, brennendes Scheit’
(WH. 2:685-6)
1. PIE *tiɑ́h·Σ
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *tiíh·Σ
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. tiíh·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tií·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. tií·Σ
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *tī́·Σ
4. tī́·Σ
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → Lat. tī·Σ
√tiēɑh-
PIE *Π·ti̯ēɑh-
Lat. alu·tiā-
(f.pl) ‘Name gewisser Goldgruben’
(WH. 1:34)
(Lat. alutiae, cf. Hitt. ḫalu̯a- ‘tief’)
1. PIE *Π·ti̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·ti̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·ti̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ti̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·ti̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ti̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·ti̯ā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → Lat. Π·tiā-
√tieɑhpɑh-
(IEW –)
PIE *ti̯éɑhpɑheɑh
Gr. σάφα
(adv.) ‘bestimmt, sicher, zuverlässig (bes. mit οἰδα)’
(GEW 2:684)
(Gr. σάφα, also σαφέως, σαφῶ̃ς; GrGr. 1:622)
1. PIE *ti̯éɑhpɑheɑh
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ti̯éɑhpɑhaɑh
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. ti̯éɑhpɑhaɑh
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *ti̯áɑhpɑhaɑh
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. ti̯áɑhpɑhaɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ti̯áhphah
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ti̯áhphah
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ti̯ápha
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ti̯ápha
PIE *ti̯ → c
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›c → *cápha
6. cápha
*c → s
Change of *c into s
Rc›s → *sápha
7. sápha
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. σάφα
PIE *ti̯eɑhpɑhḗs-
Gr. σαφήσ-
(a.) ‘klar, deutlich, offenbar, zuverlässig, bestimmt’
(GEW 2:684)
(Gr. σαφής, σαφές, ἀσάφεια)
1. PIE *ti̯eɑhpɑhḗs-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ti̯aɑhpɑhḗs-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. ti̯aɑhpɑhḗs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ti̯ahphḗs-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ti̯ahphḗs-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ti̯aphḗs-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ti̯aphḗs-
PIE *ti̯ → c
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›c → *caphḗs-
5. caphḗs-
*c → s
Change of *c into s
Rc›s → *saphḗs-
6. saphḗs-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. σαφήσ-
PIE *ti̯eɑhpɑh·Σ
Gr. σαφ·ηνήσ-
(sb.) ‘plain truth’ (LSJ. 1586, cf. ἀπ-, προσ-ηνής)
(GEW 2:684)
(Gr. σαφηνής)
1. PIE *ti̯eɑhpɑh·Σ
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ti̯aɑhpɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. ti̯aɑhpɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ti̯ahph·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ti̯ahph·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ti̯aph·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ti̯aph·Σ
PIE *ti̯ → c
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›c → *caph·Σ
5. caph·Σ
*c → s
Change of *c into s
Rc›s → *saph·Σ
6. saph·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. σαφ·Σ
PIE *ti̯eɑhpɑh·Σ
Dor. σαφ·ᾱνήσ-
(sb.) ‘plain truth’ (LSJ. 1586)
(GEW 2:684)
(Dor. σαφᾱνής)
1. PIE *ti̯eɑhpɑh·Σ
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ti̯aɑhpɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. ti̯aɑhpɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ti̯ahph·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ti̯ahph·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ti̯aph·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ti̯aph·Σ
PIE *ti̯ → c
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›c → *caph·Σ
5. caph·Σ
*c → s
Change of *c into s
Rc›s → *saph·Σ
6. saph·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. σαφ·Σ
PIE *ti̯eɑhpɑh·Σ
Gr. σαφ·ήνεια-
(f.) ‘Deutlichkeit, Klarheit’
(GEW 2:684)
(Gr. σαφήνεια)
1. PIE *ti̯eɑhpɑh·Σ
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ti̯aɑhpɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. ti̯aɑhpɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ti̯ahph·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ti̯ahph·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ti̯aph·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ti̯aph·Σ
PIE *ti̯ → c
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›c → *caph·Σ
5. caph·Σ
*c → s
Change of *c into s
Rc›s → *saph·Σ
6. saph·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. σαφ·Σ
PIE *Π·ti̯eɑhpɑhéi̯o-
Gr. δια·σαφέο-
(vb.) ‘make quite clear, show plainly’
(LSJ. 411)
(Gr. διασαφέω)
1. PIE *Π·ti̯eɑhpɑhéi̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·ti̯aɑhpɑhéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·ti̯aɑhpɑhéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ti̯ahphéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·ti̯ahphéi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ti̯aphéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·ti̯aphéi̯o-
PIE *ti̯ → c
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›c → *Π·caphéi̯o-
5. Π·caphéi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *Π·caphéo-
6. Π·caphéo-
*c → s
Change of *c into s
Rc›s → *Π·saphéo-
7. Π·saphéo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·σαφέο-
PIE *ti̯eɑhpɑh·Σ
Gr. σαφ·ίζo-
(pr.) ‘klar machen, erklären’
(GEW 2:684)
(Ion-Att. σαφίζω; also Gr. σαφισμός, σαφιστικός)
1. PIE *ti̯eɑhpɑh·Σ
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ti̯aɑhpɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. ti̯aɑhpɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ti̯ahph·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ti̯ahph·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ti̯aph·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ti̯aph·Σ
PIE *ti̯ → c
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›c → *caph·Σ
5. caph·Σ
*c → s
Change of *c into s
Rc›s → *saph·Σ
6. saph·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. σαφ·Σ
PIE *ti̯eɑhpɑh·ḗtōr
Gr. σαφ·ήτωρ-
(m.) ‘μάντις ἀληθής, μηνυτής, ἑρμηνευτής’
(GEW 2:684)
(Hes. σαφήτωρ)
1. PIE *ti̯eɑhpɑh·ḗtōr
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ti̯aɑhpɑh·ḗtōr
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. ti̯aɑhpɑh·ḗtōr
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ti̯ahph·ḗtōr
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ti̯ahph·ḗtōr
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ti̯aph·ḗtōr
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ti̯aph·ḗtōr
PIE *ti̯ → c
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›c → *caph·ḗtōr
5. caph·ḗtōr
*c → s
Change of *c into s
Rc›s → *saph·ḗtōr
6. saph·ḗtōr
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. σαφ·ήτωρ
√tikis-
PIE *tíkiso-
Gr. τίξο-
(ao.) ‘δεῖξον (Hes.)’
(LSJ. 1796)
(Gr. τίξον [ipv])
1. PIE *tíkiso-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *tíḱso-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. tíḱso-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *tíkso-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. tíkso-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τίξο-
√teiku-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *teiku̯o
OCS. tikŭ
(m.) ‘Spiegel’
(Sadnik √964)
(OCS. tikŭ)
1. PIE *teiku̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *teiku̯a
2. teiku̯a
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *teika
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. teika
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *teiko
4. teiko
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *teiku
5. teiku
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *tīku
6. tīku
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → *tiku
7. tiku
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. tikŭ
PIE *teiku̯uro
RussCS. tikŭrŭ
(m.) ‘Spiegel’
(REW 3:104)
(RussCS. tikŭrŭ)
1. PIE *teiku̯uro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *teiku̯ura
2. teiku̯ura
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *teikura
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. teikura
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *teikuro
4. teikuro
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *teikuru
5. teikuru
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *tīkuru
6. tīkuru
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → *tikuru
7. tikuru
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → RussCS. tikŭrŭ
PIE *teiku̯ùro
Russ. tikr-
(m.) ‘Spiegel’
(REW 3:104)
(Russ. tikr [sgN])
1. PIE *teiku̯ùro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *teiku̯ùra
2. teiku̯ùra
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *teikùra
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. teikùra
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *teikùro
4. teikùro
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *teikùru
5. teikùru
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *tīkùru
6. tīkùru
*-u → Ø
Loss of -u in root-final position
R=u›=0 → *tīkùr
7. tīkùr
ù -› 0
Loss of unaccented u
Rù›0 → *tīkr
8. tīkr
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → Russ. tikr
√til-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *teil·Σ
OCS. til·ište-
(sb.) ‘OCS. lice: Stirn, Anlitz, Wange, Gestalt’
(Sadnik √462/29)
1. PIE *teil·Σ
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *tīl·Σ
2. tīl·Σ
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → OCS. til·Σ
PIE *teil·Σ
TochB. cel·en-
(pr.M.) ‘appear’
(DTochB. 256)
(TochB. celenträ [3sg])
1. PIE *teil·Σ
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *ti̯ail·Σ
2. ti̯ail·Σ
PIE *ti̯ → c
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›c → *cail·Σ
3. cail·Σ
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *cēl·Σ
4. cēl·Σ
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochB. cel·Σ
PIE *teil·Σ
TochB. cel·eñiye-
(impf.M.) ‘appear’
(DTochB. 256)
(TochB. celeñiyentär)
1. PIE *teil·Σ
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *ti̯ail·Σ
2. ti̯ail·Σ
PIE *ti̯ → c
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›c → *cail·Σ
3. cail·Σ
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *cēl·Σ
4. cēl·Σ
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochB. cel·Σ
PIE *teil·Σ
TochB. cel·āmäññe-
(a.) ‘-(?)-’ (CeToM –, cf. Adams)
(DTochB. 255)
(TochB. celāmäññe)
1. PIE *teil·Σ
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *ti̯ail·Σ
2. ti̯ail·Σ
PIE *ti̯ → c
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›c → *cail·Σ
3. cail·Σ
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *cēl·Σ
4. cēl·Σ
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochB. cel·Σ
√tim- ‘dunkel (werden)’
(IEW 1063-64 √tem(ə)-)
(WP. 1:720 f.)
PIE *tim-
Latv. tim-
(vb.) ‘dunkel werden’
(LiEtWb. 1080)
(Latv. timt [inf.])
√timɑh-
PIE *timēɑh
Latv. tima-
(pret.) ‘dunkel werden’
(LiEtWb. 1080)
(Latv. tima)
1. PIE *timēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *timāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. timāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *timāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. timāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *timā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. timā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R=ā›=a → Latv. tima
PIE *timēɑh
Latv. tima-
(f.) ‘Dunkelheit’
(LiEtWB. 1080)
(Latv. tima, IEW 1063-64)
1. PIE *timēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *timāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. timāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *timāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. timāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *timā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. timā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R=ā›=a → Latv. tima
PIE *timēɑh-
OCS. tĭma-
(f.) ‘Finsternis: darkness’
(Sadnik √971)
(OCS. tьma, IEW 1063-64)
1. PIE *timēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *timāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. timāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *timāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. timāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *timā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. timā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *tima-
5. tima-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → OCS. tĭma-
√timi-
PIE *Π·timiɑ́h-
OCS. o·tĭmi-
(vb.) ‘verdunkeln, verfinstern’
(Sadnik √971)
1. PIE *Π·timiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *Π·timiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·timiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·timií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·timií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *Π·timī́-
4. Π·timī́-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *Π·tĭmī́-
5. Π·tĭmī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *Π·tĭmí-
6. Π·tĭmí-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → OCS. Π·tĭmi-
√timin-
PIE *timino
OCS. tĭmĭnŭ-
(a.) ‘dunkel, finster, der Finsternis’
(Sadnik √971)
(OCS. tьmьnъ, IEW 1063-64)
1. PIE *timino
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *timina
2. timina
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *timino
3. timino
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *timinu
4. timinu
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *tĭmĭnu
5. tĭmĭnu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. tĭmĭnŭ
PIE *preɑhi·timino
OCS. prĕ·tĭmĭnŭ-
(a.) ‘überaus finster, dunkel’
(Sadnik √971)
(OCS. prĕtĭmĭnŭ)
1. PIE *preɑhi·timino
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *praɑhi·timino
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. praɑhi·timino
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *prahi·timino
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. prahi·timino
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *prahi·timina
4. prahi·timina
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *prai·timina
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. prai·timina
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *proi·timino
6. proi·timino
*oi → ē
Monophthongization of *oi into ē
Roi›ē → *prē·timino
7. prē·timino
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *prē·timinu
8. prē·timinu
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *prē·tĭmĭnu
9. prē·tĭmĭnu
*ē → ĕ
Change of *ē into ĕ
Rē›ĕ → *prĕ·tĭmĭnu
10. prĕ·tĭmĭnu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. prĕ·tĭmĭnŭ
PIE *Π·timiniɑ́h-
OCS. o·tĭmĭni-
(vb.) ‘verfinstern’
(Sadnik √971)
(OCS. otĭmĭni-)
1. PIE *Π·timiniɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *Π·timiniíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·timiniíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·timinií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·timinií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *Π·timinī́-
4. Π·timinī́-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *Π·tĭmĭnī́-
5. Π·tĭmĭnī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *Π·tĭmĭní-
6. Π·tĭmĭní-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → OCS. Π·tĭmĭni-
PIE *timiniɑ́h·Σ
OCS. ·tĭmĭnica-
(f.) ‘Kerker, Gefängnis’
(Sadnik √971)
(OCS. tĭmĭnica)
1. PIE *timiniɑ́h·Σ
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *timiniíh·Σ
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. timiniíh·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *timinií·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. timinií·Σ
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *timinī́·Σ
4. timinī́·Σ
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *tĭmĭnī́·Σ
5. tĭmĭnī́·Σ
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *tĭmĭní·Σ
6. tĭmĭní·Σ
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → OCS. tĭmĭni·Σ
√timir-
PIE *timiró-
OInd. timirá-
(a.) ‘dunkel, finster’
(KEWA 1:502)
(IEW 1063-64, OInd. timirá-)
1. PIE *timiró-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → OInd. timirá-
PIE *timiro-
Pā. timira-
(a.) ‘dunkel’ (n.) ‘Dunkelheit’
(KEWA 1:502)
1. PIE *timiro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Pā. timira-
PIE *timiro
ModPers. timir-
(a.) ‘Dunkelheit’
(KEWA 1:502)
1. PIE *timiro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *timira
2. timira
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → ModPers. timir
PIE *tímìr·Σ
Russ. témr·ivo-
(n.) ‘Finsternis’
(IEW 1063-64)
1. PIE *tímìr·Σ
*í → é
Change of *i into e
Rí›é → *témìr·Σ
2. témìr·Σ
*i → Ø
Loss of unaccented *i
Rì›0 → Russ. témr·Σ
√tein-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *teino·dɑɦo-
HLu. teina·da-
(ARGENTUM.DAREn.) ‘tithe ‹i.e. ‘silver·gift›’
(CHLu. 6.5.2, 10.14.28)
(HLu. ARGENTUM.DARE)ti-na-tá, ti-na-ta-za)
1. PIE *teino·dɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *teino·dɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. teino·dɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *teina·dɦa-
3. teina·dɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. teina·da-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *teino·dɑɦosi-
Hitt. teina·daši-
(PÚa.gen.) ‘(›Šaluataši, OGHErg. 211)’
(OGH. 554)
(Hitt. ti-i-na-ta-aš-ši-iš)
1. PIE *teino·dɑɦosi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *teino·dɦosi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. teino·dɦosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *teina·dɦasi-
3. teina·dɦasi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *teina·dasi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. teina·dasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. teina·daši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *teino·dɑɦi-
HLu. teina·di-
(sb.) ‘tithe’
(CHLu. 6.1.3)
(HLu. [ti]-na-ti-i [sgD])
1. PIE *teino·dɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *teino·dɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. teino·dɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *teina·dɦi-
3. teina·dɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. teina·di-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√tin-
PIE *tin·deɑɦríɦɑdeɑhi
Gr. τιν·δαρίδαι
(m.pl) ‘Zeussöhne’
(GEW 1:611)
(Gr. τινδαρίδαι)
1. PIE *tin·deɑɦríɦɑdeɑhi
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *tin·daɑɦríɦɑdaɑhi
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. tin·daɑɦríɦɑdaɑhi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tin·daɦríɦdahi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tin·daɦríɦdahi
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *tin·darídahi
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tin·darídahi
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tin·darídai
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. tin·darídai
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τιν·δαρίδαι
PIE *tintó-
Gr. τιντό-
(pt.) ‘ἑφθόν (Hes.)’
(GEW 2:902)
(GEW: “alphabet. unrichtig!”)
1. PIE *tintó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τιντό-
PIE *tintɑhó-
Gr. τινθό-
(m.) ‘heißer Wasserdampf (eines Kessels)?’
(GEW 2:902)
1. PIE *tintɑhó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tinthó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tinthó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τινθό-
PIE *tintɑh·hɑeléi̯o-
Gr. τινθ·αλέο-
(a.) ‘kochend heiß’
(GEW 2:902)
1. PIE *tintɑh·hɑeléi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *tintɑh·hɑaléi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. tintɑh·hɑaléi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tinth·haléi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tinth·haléi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tinth·aléi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tinth·aléi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *tinth·aléo-
5. tinth·aléo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τινθ·αλέο-
√tip- √toip- √teip-
PIE *tiɑ́htip-
OInd. tītip-
(ao.) ‘heat’
(VGrStud. 386)
(OInd. átītipe [3sg])
1. PIE *tiɑ́htip-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *tiíhtip-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. tiíhtip-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tiítip-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. tiítip-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → OInd. tī́tip-
PIE *toip-
OInd. tep-
(pf.) ‘heat’
(VGrStud. 386)
(OInd. tepé)
1. PIE *toip-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *taip-
2. taip-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *tēp-
3. tēp-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → OInd. tep-
√tir-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *tire-
OIr. tiri-
(intr.) ‘trocken’
(IEW 1078-79)
(OIr. tirim [1sg])
1. PIE *tire-
R=e-›=i- → OIr. tiri-
PIE *tíri-
Dor. τίρι-
(f.?) ‘summer’
(LSJ. 1796)
(Hes. τίριος · θέρους [sgG], Cret.)
1. PIE *tíri-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. τίρι-
PIE *teir·Σ
Russ. tir·júcha
(f.) ‘Fieber’
(REW 3:107)
1. PIE *teir·Σ
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *tīr·Σ
2. tīr·Σ
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → Russ. tir·Σ
PIE *toiro
Alb. ter-
(vb.tr.) ‘trocknen an der Luft’
(IEW 1078-79)
1. PIE *toiro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *taira
2. taira
ai -> e
Monophthongization of *ai into e
Rai›e → *tera
3. tera
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Alb. ter
√tis-
PIE *tisíɑHo-
RV. tiṣí.a-
(m.) ‘ein Fixstern(bild), ein Sternbild’
(WbRV. 537)
(RV. tiṣía-)
1. PIE *tisíɑHo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tisíHo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tisíHo-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *tišíHo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. tišíHo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tišíHa-
4. tišíHa-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *tiší.a-
5. tiší.a-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. tiṣí.a-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
PIE *tis·tri̯o-
LAv. tiš·trya-
(m.) ‘N des als Gottheit verehrten Fixterns Sirius’
(AIWb. 651-2)
(For the suffix cf. Lat. triō·n-, Lat. septem·triō·n- etc.)
1. PIE *tis·tri̯o-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIIr → *tiš·tri̯o-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. tiš·tri̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tiš·tri̯a-
3. tiš·tri̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. tiš·trya-
PIE *tōiso-
OInd. taiṣa-
(a.) ‘zu tiṣyà- gehörig’ (m.) ‘Name eines Monats’
(EWA 1:649)
1. PIE *tōiso-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *tōišo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. tōišo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tōiša-
3. tōiša-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *tāiša-
4. tāiša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *tāiṣa-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
5. tāiṣa-
āi → ai
Orthographic change of āi into ai
Rāi›ai → OInd. taiṣa-
PIE *toiso-
Kaśm. teś-
(m.) ‘eighth lunar asterim’
(EWA 1:649)
1. PIE *toiso-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *toišo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. toišo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *taiša-
3. taiša-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *tēša-
4. tēša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *tēṣa-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
5. tēṣa-
*ṣ → ś
Change of ṣ into ś
Rṣ›ś → *tēśa-
6. tēśa-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → Kaśm. teśa-
PIE *tis·tri̯o-
LAv. tiš·trya-
(GNm.) ‘Sirius’
(AIWb. 651-2)
1. PIE *tis·tri̯o-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIIr → *tiš·tri̯o-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. tiš·tri̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tiš·tri̯a-
3. tiš·tri̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. tiš·trya-
PIE *tis·tri̯oiniɑ́h-
LAv. tiš·tryaeinī-
(f.) ‘Name von Sternen in der nähe des Tištrya’
(AIWb. 652)
1. PIE *tis·tri̯oiniɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *tis·tri̯oiniíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. tis·tri̯oiniíh-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIIr → *tiš·tri̯oiniíh-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. tiš·tri̯oiniíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tiš·tri̯ainiíh-
4. tiš·tri̯ainiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tiš·tri̯ainií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. tiš·tri̯ainií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *tiš·tri̯ainī́-
6. tiš·tri̯ainī́-
*ai → ae
Opening of *ai into ae
Rai›ae → *tiš·tri̯aenī́-
7. tiš·tri̯aenī́-
*aeni → aeini
Anaptyxis of *i
RaenI›aeinI → *tiš·tri̯aeinī́-
8. tiš·tri̯aeinī́-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *tiš·tryaeinī́-
9. tiš·tryaeinī́-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → LAv. tiš·tryaeinī-
PIE *tis·tri̯o.Σ
LAv. tiš·tryō.štāra-
(m.) ‘der Tištrya- (genannte) Stern’
(AIWb. 652)
1. PIE *tis·tri̯o.Σ
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIIr → *tiš·tri̯o.Σ
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. tiš·tri̯o.Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tiš·tri̯a.Σ
3. tiš·tri̯a.Σ
a. → ō.
Change of a. into ō. in morpheme border
Ra›ō → *tiš·tri̯ō.Σ
4. tiš·tri̯ō.Σ
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. tiš·tryō.Σ
√tiu-
PIE *tiu̯-
Lyd. ciw-
(c.) ‘Gott’
(LydWb. 92)
(Lyd. ciws [sgN])
1. PIE *tiu̯-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *ciu̯-
2. ciu̯-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Lyd. ciw-
PIE *tiu-
Hitt. šiu-
(c.) ‘Gott’
(HEG S:1073-87)
(Hitt. ši-i-uš [sgN])
1. PIE *tiu-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *ciu-
2. ciu-
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → Hitt. šiu-
PIE *tiu̯·osmi-
Kpd. šiu̯·ašmi-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1163)
(Kpd. ší-ua-áš-mì-i)
1. PIE *tiu̯·osmi-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *ciu̯·osmi-
2. ciu̯·osmi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ciu̯·asmi-
3. ciu̯·asmi-
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → *šiu̯·asmi-
4. šiu̯·asmi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Kpd. šiu̯·ašmi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√tiuo-
PIE *tiu̯o-
Lyd. ciwa-
(c.) ‘Gott’
(LydWb. 92)
(Lyd. ciwaν, ciwad)
1. PIE *tiu̯o-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *ciu̯o-
2. ciu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ciu̯a-
3. ciu̯a-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Lyd. ciwa-
PIE *tiu̯o·Σ
CLu. tiu̯a·šarpa-
(LÚc.) ‘Gott·šarpa-’
(NOMS. 1344)
(CLu. tiuašarpaš)
1. PIE *tiu̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. tiu̯a·Σ
√teiuo-
PIE *teiu̯oli-
Hitt. teiu̯ali-
(SARn.) ‘(eine Gartenpflanze)’ (HHand. 178)
(HEG T:395)
1. PIE *teiu̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. teiu̯ali-
PIE *odɑɦo·teiu̯oli-
HLu. ada·teiu̯ali-
(EDERE) (EDERE(?)a.*) ‘fett’ (HLuwlex. 159)
(CHLu. 4.6.4)
(in HLu. EDERE(?)-ta5-ti-wa/i-li-na)
1. PIE *odɑɦo·teiu̯oli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *odɦo·teiu̯oli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. odɦo·teiu̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *adɦa·teiu̯ali-
3. adɦa·teiu̯ali-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. ada·teiu̯ali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *oro·teiu̯oli-
HLu. ara·teiu̯ali-
(⌈OVIS.ANIMAL⌉a.) ‘fett?’ (HLuwlex. 31)
(CHLu. 4.7.1)
(HLu. “⌈OVIS.ANIMAL⌉”ara/i-ti-wa/i-li-i-na)
1. PIE *oro·teiu̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. ara·teiu̯ali-
PIE *teiu̯olei̯o-
CLu. teiu̯alei̯a-
(a.) ‘göttlich? (bei dU, dIŠTAR)’
(HHand. 178)
(CLu. ti-ua-li-ia [sgL?] (dIŠTAR, dU))
1. PIE *teiu̯olei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. teiu̯alei̯a-
PIE *teiu̯olei̯o-
Hitt. teiu̯alei̯a-
(dc.) ‘-(?)-’
(HEG T:396, OHP. 1:522-3)
(Hitt. ti-ua-li-ia-aš [sgN], dti-ua-li-ia-, dUTU-li-ia-)
1. PIE *teiu̯olei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. teiu̯alei̯a-
PIE *teiu̯olei̯o-
Hitt. teiu̯alei̯a-
(URU.) ‘(wohl Dorf im Bezirk ›Tapika, vgl. ›Arina)’
(OGH. 431)
(Hitt. ti-ua-li-ia, ti-ua-li-ia-aš; OGHErg. 171)
1. PIE *teiu̯olei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. teiu̯alei̯a-
PIE *teiu̯olu̯o·lei̯o-
Hitt. teiu̯alu̯a·lei̯a-
(URUc.) ‘(in der Gegend von ›Ḫarziuna)’
(OGH. 431)
(Hitt. ti-ua-al-ua-al-li-ia-aš)
1. PIE *teiu̯olu̯o·lei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. teiu̯alu̯a·lei̯a-
√tiuon-
PIE *tiu̯on-
Hitt. šiu̯an-
(c.) ‘Gott’
(HEG S:1073ff.)
(Hitt. šiuaneš [plN])
1. PIE *tiu̯on-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *ciu̯on-
2. ciu̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ciu̯an-
3. ciu̯an-
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → Hitt. šiu̯an-
PIE *tiu̯ono-
Hitt. šiu̯ana-
(a.) ‘göttlich’
(HHand. 153)
(Hitt. šiuana-)
1. PIE *tiu̯ono-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *ciu̯ono-
2. ciu̯ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ciu̯ana-
3. ciu̯ana-
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → Hitt. šiu̯ana-
PIE *tiu̯onoli-
CLu. tiu̯anali-
(c.) ‘-(?)-’
(HHand. 178)
(CLu. tiuanali-)
1. PIE *tiu̯onoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. tiu̯anali-
PIE *tiu̯onont-
Hitt. šiu̯anant-
(c.) ‘Gott’
(HHand. 153)
(Hitt. šiuanant-)
1. PIE *tiu̯onont-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *ciu̯onont-
2. ciu̯onont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ciu̯anant-
3. ciu̯anant-
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → Hitt. šiu̯anant-
√tiuondɑɦio-
PIE *tiu̯ondɑɦi̯o·Σ
Hitt. šiu̯anza·ḫi-
(LÚc.) ‘(ein Funktionär)’
(HHand. 153)
1. PIE *tiu̯ondɑɦi̯o·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯ondɦi̯o·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tiu̯ondɦi̯o·Σ
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *ciu̯ondɦi̯o·Σ
3. ciu̯ondɦi̯o·Σ
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ciu̯onjɦo·Σ
4. ciu̯onjɦo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ciu̯anjɦa·Σ
5. ciu̯anjɦa·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ciu̯anja·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ciu̯anja·Σ
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *ciu̯anza·Σ
7. ciu̯anza·Σ
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → Hitt. šiu̯anza·Σ
PIE *tiundɑɦi̯ono-
Hitt. šiunzana-
(MUNUSc.) ‘(eine Priesterin, ‘Gottesmutter?’)’
(HHand. 153)
(Hitt. šiunzana-)
1. PIE *tiundɑɦi̯ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tiundɦi̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tiundɦi̯ono-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *ciundɦi̯ono-
3. ciundɦi̯ono-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ciunjɦono-
4. ciunjɦono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ciunjɦana-
5. ciunjɦana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ciunjana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ciunjana-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *ciunzana-
7. ciunzana-
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → Hitt. šiunzana-
PIE *tiu̯ondɑɦi̯ono-
Hitt. šiu̯anzana-
(MUNUSc.) ‘(eine Priesterin, ‘Gottesmutter?’)’
(HHand. 153)
(Hitt. šiuanzana-)
1. PIE *tiu̯ondɑɦi̯ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯ondɦi̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tiu̯ondɦi̯ono-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *ciu̯ondɦi̯ono-
3. ciu̯ondɦi̯ono-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ciu̯onjɦono-
4. ciu̯onjɦono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ciu̯anjɦana-
5. ciu̯anjɦana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ciu̯anjana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ciu̯anjana-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *ciu̯anzana-
7. ciu̯anzana-
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → Hitt. šiu̯anzana-
PIE *tiu̯ondɑɦi̯ono-
CLu. tiu̯anzana-
(URU.) ‘8in der Umgebung von ›Tuwanuwa)’
(OGH. 431)
(in Hitt. ti-ua-an-za-na-(za))
1. PIE *tiu̯ondɑɦi̯ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯ondɦi̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tiu̯ondɦi̯ono-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *tiu̯onjɦono-
3. tiu̯onjɦono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tiu̯anjɦana-
4. tiu̯anjɦana-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *tiu̯anzɦana-
5. tiu̯anzɦana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. tiu̯anzḫana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√tiun-
PIE *tiuno-
Pal. tiuna-
(sb.) ‘Tag, Licht (BN des dZaparua-)’ (HHand. 178)
(DPal. 75)
(Pal. ti-ú-na-aš)
1. PIE *tiuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Pal. tiuna-
PIE *tiuno-
Hitt. šiuna-
(c.) ‘Gott’
(HHand. 152)
(Hitt. šiunan, šiunaš, šiuni, šiunaz, šiunan)
1. PIE *tiuno-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *ciuno-
2. ciuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ciuna-
3. ciuna-
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → Hitt. šiuna-
PIE *tiunoli-
Hitt. šiunali-
(a.) ‘göttlich’
(HHand. 152)
(Hitt. šiunali-)
1. PIE *tiunoli-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *ciunoli-
2. ciunoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ciunali-
3. ciunali-
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → Hitt. šiunali-
√tiuni-
PIE *tiuni-
Hitt. šiuni-
(c.) ‘Gott’
(HHand. 152)
1. PIE *tiuni-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *ciuni-
2. ciuni-
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → Hitt. šiuni-
PIE *tiuni-
Lyd. ciuν-
(c.) ‘Gott’
(LydWb. 92)
1. PIE *tiuni-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *ciuni-
2. ciuni-
ni -> ν
Emergence of root final palatal nasal
Rni›ν → Lyd. ciuν-
PIE *tiuni̯o-
Hitt. šiuni̯a-
(vb.*) ‘göttlich sein, Gott sein’
(HHand. 152-3)
1. PIE *tiuni̯o-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *ciuni̯o-
2. ciuni̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ciuni̯a-
3. ciuni̯a-
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → Hitt. šiuni̯a-
PIE *tiuni̯ēɑh-
Hitt. šiuni̯āḫ-
(vb.) ‘von einem Gott geschlagen werden’
(HHand. 152-3)
1. PIE *tiuni̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tiuni̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tiuni̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tiuni̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tiuni̯āh-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *ciuni̯āh-
4. ciuni̯āh-
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → *šiuni̯āh-
5. šiuni̯āh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šiuni̯āḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *tiuni̯oli-
Lyd. ciuνali-
(a.) ‘Gott(es)-’
(LydWb. 93)
1. PIE *tiuni̯oli-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *ciuni̯oli-
2. ciuni̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ciuni̯ali-
3. ciuni̯ali-
ni̯ -> ν
Emergence of palatal nasal
Rni̯›ν → Lyd. ciuνali-
PIE *tiuni̯ont-
Hitt. šiuni̯ant-
(c.*) ‘Gottesbegeisterer’
(HEG S:1086)
(Hitt. LÚ DINGIRLIM-niant-)
1. PIE *tiuni̯ont-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *ciuni̯ont-
2. ciuni̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ciuni̯ant-
3. ciuni̯ant-
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → Hitt. šiuni̯ant-
PIE *tiuni̯odɑɦor-
Hitt. šiuni̯adar-
(n.*) ‘Gottheit, Göttlichkeit’
(HEG S:1086)
(Hitt. LÚ DINGIRLIM-niatar)
1. PIE *tiuni̯odɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tiuni̯odɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tiuni̯odɦor-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *ciuni̯odɦor-
3. ciuni̯odɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ciuni̯adɦar-
4. ciuni̯adɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ciuni̯adar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ciuni̯adar-
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → Hitt. šiuni̯adar-
√tiundɑɦio-
PIE *tiundɑɦi̯ono-
Hitt. šiunzana-
(MUNUSc.) (einer Priesterin, ‘Gottesmutter?’)
(HHand. 153)
(Hitt. šiunzana-)
1. PIE *tiundɑɦi̯ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tiundɦi̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tiundɦi̯ono-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *ciundɦi̯ono-
3. ciundɦi̯ono-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ciunjɦono-
4. ciunjɦono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ciunjɦana-
5. ciunjɦana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ciunjana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ciunjana-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *ciunzana-
7. ciunzana-
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → Hitt. šiunzana-
√tiuoro-
PIE *Π·tiu̯oro-
HLu. aza·tiu̯ara-
(PN) (PN(LITUUS)c.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 1.1.22)
(HLu. (LITUUS)á-za-ti-wa/i-ra/i-sá [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·tiu̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. Π·tiu̯ara-
PIE *Π·tiu̯oro-
HLu. DOMINUS·tiu̯ara-
(PNc.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 2.27.12)
(HLu. DOMINUS-ti-wa/i+ra/i-ia)
1. PIE *Π·tiu̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. Π·tiu̯ara-
PIE *tiu̯oro·lei̯o-
HLu. tiu̯ara·lei̯a-
(URBSc.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 10.36.1)
(HLu. [ti]-wa/i-ra/i-li-ia-sá-’(URBS))
1. PIE *tiu̯oro·lei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. tiu̯ara·lei̯a-
PIE *tiu̯oro·mi-
HLu. tiu̯ara·mi-
(DEUSpt.*) ‘blessed by Ba’al’
(CHLu. 1.1.1)
(if in HLu. (DEUS)SOL-mi-sá [sgN] = HLu. ti-wa/i+ra/i-mi 10.20.3)
1. PIE *tiu̯oro·mi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. tiu̯ara·mi-
PIE *o·tiu̯oro·mei̯o-
HLu. a·tiu̯ara·mei̯a-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 10.37.20)
(HLu. Iá-ti-wa/i-ra/i-mi-ia)
1. PIE *o·tiu̯oro·mei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. a·tiu̯ara·mei̯a-
√tiuor·iio-
PIE *tiu̯or·ii̯o-
CLu. tiu̯ar·ii̯a-
(GIŠn.) ‘soleil (plante): Kraut des Sonnengottes’
(DLL. 98)
(CLu. ti-ua-ri-ia [plNA] = dUTU-aš uelku’)
1. PIE *tiu̯or·ii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. tiu̯ar·ii̯a-
√tiur-
PIE *ti̯ur·mēɑh-
Alb. surmë-
(a.) ‘aschfarben: dark grey’
(AlbEtD. 405)
(Alb. surmë)
1. PIE *ti̯ur·mēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ti̯ur·māɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ti̯ur·māɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ti̯ur·māh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ti̯ur·māh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ti̯ur·mā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ti̯ur·mā-
PIE *ti̯ → s
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›s → *sur·mā-
5. sur·mā-
*ā → ë
Change of *ā into Alb. ë
Rā›ë → Alb. sur·më-
(XX:XX)
√tiuotɑh-
PIE *tiu̯otēɑh-
Phryg. τιϝοτᾱ-
(.) ‘-(?)-’
(PHRYG. 138)
(Phryg. τιϝοτας)
1. PIE *tiu̯otēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tiu̯otāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tiu̯otāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯otāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tiu̯otāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tiu̯otā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tiu̯otā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Phryg. τιϝοτᾱ-
√tiuodɑɦ-
PIE *tiu̯odɑɦ-
CLu. tiu̯ad-
(dc.) ‘Sonnengott’
(OHP. 1:523)
(CLu. dti-ua-az)
1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯odɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tiu̯odɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tiu̯adɦ-
3. tiu̯adɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. tiu̯ad-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tiu̯odɑɦ-
Hitt. šiu̯ad-
(c.) ‘Tag: UD, UDKAM’
(HHand. 153)
1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯odɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tiu̯odɦ-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *ciu̯odɦ-
3. ciu̯odɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ciu̯adɦ-
4. ciu̯adɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ciu̯ad-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ciu̯ad-
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → Hitt. šiu̯ad-
PIE *Π·tiu̯odɑɦo-
HLu. aza·tiu̯ada-
(I.) (I.(LITUUS.)c.) ‘loved by Tiuata: Phoen. ’ztwd’
(CHLu. 1.1.1., 1.1.22)
(HLu. I(LITUUS)á-za-ti-i-wa/i-tà-sá, (LITUUS)á-za-ti-wa/i-tà-sá [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·tiu̯odɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·tiu̯odɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·tiu̯odɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·tiu̯adɦa-
3. Π·tiu̯adɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. Π·tiu̯ada-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·Σ
HLu. tiu̯ada·mu̯a-
(Ic.*) ‘(haut fonctionnaire)’
(NOMS. 1346)
(HLu. SOL-wa-tà-muua)
1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯odɦo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tiu̯odɦo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tiu̯adɦa·Σ
3. tiu̯adɦa·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. tiu̯ada·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·noni-
HLu. tiu̯ada·nani-
(Ic.*) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1347)
(HLu. SOL-FRATER)
1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·noni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯odɦo·noni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tiu̯odɦo·noni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tiu̯adɦa·nani-
3. tiu̯adɦa·nani-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. tiu̯ada·nani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·noni-
CLu. tiu̯ada·nani-
(LÚdc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1347)
(Hitt. mdUTU-ŠE[Š])
1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·noni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯odɦo·noni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tiu̯odɦo·noni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tiu̯adɦa·nani-
3. tiu̯adɦa·nani-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. tiu̯ada·nani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·Σ
Hitt. šiu̯ada·šarpi-
(LÚdc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1349)
(Hitt. mdUTU-šar-pí)
1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯odɦo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tiu̯odɦo·Σ
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *ciu̯odɦo·Σ
3. ciu̯odɦo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ciu̯adɦa·Σ
4. ciu̯adɦa·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ciu̯ada·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ciu̯ada·Σ
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → Hitt. šiu̯ada·Σ
PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·ui̯o-
CLu. tiu̯ada·ui̯a-
(fc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1351)
(in Akd. ti-ua-ta-ú-i-ia)
1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·ui̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯odɦo·ui̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tiu̯odɦo·ui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tiu̯adɦa·ui̯a-
3. tiu̯adɦa·ui̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. tiu̯ada·ui̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·uro-
HLu. tiu̯ada·ura-
(Ic.*) ‘(prince, scribe)’
(NOMS. 1350)
(HLu. SOL-GRANDIS)
1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·uro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯odɦo·uro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tiu̯odɦo·uro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tiu̯adɦa·ura-
3. tiu̯adɦa·ura-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. tiu̯ada·ura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·Σ
CLu. tiu̯ada·ziti-
(LÚc.*) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1352)
(in Hitt. mdUTU.LÚ-iš)
1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯odɦo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tiu̯odɦo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tiu̯adɦa·Σ
3. tiu̯adɦa·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. tiu̯ada·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·Σ
HLu. tiu̯ada·ziti-
(Ic.*) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1352)
(in HLu. SOL-ZITI-i)
1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯odɦo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tiu̯odɦo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tiu̯adɦa·Σ
3. tiu̯adɦa·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. tiu̯ada·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·Σ
Hitt. šiu̯ada·dU-
(LÚc.*) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1353)
(in Hitt. mdUTU-dU)
1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯odɦo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tiu̯odɦo·Σ
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *ciu̯odɦo·Σ
3. ciu̯odɦo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ciu̯adɦa·Σ
4. ciu̯adɦa·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ciu̯ada·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ciu̯ada·Σ
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → Hitt. šiu̯ada·Σ
PIE *Π·tiu̯odɑɦo-
HLu. ḫalpa·tiu̯ada-
(Ic.*) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 257)
(in HLu. hal-SOL-wa-ta?-s)
1. PIE *Π·tiu̯odɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·tiu̯odɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·tiu̯odɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·tiu̯adɦa-
3. Π·tiu̯adɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. Π·tiu̯ada-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·li
HLu. tiu̯ada·li-
(c.) ‘tiwatali-measure’
(CHLu. 10.14.25)
(HLu. ti-wa/i-ta-li-na [sgA])
1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·li
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯odɦo·li
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tiu̯odɦo·li
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tiu̯adɦa·li
3. tiu̯adɦa·li
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. tiu̯ada·li
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·mi-
HLu. tiu̯ada·mi-
(Ic.pt.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1345)
(HLu. SOL-wa+ta-mi-s [sgN])
1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·mi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯odɦo·mi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tiu̯odɦo·mi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tiu̯adɦa·mi-
3. tiu̯adɦa·mi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. tiu̯ada·mi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·tiu̯odɑɦoii̯o-
HLu. aza·tiu̯adai̯a-
(URUc.) ‘Phoen. ’ztwdy’
(CHLu. 1.1.39)
(HLu. á-za-ti-wa/i-tà-ia-na)
1. PIE *Π·tiu̯odɑɦoii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·tiu̯odɦoii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·tiu̯odɦoii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·tiu̯adɦaii̯a-
3. Π·tiu̯adɦaii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *Π·tiu̯adɦaia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. Π·tiu̯adɦaia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *Π·tiu̯adɦai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. Π·tiu̯adɦai̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. Π·tiu̯adai̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·so-
CLu. tiu̯ada·ša-
(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 432)
(Hitt. ti-ua-ta-aš-ša)
1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·so-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯odɦo·so-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tiu̯odɦo·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tiu̯adɦa·sa-
3. tiu̯adɦa·sa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tiu̯ada·sa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tiu̯ada·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. tiu̯ada·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·si-
CLu. tiu̯ada·ši-
(PÚ.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 554)
(Hitt. ti-ua-ta-š[i)
1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯odɦo·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tiu̯odɦo·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tiu̯adɦa·si-
3. tiu̯adɦa·si-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tiu̯ada·si-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tiu̯ada·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. tiu̯ada·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tiu̯odɑɦi̯o-
HLu. tiu̯aza-
(DEUSc.*) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 2.22.2)
(if in HLu. (DEUS)SOL-wa/i-za-sa-ha)
1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯odɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tiu̯odɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *tiu̯ojɦo-
3. tiu̯ojɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tiu̯ajɦa-
4. tiu̯ajɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tiu̯aja-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. tiu̯aja-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → HLu. tiu̯aza-
√diɑɦ-
(IEW 183-7)
√deieɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
(uncertain)
PIE *déi̯eɑɦ-
Gr. δέα-
(pret.) ‘videri: scheinen’ (GrGr. 1:680f.)
(GEW 1:354)
(Hom. δέατο [3sg], Arc. δέατοι)
1. PIE *déi̯eɑɦ-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *déi̯aɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. déi̯aɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *déi̯aɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. déi̯aɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *déi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. déi̯a-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *déa-
5. déa-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. δέα-
PIE *dei̯eɑɦo-
Hitt. dei̯aḫa-
(c.) ‘(ein Gegenstand) ‹here if something burning/-ed›’
(HEG T:291-2)
(Hitt. teiaḫa-, HHand. 173)
1. PIE *dei̯eɑɦo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *dei̯aɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. dei̯aɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dei̯aɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dei̯aɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dei̯aɦa-
4. dei̯aɦa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. dei̯aḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *dei̯eɑɦo·liski̯e/o-
Hitt. dei̯aḫa·liške/a-
(vb.) ‘(im Ritual)’
(HHand. 173)
1. PIE *dei̯eɑɦo·liski̯e/o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *dei̯aɑɦo·liski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. dei̯aɑɦo·liski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dei̯aɦo·liski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dei̯aɦo·liski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *dei̯aɦo·lisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dei̯aɦo·lisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dei̯aɦa·lisḱe/a-
5. dei̯aɦa·lisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *dei̯aɦa·liske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. dei̯aɦa·liske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *dei̯aɦa·liške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. dei̯aɦa·liške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. dei̯aḫa·liške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√deiɑɦ-
PIE *diɑ́ɦdeiɑɦ-
RV. dī́de-
(pr.) ‘hervor (...) leuchten’
(WbRV. 609)
(RV. pra (...) dī́dayat [conj3sg], ádīdet)
1. PIE *diɑ́ɦdeiɑɦ-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *diíɦdeiɑɦ-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. diíɦdeiɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *diíɦdeiɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. diíɦdeiɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *diídei-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. diídei-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *dī́dei-
5. dī́dei-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *dī́dai-
6. dī́dai-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *dī́dē-
7. dī́dē-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → RV. dī́de-
PIE *deiɑɦ-
OPhryg. δει-
(sb.) ‘Gott’
(XX:XX)
(OPhryg. δει [sgD])
1. PIE *deiɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *deiɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. deiɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dei-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dei-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → OPhryg. δει-
PIE *deiɑɦ·péɑhturo-
IllyrG. δει·πάτυρο-
(GNc.) ‘Ζεὺς πατήρ (Hes.)’
(IEW 184)
(Illyr. δειπάτυρος [sgN])
1. PIE *deiɑɦ·péɑhturo-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *deiɑɦ·páɑhturo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. deiɑɦ·páɑhturo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *deiɦ·páhturo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. deiɦ·páhturo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dei·páhturo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dei·páhturo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dei·páturo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dei·páturo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → IllyrG. δει·πάτυρο-
√dēiɑɦ-
(or √dōiɑɦ-?, if a perfect in *ō instead of *ē)
PIE *diɑ́ɦdēi̯ɑɦ-
RV. dīdāy-
(pf.) ‘leuchten, strahlen’
(WbRV. 609)
(RV. dīdāya [1sg], LIV2:108)
1. PIE *diɑ́ɦdēi̯ɑɦ-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *diíɦdēi̯ɑɦ-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. diíɦdēi̯ɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *diíɦdēi̯ɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. diíɦdēi̯ɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *diídēi̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. diídēi̯-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *dī́dēi̯-
5. dī́dēi̯-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *dī́dāi̯-
6. dī́dāi̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. dī́dāy-
√diēɑɦ-
PIE *di̯ḗɑɦ-
Dor. ζᾱ́-
(m.) ‘Zeus’ (GrGr. 1:576f.)
(GEW 1:610)
(Dor. ζάς [N], ζάν [A])
1. PIE *di̯ḗɑɦ-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *di̯ā́ɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. di̯ā́ɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *di̯ā́ɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. di̯ā́ɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *di̯ā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. di̯ā́-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *jā́-
5. jā́-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zā́-
6. zā́-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. ζᾱ́-
PIE *di̯ḗɑɦ-
RV. dyā́-
(m.) ‘Himmel’
(WbRV. 601-4)
(RV. dyā́m [A])
1. PIE *di̯ḗɑɦ-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *di̯ā́ɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. di̯ā́ɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *di̯ā́ɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. di̯ā́ɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *di̯ā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. di̯ā́-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. dyā́-
PIE *Π·di̯ēɑɦ-
Lat. merī·diā-
(pr.1.) ‘Mittagsruhe halten’
(WH. 2:77)
(Lat. merīdiāre)
1. PIE *Π·di̯ēɑɦ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·di̯āɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·di̯āɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·di̯āɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·di̯āɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·di̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·di̯ā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → Lat. Π·diā-
PIE *Π·di̯ēɑɦ-
OGaul. magi·diā-
(cogn.m.) ‘feld-’
(ACSS 2:375)
1. PIE *Π·di̯ēɑɦ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·di̯āɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·di̯āɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·di̯āɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·di̯āɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·di̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·di̯ā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → OGaul. Π·diā-
PIE *Π·di̯ēɑɦ-
OGaul. matri·diā-
(PNm.) ‘-(?)-’
(ACSS 2:468)
1. PIE *Π·di̯ēɑɦ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·di̯āɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·di̯āɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·di̯āɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·di̯āɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·di̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·di̯ā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → OGaul. Π·diā-
PIE *Π·di̯ēɑɦ-
OGaul. masi·diā-
(PNf.) ‘-(?)-’
(ACSS 2:453)
1. PIE *Π·di̯ēɑɦ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·di̯āɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·di̯āɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·di̯āɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·di̯āɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·di̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·di̯ā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → OGaul. Π·diā-
√diɑɦ-
PIE *diɑɦ-
Osc. di-
(GNm.) ‘Zeus’
(WbOU. 183)
(Osc. di [sgV])
1. PIE *diɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *diɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. diɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Osc. di-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *diɑ́ɦ·diɑɦ-
RV. dī́·di-
(pr.) ‘leuchten, brennen’
(WbRV. 609)
(RV. dī́dyat [conj3sg] ‹in text: dī́dayat, but cf. Graßmann›)
1. PIE *diɑ́ɦ·diɑɦ-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *diíɦ·diɑɦ-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. diíɦ·diɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *diíɦ·diɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. diíɦ·diɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dií·di-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dií·di-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → RV. dī́·di-
PIE *diɑ́ɦ·diɑH-
RV. dī́·di.-
(vb.M.) ‘strahlen, leuchten, glänzen’
(WbRV. 609)
(RV. dī́diānaḥ [pt.sgN])
1. PIE *diɑ́ɦ·diɑH-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *diíɦ·diɑH-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. diíɦ·diɑH-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *diíɦ·diH-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. diíɦ·diH-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *diíɦ·di.-
4. diíɦ·di.-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dií·di.-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dií·di.-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → RV. dī́·di.-
PIE *diɑ́ɦ·diɑH-
RV. dī́·di.-
(ao.) ‘seinen Sinn richten auf [A]’
(WbRV. 610)
(RV. acha dī́diānas [pt.], ácha dī́diat [pt.])
1. PIE *diɑ́ɦ·diɑH-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *diíɦ·diɑH-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. diíɦ·diɑH-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *diíɦ·diH-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. diíɦ·diH-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *diíɦ·di.-
4. diíɦ·di.-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dií·di.-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dií·di.-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → RV. dī́·di.-
PIE *diɑ́ɦ·diɑH·Σ
RV. dī́·di.agni-
(a.) ‘leuchtende Feuer habend’
(WbRV. 610)
1. PIE *diɑ́ɦ·diɑH·Σ
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *diíɦ·diɑH·Σ
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. diíɦ·diɑH·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *diíɦ·diH·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. diíɦ·diH·Σ
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *diíɦ·di.·Σ
4. diíɦ·di.·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dií·di.·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dií·di.·Σ
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → RV. dī́·di.·Σ
√deiɑɦo-
PIE *dei̯ɑɦo-
OLat. deo-
(m.) ‘Gott’
(WH. 1:345-6)
(in Plaut. deus [sgN])
1. PIE *dei̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dei̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dei̯ɦo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dei̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
Rei̯o›eo → OLat. deo-
√diɑɦo-
PIE *o·diɑHó
RV. a·diá
(adv.) ‘an diesem Tage, heute’
(WbRV. 39)
(or *e·diɑɦó?)
1. PIE *o·diɑHó
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·diHó
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·diHó
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·diHó
3. a·diHó
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *a·diHá
4. a·diHá
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → RV. a·di.á
PIE *o·di̯ɑɦó
RV. a·dyá
(adv.) ‘an diesem Tage, heute’
(WbRV. 39)
(or *e·di̯ɑɦó?)
1. PIE *o·di̯ɑɦó
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·di̯ɦó
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·di̯ɦó
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·di̯ɦó
3. a·di̯ɦó
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *a·di̯ɦá
4. a·di̯ɦá
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *a·di̯á
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. a·di̯á
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. a·dyá
PIE *Π·di̯ɑɦo-
OGaul. magi·dio-
(cogn.m.) ‘feld-’
(ACSS 2:375)
1. PIE *Π·di̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·di̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·di̯ɦo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·di̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·di̯o-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → OGaul. Π·dio-
PIE *Π·di̯ɑɦo-
OGaul. mangan·dio-
(PNm.) ‘-(?)-’
(ACSS 2:406)
1. PIE *Π·di̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·di̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·di̯ɦo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·di̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·di̯o-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → OGaul. Π·dio-
√deiɑɦi-
PIE *deiɑɦi-
Osc. dei-
(m.) ‘Zeus’
(WbOU. 183)
(Osc. dei [sgV])
1. PIE *deiɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *deiɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. deiɦi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *deii-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. deii-
*ii → ī
Contraction of i and i
Rii›ī → Osc. deī-
PIE *deiɑɦi·Σ
Hitt. deiḫi·ḫa-
(URU.) ‘(bei ›Tanzila, in der Umgebung von ›Nerik)’
(OGHErg. 168)
(Hitt. te-ḫi-ḫa [All])
1. PIE *deiɑɦi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *deiɦi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. deiɦi·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. deiḫi·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *deiɑɦi·Σ
Hitt. deiḫi·tešub-
(LÚc.) ‘(prince, messager de Ḫattušili III)’
(NOMS. 1321)
(Hitt. ti-ḫi-dIM)
1. PIE *deiɑɦi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *deiɦi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. deiɦi·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. deiḫi·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *deiɑɦi·Σ
Hitt. deiḫi·tešub-
(LÚc.) ‘(fonctionnaire hittitè à Ugarit)’
(NOMS. 1321)
(Hitt. te-ḫi-dU-ub)
1. PIE *deiɑɦi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *deiɦi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. deiɦi·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. deiḫi·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *o·deiɑɦi-
Hitt. a·deiḫi-
(?.) ‘(in connection with dU)’ (HHand. 29)
(OHP. 3:180)
(Hur. a-di-ḫi-ia)
1. PIE *o·deiɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·deiɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·deiɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·deiɦi-
3. a·deiɦi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. a·deiḫi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√deiɑɦon-
√diɑɦn-
PIE *su·díɑɦno-
RV. su·dína-
(a.) ‘schön tagend’ (n.) ‘glückliche(r) Tag/Zeit’
(WbRV. 1535)
1. PIE *su·díɑɦno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *su·díɦno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. su·díɦno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su·díɦna-
3. su·díɦna-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → RV. su·dína-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *medɑɦi̯óm·diɑɦno-
RV. madhyám·dina-
(n.) ‘Mittag, Mittagzeit’
(WbRV. 989)
(RV. madhyáṃdina-)
1. PIE *medɑɦi̯óm·diɑɦno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *medɦi̯óm·diɦno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. medɦi̯óm·diɦno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *medɦi̯óm·diɦna-
3. medɦi̯óm·diɦna-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *medɦi̯ám·diɦna-
4. medɦi̯ám·diɦna-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *medɦi̯ám·dina-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. medɦi̯ám·dina-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *madɦi̯ám·dina-
6. madɦi̯ám·dina-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *madhi̯ám·dina-
7. madhi̯ám·dina-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. madhyám·dina-
PIE *pulu·díɑɦno-
RV. puru·dína-
(n.) vielleicht ‘ein vieltägiges Fest’
(WbRV. 830)
(RV. purudíneṣu [plL])
1. PIE *pulu·díɑɦno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pulu·díɦno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pulu·díɦno-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *puru·díɦno-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. puru·díɦno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *puru·díɦna-
4. puru·díɦna-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → RV. puru·dína-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Π·díɑɦneɑhi
Lat. nūn·dinae
(f.pl) ‘der an jedem 9. Tage abgehaltene Markt’
(WH. 1:350)
(Lat. nundinae)
1. PIE *Π·díɑɦneɑhi
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·díɑɦnaɑhi
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·díɑɦnaɑhi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·díɦnahi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·díɦnahi
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·dínahi
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·dínahi
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·dínai
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·dínai
*ai → ae
Opening of *ai into ae
Rai›ae → *Π·dínae
6. Π·dínae
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → Lat. Π·dinae
PIE *diɑɦni-
OCS. dĭnĭ-
(m.) ‘Tag’
(Sadnik √151)
1. PIE *diɑɦni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *diɦni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. diɦni-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dini-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dini-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → OCS. dĭnĭ-
PIE *diɑɦni·ki̯i-
OCS. dĭnĭ·sĭ-
(adv.) ‘this day, today’
(Sadnik √151)
1. PIE *diɑɦni·ki̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *diɦni·ki̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. diɦni·ki̯i-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *diɦni·ći-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. diɦni·ći-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dini·ći-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dini·ći-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *dini·si-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. dini·si-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → OCS. dĭnĭ·sĭ-
PIE *diɑɦnino
OCS. dĭnĭnŭ-
(a.) ‘täglich, des Tages’
(Sadnik √151)
1. PIE *diɑɦnino
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *diɦnino
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. diɦnino
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *diɦnina
3. diɦnina
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dinina
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dinina
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *dinino
5. dinino
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *dininu
6. dininu
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *dĭnĭnu
7. dĭnĭnu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. dĭnĭnŭ
√dieɑɦbɑɦ-
(IEW 489)
PIE *di̯éɑɦbɑɦ-
Gr. ζάφ-
(f.?) ‘πῦρ: fire’
(LSJ. 752)
(in Gr. ζάψ [sgN])
1. PIE *di̯éɑɦbɑɦ-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *di̯áɑɦbɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. di̯áɑɦbɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *di̯áɦbɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. di̯áɦbɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *di̯ábɦ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. di̯ábɦ-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *jábɦ-
5. jábɦ-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *jáph-
6. jáph-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *záph-
7. záph-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ζάφ-
PIE *di̯éɑɦbɑɦelo-
Gr. ζάφελο-
(a.) ‘heftig, hitzig’
(GEW 1:536-7)
(Gr. ζάφελο-)
1. PIE *di̯éɑɦbɑɦelo-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *di̯áɑɦbɑɦelo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. di̯áɑɦbɑɦelo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *di̯áɦbɦelo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. di̯áɦbɦelo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *di̯ábɦelo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. di̯ábɦelo-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *jábɦelo-
5. jábɦelo-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *jáphelo-
6. jáphelo-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *záphelo-
7. záphelo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ζάφελο-
PIE *epi·di̯éɑɦbɑɦelo-
Gr. ἐπι·ζάφελο-
(a.) ‘heftig, hitzig (von Zorn)’
(GEW 1:536-7)
(Hom. ἐπιζάφελο-)
1. PIE *epi·di̯éɑɦbɑɦelo-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *epi·di̯áɑɦbɑɦelo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. epi·di̯áɑɦbɑɦelo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *epi·di̯áɦbɦelo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. epi·di̯áɦbɦelo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *epi·di̯ábɦelo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. epi·di̯ábɦelo-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *epi·jábɦelo-
5. epi·jábɦelo-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *epi·jáphelo-
6. epi·jáphelo-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *epi·záphelo-
7. epi·záphelo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐπι·ζάφελο-
√deiɑɦu-
PIE *deiɑɦuli-
Hitt. deiḫuli-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 419)
(Hitt. ti-ḫu-li)
1. PIE *deiɑɦuli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *deiɦuli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. deiɦuli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. deiḫuli-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *deiɑɦumi-
Hitt. deiḫumi-
(sb.) ‘-(?)-’
(HEG T:291)
(Hitt. te-ḫu-um-me-x[..., in a broken context, HHand. 173)
1. PIE *deiɑɦumi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *deiɦumi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. deiɦumi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. deiḫumi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *deiɑɦuro·sisi-
Hitt. deiḫura·šiši-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 419)
(Hitt. ti-ḫu-ra-aš-ši-ši [All])
1. PIE *deiɑɦuro·sisi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *deiɦuro·sisi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. deiɦuro·sisi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *deiɦura·sisi-
3. deiɦura·sisi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *deiɦura·šiši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. deiɦura·šiši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. deiḫura·šiši-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√diɑɦu̯o-
PIE *diɑɦu̯ó·Σ-
Gr. διό·νῡσο-
(GNm.) ‘Dionysos’
(GEW 1:396)
(Gr. διόνῡσος)
1. PIE *diɑɦu̯ó·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *diɦu̯ó·Σ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. diɦu̯ó·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *diu̯ó·Σ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. diu̯ó·Σ-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *dió·Σ-
4. dió·Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. διό·Σ-
√diɑɦēu-
PIE *díɑHēu-
RV. dí.au-
(m.) ‘Himmel’
(WbRV. 604)
(RV. díauṣ [V])
1. PIE *díɑHēu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *díHēu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. díHēu-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *dí.ēu-
3. dí.ēu-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *dí.āu-
4. dí.āu-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → RV. dí.au-
PIE *diɑHḗu-
RV. di.áu-
(m.) ‘Himmel’
(WbRV. 604)
(RV. diáuṣ [N])
1. PIE *diɑHḗu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *diHḗu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. diHḗu-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *di.ḗu-
3. di.ḗu-
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → RV. di.ā́u-
PIE *di̯ɑɦēú-
Gr. ζεύ-
(GNm.) ‘sky god, Zeus’
(GEW 1:610-1)
(in Gr. ζεύς [sgN])
1. PIE *di̯ɑɦēú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *di̯ɦēú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. di̯ɦēú-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *di̯ēú-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. di̯ēú-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *jēú-
4. jēú-
*ēRC → eRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ēRC
RēRC›eRC → *jeú-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
5. jeú-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zeú-
6. zeú-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ζεύ-
PIE *di̯ɑɦḗu-
RV. dyáu-
(m.) ‘Himmel’
(WbRV. 603)
(RV. dyā́us [sgN], dyā́us [Abl])
1. PIE *di̯ɑɦḗu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *di̯ɦḗu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. di̯ɦḗu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *di̯ḗu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. di̯ḗu-
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → *di̯ā́u-
4. di̯ā́u-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. dyā́u-


PIE √ti- (sb.) ‘Spitze’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√ti-
√tiɑh-
√diɑɦ-
√digɑɦi-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG T:300-302)
PIE *doigɑɦiēɑh-
OHG. zeigō-
(vb.) ‘anstacheln, stoßen: stimulare’
(Gl. 8th cent.)
1. PIE *doigɑɦiēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *doigɑɦiāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. doigɑɦiāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doigɦiāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. doigɦiāh-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *doiǵɦāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. doiǵɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *doiǵɦā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. doiǵɦā-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *doigɦā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. doigɦā-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *toigɦā-
7. toigɦā-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *toigā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. toigā-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *taigā-
9. taigā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *taigō-
(XX:XX)
10. taigō-
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → *teigō-
11. teigō-
*t → z
OHG sound shift of *t
Rt›z → OHG. zeigō-
PIE *deigɑɦini-
Hitt. deigni-
(URUDU/GIŠn.) ‘(Spitz)hacke: URUDU/GIŠAL’
(HHand. 173)
(Hitt. te-e-kán teignet [sgI] padai)
1. PIE *deigɑɦini-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *deigɦini-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. deigɦini-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *deiǵɦni-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. deiǵɦni-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *deigɦni-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. deigɦni-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. deigni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √ti- √toi- √tei- (vb.) ‘eilen, gehen’
(IEW 1067-8 [diff.])
(Pyysalo: OAnat. + IE)
√toik-
PIE *toik-
Goth. þaih-
(pr.) ‘προκόπτειν, συμβιβάζεσθαι: proficere’
(GoEtD. Þ29)
(Goth. þaih [3sg] Luk 2,52 CA, GoElB. 203, HbGo. 35,1a,5, 57, 92,4, 222,2, 223,3)
1. PIE *toik-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *toix-
2. toix-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þoix-
3. þoix-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þaix-
4. þaix-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → Goth. þaih-
PIE *toik-
OHG. dēh-
(pret.) ‘thrive’
(EWAhd 2, 634)
(OHG. dēh [3sg])
1. PIE *toik-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *toix-
2. toix-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þoix-
3. þoix-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þaix-
4. þaix-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *þaih-
5. þaih-
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → *þeih-
6. þeih-
*þ → d
OHG sound shift of *þ
Rþ›d → OHG. deih-
PIE *gɑɦo·toik-
Goth. ga·þaih-
(pret.) ‘vorwärtskommen, hervorsprießen, wachsen, zunehmen’
(GoEtD. Þ29)
(Goth. gaþaih [3sg] Sk 4,10 Enb)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·toik-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·toik-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦo·toik-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *gɦo·toix-
3. gɦo·toix-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *gɦo·þoix-
4. gɦo·þoix-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *go·þoix-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. go·þoix-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ga·þaix-
6. ga·þaix-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → Goth. ga·þaih-
PIE *gɑɦo·toik·u-
Goth. ga·þaihu-
(pret.pl) ‘ἀναθάλλειν: reflorescere’
(GoElB. 294ff.)
(Goth. gaþaihuþ [2pl] Php 4,10 B)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·toik·u-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·toik·u-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦo·toik·u-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *gɦo·toix·u-
3. gɦo·toix·u-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *gɦo·þoix·u-
4. gɦo·þoix·u-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *go·þoix·u-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. go·þoix·u-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ga·þaix·u-
6. ga·þaix·u-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → Goth. ga·þaih·u-
√teik-
(Pyysalo)
(uncertain)
PIE *teiko-
Goth. þeiha-
(pret.) ‘Fortschritte machen: gedeihen’
(GoEtD. Þ29)
(Goth. þeihais 1Tm 4,15 B, þeihan Sk 2,17 Enb, þeihand [3pl] 2Tm 3,9 A B)
1. PIE *teiko-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *teixo-
2. teixo-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þeixo-
3. þeixo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þeixa-
4. þeixa-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *þīxa-
5. þīxa-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *þīha-
6. þīha-
*ī → ei
Orthographic change of *ī into ei
Rī›ei → Goth. þeiha-
PIE *teiko·Σ
Hitt. teika·UR.MAḪ-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1323)
(Hitt. ti-ik-ka+UR.MAḪ-i[n] [sgA])
1. PIE *teiko·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. teika·Σ
PIE *teiko-
OInd. teka-
(vb.) ‘go’
(MonWil. 446)
1. PIE *teiko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *teika-
2. teika-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *taika-
3. taika-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *tēka-
4. tēka-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → OInd. teka-
PIE *teiko-
OHG. dīha-
(vb.) ‘crescere, excellere, florere, poller, proficere, progredi’
(EWAhd 2, 634)
(OHG. dīhan [inf.]; Gl (765), N, O, OT, PN, T, WH)
1. PIE *teiko-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *teixo-
2. teixo-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þeixo-
3. þeixo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þeixa-
4. þeixa-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *þīxa-
5. þīxa-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *þīha-
6. þīha-
*þ → d
OHG sound shift of *þ
Rþ›d → OHG. dīha-
PIE *teikēɑh-
OCS. tica-
(vb.iter.) ‘laufen, eilen’
(Grundr2 1:292)
1. PIE *teikēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *teikāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. teikāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *teikāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. teikāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *teikā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. teikā-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *tīkā-
5. tīkā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *tīka-
6. tīka-
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → OCS. tika-
PIE *teikondɑɦ-
Goth. þeihand-
(pt.) ‘make progress, succeed wax, thrive’
(GoEtD. Þ29)
(Goth. þeihandei Sk 4,10 Enb, þeihando Kol 2,19 B)
1. PIE *teikondɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *teikondɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. teikondɦ-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *teixondɦ-
3. teixondɦ-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þeixondɦ-
4. þeixondɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *þeixond-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. þeixond-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þeixand-
6. þeixand-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *þīxand-
7. þīxand-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *þīhand-
8. þīhand-
*ī → ei
Orthographic change of *ī into ei
Rī›ei → Goth. þeihand-
PIE *Π·teikondɑɦ·Σ
Goth. ufar··þeihandein-
(f.) ‘übertreffen: surpass, expand beyond, excel’
(GoEtD. Þ29)
(Goth. ufarþeihandei [f.sgN] Sk 3,21 Enb)
1. PIE *Π·teikondɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·teikondɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·teikondɦ·Σ
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *Π·teixondɦ·Σ
3. Π·teixondɦ·Σ
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *Π·þeixondɦ·Σ
4. Π·þeixondɦ·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·þeixond·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·þeixond·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·þeixand·Σ
6. Π·þeixand·Σ
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *Π·þīxand·Σ
7. Π·þīxand·Σ
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *Π·þīhand·Σ
8. Π·þīhand·Σ
*ī → ei
Orthographic change of *ī into ei
Rī›ei → Goth. Π·þeihand·Σ
PIE *teikso-
Goth. þeihs-
(n.) ‘Zeit: time, occasion: καιρός, χρόνος: tempus’
(GoEtD. Þ30)
(Goth. þeihs [A] Rom 13,11 A, þeihsa [A] 1Th 5,1 B, GoElB. 54,2, HbGo. 121,1b)
1. PIE *teikso-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *teixso-
2. teixso-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þeixso-
3. þeixso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þeixsa-
4. þeixsa-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *þīxsa-
5. þīxsa-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *þīhsa-
6. þīhsa-
*ī → ei
Orthographic change of *ī into ei
Rī›ei → Goth. þeihsa-
√tik-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *tik-
OCS. tĭk-
(vb.) ‘laufen, eilen’
(Sadnik √953)
(OCS. tĭci [ipv2sg], tĭcĕte [2pl])
1. PIE *tik-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → OCS. tĭk-
PIE *ues·tiko-
Umbr. ues·tico-
(2.fut.P.) ‘~ Trankopfer darbringen’
(WbOU. 847-8)
(Umbr. uestikos fust)
1. PIE *ues·tiko-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Umbr. ues·tico-
PIE *ues·tikēɑh-
Umbr. ues·ticā-
(vb.) ‘~ Trankopfer darbringen’
(WbOU. 847-8)
(Umbr. vestikatu, uesticatu)
1. PIE *ues·tikēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ues·tikāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ues·tikāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ues·tikāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ues·tikāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ues·tikā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ues·tikā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Umbr. ues·ticā-
PIE *tikēɑhtikēɑhi-
TochB. ckāckai-
(sb.) ‘leg, (particularly) shin, calf’
(DTochB. 258)
(TochB. ckāckaine, LeTokh. 1:252)
1. PIE *tikēɑhtikēɑhi-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tikāɑhtikāɑhi-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tikāɑhtikāɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tikāhtikāhi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tikāhtikāhi-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *cikāhcikāhi-
4. cikāhcikāhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *cikācikāi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. cikācikāi-
āi → ai
Orthographic change of āi into ai
Rāi›ai → TochB. cikācikai-
PIE *tikēɑhtikeɑh-
TochB. ckācka-
(sb.) ‘leg, (particularly) shin, calf’
(DTochB. 258)
(TochB. ckākane [plN])
1. PIE *tikēɑhtikeɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *tikēɑhtikaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. tikēɑhtikaɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tikāɑhtikaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. tikāɑhtikaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tikāhtikah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. tikāhtikah-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *cikāhcikah-
5. cikāhcikah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochB. cikācika-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *tikēɑhtikeɑh·si̯o-
TochB. ckācka·ṣṣa-
(a.) ‘pertaining to the leg’
(DTochB. 258)
1. PIE *tikēɑhtikeɑh·si̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *tikēɑhtikaɑh·si̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. tikēɑhtikaɑh·si̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tikāɑhtikaɑh·si̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. tikāɑhtikaɑh·si̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tikāhtikah·si̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. tikāhtikah·si̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tikāhtikah·si̯a-
5. tikāhtikah·si̯a-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *cikāhcikah·si̯a-
6. cikāhcikah·si̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *cikācika·si̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. cikācika·si̯a-
*si̯ → ṣ
Palatalization of *si̯
Rsi̯›ṣ → TochB. cikācika·ṣa-
PIE *tikneu-
OInd. tikno-
(pr.5.) ‘go’
(MonWil. 446)
(OInd. tiknoti)
1. PIE *tikneu-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *tiknau-
2. tiknau-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *tiknō-
3. tiknō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → OInd. tikno-
PIE *ní·tikti-
RV. ní·tikti-
(f.) ‘Hast, Eile’
(WbRV. 728)
√tigɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *tigɑɦono
OHG. digan-
(pret.pt.) ‘gedeihen, zunehmen, wachsen’
(EWAhd 2, 634)
(OHG. digan [pt.])
1. PIE *tigɑɦono
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tigɦono
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tigɦono
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þigɦono
3. þigɦono
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *þigono
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. þigono
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þigana
5. þigana
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *þigan
6. þigan
*þ → d
OHG sound shift of *þ
Rþ›d → OHG. digan
PIE *tigɑɦondɑɦ-
Pal. tigand-
(pt.) ‘fließend ‹or ‘laufend, eilend’?›’
(HHand. 173, DPal. 74)
(Pal. te-e-ka-an-za [sgN])
1. PIE *tigɑɦondɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tigɦondɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tigɦondɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tigɦandɦ-
3. tigɦandɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Pal. tigand-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tigɑɦu-
OHG. digu-
(pret.pl) ‘gedeihen, zunehmen, wachsen’
(EWAhd 2, 634)
(OHG. digun [pl])
1. PIE *tigɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tigɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tigɦu-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þigɦu-
3. þigɦu-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *þigu-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. þigu-
*þ → d
OHG sound shift of *þ
Rþ›d → OHG. digu-


PIE √tl- √tol- √tel- (vb.) ‘lassen, dulden, ertragen’
(IEW 1060)
(Kapancjan 1931-33:63; Pyysalo)
√tolo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *tolo-
Hitt. tala-
(vb.2.) ‘(in Ruhe) lassen, beistehen’
(HHand. 161)
1. PIE *tolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tala-
PIE *Π·tolo-
Hitt. pi·tala-
(vb.) ‘verlassen, -werfen, -nachlässigen’
(HHand. 133)
(Hitt. píd-da-la-ši, píd-da-la-an-zi)
1. PIE *Π·tolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. Π·tala-
√toli-
(Kapancjan 1931-33:63)
PIE *toli̯-
Arm. tʼoł-
(ao.) ‘lassen, dulden, ertragen’
(HEG T:53-5)
(Arm. tʼołi, HIL. 943f.)
1. PIE *toli̯-
*li̯ → ł
Change of *li̯ into ł
Rli̯›ł → Arm. toł-
PIE *tolei̯o-
Hitt. talei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘beistehen, (in Ruhe) lassen’
(HHand. 161)
1. PIE *tolei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. talei̯a-
PIE *Π·toloi-
Hitt. pi·talai-
(vb.1.) ‘verlassen, -werfen, -nachlässigen’
(HHand. 133)
(Hitt. píd-da-la-it)
1. PIE *Π·toloi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. Π·talai-
√toliskio-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *toliski̯e/o-
Hitt. tališke/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘beistehen, (in Ruhe) lassen’
(HHand. 161)
1. PIE *toliski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *tolisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. tolisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *talisḱe/a-
3. talisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *taliske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. taliske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tališke/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·toliski̯e/o-
Hitt. pi·tališke/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘verlassen, -werfen, -nachlässigen’
(HHand. 133)
(CHD P:358, pí-it-ta-li-eš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *Π·toliski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *Π·tolisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. Π·tolisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·talisḱe/a-
3. Π·talisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *Π·taliske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. Π·taliske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·tališke/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√toliu-
PIE *toli̯u-
Arm. tʼołu-
(pr.) ‘lassen, dulden, ertragen’
(IEW 1060)
(Arm. tʼołum [1sg])
1. PIE *toli̯u-
*li̯ → ł
Change of *li̯ into ł
Rli̯›ł → Arm. tołu-
√tolno-
(Petersen 1937:210)
PIE *tolno-
Lat. tollo-
(vb.) ‘aufheben, erheben, entfernen’
(WH. 2:688)
1. PIE *tolno-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → Lat. tollo-


PIE √tl- √tol- √tel- (vb.) ‘schlagen, klopfen, stoßen’
(IEW 1062)
(Pyysalo: OCS. + CLu.)
√telo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *toLo-
OInd. tala-
(m.) ‘Anschlagen der Saiten mit der linken Hand’
(KEWA 1:488)
1. PIE *toLo-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *tolo-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. tolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OInd. tala-
PIE *tēlo-
Lat. tēlo-
(n.) ‘speerartig lange Stange’
(WH. 2:656)
(Lat. tēlum)
√telku- √tolku-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *telku-
OCS. tlĕk-
(vb.) ‘klopfen, stoßen, schlagen: κρούω’
(Sadnik √975)
(OCS. tlĕšti [inf.], REW 3:116f.)
1. PIE *telku-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *telk-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
2. telk-
*elk -> lĕk
Slavic metathesis of elk to lĕk
Relk›lĕk → OCS. tlĕk-
PIE *Π·telku-
OCS. sŭ·tlĕk-
(vb.) ‘zerstossen, zerlagen’
(Sadnik √975)
(OCS. sŭtlĕšti [inf.])
1. PIE *Π·telku-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·telk-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
2. Π·telk-
*elk -> lĕk
Slavic metathesis of elk to lĕk
Relk›lĕk → OCS. Π·tlĕk-
PIE *tolku-
CLu. talku-
(vb.) ‘‹klopfen, stoßen, schlagen?›’
(DLL. 89)
(CLu. hartati [≈ Hammer sgI] ku-lu-uš-ta-na-ti [≈ Hacke sgI] ta-al-ku-du)
1. PIE *tolku-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. talku-


PIE √tl- √tol- √tel- (vb.) ‘binden’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + CLu. + Gr.)
√tolup-
(HEG T:65-67)
(Otten & Siegelová 1970:36, Oettinger SHV 227, Melchert AHPh. 171)
PIE *tolupo-
Hitt. talupa-
(vb.1.) ‘verflechten, verzieren’
(HHand. 162)
(Hitt. ta-lu-up-pa-an-da-an, ta-lu-up-pa-an)
1. PIE *tolupo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. talupa-
PIE *tolúpēɑh-
Att. τολύπη-
(f.) ‘Knäuel von Wolle oder Garn’
(GEW 2:909)
1. PIE *tolúpēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tolúpāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tolúpāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tolúpāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tolúpāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tolúpā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tolúpā-
ā –> ē (Att)
Attican change of ā –› ē
Rā›ēAtt → *tolúpē-
5. tolúpē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Att. τολύπη-
PIE *tolupuso-
OHitt. talupuša-
(c.) ‘-(?)-’
(HHand. 162)
(‹or to Hitt. talupi- ‘Erdklumpen’?›)
1. PIE *tolupuso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *talupusa-
2. talupusa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → OHitt. talupuša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √tm- √tom- √tem- (sb.) ‘Geburt, Gebärerin’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Toch. + HLu.; or PIE √tɑhm- √tɑhom- √tɑhem-?)
√tom-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *tom-
TochA. tam-
(pret.M.) ‘generare’ (intr.) ‘nasci’
(Poucha 121)
1. PIE *tom-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → TochA. tam-
PIE *tomo-
TochA. tamä-
(pret.M.) ‘generare’ (intr.) ‘nasci’
(Poucha 121)
(TochA. tamät)
1. PIE *tomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → TochA. tama-
PIE *tomi-
HLu. tami-
(sb.) ‘parent(s)?’
(CHLu. 2.27.13)
(HLu. 20 tá-mi 10 INFANS-ní)
1. PIE *tomi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. tami-
PIE *temoil-
TochB. camel-
(n.) ‘birth, rebirth, birthform’
(DTochB. 251)
(TochB. camel)
1. PIE *temoil-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *temail-
2. temail-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *ti̯amail-
3. ti̯amail-
PIE *ti̯ → c
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›c → *camail-
4. camail-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *camēl-
5. camēl-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochB. camel-
PIE *Π·tōmou-
TochB. a·tāmo-
(sb.) ‘unfruitful (barren) ground’
(DTochB. 9)
1. PIE *Π·tōmou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·tōmau-
2. Π·tōmau-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·tāmau-
3. Π·tāmau-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *Π·tāmō-
4. Π·tāmō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. Π·tāmo-


PIE √tm- √tom- √tem- (vb.) ‘schneiden’
(IEW 1062-3)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√tom-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG T:84)
PIE *tómo-
Gr. τόμο-
(m.) ‘slice’
(LSJ. 1804)
1. PIE *tómo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τόμο-
PIE *tomó-
Gr. τομό-
(a.) ‘cutting, sharp’
(LSJ. 1804)
1. PIE *tomó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τομό-
PIE *tomoso·Σ
Hitt. tamaša·tališa-
(LÚc.) ‘Metzger? ≈ Hitt. tapašatala-’
(Rieken 1999:148)
1. PIE *tomoso·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tamasa·Σ
2. tamasa·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tamaša·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√tomi-
(HEG T:84)
PIE *tomiso·Σ
Hitt. tamiša·tala-
(LÚc.) ‘Metzger? ≈ Hitt. tapašatala-’
(HHand. 163)
(“ein Funktionär, der mit dem Besorgen von Speisen beschäftig ist”)
1. PIE *tomiso·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tamisa·Σ
2. tamisa·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tamiša·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√toms-
(HEG T:84)
PIE *tomso·Σ
Hitt. tamša·tala-
(LÚc.) ‘Metzger?’
(HHand. 163)
(“ein Funktionär, der mit dem Besorgen von Speisen beschäftig ist”)
1. PIE *tomso·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tamsa·Σ
2. tamsa·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tamša·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√tomu-
PIE *tomugɑɦo-
CLu. tamuga-
(n.) ‘Schnipsel, Abgeschnittetes’ (HHand. 163)
(DLL. 90)
(CLu. da-am-mu-u-ga [plA] der Zehennägel)
1. PIE *tomugɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tomugɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tomugɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tamugɦa-
3. tamugɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. tamuga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √tn- √ton- √ten- (vb.) ‘gebären, werden’ (sb.) ‘Vulva, Frau, Kinder’
(IEW 1065-1066)
(Pyysalo: OAnat. + Gr. + Arm. + Toch.)
√ten-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *tén-
Gr. τέν-
(vb.) ‘werden’
(LSJ. 1772)
(Cyren. τένται; not from PIE √tel- ‘werden’)
1. PIE *tén-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τέν-
PIE *ten-
Arm. t‘en-
(sb.) ‘vulva of female animals (cow etc.)’
(EtDiArm. 285)
(Arm. dial., see EtDiArm. for more forms)
PIE *tener-
Lat. tener-
(a.) ‘jung, zart, fein, weich, empfindsam’
(WH. 2:665)
PIE *ténos-
RV. tánas-
(n.) ‘Nachkommenschaft’
(WbRV. 518)
1. PIE *ténos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ténas-
2. ténas-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. tánas-
√ton-
PIE *tón-
RV. tán-
(f.coll.) ’Nachkommenschaft, Kinder’
(WbRV. 517-8)
(RV. tánā [sgI])
1. PIE *tón-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. tán-
PIE *tóno-
RV. tána-
(n.) ‘Nachkommenschaft, Kinder’
(WbRV. 518)
(RV. tánāya [D], tánā [plNA])
1. PIE *tóno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tóna-
2. tóna-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. tána-
PIE *tónēɑh-
RV. tánā-
(f.) ‘Sproß, Kind’
(WbRV. 519)
1. PIE *tónēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tónāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tónāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tónāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tónāh-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *tánāh-
4. tánāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. tánā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√toni-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG T:106)
PIE *tónei̯o-
RV. tánaya-
(m.) ‘Sohn’ (n.) ‘Fortpflanzung des Geschlechts’
(WbRV. 518)
1. PIE *tónei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tónei̯a-
2. tónei̯a-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *tánei̯a-
3. tánei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *tánai̯a-
4. tánai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. tánaya-
PIE *toni·Σ
Hitt. tani·ganza-
(fc.) ‘femina + GANZA’
(NOMS. 1241)
(in Akd. ta-ni-ga-an-za)
1. PIE *toni·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tani·Σ
PIE *toni·dɑɦei-
HLu. tani·dei-
(FEMINA.PURUS.INFRAc.) ‘hierodule’
(CHLu. 3.6.24)
(HLu. (FEMINA.PURUS.INFRA)ta-ni-ti-na)
1. PIE *toni·dɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *toni·dɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. toni·dɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tani·dɦei-
3. tani·dɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. tani·dei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *toni·dɑɦei-
Hitt. tani·dei-
(MUNUSc.) ‘Hochpriesterin’ (HHand. 186)
(HHand. 164)
1. PIE *toni·dɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *toni·dɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. toni·dɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tani·dɦei-
3. tani·dɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. tani·dei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *toni·dɑɦei-
Hitt. tani·dei-
(fc.) ‘auteur de rituel’
(NOMS. 1242)
(Hitt. ta-ni-i-ti [Abs], da-a-ni-ti(-iš) [Abs(N)])
1. PIE *toni·dɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *toni·dɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. toni·dɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tani·dɦei-
3. tani·dɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. tani·dei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *toni·dɑɦei̯o-
CLu. tani·dei̯a-
(a.) ‘zum danit- gehörig (Art Priester)’
(HHand2 186)
(CLu. tanitiia)
1. PIE *toni·dɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *toni·dɦei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. toni·dɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tani·dɦei̯a-
3. tani·dɦei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. tani·dei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√tonm-
PIE *tonmos-
TochB. tänmas-
(pr.M.) ‘be born’
(DTochB. 292)
(TochB. tänma[strä])
1. PIE *tonmos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → TochB. tanmas-
PIE *tonmos-
TochB. tanmäs-
(cs.pr.M.) ‘janayati: produce’
(DTochB. 292)
(TochB. tanmästä[r] [3sg], tanmästsi-śco [inf.])
1. PIE *tonmos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → TochB. tanmas-


PIE √tep- √top- (vb.) ‘schlagen, hauen, schneiden’
(IEW 1056)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + HLu. + BSl.)
√tep-
PIE *tép-
Lith. tèp-
(vb.) ‘schlagen, hauen’
(LiEtWb. 1081)
1. PIE *tép-
é → è
Emergence of gravis PLith. è
RLiAcc4 → Lith. tèp-
PIE *tepēɑh-
Bulg. tepa-
(vb.) ‘walken, stampfen, schlagen’
(LiEtWb. 1057)
(Bulg. tepam)
1. PIE *tepēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tepāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tepāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tepāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tepāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tepā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tepā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → Bulg. tepa-
√top-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·topo-
HLu. anta tapa·-
(261vb.2.) ‘destroy’
(CHLu. 2.13.13)
(HLu. a-tá |*261(-)ta-pa-i [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·topo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. Π·tapa-
PIE *tópēɑh-
Russ. tópa-
(vb.) ‘stampfen’
(REW 3:120)
(Russ. tópat’ [inf.])
1. PIE *tópēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tópāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tópāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tópāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tópāh-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *tápāh-
4. tápāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tápā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. tápā-
*á → ó
Change of *á into ó
Rá›ó → *tópā-
6. tópā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → Russ. tópa-
PIE *topei̯o-
OIcl. þefja-
(vb.) ‘stampfen (von Grütze)’
(ANEtWb. 606)
1. PIE *topei̯o-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›fRestr → *tofei̯o-
2. tofei̯o-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þofei̯o-
3. þofei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þafei̯a-
4. þafei̯a-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *þafii̯a-
5. þafii̯a-
*a – i i̯ → e – i̯
Umlaut for *a – ii̯
Rafii̯›efi̯ → *þefi̯a-
6. þefi̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → OIcl. þefja-
√topos-
PIE *toposo·dɑɦolo-
Hitt. tapaša·dala-
(LÚc.) ‘Metzger?’
(HHand. 163, 165)
1. PIE *toposo·dɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *toposo·dɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. toposo·dɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tapasa·dɦala-
3. tapasa·dɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tapasa·dala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tapasa·dala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tapaša·dala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √tr- √otr- √etr- (vb.) ‘essen, fressen’ (sb.) ‘Nahrung, Fresser’ (a.) ‘verzehrend, gefräßig’
(IEW 1073 [diff.])
√otro-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ótro-
RV. átra-
(n.) ‘Nahrungsstoff’
(WbRV. 31)
(RV. átra-)
1. PIE *ótro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ótra-
2. ótra-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. átra-
PIE *otró-
RV. atrá-
(a.) ‘der Fresser’
(WbRV. 31)
(RV. atrá-)
1. PIE *otró-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *atró-
2. atró-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. atrá-
√trɦɑgi-
PIE *trɦɑṓgi-
Gr. τρώγ-
(m.) ‘θηρία τὰ ἐν τοι̃ς ὀσπρίοις’
(GEW 2:938-9)
(Gr. τρω̃γες [plN])
1. PIE *trɦɑṓgi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *trɦṓgi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. trɦṓgi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *trɦṓǵ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. trɦṓǵ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *trṓǵ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. trṓǵ-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *trṓg-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. trṓg-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τρώγ-
PIE *trɦɑṓgi̯o-
Gr. τρώγο-
(pr.) ‘zernagen, knuppern, Rohes fressen’
(GEW 2:938-9)
(Gr. τρώγω)
1. PIE *trɦɑṓgi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *trɦṓgi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. trɦṓgi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *trɦṓǵo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. trɦṓǵo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *trṓǵo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. trṓǵo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *trṓgo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. trṓgo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τρώγο-
PIE *trɦɑégi̯o-
Gr. τράγο-
(ao.) ‘zernagen, knuppern, Rohes fressen’
(GEW 2:938-9)
(Gr. ἔτραγον)
1. PIE *trɦɑégi̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *trɦɑági̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. trɦɑági̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *trɦági̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. trɦági̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *trɦáǵo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. trɦáǵo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *tráǵo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. tráǵo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *trágo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. trágo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τράγο-
PIE *trɦɑégi̯o-
Gr. τράγο-
(m.) ‘Bock’
(GEW 2:915-6)
(Gr. τράγος)
1. PIE *trɦɑégi̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *trɦɑági̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. trɦɑági̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *trɦági̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. trɦági̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *trɦáǵo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. trɦáǵo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *tráǵo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. tráǵo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *trágo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. trágo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τράγο-
√etri-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG E:119)
PIE *étri-
RV. átri-
(a.) ‘verzehrend’ (m.) ‘Eigenname eines Sängers’
(WbRV. 31)
(RV. átri-)
1. PIE *étri-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. átri-
PIE *etrín-
RV. atríṇ-
(a.) ‘gefrässig’
(WbRV. 31)
(RV. atrín-)
1. PIE *etrín-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *atrín-
2. atrín-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → RV. atríṇ-


PIE √tr- √tor- √ter- (vb.) ‘heben’ (sb.) ‘Kopf, Scheitel, vertex’
(IEW –)
(Adams DTochB. 281; Pyysalo: HLu. + Gr. + Goth.)
√tor-
PIE *tōro-
Khot. tāra-
(sb.) ‘crown of the head’
(DKhotS. 125-6)
1. PIE *tōro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tōra-
2. tōra-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → Khot. tāra-
PIE *tōro
ModPers. tār-
(sb.) ‘crown of the head’
(DTochB. 281)
1. PIE *tōro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tōra
2. tōra
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *tāra
3. tāra
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → ModPers. tār
√tori-
(Adams DTochB. 281)
(Pyysalo: Gr. + HLu. + Goth.)
PIE *tori-
HLu. tari-
(vb.) ‘raise’
(CHLu. 10.12.8)
(HLu. tax-ri+i-tax)
1. PIE *tori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. tari-
PIE *terí·Σ
Gr. τερί·καρπο-
(a.) ‘μεγαλόκαρπον (Hes.)’
(LSJ. 1777)
(Gr. τερίκαρπον)
1. PIE *terí·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τερί·Σ
PIE *toriko
Goth. þarih-
(a.) ‘unshrunk: ἄγναφος’
(GoEtWb. 355)
(Goth. þarihis [sgG])
1. PIE *toriko
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *torixo
2. torixo
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þorixo
3. þorixo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þarixa
4. þarixa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *þarix
5. þarix
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *þarih
6. þarih
i → ai
Opening of i into ai
Ri›ai → Goth. þaraih
PIE *tōri-
Khot. tāri-
(sb.) ‘crown of the head’
(DKhotS. 125-6)
1. PIE *tōri-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → Khot. tāri-
PIE *tōrei̯o
ModPers. tāre-
(sb.) ‘crown of the head’
(DTochB. 281)
1. PIE *tōrei̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tōrei̯a
2. tōrei̯a
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *tārei̯a
3. tārei̯a
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *tārai̯a
4. tārai̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *tārai̯
5. tārai̯
*a y → ē
Change of ay into ē in root-final
R=ay›=ē → *tārē
6. tārē
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → ModPers. tāre


PIE √tr- √tor- √ter- (sb.) ‘Strick, Muskel, Wulst, Wand usw.’ (vb.) ‘
(IEW 313, 1072, 1077)
(Benveniste 1962:126; Pyysalo)
√toro-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *toro-
Lat. toro-
(m.) ‘Muskel, Wulst, Strick’
(WH. 2:694-5)
(Lat. torus, torī)
PIE *Π·Π·toro
OCS. do·chŭp·torŭ-
(m.*) ‘Kopfkissen’
(Sadnik √156)
(in OCS. dochŭtorŭ)
1. PIE *Π·Π·toro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·Π·tara
2. Π·Π·tara
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·Π·toro
3. Π·Π·toro
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *Π·Π·toru
4. Π·Π·toru
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. Π·Π·torŭ
PIE *pro·toro
CS. pro·torŭ-
(m.) ‘Aufwand’
(REW 3:123)
1. PIE *pro·toro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pra·tara
2. pra·tara
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *pro·toro
3. pro·toro
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *pro·toru
4. pro·toru
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → CS. pro·torŭ
PIE *tor·Σ
OInd. tar·ala-
(m.) ‘der Mittlere Edelstein in einem Halsschmuck’
(KEWA 1:481)
1. PIE *tor·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OInd. tar·Σ
PIE *tor·Σ
Lat. tor·olo-
(m.) ‘Haarwulst’
(WH. 2:694-5)
(Lat. torulus [sgN])
PIE *én·tero-
Gr. ἔν·τερο-
(n.) ‘piece of the guts or intestines’
(LSJ. 575)
(Gr. ἔντερα [pl])
1. PIE *én·tero-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἔν·τερο-
√torku-
(IEW 1077)
(WP. 1:735f., Benveniste 1962:126)
PIE *torku-
Hitt. tarku-
(vb.1.) ‘tanzen’
(HEG T:178)
(HHand. 168)
1. PIE *torku-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tarku-
PIE *torku̯ei̯o-
Lat. torqueo-
(vb.) ‘drehen, winden; verdrehen, martern’
(WH. 2:692-3)
1. PIE *torku̯ei̯o-
* ku/u̯ → q
Emergence of labiovelar q
RkU›q → *torqei̯o-
2. torqei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
Rei̯o›eo → *torqeo-
3. torqeo-
q → qu
Orthographic change of q to qu
Rq›qu → Lat. torqueo-
PIE *torku̯o-
OIr. torc-
(m.) ‘collier’
(LEIA T-115)
(OIr. torc, muntorc)
1. PIE *torku̯o-
* ku/u̯ → q
Emergence of labiovelar q
RkU›q → *torqo-
2. torqo-
*q → k
Delabialization of labiovelar *q
Rq›k → *torko-
3. torko-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → OIr. torco-
PIE *torku̯o-
TochA. tark-
(sb.) ‘inauris: Ohrring’
(Poucha 116)
(TochA. tarkañä [plN], tarkas [plObl])
1. PIE *torku̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarku̯a-
2. tarku̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → TochA. tarka-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
PIE *tórku̯o-
Russ. tórok-
(m.) ‘Sattelriemen’
(REW 3:125)
1. PIE *tórku̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tórku̯a-
2. tórku̯a-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *tárku̯a-
3. tárku̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *tárka-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. tárka-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *tárko-
5. tárko-
*á → ó
Change of *á into ó
Rá›ó → Russ. tórko-
PIE *torku̯o-
OCS. trakŭ-
(m.) ‘Band, Gürt’
(IEW 1077)
1. PIE *torku̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarku̯a-
2. tarku̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *tarka-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. tarka-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → OCS. torko-
√tormo-
(IEW 1072f.)
PIE *tormo
OIcl. þarm-
(m.) ‘Darm’
(ANEtWb. 606)
(OIcl. þarmr [sgN])
1. PIE *tormo
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þormo
2. þormo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þarma
3. þarma
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OIcl. þarm
PIE *tormo
OEng. þearm-
(m.) ‘a gut, an intestine; the string of an instrument’
(ASaxD. 1042)
1. PIE *tormo
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þormo
2. þormo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þarma
3. þarma
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OEng. þarm
PIE *tormo
OHG. darm-
(m.) ‘Darm, Eingeweide: gut’
(EWAhd. 2, 541)
(= Lat. exta, extalis, fibra, ile, intestina)
1. PIE *tormo
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þormo
2. þormo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þarma
3. þarma
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *þarm
4. þarm
*þ → d
OHG sound shift of *þ
Rþ›d → OHG. darm
√tormi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *tormi-
Hitt. tarmi-
(c.) ‘(symptom of a disease)’
(HIL. 975)
(Hitt. tar-mi-iš)
1. PIE *tormi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tarmi-
PIE *torminēɑh-
Lat. torminā-
(n.) ‘Leibschmerz, bes. Ruhr’
(WH. 2:693)
1. PIE *torminēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tormināɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tormināɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tormināh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tormināh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. torminā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√toru-
PIE *toru̯o-
Hitt. taru̯a-
(vb.) ‘fetter’
(AHPh. 61)
(Hitt. taruauanzi [inf.], KUB XII 63 Vo 11.13)
1. PIE *toru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. taru̯a-
√torup-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *torup-
Hitt. tarup-
(vb.1.A.) ‘zusammenflechten, versammeln’
(HEG T:240)
(HHand. 171, HIL. 982)
1. PIE *torup-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tarup-
PIE *torup-
Hitt. tarup-
(vb.1.M.) ‘sich versammeln; fertig werden’
(HHand. 171)
1. PIE *torup-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tarup-
√torusɑho-
PIE *torusɑho-
Hitt. tarušḫa-
(KUŠn.) ‘(lederner Teil des Geschirres)’
(HHand. 171)
1. PIE *torusɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *torusho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. torusho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarusha-
3. tarusha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *tarušha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tarušha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. tarušḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√tr-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *e·tro
OIcl. i·ðr-
(n.) ‘Eingeweide’
(ANEtWb. 283a, 286b)
1. PIE *e·tro
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *e·þro
2. e·þro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *e·þra
3. e·þra
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *i·þra
4. i·þra
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *i·þr
5. i·þr
*þ → ð
Change of þ into ð
R=þ›=ð → OIcl. i·ðr
PIE *e·triu̯o-
Hitt. e·triu̯a-
(TÚGc.) ‘(paarweise vorhandenes Kleidungsstück)’
(HHand. 34)
1. PIE *e·triu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. e·triu̯a-


PIE √tr- √tor- √ter- (sb.) ‘Fahrzeug, Fähre, Kutscher’ (vb.) ‘kutschieren’ (a.) ‘schnell, flink’
(IEW 1032, 1074, 1089)
(Pyysalo: OAnat.)
√tor-
PIE *toró-
Gr. τορό-
(a.) ‘schnell, flink’
(GEW 2:914)
(Gr. τορός [sgN))
1. PIE *toró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τορό-
√teros-
PIE *téros-
RV. táras-
(n.) ‘rasches Vordringen, Schnelligkeit’
(WbRV. 529)
1. PIE *téros-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *téras-
2. téras-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. táras-
PIE *téros-
RV. táras-
(n.) ‘Fahrzeug, Fähre’
(WbRV. 529)
1. PIE *téros-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *téras-
2. téras-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. táras-
√ters-
PIE *teŕs-
Lith. ter̃š-
(vb.) ‘schnell, flink gehen’
(LiEtWb. 1083)
(Lith. ter̃šti [inf.])
1. PIE *teŕs-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiLi → *teŕš-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. teŕš-
eŕ → er̃
Circumflex intonation for eŕ
RLiAcc12 → Lith. ter̃š-
PIE *tersi̯o-
Lith. teršia-
(vb.) ‘schnell, flink gehen’
(LiEtWb. 1083)
(Lith. teršiù [1sg])
1. PIE *tersi̯o-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiLi → *terši̯o-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. terši̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *terši̯a-
3. terši̯a-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›iRestr → Lith. teršia-
√torsi-
(HEG T:225-7)
PIE *torsoi-
CLu. taršai-
(GKLvb.) ‘jmdn. kutschieren, fahren’ (HHand. 170)
(DLL. 94)
(CLu. tar-ša-i-in-du)
1. PIE *torsoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarsai-
2. tarsai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. taršai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *torsei-
CLu. taršei-
(GKLvb.) ‘jmdn. kutschieren, fahren’ (HHand. 170)
(DLL. 94)
(CLu. tar-ši-en-ti, tar-ši-ta(-ia-ua-mu))
1. PIE *torsei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarsei-
2. tarsei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. taršei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *torsei̯o-
CLu. taršei̯a-
(?) ‘-(?)-’
(DLL. 94)
(CLu. tar-ši-ia-[...)
1. PIE *torsei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarsei̯a-
2. tarsei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. taršei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *torsei̯oi-
CLu. taršei̯ai-
(vb.) ‘‹cf. above›’
(DLL. 94)
(CLu. tar-ši-ia-i [ipv] = Akd. i-te-eb)
1. PIE *torsei̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarsei̯ai-
2. tarsei̯ai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. taršei̯ai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√torsibɑɦo-
PIE *torsi·bɑɦolo-
Hitt. tarši·bala-
(LÚc.) ‘‹Kutscher?›’
(HHand. 170)
1. PIE *torsi·bɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *torsi·bɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. torsi·bɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarsi·bɦala-
3. tarsi·bɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tarsi·bala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tarsi·bala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tarši·bala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *torsi·bɑɦoli-
Hitt. tarši·bali-
(LÚc.) ‘‹Kutscher?›’
(HHand. 170)
1. PIE *torsi·bɑɦoli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *torsi·bɦoli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. torsi·bɦoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarsi·bɦali-
3. tarsi·bɦali-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tarsi·bali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tarsi·bali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tarši·bali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√torsibɑɦi-
PIE *torsi·bɑɦi-
Kpd. tarši·bi-
(LÚc.) ‘‹cf. below›’
(NOMS. 1290)
(Kpd. tár-ší-pì)
1. PIE *torsi·bɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *torsi·bɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. torsi·bɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarsi·bɦi-
3. tarsi·bɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tarsi·bi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tarsi·bi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Kpd. tarši·bi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *torsi·bɑɦi̯olo-
Hitt. tarši·bi̯ala-
(c.) ‘Kutscher?’
(HHand. 170)
1. PIE *torsi·bɑɦi̯olo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *torsi·bɦi̯olo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. torsi·bɦi̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarsi·bɦi̯ala-
3. tarsi·bɦi̯ala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tarsi·bi̯ala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tarsi·bi̯ala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tarši·bi̯ala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √tor- √ter- √tr- (vb.) ‘beschmutzen, beflecken, beschmieren usw.’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: BSl. + Hitt.)
√toro-
PIE *toro-
Bulg. tor-
(m.) ‘Dünger, Mist’
(REW 3:123)
1. PIE *toro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tara-
2. tara-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → Bulg. toro-
√terli-
PIE *teŕli̯ēɑh-
Lith. ter̃lio-
(vb.) ‘beschmutzen, beflecken, beschmieren’
(LiEtWb. 1082)
(Lith. ter̃lioti [inf.])
1. PIE *teŕli̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *teŕli̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. teŕli̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *teŕli̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. teŕli̯āh-
eŕ → er̃
Circumflex intonation for eŕ
RLiAcc12 → *ter̃li̯āh-
4. ter̃li̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ter̃li̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ter̃li̯ā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *ter̃li̯ō-
(XX:XX)
6. ter̃li̯ō-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›iRestr → *ter̃liō-
7. ter̃liō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Lith. ter̃lio-
PIE *terli̯ḗɑh-
Lith. terlió-
(vb.) ‘beschmutzen, beflecken, beschmieren’
(LiEtWb. 1082)
(Lith. terlióti [inf.])
1. PIE *terli̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *terli̯ā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. terli̯ā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *terli̯ā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. terli̯ā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *terli̯ā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. terli̯ā́-
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *terli̯ṓ-
(XX:XX)
5. terli̯ṓ-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›iRestr → *terliṓ-
6. terliṓ-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → Lith. terlió-
√term-
PIE *termḗɑh-
Lith. termó-
(vb.) ‘beschmutzen, vermengen, mischen’
(LiEtWb. 1082)
(Lith. termóti [inf.])
1. PIE *termḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *termā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. termā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *termā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. termā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *termā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. termā́-
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *termṓ-
(XX:XX)
5. termṓ-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → Lith. termó-
PIE *termḗɑh
Lith. termà-
(f.) ‘Schweinefutter, Mischmasch, Wirrwarr’
(LiEtWb. 1082)
1. PIE *termḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *termā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. termā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *termā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. termā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *termā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. termā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *termṓ
(XX:XX)
5. termṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → Lith. termà
PIE *terméhɑn-
Lith. termén-
(vb.) ‘sudeln, beschmieren’
(LiEtWb. 1082)
(Lith. terménti [inf.])
1. PIE *terméhɑn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *terméhn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. terméhn-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lith. termén-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√tors-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *torsɑ́hi-
Lith. taršý-
(vb.) ‘beschmutzen, -sudeln, vermischen, -wirren’
(LiEtWb. 1063)
(Lith. taršýti [inf.])
1. PIE *torsɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *torsíhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. torsíhi-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiLi → *toršíhi-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. toršíhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *toršíi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. toršíi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *toršī́-
5. toršī́-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *taršī́-
6. taršī́-
*ī́ → ý
Orthographic change of ī́ into ý
Rī́›ý → Lith. taršý-
PIE *torslēɑh
Latv. tarsla-
(.) ‘unsauberer Mensch’
(LiEtWb. 1082)
(Latv. tarsla [sgN])
1. PIE *torslēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *torslāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. torslāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *torslāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. torslāh
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiLi → *toršlāh
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. toršlāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *toršlā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. toršlā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *taršlā
6. taršlā
š → s
Change of š into s
Rš›s → *tarslā
7. tarslā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R=ā›=a → Latv. tarsla
PIE *tors·Σ
Hitt. tarš·kani̯ant-
(a.) ‘schleimverschmiert?’
(HHand. 167)
(Hitt. taraškaniant)
1. PIE *tors·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tars·Σ
2. tars·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tarš·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tors·Σ
Hitt. tarš·kant-
(a.) ‘beschmutzt, befleckt?’
(HHand. 167)
(Hitt. taraškant-)
1. PIE *tors·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tars·Σ
2. tars·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tarš·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ters-
PIE *teŕs-
Lith. ter̃š-
(vb.) ‘schmützen, abfärben, verschlammen’
(LiEtWb. 1083)
(Lith. ter̃šti [inf.])
1. PIE *teŕs-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiLi → *teŕš-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. teŕš-
eŕ → er̃
Circumflex intonation for eŕ
RLiAcc12 → Lith. ter̃š-
PIE *tersi̯o-
Lith. teršia-
(vb.) ‘schmützen, abfärben, verschlammen’
(LiEtWb. 1083)
(Lith. teršiù [1sg])
1. PIE *tersi̯o-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiLi → *terši̯o-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. terši̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *terši̯a-
3. terši̯a-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›iRestr → Lith. teršia-
PIE *tersímo-
Lith. teršìma-
(m.) ‘Besuldeln, Schmutzen’
(LiEtWb. 1083)
1. PIE *tersímo-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiLi → *teršímo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. teršímo-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *teršìmo-
3. teršìmo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Lith. teršìma-


PIE √tr- √tor- √ter- (vb.) ‘sich anstrengen, müde werden’
(IEW 1071; Woodhouse 2012:238-9)
√tori- √teri-
PIE *toroi-
Hitt. tarai-
(vb.) ‘sich anstrengen’
(HEG T:149)
(Hitt. taraiš [3sg])
1. PIE *toroi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tarai-
PIE *torei̯o-
Hitt. tarei̯a-
(vb.2.) ‘sich anstrengen, müde werden’
(HHand. 167)
1. PIE *torei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tarei̯a-
PIE *torei̯ondɑɦ-
Hitt. tarei̯and-
(pt.) ‘angestrengt; resigniert, erschöpft’
(HEG T:175)
(HHand. 167)
1. PIE *torei̯ondɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *torei̯ondɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. torei̯ondɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarei̯andɦ-
3. tarei̯andɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. tarei̯and-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *torei̯o·nu-
Hitt. tarei̯a·nu-
(vb.) ‘ermüden, müde machen’
(HEG T:174)
(Hitt. da-ri-ia-nu-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *torei̯o·nu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tarei̯a·nu-
PIE *torei̯o·sɑho-
Hitt. tarei̯a·šḫa-
(c.N.act.) ‘Ermüdung, Mühsal, Arbeit(saufwand)’
(HEG T:174)
(Hitt. ta-ri-ia-aš-ḫa-aš)
1. PIE *torei̯o·sɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *torei̯o·sho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. torei̯o·sho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarei̯a·sha-
3. tarei̯a·sha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *tarei̯a·šha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tarei̯a·šha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. tarei̯a·šḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *téri̯o-
Gr. τείρο-
(vb.) ‘wear away, fatigue’ (Woodhouse 2012:238-9)
(GEW 2:865)
(Gr. τείρω)
1. PIE *téri̯o-
*éri̯ → eír
Epenthesis of *i
Réri̯›eír → *teíro-
2. teíro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τείρο-


PIE √tr- √tor- √ter- (num.) ‘drei’
(IEW 1090f.)
(Sommer 1949b:205f.)
√tor-
(HIL. 971-2)
(HEG T:174-5)
PIE *tor-
HLu. tar-
(num.) ‘three’
(CHLu. 10.12.4)
(HLu. tara/i-zi/a [pl])
1. PIE *tor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. tar-
PIE *tor-
HLu. tar-
(num.adv.bs.) ‘three times’
(CHLu. 2.22.19)
(HLu. (“3”)tara/i-su-u)
1. PIE *tor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. tar-
PIE *tor·Σ
Hitt. tar·ei̯anali-
(LÚc.) ‘drittrangiger (Offizier)’
(HEG T:174-5)
(HHand. 167, for segmentation cf. Hitt. tu·ianali-)
1. PIE *tor·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tar·Σ
PIE *tor·Σ
Hitt. tar·ei̯anali-
(TÚGc.) ‘drittrangiges (Kleidungsstück)’
(HHand. 167)
1. PIE *tor·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tar·Σ
PIE *tori̯-
TochB. tary-
(num.) ‘the three’
(DTochB. 319)
(TochB. tary-akṣā-ne)
1. PIE *tori̯-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tari̯-
2. tari̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochB. tary-
PIE *tori̯ēɑh·Σ
TochB. taryā·ka
(num.) ‘thirty’
(DTochB. 320)
1. PIE *tori̯ēɑh·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tori̯āɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tori̯āɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tori̯āh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tori̯āh·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tari̯āh·Σ
4. tari̯āh·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tari̯ā·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. tari̯ā·Σ
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochB. taryā·Σ
√ter-
PIE *ter-
OLat. ter-
(num.adv.bs.) ‘drei(mal)’
(WH. 2:668)
(OLat. terr, Lat. ter)
PIE *ter·Σ
Hitt. ter·ei̯ala-
(n.) ‘ein Getränk, aus drei Zutaten’
(HEG T:176)
(Hitt. te-ri-ia-al-la, III-ia-al-la)
PIE *ter·Σ
Hitt. ter·urtana
(adv.=sgAll) ‘in Dreier-Runde (hurr. hippologischer Term.)’
(HHand. 174)
(‹or Hitt.?›)
PIE *tér·Σ
Aeol. τέρ·ρητο-
(n.) ‘τριήρης’ (against Brugmann 1902-3:152f.)
(GEW 1:553-554)
(Lesb. τέρρητο-)
1. PIE *tér·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Aeol. τέρ·Σ
PIE *tero·Σ
Hitt. tera·urtan
(adv.=sgAll) ‘in Dreier-Runde (hurr. hippologischer Term.)’
(HHand. 174)
(‹or Hitt.?›)
1. PIE *tero·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tera·Σ
PIE *tero·Σ
Hitt. tera·u̯artana
(adv.=sgAll) ‘in Dreier-Runde (hurr. hippologischer Term.)’
(HHand. 174)
(‹or Hitt.?›)
1. PIE *tero·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tera·Σ
PIE *teri-
Hitt. teri-
(num.) ‘drei’
(HHand. 174)
PIE *terei̯o-
Hitt. terei̯a-
(a.) ‘dritter’
(HHand. 174)
1. PIE *terei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. terei̯a-
PIE *tértēɑh-
Dor. τέρτᾱ-
(f.) ‘η τρίτη: the third’
(LSJ. 1778)
(Dor. τέρτα)
1. PIE *tértēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tértāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tértāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tértāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tértāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tértā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tértā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. τέρτᾱ-
PIE *tertio-
Lat. tertio-
(num.ord.) ‘(der) dritte: (the) third’
(WH. 2:668)


PIE √tr- √tor- √ter- (sb.) ‘Erde, Ort, Lager, Seite’ (a.) ‘irden’ (vb.) ‘legen, aufstellen’
(IEW 1078)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√toro-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *toro-
Lat. toro-
(m.) ‘gepolstertes Lager, Ehebett, Hochzeit, Leichenbett’
(WH. 2:694)
PIE *Π·toro
Latv. nuo·tar-
(m.) ‘Rasenplatz’
(Tēzaurs)
(Latv. nuotars [N] nuotara [G])
1. PIE *Π·toro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·tara
2. Π·tara
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Latv. Π·tar
√tero/e-
(IEW 1078)
PIE *tere-
LycA. tere-
(sb.) ‘territory, district’
(DLycLg. 63)
(LuPG 10, terñ [sgA], tere [sgL])
PIE *tēro-
Osc. tēro-
(n.) ‘territorium’
(WbOU. 736-7)
(Osc. teer[úm], terúm)
√tērēɑh-
PIE *tērēɑh-
Osc. tērā-
(f.) ‘terra’
(WbOU. 745)
(Osc. teras [sgG])
1. PIE *tērēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tērāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tērāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tērāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tērāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Osc. tērā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *tērēɑh-
OLat. tērā-
(f.) ‘terra’
(WH. 2:637)
(Varro: ‘in augurum libris’)
1. PIE *tērēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tērāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tērāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tērāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tērāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OLat. tērā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√terl-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *terlɑhḗ-
Lith. terlė̃-
(f.) ‘irdenes Gefäss (zum Schmelzen usw.)’
(LiEtWb. 1082)
(Lith. terlė̃ [sgN])
1. PIE *terlɑhḗ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *terlhḗ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. terlhḗ-
ḗ → ė̃
Change of ḗ into ė̃
RLiAcc8 → *terlhė̃-
3. terlhė̃-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lith. terlė̃-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *terl·ous-
Lat. tell·ūs
(f.) ‘Erde’
(WH. 2:655)
(Lat. tellūs, tellūris)
1. PIE *terl·ous-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → Lat. terl·ūs-
PIE *terl·umō·n
Lat. tell·umō·n-
(m.) ‘Erde’
(WH. 2:655)
√torno-
PIE *torno-
Hitt. tarna-
(vb.2.) ‘(Gegenstände) hinlegen’
(HHand. 168)
(Hitt. tar-na-an-za)
1. PIE *torno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tarna-
√tersēɑh-
PIE *tersēɑh-
Lat. terrā-
(f.) ‘Erde’
(WH. 2:673-4)
(Lat. terra [sgN])
1. PIE *tersēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tersāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tersāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tersāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tersāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tersā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tersā-
*rs → rr
Assimilation of *rs into rr
Rrs›rr → Lat. terrā-
√torsi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *torsi-
Hitt. tarši-
(GIŠc.) ‘Tablett?; Tisch?’
(HEG T:224)
1. PIE *torsi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarsi-
2. tarsi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tarši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·torsi-
Lat. ex·torri-
(a.) ‘landflüchtig, verbannt: exiled’
(WH. 2:673)
1. PIE *Π·torsi-
*rs → rr
Assimilation of *rs into rr
Rrs›rr → Lat. Π·torri-


PIE √tr- √tor- √ter- (vb.) ‘lassen’
(IEW –)
(Benveniste 1932b:142f. apud HIL.)
√tork-
PIE *tork-
TochA. tark-
(vb.A.) ‘sinere, dimittere’
(Poucha 123)
(TochA. ptark; LeTokh. 503; MA. 481)
1. PIE *tork-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → TochA. tark-
PIE *tork-
TochB. tark-
(vb.M.) ‘Skt. pramuñcet’
(DTochB. 293)
(TochB. tarkoy [opt3sg], tarkacer, tarkatsi)
1. PIE *tork-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → TochB. tark-
√tōrko-
PIE *tōrko-
TochB. tārka-
(pr.) ‘let (through)’
(DTochB. 294)
(TochB. tārka, ptārka)
1. PIE *tōrko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tōrka-
2. tōrka-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → TochB. tārka-
√terk-
PIE *terk-
TochA. cärk-
(pret.A.) ‘sinere, dimittere’
(Poucha 123)
(TochA. cärk [3sg])
1. PIE *terk-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *ti̯ark-
2. ti̯ark-
PIE *ti̯ → c
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›c → TochA. cark-
PIE *terk
TochA. cärk
(sb.) ‘intermissio: Unterlass’
(Poucha 103)
(TochA. sne cärk ‘ohne Unterlass’)
1. PIE *terk
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *ti̯ark
2. ti̯ark
PIE *ti̯ → c
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›c → TochA. cark
√tērk-
PIE *tērk-
TochA. cārk-
(vb.A.M.) ‘sinere, dimittere’
(Poucha 123)
(TochA. cārkar [ipvA], cārkat [ipvM])
1. PIE *tērk-
PIE *ē → i̯ ā
Change of *ē into i̯ā
Rē›i̯ā → *ti̯ārk-
2. ti̯ārk-
PIE *ti̯ → c
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›c → TochA. cārk-
PIE *tērkēɑh-
TochB. cärkā-
(pret.A.) ‘lassen’
(DTochB. 294)
(TochB. cärkāwa [1sg], cärkāsta)
1. PIE *tērkēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tērkāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tērkāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tērkāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tērkāh-
PIE *ē → i̯ ā
Change of *ē into i̯ā
Rē›i̯ā → *ti̯ārkāh-
4. ti̯ārkāh-
PIE *ti̯ → c
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›c → *cārkāh-
5. cārkāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochB. cārkā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√torno-
PIE *torn-
Hitt. tarn-
(pr.) ‘lassen’
(HEG T:193)
(Hitt. tar-nu-en [1pl])
1. PIE *torn-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tarn-
PIE *torne-
Arm. t’orne-
(vb.) ‘lassen, zulassen’
(HEG T-195)
1. PIE *torne-
rn → ṙn
Change of *r into ṙ before *n
Rrn›ṙn → Arm. toṙne-
PIE *torno-
Hitt. tarna-
(vb.2.) ‘(los-, ver-)lassen, gestatten’
(HEG T:192-7)
(Hitt. tar-na-aḫ-ḫi, tar-na-i, tar-na-aḫ-ḫu-un)
1. PIE *torno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tarna-
PIE *tornont-
Hitt. tarnant-
(pt.) ‘durchgelassen = erlaubt zu kommen’
(HEG T:196)
(Hitt. tar-na-an-za)
1. PIE *tornont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tarnant-
PIE *tornoski̯e/o-
Hitt. tarnaške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘(los-, ver-)lassen, gestatten’
(HHand. 168)
1. PIE *tornoski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *tornosḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. tornosḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarnasḱe/a-
3. tarnasḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *tarnaske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. tarnaske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tarnaške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tornēɑh
TochA. tärnā-
(pr.) ‘sinere, dimittere’
(Poucha 123)
(TochA. tärnāṣ [3sg])
1. PIE *tornēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tornāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tornāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tornāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tornāh
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarnāh
4. tarnāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochA. tarnā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *tornēɑhlo
TochA. tärnāl-
(vb.a.) ‘= Skt. utsr̥ṣṭavyam’
(Poucha 123)
(TochA. tärnāl [sgN])
1. PIE *tornēɑhlo
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tornāɑhlo
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tornāɑhlo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tornāhlo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tornāhlo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarnāhla
4. tarnāhla
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tarnāla
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. tarnāla
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → TochA. tarnāl
PIE *tornoi-
TochA. tärne-
(pr.) ‘sinere, dimittere’
(Poucha 123)
(TochA. tärneñcä [3pl])
1. PIE *tornoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarnai-
2. tarnai-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *tarnē-
3. tarnē-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochA. tarne-
√tors-
PIE *torsiki̯e/o-
Hitt. taršike/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘(los-, ver-)lassen, gestatten’
(HHand. 168)
1. PIE *torsiki̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *torsiḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. torsiḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarsiḱe/a-
3. tarsiḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *tarsike/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. tarsike/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. taršike/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √tr- √tor- √ter- (vb.) ‘gebären, wachsen, gedeihen’ (sb.) ‘Vater, Mutter, Tante usw.’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√toro-
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: OAnat. + IE)
PIE *toro-
HLu. tara-
(c.) ‘father?’
(CHLu. 2.27.16)
(HLu. tá-ra+a-za)
1. PIE *toro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. tara-
PIE *Π·toro-
Hitt. tap·tara-
(MUNUSc.) ‘Frau im Totenritual, Klageweib’
(HHand. 166)
1. PIE *Π·toro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. Π·tara-
√terēɑh-
PIE *Π·terēɑh-
Lat. māter·terā-
(f.) ‘Mutters Schwester: maternal aunt’
(OxLatD. 1083-4)
(IEW 701, Lat. matertera)
1. PIE *Π·terēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·terāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·terāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·terāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·terāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. Π·terā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Π·terēɑh-
RussCS. nes·tera-
(f.) ‘Nichte’
(REW 2:214-5)
1. PIE *Π·terēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·terāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·terāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·terāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·terāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·terā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·terā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → RussCS. Π·tera-
PIE *Π·terēɑh-
SCr. nès·tera-
(f.) ‘Nichte, Tochter des Schwester’
(REW 2:214)
1. PIE *Π·terēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·terāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·terāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·terāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·terāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·terā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·terā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → SCr. Π·tera-


PIE √tr- (vb.) ‘mächtig sein, können’ (sb.) ‘Wettergott, Tarḫu(nt)-: Tonitrus’
(IEW 1074-5)
(Kuryłowicz 1927:102: IIr.; Pyysalo: OIcl. + OIr. + Lat.)
√toro-
(Pyysalo: OIr.)
(Neu 1968:167; SHV 298-9; HIL. 961-2, HEG T:165)
PIE *toro-
Hitt. tara-
(vb.) ‘be able (+ inf. ‘can’)’
(HIL. 961)
(Hitt. tar-ra-at-ta, SHV 298)
1. PIE *toro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tara-
PIE *toro
OIr. tor-
(m.) ‘champion, héros’
(LEIA T-111)
(OIr. tor, toraib [plD])
1. PIE *toro
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr → OIr. tor
√tero-
(Kuryłowicz 1927:102)
PIE *téro-
RV. tára-
(prA.) ‘besiegen, überwinden’
(WbRV. 526)
(RV. tárati [3sg], tárat, tárema, etc.)
1. PIE *téro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *téra-
2. téra-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. tára-
PIE *titero-
LAv. titara-
(pr.) ‘überwinden, bewältigen’
(AIWb. 639)
(LAv. titarǝntǝm [sgA])
1. PIE *titero-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *titera-
2. titera-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. titara-
√tr̥·ɦɑu-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG T:157-70, HIL. 964-968)
PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu-
Hitt. tr̥·ḫu-
(vb.1.) ‘mächtig sein, können’
(HHand. 167)
(SHV 298)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. tr̥·ḫu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu-
Hitt. tr̥·ḫu-
(a.) ‘Benennung des Wettergottes, der Mächtige’
(HHand. 167
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. tr̥·ḫu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu-
HLu. tr̥·ḫu-
(DEUSc.) ‘Wettergott’
(CHLu. 3.6.2, KLuN. §82)
(HLu. (DEUS)TONITRUS-hu-sa)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. tr̥·ḫu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·tr̥ɦɑou-
Lat. toni·trū-
(m.) ‘Donner’
(WH. 2:532)
(Lat. tonitrus [sgN], tonitrūs [sgG])
1. PIE *Π·tr̥ɦɑou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·tr̥ɦou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·tr̥ɦou-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·tr̥ou-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·tr̥ou-
PIE *r̥ → r
Desyllafibication of r̥ after loss of h/ɦ
Rr̥›r → *Π·trou-
(SPIE §XX)
4. Π·trou-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → Lat. Π·trū-
√tro·ɦɑu-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *tro·ɦɑu·Σ
Hitt. tra·ḫu·Σ
(LÚc.) ‘‹cf. below›’
(NOMS. Fr. 54)
(Hitt. taraḫu[…)
1. PIE *tro·ɦɑu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tro·ɦu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tro·ɦu·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tra·ɦu·Σ
3. tra·ɦu·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. tra·ḫu·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *troɦɑu̯o
OIcl. þrō-
(m.) ‘Name von Odin’
(ANEtWb. 623)
(OIcl. þrór [sgN])
1. PIE *troɦɑu̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *troɦu̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. troɦu̯o
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *trou̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. trou̯o
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þrou̯o
4. þrou̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þrau̯a
5. þrau̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *þrau̯
6. þrau̯
*au̯ → ō
Change of * -au̯ into -ō
R=au̯›=ō → OIcl. þrō
√tr̥·ɦɑundɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *tr̥·ɦɑundɑɦ-
CLu. tr̥·ḫund-
(dc.) ‘Tarhunt, Wettergott’
(OHP. 1:446f.)
(CLu. tar-ḫu-un-za, GhR. 308-9, RDH. 89, Neu 1974:118+n. 277, REL. 69,91,166-8,173, WbMyth. 208-214, KLuN. 142-5)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑundɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦundɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦundɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tr̥·ɦund-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. tr̥·ɦund-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. tr̥·ḫund-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *tr̥ɦɑundɑɦo
OIcl. þrund-
(m.) ‘Odinsname (þula)’
(ANEtWb. 624)
(OIcl. þrundr [sgN])
1. PIE *tr̥ɦɑundɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥ɦundɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥ɦundɦo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *tr̥undɦo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. tr̥undɦo
PIE *r̥ → r
Desyllafibication of r̥ after loss of h/ɦ
Rr̥›r → *trundɦo
(SPIE §XX)
4. trundɦo
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þrundɦo
5. þrundɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *þrundo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. þrundo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þrunda
7. þrunda
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OIcl. þrund
PIE *tr̥·ɦɑundɑɦoso-
Hitt. tr̥·ḫundaša-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 405)
(Hitt. tar-ḫu-un-da-aš-ša [All], CLuLex. 212)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑundɑɦoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦundɦoso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦundɦoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tr̥·ɦundɦasa-
3. tr̥·ɦundɦasa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tr̥·ɦundasa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tr̥·ɦundasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *tr̥·ɦundaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. tr̥·ɦundaša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. tr̥·ḫundaša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *tr̥·ɦɑundɑɦeso-
Hitt. tr̥·ḫundeša-
(LÚc.) ‘Ugar. trġds?’
(NOMS. 1272)
(Hitt. tar-ḫu-un-ti-iš-ša [All])
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑundɑɦeso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦundɦeso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦundɦeso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tr̥·ɦundɦesa-
3. tr̥·ɦundɦesa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tr̥·ɦundesa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tr̥·ɦundesa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *tr̥·ɦundeša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. tr̥·ɦundeša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. tr̥·ḫundeša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√toreio-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *tōrei̯o-
Hitt. tārei̯a-
(pt.) ‘kräftig, mächtig (von einem Stier)’
(HEG T:147)
(Hitt. tar-ia-an-da-an, KUB 12.63 + 36.70 obv. 9)
1. PIE *tōrei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tōrei̯a-
2. tōrei̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → Hitt. tārei̯a-
PIE *titōrei̯o-
LAv. titāraya-
(cs.) ‘überwinden, bewältigen’
(AIWb. 639)
1. PIE *titōrei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *titōrei̯a-
2. titōrei̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *titārei̯a-
3. titārei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *titārai̯a-
4. titārai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. titāraya-
√toruɑh-
(Kuryłowicz 1927:102, HIL. 964f.)
(HEG T:157)
PIE *toruɑh-
Hitt. taruḫ-
(vb.1.) ‘mächtig sein, können’
(HHand. 167)
(Hitt. tar-ru-uḫ-zi, tar-ru-uḫ-ḫa-an-zi, tar-uḫ-ḫu-un [1sg], ta-ru-uḫ-ḫu-un])
1. PIE *toruɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *toruh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. toruh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *taruh-
3. taruh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. taruḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *toruɑh-
Hitt. taruḫ-
(vb.1.) ‘+za: besiegen, bezwingen, überwinden’
(HHand. 167)
(= GÉŠPU-uḫḫ-)
1. PIE *toruɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *toruh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. toruh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *taruh-
3. taruh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. taruḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *toruɑhei̯o-
gAv. taurvaya-
(cs.) ‘überwinden, bewältigen’
(AIWb. 639)
(gAv. taurvayāmā [1pl])
1. PIE *toruɑhei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *toruhei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. toruhei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *taruhei̯a-
3. taruhei̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *taruei̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. taruei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *taruai̯a-
5. taruai̯a-
*uA → u̯A
Desyllabification of uA into u̯A
RuA›u̯A → *taru̯ai̯a-
6. taru̯ai̯a-
*aru → auru
Anaptyxis of *u
RarU›aurU → *tauru̯ai̯a-
7. tauru̯ai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *tauru̯aya-
8. tauru̯aya-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → gAv. taurvaya-
PIE *toruɑheiski̯e/o-
Hitt. taruḫeiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘mächtig sein, können’
(HHand. 167)
(Hitt. tar-uḫ-ḫi-eš-kir)
1. PIE *toruɑheiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *toruheiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. toruheiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *toruheisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. toruheisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *taruheisḱe/a-
4. taruheisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *taruheiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. taruheiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *taruheiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. taruheiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. taruḫeiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·toruɑhon-
LAv. vǝrǝϑra·taurvan-
(a.) ‘den Angriff überwindend’
(AIWb. 1423)
(LAv. vǝrǝϑra.taurvan-)
1. PIE *Π·toruɑhon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·toruhon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·toruhon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·taruhan-
3. Π·taruhan-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·taruan-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·taruan-
*uA → u̯A
Desyllabification of uA into u̯A
RuA›u̯A → *Π·taru̯an-
5. Π·taru̯an-
*aru → auru
Anaptyxis of *u
RarU›aurU → *Π·tauru̯an-
6. Π·tauru̯an-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. Π·taurvan-
PIE *toruɑhont-
Hitt. taruḫant-
(pt.) ‘mächtig sein, können’
(HHand. 167)
(Hitt. tar-uḫ-ḫan)
1. PIE *toruɑhont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *toruhont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. toruhont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *taruhant-
3. taruhant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. taruḫant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·toruɑhoriɑ́h-
LAv. vīspa·taurvairī-
(a.f.) ‘Allüberwinderin (BN der ǝrǝdat.fǝδrī-)’
(AIWb. 1463-4)
(LAv. vīspa.taurvairī-)
1. PIE *Π·toruɑhoriɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *Π·toruɑhoriíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·toruɑhoriíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·toruhoriíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·toruhoriíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·taruhariíh-
4. Π·taruhariíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·taruarií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·taruarií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *Π·taruarī́-
6. Π·taruarī́-
*uA → u̯A
Desyllabification of uA into u̯A
RuA›u̯A → *Π·taru̯arī́-
7. Π·taru̯arī́-
*ari → airi
Anaptyxis of *i
RarI›airI → *Π·taru̯airī́-
8. Π·taru̯airī́-
*aru → auru
Anaptyxis of *u
RarU›aurU → *Π·tauru̯airī́-
9. Π·tauru̯airī́-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *Π·taurvairī́-
10. Π·taurvairī́-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → LAv. Π·taurvairī-


PIE √trgiɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Vogel, Geier, Schwan’
(IEW 1023)
(Pyysalo; for Meillet and Magnusson’s root constraint, see SPIE 348f., 401f.)
√torgiɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *torgi̯o-
CLu. tarza-
(c.) ‘(ein Vogel oder Qualifikation von ‘Vogel’)’
(HHand. 171)
1. PIE *torgi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *torj́o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. torj́o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarj́a-
3. tarj́a-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → CLu. tarza-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
PIE *tórgi̯o-
Gr. τόργο-
(m.) ‘Geier: vulture’
(GEW 2:911-2)
(Gr. τόργος)
1. PIE *tórgi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *tórǵo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. tórǵo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *tórgo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. tórgo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τόργο-
PIE *tórgi̯ii̯o-
Gr. τόργιο-
(n.) ‘ὄρος (…) ὅπου νεοττεύουσιν οἰ γῦπες’
(GEW 2:911-2)
(Hes. τόργιον· ὄρος ἐν σικελίᾳ, ὅπου νεοττεύουσιν οἰ γῦπες)
1. PIE *tórgi̯ii̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *tórǵii̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. tórǵii̯o-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *tórgii̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. tórgii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *tórgio-
4. tórgio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τόργιο-
PIE *tórgi̯o-
Gr. τόργο-
(m.) ‘Schwan (when modified by ὑγρόφοιτος)’
(GEW 2:911-2)
1. PIE *tórgi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *tórǵo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. tórǵo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *tórgo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. tórgo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τόργο-


PIE √trm- √torm- √term- (sb.) ‘Spitze, Nagel, Ende’ (vb.) ‘annageln, befestigen, hämmern’
(IEW 1074-5)
(Sturtevant 1929a:11)
√torm-
(HEG T:185)
(HIL. 974f.)
PIE *tormo-
Hitt. tarma-
(c.) ‘URUDU/GIŠGAG: Nagel, Pflock, Stift’
(HEG T:185)
(HHand. 168)
1. PIE *tormo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tarma-
PIE *tormo-
CLu. tarma-
(c.) ‘Nagel, Pflock, Stift’ (HHand. 168)
(DLL. 93)
(CLu. tar-ma-ti)
1. PIE *tormo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. tarma-
PIE *tormoi-
CLu. tarmai-
(vb.) ‘hämmern, annageln, befestigen’ (HHand. 168)
(DLL. 93)
(CLu. tar-ma!-in-du)
1. PIE *tormoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. tarmai-
PIE *tormoi-
Hitt. tarmai-
(vb.1.) ‘hämmern, annageln, befestigen’
(HHand. 168)
(Hitt. tar-ma-iz-zi, tar-ma-a-an-zi)
1. PIE *tormoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tarmai-
PIE *tormol-
Hitt. tarmal-
(GIŠn.) ‘Hammer?’ (HEG T:189)
(HHand. 168)
(Hitt. GIŠtarmala [plNA])
1. PIE *tormol-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tarmal-
PIE *tormolei̯o-
Hitt. tarmalei̯a-
(URUc.) ‘(Wettergott (= dU) von T.)’
(OGH. 407)
(Hitt. tar-ma-li-ia)
1. PIE *tormolei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tarmalei̯a-
PIE *tormolei̯o-
Kpd. tarmalei̯a-
(Ic.) ‘of hammer?’
(NOMS. 1286)
(Kpd. ta-ar-ma-li-a)
1. PIE *tormolei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Kpd. tarmalei̯a-
PIE *tormodɑɦor-
Hitt. tarmadar-
(n.) ‘Nagelung, Einpflockung, Befestigung, Bindung’
(HEG T:190)
1. PIE *tormodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tormodɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tormodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarmadɦar-
3. tarmadɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. tarmadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tormodɑɦn-
Hitt. tarmadn-
(n.) ‘Nagelung, Einpflockung, Befestigung, Bindung’
(HEG T:190)
1. PIE *tormodɑɦn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tormodɦn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tormodɦn-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarmadɦn-
3. tarmadɦn-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. tarmadn-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√term-
PIE *termo·Σ
Gr. τερμο·δρομέο-
(vb.) ‘ans Ziel laufen’
(GEW 2:880)
(Gr. τερμοδρομέω)
1. PIE *termo·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τερμο·Σ
PIE *térmeɑht-
Gr. τέρματ-
(n.) ‘Ziel, Endpunkt, höchster Punkt, oberste Gewalt’
(GEW 2:880)
(Gr. τέρμα, τέρματ-)
1. PIE *térmeɑht-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *térmaɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. térmaɑht-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *térmaht-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. térmaht-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *térmat-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. térmat-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τέρματ-
PIE *térmōn
Gr. τέρμων-
(m.) ‘Ende, Grenze, Kante’
(GEW 2:880)
1. PIE *térmōn
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τέρμων
PIE *termōn
Lat. termōn-
(n.) ‘Grenzstein, Markstein, Grenze’
(WH. 2:671)
PIE *térmen-
OInd. tármaṇ-
(n.) ‘Spitze des Opferpfostens’
(KEWA 1:487)
(OInd. tármaṇ-)
1. PIE *térmen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *térman-
2. térman-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *tárman-
3. tárman-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → OInd. tármaṇ-
PIE *su·termen-
OInd. su·tarmaṇ-
(a.) ‘eine schöne Überfahrt gewährend’
(GEW 2:880)
1. PIE *su·termen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *su·tarman-
2. su·tarman-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → OInd. su·tarmaṇ-
PIE *termen-
Lat. termen-
(n.) ‘Grenzstein, Grenzzeichen’
(WH. 2:671)
(Lat. termen, terminis)
PIE *térmii̯o-
Gr. τέρμιο-
(a.) ‘am Ende befindlich, letzt’
(GEW 2:880)
(Gr. τέρμιος)
1. PIE *térmii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *térmio-
2. térmio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τέρμιο-


PIE √trp- √torp- √terp- (vb.) ‘eilen, treten, zertreten’ (sb.) ‘Tritt, Hast, Eile’ (a.) ‘hastig’
(IEW 1094)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√torpo-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG T:203f.)
PIE *torpo-
CLu. tarpa-
(vb.) ‘zertreten’
(HEG T:203f.)
(CLu. tar-pa-an-du)
1. PIE *torpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. tarpa-
PIE *tórpo
Russ. tórop-
(m.) ‘Hast, Eile’
(LiEtWb. 1062)
1. PIE *tórpo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tórpa
2. tórpa
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *tárpa
3. tárpa
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *tárpo
4. tárpo
*á → ó
Change of *á into ó
Rá›ó → *tórpo
5. tórpo
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *tórpu
6. tórpu
*-u → Ø
Loss of -u in root-final position
R=u›=0 → Russ. tórp
√torpeɑh-
PIE *torpḗɑh
Lith. tarpà-
(f.) ‘Fortschritt’
(LiEtWb. 1062)
1. PIE *torpḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *torpā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. torpā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *torpā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. torpā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *torpā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. torpā́
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarpā́
5. tarpā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *tarpṓ
(XX:XX)
6. tarpṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → Lith. tarpà
√torpe/oi-
PIE *torpei-
CLu. tarpei-
(vb.) ‘(zer)treten’
(DLL. 93)
(CLu. tar-pí-ḫa)
1. PIE *torpei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. tarpei-
PIE *torpoi̯o-
CLu. tarpaa-
(vb.) ‘(zer)treten’
(HHand. 169)
(CLu. tar-pa-a-tar [3sg])
1. PIE *torpoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarpai̯a-
2. tarpai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → CLu. tarpaa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
PIE *torpoi̯o-
HLu. tarpaa-
(vb.) ‘treten’
(CHLu. 5.1.22)
(HLu. tara/i-pa-a-ti)
1. PIE *torpoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarpai̯a-
2. tarpai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → HLu. tarpaa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
√torpomi-
PIE *torpomi-
HLu. tarpami-
(PES2.PES*pt.) ‘‹track, road vel. sim.?›’
(CHLu. 5.19.1)
(HLu. PES2.PES-pa-mi-na)
1. PIE *torpomi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. tarpami-
√trpRo-
PIE *trpró-
RV. tr̥prá-
(a.) ‘sich unruhig bewegend’
(WbRV. 549)
1. PIE *trpró-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *trprá-
2. trprá-
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → RV. tr̥prá-
PIE *trpro·Σ
AV. tr̥pra·daṃśín-
(a.) ‘hastig beißend’
(KEWA 1:524)
1. PIE *trpro·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *trpra·Σ
2. trpra·Σ
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → AV. tr̥pra·Σ
√torpul-
PIE *torpuli-
Hitt. tarpuli-
(a.) ‘(qualifiziert Pferde)’
(HHand. 170)
1. PIE *torpuli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tarpuli-


PIE √trs- √tors- √ters- (vb.) ‘rösten, dörren, trocknen’ (sb.) ‘Sonne, Himmel’ (a.) ‘gedörrt’
(IEW 1078-9)
(Hoffner 1974:139-43)
√tors-
(HEG T:219-220)
PIE *tors-
Hitt. tarš-
(vb.1.) ‘trocken sein’
(HEG T:220)
(Hitt. KI.MIN tar-ša-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *tors-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tars-
2. tars-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tarš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tors-
Hitt. tarš-
(vb.) ‘rösten, dörren, trocknen’
(HHand. 170)
(in Hitt. tar-ša-an [pt.] ‘geröstet’)
1. PIE *tors-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tars-
2. tars-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tarš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *torso-
OInd. tarṣa-
(m.) ‘the sun’
(MonWil. 439)
1. PIE *torso-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiOIA → *toršo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. toršo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarša-
3. tarša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → OInd. tarṣa-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
PIE *torso-
OLat. torro-
(a.) ‘torridus’
(WH. 2:694)
(PFest. torrus [sgN])
PIE *torson-
Hitt. taršan-
(UZUn.) ‘Dörrfleisch’
(HEG T:219)
(Hitt. tar-ša-an)
1. PIE *torson-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarsan-
2. tarsan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. taršan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *torsont-
Hitt. taršant-
(pt.) ‘trocken, gedörrt’
(HEG T:219)
(Hitt. tar-ša-an-ta)
1. PIE *torsont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarsant-
2. tarsant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. taršant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *torsent-
Lat. torrent-
(pt.) ‘brennend, sengend, erhitzt, heftig, brausend’
(WH. 2:694)
1. PIE *torsent-
*rs → rr
Assimilation of *rs into rr
Rrs›rr → Lat. torrent-
√ters-
PIE *térso-
Ion.-Att. τέρσο-
(pr.M.) ‘trocken werden’
(GEW 2:882)
(Gr. τέρσομαι [1sg])
1. PIE *térso-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. τέρσο-
PIE *terso-
Lat. terso-
(m./n.?) ‘diem prō serēnō dictum ab antiquīs’
(WH. 2:675)
(Lat. tersum)
1. PIE *terso-
*rs → rr
Assimilation of *rs into rr
Rrs›rr → Lat. terro-


PIE √trs- √tros- √tres- (vb.) ‘stürmen, streiten, kämpfen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√troso-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG T:150-1)
PIE *troso-
Hitt. traša-
(c.) ‘(ein Tier, neben ‘Wolf’ genannt)’
(HHand. 167)
(Hitt. taraša-)
1. PIE *troso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *trasa-
2. trasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. traša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *troso-
OIcl. þrasa-
(vb.) ‘drohend stürmen’
(ANEtWb. 620)
1. PIE *troso-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þroso-
2. þroso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OIcl. þrasa-
PIE *troso-
ModIcl. þrasa-
(vb.) ‘streiten, kämpfen’
(ANEtWb. 620)
1. PIE *troso-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þroso-
2. þroso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → ModIcl. þrasa-
PIE *troso·Σ
Goth. þrasa·balþei(n)
(f.) ‘Streitsucht/-lust: raucous boldness’
(GoEtD. Þ52)
(Goth. þrasabalþein [sgA] Sk 5,11 Enb)
1. PIE *troso·Σ
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þroso·Σ
2. þroso·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. þrasa·Σ


PIE √tru- (vb.) ‘tanzen, hüpfen, toben usw.’
(IEW 1100)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + CLu.)
√tru-
(HIL. 972f., HHand. 168, HEG T:235f., SHV 223-6)
PIE *toru-
Hitt. taru-
(vb.) ‘toben, tanzen’
(HHand. 170)
(HEG T:235, taruzi)
1. PIE *toru-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. taru-
PIE *toru̯oli-
CLu. taru̯ali-
(c.N.ag.) ‘danseur?’
(DLL. 94)
1. PIE *toru̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. taru̯ali-
√truɑh-
PIE *truēɑh-
Lat. truā-
(pr.1.) ‘movere’
(IEW 1100)
(Lat. truant [3pl])
1. PIE *truēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *truāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. truāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *truāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. truāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. truā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Π·truēɑh-
Lat. amb·truā-
(pr.1.) ‘tanzend im Kreis hüpfen’
(WH. 1:42)
(Lat. ambtruō [1sg])
1. PIE *Π·truēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·truāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·truāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·truāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·truāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. Π·truā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Π·truēɑh-
Lat. an·truā-
(vb.1.) ‘tanzend im Kreis hüpfen’
(WH. 1:42)
(Lat. antruō [1sg])
1. PIE *Π·truēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·truāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·truāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·truāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·truāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. Π·truā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√trui-
PIE *toru̯oi-
Hitt. taru̯ai-
(vb.1.) ‘toben, tanzen’
(HHand. 171)
1. PIE *toru̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. taru̯ai-
PIE *toru̯iski̯e/o-
Hitt. taru̯iške/a-
(vb.) ‘dance in leopard-style’
(HHand. 171)
1. PIE *toru̯iski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *toru̯isḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. toru̯isḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *taru̯isḱe/a-
3. taru̯isḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *taru̯iske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. taru̯iske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. taru̯iške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *toru̯iski̯olo-
Hitt. taru̯iškala-
(c.) ‘dancer’
(HHand. 171)
1. PIE *toru̯iski̯olo-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *toru̯isḱolo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. toru̯isḱolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *taru̯isḱala-
3. taru̯isḱala-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *taru̯iskala-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. taru̯iskala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. taru̯iškala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √ts- √tos- √tes- (vb.) ‘schreien’ (sb.) ‘Stimme’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Germ.; or PIE √tɑhs-?)
√tos-
PIE *toso-
Norw. tas-
(n.) ‘Geschwätz: babble’
(ANEtWb. 606)
1. PIE *toso-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þoso-
2. þoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þasa-
3. þasa-
þ → t
Defricativization of þ- into t-
Rþ-›t- → Norw. tasa-
PIE *tos·Σ
OIcl. þas·rām-
(BNa.) ‘-(?)-’
(ANEtWb. 606)
(‹contains OIcl. rāmr ‘heiser’›)
1. PIE *tos·Σ
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þos·Σ
2. þos·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OIcl. þas·Σ
√tosi-
(Kronasser EHS 121)
(HEG T:258)
PIE *tostosei̯o-
Hitt. taštašei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘flüstern, konspirieren’
(HHand. 172)
1. PIE *tostosei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tastasei̯a-
2. tastasei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. taštašei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tostosiski̯e/o-
Hitt. taštašiške/a-
(vb.1.iter.) ‘flüstern, konspirieren’
(HHand. 172)
1. PIE *tostosiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *tostosisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. tostosisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tastasisḱe/a-
3. tastasisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *tastasiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. tastasiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. taštašiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√toski-
(HEG T:256)
PIE *toski̯ubɑɦoi-
Hitt. taškubai-
(vb.) ‘schreien, heulen, jammern’
(HHand. 172)
(Hitt. da-aš-ku-pa-a-an-zi, taš-ku-pa-a-iz-zi)
1. PIE *toski̯ubɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *toski̯ubɦoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. toski̯ubɦoi-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *tosḱubɦoi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. tosḱubɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tasḱubɦai-
4. tasḱubɦai-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *taskubɦai-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. taskubɦai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *taskubai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. taskubai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. taškubai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *toski̯ubɑɦimo-
Hitt. taškubima-
(c.N.act.) ‘Geschrei’
(HHand. 172)
(Hitt. ta-aš-ku-pí-ma-an)
1. PIE *toski̯ubɑɦimo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *toski̯ubɦimo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. toski̯ubɦimo-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *tosḱubɦimo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. tosḱubɦimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tasḱubɦima-
4. tasḱubɦima-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *taskubɦima-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. taskubɦima-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *taskubima-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. taskubima-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. taškubima-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *toski̯ubɑɦiskie/o-
Hitt. taškubiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘schreien, heulen, jammern’
(HHand. 172)
(Hitt. tàš-ku-pí-iš-ki-iz-zi)
1. PIE *toski̯ubɑɦiskie/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *toski̯ubɦiskie/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. toski̯ubɦiskie/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *tosḱubɦisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. tosḱubɦisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tasḱubɦisḱe/a-
4. tasḱubɦisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *taskubɦiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. taskubɦiske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *taskubiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. taskubiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. taškubiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √tu- (a./adv.) ‘wohl, gut’ (sb.) ‘Heil, Gnade’ (vb.) ‘heilen, gnädig sein, segnen’
(IEW: in extensions)
(Ajchenval’d et al. 1987:122; Neumann apud HEG T:466; Pyysalo)
√tu-
PIE *o·tu-
Hitt. a·tu-
(n.) ‘Heil’
(HHand. 29)
(Hitt. attu-)
1. PIE *o·tu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. a·tu-
PIE *o·tu-
Hitt. a·tu-
(d.) ‘(preceded by danu-)’
(OHP. 1:33)
(Hitt. a-du-uš [sgN])
1. PIE *o·tu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. a·tu-
PIE *o·tu-
Kpd. a·tu-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 209.1)
(Kpd. a-du-(ú))
1. PIE *o·tu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Kpd. a·tu-
PIE *o·tu-
Hitt. a·tu-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 209.2)
(Hitt. ad-du-ú)
1. PIE *o·tu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. a·tu-
√tutu-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG T:475f.)
PIE *tutu-
Phryg. τυτυ-
(vb.) ‘heilen: heal’
(PHRYG. 139)
(Phryg. τυτυαι [3sgM])
1. PIE *tutu-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Phryg. τυτυ-
PIE *tutu-
Hitt. tutu-
(vb.) ‘gnädig sein, aufhören, halten’
(HHand. 182)
(Hitt. dudu [ipv2sg])
PIE *tutu-
CLu. tutu-
(vb.) ‘Mitleid haben?’ (HHand. 183)
(DLL. 100)
(CLu. du-ud-du-un-ti [3pl])
PIE *tutu-
Hitt. tutu-
(c.) ‘Bitte um Gnade’
(HHand. 2:205)
(Hitt. dudu-)
PIE *tutu·mor
Hitt. tutu·mar-
(n.) ‘Gnade’
(HHand. 183)
1. PIE *tutu·mor
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tutu·mar
PIE *tutu·nu-
Hitt. tutu·nu-
(vb.1.) ‘begnaden, Gnade erweisen’
(HHand. 183)
√tutuo-
PIE *tutu̯o·Σ
Hitt. tutu̯a·DINGIR-
(LÚc.*) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1394)
(Hitt. tu-ut-tu-ua-DINGIR LIM)
1. PIE *tutu̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tutu̯a·Σ
√tuo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *o·tu̯o-
Kpd. a·tu̯a-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 212.1)
(Kpd. a-du-a, a-du-e)
1. PIE *o·tu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Kpd. a·tu̯a-
PIE *o·tu̯o-
Hitt. a·tu̯a-
(LÚc.) ‘(fils de Mittannamuwa-)’
(NOMS. 212.2)
(Hitt. ad-du-ua-an [sgA])
1. PIE *o·tu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. a·tu̯a-
PIE *o·tu̯o·Σ
Kpd. a·tu̯a·ḫši-
(LÚc.) ‘Heil + ḫši-’
(NOMS. 210)
(Kpd. a(d)-du-a-aḫ-ší)
1. PIE *o·tu̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Kpd. a·tu̯a·Σ
PIE *tu̯o-
gAv. ϑβa-
(vb.) ‘segnen’
(AIWb. 798)
(gAv. ϑβōi [inf.] ahī ‘you [sg] are to bless’)
1. PIE *tu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tu̯a-
2. tu̯a-
*tu̯ -›ϑu̯
Affricativization of tu̯ into ϑu̯
Rt›ϑ → *ϑu̯a-
3. ϑu̯a-
*ϑu̯ -› ϑβ
Softening of ϑu̯ into ϑβ
Ru̯›β → gAv. ϑβa-
PIE *tu̯o-
Kpd. tu̯a-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1398)
(Kpd. du-ú-a [All])
1. PIE *tu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Kpd. tu̯a-
PIE *tu̯o·Σ
CLu. tu̯a·ziti-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1408)
(in Akd. tu-ua-az-zi-ti)
1. PIE *tu̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. tu̯a·Σ
√tuotu-
PIE *tu̯otu-
Hitt. tu̯atu-
(vb.1.) ‘gnädig behandeln, gnädig herrschen’
(HHand. 183)
1. PIE *tu̯otu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tu̯atu-
√tuski-
(Petersen 1937:211)
(HEG T:464f.)
PIE *tuski̯e/o-
Hitt. tuške/a-
(vb.1.) ‘sich freuen, fröhlich sein; spielen’
(HHand. 182)
(IEW 1056-57)
1. PIE *tuski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *tusḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. tusḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tusḱe/a-
3. tusḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *tuske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. tuske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tuške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·tuski̯e/o-
Hitt. para tuške/a·-
(vb.) ‘gnädig sein, sich freuen’
(HHand. 182)
1. PIE *Π·tuski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *Π·tusḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. Π·tusḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·tusḱe/a-
3. Π·tusḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *Π·tuske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. Π·tuske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·tuške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tuski̯e/o·drɑɦu-
OInd. tucha·dru-
(m.) ‘Ricinus communis’
(KEWA 1:508)
(OInd. tucchadruṣ [sgN])
1. PIE *tuski̯e/o·drɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tuski̯e/o·drɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tuski̯e/o·drɦu-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *tuški̯e/o·drɦu-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. tuški̯e/o·drɦu-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *tušće/o·drɦu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. tušće/o·drɦu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tušće/a·drɦu-
5. tušće/a·drɦu-
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → *tušće/a·dr̥ɦu-
6. tušće/a·dr̥ɦu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *tušće/a·dr̥u-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. tušće/a·dr̥u-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → *tušśe/a·dr̥u-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
8. tušśe/a·dr̥u-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *tušśa/a·dr̥u-
9. tušśa/a·dr̥u-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → OInd. tuṣśa/a·dr̥u-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
PIE *tuski̯ei̯o-
Hitt. tuškei̯a-
(vb.) ‘(sich) freuen, fröhlich sein’
(HHand. 182)
(Hitt. tu-uš-ki-ia-zi [3sg], IEW 1056-57)
1. PIE *tuski̯ei̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *tusḱei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. tusḱei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tusḱei̯a-
3. tusḱei̯a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *tuskei̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. tuskei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tuškei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tuski̯eiski̯e/o-
Hitt. tuškeiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘(sich) freuen, fröhlich sein’
(HHand. 182)
(Hitt. tuškeiške/a-)
1. PIE *tuski̯eiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *tusḱeisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. tusḱeisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tusḱeisḱe/a-
3. tusḱeisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *tuskeiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. tuskeiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tuškeiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tuski̯onu-
Hitt. tuškanu-
(cs.) ‘erfreuen’
(HHand. 182)
1. PIE *tuski̯onu-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *tusḱonu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. tusḱonu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tusḱanu-
3. tusḱanu-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *tuskanu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. tuskanu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tuškanu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tuski̯orot-
Hitt. tuškarat-
(c.) ‘Freude, Vergnügen, Unterhaltung’
(HHand. 182)
(Hitt. tuškarat-)
1. PIE *tuski̯orot-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *tusḱorot-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. tusḱorot-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tusḱarat-
3. tusḱarat-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *tuskarat-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. tuskarat-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tuškarat-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √tu- (sb.) ‘Ohr’ (a.) ‘geräuschvoll, lärmend’
(IEW 1082)
(Pyysalo; for the semantics, cf. gAv. gǝ̄uša- ‘Ohr’, AIWb. 486, AV. ghoṣín- ‘geräuschvoll, lärmend’ EWA 1:518)
√tu-
PIE *tu·stōu̯-
OInd. tu·ṣṭāv-
(pf.) ‘loben, preisen’
(MonWil. 1259)
(OInd. tuṣṭāva)
1. PIE *tu·stōu̯-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *tu·štōu̯-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. tu·štōu̯-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *tu·štāu̯-
3. tu·štāu̯-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *tu·štāv-
4. tu·štāv-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *tu·ṣtāv-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
5. tu·ṣtāv-
*ṣt → ṣṭ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rṣt›ṣṭ → OInd. tu·ṣṭāv-
PIE *tu·stuu̯-
RV. tu·ṣṭuv-
(pf.) ‘loben, preisen’
(WbRV. 1591)
(RV. tuṣṭuvús [3pl])
1. PIE *tu·stuu̯-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *tu·štuu̯-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. tu·štuu̯-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *tu·štuv-
3. tu·štuv-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *tu·ṣtuv-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. tu·ṣtuv-
*ṣt → ṣṭ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rṣt›ṣṭ → RV. tu·ṣṭuv-
√tumon-
(HEG T:431f.)
PIE *tumon-
CLu. tuman-
(n.) ‘Ohr’
(DLL. 99)
(CLu. tu-um-ma-an-, tum-ma-a-an)
1. PIE *tumon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. tuman-
PIE *tumono-
Kpd. tumana-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1371)
(Kpd. du-ma-na)
1. PIE *tumono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Kpd. tumana-
PIE *tumono-
Hitt. tumana
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 437)
(Hitt. tu-ma-na)
1. PIE *tumono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tumana-
PIE *tumono-
Hitt. tumana-
(KUR.URU, URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 437)
(Hitt. tu-u-ma-an-na, tu-u-um-ma-an-na-an)
1. PIE *tumono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tumana-
PIE *tumono·li-
Hitt. tumana·li-
(LÚc.) ‘(Funktionär in Gerichtsprotokoll)’
(HHand. 180)
(HEG T:431, Hitt. tu-ma-na-liš)
1. PIE *tumono·li-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tumana·li-
PIE *tumono·li-
CLu. tumana·li-
(N.) ‘-(?)-’
(HHand. 180)
1. PIE *tumono·li-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. tumana·li-
√tumont-
(HEG T:431f.)
PIE *tumont-
CLu. tumant-
(n.) ‘Ohr’
(HHand. 180)
1. PIE *tumont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. tumant-
PIE *tumonto-
Hitt. tumanta
(KUR.URU, URU.) ‘(in Zusammenhang mit ›Partuwata)’
(OGH. 438)
(Hitt. du-um-ma-an-da, tu-u-um-ma-an-da)
1. PIE *tumonto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tumanta-
PIE *tumonto-
Hitt. tumanta-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 438)
(Hitt. tum-ma-an-ta)
1. PIE *tumonto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tumanta-
√tumontoi-
PIE *tumontoi-
CLu. tumantai-
(vb.) ‘hören’
(HHand. 180)
(CLu. tu-u-um-ma-a-ta-i-im-mi-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *tumontoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. tumantai-
PIE *tumontoimi-
CLu. tumantaimi-
(pt.) ‘berühmt’
(HHand. 180)
1. PIE *tumontoimi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. tumantaimi-
√tumonteio-
PIE *tumontei̯o-
CLu. tumantei̯a-
(c.) ‘Gehör, Gehorsam’
(HHand. 180)
1. PIE *tumontei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. tumantei̯a-
PIE *tumontei̯o-
Hitt. tumantei̯a-
(c.) ‘Gehör, Gehorsam’
(HHand. 180)
1. PIE *tumontei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tumantei̯a-
PIE *tumontei̯olo-
CLu. tumantei̯ala-
(sb.) ‘Gehörgang?’
(HHand. 180)
1. PIE *tumontei̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. tumantei̯ala-
PIE *tumontei̯ot-
Hitt. tumantei̯at-
(É.) ‘(ein Gebäude(-teil), ‘Audienzraum?’)’
(HHand. 180)
1. PIE *tumontei̯ot-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tumantei̯at-
√tumul-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *tumuLo-
OInd. tumula-
(a.) ‘geräuschvoll, lärmend’
(MonWil. 450)
(Beitr. 484)
1. PIE *tumuLo-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *tumulo-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. tumulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OInd. tumula-
PIE *tumulto-
Lat. tumulto-
(a.) ‘Kriegslärm, Lärm, Getöse, Unruhe, Aufstand’
(WH. 2:716)


PIE √tu- √tou- √teu- (a.) ‘konsistent, wahr, wirklich, tatsächlich, rechtmäßig’
(IEW 340-342)
(Pyysalo)
√teu-
PIE *eteu̯ó-
Gr. ἐτεό-
(a.) ‘wahr, wirklich’
(GEW 1:580f.)
(Gr. ἐτεός)
1. PIE *eteu̯ó-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *eteó-
2. eteó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐτεό-
PIE *eteu̯ó-
Gr. ἐτεό-
(adv.bs.) ‘in Wahrheit, tatsächlich’
(GEW 1:580f.)
(Gr. ἐτεόν [sgA])
1. PIE *eteu̯ó-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *eteó-
2. eteó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐτεό-
PIE *etéu̯·ɦɑendro-
ODor. ἐτέϝ·ανδρο-
(PNm.) ‘-(?)-’
(GEW 1:580)
(Cypr. ἐτέϝανδρος)
1. PIE *etéu̯·ɦɑendro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *etéu̯·ɦɑandro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. etéu̯·ɦɑandro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *etéu̯·ɦandro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. etéu̯·ɦandro-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *etéu̯·andro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. etéu̯·andro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → ODor. ἐτέϝ·ανδρο-
PIE *hɑen·en·etéu̯o-
Gr. ἀν·εν·ετέο-
(pr.) ‘lie’
(GEW 1:106)
(Hes. ἀνενετεῖ · ἀρνεῖται; Hesychist. 34 [diff.])
1. PIE *hɑen·en·etéu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑan·en·etéu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan·en·etéu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *han·en·etéu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. han·en·etéu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *an·en·etéu̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. an·en·etéu̯o-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *an·en·etéo-
5. an·en·etéo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀν·εν·ετέο-
PIE *eteu̯ḗɑh-
Ion.-Att. ἐτεή-
(f.) ‘Wirklichkeit’
(GEW 1:580)
1. PIE *eteu̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *eteu̯ā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. eteu̯ā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eteu̯ā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. eteu̯ā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *eteu̯ā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. eteu̯ā́-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *eteā́-
5. eteā́-
*ā́ → ḗ
Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ
Rā́›ḗ → *eteḗ-
6. eteḗ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. ἐτεή-
√touon-
(HEG T:281)
PIE *tou̯ono-
Hitt. tau̯ana-
(a.) ‘rechtmäßig, genau, getreu, unverfälscht’
(HHand. 173)
(in Hitt. tauana [adv.])
1. PIE *tou̯ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tau̯ana-
PIE *tou̯on·ogɑɦo-
Hitt. tau̯an·aga-
(ø.) ‘(auf dem Weg ›Ḫašuwa–Zipašna nach Ḫaḫḫa)’
(OGH. 416)
(Hitt. ta-ua-an-na-ga-aš [G])
1. PIE *tou̯on·ogɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tou̯on·ogɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tou̯on·ogɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tau̯an·agɦa-
3. tau̯an·agɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. tau̯an·aga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tou̯on·ogɑɦo-
Hitt. tau̯an·aga-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 416)
(Hitt. ta-ua-na-ka)
1. PIE *tou̯on·ogɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tou̯on·ogɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tou̯on·ogɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tau̯an·agɦa-
3. tau̯an·agɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. tau̯an·aga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tou̯on·ono-
Pal. tau̯an·ana-
(MUNUSc.) ‘Königin, Herrscherin’
(DPal. 74)
(Pal. ta-ua-na-an-na-aš [N], ta-ua-na-ni [D], HHand. 173, contains Hitt. ·ana- ‘Mutter’)
1. PIE *tou̯on·ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Pal. tau̯an·ana-
PIE *tou̯on·ono-
Hitt. tau̯an·ana-
(fc.) ‘(Königin ‹and the priestess of Arinna-›)’
(HHand. 173, NOMS. 1316)
(Hitt. ta-ua-an-na-an-na [Abs])
1. PIE *tou̯on·ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tau̯an·ana-
√tumo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *túmo-
Lith. tùma-
(pr.) ‘konsistent werden’
(LiEtWb. 1139)
(Lith. tùma [3pers])
1. PIE *túmo-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *tùmo-
2. tùmo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Lith. tùma-
PIE *étumo-
Gr. ἔτυμο-
(a.) ‘wahr, wirklich: true, real’
(GEW 1:580-581)
(Gr. ἔτυμος)
1. PIE *étumo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἔτυμο-
PIE *étumo-
Gr. ἔτυμο-
(n.) ‘die wahre (ursprüngliche) Sinn eines Wortes’
(GEW 1:580-581)
(Gr. ἔτυμον)
1. PIE *étumo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἔτυμο-
PIE *etumó·drɑɦu-
Gr. ἐτυμό·δρυ-
(f.) ‘echte Eiche’
(GEW 1:580-581)
(Gr. ἐτυμόδρυς)
1. PIE *etumó·drɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *etumó·drɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. etumó·drɦu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *etumó·dru-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. etumó·dru-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐτυμό·δρυ-
PIE *tumo-
Hitt. tuma-
(URU.) ‘(die kaškäische [Fest]ung von Ḫarapaša, ›Zitaparḫa)’
(OGH. 436-7)
(Hitt. du-um-ma, tu-um-ma, du-ma-an, tu-u-ma-an, DKašk. 99, OGHErg. 172)
1. PIE *tumo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tuma-
PIE *tum·ogɑɦo-
Pal. tum·aga-
(vb.) ‘-(?)-’ (HHand. 180)
(DPal. 75)
(Pal. tu-um-ma-qa-ši [2sg] ‹not necessarily from this root›)
1. PIE *tum·ogɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tum·ogɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tum·ogɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tum·agɦa-
3. tum·agɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Pal. tum·aga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tumḗhɑ-
Lith. tumė́-
(vb.) ‘konsistent werden’
(LiEtWb. 1139)
(Lith. tumė́ti [inf.])
1. PIE *tumḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tumḗh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tumḗh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tumḗ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. tumḗ-
*ḗ -> ė́
Change of *ḗ -> ė́
Rḗ›ė́ → Lith. tumė́-
PIE *po·tumḗhɑ-
Žem. pa·tumė-
(vb.) ‘Vernunft annehmen, vernünftiger werden’
(LiEtWb. 1139)
(Žem. patumėti [inf.])
1. PIE *po·tumḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *po·tumḗh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. po·tumḗh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *po·tumḗ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. po·tumḗ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pa·tumḗ-
4. pa·tumḗ-
*ḗ -> ė́
Change of *ḗ -> ė́
Rḗ›ė́ → Žem. pa·tumė́-


PIE √tu- (vb.) ‘gebären’ (sb.) ‘Nachkomme, Sohn’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√tuno-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG T:438-9)
PIE *túno-
OInd. túna-
(n.) ‘offspring, posterity’
(MonWil. 450)
(MonWil.: ‘v.l. for tána-’, cf. parallels below)
1. PIE *túno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OInd. túna-
PIE *tuno·u̯ei̯o-
Hitt. tuna·u̯ei̯a-
(fc.) ‘(auteur de rituel)’
(NOMS. 1374)
(Hitt. du-un-na-ui-ia, tu4-un-na-ú-i-ia)
1. PIE *tuno·u̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tuna·u̯ei̯a-
PIE *tuno·solo·dɑɦor-
Hitt. tuna·šala·dar-
(n.) ‘Sohnschaft’
(HEG T:438-9)
(Hitt. tu-u-na-aš-ša-al-la-tar=me-et ‘mein T.’ HHand. 180 ‹cf. Tischler for the meaning›)
1. PIE *tuno·solo·dɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tuno·solo·dɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tuno·solo·dɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tuna·sala·dɦar-
3. tuna·sala·dɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tuna·sala·dar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tuna·sala·dar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tuna·šala·dar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √tu- √tuo- √tue- (vb.) ‘zerbrechen’ (a.) ‘wund, krank, lahm’ (sb.) ‘Krankheit’
(IEW 1071-74)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + OCS. + OInd.)
√tuo-
PIE *o·tu̯o-
HLu. a·tu̯a-
(a.) ‘böse, schlecht’
(AHPh. 238)
(HLu. MALUS-tu-wa/i-)
1. PIE *o·tu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. a·tu̯a-
√tuol-
PIE *o·tu̯ol-
CLu. a·tu̯al-
(n.) ‘Schlechtigkeit: mal’
(DLL. 35)
(CLu. a-ad-du-ua-a-al, HHand. 29)
1. PIE *o·tu̯ol-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. a·tu̯al-
PIE *o·tu̯olo-
CLu. a·tu̯ala-
(n.) ‘mal’
(DLL. 35)
(CLu. a-ad-du-ua-la [plA], (a)-ad-du-ua-la-ti [sgI])
1. PIE *o·tu̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. a·tu̯ala-
PIE *o·tu̯oloɦɑid-
CLu. a·tu̯alaḫid-
(n.) ‘Schlechtigkeit: méchanceté’
(DLL. 35)
(CLu. at-tu-ua-la-ḫi-ti [sgD])
1. PIE *o·tu̯oloɦɑid-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·tu̯oloɦid-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·tu̯oloɦid-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·tu̯alaɦid-
3. a·tu̯alaɦid-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. a·tu̯alaḫid-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *o·tu̯oli-
CLu. a·tu̯ali-
(a.) ‘böse, schlecht: mauvais’
(DLL. 35)
(CLu. (a-)ad-du-ua-li-iš [sgN], (a)-ad-du-ua-li-in)
1. PIE *o·tu̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. a·tu̯ali-
√tuont-
PIE *o·tu̯ont-
CLu. a·tu̯ant-
(a.) ‘böse, schlecht: evil, bad’
(HHand. 29)
(CLu. adduanza [n.sgNA])
1. PIE *o·tu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. a·tu̯ant-
√tuor-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG T:484f.)
PIE *tu̯oro
OCS. tvorŭ-
(m.) ‘eine Krankheit’
(Sadnik √1024)
1. PIE *tu̯oro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tu̯ara
2. tu̯ara
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *tu̯oro
3. tu̯oro
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *tu̯oru
4. tu̯oru
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *tvoru
5. tvoru
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. tvorŭ
PIE *tutu̯oro-
Hitt. tutu̯ar-
(vb.2.) ‘zerbrechen’
(HHand. 183)
1. PIE *tutu̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tutu̯ara-
PIE *tu̯ornei̯o-
Hitt. tu̯arnei̯a-
(vb.) ‘zerbrechen’
(HIL. 1045-6)
1. PIE *tu̯ornei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tu̯arnei̯a-
PIE *o·tu̯ori-
HLu. a·tu̯ari-
(a.) ‘bad’
(CHLu. 1.1.20)
(CLu. á-tu-wa/i-ri+i-zi [pl])
1. PIE *o·tu̯ori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. a·tu̯ari-
PIE *tutu̯oront-
Hitt. tutu̯arant-
(pt.) ‘gebrochen (körperlich oder seelisch)’
(HHand. 183)
1. PIE *tutu̯oront-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tutu̯arant-
PIE *tutu̯oront-
Hitt. tutu̯arant-
(c.) ‘ein Lahmer’
(HEG T:484-5)
(Hitt. du-ud-du-ua-ra-an-za-kán)
1. PIE *tutu̯oront-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tutu̯arant-
PIE *tutu̯ores-
Hitt. tutu̯areš-
(vb.) ‘lahm werden’
(HEG T:484-5)
(Hitt. du-ud-du-ua-ri-eš-ta [pret3sg])
1. PIE *tutu̯ores-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tutu̯ares-
2. tutu̯ares-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tutu̯areš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tu̯oroski̯e/o-
Hitt. tu̯araške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘break’
(HIL. 1045-6)
Kimball 1999:328; Hitt. du-ua-ar-a[š?]-ke-ez-zi
1. PIE *tu̯oroski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *tu̯orosḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. tu̯orosḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tu̯arasḱe/a-
3. tu̯arasḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *tu̯araske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. tu̯araske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tu̯araške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√tur-
(IEW 1071-74)
PIE *turó-
RV. turá-
(a.) ‘wund’
(WbRV. 542)
(IEW 1071-74)
1. PIE *turó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. turá-
PIE *turó-
OInd. turá-
(pt.) ‘verwunden’
(KEWA 1:514)
(IEW 1071-74; Dhātup. turá-)
1. PIE *turó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → OInd. turá-
PIE *Π·turo-
RV. ā́·tura-
(a.) ‘leidend, krank’
(WbRV. 175)
(KEWA 1:73)
1. PIE *Π·turo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → RV. Π·tura-
PIE *Π·Π·turó-
RV. an·ā·turá-
(a.) ‘nicht beschädigt, unversehrt, gesund’
(WbRV. 54)
1. PIE *Π·Π·turó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. Π·Π·turá-


PIE √tuɑh- (vb.) ‘schlagen, schneiden, enden, abgrenzen’
(IEW 1033, 1099)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√tuɑh-
PIE *tu̯ḗɑh-
Lith. tvó-
(vb.) ‘tüchtig prügeln’
(LiEtWb. 1155-6)
1. PIE *tu̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *tu̯ā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tu̯ā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tu̯ā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tu̯ā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tu̯ā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tu̯ā́-
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *tu̯ṓ-
(XX:XX)
5. tu̯ṓ-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → *tu̯ó-
6. tu̯ó-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. tvó-
PIE *tu̯ḗɑhi̯o-
Lith. tvója-
(pr.) ‘tüchtig prügeln’
(LiEtWb. 1155)
1. PIE *tu̯ḗɑhi̯o-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *tu̯ā́ɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tu̯ā́ɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tu̯ā́hi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tu̯ā́hi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tu̯ā́i̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tu̯ā́i̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tu̯ā́i̯a-
5. tu̯ā́i̯a-
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *tu̯ṓi̯a-
(XX:XX)
6. tu̯ṓi̯a-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → *tu̯ói̯a-
7. tu̯ói̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *tvói̯a-
8. tvói̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Lith. tvója-
√tuɑhis-
PIE *tu̯ɑ́hisku̯in-
Lith. tvýskin-
(vb.) ‘gewaltig anklopfen’
(LiEtWb. 1151)
(Lith. tvýskinti, tvýskinu)
1. PIE *tu̯ɑ́hisku̯in-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *tu̯íhisku̯in-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. tu̯íhisku̯in-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tu̯íisku̯in-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. tu̯íisku̯in-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *tu̯íiskin-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. tu̯íiskin-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *tu̯ī́skin-
5. tu̯ī́skin-
*ī́ → ý
Orthographic change of ī́ into ý
Rī́›ý → *tu̯ýskin-
6. tu̯ýskin-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. tvýskin-
√tuɑɦid-
PIE *tu̯oɑɦido
OIcl. þveit-
(m.) ‘Querhieb, Einschnitt’
(ANEtWb. 628)
(OIcl. þveitr [sgN])
1. PIE *tu̯oɑɦido
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tu̯oɦido
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tu̯oɦido
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *tu̯oido
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. tu̯oido
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þu̯oido
4. þu̯oido
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *þu̯oito
5. þu̯oito
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þu̯aita
6. þu̯aita
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → *þu̯eita
7. þu̯eita
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *þu̯eit
8. þu̯eit
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OIcl. þveit
PIE *tu̯oɑɦido-
OIcl. þveita-
(vb.) ‘hauen, stoßen’
(ANEtWb. 628)
1. PIE *tu̯oɑɦido-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tu̯oɦido-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tu̯oɦido-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *tu̯oido-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. tu̯oido-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þu̯oido-
4. þu̯oido-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *þu̯oito-
5. þu̯oito-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þu̯aita-
6. þu̯aita-
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → *þu̯eita-
7. þu̯eita-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OIcl. þveita-
√tuɑhs-
(HEG T:411f.)
PIE *tu̯ēɑhskuin-
Lith. tvoskin-
(vb.) ‘stark schlagen’
(LiEtWb. 1151)
(Lith. tvóskinti, tvoskinu)
1. PIE *tu̯ēɑhskuin-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tu̯āɑhskuin-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tu̯āɑhskuin-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tu̯āhskuin-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tu̯āhskuin-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tu̯āskuin-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tu̯āskuin-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *tu̯āskin-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. tu̯āskin-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *tu̯ōskin-
(XX:XX)
6. tu̯ōskin-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *tu̯oskin-
7. tu̯oskin-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. tvoskin-
PIE *tuɑhs-
Hitt. tuḫš-
(vb.M.) ‘abschneiden; trennen, beendigen’
(HHand. 179)
1. PIE *tuɑhs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tuhs-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tuhs-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *tuhš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. tuhš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. tuḫš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *tuɑhsont-
Hitt. tuḫšant-
(pt.) ‘abgeschnitten; getrennt, beendigt, verkürzt’
(HIL. 1027-29)
(HEG T:414)
1. PIE *tuɑhsont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tuhsont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tuhsont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tuhsant-
3. tuhsant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *tuhšant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tuhšant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. tuḫšant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√tuɑɦd-
PIE *tutoúɑɦd-
RV. tutód-
(pf.) ‘anstacheln’ oder ‘peitschen’
(WbRV. 540)
(RV. tutóda)
1. PIE *tutoúɑɦd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tutoúɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tutoúɦd-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tutaúɦd-
3. tutaúɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *tutaúd-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tutaúd-
aú → ṓ
Monophthongization of *aú
Raú›ṓ → *tutṓd-
5. tutṓd-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → RV. tutód-
PIE *tutuɑɦd-
Lat. tutud-
(pf.) ‘stoßen, schlagen, hämmern’
(WH. 2:716-7)
(Lat. tutudī)
1. PIE *tutuɑɦd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tutuɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tutuɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. tutud-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *tuɑɦdó-
RV. tudá-
(pr.) ‘anstacheln’ oder ‘peitschen’
(WbRV. 540)
(RV. tudát)
1. PIE *tuɑɦdó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tuɦdó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tuɦdó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *tuɦdá-
3. tuɦdá-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → RV. tudá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *tuɑɦder-
Umbr. tuder-
(n.) ‘Grenze’
(WbOU. 771-2)
(Umbr. tuder [sgA], tuderor [plN])
1. PIE *tuɑɦder-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tuɦder-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tuɦder-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *tuder-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. tuder-
*d → ř
Change of *d into ř
Rd›ř → Umbr. tuřer-
PIE *tuɑɦderēɑh-
Umbr. tuderā-
(vb.) ‘begrenzen, abgrenzen’
(WbOU. 773)
(Umbr. tuderato est)
1. PIE *tuɑɦderēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tuɑɦderāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tuɑɦderāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tuɦderāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tuɦderāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *tuderāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tuderāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tuderā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. tuderā-
*d → ř
Change of *d into ř
Rd›ř → Umbr. tuřerā-
√tuɑhus-
(HEG T:411f.)
PIE *tuɑhus-
Hitt. tuḫuš-
(vb.A.) ‘abschneiden; trennen, beendigen’
(HHand. 179)
(in Hitt. tuḫušant- [pt.])
1. PIE *tuɑhus-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tuhus-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tuhus-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *tuhuš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. tuhuš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. tuḫuš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √tuhɑn- (sb.) ‘Pfahl, Block, Brett, Spitze’
(IEW 1080-85)
(Pyysalo)
√tuhɑen-
(Pyysalo ‹with tentative translations›)
PIE *tuhɑen-
Hitt. tuḫan-
(GIŠn.) ‘‹wood(en) stake?›’
(HHand. 179)
(Hitt. GIŠtúḫ-ḫa-na, ‘und die tuḫḫana sind da hingelegt, neben ihnen liegt aber (ein) šaḫuwan ‹= Feuer?›’, HEG T:408)
1. PIE *tuhɑen-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *tuhɑan-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. tuhɑan-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tuhan-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tuhan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. tuḫan-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *tuhɑen-
Hitt. tuḫan-
(n.) ‘(in tuḫan ZABAR ‹i.e. ‘≈ stake of bronze’›)’
(HEG T:408-9)
(Hitt. túḫ-ḫa-an ZABAR ‘tuḫan (aus) Bronze’)
1. PIE *tuhɑen-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *tuhɑan-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. tuhɑan-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tuhan-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tuhan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. tuḫan-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *tuhɑeno-
Hitt. tuḫana-
(URU.) ‘(neben ›Lakimiša genannt)’ (LuPG 125)
(OGH. 432)
(Hitt. tu-u-ḫa-na; LuPG 21; equal to Gr. τυανο-)
1. PIE *tuhɑeno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *tuhɑano-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. tuhɑano-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tuhano-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tuhano-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tuhana-
4. tuhana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. tuḫana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√tuhɑeni-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *tuhɑeni
Kpd. tuḫani-
(Ic.) ‘‹cf. above & below›’
(NOMS. 1359)
(Kpd. du-ùḫ-ḫa-ni(m))
1. PIE *tuhɑeni
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *tuhɑani
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. tuhɑani
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tuhani
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tuhani
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. tuḫani
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *tu̯hɑeníɦɑd-
Att. σανίδ-
(f.) ‘Pfahl, Block, Brett’
(WH. 2:641)
(Gr. σανίς; IEW 1080-85)
1. PIE *tu̯hɑeníɦɑd-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *tu̯hɑaníɦɑd-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. tu̯hɑaníɦɑd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tu̯haníɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tu̯haníɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *tu̯haníd-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tu̯haníd-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tu̯aníd-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. tu̯aníd-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *taníd-
6. taníd-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Att. τανίδ-
PIE *tu̯hɑéni̯o-
Att. σαίνο-
(vb.) ‘schwänzeln, schmeicheln’
(GEW 2:671)
(Gr. σαίνω [1sg], thus not from *tu̯n̥- against IEW)
1. PIE *tu̯hɑéni̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *tu̯hɑáni̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. tu̯hɑáni̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tu̯háni̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tu̯háni̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tu̯áni̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tu̯áni̯o-
*áni̯ → aín
Epenthesis of *i
Ráni̯›aín → *tu̯aíno-
5. tu̯aíno-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *taíno-
6. taíno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Att. ταίνο-
PIE *tu̯hɑéni̯eɑh
Att. σαίνα-
(f.) ‘αἰδοι̃ον (Hes.)’
(GEW 2:671)
(Gr. σαι̃να)
1. PIE *tu̯hɑéni̯eɑh
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *tu̯hɑáni̯eɑh
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. tu̯hɑáni̯eɑh
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *tu̯hɑáni̯aɑh
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. tu̯hɑáni̯aɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tu̯háni̯ah
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. tu̯háni̯ah
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tu̯áni̯a
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. tu̯áni̯a
*áni̯ → aín
Epenthesis of *i
Ráni̯›aín → *tu̯aína
6. tu̯aína
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *taína
7. taína
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Att. ταίνα
PIE *tu̯hɑénnii̯o-
Att. σάννιο-
(n.) ‘αἰδοι̃ον’
(GEW 2:671)
(Gr. σάννιον)
1. PIE *tu̯hɑénnii̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *tu̯hɑánnii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. tu̯hɑánnii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tu̯hánnii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tu̯hánnii̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tu̯ánnii̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tu̯ánnii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *tu̯ánnio-
5. tu̯ánnio-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *tánnio-
6. tánnio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Att. τάννιο-


PIE √tukɑh- √teukɑh- √toukɑh- (vb.) ‘erreichen, nehmen, zuteil werden usw.’
(IEW 271)
(Mudge 1931:253: Hitt.; Pyysalo: designations for Tocharians + OEng.)
√tukɑh-
(Mudge, Pyysalo)
PIE *tukɑh-
Hitt. tuk-
(vb.MP.intr.) ‘zuteil werden, zufallen’
(HEG T:427)
(Hitt. am-me-el-la-aš-ši a-aš-šu-ul tu-uq-qa-a-at [3sg], KBo IV 12 Vs. 18)
1. PIE *tukɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tukh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tukh-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. tuk-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tétukɑh-
Gr. τέτυχ-
(vb.tr.) ‘das Ziel, den Zweck erreichen, (an)treffen, zufällig begegnen’
(GEW 2:940-1)
(Aristeas etc., Gr. τέτυχα)
1. PIE *tétukɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tétukh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tétukh-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τέτυχ-
PIE *tukɑh·Σ
OInd. tukh·āra-
(m.pl) ‘die Tocharer: Chin. Tu-huo-lo’
(KEWA 1:508)
(OInd. tukhārās [plN]; tuhkhārās, tukkhārās)
1. PIE *tukɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → OInd. tukh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
PIE *tetúkɑho-
Gr. τετύχο-
(intr.) ‘sich treffen, zufällig zuteil werden, sich zufällig ereignen’
(GEW 2:940-1)
(Gr. τετύχῃσι [conj], τετύχοιμι [opt])
1. PIE *tetúkɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tetúkho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tetúkho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τετύχο-
PIE *tukɑhó-
Gr. τυχό-
(ao.) ‘das Ziel, den Zweck erreichen, (an)treffen, zufällig begegnen’
(GEW 2:940-1)
(Gr. τυχεῖν, ἔτυχον, τυχόν)
1. PIE *tukɑhó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tukhó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tukhó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τυχό-
√teukɑh-
(IEW 271)
(Pyysalo)
PIE *teukɑho-
OEng. þeō-
(vb.) ‘Erfolg haben, glücklich sein’
(AeEtWb. 366)
(Hall/Meritt 358b, ASaxD. 1051-2)
1. PIE *teukɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *teukho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. teukho-
*kh → x
Affricativization of *kh
Rkh›x → *teuxo-
3. teuxo-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þeuxo-
4. þeuxo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þeuxa-
5. þeuxa-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *þiuxa-
6. þiuxa-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *þiuha-
7. þiuha-
*iu → eō
Change of *iu into eō
Riu›eō → OEng. þeōha-
PIE *Π·teukɑho-
OEng. ge·þeō-
(vb.) ‘nehmen, erreichen, erlangen, empfangen, essen’
(AeEtWb. 366)
(Hall/Meritt 358b, ASaxD. 1051-2)
1. PIE *Π·teukɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·teukho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·teukho-
*kh → x
Affricativization of *kh
Rkh›x → *Π·teuxo-
3. Π·teuxo-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *Π·þeuxo-
4. Π·þeuxo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·þeuxa-
5. Π·þeuxa-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *Π·þiuxa-
6. Π·þiuxa-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *Π·þiuha-
7. Π·þiuha-
*iu → eō
Change of *iu into eō
Riu›eō → OEng. Π·þeōha-
PIE *Π·teukɑho-
OEng. on·þeō-
(vb.) ‘erfolgreich sein’
(Hall/Meritt 267b)
(ASaxD. 760)
1. PIE *Π·teukɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·teukho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·teukho-
*kh → x
Affricativization of *kh
Rkh›x → *Π·teuxo-
3. Π·teuxo-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *Π·þeuxo-
4. Π·þeuxo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·þeuxa-
5. Π·þeuxa-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *Π·þiuxa-
6. Π·þiuxa-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *Π·þiuha-
7. Π·þiuha-
*iu → eō
Change of *iu into eō
Riu›eō → OEng. Π·þeōha-
PIE *Π·teukɑho-
OEng. for·þeō-
(vb.) ‘übertreffen’
(AeEtWb. 366)
(OEng. forþéon)
1. PIE *Π·teukɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·teukho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·teukho-
*kh → x
Affricativization of *kh
Rkh›x → *Π·teuxo-
3. Π·teuxo-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *Π·þeuxo-
4. Π·þeuxo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·þeuxa-
5. Π·þeuxa-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *Π·þiuxa-
6. Π·þiuxa-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *Π·þiuha-
7. Π·þiuha-
*iu → eō
Change of *iu into eō
Riu›eō → OEng. Π·þeōha-
PIE *teúkɑhsi̯o-
Gr. τεύξο-
(fut.) ‘das Ziel, den Zweck erreichen, (an)treffen, zufällig begegnen’
(GEW 2:940-1)
(Gr. τεύξομαι, Il.+)
1. PIE *teúkɑhsi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *teúkhsi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. teúkhsi̯o-
*khs → ks
Loss of *h between *k and *s
Rkhs›ks → *teúksi̯o-
3. teúksi̯o-
si̯ → s
Loss of *i̯ after s
Rsi̯›s → *teúkso-
4. teúkso-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τεύξο-
PIE *teukɑhs·Σ
OInd. tokṣ·āra-
(m.pl) ‘die Tocharer; Chin. Tu-huo-lo’
(KEWA 1:508)
(OInd. tokṣārās [plN]; or *toukɑh?)
1. PIE *teukɑhs·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *teukhs·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. teukhs·Σ
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *taukhs·Σ
3. taukhs·Σ
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *tōkhs·Σ
4. tōkhs·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → OInd. tokhs·Σ


PIE √tump- (sb.) ‘Gefäß’
(IEW –)
(Güterbock 1979:141)
√tump-
(HEG T:434f.)
PIE *tumpono-
Hitt. tumpana-
(GIŠn./c.) ‘(aus Holz geschnitztes Gefäß)’
(HEG T:434f.)
(Hitt. tu-um-pa-an-ni [sgDL], Hand. 180)
1. PIE *tumpono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tumpana-
PIE *túmpeɑhno-
Gr. τύμπανο-
(n.) ‘Handpauke, Handtrommel’
(GEW 2:944-5)
(Ion.-Att. seit Hom. 14, 3, τύμπανον)
1. PIE *túmpeɑhno-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *túmpaɑhno-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. túmpaɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *túmpahno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. túmpahno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *túmpano-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. túmpano-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τύμπανο-
PIE *túmpeɑhno-
Gr. τύμπανο-
(n.) ‘Folterwerkzeug’
(GEW 2:944-5)
(Ar. etc. τύμπανον)
1. PIE *túmpeɑhno-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *túmpaɑhno-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. túmpaɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *túmpahno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. túmpahno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *túmpano-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. túmpano-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τύμπανο-
PIE *túmpeɑhno-
Gr. τύμπανο-
(n.) ‘Wasserrad’
(GEW 2:944-5)
(Plb., Pap. τύμπανον)
1. PIE *túmpeɑhno-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *túmpaɑhno-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. túmpaɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *túmpahno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. túmpahno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *túmpano-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. túmpano-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τύμπανο-
PIE *túmpeɑhno-
Gr. τύμπανο-
(n.) ‘Trommel in einer Maschine’
(GEW 2:944-5)
(Hero τύμπανον)
1. PIE *túmpeɑhno-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *túmpaɑhno-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. túmpaɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *túmpahno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. túmpahno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *túmpano-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. túmpano-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τύμπανο-


PIE √tup- (sb.) ‘Gefäß’
(IEW –)
(Güterbock 1979:141)
√tup-
(HEG T:441f.)
PIE *tupo-
Hitt. tupa-
(GIŠc.) ‘(ein Gefäß, Behälter)’
(HEG T:441)
(Hitt. tup-pa-aš, tup-pa-an, tup-pu-uš)
1. PIE *tupo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tupa-
PIE *tuponi-
Hitt. tupani-
(GIŠc./n.) ‘(ein Gefäß, HHand. 181)’
(HEG T:434)
(Hitt. tup-pa-an-ni-in, tup-pa-an-ni-iš-ša)
1. PIE *tuponi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tupani-
PIE *túpeɑhno-
Gr. τύπανο-
(n.) ‘Handpauke, Handtrommel’
(GEW 2:944-5)
(Ion.-Att. seit Hom. 14, 3, Gr. τύπανον)
1. PIE *túpeɑhno-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *túpaɑhno-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. túpaɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *túpahno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. túpahno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *túpano-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. túpano-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τύπανο-
PIE *tupo·sɑhoi-
CLu. tupa·šḫai-
(TU7c.) ‘(ein Topfgericht, HHand. 181)’
(HEG T:447)
(CLu. du-up-pa-aš-ḫa-in-zi [plN])
1. PIE *tupo·sɑhoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tupo·shoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tupo·shoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tupa·shai-
3. tupa·shai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *tupa·šhai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tupa·šhai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. tupa·šḫai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √tubɑɦ- ‘schlagen, töten usw.’
(IEW 1034)
(Pyysalo; or PIE √tɑhubɑɦ-?)
√tubɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG T:448f.)
PIE *teubɑɦo-
OInd. tobha-
(vb.) ‘hurt, kill’
(MonWil. 450)
(OInd. tobhate [3sg])
1. PIE *teubɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *teubɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. teubɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *teubɦa-
3. teubɦa-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *taubɦa-
4. taubɦa-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *tōbɦa-
5. tōbɦa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *tōbha-
6. tōbha-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → OInd. tobha-
PIE *tubɑɦei-
LycB. tubei-
(vb.) ‘schlagen’
(LuPG 54)
(Lyc. tubeiti [3sg])
1. PIE *tubɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tubɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tubɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → LycB. tubei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tubɑɦoi-
CLu. tubai-
(vb.) ‘schlagen’
(DLL. 99)
(CLu. dupainti [3pl])
1. PIE *tubɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tubɦoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tubɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tubɦai-
3. tubɦai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. tubai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tubɑɦoi·mi-
CLu. tubai·mi-
(pret.pt.) ‘schlagen’
(DLL. 99)
(CLu. du-ú-pa-im-mi-i-iš, VLFH 210)
1. PIE *tubɑɦoi·mi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tubɦoi·mi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tubɦoi·mi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tubɦai·mi-
3. tubɦai·mi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. tubai·mi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tubɑɦi-
CLu. tubi-
(vb.) ‘schlagen’
(DLL. 99)
(CLu. dupiti [3sg], AHPh. 277)
1. PIE *tubɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tubɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tubɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. tubi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tubɑɦi-
LycB. tubi-
(vb.) ‘strike’
(DLycLg. 132)
(Lyc. tubidi [3sg])
1. PIE *tubɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tubɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tubɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → LycB. tubi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tubɑɦi̯o-
OInd. tubhya-
(vb.) ‘hurt, kill’
(MonWil. 450)
(OInd. tubyati [3sg])
1. PIE *tubɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tubɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tubɦi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tubɦi̯a-
3. tubɦi̯a-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *tubhi̯a-
4. tubhi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. tubhya-
PIE *tubɑɦno-
OInd. tubhna-
(pf.pt.) ‘hurt, killed’
(MonWil. 450)
1. PIE *tubɑɦno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tubɦno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tubɦno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tubɦna-
3. tubɦna-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. tubhna-


PIE √tur- (vb.) ‘movere’
(IEW 1100-1)
(Śmietanowska & Pyysalo)
√tourl- (vb.) ‘rollen’
(Justyna Śmietanowska: Hitt. + Pol. (personal communication))
PIE *tourlēɑh-
Pol. turla-
(vb.) ‘rollen, kullern’
(Doroszewski)
(Pol. turlać [inf.])
1. PIE *tourlēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tourlāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tourlāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tourlāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tourlāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *taurlāh-
4. taurlāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *taurlā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. taurlā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *tourlā-
6. tourlā-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *tūrlā-
7. tūrlā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *tūrla-
8. tūrla-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → Pol. turla-
√turl- ‘(auf)rollen’
(Pyysalo)
(HEG T –)
PIE *turlo-
Hitt. turla-
(fc.) ‘‹cf. HLu. & OIcl. for the meaning›’
(NOMS. 1381)
(Hitt. tu-ur-la-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *turlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. turla-
PIE *turlo-
LycA. turla-
(I.) ‘‹cf. HLu. & OIcl. for the meaning›’
(DLycLg. 105)
(Lyc. turla, turlla, LuPG 115)
1. PIE *turlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → LycA. turla-
PIE *turlo·Σ
HLu. turla·kalisi-
(ASINUS2.ANIMALa.gen.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 2.25.3)
(HLu. (ASINUS2.ANIMAL)tú+ra/i-la-ka-li-si-i-zi)
1. PIE *turlo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. turla·Σ
PIE *turlo-
OIcl. þurla-
(vb.) aufrollen’
(ANEtWb. 627b)
(OIcl. þurla [inf.])
1. PIE *turlo-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þurlo-
2. þurlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OIcl. þurla-


PIE √turpɑh- (sb.) ‘Brot’ (a.) ‘sättigend’
(IEW 1077-78)
(Pyysalo: HLu. + IE)
√turpɑho-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *turpɑho
ModPers. tulf-
(sb.) Übersättigung
(IEW 1077)
(ModPers. tulf; from an *l-dialect?)
1. PIE *turpɑho
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *turpho
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. turpho
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *turpha
3. turpha
*ph → f
Affricativization of *ph
Rph›f → *turfa
4. turfa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → ModPers. turf
PIE *turpɑhóli
RV. turphári-
(a.) ‘sättigend?’
(EWA 1:657)
(WbRV. 542; RV. turphárī [du])
1. PIE *turpɑhóli
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *turphóli
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. turphóli
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *turphóri
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. turphóri
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. turphári
PIE *turpɑhóliitu-
RV. turphárītu-
(a.) ‘sättigend’
(KEWA 1:515f, 2:226)
(WbRV. 543; RV. turphárītū [du] ‹suffix uncertain›)
1. PIE *turpɑhóliitu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *turphóliitu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. turphóliitu-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *turphóriitu-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. turphóriitu-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *turpháriitu-
4. turpháriitu-
*ii → ī
Contraction of i and i
Rii›ī → RV. turphárītu-
PIE *turpɑhonto-
Hitt. turpanta-
(URU.) ‘(neben Mušunipa, Aḫaša, Itipa, Tunip)’
(OGH. 444-5)
(Hitt. túr-pa-an-da [Stf.])
1. PIE *turpɑhonto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *turphonto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. turphonto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *turphanta-
3. turphanta-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. turpanta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *turpɑhosi-
HLu. turpaši-
(PANISa.gen.) ‘of bread’
(CHLu. 2.6.32)
(HLu. (PANIS)tu+ra/i-pa-si-i)
1. PIE *turpɑhosi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *turphosi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. turphosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *turphasi-
3. turphasi-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *turpasi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. turpasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. turpaši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√turpɑhi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *turpɑhi-
HLu. turpi-
(PANISc.) ‘Brot: bread’
(CHLu. 9.1.14)
(HLu. (‘PANIS’)tú+ra/i-pi-na)
1. PIE *turpɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *turphi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. turphi-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → HLu. turpi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *turpɑhino-
Hitt. turpina-
(URU.) ‘(zwischen Ḫatti und Kizuwatna)’
(OGH. 445)
(Hitt. túr-pí-naKI)
1. PIE *turpɑhino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *turphino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. turphino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *turphina-
3. turphina-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. turpina-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √tus- √tuos- √tues- (a.) ‘stark, fest, sicher’ (vb.) ‘befestigen, stärken’
(IEW 1080-85)
(WP. 1:706ff.; Pyysalo Hitt. + IE)
√tuosti-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *tu̯osti-
ModIcl. þvest-
(n.) ‘die festen Teile des Fleisches’
(IEW 1080-85)
(ModIcl. þvest; IEW 1080-85 also ModIcl. þvesti)
1. PIE *tu̯osti-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þu̯osti-
2. þu̯osti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þu̯asti-
3. þu̯asti-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → ModIcl. þvasti-
PIE *tu̯ostei·li-
Hitt. tu̯aštei·li-
(mc.) ‘‹cf. above & below›’
(NOMS. 1403)
(Hitt. du-ua-aš-ti-li)
1. PIE *tu̯ostei·li-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tu̯astei·li-
2. tu̯astei·li-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tu̯aštei·li-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *gɑɦo·tu̯osti̯o-
Goth. ga·þwastja-
(pr.) ‘βεβαιου̃ν, καταρτίζειν, κραταιου̃ν, θεμελιου̃ν’
(GoElB. 294ff.)
(Goth. gaþwastjaiþ Gal 6,1 A B; IEW 1080-85)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·tu̯osti̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·tu̯osti̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦo·tu̯osti̯o-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *gɦo·þu̯osti̯o-
3. gɦo·þu̯osti̯o-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *go·þu̯osti̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. go·þu̯osti̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ga·þu̯asti̯a-
5. ga·þu̯asti̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *ga·þu̯astja-
6. ga·þu̯astja-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Goth. ga·þwastja-
PIE *gɑɦo·tu̯osti̯ondɑɦ-
Goth. ga·þwastjand-
(pt.) ‘befestigen, stärken’
(GoEtD. Þ66)
(Goth. gaþwastjands [sgN] 2Kr 1,21 A B)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·tu̯osti̯ondɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·tu̯osti̯ondɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦo·tu̯osti̯ondɦ-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *gɦo·þu̯osti̯ondɦ-
3. gɦo·þu̯osti̯ondɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦo·þu̯osti̯ond-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gɦo·þu̯osti̯ond-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *go·þu̯osti̯ond-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. go·þu̯osti̯ond-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ga·þu̯asti̯and-
6. ga·þu̯asti̯and-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *ga·þu̯astjand-
7. ga·þu̯astjand-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Goth. ga·þwastjand-
PIE *tu̯ostitēɑh-
Goth. þwastiþo-
(f.) ‘Sicherheit: stability: τὸ ἀσφαλής: necessarium’
(GoEtD. Þ66)
(Goth. þwastiþa [sgN] Php 3,1 A B; IEW 1080-85)
1. PIE *tu̯ostitēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tu̯ostitāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tu̯ostitāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tu̯ostitāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tu̯ostitāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tu̯ostitā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tu̯ostitā-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þu̯ostiþā-
5. þu̯ostiþā-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þu̯astiþā-
6. þu̯astiþā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *þu̯astiþō-
(XX:XX)
7. þu̯astiþō-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → *þwastiþō-
8. þwastiþō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Goth. þwastiþo-
PIE *gɑɦo·tu̯ostidɑɦo
Goth. ga·þwastid-
(pt.) confirmare, confortare, fundare, instruere’
(GoEtD. Þ66)
(Goth. gaþwastidai Kol 1,23 A B, Hirt 1900:71)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·tu̯ostidɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·tu̯ostidɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦo·tu̯ostidɦo
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *gɦo·þu̯ostidɦo
3. gɦo·þu̯ostidɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦo·þu̯ostido
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gɦo·þu̯ostido
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *go·þu̯ostido
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. go·þu̯ostido
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ga·þu̯astida
6. ga·þu̯astida
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *ga·þu̯astid
7. ga·þu̯astid
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Goth. ga·þwastid


PIE √tusk- (vb.) ‘zeigen, aufweisen, betreuen usw.’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Gr; or PIE √tuski-?)
√tusko-
PIE *tutuske/o-
Hitt. tutuške/a-
(vb.1.) ‘betreuen?: supervise, guide, mentor’
(HEG T:478)
(HHand. 183, Hitt. tu-ud-du-uš-ki-iz-zi)
1. PIE *tutuske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tutuske/a-
2. tutuske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tutuške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tutusko-
Hitt. tutuška-
(URU.) ‘(im Land ›Turmita) ‹cf. above›’
(OGH. 446-7)
(Hitt. du-ud-du-uš-ga-aš; DKašk. 5, 99, 104, 107)
1. PIE *tutusko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tutuska-
2. tutuska-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tutuška-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tetúskont-
Gr. τετύσκοντ-
(pt.) ‘ἐμφανίζων: make manifest, exhibit’
(GEW 2:906)
(GrGr. 1:710, Gr. τετύσκων)
1. PIE *tetúskont-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τετύσκοντ-


PIE √tudɑɦ- √toudɑɦ- √teudɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Hülle, Kleid’ (vb.) ‘bedecken’
(IEW 1079-80)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Celt.)
√tudɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *tudɑɦ·ei̯o-
Hitt. tud·ei̯a-
(SÍGn.) ‘(Art Kleidungsstück (neben šeiknuš))’
(HEG T:474-5)
(Hitt. dutiia)
1. PIE *tudɑɦ·ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tudɦ·ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tudɦ·ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tudɦ·ei̯a-
3. tudɦ·ei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. tud·ei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *tudɑɦ·ei̯o-
CLu. tud·ei̯a-
(SÍGn.) ‘(etwas aus Wolle)’
(HHand. 182)
1. PIE *tudɑɦ·ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tudɦ·ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tudɦ·ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tudɦ·ei̯a-
3. tudɦ·ei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. tud·ei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√toudɑɦ-
PIE *toudɑɦo-
MidCymr. tudd-
(vb.) ‘bedecken’
(IEW 1079-80)
1. PIE *toudɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *toudɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. toudɦo-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *toudo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. toudo-
*ou → ō
Monophthongization of *ou into ō
Rou›ō → MidCymr. tōdo-
PIE *toudɑɦeto
MidCymr. tudded
(sb.) ‘Hülle, Kleid’
(IEW 1079-80)
(also in Bret. tuec ‘Kissenbezug’ ← OBret. *tuðoc, IEW 1079-80)
1. PIE *toudɑɦeto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *toudɦeto
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. toudɦeto
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *toudeto
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. toudeto
*ou → ō
Monophthongization of *ou into ō
Rou›ō → *tōdeto
4. tōdeto
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → MidCymr. tōdet


PIE √dɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Brust, Euter, Zitze; Milch, Molke’
(IEW 241-2)
√dēɑɦ-
PIE *didēɑɦ-
Lat. didā-
(f.) ‘Saugwarze, Zitze, Amme’
(WH1:349)
(Lat. dida [sgN])
1. PIE *didēɑɦ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *didāɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. didāɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *didāɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. didāɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. didā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√dɑɦo-
PIE *dɑɦedɑɦo-
Hitt. deda-
() ((UZU)c.) ‘weibliche Brust; Euter, Zitze’
(HEG T: 343f.)
1. PIE *dɑɦedɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦedɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦedɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦedɦa-
3. dɦedɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. deda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦoi-
(HEG T:343)
(HIL. 1010f.)
PIE *dɑɦei·dɑɦoi-
Hitt. dei·dai-
(fc.) ‘≈ Säugerin, Amme’
(NOMS. 1340)
(Hitt. ti-ta-i [Stf.])
1. PIE *dɑɦei·dɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei·dɦoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei·dɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei·dɦai-
3. dɦei·dɦai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei·dai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦei·dɑɦoimi-
CLu. dei·daimi-
(pt.) ‘gesäugt, genährt’ (HHand. 177)
(DLL. 98)
(CLu. ti-ta-i-(im)-me-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *dɑɦei·dɑɦoimi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei·dɦoimi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei·dɦoimi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei·dɦaimi-
3. dɦei·dɦaimi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. dei·daimi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦei-
PIE *dɑɦei·dɑɦei̯o-
Kpd. dei·dei̯a-
(Ic.) ‘≈ Ernährerer’
(NOMS. 1342)
(Kpd. tí-tí-ia)
1. PIE *dɑɦei·dɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei·dɦei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei·dɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei·dɦei̯a-
3. dɦei·dɦei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Kpd. dei·dei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦei·dɑɦei̯ont-
Hitt. dei·dei̯ant-
(vb.) ‘gesäugt, genährt’
(HHand. 178)
(in Hitt. titiant- [pt.])
1. PIE *dɑɦei·dɑɦei̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei·dɦei̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei·dɦei̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei·dɦei̯ant-
3. dɦei·dɦei̯ant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei·dei̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦeis-
PIE *dɑɦei·dɑɦeisoli-
Hitt. dei·deišali-
(c.) ‘Säugling, Kleinkind’
(HHand. 178)
1. PIE *dɑɦei·dɑɦeisoli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei·dɦeisoli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei·dɦeisoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei·dɦeisali-
3. dɦei·dɦeisali-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dei·deisali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dei·deisali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. dei·deišali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦei·dɑɦeiski̯e/o-
Hitt. dei·deiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘säugen’
(HHand. 178)
1. PIE *dɑɦei·dɑɦeiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei·dɦeiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei·dɦeiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *dɦei·dɦeisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. dɦei·dɦeisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei·dɦeisḱe/a-
4. dɦei·dɦeisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *dɦei·dɦeiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. dɦei·dɦeiske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dei·deiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. dei·deiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. dei·deiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦodɑɦo-
PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo-
OPr. dada-
(n.) ‘Milch’
(APrS. 316)
(Voc. 687, OPr. dadan)
1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦodɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦadɦa-
3. dɦadɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → OPr. dada-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *Π·dɑɦodɑɦo-
OPr. ructan·dada-
(n.) ‘Suwermilch’ i.e. ‘Sauermilch: sour milk’
(APrS. 416)
(Voc. 690, OPr. ructandadan; IE&IE 487)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦodɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦodɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦodɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dɦadɦa-
3. Π·dɦadɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → OPr. Π·dada-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
√dɑɦeidɑɦon-
(HEG T:343-5)
(HIL. 1010f.)
PIE *dɑɦeidɑɦon-
Hitt. deidan-
(UZUn.) ‘weibliche Brust, Euter, Zitze: breast, teat’
(HHand. 177)
(Hitt. te-ta-an, te-ta-na-az)
1. PIE *dɑɦeidɑɦon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeidɦon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeidɦon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦeidɦan-
3. dɦeidɦan-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. deidan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦeidɑɦon-
CLu. deidan-
(n.) ‘weibliche Brust, Euter, Zitze’ (HHand. 177)
(DLL. 98)
(CLu. ti-i-ta-ni [sgL])
1. PIE *dɑɦeidɑɦon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeidɦon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeidɦon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦeidɦan-
3. dɦeidɦan-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. deidan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦodɑɦon-
PIE *dɑɦodɑɦón
RV. dadhán-
(n.) ‘sauere Milch, Molken’
(WbRV. 574)
1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦón
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦón
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦodɦón
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦadɦón
3. dɦadɦón
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *dɦadɦán
4. dɦadɦán
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *dadɦán
(SPIE §4.6.4)
5. dadɦán
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dadhán
PIE *dɑɦodɑɦonu̯ónt-
RV. dadhanvánt-
(a.) ‘sauere Milch enthaltend’
(WbRV. 574)
1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦonu̯ónt-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦonu̯ónt-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦodɦonu̯ónt-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦadɦanu̯ónt-
3. dɦadɦanu̯ónt-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *dɦadɦanu̯ánt-
4. dɦadɦanu̯ánt-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *dadɦanu̯ánt-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
5. dadɦanu̯ánt-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dadɦanvánt-
6. dadɦanvánt-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dadhanvánt-
√dɑɦodɑɦn-
PIE *dɑɦodɑɦn-
RV. dadhn-
(n.) ‘sauere Milch, Molke’
(WbRV. 574)
(RV. dadhnā́, dadhnáḥ)
1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦodɦn-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦadɦn-
3. dɦadɦn-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *dadɦn-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
4. dadɦn-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dadhn-


PIE √dɑɦ- (vb.) ‘(mit)teilen’ (a.) ‘halb, mitteilend’ (sb.) ‘Teil’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√dɑɦo-
PIE *u̯onotei̯o·dɑɦo-
HLu. u̯anatei̯a·da-
(FEMINAa.*) ‘female (part)’
(CHLu. 2.11.17)
(in HLu. FEMINA-ti-ia-ta-za; For the cpd., see CLu. uanateia·deia-; HHand. 194 ‹cf. CLu. u̯a-na-at-ti-iš ‘Frau’›)
1. PIE *u̯onotei̯o·dɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯onotei̯o·dɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯onotei̯o·dɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯anatei̯a·dɦa-
3. u̯anatei̯a·dɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. u̯anatei̯a·da-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯onotei̯o·dɑɦo-
Hitt. u̯anatei̯a·da-
(PÚ.) ‘‹= HLu. u̯anatei̯a·da-› (context: QN ›Ḫarranašša)’
(OGH. 556)
(Hitt. ua-na-at-ti-ia-ta-an [sgA])
1. PIE *u̯onotei̯o·dɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯onotei̯o·dɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯onotei̯o·dɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯anatei̯a·dɦa-
3. u̯anatei̯a·dɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯anatei̯a·da-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·dɑɦo-
HLu. zitei̯a·da-
(VIRa.*) ‘male (part)’
(CHLu. 2.11.17)
(in HLu. VIR-ti-ia-tà-za)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dɦa-
3. Π·dɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. Π·da-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦē-
PIE *ku̯oti·dɑɦḗ
RV. kati·dhā́
(adv.= sgI) ‘wie vielfach’, + cid ‘allenthalben’
(WbRV. 311)
1. PIE *ku̯oti·dɑɦḗ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ku̯oti·dɦḗ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ku̯oti·dɦḗ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ku̯ati·dɦḗ
3. ku̯ati·dɦḗ
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *kati·dɦḗ
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. kati·dɦḗ
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → *kati·dɦā́
5. kati·dɦā́
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. kati·dhā́
PIE *Π·dɑɦḗ-
RV. vipo·dhā́-
(a.) ‘Begeisterung mitteilend’
(WbRV. 1284)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦḗ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦḗ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦḗ-
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → *Π·dɦā́-
3. Π·dɦā́-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·dhā́-


PIE √dɑɦi- (vb.) ‘binden’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Toch. + RV.)
√dɑɦe/oi-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG T:362-4, HIL. 1017-8)
PIE *dɑɦōi-
TochB. tai-
(sb.) ‘human body hair, pubic hair’
(DTochB. 308)
(TochB. taine)
1. PIE *dɑɦōi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦōi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦōi-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *dɦāi-
3. dɦāi-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dāi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dāi-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *tāi-
5. tāi-
āi → ai
Orthographic change of āi into ai
Rāi›ai → TochB. tai-
PIE *dɑɦei̯o-
Hitt. dei̯a-
(vb.) ‘binden’
(HEG T:362-4)
(Hitt. ti-ia [ipv2sg], HHand. 175, Kimball 1999:404)
1. PIE *dɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei̯a-
3. dɦei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦei̯olo-
Hitt. dei̯ala-
(a.) ‘(qualifiziert Leinen)’
(HEG T:364)
(HHand. 176; mistakenly SPIE 279, not to BSl. √til- ‘Boden’)
1. PIE *dɑɦei̯olo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯olo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei̯ala-
3. dɦei̯ala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei̯ala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦei̯oloi-
Hitt. dei̯alai-
(vb.) ‘bedecken, überziehen’
(HEG T:364)
(HHand. 176)
1. PIE *dɑɦei̯oloi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯oloi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei̯oloi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei̯alai-
3. dɦei̯alai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei̯alai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦei̯omon-
Hitt. dei̯aman-
(n.) ‘Schnur, Strick, Leine’
(HHand. 176)
(Hitt. ti-ia-am-ma-an-ta [sgI], HIL. 1017)
1. PIE *dɑɦei̯omon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯omon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei̯omon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei̯aman-
3. dɦei̯aman-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei̯aman-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦei̯omor-
Hitt. dei̯amar-
(n.) ‘Schnur, Strick, Leine’
(HHand. 176)
(Hitt. ti-ia-mar [sgNA], Rieken 1999:368)
1. PIE *dɑɦei̯omor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯omor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei̯omor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei̯amar-
3. dɦei̯amar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei̯amar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·dɑɦí-
RV. ā·dhí-
(m.) ‘Pfand’
(WbRV. 178)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦí-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·dhí-
PIE *Π·dɑɦí-
RV. pari·dhí-
(m.) ‘Umschließung, Schutz, Gewebe’
(WbRV. 786)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦí-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·dhí-
PIE *Π·dɑɦí-
RV. api·dhí-
(m.) ‘Bedeckung’
(WbRV. 76)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦí-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·dhí-
PIE *o·dɑɦi̯oloii̯o-
Hitt. a·zalai̯a-
(sb.) ‘(ein Gewebe, ‘Schleier’ oder ‘Netz’)’
(HEG A:100)
(HHand. 30)
1. PIE *o·dɑɦi̯oloii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·dɦi̯oloii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·dɦi̯oloii̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *o·jɦoloii̯o-
3. o·jɦoloii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·jɦalaii̯a-
4. a·jɦalaii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *a·jɦalaia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. a·jɦalaia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *a·jɦalai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
6. a·jɦalai̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *a·jalai̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. a·jalai̯a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. a·zalai̯a-


PIE √dɑɦi- (sb.) ‘Land, Erde’
(IEW 414)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Lu. + Alb.)
√dɑɦei-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ɦɑebɑɦo·dɑɦei-
Hitt. ḫaba·dei-
(c.) ‘bewässertes Land, Ackerland’
(HHand. 40)
(Hitt. ḫa-pa-a-ti-in [sgA], HEG T:21-3, HIL. 931f)
1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦo·dɑɦei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦo·dɑɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabɑɦo·dɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦo·dɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦo·dɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabɦa·dɦei-
4. ɦabɦa·dɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦaba·dei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦaba·dei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaba·dei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·dɑɦei-
Hitt. uba·dei-
(n.) ‘landgrant’
(HIL. 1066)
(contains CLu. uba- (vb.) ‘furnish, grant)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·dei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦoio-
PIE *dɑɦoi̯o
Alb. dhe-
(m.f.n.) ‘earth, land’
(AlbEtD. 80)
(‹note the difficult dh- as in Alb. √dh- ‘geben’›)
1. PIE *dɑɦoi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦoi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦoi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦai̯a
3. dɦai̯a
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dai̯a
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dai̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *dai̯
5. dai̯
*ai/i̯ → e
Monophthongization of *ai/i̯ into e
RaI›e → Alb. de
(XX:XX)
√dɑɦeio-
(SPIE 423)
PIE *Π·dɑɦei̯o-
Hitt. ḫada·dei̯a-
(sb.) ‘dry land’
(HIL. 388f.)
(Hitt. ha-ta-ti-ia-)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dɦei̯a-
3. Π·dɦei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·dei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·dɑɦei̯o-
Hitt. ḫadan·dei̯a-
(sb.) ‘trockenes Land’
(HEG H:219)
(HIL. 388-9, Puhvel HED 3:263)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dɦei̯a-
3. Π·dɦei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·dei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦei̯omi-
CLu. dei̯ami-
(c.) ‘earth’
(DLL. 97)
(CLu. ti-ia-am-mi-iš [sgN]; not to Hitt. degan, cf. HEG T:292-300)
1. PIE *dɑɦei̯omi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯omi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei̯omi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei̯ami-
3. dɦei̯ami-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. dei̯ami-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦeiomo-
(HEG T:294-5)
(Lyd. μὴν τιαμου may belong here, cf. HEG)
PIE *dɑɦei̯omo·Σ
HLu. dei̯ama·ratu-
(PNc.) ‘earth + ?’
(CHLu. 10.43.4)
(HLu. ti-ia-ma+ra/i-tu-sa)
1. PIE *dɑɦei̯omo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯omo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei̯omo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei̯ama·Σ
3. dɦei̯ama·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. dei̯ama·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦei̯omo·si-
CLu. dei̯ama·ši-
(a.gen.) ‘of the earth: terrestre (DLL. 97)’
(HHand. 176)
(CLu. ti-ia-am-ma-aš-ši-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *dɑɦei̯omo·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯omo·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei̯omo·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei̯ama·si-
3. dɦei̯ama·si-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dei̯ama·si-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dei̯ama·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. dei̯ama·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦeiomont-
(HEG T:295)
PIE *dɑɦei̯omontei-
CLu. dei̯amantei-
(c.) ‘Erde’ (HHand. 176)
(DLL. 97)
(CLu. ti-ia-am-ma-an-ti-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *dɑɦei̯omontei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯omontei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei̯omontei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei̯amantei-
3. dɦei̯amantei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. dei̯amantei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦeiomi-
PIE *dɑɦei̯omi-
CLu. dei̯ami-
(c.pt.) ‘Erde: Hitt. daganzipa-’
(DLL. 97, HHand. 176)
(CLu. ti-ia-am-mi-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *dɑɦei̯omi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯omi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei̯omi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei̯ami-
3. dɦei̯ami-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. dei̯ami-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √dɑɦi- (vb.) ‘glänzen, leuchten, brennen, kochen’ (sb.) ‘Stern, Sonne, Licht, Glanz, Strahl’
(IEW 1045, 1099 [diff.])
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Gr.)
√dɑɦii-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɑɦi̯ei-
OHitt. zei-
(pr.M.) ‘gar werden, kochen’
(HHand. 207)
(OHitt. zi-e-ia [3sg], zé-e-a-ri, zi-ia-ri)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯ei-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦei-
3. jɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. jei-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → OHitt. zei-
√dɑɦil-
PIE *dɑɦi̯éleɑhs-
Gr. σέλασ-
(n.) ‘Licht, Glanz, Strahl’
(GEW 3:177)
(Gr. σέλας)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯éleɑhs-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *dɑɦi̯élaɑhs-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. dɑɦi̯élaɑhs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯élahs-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦi̯élahs-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦi̯élas-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦi̯élas-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦélas-
5. jɦélas-
*jɦ → ch
Loss of voice of media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›ch → *chélas-
6. chélas-
*c → s
Change of *c into s
Rc›s → *shélas-
7. shélas-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. σhέλασ-
PIE *dɑɦi̯eléɑhso-
Gr. σελάο-
(pr.) ‘leuchten, glänzen’
(GEW 2:689)
(Gr. σελάω)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯eléɑhso-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *dɑɦi̯eláɑhso-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. dɑɦi̯eláɑhso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯eláhso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦi̯eláhso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦi̯eláso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦi̯eláso-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦeláso-
5. jɦeláso-
*jɦ → ch
Loss of voice of media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›ch → *cheláso-
6. cheláso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *cheláho-
7. cheláho-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *cheláo-
8. cheláo-
*c → s
Change of *c into s
Rc›s → *sheláo-
9. sheláo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. σhελάο-
√dɑɦin-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɑɦini·n-
OIcl. dini·n-
(m.) ‘Feuer’
(ANEtWb. 77)
1. PIE *dɑɦini·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦini·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦini·n-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → OIcl. dini·n-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *dɑɦi̯enu-
Hitt. zenu-
(vb.) ‘kochen’
(HHand. 205)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯enu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯enu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯enu-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦenu-
3. jɦenu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jenu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. jenu-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zenu-
PIE *dɑɦi̯onu-
Hitt. zanu-
(cs.tr.) ‘kochen’
(HHand. 205)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯onu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯onu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯onu-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦonu-
3. jɦonu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦanu-
4. jɦanu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *janu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. janu-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zanu-


PIE √dɑɦi- (vb.) ‘sehen, beschauen, bedachten, versorgen’ (sb.) ‘Traum(gesicht), (Bei)schlaf’
(IEW 243)
(Gusmani 1968b:53; Čop 1971:65f.; Pyysalo)
√dɑɦei-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π.dɑɦidɑɦoi̯-
LAv. ā.diδay·-
(pf.A.) ‘hinsehen auf –, betrachten’
(AIWb. 724)
(LAv. ādiδaya [3sg])
1. PIE *Π.dɑɦidɑɦoi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π.dɦidɦoi̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π.dɦidɦoi̯-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π.dɦidɦai̯-
3. Π.dɦidɦai̯-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π.didai̯-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π.didai̯-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
Rd›δ → *Π.diδai̯-
5. Π.diδai̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. Π.diδay·-
PIE *dɑɦei̯o-
HLu. dei̯a-
(OCULUSvb.) ‘‹verbum videndi?›’
(CHLu. 2.32.fr3)
(HLu. (OCULUS)ti-i+a-ta)
1. PIE *dɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei̯a-
3. dɦei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. dei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦidɑɦei̯o-
LAv. diδaya-
(pr.) ‘sehen, hinsehen auf –, beschauen’
(AIWb. 724)
(Av. diδayatąm [plG])
1. PIE *dɑɦidɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦidɦei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦidɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦidɦei̯a-
3. dɦidɦei̯a-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *didei̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. didei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *didai̯a-
5. didai̯a-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
Rd›δ → *diδai̯a-
6. diδai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. diδaya-
PIE *Π.dɑɦei̯o-
LAv. paiti.daya·-
(m.) ‘der Aufsicht führt, Beaufsichtiger’
(AIWb. 830)
(LAv. paiti.daya-)
1. PIE *Π.dɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π.dɦei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π.dɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π.dɦei̯a-
3. Π.dɦei̯a-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π.dei̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π.dei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π.dai̯a-
5. Π.dai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. Π.daya·-
PIE *Π·dɑɦēi̯ēɑh-
OCS. na·dĕja-
(vb.) ‘hoffen, sich verlassen auf, Zuversicht haben’
(Sadnik √146)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦēi̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·dɑɦēi̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·dɑɦēi̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦēi̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·dɦēi̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·dɦēi̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·dɦēi̯ā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·dēi̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·dēi̯ā-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *Π·dējā-
6. Π·dējā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *Π·dēja-
7. Π·dēja-
*ē → ĕ
Change of *ē into ĕ
Rē›ĕ → OCS. Π·dĕja-
PIE *dɑɦei̯ont-
Hitt. dei̯ant-
(pt.) ‘versorgt’
(HHand. 176)
1. PIE *dɑɦei̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei̯ant-
3. dɦei̯ant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦeisɑh-
(Gusmani 1968b:53)
(Čop 1971:65f., HEG T:335f.)
PIE *dɑɦeisɑho-
Hitt. deišḫa-
(c.) ‘Traum, Schlaf: Ù; Beischlaf’
(HHand. 174)
(HIL. 1009, HEG T:335f.)
1. PIE *dɑɦeisɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeisho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeisho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦeisha-
3. dɦeisha-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *deisha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. deisha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *deišha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. deišha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. deišḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *dɑɦeisɑho-
Hitt. deišḫa-
(vb.) ‘vorsichtig sein, sich fernhalten von’
(HHand. 177)
(HEG T:381f., Hitt. te-eš-ḫa-, ti-eš-ḫa-)
1. PIE *dɑɦeisɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeisho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeisho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦeisha-
3. dɦeisha-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *deisha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. deisha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *deišha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. deišha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. deišḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *dɑɦeisɑho-
Norw. dīsa-
(vb.) ‘gaze fixedly’
(GoEtD. F53)
1. PIE *dɑɦeisɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeisho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeisho-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦeiso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dɦeiso-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *deiso-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. deiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *deisa-
5. deisa-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → Norw. dīsa-
PIE *dɑɦeisɑholi-
Hitt. deišḫali-
(a.) ‘schläfrig’
(HHand. 174)
1. PIE *dɑɦeisɑholi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeisholi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeisholi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦeishali-
3. dɦeishali-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *deishali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. deishali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *deišhali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. deišhali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. deišḫali-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *dɑɦeisɑhont-
Hitt. deišḫant-
(pt.) ‘bedacht auf; auf etwas achtgebend’
(HHand. 177)
1. PIE *dɑɦeisɑhont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeishont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeishont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦeishant-
3. dɦeishant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *deishant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. deishant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *deišhant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. deišhant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. deišḫant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *pilu·dɑɦeisɑhei·n-
Goth. filu·deisei·n-
(f.) ‘πανουργία: cunning’
(GoEtD. F53)
(Goth. filudeisein [sgD])
1. PIE *pilu·dɑɦeisɑhei·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pilu·dɦeishei·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pilu·dɦeishei·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pilu·dɦeisei·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. pilu·dɦeisei·n-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *filu·dɦeisei·n-
4. filu·dɦeisei·n-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *filu·deisei·n-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. filu·deisei·n-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *filu·dīsī·n-
6. filu·dīsī·n-
*ī → ei
Orthographic change of *ī into ei
Rī›ei → Goth. filu·deisei·n-
√dɑɦiosɑh-
PIE *dɑɦi̯osɑhoi-
Hitt. zašḫai-
(c.) ‘Traum, Traumgesicht’
(HHand. 206)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯osɑhoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯oshoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯oshoi-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦoshoi-
3. jɦoshoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦashai-
4. jɦashai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jashai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jashai-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zashai-
6. zashai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *zašhai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. zašhai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. zašḫai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *dɑɦi̯osɑhim-
Hitt. zašḫim-
(c.) ‘Traum, Traumgesicht’
(HHand. 206)
(Hitt. za-aš-hi-mu-uš)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯osɑhim-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯oshim-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯oshim-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦoshim-
3. jɦoshim-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦashim-
4. jɦashim-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jashim-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jashim-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zashim-
6. zashim-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *zašhim-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. zašhim-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. zašḫim-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√dɑɦidɑɦidɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɑɦidɑɦi·dɑɦo-
CLu. didi·da-
(n.) ‘Pupille: prunelle?’ (HHand. 178)
(DLL. 98)
(CLu. ti-(i)-ti-(i)-ta-a-ti [sgI])
1. PIE *dɑɦidɑɦi·dɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦidɦi·dɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦidɦi·dɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦidɦi·dɦa-
3. dɦidɦi·dɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. didi·da-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦidɑɦi·dɑɦei-
HLu. didi·dei-
(LITUUSn.) ‘apple of the eye, pupil’
(CHLu. 2.15.10)
(HLu. (LITUUS)ti-ti-ti-i)
1. PIE *dɑɦidɑɦi·dɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦidɦi·dɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦidɦi·dɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. didi·dei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦidɑɦi·dɑɦei-
CLu. didi·dei-
(GKLc.) ‘Pupille’
(HHand. 178)
(CLu. dUTU-ŠI GKLti-ti-ti-in[(-) [sgA])
1. PIE *dɑɦidɑɦi·dɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦidɦi·dɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦidɦi·dɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. didi·dei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √dɑɦi- (adv.) ‘über, jenseits’
(IEW 312)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + RV.)
√dɑɦo-
(HEG E:118)
PIE *e·dɑɦo
Hitt. eda-
(adv.) ‘vom drüben, von jenseits’
(HHand. 34)
(Hitt. edaz)
1. PIE *e·dɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *e·dɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. e·dɦo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *e·dɦa
3. e·dɦa
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. e·da
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦei-
(HEG E:118)
PIE *e·dɑɦei
Hitt. e·dei
(adv.) ‘jenseits, hinüber, weg’
(HHand. 34)
1. PIE *e·dɑɦei
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *e·dɦei
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. e·dɦei
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. e·dei
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *e·dɑɦei·Σ
Hitt. e·dei·z
(adv.) ‘von jenseits, vom drüben’
(HHand. 34)
(Hitt. ediz, etez)
1. PIE *e·dɑɦei·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *e·dɦei·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. e·dɦei·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. e·dei·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *é·dɑɦi
RV. á·dhi
(prep.) ‘über, auf’
(Grundr2 2:798f.)
1. PIE *é·dɑɦi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *é·dɦi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. é·dɦi
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *á·dɦi
3. á·dɦi
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. á·dhi
PIE *édɑɦi·poti-
AV. ádhi·pati-
(m.) ‘Oberherr’
(WbRV. 46)
1. PIE *édɑɦi·poti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *édɦi·poti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. édɦi·poti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *édɦi·pati-
3. édɦi·pati-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *ádɦi·pati-
4. ádɦi·pati-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → AV. ádhi·pati-
PIE *edɑɦi·Σ
RV. adhi·rājá-
(m.) ‘Oberherr’
(WbRV. 47)
1. PIE *edɑɦi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *edɦi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. edɦi·Σ
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *adɦi·Σ
3. adɦi·Σ
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. adhi·Σ
PIE *ḗ·dɑɦi·poti̯o-
RV. ā́·dhi·patya-
(n.) ‘Oberherrlichkeit’
(WbRV. 178)
1. PIE *ḗ·dɑɦi·poti̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ḗ·dɦi·poti̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ḗ·dɦi·poti̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ḗ·dɦi·pati̯a-
3. ḗ·dɦi·pati̯a-
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → *ā́·dɦi·pati̯a-
4. ā́·dɦi·pati̯a-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *ā́·dhi·pati̯a-
5. ā́·dhi·pati̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. ā́·dhi·patya-
PIE *edɑɦi·Σ
RV. adhi·kṣít-
(m.) ‘Beherrscher’
(WbRV. 46)
1. PIE *edɑɦi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *edɦi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. edɦi·Σ
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *adɦi·Σ
3. adɦi·Σ
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. adhi·Σ
PIE *edɑɦi·Σ
RV. adhi·pā́-
(m.) ‘Gebieter, Herrscher’
(WbRV. 46)
1. PIE *edɑɦi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *edɦi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. edɦi·Σ
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *adɦi·Σ
3. adɦi·Σ
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. adhi·Σ
√dɑɦi̯-
(HIL. 1186)
PIE *dɑɦi̯·oi-
Hitt. z·ai-
(vb.2.) ‘überschreiten’
(HHand. 204)
(Hitt. ·ai- ‘gehen’ to Hitt. ei-/i- ‘gehen’)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯·oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯·oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯·oi-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦ·oi-
3. jɦ·oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦ·ai-
4. jɦ·ai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *j·ai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. j·ai-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. z·ai-
PIE *dɑɦi̯·oi̯o-
Hitt. z·aa-
(vb.) ‘überschreiten’
(HHand. 204)
(Hitt. za-a-ši)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯·oi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯·oi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯·oi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦ·oi̯o-
3. jɦ·oi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦ·ai̯a-
4. jɦ·ai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *jɦ·aa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. jɦ·aa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *j·aa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. j·aa-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. z·aa-


PIE √dɑɦi- √dɑɦoi- √dɑɦei- (vb.) ‘zweispalten, teilen, brechen’
(IEW 175, 195)
(Pyysalo: OAnat. + Germ + BSl.)
√deɑɦi-
(IEW 175f.)
PIE *déɑɦi̯o-
OInd. dáya-
(pr.M.) ‘zerteilen, Teil haben’
(GEW 1:341-2)
(OInd. dáyate)
1. PIE *déɑɦi̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *dáɑɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. dáɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dáɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dáɦi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dáɦi̯a-
4. dáɦi̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dái̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dái̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. dáya-
PIE *Π·deɑɦi̯o-
Alb. n·daj-
(vb.) ‘divide, distribute, split, distinguish’
(AlbEtD. 54)
1. PIE *Π·deɑɦi̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·daɑɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·daɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·daɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·daɦi̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·dai̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·dai̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dai̯a-
5. Π·dai̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Alb. Π·daja-
√doɑɦi-
PIE *doɑɦi̯ó-
RV. dāyá-
(m.) ‘Anteil, Erbteil’
(WbRV. 595)
(Brugmann’s law II (SPIE 121ff.), unless with PIE *ē/ō)
1. PIE *doɑɦi̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦi̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. doɦi̯ó-
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *dāɦi̯ó-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
3. dāɦi̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *dāɦi̯á-
4. dāɦi̯á-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dāi̯á-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dāi̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. dāyá-
√dɑɦodɑɦei-
(HEG T:275)
PIE *dɑɦodɑɦei̯o-
Hitt. dadei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘brechen? (obj. marri- ‘Brote’)’
(HHand. 173)
(Hitt. tatiia-)
1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦodɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦadɦei̯a-
3. dɦadɦei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dadei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦodɑɦeiski̯e/o-
Hitt. dadeiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘brechen’
(HHand. 173)
1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦeiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦeiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦodɦeiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *dɦodɦeisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. dɦodɦeisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦadɦeisḱe/a-
4. dɦadɦeisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *dɦadɦeiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. dɦadɦeiske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dadeiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. dadeiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. dadeiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦodɑɦeiski̯o-
Hitt. dadeiška-
(URU.) ‘(von ›Arina nach T.)’
(OGH. 414)
(Hitt. ta-ti-iš-ga “am sechsten Tag des nuntarijašḫa-Festes.”, DKašk. 104, OGHErg. 166)
1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦeiski̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦeiski̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦodɦeiski̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *dɦodɦeisḱo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. dɦodɦeisḱo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦadɦeisḱa-
4. dɦadɦeisḱa-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *dɦadɦeiska-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. dɦadɦeiska-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dadeiska-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. dadeiska-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. dadeiška-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦeil-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑuru·dɑɦeil-
Hitt. ḫuru·deil-
(TU7n.) ‘(ein Gericht aus Kichererbsen)’
(HHand. 56)
(Hitt. ḫurutel, ḫuru(t)til-)
1. PIE *hɑuru·dɑɦeil-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huru·dɦeil-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huru·dɦeil-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *huru·deil-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. huru·deil-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuru·deil-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *dɑɦeil·ilo-
Pal. deil·ila-
(n.) ‘(eine Opferspeise)’ (HHand. 176)
(DPal. 75)
(Pal. ti-(i)-li-la [plNA])
1. PIE *dɑɦeil·ilo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeil·ilo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeil·ilo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦeil·ila-
3. dɦeil·ila-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Pal. deil·ila-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *mis·dɑɦeilei̯o-
Hitt. miš·deilei̯a-
(a.) ‘‹Fleisch·teilung?›’
(HEG M:218)
(Hitt. mi-iš-ti-li-ia me-ḫur ti-i-e-zi-zi ‘die Zeit für M. kommt’)
1. PIE *mis·dɑɦeilei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mis·dɦeilei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. mis·dɦeilei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *mis·dɦeilei̯a-
3. mis·dɦeilei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *mis·deilei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. mis·deilei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. miš·deilei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦoil-
(IEW 195)
PIE *dɑɦoilēɑh-
Goth. dailo-
(f.) ‘Teilnahme, Gemeinschaft: μετοχή, μνα̃: participatio: mna’
(GoEtD. D5)
(Goth. dailo [plG] 2Kr 6,14 A B)
1. PIE *dɑɦoilēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦoilāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦoilāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦoilāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦoilāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦoilā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦoilā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *doilā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. doilā-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dailā-
6. dailā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *dailō-
(XX:XX)
7. dailō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Goth. dailo-
PIE *dɑɦoilēɑh-
Goth. dailo-
(f.) ‘Teilnahme, Gemeinschaft, Mine, Münze, Pfund’
(GoEtD. D5)
(Goth. dailos [plA] Luk 19,13 CA)
1. PIE *dɑɦoilēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦoilāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦoilāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦoilāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦoilāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦoilā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦoilā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *doilā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. doilā-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dailā-
6. dailā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *dailō-
(XX:XX)
7. dailō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Goth. dailo-
PIE *dɑɦoili-
Goth. daili-
(f.) ‘(An)teil: share: μερίς, μέρος: pars, portio’
(GoEtD. D5)
(Goth. dail [A] Luk 15,12 CA, dailai [D] 1Kr 13,10 A, daile [plG] 2Kr 6,15 A B, HbGo. 239,2b)
1. PIE *dɑɦoili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦoili-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦoili-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *doili-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. doili-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. daili-
PIE *dɑɦoilei-
Goth. dailei-
(pr.) ‘διαιρει̃ν, μεταδιδόναι: dividere, tribuere’
(HbGo. 239,2b)
(Goth. daileiþ 1Kr 12,11 A)
1. PIE *dɑɦoilei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦoilei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦoilei-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *doilei-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. doilei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dailei-
4. dailei-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *dailī-
5. dailī-
*ī → ei
Orthographic change of *ī into ei
Rī›ei → Goth. dailei-
PIE *dɑɦoili̯o-
Goth. dailja-
(pr.) ‘teilen, einem zuteilen, mitteilen’
(GoEtD. D5)
(Goth. dailjan [inf.] Eph 4,28 A B)
1. PIE *dɑɦoili̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦoili̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦoili̯o-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *doili̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. doili̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *daili̯a-
4. daili̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Goth. dailja-
PIE *dɑɦoili̯ondɑɦ-
Goth. dailjand-
(pt.) ‘share, divide, impart, deal out, distribute’
(GoEtD. D5)
(Goth. dailjands Rom 12,8 A)
1. PIE *dɑɦoili̯ondɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦoili̯ondɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦoili̯ondɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *doili̯ond-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. doili̯ond-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *daili̯and-
4. daili̯and-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Goth. dailjand-
PIE *dɑɦoiliɑ́h-
Lith. dailý-
(vb.) ‘teilen’
(LiEtWb. 80)
(Lith. dailýti [inf.])
1. PIE *dɑɦoiliɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *dɑɦoiliíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. dɑɦoiliíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦoiliíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦoiliíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦoilií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦoilií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *dɦoilī́-
5. dɦoilī́-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦailī́-
6. dɦailī́-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dailī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. dailī́-
*ī́ → ý
Orthographic change of ī́ into ý
Rī́›ý → Lith. dailý-
PIE *dɑɦoiliɑ́h-
OCS. dĕli-
(vb.) ‘teilen’
(Sadnik √145)
(OCS. dĕliti [inf.])
1. PIE *dɑɦoiliɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *dɑɦoiliíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. dɑɦoiliíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦoiliíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦoiliíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦailiíh-
4. dɦailiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦailií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦailií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *dɦailī́-
6. dɦailī́-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dailī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. dailī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *doilī́-
8. doilī́-
*oi → ē
Monophthongization of *oi into ē
Roi›ē → *dēlī́-
9. dēlī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *dēlí-
10. dēlí-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → *dēli-
11. dēli-
*ē → ĕ
Change of *ē into ĕ
Rē›ĕ → OCS. dĕli-


PIE √dɑɦik- √dɑɦig- (vb.) ‘berühren, beflecken’ (sb.) ‘Erde, Land, Ton’
(IEW 244-5)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + CLu.)
√dɑɦiok-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɑɦi̯ok·Σ
Hitt. zak·ini-
(LÚc.) ‘Verwaltungsbeamter, Präfekt, Landrat?’
(HHand. 204)
(Hitt. zakkini-)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯ok·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯ok·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯ok·Σ
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦok·Σ
3. jɦok·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦak·Σ
4. jɦak·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jak·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jak·Σ
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zak·Σ
√dɑɦig- √dɑɦeig-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɑɦigó-
Gr. θιγό-
(ao.) ‘mit der Hand berühren, antasten, sich befassen’
(GEW 1:674-5)
(Gr. θιγεῖν [inf.])
1. PIE *dɑɦigó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦigó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦigó-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thigó-
3. thigó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θιγό-
PIE *dɑɦígmeɑht-
Gr. θίγματ-
(n.) ‘Befleckung, Berührung’
(GEW 1:675)
(Gr. θίγμα [sgN])
1. PIE *dɑɦígmeɑht-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *dɑɦígmaɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. dɑɦígmaɑht-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦígmaht-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦígmaht-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦígmat-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦígmat-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thígmat-
5. thígmat-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θίγματ-
PIE *dɑɦeigri-
Hitt. deigri-
(sb.) ‘Befleckung’
(HEG T:302)
(Hitt. te-ek-ri-ua na-aḫ-mi [1sg], HHand. 174)
1. PIE *dɑɦeigri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeigri-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeigri-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. deigri-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦiog-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɑɦi̯ogei̯o-
Hitt. zagei̯a-
(URU.) ‘(in der Umgebung von Nerik, ›Tanizila)’
(OGH. 488)
(Hitt. za-gi-ia)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯ogei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯ogei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯ogei̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦogei̯o-
3. jɦogei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦagei̯a-
4. jɦagei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jagei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jagei̯a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zagei̯a-
PIE *in·dɑɦi̯ogoi̯oni-
CLu. in·zagaan-
(n.) ‘inhumation’ (Melchert 2003:148, HIL. 995)
(DLL. 51)
(CLu. in-za-ga-a-an, HHand. 62)
1. PIE *in·dɑɦi̯ogoi̯oni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *in·dɦi̯ogoi̯oni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. in·dɦi̯ogoi̯oni-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *in·jɦogoi̯oni-
3. in·jɦogoi̯oni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *in·jɦagai̯ani-
4. in·jɦagai̯ani-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *in·jɦagaani-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. in·jɦagaani-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *in·zɦagaani-
6. in·zɦagaani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. in·zḫagaani-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *dɑɦi̯ogoni-
CLu. zagani-
(sb.) ‘earth, dust: Erde, Staub’
(HHand. 204)
(DLL. 112, BELu. 25, GLBL 47f.)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯ogoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯ogoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯ogoni-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦogoni-
3. jɦogoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦagani-
4. jɦagani-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zɦagani-
5. zɦagani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. zḫagani-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√dɑhikt-
PIE *dɑɦiktili-
Lat. fictili-
(a.) ‘aus Ton gebildet, irden, tönern’
(WH. 1:492, 501f.)
1. PIE *dɑɦiktili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦiktili-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦiktili-
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *dɦ
Rdɦ›f → *fiktili-
3. fiktili-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. fictili-


PIE √dɑɦil- (vb.) ‘gehen, übergehen, gehen lassen, erlösen’
(IEW 1062)
(Pyysalo: OAnat. + Toch.)
√dɑɦil-
PIE *pu̯o·dɑɦil-
CLu. pu̯a·dil-
(a.) ‘passé: früher, vergangen’ (HHand. 137)
(DLL. 83)
(CLu. pu-u-ua-ti-i-il [sgNA])
1. PIE *pu̯o·dɑɦil-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pu̯o·dɦil-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pu̯o·dɦil-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pu̯a·dɦil-
3. pu̯a·dɦil-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. pu̯a·dil-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *pu̯o·dɑɦil·Σ
CLu. pu̯a·dil·za
(a.) ‘vergangen, früher’
(DLL. 83)
(CLu. pu-ua-ti-il-za)
1. PIE *pu̯o·dɑɦil·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pu̯o·dɦil·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pu̯o·dɦil·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pu̯a·dɦil·Σ
3. pu̯a·dɦil·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. pu̯a·dil·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦiolo-
PIE *dɑɦi̯olo-
Hitt. zala-
(c.) ‘Trab, mäßige Geschwindigkeit’
(HHand. 204)
(Hitt. zala-)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯olo-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolo-
3. jɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦala-
4. jɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jala-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zala-
PIE *dɑɦi̯olo-
CLu. zala-
(sb.) ‘gallop’
(KLuN. §211)
(CLu. za-al-la-ti, DLL. 112)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯olo-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolo-
3. jɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦala-
4. jɦala-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zɦala-
5. zɦala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. zḫala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *dɑɦi̯olo-
HLu. zala-
(sb.) ‘succession?’
(CHLu. 111, 631)
(HLu. za4-la)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯olo-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolo-
3. jɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦala-
4. jɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jala-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → HLu. zala-
PIE *dɑɦi̯olo-
Hitt. zala-
(adv.) ‘at a trot’
(HuIdg. 94)
(Hitt. zalaz)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯olo-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolo-
3. jɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦala-
4. jɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jala-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zala-
PIE *dɑɦi̯olo·imo-
Hitt. zala·ima-
(URU.) ‘(neben ›Ḫašuwa und Pala genannt)’
(OGH. 488)
(Hitt. za-la-i-ma-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olo·imo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olo·imo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯olo·imo-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolo·imo-
3. jɦolo·imo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦala·ima-
4. jɦala·ima-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jala·ima-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jala·ima-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zala·ima-
PIE *dɑɦi̯olodɑɦi̯·Σ
Hitt. ·zalaz u̯a-
(cpd.vb.) ‘traben’
(HHand. 204)
(HIL. 1188)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olodɑɦi̯·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olodɦi̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯olodɦi̯·Σ
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolojɦ·Σ
3. jɦolojɦ·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦalajɦ·Σ
4. jɦalajɦ·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jalaj·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jalaj·Σ
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zalaz·Σ
PIE *dɑɦi̯olodɑɦi̯·Σ
Hitt. ·zalaz pina-
(cpd.vb.) ‘im Trab hintreiben = traben’
(HHand. 204)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olodɑɦi̯·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olodɦi̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯olodɦi̯·Σ
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolojɦ·Σ
3. jɦolojɦ·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦalajɦ·Σ
4. jɦalajɦ·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jalaj·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jalaj·Σ
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zalaz·Σ
PIE *dɑɦidɑɦi̯olo·muno-
Hitt. zizala·muna-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 515)
1. PIE *dɑɦidɑɦi̯olo·muno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦidɦi̯olo·muno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦidɦi̯olo·muno-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *dɦijɦolo·muno-
3. dɦijɦolo·muno-
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi›jɦi → *jɦijɦolo·muno-
4. jɦijɦolo·muno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦijɦala·muna-
5. jɦijɦala·muna-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jijala·muna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. jijala·muna-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zizala·muna-
√dɑɦioli-
PIE *dɑɦi̯oli̯o-
Lyd. τaλa-
(vb.) ‘‹cf. above?›’
(LydWb. 217)
(Lyd. τaλad)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯oli̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯oli̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯oli̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦoli̯o-
3. jɦoli̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦali̯a-
4. jɦali̯a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zɦali̯a-
5. zɦali̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *zali̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. zali̯a-
*li̯ -> λ
Change of li̯ into λ
Rli̯›λ → *zaλa-
7. zaλa-
z -> τ
Orthographic change of z into τ
Rz›τ → Lyd. τaλa-
PIE *dɑɦi̯oli̯olo-
Lyd. τaλala-
(c.) ‘-(?)-’
(LydWb. 217)
(Lyd. τaλalaν [sgA])
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯oli̯olo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯oli̯olo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯oli̯olo-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦoli̯olo-
3. jɦoli̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦali̯ala-
4. jɦali̯ala-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zɦali̯ala-
5. zɦali̯ala-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *zali̯ala-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. zali̯ala-
*li̯ -> λ
Change of li̯ into λ
Rli̯›λ → *zaλala-
7. zaλala-
z -> τ
Orthographic change of z into τ
Rz›τ → Lyd. τaλala-
√dɑɦiolol-
PIE *dɑɦi̯olol-
HLu. zalal-
(91/92/94n.) ‘Fahrzeug, Wagen: cart, chariot’
(CHLu. 2.25.1, 10.45.9)
(HLu. (*91/92/94)za-la-la-[...]-na, HLu. (*92)za-la-la)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olol-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olol-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯olol-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolol-
3. jɦolol-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦalal-
4. jɦalal-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jalal-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jalal-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → HLu. zalal-
PIE *dɑɦi̯ololo·si-
HLu. zalala·ši-
(91a.gen.) ‘of wagon?’
(CHLu. 11.4.9)
(HLu. (*91)za-la-la-si-na)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯ololo·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯ololo·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯ololo·si-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦololo·si-
3. jɦololo·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦalala·si-
4. jɦalala·si-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jalala·si-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jalala·si-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zalala·si-
6. zalala·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. zalala·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦiolou-
PIE *dɑɦi̯olou̯or-
CLu. zalau̯ar-
(GKLn.) ‘das Fahren, die Fahrt’
(CLuLex. 275)
(CLu. za-al-la-u-ua-ra)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olou̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olou̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯olou̯or-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolou̯or-
3. jɦolou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦalau̯ar-
4. jɦalau̯ar-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zɦalau̯ar-
5. zɦalau̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. zḫalau̯ar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *dɑɦi̯olou̯o·si-
Hitt. zalau̯a·ši-
(URUc.) ‘‹cf. above›’
(OGH. 489)
(Hitt. za-al-la-ua-aš-ši-in [A])
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olou̯o·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olou̯o·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯olou̯o·si-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolou̯o·si-
3. jɦolou̯o·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦalau̯a·si-
4. jɦalau̯a·si-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jalau̯a·si-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jalau̯a·si-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zalau̯a·si-
6. zalau̯a·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. zalau̯a·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦi̯olou̯o·ui̯o-
Hitt. zalau̯a·ui̯a-
(URU.) ‘(›Šananta)’
(OGH. 489)
(Hitt. ]za-al-la-ua-ú-i[a], za-al-la-ua-ú[)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olou̯o·ui̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olou̯o·ui̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯olou̯o·ui̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolou̯o·ui̯o-
3. jɦolou̯o·ui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦalau̯a·ui̯a-
4. jɦalau̯a·ui̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jalau̯a·ui̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jalau̯a·ui̯a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zalau̯a·ui̯a-
√dɑɦilp-
PIE *dɑɦilpor-
TochB. tsilpar-
(pr.) ‘free’
(DTochB. 737)
(TochB. pätsilpar [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *dɑɦilpor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦilpor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦilpor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦilpar-
3. dɦilpar-
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi›jɦi → *jɦilpar-
4. jɦilpar-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *jilpar-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. jilpar-
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → TochB. tsilpar-
√dɑɦiolP-
(IEW 1062, Pyysalo)
(WP. 1:741f.)
PIE *dɑɦi̯olpo-
TochA. tsälp-
(vb.A.) ‘ire, transire, liberari: gehen, hinübergehen, erlöst werden’
(Poucha 393)
(TochA. tsälpiñcä [opt3pl])
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olpo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olpo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯olpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦi̯alpa-
3. dɦi̯alpa-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦalpa-
4. jɦalpa-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *jalpa-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. jalpa-
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → TochA. tsalpa-
PIE *dɑɦi̯olpo-
CLu. zalpa-
(?) ‘-(?)-’
(DLL. 112)
(CLu. za-al-pa-az)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olpo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olpo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯olpo-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolpo-
3. jɦolpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦalpa-
4. jɦalpa-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zɦalpa-
5. zɦalpa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. zḫalpa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *dɑɦi̯olpo-
Hitt. zalpa-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 490-2)
(Hitt. za-al-pa-aš, za-al-pa, DKašk. 99)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olpo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olpo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯olpo-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolpo-
3. jɦolpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦalpa-
4. jɦalpa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jalpa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jalpa-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zalpa-
PIE *dɑɦi̯olpu̯o-
Hitt. zalpu̯a-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGHErg. 191)
(Hitt. za-al-pu-u-ua-aš, za-al-pu-ua)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olpu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olpu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯olpu̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolpu̯o-
3. jɦolpu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦalpu̯a-
4. jɦalpu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jalpu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jalpu̯a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zalpu̯a-
PIE *dɑɦi̯olpu̯il-
Hitt. zalpu̯il-
(a.ethn.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 490-2)
(Hitt. za-al-pu-ú-i-il)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olpu̯il-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olpu̯il-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯olpu̯il-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolpu̯il-
3. jɦolpu̯il-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦalpu̯il-
4. jɦalpu̯il-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jalpu̯il-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jalpu̯il-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zalpu̯il-
PIE *dɑɦi̯olpumo-
Hitt. zalpuma-
(URUpt.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 490-2)
(Hitt. za-al-pu-u-ma-aš)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olpumo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olpumo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯olpumo-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolpumo-
3. jɦolpumo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦalpuma-
4. jɦalpuma-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jalpuma-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jalpuma-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zalpuma-
PIE *dɑɦi̯olputo-
Hitt. zalputa-
(URU.) ‘(bei ›Turmita)’
(OGH. 492)
(Hitt. za-al-pu-ut-ta)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olputo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olputo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯olputo-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolputo-
3. jɦolputo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦalputa-
4. jɦalputa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jalputa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jalputa-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zalputa-
PIE *dɑɦi̯olpunu-
Kpd. zalpunu-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1527)
(Kpd. za-al-pu-nu)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olpunu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olpunu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯olpunu-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolpunu-
3. jɦolpunu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦalpunu-
4. jɦalpunu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jalpunu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jalpunu-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Kpd. zalpunu-
√dɑɦiolt-
PIE *dɑɦi̯olto-
Hitt. zalta-
(GIŠn.) ‘Wagen, Streitwagen’
(HHand. 205)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯olto-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolto-
3. jɦolto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦalta-
4. jɦalta-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jalta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jalta-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zalta-
PIE *dɑɦi̯oltoii̯o-
Hitt. zaltai̯a-
(GIŠn.) ‘Wagen, Streitwagen’
(HHand. 205)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯oltoii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯oltoii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯oltoii̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦoltoii̯o-
3. jɦoltoii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦaltaii̯a-
4. jɦaltaii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *jɦaltaia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. jɦaltaia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *jɦaltai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
6. jɦaltai̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jaltai̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. jaltai̯a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zaltai̯a-
PIE *dɑɦi̯oltei-
Hitt. zaltei-
(a.) ‘-(?)-’
(HHand. 205)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯oltei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯oltei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯oltei-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦoltei-
3. jɦoltei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦaltei-
4. jɦaltei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jaltei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jaltei-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zaltei-


PIE √dɑɦil- (vb.) ‘ziehen’ (sb.) ‘Sehne; Gewebe’
(IEW 183)
(Pyysalo)
√dɑɦoil-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɑɦoil-
Alb. del-
(m.) ‘tendon, sinew’
(AlbEtD. 59)
(Alb. dell [sgN], dej [plN])
1. PIE *dɑɦoil-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦoil-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦoil-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦail-
3. dɦail-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dail-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dail-
ai -> e
Monophthongization of *ai into e
Rai›e → Alb. del-
PIE *dɑɦi̯oli-
CLu. zali-
(vb.) ‘ziehen?’
(HHand. 204)
(CLu. zaliti [3sg])
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯oli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯oli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯oli-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦoli-
3. jɦoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦali-
4. jɦali-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zɦali-
5. zɦali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. zḫali-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *o·dɑɦi̯oli-
Hitt. a·zali-
(n.) ‘(ein Gewebe, ‘Schleier?; Netz?’)’
(HHand. 30)
1. PIE *o·dɑɦi̯oli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·dɦi̯oli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·dɦi̯oli-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *o·jɦoli-
3. o·jɦoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·jɦali-
4. a·jɦali-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *a·jali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. a·jali-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. a·zali-


PIE √dɑɦin- (vb.) ‘beendigen, fertig sein/werden’ (sb.) ‘Herbst, Ende’
(IEW 243f., 347f. [diff.])
(Barton 1993:551-516: Hitt. + Lat.; Pyysalo: OHG.)
√dɑɦin-
(HIL. 1199)
PIE *dɑɦino-
Hitt. zina-
(vb.2.) ‘beendigen, erledigen, fertig werden’
(HEG Z:731-8)
(Hitt. zinaḫi, zinai, zienaḫun)
1. PIE *dɑɦino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦino-
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi›jɦi → *jɦino-
3. jɦino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦina-
4. jɦina-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jina-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jina-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zina-
PIE *dɑɦino-
Hitt. zina-
(vb.M.) ‘zu Ende gehen, fertig sein’
(HEG Z:731-8)
(Hitt. zinatari)
1. PIE *dɑɦino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦino-
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi›jɦi → *jɦino-
3. jɦino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦina-
4. jɦina-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jina-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jina-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zina-
PIE *dɑɦino-
Hitt. zina-
(c.) ‘Herbst: autumn’
(HEG Z:691)
(HIL. 1196)
1. PIE *dɑɦino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦino-
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi›jɦi → *jɦino-
3. jɦino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦina-
4. jɦina-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jina-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jina-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zina-
PIE *dɑɦinont-
Hitt. zinant-
(c.) ‘Herbst’
(HEG Z:691)
1. PIE *dɑɦinont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦinont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦinont-
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi›jɦi → *jɦinont-
3. jɦinont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦinant-
4. jɦinant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jinant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jinant-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zinant-
√dɑɦinɑh-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *us.dɑɦinēɑh-
OHG. us.tinō-
(vb.) ‘verrichten, ausführen: accomplish: fungi’
(Gl. 765)
(OHG. ustinōn [inf.])
1. PIE *us.dɑɦinēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *us.dɑɦināɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. us.dɑɦināɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *us.dɦināh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. us.dɦināh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *us.dɦinā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. us.dɦinā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *us.dinā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. us.dinā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *us.dinō-
(XX:XX)
6. us.dinō-
*d → t
OHG sound shift of *d
Rd›tHG → OHG. us.tinō-
√dɑɦini-
(Barton)
PIE *dɑɦeini-
Lat. fīni-
(m.) ‘end, limit, boundary, purpose’
(WH. 1:502-4)
(Lat. fīnis)
1. PIE *dɑɦeini-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeini-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeini-
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *dɦ
Rdɦ›f → *feini-
3. feini-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → Lat. fīni-
√dɑɦinuk-
PIE *dɑɦinuk
Hitt. zinuk
(adv.) ‘vollends, schließlich’
(HEG Z:751-2)
(Hitt. iš-ta-ma-aš-šu-un zi-in-nu-uk ḫu-u-ma-an-da ‘I heard (that) everything (is) finished.’)
1. PIE *dɑɦinuk
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦinuk
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦinuk
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi›jɦi → *jɦinuk
3. jɦinuk
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jinuk
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. jinuk
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zinuk


PIE √dɑɦin- √dɑɦoin- √dɑɦein- (vb.) ‘singen’ (sb.) ‘Stimme, Lied, Rede, Gebet’
(IEW 187)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)
√dɑɦoinēɑh-
PIE *dɑɦoinḗɑh
Lith. dainà-
(f.4.) ‘Lied’
(LiEtWb. 80)
1. PIE *dɑɦoinḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *dɑɦoinā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦoinā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦoinā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦoinā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦoinā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦoinā́
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦainā́
5. dɦainā́
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dainā́
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. dainā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *dainṓ
(XX:XX)
7. dainṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → Lith. dainà
PIE *dɑɦoínēɑh-
RV. dhénā-
(f.) ‘Stimme, Rede, Gebet’
(KEWA 2:113)
1. PIE *dɑɦoínēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦoínāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦoínāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦoínāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦoínāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦaínāh-
4. dɦaínāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦaínā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦaínā-
aí → ḗ
Monophthongization of *aí
Raí›ḗ → *dɦḗnā-
6. dɦḗnā-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *dhḗnā-
7. dhḗnā-
ḗ → é
Change of ḗ into é
Rḗ›é → RV. dhénā-
√dɑɦin·hɑuri-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɑɦin·hɑuri-
Hitt. zin·ḫuri-
(c.) ‘(ein Funktionär, Art Sänger)’
(HHand. 208)
1. PIE *dɑɦin·hɑuri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦin·huri-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦin·huri-
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi›jɦi → *jɦin·huri-
3. jɦin·huri-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jin·huri-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. jin·huri-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zin·huri-
5. zin·huri-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. zin·ḫuri-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *dɑɦin·hɑuri·Σ
Hitt. zin·ḫuri·[...
(URU.) ‘‹cf. above›’
(OGH. 503)
(Hitt. zi-in-ḫu-ri-[)
1. PIE *dɑɦin·hɑuri·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦin·huri·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦin·huri·Σ
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi›jɦi → *jɦin·huri·Σ
3. jɦin·huri·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jin·huri·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. jin·huri·Σ
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zin·huri·Σ
5. zin·huri·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. zin·ḫuri·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√dɑɦin·dɑɦuɑhi-
PIE *dɑɦin·dɑɦuɑhi-
Hitt. zin·duḫi-
(c.) ‘Sängerin: MUNUSKI.SIKIL?’
(HHand. 208)
1. PIE *dɑɦin·dɑɦuɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦin·dɦuhi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦin·dɦuhi-
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi›jɦi → *jɦin·dɦuhi-
3. jɦin·dɦuhi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jin·duhi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. jin·duhi-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zin·duhi-
5. zin·duhi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. zin·duḫi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √dɑɦin- √dɑɦoin- √dɑɦein- (sb.) ‘eßbare Substanz, Schmaus’
(IEW 175f., 242)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + CLu. + IE)
√deɑɦinu-
(IEW 175f.)
PIE *deɑɦínu-
Gr. δαίνυ-
(pr.A.) ‘give a banquet/feast: schmausen’
(GEW 1:341-342)
(Gr. δαίνυμι)
1. PIE *deɑɦínu-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦínu-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦínu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦínu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. daɦínu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *daínu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. daínu-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. δαίνυ-
√dɑɦoin-
(IEW 242)
PIE *dɑɦoínēɑh-
Ion.-Att. θοίνη-
(f.) ‘Schmaus, Gastmahl: feast’
(GEW 1:676-677)
(Gr. θοίνη)
1. PIE *dɑɦoínēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦoínāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦoínāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦoínāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦoínāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦoínā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦoínā-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thoínā-
5. thoínā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *thoínē-
6. thoínē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. θοίνη-
√dɑɦein-
PIE *dɑɦein·Σ
Dor. σειν·αρμόστρια-
(f.) ‘mistress of the banquet’
(LSJ. 1588, 803)
(Lac. σειναρμόστρια, IG 5(1):229)
1. PIE *dɑɦein·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦein·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦein·Σ
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thein·Σ
3. thein·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. θειν·Σ
√dɑɦieno-
(Pyysalo)
(HIL. 1198-9, Rieken 1999:488f.)
PIE *dɑɦi̯enoil-
Hitt. zenail-
(n.) ‘(eine Getreideart)’
(HHand. 208)
(Hitt. [z]i-en-na-el, zi-na-a-il, zi-na-il)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯enoil-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯enoil-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯enoil-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦenoil-
3. jɦenoil-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦenail-
4. jɦenail-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jenail-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jenail-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zenail-
PIE *dɑɦi̯enokei-
Hitt. zenakei-
(c./n.) ‘(eine eßbare Substanz)’
(HHand. 208)
(Hitt. zi-na-ak-ki-iš)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯enokei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯enokei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯enokei-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦenokei-
3. jɦenokei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦenakei-
4. jɦenakei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jenakei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jenakei-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zenakei-
PIE *dɑɦi̯enokeit-
CLu. zenakeit-
(n.) ‘(ein Nahrungsmittel?)’
(HHand. 208)
(CLu. zinakkit-)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯enokeit-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯enokeit-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯enokeit-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦenokeit-
3. jɦenokeit-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦenakeit-
4. jɦenakeit-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zɦenakeit-
5. zɦenakeit-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. zḫenakeit-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√dɑɦienip-
PIE *dɑɦi̯enipo-
Hitt. zenipa-
(URU.) ‘(Dorf bei ›Kinara ‹for the meaning, cf. below›)’
(OGH. 504)
(Hitt. zi-ni-ip-[pa [Stf.], ‘Eidesleistung der Hauptleute der Söldner von Kinara.’)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯enipo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯enipo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯enipo-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦenipo-
3. jɦenipo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦenipa-
4. jɦenipa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jenipa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jenipa-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zenipa-
PIE *dɑɦi̯enipi-
Hitt. zenipi-
(c.) ‘(ein Gebäck)’
(HHand. 208)
(Hitt. zinippi-)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯enipi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯enipi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯enipi-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦenipi-
3. jɦenipi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jenipi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. jenipi-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zenipi-
√dɑɦienpini-
PIE *dɑɦi̯enpini-
Hitt. zenpini-
(c.) ‘(ein Gebäck)’
(HHand. 208)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯enpini-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯enpini-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯enpini-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦenpini-
3. jɦenpini-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jenpini-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. jenpini-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zenpini-


PIE √dɑɦibɑɦ- √dɑɦeibɑɦ- √dɑɦiebɑɦ- (vb.) ‘schädigen, betrügen, täuschen’
(IEW 240)
(Pyysalo)
√dɑɦeibɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
(HIL. 1004 [diff.])
PIE *dɑɦoibɑɦ-
RV. debh-
(pf.) ‘durch Betrug Beschädigen’
(WbRV. 575)
(RV. debhus)
1. PIE *dɑɦoibɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦoibɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦoibɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦaibɦ-
3. dɦaibɦ-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *daibɦ-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
4. daibɦ-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *dēbɦ-
5. dēbɦ-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *dēbh-
6. dēbh-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → RV. debh-
PIE *dɑɦeibɑɦu-
Hitt. deibu-
(a.) ‘gering, wenig’
(HIL. 1004)
(Hitt. [t]i-e-pu [sgNA]; thus not a scribal error against Kloekhorst HIL. 1004)
1. PIE *dɑɦeibɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeibɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeibɦu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. deibu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦibɑɦ-
PIE *dɑɦibɑɦso-
gAv. diwža-
(des.) ‘betrügen, täuschen’
(AIWb. 747)
(gAv. diwžaidyāi [inf.])
1. PIE *dɑɦibɑɦso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦibɦso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦibɦso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦibɦsa-
3. dɦibɦsa-
*bɦs → bɦz
Voicing of *s after gɦ
Rbɦs›bɦz → *dɦibɦza-
4. dɦibɦza-
*bɦz → bɦž
Change of *z into ž after *bɦ
Rbɦz›bɦž → *dɦibɦža-
5. dɦibɦža-
*bɦž → wž
Change of bɦž into wž
Rbɦž›wž → *dɦiwža-
6. dɦiwža-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → gAv. diwža-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *dɑɦibɑɦso-
LAv. diwža-
(m.) ‘Betrug, Täuschung’
(AIWb. 747)
1. PIE *dɑɦibɑɦso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦibɦso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦibɦso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦibɦsa-
3. dɦibɦsa-
*bɦs → bɦz
Voicing of *s after gɦ
Rbɦs›bɦz → *dɦibɦza-
4. dɦibɦza-
*bɦz → bɦž
Change of *z into ž after *bɦ
Rbɦz›bɦž → *dɦibɦža-
5. dɦibɦža-
*bɦž → wž
Change of bɦž into wž
Rbɦž›wž → *dɦiwža-
6. dɦiwža-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → LAv. diwža-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *dɑɦíbɑɦso-
RV. dípsa-
(des.) ‘jemand schädigen wollen’
(WbRV. 576)
(RV. dípsati)
1. PIE *dɑɦíbɑɦso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦíbɦso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦíbɦso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦíbɦsa-
3. dɦíbɦsa-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *díbɦsa-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
4. díbɦsa-
PIE *bɦs → ps
Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s
Rbɦs›ps → RV. dípsa-
√dɑɦiebɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
(HIL. 1004 [diff.])
PIE *dɑɦi̯ebɑɦu-
Hitt. zebu-
(a.) ‘gering, wenig’
(HIL. 1004)
(Hitt. z[e]-e-pu [sgNA]; thus not a scribal error against Kloekhorst)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯ebɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯ebɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯ebɦu-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦebɦu-
3. jɦebɦu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jebu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. jebu-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zebu-
PIE *dɑɦi̯obɑɦu-
CLu. zapu-
(vb.) ‘(eine schädigende Tätigkeit)’ (HHand. 206)
(DLL. 113)
(HIL. 931, CLu. za-ap-pu-un-ta [3pl] ‹with Čop’s law?›)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯obɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯obɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯obɦu-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦobɦu-
3. jɦobɦu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦabɦu-
4. jɦabɦu-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zɦabɦu-
5. zɦabɦu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *zɦabu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. zɦabu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. zḫabu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √dɑɦis- (vb.) ‘teilen, verteilen; zuteil werden lassen’
(IEW 217)
(WP. 1:783, 814; Kloekhorst HIL. 930-1: Hitt. + Gr.)
√deɑɦis-
(HEG T:17-18)
(HIL. 930-1)
PIE *deɑɦis-
Hitt. daḫiš-
(vb.) ‘zuteil werden lassen, zufügen’
(SHV 219n84)
(Hitt. taḫ-iš-ḫa, Kimball 1999:293)
1. PIE *deɑɦis-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦis-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦis-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. daɦis-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *daɦiš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. daɦiš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. daḫiš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *deɑɦiso-
Hitt. daḫiša-
(URU.) ‘(Ušapa, LÚ von T. ; im Paḫuwa-Vertrag)’
(OGH. 378)
(Hitt. TAḪ-ḫi-i-ša)
1. PIE *deɑɦiso-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦiso-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦiso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. daɦiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *daɦisa-
4. daɦisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *daɦiša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. daɦiša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. daḫiša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *deɑɦíso-
Gr. δαίο-
(s.pr.M.) ‘verteilen, teilen’
(GEW 1:341)
(Gr. δαίομαι [1sg])
1. PIE *deɑɦíso-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦíso-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦíso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦíso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. daɦíso-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *daíso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. daíso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *daího-
5. daího-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *daío-
6. daío-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. δαίο-
PIE *deɑɦisoli
Hitt. daḫišali-
(mc.) ‘(homme de Ḫalma-)’
(NOMS. 1203)
(Hitt. ta-ḫi-ša-al-li-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *deɑɦisoli
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦisoli
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦisoli
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦisoli
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. daɦisoli
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *daɦisali
4. daɦisali
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *daɦišali
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. daɦišali
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. daḫišali
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *deɑɦis·omo-
Hitt. daḫiš·ama-
(URU.) ‘(Walde von T, bei ›Ḫašḫatata im ›Zalpuwa)’
(OGHErg. 153)
(Hitt. ta-ḫi-ša-ma-aš [G])
1. PIE *deɑɦis·omo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦis·omo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦis·omo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦis·omo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. daɦis·omo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *daɦis·ama-
4. daɦis·ama-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *daɦiš·ama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. daɦiš·ama-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. daḫiš·ama-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *deɑɦiski̯e/o-
Hitt. daḫiške/a-
(vb.1.) ‘zufügen, zuteil werden lassen’
(HHand. 159)
(Hitt. taḫiškir [3pl])
1. PIE *deɑɦiski̯e/o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. daɦiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *daɦisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. daɦisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *daɦisḱe/a-
5. daɦisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *daɦiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. daɦiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *daɦiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. daɦiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. daḫiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *deɑɦisno-
Hitt. daḫišna-
(URU.) ‘(Agga, LÚ von T.; im Paḫuwa-Vertrag)’
(OGH. 379)
(Hitt. ta-ḫi-iš-na)
1. PIE *deɑɦisno-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦisno-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦisno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦisno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. daɦisno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *daɦisna-
4. daɦisna-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *daɦišna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. daɦišna-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. daḫišna-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *deɑɦísso-
Gr. δαίσο-
(fut.) ‘verteilen’
(GEW 1:341)
(Gr. δαίσω)
1. PIE *deɑɦísso-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦísso-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦísso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦísso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. daɦísso-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *daísso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. daísso-
*ss → s
Degemination of *ss
Rss›s → *daíso-
5. daíso-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. δαίσο-
PIE *deɑɦisu-
Hitt. daḫišu-
(d.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:428)
(Hitt. ta-ḫi-šu-u [Abs])
1. PIE *deɑɦisu-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦisu-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦisu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦisu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. daɦisu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *daɦišu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. daɦišu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. daḫišu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √dɑɦki- (vb.) ‘beißen’
(IEW 189-91, 201)
√dɑɦkio-
PIE *deɑɦki̯ó-
Gr. δακό-
(ao.) ‘beißen, stechen, verletzen’
(GEW 1:343)
(Gr. ἔδακον; IEW 201)
1. PIE *deɑɦki̯ó-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦki̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦki̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦki̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. daɦki̯ó-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *daɦḱó-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. daɦḱó-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *daḱó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. daḱó-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *dakó-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. dakó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. δακό-
PIE *déɑɦki̯o-
RV. dáśa-
(pr.1.A.) ‘beißen’
(WbRV. 569)
(RV. dáśa [2sg]; IEW 201)
1. PIE *déɑɦki̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *dáɑɦki̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. dáɑɦki̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dáɦki̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dáɦki̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *dáɦćo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dáɦćo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dáɦća-
5. dáɦća-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dáća-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. dáća-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → RV. dáśa-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
√dɑɦeki-
PIE *dɑɦēki̯o-
TochB. tsāka-
(vb.) ‘bite’ (of snake, viper or cat)
(DTochB. 731)
(TochB. tsākaṃ [3sg-encl.]; MA. 69)
1. PIE *dɑɦēki̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦēki̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦēki̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *dɦēḱo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. dɦēḱo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦēḱa-
4. dɦēḱa-
PIE *ē → i̯ ā
Change of *ē into i̯ā
Rē›i̯ā → *dɦi̯āḱa-
5. dɦi̯āḱa-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦāḱa-
6. jɦāḱa-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *jɦāka-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. jɦāka-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *jāka-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. jāka-
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → TochB. tsāka-
PIE *dɑɦēkino-
TochB. tsākna-
(impf.) ‘pierce, bite’
(DTochB. 731)
(TochB. tsāknaṃ [3sg-encl.])
1. PIE *dɑɦēkino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦēkino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦēkino-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *dɦēḱno-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. dɦēḱno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦēḱna-
4. dɦēḱna-
PIE *ē → i̯ ā
Change of *ē into i̯ā
Rē›i̯ā → *dɦi̯āḱna-
5. dɦi̯āḱna-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦāḱna-
6. jɦāḱna-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *jɦākna-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. jɦākna-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *jākna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. jākna-
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → TochB. tsākna-
PIE *dɑɦeko·Σ
TochB. tsaka·tsai
(a.f.) ‘thorny’
(DTochB. 729)
(TochB. tsakatsai keṃtsa ‘thorny ground’)
1. PIE *dɑɦeko·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeko·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeko·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦeka·Σ
3. dɦeka·Σ
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *dɦi̯aka·Σ
4. dɦi̯aka·Σ
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦaka·Σ
5. jɦaka·Σ
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *jaka·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. jaka·Σ
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → TochB. tsaka·Σ


PIE √dɑɦgu- (vb.) ‘zeigen, lehren’
(IEW 189)
(Götze 1951:471n12: Hitt. + Av.)
√dɑɦeku-
PIE *dɑɦeku-
Hitt. deku-
(sb.) ‘‹Zeichen?›’ (HHand. 174)
(HEG T:302)
(Hitt. ]x te-ek-ku-iš-ši ki-ša-at ‘in his (he/she/it) sign came’)
1. PIE *dɑɦeku-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeku-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeku-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. deku-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦedɑɦku·nu·s-
Hitt. dedku·nu·š-
(vb.red.) ‘zeigen lassen’
(HHand. 175)
(‹for the formation, cf. Hitt. pu·nuš-›)
1. PIE *dɑɦedɑɦku·nu·s-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦedɦku·nu·s-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦedɦku·nu·s-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dedku·nu·s-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. dedku·nu·s-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. dedku·nu·š-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦekus-
(Götze 1951:471n12)
PIE *dɑɦekuso-
gAv. daxša-
(pr.) ‘lehren, unterweisen’
(AIWb. 676)
(gAv. daxšat̰)
1. PIE *dɑɦekuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦekuso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦekuso-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *dɦekušo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. dɦekušo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦekuša-
4. dɦekuša-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *dɦekša-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. dɦekša-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dekša-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. dekša-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *dakša-
7. dakša-
PIE *kš → xš
Change of *k into x before *š
Rkš›xš → gAv. daxša-
PIE *dɑɦekuso·nu-
Hitt. dekuša·nu-
(vb.) ‘zeigen lassen’
(HHand. 176)
1. PIE *dɑɦekuso·nu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦekuso·nu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦekuso·nu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦekusa·nu-
3. dɦekusa·nu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dekusa·nu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dekusa·nu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. dekuša·nu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √dɑɦm- (vb.) ‘bändigen, zähmen’
(IEW 199-200, 272)
(SPIE 330-1: Hitt. + Gr.)
√dɑɦm-
(IEW 199-200)
PIE *Π·deɑɦmo-
Gr. ἱππό·δαμο-
(m.) ‘Rosse bändigend’
(GEW 1:346)
(Hom. ἱππόδαμος)
1. PIE *Π·deɑɦmo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·daɑɦmo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·daɑɦmo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·daɦmo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·daɦmo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·damo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·damo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·δαμο-
PIE *deɑɦme-
OIr. daimi-
(pr.) ‘zähmen’
(DIL. 175)
(OIr. daimid [3sg])
1. PIE *deɑɦme-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦme-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦme-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦme-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. daɦme-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dame-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dame-
ame -> aime
Anaptyksis of *ame to aime
Rame›aime → *daime-
5. daime-
R=e-›=i- → OIr. daimi-
PIE *doɑɦmēɑh-
Lat. domā-
(pr.1.) ‘zähmen, bändigen’
(WH. 1:367)
(Lat. domāre [inf.])
1. PIE *doɑɦmēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *doɑɦmāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. doɑɦmāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦmāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. doɦmāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *domāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. domāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. domā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *doɑɦmḗɑh-
RV. dāmā́-
(f.) ‘Seil’
(WbRV. 595)
(Brugmann’s law II, see SPIE 121ff.)
1. PIE *doɑɦmḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *doɑɦmā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. doɑɦmā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦmā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. doɦmā́h-
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *dāɦmā́h-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
4. dāɦmā́h-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dāmā́h-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dāmā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. dāmā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√dɑɦmnɑh-
PIE *déɑɦmnēɑh-
Aeol. δάμνᾱ-
(vb.) ‘bezähmen, bändigen, bewältigen’
(GEW 1:346)
(Aeol. δάμνα-)
1. PIE *déɑɦmnēɑh-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *dáɑɦmnēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. dáɑɦmnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dáɑɦmnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. dáɑɦmnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dáɦmnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. dáɦmnāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dámnāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dámnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dámnā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. dámnā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Aeol. δάμνᾱ-
PIE *doɑɦmnēɑh-
OIr. domna-
(vb.) ‘festbinden, bändigen’
(DIL. 180)
(OIr. domnaid)
1. PIE *doɑɦmnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *doɑɦmnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. doɑɦmnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦmnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. doɦmnāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *domnāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. domnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *domnā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. domnā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OIr. domna-
√dɑɦmi-
(IEW 272, SPIE 330-1)
(HIL. 951f., SHV 145, 146 fn. 29)
PIE *dɑɦōmi-
Hitt. dāmi-
(vb.) ‘anheften, -kleben, verkleben?’
(AHPh. 167)
(Hitt. tamenta [3pl]; mistakenly Oettinger SHV 94)
1. PIE *dɑɦōmi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦōmi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦōmi-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *dɦāmi-
3. dɦāmi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dāmi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦōming-
Hitt. dāming-
(vb.1.) ‘anheften, -kleben, verkleben?’
(HEG T:77-8)
1. PIE *dɑɦōming-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦōming-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦōming-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *dɦāming-
3. dɦāming-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dāming-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦṓming-
Gr. θώμινγ-
(f.) ‘Strick, Schnur, Band, Bogensehne’
(GEW 1:700)
(Gr. θῶμινγ-)
1. PIE *dɑɦṓming-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦṓming-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦṓming-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thṓming-
3. thṓming-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θώμινγ-


PIE √dɑɦn- √dɑɦen- √dɑɦon- (vb.) ‘binden’ (sb.) ‘Haar, Anschirrung, Tuch’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: OAnat. + IIr.)
√dɑɦōn-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɑɦedɑɦōno-
Hitt. dedāna-
(c.) ‘Haar’
(HEG T:345-6)
(Hitt. te-e-da-na-an [sgA], te-ta-nu-uš [plA])
1. PIE *dɑɦedɑɦōno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦedɦōno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦedɦōno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦedɦōna-
3. dɦedɦōna-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *dɦedɦāna-
4. dɦedɦāna-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dedāna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·dɑɦṓno-
RV. ā·dhā́na-
(n.) ‘Anschirrung’
(WbRV. 177)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦṓno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦṓno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦṓno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dɦṓna-
3. Π·dɦṓna-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *Π·dɦā́na-
4. Π·dɦā́na-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·dhā́na-
PIE *Π·dɑɦōno-
LAv. paiti.dāna·-
(m.) ‘Vortuch, Schutztuch, Brusttuch’
(AIWb. 830)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦōno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦōno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦōno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dɦōna-
3. Π·dɦōna-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·dɦāna-
4. Π·dɦāna-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·dāna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·dāna-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
Rd›δ → LAv. Π·δāna-
PIE *dɑɦodɑɦōnei̯o-
Hitt. dadānei̯a-
(URU.) ‘(bei ›Šalma)’ (OGHErg. 165)
(OGH. 413)
(Hitt. ta-ta-ni-ia [All], ta-ta-[ni-ia ‹uncertain if here›)
1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦōnei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦōnei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦodɦōnei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦadɦōnei̯a-
3. dɦadɦōnei̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *dɦadɦānei̯a-
4. dɦadɦānei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dadānei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √dɑɦngu- (a.) ‘dunkel, schwarz, finster’
(IEW 247-248)
(Benveniste 1932b:142, Forrer apud Feist 1924:130n1)
√dɑɦon·dɑɦongu-
PIE *dɑɦon·dɑɦongu-
Hitt. dan·dangu-
(mc.) ‘(augure)’
(NOMS. 1243)
(Hitt. da-an-da-an-ku [Abs])
1. PIE *dɑɦon·dɑɦongu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦon·dɦongu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦon·dɦongu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦan·dɦangu-
3. dɦan·dɦangu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dan·dangu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦonguo-
PIE *dɑɦongu̯o-
Hitt. dangu̯a-
(a.) ‘schwarz, dunkel’
(HEG T:107-111)
(Hitt. ta-an-ku-ua-aš, dankua [plNA])
1. PIE *dɑɦongu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦongu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦongu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦangu̯a-
3. dɦangu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dangu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦongu̯o-
Hitt. dangu̯a-
(KUR.URU, URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 396)
(Hitt. da-an-ku-ua, ta-an-ku-ua; ‘(Der König von Ḫajaša) kam, griff das Land T. an und verwüstete es’)
1. PIE *dɑɦongu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦongu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦongu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦangu̯a-
3. dɦangu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dangu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦongu̯o
OIcl. dǫkk-
(a.) ‘finster, dunkelfarbig: sordes’
(ANEtWb. 92)
(OIcl. dǫkkr)
1. PIE *dɑɦongu̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦongu̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦongu̯o
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *dɦonku̯o
3. dɦonku̯o
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *donku̯o
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. donku̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *danku̯a
5. danku̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *danku̯
6. danku̯
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dankv
7. dankv
-v → Ø
Loss of -v in root-final position
R=v›=0 → OIcl. dank
√dɑɦonguēɑh-
PIE *dɑɦongu̯ēɑh-
Hitt. dangu̯āḫ-
(vb.fact.M.) ‘schwarz machen’
(HHand. 164)
1. PIE *dɑɦongu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦongu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦongu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦongu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦongu̯āh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦangu̯āh-
4. dɦangu̯āh-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dangu̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. dangu̯āh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. dangu̯āḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *dɑɦongu̯ēɑhiski̯e/o-
Hitt. dangu̯āḫiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘schwarz machen’
(HEG T:111)
1. PIE *dɑɦongu̯ēɑhiski̯e/o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦongu̯āɑhiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦongu̯āɑhiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦongu̯āhiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦongu̯āhiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *dɦongu̯āhisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dɦongu̯āhisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦangu̯āhisḱe/a-
5. dɦangu̯āhisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *dɦangu̯āhiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. dɦangu̯āhiske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dangu̯āhiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. dangu̯āhiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *dangu̯āhiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
8. dangu̯āhiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. dangu̯āḫiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√dɑɦonguor-
PIE *u̯on·dɑɦongu̯or-
Pal. u̯an·dangu̯ar-
(n.) ‘ohne Dunkel’
(HHand. 194)
(‹contains Pal. uan- ‘un-, ohne’›)
1. PIE *u̯on·dɑɦongu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯on·dɦongu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯on·dɦongu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯an·dɦangu̯ar-
3. u̯an·dɦangu̯ar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Pal. u̯an·dangu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √dɑɦb- (vb.) ‘schlagen’
(IEW 233 [diff.])
(Pyysalo: LinB. + Hitt.)
√dēɑɦb-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG T:137, HIL. –)
PIE *dḗɑɦb-
Lith. dób-
(vb.) ‘stechen, entkräften, überwältigen, zu Tode quälen’
(LiEtWb. 99)
(Lith. dóbti [inf.])
1. PIE *dḗɑɦb-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *dā́ɑɦb-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dā́ɑɦb-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dā́ɦb-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dā́ɦb-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dā́b-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dā́b-
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *dṓb-
(XX:XX)
5. dṓb-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → Lith. dób-
PIE *dēɑɦb-
Latv. dāb-
(vb.) ‘schlagen’
(LiEtWb. 99)
(Latv. dābt [inf.])
1. PIE *dēɑɦb-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dāɑɦb-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dāɑɦb-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dāɦb-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dāɦb-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Latv. dāb-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *dḗɑɦbio-
Lith. dóbia-
(vb.) ‘stechen, entkräften, überwältigen, zu Tode quälen’
(LiEtWb. 99)
(Lith. dóbiu)
1. PIE *dḗɑɦbio-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *dā́ɑɦbio-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dā́ɑɦbio-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dā́ɦbio-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dā́ɦbio-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dā́bio-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dā́bio-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dā́bia-
5. dā́bia-
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *dṓbia-
(XX:XX)
6. dṓbia-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → Lith. dóbia-
PIE *dēɑɦbio-
Latv. dābia-
(vb.) ‘schlagen’
(LiEtWb. 99)
(Latv. dābiu)
1. PIE *dēɑɦbio-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dāɑɦbio-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dāɑɦbio-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dāɦbio-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dāɦbio-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dābio-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dābio-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Latv. dābia-
PIE *dēɑɦb·Σ
Hitt. dāḫb·šitai-
(n.) ‘Schlachtblock’
(HHand. 158)
(Hitt. taḫapšitai-)
1. PIE *dēɑɦb·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dāɑɦb·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dāɑɦb·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dāɦb·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dāɦb·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. dāḫb·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *dēɑɦb·Σ
Hitt. dāḫb·zitai-
(n.) ‘Schlachtblock’
(HHand. 158)
(Hitt. taḫapzitai-)
1. PIE *dēɑɦb·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dāɑɦb·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dāɑɦb·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dāɦb·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dāɦb·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. dāḫb·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *dēɑɦburindɑɦo-
LinB. δαβυρινθο-
(m.) ‘labyrinth ‹i.e. ‘double axe?’›’
(GEW 2:67)
(LinB. da-pu2-ri-to)
1. PIE *dēɑɦburindɑɦo-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dāɑɦburindɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dāɑɦburindɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dāɦburindɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dāɦburindɦo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dāburindɦo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dāburindɦo-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *dāburintho-
5. dāburintho-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *daburintho-
6. daburintho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → LinB. δαβυρινθο-
PIE *po·dēɑɦbusi-
Lith. pa·dobusi-
(pt.) ‘übergewältig, besiegend’
(LiEtWb. 99)
1. PIE *po·dēɑɦbusi-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *po·dāɑɦbusi-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. po·dāɑɦbusi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *po·dāɦbusi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. po·dāɦbusi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *po·dābusi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. po·dābusi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pa·dābusi-
5. pa·dābusi-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *pa·dōbusi-
(XX:XX)
6. pa·dōbusi-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Lith. pa·dobusi-


PIE √dɑɦopɑh- √dɑɦobɑh- (sb.) ‘Himmel, Wolke’
(IEW 315-316)
(Hrozný 1919:72n5; Kronasser VLFH 228)
√dɑɦopɑhos-
(Or PIE *dɑɦobɑɦos with Čop’s law (see Čop 1970:90)?)
PIE *dɑɦopɑhos-
CLu. dapaš-
(n.) ‘Himmel’ (HEG T:131, HHand. 165)
(DLL. 91-92)
(CLu. tap-pa-aš-ša [sgN], ta-ap-pa-aš-ša, tap-pa-ši(-tar) [sgL], CLuLex. 208)
1. PIE *dɑɦopɑhos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦophos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦophos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦaphas-
3. dɦaphas-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *dɦapas-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dɦapas-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dapas-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. dapas-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. dapaš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦopɑhoso·it-
CLu. dapaša·it-
(n.) ‘Himmel’
(DLL. 91)
(CLu. tap-pa-ša-it = Hitt. nepiš(-ma))
1. PIE *dɑɦopɑhoso·it-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦophoso·it-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦophoso·it-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦaphasa·it-
3. dɦaphasa·it-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *dɦapasa·it-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dɦapasa·it-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dapasa·it-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. dapasa·it-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. dapaša·it-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦopɑhosonto-
Hitt. dapašanta-
(URU.) ‘(Ḫuzzija (…) zum Herrn von T. gemacht)’
(OGH. 400)
(Hitt. tap-pa-aš-ša-an-da)
1. PIE *dɑɦopɑhosonto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦophosonto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦophosonto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦaphasanta-
3. dɦaphasanta-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *dɦapasanta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dɦapasanta-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dapasanta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. dapasanta-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. dapašanta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦopɑhosontei-
CLu. dapašantei-
(c.) ‘Himmel’ (HHand. 165)
(DLL. 91)
(CLu. tap-pa-ša-an-ti-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *dɑɦopɑhosontei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦophosontei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦophosontei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦaphasantei-
3. dɦaphasantei-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *dɦapasantei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dɦapasantei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dapasantei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. dapasantei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. dapašantei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦopɑhes-
PIE *dɑɦopɑhes-
CLu. dapeš-
(n.) ‘Himmel?’
(DLL. 91, KLuN. 97-9)
(CLu. tap-peš-ša [plN], tap-pe-eš-ša)
1. PIE *dɑɦopɑhes-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦophes-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦophes-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦaphes-
3. dɦaphes-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *dɦapes-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dɦapes-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dapes-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. dapes-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. dapeš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦebɑɦos-
(IEW 315-6 [diff.])
(HEG T:131)
PIE *dɑɦebɑɦos-
HLu. debaš-
(CAELUMn.) ‘Himmel’
(CHLu. 2.29.4)
(HLu. ti-pa-sa [sgN], (‘CAELUM’)ti-pa-sá)
1. PIE *dɑɦebɑɦos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦebɦos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦebɦos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦebɦas-
3. dɦebɦas-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *debas-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. debas-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. debaš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦebɑɦosori-
HLu. debašari-
(CAELUM.) ‘‹‘heaven·RI’ or Abl of debaš- ‘Himmel’?›’
(CHLu. 10.14.14)
(HLu. (“CAELUM”)ti-pa-sa-ri+i)
1. PIE *dɑɦebɑɦosori-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦebɦosori-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦebɦosori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦebɦasari-
3. dɦebɦasari-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *debasari-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. debasari-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. debašari-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦebɑɦoso·si-
HLu. debaša·ši-
(CAELUMa.) ‘heavenly’
(CHLu. 6.4.2)
(HLu. CAELUM-sa-si-na)
1. PIE *dɑɦebɑɦoso·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦebɦoso·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦebɦoso·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦebɦasa·si-
3. dɦebɦasa·si-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *debasa·si-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. debasa·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. debaša·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦebɑɦosontei-
HLu. debašantei-
(CAELUMc.) ‘heaven’
(CHLu. 6.2.21)
(HLu. (‘CAELUM’)ti-pa-sa-ti-sa)
1. PIE *dɑɦebɑɦosontei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦebɦosontei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦebɦosontei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦebɦasantei-
3. dɦebɦasantei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *debasantei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. debasantei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. debašantei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦebɑɦosi-
HLu. debaši-
(CAELUMa.) ‘heaven’
(CHLu. 2.22.2)
(HLu. (‘CAELUM’)ti-pa-si)
1. PIE *dɑɦebɑɦosi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦebɦosi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦebɦosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦebɦasi-
3. dɦebɦasi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *debasi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. debasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. debaši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦebɑɦes-
PIE *dɑɦebɑɦes-
Lith. debes-
(m.obl.) ‘Wolke’
(LiEtWb. 85)
(Lith. debesų̃ [plG])
1. PIE *dɑɦebɑɦes-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦebɦes-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦebɦes-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *dɦebes-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. dɦebes-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → Lith. debes-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *dɑɦebɑɦes-
Latv. debes-
(f.) ‘Himmel’
(LiEtWb. 85)
(Latv. debess [sgN])
1. PIE *dɑɦebɑɦes-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦebɦes-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦebɦes-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *dɦebes-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. dɦebes-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → Latv. debes-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *dɑɦebɑɦesí-
Lith. debesì-
(m.3.) ‘Wolke’
(LiEtWb. 85)
(Lith. debesìs, debesiẽs)
1. PIE *dɑɦebɑɦesí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦebɦesí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦebɦesí-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *dɦebɦesì-
3. dɦebɦesì-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *dɦebesì-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dɦebesì-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → Lith. debesì-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)


PIE √dɑɦr- √dɑɦer- √dɑɦor- (vb.) ‘halten, tragen, bewahren, schützen usw.’
(IEW 252ff.)
(Pyysalo: IIr. + Hitt.+ CLu.)
√dɑɦōreio-
(HIL. 970)
(HEG T:171f. [diff.])
PIE *dɑɦōrei̯o-
OPers. dāraya-
(pr.tr.) ‘hold’ (intr.) ‘dwell’
(OldP. 189)
(OPers. dārayāmiy [1sg])
1. PIE *dɑɦōrei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦōrei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦōrei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦōrei̯a-
3. dɦōrei̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *dɦārei̯a-
4. dɦārei̯a-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dārei̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. dārei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *dārai̯a-
6. dārai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OPers. dāraya-
PIE *Π·dɑɦōrei̯o-
Hitt. giman·dārei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘überwintern’
(HEG K:573)
(Hitt. gi-im-ma-an-da-ar-ia-nu-un; HED 4:143ff., Rieken 1999:77, HIL. 350f. Suffix not *·arii̯a- (against Eichner (1979:56), but ·darei̯a-; Hitt. giman· corresponds to OInd. héman (EWA 2:819))
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦōrei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦōrei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦōrei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dɦōrei̯a-
3. Π·dɦōrei̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·dɦārei̯a-
4. Π·dɦārei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·dārei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦōréi̯o
RV. dhāráya-
(cs.) ‘tragen, bewahren’
(WbRV. 692)
1. PIE *dɑɦōréi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦōréi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦōréi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦōréi̯a
3. dɦōréi̯a
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *dɦāréi̯a
4. dɦāréi̯a
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *dɦārái̯a
5. dɦārái̯a
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *dhārái̯a
6. dhārái̯a
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. dhāráya
PIE *dɑɦōrei̯o-
Hitt. dārei̯a-
(vb.) ‘‹tragen, bewahren, schützen?›’
(KUB 24.9(+) i 23-26)
(Hitt. na-an-ua da-a-ri-ia-u-en nu-ua i-na-[an] a-ni-ia-u-e-en)
1. PIE *dɑɦōrei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦōrei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦōrei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦōrei̯a-
3. dɦōrei̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *dɦārei̯a-
4. dɦārei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dārei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·dɑɦōrei̯o-
Hitt. anda dārei̯a·-
(vb.) ‘‹tragen, bewahren, schützen?›’
(KBo 4.12 i. 5-8)
(Hitt. ŠU-i da-a-iš na-aš mu-kán an-da da-a-ri-ia-at, cf. HIL. 970)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦōrei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦōrei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦōrei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dɦōrei̯a-
3. Π·dɦōrei̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·dɦārei̯a-
4. Π·dɦārei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·dārei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦōrei̯ét·keɑhu̯i-
RV. dhārayát·kavi-
(a.) ‘die Weisen tragend, schützend’
(WbRV. 678)
1. PIE *dɑɦōrei̯ét·keɑhu̯i-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *dɑɦōrei̯ét·kaɑhu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. dɑɦōrei̯ét·kaɑhu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦōrei̯ét·kahu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦōrei̯ét·kahu̯i-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *dɦārei̯ét·kahu̯i-
4. dɦārei̯ét·kahu̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦārei̯ét·kau̯i-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦārei̯ét·kau̯i-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *dɦārai̯ét·kau̯i-
6. dɦārai̯ét·kau̯i-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *dɦārai̯át·kau̯i-
7. dɦārai̯át·kau̯i-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dɦārai̯át·kavi-
8. dɦārai̯át·kavi-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *dhārai̯át·kavi-
9. dhārai̯át·kavi-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. dhārayát·kavi-
PIE *dɑɦōrei̯o-
gAv. dāraya-
(cs.) ‘zurück-, fernhalten’
(AIWb. 738)
(gAv. dārayō [inf.])
1. PIE *dɑɦōrei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦōrei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦōrei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦōrei̯a-
3. dɦōrei̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *dɦārei̯a-
4. dɦārei̯a-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dārei̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. dārei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *dārai̯a-
6. dārai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → gAv. dāraya-
PIE *Π·dɑɦōrei̯ont-
Hitt. inarau̯aš (...) dārei̯ant-
(pt.) ‘‹deliberately delaying? (cf. HEG T:173)›’
(KBo 3.6 ++ iii)
(i)]n-na-ra-u-ua-aš-ma-aš da-a-ri-ia-an-te-eš)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦōrei̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦōrei̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦōrei̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dɦōrei̯ant-
3. Π·dɦōrei̯ant-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·dɦārei̯ant-
4. Π·dɦārei̯ant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·dārei̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦōriso-
PIE *nonun·dɑɦoriso-
CLu. nanun·dariša-
(a.gen.) ‘present, actuel: gegenwärtig’
(DLL. 74)
(CLu. [n]a-nu-un-tar-ri-š[a])
1. PIE *nonun·dɑɦoriso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nonun·dɦoriso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. nonun·dɦoriso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nanun·dɦarisa-
3. nanun·dɦarisa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *nanun·darisa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. nanun·darisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. nanun·dariša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ēpo·dɑɦoriso-
CLu. ēpa·dariša-
(vb.) ‘‹≈ to hold behind/away?›’
(DLL. 52)
(CLu. (i)-ip-pa-tar-re-(eš)-ša-(at)-ta [3sg] malḫaššaššin EN)
1. PIE *ēpo·dɑɦoriso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ēpo·dɦoriso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ēpo·dɦoriso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ēpa·dɦarisa-
3. ēpa·dɦarisa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ēpa·darisa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ēpa·darisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. ēpa·dariša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *pulon·dɑɦoriso-
Hitt. pulan·dariša-
(URU.) ‘(Kultlieferungen für Pirwa)’
(OGH. 322)
(Hitt. pu-la-an-ta-ri-iš-ša [Stf.])
1. PIE *pulon·dɑɦoriso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pulon·dɦoriso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pulon·dɦoriso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pulan·dɦarisa-
3. pulan·dɦarisa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *pulan·darisa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. pulan·darisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. pulan·dariša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦruuo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɑɦruu̯ó-
RV. dhruvá-
(a.) ‘feststehend, bleibend, ausdauernd, bestimmt’
(WbRV. 697)
1. PIE *dɑɦruu̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦruu̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦruu̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *dɦruu̯á-
3. dɦruu̯á-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dɦruvá-
4. dɦruvá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dhruvá-
PIE *Π·dɑɦruu̯ontei-
CLu. šuna·druu̯antei-
(a.) ‘reichhaltig’
(HHand. 115)
(CLu. šunatruu̯anti-)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦruu̯ontei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦruu̯ontei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦruu̯ontei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dɦruu̯antei-
3. Π·dɦruu̯antei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. Π·druu̯antei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦruui-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɑɦruu̯i-
CLu. druu̯i-
(a.) ‘‹if ‘fest, feststehend, unbeweglich?’›’
(DLL. 94)
(CLu. GÌRMEŠ-ta-tu tar-ú-e-ia i-iš-ša-ra-d[u..., KUB 35 102+103, HEG T:236)
1. PIE *dɑɦruu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦruu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦruu̯i-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. druu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦrúu̯i-
RV. dhrúvi-
(a.) ‘fest, feststehend, unbeweglich’
(WbRV. 698)
1. PIE *dɑɦrúu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦrúu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦrúu̯i-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dɦrúvi-
3. dɦrúvi-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dhrúvi-
√dɑɦrui-
PIE *dɑɦḗdɑɦru̯i-
RV. dā́dhr̥vi-
(a.int.) ‘kräftig zum Tragen, tragend’
(WbRV. 593)
1. PIE *dɑɦḗdɑɦru̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦḗdɦru̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦḗdɦru̯i-
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → *dɦḗdɦr̥u̯i-
3. dɦḗdɦr̥u̯i-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *dḗdɦr̥u̯i-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
4. dḗdɦr̥u̯i-
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → *dā́dɦr̥u̯i-
5. dā́dɦr̥u̯i-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dā́dɦr̥vi-
6. dā́dɦr̥vi-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dā́dhr̥vi-


PIE √dɑɦr- √doɑɦr- √dɑɦor- (vb.) ‘geben’
(IEW 223ff.)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + TochB.)
√dōɑɦr-
PIE *dṓɑɦro-
Gr. δώρο-
(n.) ‘Geschenk’
(GEW 1:430)
(Gr. δῶρον)
1. PIE *dṓɑɦro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dṓɦro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dṓɦro-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dṓro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dṓro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. δώρο-
PIE *dōɑɦro
OCS. darŭ-
(m.) ‘Gabe, Geschenk, Dank’
(Sadnik √132)
(OCS. darŭ)
1. PIE *dōɑɦro
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dōɦro
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dōɦro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dōɦra
3. dōɦra
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *dāɦra
4. dāɦra
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dāra
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dāra
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *dāro
6. dāro
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *dāru
7. dāru
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *daru
8. daru
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. darŭ
√dōɑɦrou-
PIE *dōɑɦrou̯ēɑh-
OCS. darova-
(vb.) ‘geben, schenken’
(Sadnik √132)
1. PIE *dōɑɦrou̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dōɑɦrou̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dōɑɦrou̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dōɦrou̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dōɦrou̯āh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dōɦrau̯āh-
4. dōɦrau̯āh-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *dāɦrau̯āh-
5. dāɦrau̯āh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dārau̯āh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. dārau̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dārau̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. dārau̯ā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *dārou̯ā-
8. dārou̯ā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dārovā-
9. dārovā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OCS. darova-
PIE *dōɑɦrou̯ēɑh·neii̯os
OCS. darova·nije-
(n.) ‘Dank, Gabe’
(Sadnik √132)
1. PIE *dōɑɦrou̯ēɑh·neii̯os
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dōɑɦrou̯āɑh·neii̯os
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dōɑɦrou̯āɑh·neii̯os
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dōɦrou̯āh·neii̯os
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dōɦrou̯āh·neii̯os
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dōɦrau̯āh·neii̯as
4. dōɦrau̯āh·neii̯as
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *dāɦrau̯āh·neii̯as
5. dāɦrau̯āh·neii̯as
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dārau̯āh·neii̯as
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. dārau̯āh·neii̯as
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dārau̯ā·neii̯as
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. dārau̯ā·neii̯as
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *dārou̯ā·neii̯os
8. dārou̯ā·neii̯os
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in -os (root-final)
Ros=›o= → *dārou̯ā·neii̯o
9. dārou̯ā·neii̯o
*-i̯o → -i̯e
Change of root-final -i̯o to -i̯e
Ri̯o=›i̯e= → *dārou̯ā·neii̯e
10. dārou̯ā·neii̯e
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *dārou̯ā·nīi̯e
11. dārou̯ā·nīi̯e
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dārovā·nīi̯e
12. dārovā·nīi̯e
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *dārovā·nīje
13. dārovā·nīje
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *darova·nīje
14. darova·nīje
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → OCS. darova·nije
√dɑɦorou-
(HEG T:154)
PIE *Π·dɑɦorou̯ei-
CLu. pri darau̯ei·-
(vb.) ‘übergeben, ausliefern: deliver’
(DLL. 92)
(CLu. pari ta-ra-a-u-i-it-ta)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦorou̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦorou̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦorou̯ei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dɦarau̯ei-
3. Π·dɦarau̯ei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. Π·darau̯ei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦorou̯oi-
Hitt. darau̯ai-
(vb.) ‘stiften, ausstatten’
(HEG T:154)
(Hitt. tar-ra-a-u-ua-it [3sg])
1. PIE *dɑɦorou̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦorou̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦorou̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦarau̯ai-
3. dɦarau̯ai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. darau̯ai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·dɑɦorou̯oi̯o-
Hitt. biama·darau̯aa-
(mc.) ‘‹gift·giving?›’
(NOMS. 982)
(Hitt. pí-ia-ma-ta-ra-u-ua-a-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦorou̯oi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦorou̯oi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦorou̯oi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dɦarau̯ai̯a-
3. Π·dɦarau̯ai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *Π·dɦarau̯aa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. Π·dɦarau̯aa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·darau̯aa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦruGɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɑɦrugɑɦo-
Hitt. druga-
(URU.) ‘(= URUtauga-, ›Tumana (...) ›Kapiruha)’
(OGH. 408-9)
(Hitt. ta-ru-ga-an, da-ru-uq-qam, DKašk. 42, 103, OGHErg. 163)
1. PIE *dɑɦrugɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦrugɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦrugɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦrugɦa-
3. dɦrugɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. druga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦrugɑɦo-
Hitt. druga-
(KUR URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 408-9)
(Hitt. ta-a-ru-ug-ga-az)
1. PIE *dɑɦrugɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦrugɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦrugɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦrugɦa-
3. dɦrugɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. druga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦrugɑɦēɑh-
TochB. trukā-
(vb.) ‘allot’ (ger.) ‘allotment’
(DTochB. 317)
(TochB. trukāle, LeTokh. 516)
1. PIE *dɑɦrugɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦrugɑɦāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦrugɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦrugɦāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦrugɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦrugɦā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦrugɦā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *drugɦā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. drugɦā-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *drugā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. drugā-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *drukā-
7. drukā-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → TochB. trukā-
PIE *dɑɦrugɑɦno-
TochB. trukna-
(vb.) ‘give’ (ger.) ‘be given’
(DTochB. 317)
(TochB. truknālle)
1. PIE *dɑɦrugɑɦno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦrugɦno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦrugɦno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦrugɦna-
3. dɦrugɦna-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *drugɦna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. drugɦna-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *drugna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. drugna-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *drukna-
6. drukna-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → TochB. trukna-
PIE *dɑɦrougɑɦoul-
TochB. trokol-
(sb.) ‘≈ provisions’
(DTochB. 317)
1. PIE *dɑɦrougɑɦoul-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦrougɦoul-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦrougɦoul-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦraugɦaul-
3. dɦraugɦaul-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *draugɦaul-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. draugɦaul-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *draugaul-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. draugaul-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *draukaul-
6. draukaul-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *traukaul-
7. traukaul-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *trōkōl-
8. trōkōl-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. trokol-


PIE √dɑɦor- (sb.) ‘Platz, Stelle’ (adv.) ‘hier, hierher’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: CLu. + Goth.)
√dɑɦor-
PIE *·dɑɦor
CLu. ·dar
(encl.loc.ptcl.) ‘hier’
(DLL. 92)
(CLu. ·dar)
1. PIE *·dɑɦor
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *·dɦor
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ·dɦor
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *·dɦar
3. ·dɦar
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. ·dar
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦr-
PIE *ki̯i·dɑɦrē
Goth. hi·dre
(adv.) ‘hierher: hither, to this place: ὧδε: huc’
(GoEtD. H61)
(Goth. hidre Luk 14,21 CA; Mrk 11,3 CA)
1. PIE *ki̯i·dɑɦrē
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ki̯i·dɦrē
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ki̯i·dɦrē
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱi·dɦrē
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ḱi·dɦrē
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ki·dɦrē
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ki·dɦrē
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xi·dɦrē
5. xi·dɦrē
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *xi·drē
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. xi·drē
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hi·drē
7. hi·drē
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → Goth. hi·dre
PIE *ki̯i·dɑɦrei
Goth. hi·drei
(adv.) ‘hierher: hither, to this place: ὧδε: huc’
(GoEtD. H61)
(Goth. hidrei Luk 9,41 CA, GoElB. 192C2, HbGo. 193,3)
1. PIE *ki̯i·dɑɦrei
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ki̯i·dɦrei
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ki̯i·dɦrei
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱi·dɦrei
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ḱi·dɦrei
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ki·dɦrei
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ki·dɦrei
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xi·dɦrei
5. xi·dɦrei
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *xi·drei
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. xi·drei
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *xi·drī
7. xi·drī
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hi·drī
8. hi·drī
*ī → ei
Orthographic change of *ī into ei
Rī›ei → Goth. hi·drei


PIE √dɑɦribɑɦ- √dɑɦroibɑɦ- √dɑɦreibɑɦ- (vb.) ‘treiben, plagen, spritzen’
(IEW 274)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Lith.)
√dɑɦribɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɑɦríbɑɦ-
Lith. drìb-
(vb.) ‘in Flocken niederfallen, hinplumpsen’
(LiEtWb. 104)
1. PIE *dɑɦríbɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦríbɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦríbɦ-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *dɦrìbɦ-
3. dɦrìbɦ-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *dɦrìb-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dɦrìb-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → Lith. drìb-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *dɑɦribɑɦ-
Hitt. drib-
(vb.) ‘‹fall upon?›’
(HEG T:176)
(Hitt. i-da-lu UL ku-it-ki tar-ri-pu [ipv3sg?] ‘let no evil whatsoever fall upon’?, HHand. 168, in Orakeltext)
1. PIE *dɑɦribɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦribɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦribɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. drib-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦribɑɦo-
Hitt. driba-
(URU.) ‘(neben Širašata, Ḫapurija, Lušaši u.a.)’
(OGH. 406)
(Hitt. ta-ri-pa-an “(br. Itinerar; Ereignisse im Westen Anatoliens).”)
1. PIE *dɑɦribɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦribɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦribɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦribɦa-
3. dɦribɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. driba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦribɑɦo·Σ
HLu. driba·u̯ara-
(?.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 2.62.fr1)
(if in HLu. ...t]ara/i?-i-pa-wa/i+ra/i? ‹uncertain if here›)
1. PIE *dɑɦribɑɦo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦribɦo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦribɦo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦribɦa·Σ
3. dɦribɦa·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. driba·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦroibɑɦ-
PIE *dɑɦroibɑɦei-
Goth. draibei-
(pr.) ‘ἐλαύνειν, σκύλλειν/-εσθαι (sik): agere, vexare’
(GoEtD. D33)
(Goth. draibei Luk 7,6 CA, draibeis Mrk 5,35 CA)
1. PIE *dɑɦroibɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦroibɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦroibɦei-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *dɦroibei-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. dɦroibei-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *droibei-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. droibei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *draibei-
5. draibei-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *draibī-
6. draibī-
*ī → ei
Orthographic change of *ī into ei
Rī›ei → Goth. draibei-
PIE *dɑɦroibɑɦito
Goth. draibiþ-
(pt.) ‘(an)treiben, plagen: drive, compel to go’
(GoEtD. D33)
(Goth. draibiþs Luk 8,29 CA, HbGo. 239,3b)
1. PIE *dɑɦroibɑɦito
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦroibɦito
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦroibɦito
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *dɦroibɦiþo
3. dɦroibɦiþo
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *dɦroibiþo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dɦroibiþo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *droibiþo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. droibiþo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *draibiþa
6. draibiþa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Goth. draibiþ


PIE √dɑɦru- √dɑɦoru- √dɑɦeru- (a.) ‘gesund, heil’ (sb.) ‘Gesundheit’
(IEW 216)
(Pyysalo: OCS. + CLu. + Av.)
√dɑɦoruo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *su·dɑɦoru̯o
OCS. sŭ·dravŭ
(a.) ‘gesund’
(Sadnik √159)
(OCS. sŭdravŭ)
1. PIE *su·dɑɦoru̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *su·dɦoru̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. su·dɦoru̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su·dɦaru̯a
3. su·dɦaru̯a
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *su·daru̯a
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. su·daru̯a
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *su·doru̯o
5. su·doru̯o
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *su·doru̯u
6. su·doru̯u
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *su·dorvu
7. su·dorvu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. sŭ·dorvŭ
PIE *ne·su·dɑɦoru̯o
OCS. ne·sŭ·dravŭ
(a.) ‘ungesund, krank’
(Sadnik √159)
1. PIE *ne·su·dɑɦoru̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ne·su·dɦoru̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ne·su·dɦoru̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ne·su·dɦaru̯a
3. ne·su·dɦaru̯a
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *ne·su·daru̯a
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ne·su·daru̯a
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *ne·su·doru̯o
5. ne·su·doru̯o
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *ne·su·doru̯u
6. ne·su·doru̯u
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *ne·su·dorvu
7. ne·su·dorvu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. ne·sŭ·dorvŭ
PIE *pri·dɑɦoru̯o·li-
CLu. pri·daru̯ali-
(a.) ‘gesund’
(HHand. 122)
(CLu. parittarwallia-, paritarwallia- ‹not ‘rushing’ or ‘animal’›)
1. PIE *pri·dɑɦoru̯o·li-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pri·dɦoru̯o·li-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pri·dɦoru̯o·li-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pri·dɦaru̯a·li-
3. pri·dɦaru̯a·li-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. pri·daru̯a·li-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *pri·dɑɦoru̯o·so-
CLu. pri·daru̯aša-
(a.) ‘gesund’
(HHand. 122)
(Weitenberg (1984:296): parittaruašš[a] ‹not ‘rushing’ or ‘animal’›)
1. PIE *pri·dɑɦoru̯o·so-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pri·dɦoru̯o·so-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pri·dɦoru̯o·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pri·dɦaru̯a·sa-
3. pri·dɦaru̯a·sa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *pri·daru̯a·sa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. pri·daru̯a·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. pri·daru̯a·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *su·dɑɦoru̯eii̯os
OCS. sŭ·dravije-
(n.) ‘Gesundheit, Gesundung’
(Sadnik √159)
1. PIE *su·dɑɦoru̯eii̯os
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *su·dɦoru̯eii̯os
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. su·dɦoru̯eii̯os
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su·dɦaru̯eii̯as
3. su·dɦaru̯eii̯as
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *su·daru̯eii̯as
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. su·daru̯eii̯as
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *su·doru̯eii̯os
5. su·doru̯eii̯os
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in -os (root-final)
Ros=›o= → *su·doru̯eii̯o
6. su·doru̯eii̯o
*-i̯o → -i̯e
Change of root-final -i̯o to -i̯e
Ri̯o=›i̯e= → *su·doru̯eii̯e
7. su·doru̯eii̯e
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *su·doru̯īi̯e
8. su·doru̯īi̯e
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *su·dorvīi̯e
9. su·dorvīi̯e
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *su·dorvīje
10. su·dorvīje
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → *su·dorvije
11. su·dorvije
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. sŭ·dorvije
√dɑɦruuo-
PIE *dɑɦruu̯o-
LAv. druva-
(a.) ‘gesund, heil’
(AIWb. 782)
(in LAv. drva-)
1. PIE *dɑɦruu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦruu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦruu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦruu̯a-
3. dɦruu̯a-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *druu̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. druu̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. druva-
PIE *dɑɦruu̯o·tēɑht-
LAv. druva·tāt-
(f.) ‘Gesundheit, Heiltum’
(AIWb. 782)
(in LAv. drvatāt-)
1. PIE *dɑɦruu̯o·tēɑht-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦruu̯o·tāɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦruu̯o·tāɑht-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦruu̯o·tāht-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦruu̯o·tāht-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦruu̯a·tāht-
4. dɦruu̯a·tāht-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦruu̯a·tāt-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦruu̯a·tāt-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *druu̯a·tāt-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. druu̯a·tāt-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. druva·tāt-
PIE *dɑɦruu̯o.Σ
LAv. ·druvō.čašman-
(a.) ‘mit Gesunden, heilen Augen’
(AIWb. 783)
(in LAv. drvō.čašman-)
1. PIE *dɑɦruu̯o.Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦruu̯o.Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦruu̯o.Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦruu̯a.Σ
3. dɦruu̯a.Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *druu̯a.Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. druu̯a.Σ
a. → ō.
Change of a. into ō. in morpheme border
Ra›ō → *druu̯ō.Σ
5. druu̯ō.Σ
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. ·druvō.Σ
PIE *dɑɦruu̯o.Σ
LAv. ·druvō.aparǝnāyuka-
(a.) ‘die Kinder gesund erhaltend’
(AIWb. 783)
(in LAv. drvō.aparǝnāyuka-)
1. PIE *dɑɦruu̯o.Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦruu̯o.Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦruu̯o.Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦruu̯a.Σ
3. dɦruu̯a.Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *druu̯a.Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. druu̯a.Σ
a. → ō.
Change of a. into ō. in morpheme border
Ra›ō → *druu̯ō.Σ
5. druu̯ō.Σ
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. ·druvō.Σ
PIE *dɑɦruu̯o.Σ
LAv. ·druvō.vīra-
(a.) ‘der gesunde Männer/Leute besitzt’
(AIWb. 783)
(in LAv. drvō.vīra-)
1. PIE *dɑɦruu̯o.Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦruu̯o.Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦruu̯o.Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦruu̯a.Σ
3. dɦruu̯a.Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *druu̯a.Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. druu̯a.Σ
a. → ō.
Change of a. into ō. in morpheme border
Ra›ō → *druu̯ō.Σ
5. druu̯ō.Σ
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. ·druvō.Σ


PIE √dɑɦs- √dɑɦos- √dɑɦes- (a.) ‘stark, fest, schwer, wichtig’ (sb.) ‘Stärke, Kraft, Gott’
(IEW 269 [diff.])
(Pyysalo: Gr. + OAnat.; for the semantics, cf. Hitt. naki- ‘schwer usw.’, TochA. ñkät- ‘Gott’)
√dɑɦes-
(IEW 269 [diff.])
PIE *dɑɦés·ki̯elo-
Gr. θέσ·κελο-
(a.) ‘herrlich, wunderbar’
(GEW 1:667)
1. PIE *dɑɦés·ki̯elo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦés·ki̯elo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦés·ki̯elo-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *dɦés·ḱelo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. dɦés·ḱelo-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thés·ḱelo-
4. thés·ḱelo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *thés·kelo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. thés·kelo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θέσ·κελο-
PIE *dɑɦes·pétsii̯o-
Gr. θεσ·πέσιο-
(a.) ‘göttlich, gewaltig, wundervoll’
(GEW 1:667)
1. PIE *dɑɦes·pétsii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦes·pétsii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦes·pétsii̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thes·pétsii̯o-
3. thes·pétsii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *thes·pétsio-
4. thes·pétsio-
*ts → s
Loss of dental in *ts
Rts›s → *thes·pésio-
5. thes·pésio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θεσ·πέσιο-
PIE *dɑɦés·pi-
Gr. θέσ·πι-
(a.) ‘göttlich, gewaltig, wundervoll’
(GEW 1:667)
(Gr. θέσπις, θέσπιν)
1. PIE *dɑɦés·pi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦés·pi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦés·pi-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thés·pi-
3. thés·pi-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θέσ·πι-
PIE *dɑɦés·bɑɦeɑhto-
Gr. θέσ·φατο-
(a.) ‘von einem Gott verkündet, bestimmt’
(GEW 1:668)
1. PIE *dɑɦés·bɑɦeɑhto-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *dɑɦés·bɑɦaɑhto-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. dɑɦés·bɑɦaɑhto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦés·bɦahto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦés·bɦahto-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦés·bɦato-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦés·bɦato-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *dɦés·phato-
5. dɦés·phato-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thés·phato-
6. thés·phato-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θέσ·φατο-
√dɑɦeso-
PIE *dɑɦeso-
LinB. θεhο-
(m.f.) ‘Gott, Göttin’
(DMycGr. 409)
(LinB. te-o-jo = tehohjo [sgG])
1. PIE *dɑɦeso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeso-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *theso-
3. theso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *theho-
4. theho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → LinB. θεhο-
PIE *dɑɦesó-
Gr. θεό-
(m.) ‘Gott’
(GEW 1:662-3)
(Sync. 275)
1. PIE *dɑɦesó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦesó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦesó-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thesó-
3. thesó-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *thehó-
4. thehó-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *theó-
5. theó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θεό-
PIE *dɑɦesó·Σ
Gr. θεό·σσυτο-
(a.) ‘sent by the gods’
(LSJ. 792)
1. PIE *dɑɦesó·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦesó·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦesó·Σ
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thesó·Σ
3. thesó·Σ
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *thehó·Σ
4. thehó·Σ
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *theó·Σ
5. theó·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θεό·Σ
√dɑɦoso-
(HEG T:259f.)
(HIL. 985, Weitenberg 1984:146)
PIE *dɑɦoso-
Hitt. daša-
(a.) ‘stark, fest, schwer, wichtig, drückend’
(HEG T:259f.)
(Hitt. ta-aš-ša-i, Weitenberg 1984:146, HIL. 985)
1. PIE *dɑɦoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦoso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦasa-
3. dɦasa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dasa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. daša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦosonu-
Hitt. dašanu-
(cs.) ‘stark machen, stärken’
(HHand. 172)
1. PIE *dɑɦosonu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦosonu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦosonu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦasanu-
3. dɦasanu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dasanu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dasanu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. dašanu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦosonuski̯e/o-
Hitt. dašanuške/a-
(cs.) ‘stark machen, stärken’
(HHand. 172)
(HIL. 985)
1. PIE *dɑɦosonuski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦosonuski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦosonuski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *dɦosonusḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. dɦosonusḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦasanusḱe/a-
4. dɦasanusḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *dɦasanuske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. dɦasanuske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dasanuske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. dasanuske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. dašanuške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦosio-
PIE *dɑɦosi̯omo-
CLu. daši̯ama-
(n.) ‘Stärke, Kraft, Druck’
(HHand. 172)
1. PIE *dɑɦosi̯omo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦosi̯omo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦosi̯omo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦasi̯ama-
3. dɦasi̯ama-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dasi̯ama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dasi̯ama-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. daši̯ama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦosi̯omon-
CLu. daši̯aman-
(n.) ‘Bedrückung, Schwere’
(HHand. 172)
1. PIE *dɑɦosi̯omon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦosi̯omon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦosi̯omon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦasi̯aman-
3. dɦasi̯aman-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dasi̯aman-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dasi̯aman-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. daši̯aman-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦosi̯otor-
Hitt. daši̯atar-
(n.) ‘Stärke, Kraft, Druck’
(HHand. 172)
1. PIE *dɑɦosi̯otor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦosi̯otor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦosi̯otor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦasi̯atar-
3. dɦasi̯atar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dasi̯atar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dasi̯atar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. daši̯atar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦosi̯ou̯or-
Hitt. daši̯au̯ar-
(n.) ‘Stärke, Kraft, Druck’
(HHand. 172)
1. PIE *dɑɦosi̯ou̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦosi̯ou̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦosi̯ou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦasi̯au̯ar-
3. dɦasi̯au̯ar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dasi̯au̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dasi̯au̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. daši̯au̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦosnu-
PIE *dɑɦosnumor-
Hitt. dašnumar-
(n.) ‘Stärkung’
(HHand. 172)
1. PIE *dɑɦosnumor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦosnumor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦosnumor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦasnumar-
3. dɦasnumar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dasnumar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dasnumar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. dašnumar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦosnuski̯e/o-
Hitt. dašnuške/a-
(cs.) ‘stark machen, stärken’
(HHand. 172)
(HIL. 985)
1. PIE *dɑɦosnuski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦosnuski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦosnuski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *dɦosnusḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. dɦosnusḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦasnusḱe/a-
4. dɦasnusḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *dɦasnuske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. dɦasnuske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dasnuske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. dasnuske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. dašnuške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦosu-
PIE *dɑɦosou-
Hitt. dašau-
(a.) ‘stark, fest, schwer, wichtig, drückend’
(HIL. 985)
(Hitt. [d]a-aš-ša-ua-az [sgAbl])
1. PIE *dɑɦosou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦosou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦosou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦasau-
3. dɦasau-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dasau-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dasau-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. dašau-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦosu-
Hitt. dašu-
(a.) ‘stark, fest, schwer, wichtig, drückend’
(HHand. 172)
1. PIE *dɑɦosu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦosu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦosu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦasu-
3. dɦasu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dasu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dasu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. dašu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦosu̯ont-
Hitt. dašu̯ant-
(a.) ‘stark, fest, schwer, wichtig, drückend’
(HHand. 172)
1. PIE *dɑɦosu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦosu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦosu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦasu̯ant-
3. dɦasu̯ant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dasu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dasu̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. dašu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √dɑɦs- √dɑɦos- √dɑɦes- (a.) ‘scharf, spitz’ (sb.) ‘Axt, Beil, Berg’
(IEW 272)
(Čop 1955a:406-7; SPIE 150: Gr. + OInd.)
√dɑɦos- √dɑɦōs-
PIE *dɑɦosó-
Gr. θοό-
(a.) ‘scharf, spitz’
(GEW 1:678)
(Gr. θοός [sgN])
1. PIE *dɑɦosó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦosó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦosó-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thosó-
3. thosó-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *thohó-
4. thohó-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *thoó-
5. thoó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θοό-
PIE *dɑɦedɑɦósōɑh-
Gr. τεθόω-
(pf.) ‘zuspitzen’
(GEW 1:678)
(Gr. τεθοωμένος [pt.])
1. PIE *dɑɦedɑɦósōɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦedɦósōh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦedɦósōh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦedɦósō-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dɦedɦósō-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thethósō-
4. thethósō-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *thethóhō-
5. thethóhō-
*Th–Th → T–Th
Grassmann’s Law
Rtheth›teth → *tethóhō-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
6. tethóhō-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *tethóō-
7. tethóō-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τεθόω-
PIE *dɑɦōso-
OInd. dhāsa-
(m.) ‘Berg’
(EWA 3:278)
(OInd. dhāsas [sgN] ‹semantics not fully secure›)
1. PIE *dɑɦōso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦōso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦōso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦōsa-
3. dɦōsa-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *dɦāsa-
4. dɦāsa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. dhāsa-
√dɑɦes-
(Čop 1955a:406-7)
PIE *o·dɑɦes-
Hitt. a·deš-
(URUDUn.) ‘Axt, Beil’
(HEG A:94)
(HHand. 29, Rieken 1999:192-3 *h3edh-)
1. PIE *o·dɑɦes-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·dɦes-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·dɦes-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·dɦes-
3. a·dɦes-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *a·des-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. a·des-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. a·deš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *o·dɑɦeso·n-
OEng. a·desa·n-
(m.) ‘addice, adze, ascia’
(ASaxD. 7)
1. PIE *o·dɑɦeso·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·dɦeso·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·dɦeso·n-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *o·deso·n-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. o·deso·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·desa·n-
4. a·desa·n-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *a·disa·n-
5. a·disa·n-
*a → ea
Change of *a into ea
Ra=›ea= → OEng. ea·disa·n-


PIE √dɑɦu- (pref.) ‘zu’
(IEW 181)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√dɑɦu-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɑɦu
Goth. du
(prep.adv.) ‘εἰς, πρός, παρά, ἐπί: to(wards)’
(GoEtD. D38)
1. PIE *dɑɦu
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦu
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → Goth. du
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *dɑɦu
OIr. du
(prep.D) ‘to’
(DIL. 221)
(leniting)
1. PIE *dɑɦu
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦu
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → OIr. du
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *dɑɦu·Σ
OGaul. du·ci
(pref.) ‘et, avec’
(DLG 156)
(GOI 506, Gaul. duci)
1. PIE *dɑɦu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦu·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → OGaul. du·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *dɑɦu·hɑusei̯o-
Hitt. du·ḫušei̯a-
(vb.) ‘untätig zusehen, abwarten, gewähren lassen’
(HHand. 159)
(HEG T:421: ‘ruhig zusehen’)
1. PIE *dɑɦu·hɑusei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu·husei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦu·husei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦu·husei̯a-
3. dɦu·husei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *du·husei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. du·husei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *du·hušei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. du·hušei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. du·ḫušei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √dɑɦu- (sb.) ‘Auge’ (a.) ‘gesehen’
(IEW 243)
(Pyysalo)
√dɑɦeuo/e-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑé·dɑɦeu̯o-
Gr. ἄ·θεο-
(a.) ‘without vision, unseen’
(LSJ. 31)
1. PIE *hɑé·dɑɦeu̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑá·dɑɦeu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑá·dɑɦeu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *há·dɦeu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. há·dɦeu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *á·dɦeu̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. á·dɦeu̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *á·theu̯o-
5. á·theu̯o-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *á·theo-
6. á·theo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄ·θεο-
PIE *n·dɑheu̯e
LycA. ñ·tewe
(adv.) ‘facing, opposite, toward’
(HIL. 812)
1. PIE *n·dɑheu̯e
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *n·dheu̯e
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. n·dheu̯e
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *n·deu̯e
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. n·deu̯e
PIE *Nd → Nt
Devoicing of PIE *d after N
RNd›Nt → *n·teu̯e
4. n·teu̯e
*nt → ñt
Change of *n into ñ before t
Rnt›ñt → *ñ·teu̯e
5. ñ·teu̯e
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → LycA. ñ·tewe
√dɑɦou̯o-
(HEG S:734-5; not to Hitt. šaku̯a-)
PIE *dɑɦou̯o-
CLu. dau̯a-
(n.pl) ‘Auge’ (cf. HHand. 173, HEG S:734-6)
(DLL. 96)
(CLu. da-a-u-ua [plNA])
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦau̯a-
3. dɦau̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. dau̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦou̯o-
HLu. dau̯a-
(n.) ‘eye’
(CHLu. 10.18.8)
(HLu. ta-wa/i)
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦau̯a-
3. dɦau̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. dau̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦou̯o-
LycA. tawa-
(n.pl) ‘eyes’
(HIL. 812)
(Lyc. tawa [plN])
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦau̯a-
3. dɦau̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dau̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dau̯a-
PIE *Nd → Nt
Devoicing of PIE *d after N
RNd›Nt → *tau̯a-
5. tau̯a-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → LycA. tawa-
√dɑɦoui-
PIE *dɑɦou̯ei-
CLu. dau̯ei-
(c.) ‘Auge’
(DLL. 96)
(CLu. da-a-u-i-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯ei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦau̯ei-
3. dɦau̯ei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. dau̯ei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦou̯ei̯o-
Hitt. dau̯ei̯a-
(dc.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:461)
(Hitt. da-u-i-ia-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦau̯ei̯a-
3. dɦau̯ei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dau̯ei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦou̯ei̯·on
CLu. dau̯ei̯·an
(postp.adv.) ‘gegenüber’
(HHand. 173)
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯ei̯·on
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯ei̯·on
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯ei̯·on
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦau̯ei̯·an
3. dɦau̯ei̯·an
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. dau̯ei̯·an
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦouoli-
(or to LAv. dava- ‘betrügen’?)
PIE *dɑɦou̯olei̯o-
CLu. dau̯alei̯a-
(vb.) ‘mit dem bösen Blick schaden’
(HHand. 173)
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯olei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯olei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯olei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦau̯alei̯a-
3. dɦau̯alei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. dau̯alei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦouont-
PIE *dɑɦou̯ont-
CLu. dau̯ant-
(c.) ‘Auge’
(DLL. 96)
(CLu. ta-ua-an-ta-an [sgA])
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦau̯ant-
3. dɦau̯ant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. dau̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦou̯onto-
Hitt. dau̯anta-
(dc.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:463)
(Hitt. da-a-u-ua-an-ta-na [sgA], KLuN. 135)
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯onto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯onto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯onto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦau̯anta-
3. dɦau̯anta-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dau̯anta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦouoro-
PIE *dɑɦou̯oro-
HLu. dau̯ara-
(VAS.) ‹‘eye?’ or Abl of dau̯a- ‘eye’?›
(CHLu. 4.9.4b)
(HLu. (VAS)ta-wa/i+ra/i)
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯oro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯oro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦau̯ara-
3. dɦau̯ara-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. dau̯ara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦouos-
PIE *dɑɦou̯oso-
CLu. dau̯aša-
(a.gen.) ‘oculaire: of the eye(s)’
(DLL. 96)
(CLu. ta-ua-aš-ša-ti [sgI], KLuN. §15)
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯oso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯oso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦau̯asa-
3. dɦau̯asa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dau̯asa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dau̯asa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. dau̯aša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦou̯osɑho-
HLu. dau̯ašḫa-
(476c.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 6.2.20)
(HLu. (“*476”)ta-wa/i-sa-ha-na, ta-wa/i-sa-ha-n[a])
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯osho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦau̯asha-
3. dɦau̯asha-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dau̯asha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dau̯asha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *dau̯ašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. dau̯ašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. dau̯ašḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *dɑɦou̯osondɑɦo-
HLu. dau̯ašanda-
(VASa.) ‘von den Augen’ (Hluwlex. 99)
(CHLu. 11.1.e10)
(HLu. (“VAS”)ta-wa/i-sà-ta-ti-ha)
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯osondɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯osondɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯osondɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦau̯asandɦa-
3. dɦau̯asandɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dau̯asanda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dau̯asanda-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. dau̯ašanda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦou̯osondɑɦi̯o-
CLu. dau̯ašanza-
(sb./a.?) ‘-(?)-’
(DLL. 96)
(CLu. ta-a-u-ua-aš-ša-an-za-ti [sgI?])
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯osondɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯osondɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯osondɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *dɦou̯osonjɦo-
3. dɦou̯osonjɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦau̯asanjɦa-
4. dɦau̯asanjɦa-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *dɦau̯asanzɦa-
5. dɦau̯asanzɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dau̯asanzɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. dau̯asanzɦa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *dau̯ašanzɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. dau̯ašanzɦa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. dau̯ašanzḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√dɑɦouosi-
PIE *dɑɦou̯osi-
CLu. dau̯aši-
(a.gen.*) ‘~ of the eye(s)’
(DLL. 96)
(in CLu. IGI.ḪI.A-ua-aš-ši-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯osi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯osi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯osi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦau̯asi-
3. dɦau̯asi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dau̯asi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dau̯asi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. dau̯aši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦou̯ostei̯o-
Hitt. dau̯aštei̯a-
(URU.) ‘(mit (...) Ištitina und das Taḫara-Flußland)’
(OGHErg. 166-7)
(Hitt. ta?-ua?-aš-ti-ia)
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯ostei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯ostei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯ostei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦau̯astei̯a-
3. dɦau̯astei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dau̯astei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dau̯astei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. dau̯aštei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √dɑɦu- √dɑɦeu- √dɑɦou- (vb.) ‘eilen’ (a.) ‘schnell’ (num.) ‘vier’
(IEW 259-60)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + HLu.)
√dɑɦeu-
PIE *dɑɦéu̯o-
Gr. θέο-
(vb.) ‘laufen, eilen’
(GEW 1:668-9)
(Il. θέω [1sg])
1. PIE *dɑɦéu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦéu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦéu̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *théu̯o-
3. théu̯o-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *théo-
4. théo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θέο-
PIE *dɑɦeu̯o-
RV. dhava-
(pr.M.) ‘laufen’
(WbRV. 660)
(RV. dhavadhve, adhavanta)
1. PIE *dɑɦeu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦeu̯a-
3. dɦeu̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *dɦau̯a-
4. dɦau̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dɦava-
5. dɦava-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dhava-
PIE *Π·dɑɦeu̯o-
RV. áva (…) dhava·-
(pr.M) ‘herablaufen, herabströmen’
(WbRV. 660)
(RV. áva dhavante, IEW 259-260)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦeu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦeu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦeu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dɦeu̯a-
3. Π·dɦeu̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·dɦau̯a-
4. Π·dɦau̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *Π·dɦava-
5. Π·dɦava-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·dhava-
√dɑɦou-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG T:280)
PIE *dɑɦou̯ó-
Gr. θοό-
(a.) ‘schnell: ταχινόν (Hes.)’
(GEW 1:668-9)
(Gr. θοός; since Il., GEW 1:677, IEW 259-260)
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯ó-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thou̯ó-
3. thou̯ó-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *thoó-
4. thoó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θοό-
PIE *Π·dɑɦou̯ó-
RV. ā·dhavá-
(m.) ‘Erreger’
(WbRV. 177)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦou̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦou̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦou̯ó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dɦau̯ó-
3. Π·dɦau̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·dɦau̯á-
4. Π·dɦau̯á-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *Π·dɦavá-
5. Π·dɦavá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·dhavá-
PIE *dɑɦou̯olo-
Hitt. dau̯ala-
(n./c.?) ‘(ein Flächenmaß, ca. 257 m2 ‹≈ 4x4x4x4›)’
(HHand. 173)
(Hitt. ta-ua-al-la-aš-ma-aš-ša-an)
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯olo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯olo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦau̯ala-
3. dɦau̯ala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dau̯ala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·dɑɦouto
Goth. us·dauþ-
(a.) ‘eifrig: keen, eager’
(GoEtD. U47)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦouto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦouto
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦouto
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *Π·dɦouþo
3. Π·dɦouþo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·douþo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·douþo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dauþa
5. Π·dauþa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Goth. Π·dauþ
√dɑɦu-
PIE *Π·dɑɦu-
gAv. ǝ̄ǝā·du-
(f.) ‘Eifer, Drang’
(AIWb. 331-2)
(gAv. ǝ̄ǝādū [sgI])
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦu-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → gAv. Π·du-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *Π·dɑɦúmeno-
Gr. ἐκ·θύμενο-
(pt.a.) ‘ταχύς (Hes.)’
(LSJ. 507)
(Gr. ἐκθύμενος [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦúmeno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦúmeno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦúmeno-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *Π·thúmeno-
3. Π·thúmeno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·θύμενο-
PIE *Π·dɑɦutei-
HLu. a·dutei-
(91c.) ‘chariot?’
(CHLu. 11.4.6)
(HLu. (“*91”)á-tu-ti-zi)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦutei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦutei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦutei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. Π·dutei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·dɑɦutei-
Hitt. a·dutei-
(URU.) ‘chariot?’
(OGH. 57)
(Hitt. a-du-u[t-…)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦutei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦutei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦutei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·dutei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √dɑɦu- (vb.) ‘strömen, laufen’ (sb.) ‘uinum, vineyard’
(IEW 259-61)
(Laroche1955b:33; Pyysalo)
√dɑɦeu-
PIE *dɑɦeu̯o-
RV. dhava-
(pr.M.) ‘strömen’
(WbRV. 660)
(RV. dhavadhve, adhavanta)
1. PIE *dɑɦeu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦeu̯a-
3. dɦeu̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *dɦau̯a-
4. dɦau̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dɦava-
5. dɦava-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dhava-
√dɑɦun-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG T:454; not to Hitt. šeḫun-)
PIE *dɑɦuno-
CLu. duna-
(n.) ‘Urin’ (HHand. 180)
(DLL. 100)
(CLu. du-ú-na-ti [sgI]
1. PIE *dɑɦuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦuno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦuna-
3. dɦuna-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. duna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦun·orei̯o-
Hitt. dun·arei̯a-
(sb.) ‘(Art Wald, mit Wasser erwähnt)’
(HEG T:436)
1. PIE *dɑɦun·orei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦun·orei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦun·orei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦun·arei̯a-
3. dɦun·arei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dun·arei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦúni̯ēɑh
Latv. dùņa-
(f.pl) ‘Schlamm’
(IEW 261-67)
(Latv. dùņas)
1. PIE *dɑɦúni̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦúni̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦúni̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦúni̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦúni̯āh
ú -› ù
Latvian tone rule ú -› ù
RAccLatv11 → *dɦùni̯āh
4. dɦùni̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦùni̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦùni̯ā
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dùni̯ā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. dùni̯ā
*ni̯ → ņ
Change of ni̯ into ņ (palatalization)
Rni̯›ņ → *dùņā
7. dùņā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R=ā›=a → Latv. dùņa
√dɑɦur-
(HEG T:454; not to Hitt. šeḫur-)
PIE *dɑɦur-
CLu. dur-
(GKLn.) ‘Urin’ (HHand. 180)
(DLL. 100)
(CLu. du-ú-ur [sgA], VLFH 229)
1. PIE *dɑɦur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦur-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦur-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. dur-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦuori-
PIE *dɑɦu̯orito-
HLu. du̯arita-
(VITISn.?) ‘vineyard?’
(CHLu. 4.1.6)
(HLu. (VITIS)tu-wa/i-ri+i-ta?)
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯orito-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯orito-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦu̯orito-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦu̯arita-
3. dɦu̯arita-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. du̯arita-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦuorso-
(Laroche 1955b:33)
PIE *dɑɦúrso-
Ion.-Att. θύρσο-
(m.) ‘Thyrsosstab: the honey-dripping staff of Dionysus, the wine god’
(GEW 1:697)
(the Bacchae were originally depicted as holding branches of vine)
1. PIE *dɑɦúrso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦúrso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦúrso-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thúrso-
3. thúrso-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. θύρσο-
PIE *dɑɦu̯orso-
HLu. du̯arša-
(c.) ‘vineyard’
(CHLu. 10.9.8)
(HLu. tu-wa/i+ra/i-sà-za-’)
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯orso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯orso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦu̯orso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦu̯arsa-
3. dɦu̯arsa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *du̯arsa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. du̯arsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. du̯arša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦu̯orso·si-
HLu. du̯arša·ši-
(c.) ‘vineyard’
(CHLu. 10.14.2)
(HLu. tu-wa/i+ra/i-sà-si-i-na [sgA])
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯orso·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯orso·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦu̯orso·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦu̯arsa·si-
3. dɦu̯arsa·si-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *du̯arsa·si-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. du̯arsa·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. du̯arša·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦuorsi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɑɦu̯orsi-
HLu. du̯arši-
(n.) ‘vineyard’
(CHLu. 10.14.8., 10.14.34)
(HLu. tu-wa/i+ra/i-sà-sa [G], tu-wa/i+ra/i-si-i [sgD])
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯orsi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯orsi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦu̯orsi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦu̯arsi-
3. dɦu̯arsi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *du̯arsi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. du̯arsi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. du̯arši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦu̯orsi-
Hitt. du̯arši-
(sb.?) ‘(hurr. Kultterm. in heth. Kontext) ‹or IE?›’
(HHand. 183)
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯orsi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯orsi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦu̯orsi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦu̯arsi-
3. dɦu̯arsi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *du̯arsi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. du̯arsi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. du̯arši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦut-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɑɦouto·u̯odɑɦi-
Hitt. dauta·u̯azi-
(PÚ.) ‘Fluß-wazi’
(HEG T:277-8)
(Hitt. ta-ut-ta-ua-zi-iš KUB 38 6 I 31’)
1. PIE *dɑɦouto·u̯odɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦouto·u̯odɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦouto·u̯odɦi-
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi›jɦi → *dɦouto·u̯ojɦi-
3. dɦouto·u̯ojɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦauta·u̯ajɦi-
4. dɦauta·u̯ajɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dauta·u̯aji-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. dauta·u̯aji-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. dauta·u̯azi-
PIE *dɑɦēutí-
RV. dhautí-
(f.) ‘Quelle, Bach, Fluss’
(WbRV. 696)
1. PIE *dɑɦēutí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦēutí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦēutí-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *dɦāutí-
3. dɦāutí-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *dhāutí-
4. dhāutí-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → RV. dhautí-


PIE √dɑɦu- (vb.) ‘melken, säugen’
(IEW 271)
(Duchesne-Guillemin 1941:176: Toch.; Pyysalo: OAnat.)
√dɑɦu-
PIE *Π·dɑɦú-
RV. sabar·dhú-
(a.) ‘Nektar herabschüttelnd’
(WbRV. 1477)
(RV. sabardhúm dhenúm [Epith. der Milchkuh], KEWA 3:432)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦú-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·dhú-
√dɑɦugɑɦ-
(IEW 271)
(Duchesne-Guillemin 1941:176: Toch.; Pyysalo: OAnat.)
PIE *dɑɦeugɑɦ-
RV. dogh-
(ao.A.) ‘melken’
(WbRV. 621)
(RV. ádhok [3sg])
1. PIE *dɑɦeugɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeugɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeugɦ-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *deugɦ-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
3. deugɦ-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *daugɦ-
4. daugɦ-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *dōgɦ-
5. dōgɦ-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *dōgh-
6. dōgh-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → RV. dogh-
PIE *dɑɦēugɑɦo-
TochB. tsauka-
(vb.) ‘suck’
(DTochB. 740)
(TochB. tsaukatsi [inf.])
1. PIE *dɑɦēugɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦēugɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦēugɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦēugɦa-
3. dɦēugɦa-
PIE *ē → i̯ ā
Change of *ē into i̯ā
Rē›i̯ā → *dɦi̯āugɦa-
4. dɦi̯āugɦa-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦāugɦa-
5. jɦāugɦa-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *jɦāuga-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. jɦāuga-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *jāuga-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. jāuga-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *jāuka-
8. jāuka-
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → *tsāuka-
9. tsāuka-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → TochB. tsauka-
PIE *Π·dɑɦugɑɦ-
RV. ví (...) dugh-
(ao.) ‘leermelken, aussaugen’ (auch bildlich)
(WbRV. 620)
(RV. ví (...) dugdhām [3du])
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦugɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦugɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦugɦ-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *Π·dugɦ-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
3. Π·dugɦ-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·dugh-
PIE *Π·dɑɦúgɑɦ-
RV. go·dúgh-
(a.) ‘Kühe melkend, Kuhmelker’
(WbRV. 411)
(RV. godhúg, godúhas [plN])
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦúgɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦúgɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦúgɦ-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *Π·dúgɦ-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
3. Π·dúgɦ-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·dúgh-
PIE *Π·dɑɦúgɑɦ-
RV. sabar·dúgh-
(a.) ‘Nektar milchend’
(WbRV. 1477)
(RV. sabardhúk [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦúgɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦúgɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦúgɦ-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *Π·dúgɦ-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
3. Π·dúgɦ-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·dúgh-
PIE *dɑɦugɑɦ·lori-
Hitt. dug·lari-
(c.) ‘(eine Opfergabe, Art Flüßigkeit?)’
(HHand. 180)
1. PIE *dɑɦugɑɦ·lori-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦugɦ·lori-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦugɦ·lori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦugɦ·lari-
3. dɦugɦ·lari-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dug·lari-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦugɑɦ·li-
Kpd. dug·li-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1363)
(Kpd. du-uk-li)
1. PIE *dɑɦugɑɦ·li-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦugɦ·li-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦugɦ·li-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Kpd. dug·li-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦugɑɦi-
PIE *Π·dɑɦúgɑɦi-
RV. go·dúh-
(f.) ‘Kuhmelkung’
(WbRV. 411)
(RV. godúhe [sgD])
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦúgɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦúgɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦúgɦi-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *Π·dɦúj́ɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·dɦúj́ɦ-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *Π·dúj́ɦ-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
4. Π·dúj́ɦ-
*j́ɦ → ɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ
Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *Π·dúɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. Π·dúɦ-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·dúh-
PIE *dɑɦugɑɦi-
RV. duh-
(ao.A.) ‘herausmelken (auch bildlich), melken’
(WbRV. 620)
(RV. duhúṣ [3pl], duhuṣ [3pl])
1. PIE *dɑɦugɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦugɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦugɦi-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *dɦuj́ɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. dɦuj́ɦ-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *duj́ɦ-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
4. duj́ɦ-
*j́ɦ → ɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ
Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *duɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. duɦ-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. duh-
PIE *dɑɦugɑɦi-
RV. duh-
(ao.M.) ‘[A] milchen, herausströmen lassen’
(WbRV. 620)
(RV. duhé [3sg], dhukṣva [2sg])
1. PIE *dɑɦugɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦugɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦugɦi-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *dɦuj́ɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. dɦuj́ɦ-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *duj́ɦ-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
4. duj́ɦ-
*j́ɦ → ɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ
Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *duɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. duɦ-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. duh-
√dɑɦuos-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɑɦu̯os-
CLu. du̯aš-
(GKLn.) ‘(eine Ingredienz) ‹for the meaning, see RV. dhvasáya-›’
(HEG T:496)
(nu Ì [la-a]ḫ-ḫu-u-ua-i GKLtu-u-ua-aš-ša=ia iš-ḫu-u-ua-i ‘gießt Öl hin, schüttet T. hin’)
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯os-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯os-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦu̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦu̯as-
3. dɦu̯as-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *du̯as-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. du̯as-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. du̯aš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦu̯oso-
CLu. du̯aša-
(n.) ‘-(?)-’ (HHand. 183)
(DLL. 101)
(CLu. du-u-ua-ša(-pa-at-[ta?] ‹uncertain if here›)
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯oso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯oso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦu̯oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦu̯asa-
3. dɦu̯asa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *du̯asa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. du̯asa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. du̯aša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦu̯oséi̯o-
RV. dhvasáya-
(cs.) ‘sprühen, spritzen’
(WbRV. 699)
(RV. dhvasáyantam agním [sgA]; IEW 268-71)
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯oséi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯oséi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦu̯oséi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦu̯aséi̯a-
3. dɦu̯aséi̯a-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *dɦu̯asái̯a-
4. dɦu̯asái̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dɦvasái̯a-
5. dɦvasái̯a-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *dhvasái̯a-
6. dhvasái̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. dhvasáya-
√dɑɦus-
PIE *Π·dɑɦús-
OInd. prati·dhúṣ-
(f.) ‘fresh milk, milk still warm’
(MonWil. 666)
(OInd. pratidhúṣas [sgG], Burrow 1976:35)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦús-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦús-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦús-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *Π·dɦúš-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. Π·dɦúš-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *Π·dɦúṣ-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. Π·dɦúṣ-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·dhúṣ-


PIE √dɑɦu- (vb.) ‘schädigen, verletzen, betrügen’ (a.) ‘schlecht, böse’
(IEW 261, 266, 277)
(Pyysalo)
√dɑɦe/ou-
PIE *dɑɦeu̯o-
LAv. dava-
(pr.) ‘betrügen, täuschen’
(AIWb. 689)
1. PIE *dɑɦeu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦeu̯a-
3. dɦeu̯a-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *deu̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. deu̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *dau̯a-
5. dau̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. dava-
PIE *Π.dɑɦou̯o-
LAv. haši.dava·-
(a.) ‘die Freunde betrügend’
(AIWb. 1800)
(LAv. hašidava-)
1. PIE *Π.dɑɦou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π.dɦou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π.dɦou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π.dɦau̯a-
3. Π.dɦau̯a-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π.dau̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π.dau̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. Π.dava·-
√dɑɦu-
PIE *dɑɦú·dɑɦurso-
AV. dú·dhūrṣa-
(des.) ‘beschädigen wollen’
(WbRV. 690)
(AV. dúdhūrṣati)
1. PIE *dɑɦú·dɑɦurso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦú·dɦurso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦú·dɦurso-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiOIA → *dɦú·dɦuršo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. dɦú·dɦuršo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦú·dɦurša-
4. dɦú·dɦurša-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *dú·dɦurša-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
5. dú·dɦurša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *dú·dɦurṣa-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
6. dú·dɦurṣa-
urṣ → ūrṣ
Lengthening of *u before rṣ
Rurṣ›ūrṣ → *dú·dɦūrṣa-
7. dú·dɦūrṣa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → AV. dú·dhūrṣa-
√dɑɦueino-
PIE *dɑɦu̯eino-
OEng. dwīna-
(vb.) ‘pine, fade, dwindle, waste away’
(ASaxD. 220)
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯eino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯eino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦu̯eino-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *du̯eino-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. du̯eino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *du̯eina-
4. du̯eina-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *du̯īna-
5. du̯īna-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OEng. dwīna-
PIE *dɑɦu̯eino-
OIcl. dvīna-
(vb.) ‘schwach werden, schwinden’
(ANEtWb. 89)
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯eino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯eino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦu̯eino-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *du̯eino-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. du̯eino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *du̯eina-
4. du̯eina-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *du̯īna-
5. du̯īna-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OIcl. dvīna-
√dɑɦuon-
PIE *dɑɦu̯eniɑ́h-
RV. dhvanī-
(ao.) ‘erlöschen’
(KEWA 2:118)
(RV. ádhvanīt ‘erlosch’)
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯eniɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *dɑɦu̯eniíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. dɑɦu̯eniíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯eniíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦu̯eniíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦu̯enií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦu̯enií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *dɦu̯enī́-
5. dɦu̯enī́-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *dɦu̯anī́-
6. dɦu̯anī́-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dɦvanī́-
7. dɦvanī́-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dhvanī́-
√dɑɦeubɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɑɦeubɑɦo-
TochB. tsopa-
(impf.A.) ‘strike, jab, poke’
(DTochB. 743)
(TochB. tsopaṃne [3sg])
1. PIE *dɑɦeubɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeubɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeubɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦeubɦa-
3. dɦeubɦa-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *dɦi̯aubɦa-
4. dɦi̯aubɦa-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦaubɦa-
5. jɦaubɦa-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *jɦauba-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. jɦauba-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *jauba-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. jauba-
*b → p
Loss of voice of media *b
Rb›p → *jaupa-
8. jaupa-
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → *tsaupa-
9. tsaupa-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *tsōpa-
10. tsōpa-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. tsopa-
PIE *dɑɦeubɑɦolnoi
TochB. tsopalle-
(ger.) ‘be struck’
(DTochB. 743)
(TochB. tsopalle)
1. PIE *dɑɦeubɑɦolnoi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeubɦolnoi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeubɦolnoi
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦeubɦalnai
3. dɦeubɦalnai
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *dɦi̯aubɦalnai
4. dɦi̯aubɦalnai
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦaubɦalnai
5. jɦaubɦalnai
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *jɦaubalnai
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. jɦaubalnai
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *jaubalnai
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. jaubalnai
*b → p
Loss of voice of media *b
Rb›p → *jaupalnai
8. jaupalnai
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → *tsaupalnai
9. tsaupalnai
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → *tsaupallai
10. tsaupallai
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *tsaupallē
11. tsaupallē
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *tsōpallē
12. tsōpallē
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → *tsōpalle
13. tsōpalle
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. tsopalle
√dɑɦubɑɦ-
PIE *dɑɦudɑɦubɑɦo-
CLu. duduba-
(vb.) ‘schlagen, hauen: frapper’ (HHand. 183)
(DLL. 99)
(CLu. du-ú-du-pa [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *dɑɦudɑɦubɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦudɦubɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦudɦubɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦudɦubɦa-
3. dɦudɦubɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. duduba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦuor-
(Götze 1954:403)
(Eichner 1973:75-6, KEWA 2:119, 3:741; SHV 151, n36)
PIE *dɑɦu̯éro-
OInd. dhvára-
(pr.) ‘schädigen, verletzen’
(EWA 1:802)
(Samh. dhvára-)
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯éro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯éro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦu̯éro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦu̯éra-
3. dɦu̯éra-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *dɦu̯ára-
4. dɦu̯ára-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dɦvára-
5. dɦvára-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. dhvára-
PIE *dɑɦu̯erós-
RV. dhvarás-
(a.) ‘täuschend, verblendend’
(WbRV. 699)
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯erós-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯erós-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦu̯erós-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *dɦu̯erás-
3. dɦu̯erás-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *dɦu̯arás-
4. dɦu̯arás-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dɦvarás-
5. dɦvarás-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dhvarás-
PIE *dɑɦu̯orḗɑh-
OInd. dhvarā́-
(f.) ‘Verletzung, Schädigung, Bosheit’
(EWA 1:802)
(MS. dhvarā́-)
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯orḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *dɑɦu̯orā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦu̯orā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯orā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦu̯orā́h-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦu̯arā́h-
4. dɦu̯arā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦu̯arā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦu̯arā́-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dɦvarā́-
6. dɦvarā́-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. dhvarā́-
√dɑɦur-
(SHV 379)
(HIL. 1039, Pyysalo)
PIE *dɑɦúr-
OInd. dhúr-
(sb.) ‘Verletzung’
(EWA 1:802)
1. PIE *dɑɦúr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦúr-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦúr-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. dhúr-
PIE *dɑɦurḗɑh-
OInd. dhurā́-
(adv.) ‘gewaltsam, mit Gewalt’
(EWA 1:802)
(ŚB. dhurā́-)
1. PIE *dɑɦurḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *dɑɦurā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦurā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦurā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦurā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦurā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦurā́-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. dhurā́-
PIE *dɑɦuroi̯o-
Hitt. duraa-
(GIŠsb.) ‘Lanze: spear’
(SHV 379)
(Hitt. GIŠtu-u-ra-a-ti-pa-ta tu-u-ra-[a-a]t-ta)
1. PIE *dɑɦuroi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦuroi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦuroi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦurai̯a-
3. dɦurai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *dɦuraa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. dɦuraa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. duraa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦuroi̯o-
Hitt. duraa-
(vb.) ‘schädigen’
(SHV 379)
(Hitt. GIŠtu-u-ra-a-ti-pa-ta tu-u-ra-[a-a]t-ta)
1. PIE *dɑɦuroi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦuroi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦuroi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦurai̯a-
3. dɦurai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *dɦuraa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. dɦuraa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. duraa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦurs-
RV. dhūrṣ-
(s.ao.) ‘beschädigen’
(WbRV. 690)
(RV. ádhūrṣata [3pl])
1. PIE *dɑɦurs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦurs-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦurs-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiOIA → *dɦurš-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. dɦurš-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *dɦurṣ-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. dɦurṣ-
urṣ → ūrṣ
Lengthening of *u before rṣ
Rurṣ›ūrṣ → *dɦūrṣ-
5. dɦūrṣ-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dhūrṣ-
PIE *dɑɦú·dɑhurso-
AV. dú·dhūrṣa-
(des.) ‘beschädigen wollen’
(WbRV. 690)
(AV. dúdhūrṣati)
1. PIE *dɑɦú·dɑhurso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦú·dhurso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦú·dhurso-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiOIA → *dɦú·dhuršo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. dɦú·dhuršo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦú·dhurša-
4. dɦú·dhurša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *dɦú·dhurṣa-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
5. dɦú·dhurṣa-
urṣ → ūrṣ
Lengthening of *u before rṣ
Rurṣ›ūrṣ → *dɦú·dhūrṣa-
6. dɦú·dhūrṣa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → AV. dhú·dhūrṣa-
PIE *dɑɦurtí-
RV. dhūrtí-
(f.) ‘Beschädigung, angetanes Leid’
(WbRV. 690
1. PIE *dɑɦurtí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦurtí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦurtí-
*urt → ūrt
Lengthening of *u before rt
Rurt›ūrt → *dɦūrtí-
3. dɦūrtí-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dhūrtí-
PIE *dɑɦúru̯o-
RV. dhū́rva-
(pr.) ‘Leid antun, beschädigen’ (durch Täuschung)
(WbRV. 690)
(RV. dhū́rvanti [3pl])
1. PIE *dɑɦúru̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦúru̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦúru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦúru̯a-
3. dɦúru̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dɦúrva-
4. dɦúrva-
urv → ūrv
Lengthening of *u before rv
Rurv›ūrv → *dɦū́rva-
5. dɦū́rva-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dhū́rva-
PIE *dɑɦúru̯on-
RV. dhū́rvaṇ-
(n.) ‘das Beschädigen, die Verletzung’
(WbRV. 690)
(RV. dhū́rvaṇe [sgD])
1. PIE *dɑɦúru̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦúru̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦúru̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦúru̯an-
3. dɦúru̯an-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dɦúrvan-
4. dɦúrvan-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → *dɦúrvaṇ-
5. dɦúrvaṇ-
urv → ūrv
Lengthening of *u before rv
Rurv›ūrv → *dɦū́rvaṇ-
6. dɦū́rvaṇ-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dhū́rvaṇ-
PIE *dɑɦúru̯ont-
RV. dhū́rvant-
(pt.) ‘beschädigend’
(WbRV. 690)
1. PIE *dɑɦúru̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦúru̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦúru̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦúru̯ant-
3. dɦúru̯ant-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dɦúrvant-
4. dɦúrvant-
urv → ūrv
Lengthening of *u before rv
Rurv›ūrv → *dɦū́rvant-
5. dɦū́rvant-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dhū́rvant-


PIE √dɑɦu- √dɑɦōu- (vb.) ‘setzen, legen, machen, bewirken’ (sb.) ‘Hand’
(IEW 225, 227, 1027-28)
(Pyysalo: Anat.)
√dɑɦōu-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɑɦōu-
TochA. to-
(pret.pt.) ‘positus’
(Poucha 117)
1. PIE *dɑɦōu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦōu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦōu-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *dɦāu-
3. dɦāu-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dāu-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dāu-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *tāu-
5. tāu-
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
RāuC›auC → *tau-
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
6. tau-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *tō-
7. tō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. to-
PIE *Π·dɑɦōu-
HLu. ara·dāu-
(vb.) ‘‹set (up)right?›’
(CHLu. 10.13.D)
(HLu. ara/i? ta?-u-tax)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦōu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦōu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦōu-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·dɦāu-
3. Π·dɦāu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. Π·dāu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦōu̯-
TochA. tāw-
(vb.A.) ‘ponere’
(Poucha 117)
(TochA. tāwiṣ [opt])
1. PIE *dɑɦōu̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦōu̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦōu̯-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *dɦāu̯-
3. dɦāu̯-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dāu̯-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dāu̯-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *tāu̯-
5. tāu̯-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. tāw-
PIE *dɑɦōu̯-
gAv. dāv-
(vb.) ‘machen, bewirken’
(AIWb. 737)
(gAv. dāvōi [inf.])
1. PIE *dɑɦōu̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦōu̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦōu̯-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *dɦāu̯-
3. dɦāu̯-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dāu̯-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dāu̯-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → gAv. dāv-
PIE *dɑɦōu-
OSax. dō-
(pr.) ‘tun, machen, versetzen: facere, mittere’
(Hel.)
(Hel. don [inf.] 1048 M, dom [1sg] 1972 M; Falk-Torp 197, EtGlOSax. 78)
1. PIE *dɑɦōu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦōu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦōu-
*ōRC → oRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ōRC
RōRC›oRC → *dɦou-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
3. dɦou-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dou-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dau-
5. dau-
*au → ō
Monophthongization of *au into ō
Rau›ōRestr → OSax. dō-
PIE *dɑɦōu-
OHG. tō-
(vb.) ‘tun’
(IEW 235-39)
(OHG. tōn)
1. PIE *dɑɦōu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦōu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦōu-
*ōRC → oRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ōRC
RōRC›oRC → *dɦou-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
3. dɦou-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dou-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dau-
5. dau-
*au → ou
Change of au into ou
Rau›ou → *dou-
6. dou-
*d → t
OHG sound shift of *d
Rd›tHG → OHG. tou-
√dɑɦu-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·dɑɦú-
RV. vi·dhú-
(a.) ‘vereinsamt, einsam’
(WbRV. 1282)
(RV. vidhúm [sgA])
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦú-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·dhú-
PIE *dɑɦu-
CLu. du-
(vb.) ‘put’
(DLL. 100)
(CLu. du-ú-un-du [3pl], StBoT 30:184, ii 15-17)
1. PIE *dɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. du-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·dɑɦu
HLu. anta du·-
(vb.) ‘put’
(CHLu. 10.10.4)
(HLu. a-ta tu-tá [3pl])
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦu
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦu
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦu
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. Π·du
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦum-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɑɦumno-
LAv. dumna-
(n.) ‘Pü. dast: Hand’
(AIWb. 750)
1. PIE *dɑɦumno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦumno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦumno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦumna-
3. dɦumna-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → LAv. dumna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *o·dɑɦumon-
Kpd. a·duman-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 211)
(Kpd. a-du-ma-an)
1. PIE *o·dɑɦumon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·dɦumon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·dɦumon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·dɦuman-
3. a·dɦuman-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Kpd. a·duman-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦumoni-
HLu. dumani-
(MANUS.URBS.) ‘‹cf. the logog. and LAv.›’
(CHLu. 5.5.2)
(HLu. MANUSx(-)tu-ma-ni-i-na(URBS))
1. PIE *dɑɦumoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦumoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦumoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦumani-
3. dɦumani-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. dumani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦu·dɑɦumoni-
CLu. du·dumani-
(vb.) ‘‹‘machen, setzen’ or the like, not ‘Mitleid haben’?›’
(DLL. 100)
(CLu. du-du-um-ma-ni-ta-an [2pl], KBo IV 11 Rs 33, HEG T:477; CLuLex. 238)
1. PIE *dɑɦu·dɑɦumoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu·dɦumoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦu·dɦumoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦu·dɦumani-
3. dɦu·dɦumani-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. du·dumani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦup-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɑɦupo-
Hitt. dupa-
(É.) ‘Lager, Lagerhaus, Magazin’
(HEG T:442f.)
(HHand. 181)
1. PIE *dɑɦupo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦupo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦupo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦupa-
3. dɦupa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dupa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦupo-
Hitt. dupa-
(LÚ.Éc., LÚc.) ‘Lagerarbeiter’
(HHand. 181)
1. PIE *dɑɦupo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦupo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦupo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦupa-
3. dɦupa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dupa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦupo-
Hitt. dupa-
(LÚc.) ‘der am tuppaš pir beschäftig ist’
(HEG T:444)
(Hitt. tupaš parn-)
1. PIE *dɑɦupo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦupo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦupo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦupa-
3. dɦupa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dupa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦos·dɑɦupo-
Hitt. daš·dupa-
(É.) ‘king('s) room (for washing and dressing)’
(HEG T:258f.)
1. PIE *dɑɦos·dɑɦupo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦos·dɦupo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦos·dɦupo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦas·dɦupa-
3. dɦas·dɦupa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *das·dupa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. das·dupa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. daš·dupa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦup·osɑho-
Hitt. dup·ašḫa-
(LÚc.) ‘Lagerverwalter?’
(HEG T:447-8)
(HHand. 181 ‹ablaut variant of Hitt. ešḫa›)
1. PIE *dɑɦup·osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦup·osho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦup·osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦup·asha-
3. dɦup·asha-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dup·asha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dup·asha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *dup·ašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. dup·ašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. dup·ašḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *dɑɦupo·nuri-
Hitt. dupa·nuri-
(LÚc.) ‘(heth. Würdenträger in Ugarit)’
(HHand. 181)
1. PIE *dɑɦupo·nuri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦupo·nuri-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦupo·nuri-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦupa·nuri-
3. dɦupa·nuri-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dupa·nuri-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦupolo·nuri-
Hitt. dupala·nuri-
(LÚc.) ‘(heth. Würdenträger in Ugarit)’
(HHand. 181)
1. PIE *dɑɦupolo·nuri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦupolo·nuri-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦupolo·nuri-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦupala·nuri-
3. dɦupala·nuri-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dupala·nuri-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦupi-
HLu. dupi-
(vb.) ‘ponere: put’
(CHLu. 1.1.70)
(HLu. tu-pi-wa/i)
1. PIE *dɑɦupi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦupi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦupi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. dupi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦubɑɦbɑɦ-
PIE *dɑɦubɑɦbɑɦeio-
OEng. dybbia-
(vb.) ‘incumbere: lay upon, fall upon, lean on’
(AeEtWb. 81)
1. PIE *dɑɦubɑɦbɑɦeio-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦubɦbɦeio-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦubɦbɦeio-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *dɦubbeio-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. dɦubbeio-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dubbeio-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dubbeio-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dubbeia-
5. dubbeia-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → OEng. dubbīa-


PIE √dɑɦu- √dɑɦou- √dɑɦeu- (sb.) ‘Atem, Keuchen, Geist, Gespenst, Mensch’
(IEW 261-67)
(Laroche 1956:80)
√dɑɦuoɑh-
(HEG A:36-7)
(HIL. 227)
PIE *on·dɑɦu̯oɑho-
Hitt. an·du̯aḫa-
(c.) ‘Mensch’
(HHand. 17)
(Hitt. an-tu-ua-aḫ-ḫa-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *on·dɑɦu̯oɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *on·dɦu̯oho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. on·dɦu̯oho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *an·dɦu̯aha-
3. an·dɦu̯aha-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *an·du̯aha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. an·du̯aha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. an·du̯aḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *on·dɑɦu̯oɑhi-
Hitt. an·du̯aḫi-
(c.) ‘Mensch’
(HHand. 17)
1. PIE *on·dɑɦu̯oɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *on·dɦu̯ohi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. on·dɦu̯ohi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *an·dɦu̯ahi-
3. an·dɦu̯ahi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *an·du̯ahi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. an·du̯ahi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. an·du̯aḫi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√dɑɦuɑho-
(HEG T:405-7)
(Laroche 1956:80)
PIE *on·dɑɦuɑho-
Hitt. an·duḫa-
(c.) ‘Mensch: UKÙ, LÚ.ULÙ.LU’
(HHand. 17)
(Hitt. an-tu-uḫ-ḫa-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *on·dɑɦuɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *on·dɦuho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. on·dɦuho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *an·dɦuha-
3. an·dɦuha-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *an·duha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. an·duha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. an·duḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *dɑɦuɑhoi-
Hitt. duḫai-
(vb.) ‘keuchen, Atemnot haben’
(HHand. 178)
(HIL. 1023 ‘produce smoke’)
1. PIE *dɑɦuɑhoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦuhoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦuhoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦuhai-
3. dɦuhai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *duhai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. duhai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. duḫai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *dɑɦuɑhei̯o-
Hitt. duḫei̯a-
(mc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1356)
(Hitt. du-uḫ-ḫi-ia-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *dɑɦuɑhei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦuhei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦuhei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦuhei̯a-
3. dɦuhei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *duhei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. duhei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. duḫei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *dɑɦuɑhei̯ot-
Hitt. duḫei̯at-
(c.) ‘Keuchen, Atemnot’
(HHand. 178)
1. PIE *dɑɦuɑhei̯ot-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦuhei̯ot-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦuhei̯ot-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦuhei̯at-
3. dɦuhei̯at-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *duhei̯at-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. duhei̯at-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. duḫei̯at-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *dɑɦuɑhei̯oto·so-
HLu. duḫei̯ata·ša-
(REGIO.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 9.12.3)
(HLu. tú-ha-ia-ta-sa-ha(REGIO))
1. PIE *dɑɦuɑhei̯oto·so-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦuhei̯oto·so-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦuhei̯oto·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦuhei̯ata·sa-
3. dɦuhei̯ata·sa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *duhei̯ata·sa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. duhei̯ata·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *duhei̯ata·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. duhei̯ata·ša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. duḫei̯ata·ša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *dɑɦuɑhimo-
Hitt. duḫima-
(c.) ‘Keuchen, Atemnot’
(HHand. 178)
1. PIE *dɑɦuɑhimo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦuhimo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦuhimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦuhima-
3. dɦuhima-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *duhima-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. duhima-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. duḫima-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *dɑɦu̯ɑhimuro
OEng. dwimor-
(n.) ‘Geist, Gespenst’
(Hh 81)
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯ɑhimuro
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯himuro
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦu̯himuro
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦu̯imuro
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dɦu̯imuro
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *du̯imuro
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. du̯imuro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *du̯imura
5. du̯imura
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *du̯imur
6. du̯imur
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OEng. dwimur
PIE *dɑɦuɑhiski̯e/o-
Hitt. duḫiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘keuchen, Atemnot haben’
(HHand. 178)
1. PIE *dɑɦuɑhiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦuhiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦuhiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *dɦuhisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. dɦuhisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦuhisḱe/a-
4. dɦuhisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *dɦuhiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. dɦuhiske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *duhiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. duhiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *duhiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. duhiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. duḫiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *dɑɦuɑhi·Σ
Hitt. duḫi·dra-
(d.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:524)
(Hitt. tu-uḫ-ḫi-it-ra [Abs] ‹suffix ·dra uncertain – cf. Hitt. in·dara-›)
1. PIE *dɑɦuɑhi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦuhi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦuhi·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *duhi·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. duhi·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. duḫi·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √dɑɦuɑh- (vb.) ‘move, shake, brandish’
(IEW 261-3)
(Kloekhorst HIL. 1029)
√dɑɦuɑhi-
(MA. 388)
PIE *dɑɦeu·dɑɦeu̯ɑ́hi-
RV. do·dhavī-
(vb.) ‘schütteln: shake’ (KEWA 2:67)
(WbRV. 689)
(RV. dodhavīti)
1. PIE *dɑɦeu·dɑɦeu̯ɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *dɑɦeu·dɑɦeu̯íhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. dɑɦeu·dɑɦeu̯íhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeu·dɦeu̯íhi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦeu·dɦeu̯íhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦeu·dɦeu̯íi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦeu·dɦeu̯íi-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *deu·dɦeu̯íi-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
5. deu·dɦeu̯íi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *deu·dɦeu̯ī́-
6. deu·dɦeu̯ī́-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *dau·dɦau̯ī́-
7. dau·dɦau̯ī́-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *dō·dɦau̯ī́-
8. dō·dɦau̯ī́-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dō·dɦavī́-
9. dō·dɦavī́-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *dō·dhavī́-
10. dō·dhavī́-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → RV. do·dhavī́-
PIE *dɑɦe·dɑɦeu̯ɑhi-
Arm. de·devi-
(vb.) ‘schwanken, schaukeln, wanken’
(ArmGr. 1:438)
(IEW 262)
1. PIE *dɑɦe·dɑɦeu̯ɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦe·dɦeu̯hi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦe·dɦeu̯hi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦe·dɦeu̯i-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dɦe·dɦeu̯i-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *de·deu̯i-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. de·deu̯i-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Arm. de·devi-
√dɑɦuɑh-
(Kloekhorst HIL. 1029)
PIE *dɑɦeu̯ɑhei̯o-
OIcl. dȳja-
(vb.) ‘move, shake’
(ANEtWb. 89)
1. PIE *dɑɦeu̯ɑhei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeu̯hei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeu̯hei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦeu̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dɦeu̯ei̯o-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *deu̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. deu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *deu̯ei̯a-
5. deu̯ei̯a-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *diu̯ii̯a-
6. diu̯ii̯a-
*iu̯i → ȳ
*u-Umlaut for iu̯i
Riu̯i›ȳ → *dȳi̯a-
7. dȳi̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → OIcl. dȳja-
PIE *dɑɦuɑh·dɑɦuɑhei̯o-
Hitt. duḫ·duḫei̯a-
(vb.) ‘schwingen: brandish’
(HEG T:414)
(Hitt. túḫ-túḫ-ḫi-ia-an-zi KUB 30.36 iii 14; HIL. 1029, HHand. 279)
1. PIE *dɑɦuɑh·dɑɦuɑhei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦuh·dɦuhei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦuh·dɦuhei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦuh·dɦuhei̯a-
3. dɦuh·dɦuhei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *duh·duhei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. duh·duhei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. duḫ·duḫei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √dɑɦuk- (vb.) ‘erscheinen, hervorleuchten, gesehen werden, sichtbar sein’
(IEW –)
(Čop 1955a:402: Hitt.)
√dɑɦuk-
PIE *dɑɦuk-
Hitt. duk-
(vb.MP.) ‘gesehen werden, sichtbar sein’
(HEG T:426)
(Hitt. ša-a-ku[-u]a-at-kán du-ug-ga-a-ri [3sg], KUB XXIII 72+II 15)
1. PIE *dɑɦuk-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦuk-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦuk-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. duk-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦuk-
Alb. duk-
(m.f.) ‘Ansehen, Aussehen’
(AlbEtD. –)
(WH. 1:471)
1. PIE *dɑɦuk-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦuk-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦuk-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → Alb. duk-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
√dɑɦukoi-
PIE *dɑɦukoi-
Alb. duke-
(vb.refl.) ‘erscheinen, hervorleuchten, gesehen werden’
(AlbEtD. 78)
(Alb. duket)
1. PIE *dɑɦukoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦukoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦukoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦukai-
3. dɦukai-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dukai-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dukai-
ai -> e
Monophthongization of *ai into e
Rai›e → Alb. duke-


PIE √dɑɦum- √dɑɦeum- √dɑɦoum- (sb.) ‘Erde’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√dɑɦum-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG T:440-1)
PIE *dɑɦoum-
OPhryg. δουμ-
(sb.) ‘κώμη’
(PHRYG. 104)
(OPhryg. δουμθ [sgI])
1. PIE *dɑɦoum-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦoum-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦoum-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *doum-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. doum-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → OPhryg. δουμ-
PIE *dɑɦundɑɦumomi-
CLu. dundumami-
(c.) ‘(parallel to ‘Erde’ and dNergal)’ (HHand. 180)
(DLL. 99)
(CLu. du-un-du-ma-mi-in [sgA])
1. PIE *dɑɦundɑɦumomi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦundɦumomi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦundɦumomi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦundɦumami-
3. dɦundɦumami-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. dundumami-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦumēɑh-
Lat. fumā-
(f.) ‘terra’
(WH. 1:561)
(Gl. ed. ac. Brit. V Abba FU 18)
1. PIE *dɑɦumēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦumāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦumāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦumāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦumāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦumā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦumā-
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *dɦ
Rdɦ›f → Lat. fumā-
PIE *dɑɦoumēɑh-
OPhryg. δουμᾱ-
(f.) ‘Erde’
(PHRYG. 104)
(OPhryg. δουμαν [sgA])
1. PIE *dɑɦoumēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦoumāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦoumāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦoumāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦoumāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦoumā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦoumā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *doumā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. doumā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → OPhryg. δουμᾱ-
PIE *dɑɦumeii̯o-
OPhryg. δυμειο-
(a.) ‘of κώμη’
(PHRYG. 104)
1. PIE *dɑɦumeii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦumeii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦumeii̯o-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dumeii̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. dumeii̯o-
*ii̯o → io
Loss *i̯ between i and o
Rii̯o›io → *dumeio-
4. dumeio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → OPhryg. δυμειο-


PIE √dɑɦub- (sb.) ‘Wasser, Gewässer, See, Meer’
(IEW 261-67)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√dɑɦubr-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·dɑɦubro-
OGaul. uerno·dubro-
(FlNn.) ‘Erlenwasser’
(IEW 261-67)
(OGaul. uernodubrum)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦubro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦubro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦubro-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → OGaul. Π·dubro-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *dɑɦubro-
Cymr. dwfr-
(sb.) ‘Wasser’
(IEW 261-67)
(also Corn. dour, Bret. dour, IEW 261-67)
1. PIE *dɑɦubro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦubro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦubro-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → Cymr. dubro-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *dɑɦubrēɑh
Latv. dubra-
(f.) ‘Pfütze, morastische Stelle’
(IEW 267-68)
(Latv. dubra [sgN])
1. PIE *dɑɦubrēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦubrāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦubrāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦubrāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦubrāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦubrā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦubrā
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dubrā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. dubrā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R=ā›=a → Latv. dubra
PIE *dɑɦúbri-
IllyrG. δύβρι-
(f.?) ‘κατὰ γλῶσσαν ἡ θάλασσα’
(GEW 1:423)
(Sch. Theok. 1, 118c, Krahe SdI 47; Mayer 1957:130; Mayrhofer 1986:100)
1. PIE *dɑɦúbri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦúbri-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦúbri-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dúbri-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. dúbri-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → IllyrG. δύβρι-
PIE *dɑɦubriso-
Hitt. dubriša-
(a.) ‘(épithète d’un Tešub (kiz.))’ (HHand. 181)
(GLHur. 269)
dU du-ub-ri-ša-aš [sgG] ‹not Hur.? ›)
1. PIE *dɑɦubriso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦubriso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦubriso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦubrisa-
3. dɦubrisa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dubrisa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dubrisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. dubriša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √dɑɦus- (vb.) ‘brünstig sein, rasen, wüten’
(IEW 268-71)
(Pyysalo: CLu.)
√dɑɦuso-
PIE *dɑɦuso-
Lat. furo-
(pr.3.) ‘rasen, wüten’
(WH. 1:570-1)
(Lat. furō, furere, IEW 268-71)
1. PIE *dɑɦuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦuso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦuso-
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *dɦ
Rdɦ›f → *fuso-
3. fuso-
*VsV → VrV
Rhotacism of *s between vowels
RVsV›VrV → Lat. furo-
√dɑɦusɑh-
PIE *dɑɦuséɑhi̯o-
Gr. θυάο-
(pr.) ‘in Brunst sein, brünstig sein’
(GEW 1:690)
(DTochB. 743, Gr. θυάω)
1. PIE *dɑɦuséɑhi̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *dɑɦusáɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. dɑɦusáɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦusáhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦusáhi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦusái̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦusái̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thusái̯o-
5. thusái̯o-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *thuhái̯o-
6. thuhái̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *thuháo-
7. thuháo-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *thuáo-
8. thuáo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θυάο-
PIE *dɑɦuséɑɦd-
Gr. θυάδ-
(f.) ‘die Stürmende; Thyiade, Bakchantin’
(GEW 1:697-8)
(A., Tim. u. a. Gr. θυάς, θυάδος)
1. PIE *dɑɦuséɑɦd-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *dɑɦusáɑɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. dɑɦusáɑɦd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦusáɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦusáɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dɦusád-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦusád-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thusád-
5. thusád-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *thuhád-
6. thuhád-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *thuád-
7. thuád-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θυάδ-
√dɑɦusi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɑɦusi-
CLu. duši-
(sb.?) ‘‹‘Wut?’, cf. the context →›’
(HEG T:464)
(‘Zorn und duši- ‹i.e. ‘Wut’?› nehmen’; HHand. 182)
1. PIE *dɑɦusi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦusi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦusi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dusi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. dusi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. duši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɑɦusíeɑh-
Gr. θυία-
(f.) ‘die Stürmende; Thyiade, Bakchantin’
(GEW 1:697-8)
(Gr. θυι̃α-, Str. 10, 3, 10 [and S. Ant. 1151, lyr.?]; cf. IEW 268-71, θυι̃α)
1. PIE *dɑɦusíeɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *dɑɦusíaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. dɑɦusíaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦusíah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦusíah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦusía-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦusía-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thusía-
5. thusía-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *thuhía-
6. thuhía-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *thuía-
7. thuía-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θυία-
PIE *dɑɦusiēɑh-
Lat. furiā-
(f.) ‘Raserei, rasender Dämon’
(WH. 1:570-1)
1. PIE *dɑɦusiēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦusiāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦusiāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦusiāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦusiāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦusiā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦusiā-
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *dɦ
Rdɦ›f → *fusiā-
5. fusiā-
*VsV → VrV
Rhotacism of *s between vowels
RVsV›VrV → Lat. furiā-
PIE *dɑɦusiēɑh-
Lat. furiā-
(pr.1.) ‘rasen, wüten’
(WH. 1:570-1)
1. PIE *dɑɦusiēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦusiāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦusiāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦusiāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦusiāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦusiā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦusiā-
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *dɦ
Rdɦ›f → *fusiā-
5. fusiā-
*VsV → VrV
Rhotacism of *s between vowels
RVsV›VrV → Lat. furiā-
PIE *dɑɦusiéɑɦd-
Gr. θυιάδ-
(f.) ‘die Stürmende; Thyiade, Bakchantin’
(GEW 1:697-8)
(A., Tim. u. a., Gr. θυιάς, -άδος)
1. PIE *dɑɦusiéɑɦd-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *dɑɦusiáɑɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. dɑɦusiáɑɦd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦusiáɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦusiáɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dɦusiád-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦusiád-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thusiád-
5. thusiád-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *thuhiád-
6. thuhiád-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *thuiád-
7. thuiád-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θυιάδ-


PIE √dɦɑ- (adv.) ‘gesamt, ganz, all, voll, groß’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo; or PIE √dɑɦ-?)
√dɦɑ-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG T:126-8)
PIE *dɦɑē-
Hitt. dā-
(a.) ‘gesamt, ganz, all (= Hitt. dapi(a)-)’
(HHand. 157)
(Hitt. da-an [sgA], da-i [sgD])
1. PIE *dɦɑē-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *dɦɑā-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɦɑā-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦā-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦā-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dā-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɦɑḗ
OIr. dā
(adv.) ‘in full’
(DIL. 182-3)
1. PIE *dɦɑḗ
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *dɦɑā́
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɦɑā́
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦā́
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦā́
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dā́
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dā́
Rā́›ā → OIr. dā
√dɦɑn-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG T:126-8)
PIE *dɦɑen
Hitt. dan
(adv.) ‘gesamt, ganz, all (= Hitt. dapian(a))’
(HHand. 163)
1. PIE *dɦɑen
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑan
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑan
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦan
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦan
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dan
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɦɑen·Σ
Hitt. ·dan ata-
(c.) ‘Großvater?’
(HHand. 164)
1. PIE *dɦɑen·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑan·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑan·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦan·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦan·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dan·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɦɑenēɑh·Σ
OIr. dana·X
(adv.) ‘in full’
(DIL. 182-3)
1. PIE *dɦɑenēɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑanēɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑanēɑh·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑanāɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. dɦɑanāɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦanāh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. dɦanāh·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦanā·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦanā·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *danā·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. danā·Σ
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OIr. dana·Σ
PIE *dɦɑenou
OIr. dano
(adv.) ‘in full’
(DIL. 182-3)
1. PIE *dɦɑenou
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑanou
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑanou
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦanou
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦanou
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *danou
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. danou
*ou → ō
Monophthongization of *ou into ō
Rou›ō → *danō
5. danō
*-ō → -o
Shortening of root-final *ō
R=ō›=o → OIr. dano
PIE *dɦɑonou
OIr. dono
(adv.) ‘in full’
(DIL. 182-3)
1. PIE *dɦɑonou
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦonou
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦonou
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *donou
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. donou
*ou → ō
Monophthongization of *ou into ō
Rou›ō → *donō
4. donō
*-ō → -o
Shortening of root-final *ō
R=ō›=o → OIr. dono
PIE *dɦɑenomo-
CLu. danama-
(GKLpt.) ‘all, jeder?; gezückt?’
(DLL. 90)
(CLu. ta-na-ma-t[i] [sgI], HHand. 163: “Beiwort von Waffen”)
1. PIE *dɦɑenomo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑanomo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑanomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦanomo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦanomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦanama-
4. dɦanama-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. danama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɦɑenomo-
CLu. danama-
(a.) ‘all’
(DLL. 90)
(CLu. ta-na-ma-ti)
1. PIE *dɦɑenomo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑanomo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑanomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦanomo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦanomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦanama-
4. dɦanama-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. danama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɦɑp-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG T:126)
PIE *dɦɑēpi-
Hitt. dāpi-
(a.) ‘gesamt, ganz, all’
(HHand. 166)
(Hitt. da-pí-n=a, da-pí-an)
1. PIE *dɦɑēpi-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *dɦɑāpi-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɦɑāpi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦāpi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦāpi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dāpi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɦɑḗpēɑh·Σ
OIr. dāa·X
(adv.) ‘in full’
(DIL. 182-3)
1. PIE *dɦɑḗpēɑh·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑḗpāɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɦɑḗpāɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *dɦɑā́pāɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. dɦɑā́pāɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦā́pāh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. dɦā́pāh·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦā́pā·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦā́pā·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dā́pā·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. dā́pā·Σ
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *dā́pa·Σ
7. dā́pa·Σ
Rā́›ā → OIr. dāpa·Σ


PIE √dɦɑ- (sb.) ‘door’
(IEW 278)
√dɦɑir-
PIE *dɦɑeiró-
Gr. θαιρό-
(m.) ‘Türangel, drehbarer Türzapfen’
(GEW 1:647)
(Μ 459, Q. S., Agath. IEW 278-79: *dhu̯r̥i̯o-, Gr. θαιρός)
1. PIE *dɦɑeiró-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑairó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑairó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦairó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦairó-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thairó-
4. thairó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θαιρό-
PIE *dɦɑeiró-
Gr. θαιρό-
(m.) ‘Wagenachse’
(GEW 1:647)
(S. Fr. 596, Gr. θαιρός)
1. PIE *dɦɑeiró-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑairó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑairó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦairó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦairó-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thairó-
4. thairó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θαιρό-
PIE *dɦɑoirēɑh-
Alb. derë-
(f.) ‘Tür’
(IEW 278-79)
(Alb. derë [sgN])
1. PIE *dɦɑoirēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑoirāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɦɑoirāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦoirāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦoirāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦoirā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦoirā-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦairā-
5. dɦairā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dairā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. dairā-
ai -> e
Monophthongization of *ai into e
Rai›e → *derā-
7. derā-
*ā → ë
Change of *ā into Alb. ë
Rā›ë → Alb. derë-
(XX:XX)
√dɦɑr-
PIE *dɦɑorei̯es
Lat. forēs
(f.plN) ‘zweiflüglige Tür’
(IEW 278-79)
1. PIE *dɦɑorei̯es
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦorei̯es
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦorei̯es
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *dɦ
Rdɦ›f → *forei̯es
3. forei̯es
*ei̯e → ee
Loss *i̯ between e and e
Rei̯e›ee → *forees
4. forees
*ee → ē
Contraction of *ee into ē
Ree›ē → Lat. forēs
PIE *dɦɑereɑt-
OCorn. darat-
(m.?) ‘Tür’
(IEW 278-79)
1. PIE *dɦɑereɑt-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑareɑt-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑareɑt-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *dɦɑaraɑt-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. dɦɑaraɑt-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦarat-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. dɦarat-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → OCorn. darat-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *dɦɑorsēɑh-
Norw. darre
(sb.) ‘Türangel, kleiner Ständer in der Ecke eines Schlitten’
(Falk-Torp 178)
1. PIE *dɦɑorsēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑorsāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɦɑorsāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦorsāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦorsāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦorsā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦorsā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dorsā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. dorsā-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *darsā-
6. darsā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → Norw. darsō-
(XX:XX)
√dɦɑur-
PIE *√dɦɑur-
OLith. dur-
(f.2.) ‘door’ (pl) ‘gate’
(IEW 278-79)
(OLith. dures [plN], Lith. dùrų)
1. PIE *√dɦɑur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *√dɦur-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. √dɦur-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → OLith. √dur-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *on·dɦɑurei̯o
Hitt. an·durei̯a-
(a.) ‘innen befindlich: interior’
(HEG A:37)
(Hitt. an-dur-ia-aš, an-tu-ri-ia-aš)
1. PIE *on·dɦɑurei̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *on·dɦurei̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. on·dɦurei̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *an·dɦurei̯a
3. an·dɦurei̯a
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. an·durei̯a
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √dɦɑ- √deɦɑ- √dɦɑe- (aff.) ‘ein-, -zu, -in, -bei’
(IEW 284)
√deɦɑ·
PIE *deɦɑ·
OSax. ti·
(pref.) ‘zu, bis, an, in, gemäß’
(ASächsWb. 74)
1. PIE *deɦɑ·
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *deɦ·
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. deɦ·
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *de·
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. de·
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *te·
4. te·
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → OSax. ti·
PIE *Π·deɦɑ
OGaul. an·de
(prep.) ‘in’
(GOI. 521)
1. PIE *Π·deɦɑ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·deɦ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·deɦ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → OGaul. Π·de
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Π·deɦɑ
LinB. ϝοικον·δε
(postp.A) ‘to the house’
(DMycGr. 412)
(LinB. wo-i-ko-de, GEW 1:354)
1. PIE *Π·deɦɑ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·deɦ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·deɦ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·de
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·de
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → LinB. Π·δε
PIE *Π·deɦɑ
Gr. οἰκόν·δε
(adv.) ‘nach Hause’
(LSJ. 1204)
(GEW 1:354)
1. PIE *Π·deɦɑ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·deɦ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·deɦ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·de
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·de
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·δε
PIE *Π.deɦɑ
LAv. vaēsmǝn.da·
(postp.A) ‘zum Haus hin’
(AIWb. 1328)
1. PIE *Π.deɦɑ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π.deɦ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π.deɦ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π.de
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π.de
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. Π.da·
PIE *·deɦɑ
OPhryg. ·δε
(conj.) ‘Gr. δέ’
(PHRYG. 101)
(OPhryg. ·δε)
1. PIE *·deɦɑ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *·deɦ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ·deɦ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *·de
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ·de
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → OPhryg. ·δε
PIE *Π·deɦɑ
OCS. ǫtrĭǫ·de
(adv.) ‘von innen her’
(Sadnik √625, √318)
1. PIE *Π·deɦɑ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·deɦ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·deɦ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → OCS. Π·de
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√dɦɑe·
(HEG A:33f)
PIE *dɦɑe
MidIr. da
(prep.) ‘to’
(DIL. 221)
(LEIA T-81f.)
1. PIE *dɦɑe
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑa
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑa
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦa
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦa
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *da
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. da
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → MidIr. d
PIE *dɦɑe·Σ
Lith. da·nók-
(vb.) ‘einholen’
(LiEtWb. 78-9)
(Lith. danókti = panókti)
1. PIE *dɦɑe·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑa·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑa·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦa·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦa·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → Lith. da·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *en·dɦɑe
Gr. ἔν·θα
(adv.) ‘da, dort, hier, wo; dahin, hierher; wohin’
(GEW 1:516)
1. PIE *en·dɦɑe
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *en·dɦɑa
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. en·dɦɑa
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *en·dɦa
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. en·dɦa
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *en·tha
4. en·tha
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐν·θα
PIE *on·dɦɑe
Hitt. an·da
(adv.) dabei, darin’ (postp.L) ‘in, an, dazu’
(HHand. 17)
(Hitt. an-da)
1. PIE *on·dɦɑe
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *on·dɦɑa
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. on·dɦɑa
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *on·dɦa
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. on·dɦa
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *an·dɦa
4. an·dɦa
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. an·da
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *on·dɦɑe
Hitt. an·da
(prev.) ‘hinein-, ein-’
(HHand. 17)
1. PIE *on·dɦɑe
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *on·dɦɑa
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. on·dɦɑa
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *on·dɦa
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. on·dɦa
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *an·dɦa
4. an·dɦa
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. an·da
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *on·dɦɑe
CLu. an·da
(prev.) ‘hinein’
(HHand. 17)
(CLu. an-da)
1. PIE *on·dɦɑe
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *on·dɦɑa
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. on·dɦɑa
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *on·dɦa
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. on·dɦa
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *an·dɦa
4. an·dɦa
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. an·da
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *on·dɦɑe
CLu. an·da
(adv.) ‘dabei?’
(DLL. 28)
(CLu. (a-)an-da, a-an-ta)
1. PIE *on·dɦɑe
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *on·dɦɑa
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. on·dɦɑa
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *on·dɦa
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. on·dɦa
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *an·dɦa
4. an·dɦa
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. an·da
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *on·dɦɑe
HLu. an·da
(prep.) ‘in’
(CHLu. 1.1.12)
(HLu. a-ta)
1. PIE *on·dɦɑe
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *on·dɦɑa
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. on·dɦɑa
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *on·dɦa
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. on·dɦa
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *an·dɦa
4. an·dɦa
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. an·da
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *on·dɦɑe
Pal. an·da
(ptcl.) ‘hinein: into’
(HHand. 17)
(Pal. a-an-ta)
1. PIE *on·dɦɑe
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *on·dɦɑa
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. on·dɦɑa
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *on·dɦa
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. on·dɦa
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *an·dɦa
4. an·dɦa
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Pal. an·da
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √dɦɑilgɑɦ- (a.) ‘lang’
(IEW 196-197)
(Laroche 1950:41: Hitt. + RV.; Pyysalo)
√dɦɑilgɑɦ-
(HIL. 1189)
PIE *dɦɑilgɑɦó-
RV. dīrghá-
(a.) ‘lang, weitreichend, lange dauernd’
(WbRV. 610)
(IEW 196-197)
1. PIE *dɦɑilgɑɦó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦilgɦó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦilgɦó-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *dɦirgɦó-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. dɦirgɦó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *dɦirgɦá-
4. dɦirgɦá-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *dirgɦá-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
5. dirgɦá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dirghá-
PIE *dɦɑi̯olgɑɦo·nu-
Hitt. zalga·nu-
(vb.1.) ‘zurückhalten, verzögern’
(HHand. 205)
1. PIE *dɦɑi̯olgɑɦo·nu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olgɦo·nu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯olgɦo·nu-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolgɦo·nu-
3. jɦolgɦo·nu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦalgɦa·nu-
4. jɦalgɦa·nu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jalga·nu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jalga·nu-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zalga·nu-


PIE √dɦɑl- (vb.) ‘grünen, blühen, gedeihen’ (sb.) ‘Baum, Holz, Blatt’
(IEW 234)
(Pyysalo; uncertain)
√dɦɑli-
(HEG T:57)
PIE *dɦɑeli-
CLu. dali-
(n./c.?) ‘Baum, Holz’
(GLHur. 251)
(if in CLu. da-(a)-li-ia, belongs here if not originally Hurrian)
1. PIE *dɦɑeli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑali-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑali-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦali-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦali-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. dali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɦɑeli·Σ
Hitt. dali·garimu-
(ḪUR.S]AG.) ‘(im Land ›Ziḫarija)’ (cf. DKašk. 101)
(OGH. 406)
(Hitt. ta-li-ga-ri-mu)
1. PIE *dɦɑeli·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑali·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑali·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦali·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦali·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dali·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɦɑleio-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɦɑelei̯o-
Kpd. dalei̯a-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1223)
(Kpd. ta-li-a)
1. PIE *dɦɑelei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑalei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑalei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦalei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦalei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦalei̯a-
4. dɦalei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Kpd. dalei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɦɑēléi̯o-
Dor. θᾱλέο-
(vb.) ‘grünen, blühen, gedeihen’
(GEW 1:649-50)
(Dor. θαλέω)
1. PIE *dɦɑēléi̯o-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *dɦɑāléi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɦɑāléi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦāléi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦāléi̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thāléi̯o-
4. thāléi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *thāléo-
5. thāléo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. θᾱλέο-
PIE *dɦɑēléi̯o-
Gr. θηλέο-
(pr.) ‘grünen, blühen, gedeihen’
(GEW 1:649-50)
(Gr. θηλέω)
1. PIE *dɦɑēléi̯o-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *dɦɑāléi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɦɑāléi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦāléi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦāléi̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thāléi̯o-
4. thāléi̯o-
ā –> ē (Att)
Attican change of ā –› ē
Rā›ēAtt → *thēléi̯o-
5. thēléi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *thēléo-
6. thēléo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θηλέο-


PIE √dɦɑm- (sb.) ‘Gewalt, Zwang, Schädigung’ (vb.) ‘Gewalt üben, drücken, bedrängen’
(IEW 238)
(Pyysalo: RV. + Anat.)
√dɦɑemi-
(HEG T:72f.)
(Not to Gr. δάμνημι against Sturtevant (1932:119f.) – the semantics are different, and there is no ḫ. in Hitt. dami-.)
PIE *dɦɑemi-
Hitt. dami-
(vb.1.) ‘schädigen, bedrängen, Gewalt üben, schäden’
(AHPh. 166)
(Hitt. tamezi [3sg])
1. PIE *dɦɑemi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑami-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑami-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦami-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦami-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dami-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɦɑemis-
(HEG T:72f.)
PIE *dɦɑemis-
Hitt. damiš-
(vb.1.) ‘drücken, (be)drängen’
(HHand. 162)
1. PIE *dɦɑemis-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑamis-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑamis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦamis-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦamis-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *damis-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. damis-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. damiš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɦɑemisɑho-
Hitt. damišḫa-
(c.) ‘Gewalttat, Schädigung, Strafmaßnahme’
(HHand. 163)
1. PIE *dɦɑemisɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑamisɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑamisɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦamisho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦamisho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦamisha-
4. dɦamisha-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *damisha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. damisha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *damišha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. damišha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. damišḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *dɦɑemisɑhoi-
Hitt. damišḫai-
(vb.) ‘schädigen, bedrängen, Gewalt üben, schäden’
(HHand. 163)
1. PIE *dɦɑemisɑhoi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑamisɑhoi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑamisɑhoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦamishoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦamishoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦamishai-
4. dɦamishai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *damishai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. damishai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *damišhai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. damišhai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. damišḫai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *dɦɑemiskie/o-
Hitt. damiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘schädigen, bedrängen, Gewalt üben usw.’
(HHand. 162)
1. PIE *dɦɑemiskie/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑamiskie/o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑamiskie/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦamiskie/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦamiskie/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *dɦamisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dɦamisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦamisḱe/a-
5. dɦamisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *dɦamiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. dɦamiske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *damiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. damiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. damiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɦɑemen-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɦɑḗmen-
RV. dhā́man-
(n.) ‘Gewalt, Zwang’
(WbRV. 677)
1. PIE *dɦɑḗmen-
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *dɦɑā́men-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɦɑā́men-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦā́men-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦā́men-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *dɦā́man-
4. dɦā́man-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dhā́man-
√dɦɑemos-
(HEG T:72f.)
PIE *dɦɑemos-
Hitt. damaš-
(vb.1.) ‘drücken, drängen, bedrängen’
(HHand. 162)
(Hitt. damašzi [3sg], HIL. 949f.)
1. PIE *dɦɑemos-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑamos-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑamos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦamos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦamos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦamas-
4. dɦamas-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *damas-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. damas-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. damaš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɦɑemos-
CLu. damaš-
(vb.) ‘drücken, drängen, bedrängen’
(DLL. 162)
(CLu. da-ma-aš-ti [3sg])
1. PIE *dɦɑemos-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑamos-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑamos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦamos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦamos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦamas-
4. dɦamas-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *damas-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. damas-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. damaš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɦɑemoski̯e/o-
Hitt. damaške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘drücken, drängen, bedrängen’
(HHand. 162)
1. PIE *dɦɑemoski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑamoski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑamoski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦamoski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦamoski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *dɦamosḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dɦamosḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦamasḱe/a-
5. dɦamasḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *dɦamaske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. dɦamaske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *damaske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. damaske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. damaške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɦɑemosont-
Hitt. damašant-
(pt.) ‘drücken, drängen, bedrängen’
(HHand. 162)
1. PIE *dɦɑemosont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑamosont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑamosont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦamosont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦamosont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦamasant-
4. dɦamasant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *damasant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. damasant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. damašant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɦɑemosu̯o-
Hitt. damašu̯a-
(inf.bs.) ‘drücken, drängen, bedrängen’
(HHand. 162)
(Hitt. damašuanzi [inf.])
1. PIE *dɦɑemosu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑamosu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑamosu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦamosu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦamosu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦamasu̯a-
4. dɦamasu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *damasu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. damasu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. damašu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √dɦɑm- (sb.) ‘Haus, Wohnung’
(IEW 198-9)
(Pyysalo: HLu. + Ital. + IE)
√deɦɑm-
PIE *déɦɑm-
RV. dám-
(c.) ‘Haus’
(WbRV. 575)
(in RV. pátir dán [sgG])
1. PIE *déɦɑm-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *déɦm-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. déɦm-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dém-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dém-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. dám-
PIE *seɑh·deɦɑm-
gAv. ha·dǝm-
(n.) ‘das selbe Haus, die nämliche Wohnung’
(AIWb. 1757)
(gAv. hadǝmōi [sgL])
1. PIE *seɑh·deɦɑm-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑh·deɦɑm-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. saɑh·deɦɑm-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sah·deɦm-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sah·deɦm-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *sah·dem-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sah·dem-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sa·dem-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. sa·dem-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *ha·dem-
6. ha·dem-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → gAv. ha·dam-
PIE *déɦɑm·poti-
RV. dám·pati-
(m.) ‘Herr des Hauses, Hausherr’
(WbRV. 577)
1. PIE *déɦɑm·poti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *déɦm·poti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. déɦm·poti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *déɦm·pati-
3. déɦm·pati-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dém·pati-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dém·pati-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. dám·pati-
PIE *déɦɑmo-
Gr. δέμο-
(pr.) ‘build, construct, lay bricks’
(GEW 1:364)
(Gr. δέμω)
1. PIE *déɦɑmo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *déɦmo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. déɦmo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *démo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. démo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. δέμο-
PIE *déɦɑm·Σ
RV. dám·ūnas-
(a.) ‘zum Haus gerhörig, hausfreundlich’
(WbRV. 577)
1. PIE *déɦɑm·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *déɦm·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. déɦm·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dém·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dém·Σ
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. dám·Σ
PIE *déɦɑm·Σ
RV. dám·ūnas-
(m.) ‘Hausfreund’
(WbRV. 577)
(RV. dámūnāḥ [sgN], dámūnasam [sgA])
1. PIE *déɦɑm·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *déɦm·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. déɦm·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dém·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dém·Σ
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. dám·Σ
√doɦɑm-
PIE *doɦɑm·èno-
Lat. dom·ino-
(m.) ‘Hausherr, Herr’
(WH. 1:367)
1. PIE *doɦɑm·èno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦm·èno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. doɦm·èno-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. dom·èno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *doɦɑm·ènēɑh-
Lat. dom·inā-
(pr.) ‘(be)herrschen’
(WH. 1:367)
(Lat. dominor)
1. PIE *doɦɑm·ènēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *doɦɑm·ènāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. doɦɑm·ènāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦm·ènāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. doɦm·ènāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dom·ènāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dom·ènāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. dom·ènā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *Π·dóɦɑmēɑh-
Dac. κοα·δάμᾱ-
(sb.) ‘Wassersiedler (Pflanzenname)’
(IEW 23)
(in Hes. κοαδάμα · ποταμογείτων)
1. PIE *Π·dóɦɑmēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·dóɦɑmāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·dóɦɑmāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dóɦmāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·dóɦmāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·dómāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·dómāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·dómā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·dómā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dac. Π·δόμᾱ-
√dōɦɑm-
PIE *dōɦɑm-
LAv. dām-
(n.) ‘Haus’
(AIWb. 684)
(LAv. dąm [L], dąmi [sgL])
1. PIE *dōɦɑm-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dōɦm-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dōɦm-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *dāɦm-
3. dāɦm-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → LAv. dām-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *dṓɦɑmeɑht-
Gr. δώματ-
(n.) ‘Haus, Wohnung, Tempel’
(GEW 1:429)
(Gr. δῶμα, δώματος)
1. PIE *dṓɦɑmeɑht-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *dṓɦɑmaɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. dṓɦɑmaɑht-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dṓɦmaht-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dṓɦmaht-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dṓmaht-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dṓmaht-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dṓmat-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dṓmat-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. δώματ-
√deɦɑmbɑɦ-
PIE *deɦɑmbɑɦoro
OHG. zimbar-
(n.) ‘Stoff, Materie, Bau(-stoff, -holz), Gebäude, Werkzeug’
(Gl. 765)
(GA, N, NGl)
1. PIE *deɦɑmbɑɦoro
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *deɦmbɦoro
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. deɦmbɦoro
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dembɦoro
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dembɦoro
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *tembɦoro
4. tembɦoro
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *temboro
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. temboro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tembara
6. tembara
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *timbara
7. timbara
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *timbar
8. timbar
*t → z
OHG sound shift of *t
Rt›z → OHG. zimbar
PIE *deɦɑmbɑɦro
OIcl. timbr-
(n.) ‘Bauholz, Gebäude’
(ANEtWb. 588)
1. PIE *deɦɑmbɑɦro
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *deɦmbɦro
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. deɦmbɦro
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dembɦro
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dembɦro
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *tembɦro
4. tembɦro
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *tembro
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. tembro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tembra
6. tembra
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *timbra
7. timbra
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OIcl. timbr
PIE *deɦɑmbɑɦri̯o-
Goth. timbrja-
(pr.) ‘build (up), strengthen, benefit, edify’
(GoEtD. T29.)
1. PIE *deɦɑmbɑɦri̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *deɦmbɦri̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. deɦmbɦri̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dembɦri̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dembɦri̯o-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *tembɦri̯o-
4. tembɦri̯o-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *tembri̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. tembri̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tembri̯a-
6. tembri̯a-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *timbri̯a-
7. timbri̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Goth. timbrja-
√dɦɑmo-
(Pyysalo: Anat. + Ital.)
PIE *dɦɑem-
Lyd. tam-
(vb.) ‘build’
(AHPh. 331)
1. PIE *dɦɑem-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑam-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑam-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦam-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦam-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dam-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dam-
*am/n → ãm/n
Emergence of nasal vowel ã
RaN›ãN → *dãm-
5. dãm-
PIE *Nd → Nt
Devoicing of PIE *d after N
RNd›Nt → Lyd. tãm-
PIE *dɦɑemo-
HLu. dama-
(AEDIFICAREvb.) ‘build’
(CHLu. 10.11.4)
(HLu. (AEDIFICARE)ta-ma-ta, ta-ma-ha [1sg])
1. PIE *dɦɑemo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑamo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑamo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦamo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦamo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦama-
4. dɦama-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. dama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɦɑemo-
LycA. tama-
(sb.) ‘building, house’
(DLycLg. 60)
1. PIE *dɦɑemo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑamo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑamo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦamo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦamo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦama-
4. dɦama-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. dama-
*am/n → ãm/n
Emergence of nasal vowel ã
RaN›ãN → *dãma-
6. dãma-
PIE *Nd → Nt
Devoicing of PIE *d after N
RNd›Nt → LycA. tãma-
PIE *dɦɑemodɑɦo-
LycA. tãmada-
(sb.) ‘building complex vel sim.’
(DLycLg. 61)
1. PIE *dɦɑemodɑɦo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑamodɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑamodɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦamodɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦamodɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦamadɦa-
4. dɦamadɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *damada-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. damada-
*am/n → ãm/n
Emergence of nasal vowel ã
RaN›ãN → *dãmada-
6. dãmada-
PIE *Nd → Nt
Devoicing of PIE *d after N
RNd›Nt → LycA. tãmada-
PIE *dɦɑemeɦɑdiēɑh-
Umbr. fameřiā-
(f.) ‘Hausstand?’
(WbOU. 262-3)
(Umbr. fameřias [sgG])
1. PIE *dɦɑemeɦɑdiēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑameɦɑdiēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑameɦɑdiēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑameɦɑdiāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. dɦɑameɦɑdiāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦameɦdiāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. dɦameɦdiāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dɦamediāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦamediāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦamediā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. dɦamediā-
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *dɦ
Rdɦ›f → *famediā-
7. famediā-
*d → ř
Change of *d into ř
Rd›ř → Umbr. fameřiā-
PIE *dɦɑemel-
Pael. famel-
(sb.) ‘servus’
(WH. 1:452-3)
1. PIE *dɦɑemel-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑamel-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑamel-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦamel-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦamel-
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *dɦ
Rdɦ›f → Pael. famel-
PIE *dɦɑemèliēɑh-
Lat. familiā-
(f.) ‘Gesinde; Vermögen’
(WH. 1:452-3)
1. PIE *dɦɑemèliēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑamèliēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑamèliēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑamèliāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. dɦɑamèliāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦamèliāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. dɦamèliāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦamèliā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦamèliā-
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *dɦ
Rdɦ›f → Lat. famèliā-
PIE *dɦɑemul-
OLat. famul-
(m.) ‘Diener’
(WH. 1:452-3)
(Enn. famul)
1. PIE *dɦɑemul-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑamul-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑamul-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦamul-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦamul-
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *dɦ
Rdɦ›f → OLat. famul-


PIE √dɦɑn- (sb.) ‘Baum, Tanne, Fichte, Kiefer’
(IEW 234)
(WP. 1:825; MA. 202; Neumann 1961:77f.)
√dɦɑonbɑɦ-
PIE *dɦɑonbɑɦo
OCS. dǫbŭ-
(m.) ‘Baum, Holz, Eiche’
(REW 1:376)
1. PIE *dɦɑonbɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦonbɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦonbɦo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦanbɦa
3. dɦanbɦa
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *dɦanba
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dɦanba
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *danba
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. danba
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *donbo
6. donbo
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *donbu
7. donbu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. donbŭ
PIE *dɦɑonbɑɦeii̯os
OCS. dǫbije-
(n.) ‘die Bäume’
(Sadnik √160)
1. PIE *dɦɑonbɑɦeii̯os
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦonbɦeii̯os
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦonbɦeii̯os
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦanbɦeii̯as
3. dɦanbɦeii̯as
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *dɦanbeii̯as
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dɦanbeii̯as
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *danbeii̯as
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. danbeii̯as
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *donbeii̯os
6. donbeii̯os
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in -os (root-final)
Ros=›o= → *donbeii̯o
7. donbeii̯o
*-i̯o → -i̯e
Change of root-final -i̯o to -i̯e
Ri̯o=›i̯e= → *donbeii̯e
8. donbeii̯e
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *donbīi̯e
9. donbīi̯e
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *donbīje
10. donbīje
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → OCS. donbije
PIE *dɦɑonbɑɦrou̯ēɑh-
OCS. dǫbrova-
(f.) ‘Wald’
(Sadnik √160)
1. PIE *dɦɑonbɑɦrou̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑonbɑɦrou̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɦɑonbɑɦrou̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦonbɦrou̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦonbɦrou̯āh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦanbɦrau̯āh-
4. dɦanbɦrau̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦanbɦrau̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦanbɦrau̯ā-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *dɦanbrau̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. dɦanbrau̯ā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *danbrau̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. danbrau̯ā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *donbrou̯ā-
8. donbrou̯ā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *donbrovā-
9. donbrovā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OCS. donbrova-
PIE *dɦɑonbɑɦrōu̯ēɑh-
OCS. dǫbrava-
(f.) ‘Wald’
(Sadnik √160)
1. PIE *dɦɑonbɑɦrōu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑonbɑɦrōu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɦɑonbɑɦrōu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦonbɦrōu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦonbɦrōu̯āh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦanbɦrōu̯āh-
4. dɦanbɦrōu̯āh-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *dɦanbɦrāu̯āh-
5. dɦanbɦrāu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦanbɦrāu̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. dɦanbɦrāu̯ā-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *dɦanbrāu̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. dɦanbrāu̯ā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *danbrāu̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. danbrāu̯ā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *donbrāu̯ā-
9. donbrāu̯ā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *donbrāvā-
10. donbrāvā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OCS. donbrava-
√dɦɑe/onu-
(HEG T:102)
(HIL. 954-5)
PIE *dɦɑenou-
Hitt. danau-
(GIŠn.) ‘(ein Baum, der Nutzholz liefert, ‘Tanne?’)’
(HEG T:102)
(HHand. 164: “‘Tanne’ ist nur dem Anklang nach geraten.”)
1. PIE *dɦɑenou-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑanou-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑanou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦanou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦanou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦanau-
4. dɦanau-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. danau-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɦɑe/onuon-
PIE *dɦɑenu̯o·n-
OHG. tanna·n-
(f.) ‘Tanne, Edeltanne, Fichte, Kiefer: Picea abies, Pinus’
(Gl. 10th cent.)
1. PIE *dɦɑenu̯o·n-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑanu̯o·n-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑanu̯o·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦanu̯o·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦanu̯o·n-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *danu̯o·n-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. danu̯o·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *danu̯a·n-
5. danu̯a·n-
*nu̯ -› nn
Change of *nu̯ into nn
Rnu̯›nn → *danna·n-
6. danna·n-
*d → t
OHG sound shift of *d
Rd›tHG → OHG. tanna·n-
PIE *dɦɑenu̯ono-
OInd. dhanvana-
(m.) ‘bestimmter Fruchtbaum, Grewia asiatica’
(KEWA 2:91)
(WP. 1:825)
1. PIE *dɦɑenu̯ono-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑanu̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑanu̯ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦanu̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦanu̯ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦanu̯ana-
4. dɦanu̯ana-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dɦanvana-
5. dɦanvana-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. dhanvana-


PIE √dɦɑn- √dɦɑon- √dɦɑen- (sb.) ‘Tod’ (a.) ‘tot’
(IEW 266)
(Frisk GEW 1:653: Maced.; Čop 1953:192: Hitt. + IE)
√dɦɑen-
(Čop 1953:192)
(HEG T:111-3)
PIE *dɦɑen·Σ
Hitt. dan·dugi-
(a.) ‘vergänglich, sterblich’
(HEG T:111-3)
(Hitt. ta-an-du-ki-iš; SHV 550)
1. PIE *dɦɑen·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑan·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑan·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦan·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦan·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dan·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɦɑen·Σ
Hitt. dan·dugi-
(c.) ‘Mensch’
(HHand. 165)
(Hitt. da-an-du-ki-iš, Kimball 1999:422)
1. PIE *dɦɑen·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑan·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑan·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦan·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦan·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dan·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɦɑen·Σ
Hitt. dan·dugišn-
(n.obl.) ‘Vergänglichkeit, Sterblichkeit, Menschheit’
(HHand. 165)
(Hitt. da-an-du-ki-iš-ni [sgL], da-an-du-ki-iš-na-š=a [sgG])
1. PIE *dɦɑen·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑan·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑan·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦan·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦan·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dan·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɦɑeno-
(Frisk GEW 1:653)
PIE *dɦɑéno-
Gr. θάνο-
(ao.) ‘sterben’
(GEW 1:653)
1. PIE *dɦɑéno-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *dɦɑáno-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑáno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦáno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦáno-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *tháno-
4. tháno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θάνο-
PIE *dɦɑéno-
Maced. δάνο-
(m.) ‘death’
(GEW 3:103)
1. PIE *dɦɑéno-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *dɦɑáno-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑáno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦáno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦáno-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dáno-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dáno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Maced. δάνο-
PIE *dɦɑenónt-
Maced. δανόντ-
(pt.) ‘κτείνων’
(LSJ. 369)
1. PIE *dɦɑenónt-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑanónt-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑanónt-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦanónt-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦanónt-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *danónt-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. danónt-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Maced. δανόντ-
√dɦɑeneɑh-
PIE *dɦɑéneɑhto-
Gr. θάνατο-
(m.) ‘Tod’
(GEW 1:652)
(Gr. θάνατος)
1. PIE *dɦɑéneɑhto-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *dɦɑáneɑhto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑáneɑhto-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *dɦɑánaɑhto-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. dɦɑánaɑhto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦánahto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. dɦánahto-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦánato-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦánato-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thánato-
6. thánato-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θάνατο-
PIE *Π·dɦɑéneɑhto-
Gr. ἀ·θάνατο-
(a.) ‘unsterblich’
(GEW 1:652)
(Gr. ἀθάνατος)
1. PIE *Π·dɦɑéneɑhto-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *Π·dɦɑáneɑhto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·dɦɑáneɑhto-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·dɦɑánaɑhto-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. Π·dɦɑánaɑhto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦánahto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·dɦánahto-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·dɦánato-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·dɦánato-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *Π·thánato-
6. Π·thánato-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·θάνατο-
√dɦɑneɑh-
PIE *dɑɦédɦɑneɑh-
Gr. τέθνα-
(pf.) ‘tot sein’
(GEW 1:653)
(Gr. τέθναμεν [1pl])
1. PIE *dɑɦédɦɑneɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *dɑɦédɦɑnaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. dɑɦédɦɑnaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦédɦnah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦédɦnah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦédɦna-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦédɦna-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *théthna-
5. théthna-
*Th–Th → T–Th
Grassmann’s Law
Rthéth›téth → *téthna-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
6. téthna-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τέθνα-
PIE *dɦɑneɑhíski̯o-
Aeol. θναίσκο-
(pr.) ‘die’
(GEW 1:652-3)
(Aeol. θναίσκω [1sg])
1. PIE *dɦɑneɑhíski̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *dɦɑnaɑhíski̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. dɦɑnaɑhíski̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦnahíski̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦnahíski̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *dɦnahísḱo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dɦnahísḱo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦnaísḱo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦnaísḱo-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thnaísḱo-
6. thnaísḱo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *thnaísko-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. thnaísko-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Aeol. θναίσκο-
PIE *Π·dɦɑnɑhi̯ou-
OPhryg. ε[.]ι·θνιου-
(vb.) ‘die’
(PHRYG. 104)
(OPhryg. ε[.]ι·θνιουμενος)
1. PIE *Π·dɦɑnɑhi̯ou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦnhi̯ou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦnhi̯ou-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·dɦni̯ou-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·dɦni̯ou-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·dni̯ou-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·dni̯ou-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → *Π·dniou-
5. Π·dniou-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → OPhryg. Π·δνιου-
PIE *dɑɦédɦɑnēɑhk-
Ion. τέθνηκ-
(pf.) ‘tot sein’
(GEW 1:653)
(Gr. τέθνηκα [1sg])
1. PIE *dɑɦédɦɑnēɑhk-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦédɦɑnāɑhk-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦédɦɑnāɑhk-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦédɦnāhk-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦédɦnāhk-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦédɦnāk-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦédɦnāk-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *théthnāk-
5. théthnāk-
*Th–Th → T–Th
Grassmann’s Law
Rthéth›téth → *téthnāk-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
6. téthnāk-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *téthnēk-
7. téthnēk-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion. τέθνηκ-
PIE *dɦɑnēɑhtó-
Ion. θνητό-
(pret.pt.) ‘sterblich’
(GEW 1:653)
1. PIE *dɦɑnēɑhtó-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑnāɑhtó-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɦɑnāɑhtó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦnāhtó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦnāhtó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦnātó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦnātó-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thnātó-
5. thnātó-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *thnētó-
6. thnētó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion. θνητό-


PIE √dɦɑn- √deɦɑn- √dɦɑen- (sb.) ‘Saat, Getreide, Korn, Gerste, Brot’
(IEW 194, 242)
(Watkins 1965:121)
√deɦɑn-
(IEW 194)
PIE *deɦɑn·Σ
Gr. δεν·δαλίδ-
(f.) ‘Art Gerstenkuchen’
(GEW 1:365)
1. PIE *deɦɑn·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *deɦn·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. deɦn·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *den·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. den·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. δεν·Σ
PIE *deɦɑen·Σ
Gr. δαν·δαλίδ-
(f.) ‘Art Gerstenkuchen’
(GEW 1:365)
(Gr. δανδαλίς, δανδαλίδες [Poll. Hes.])
1. PIE *deɦɑen·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *deɦɑan·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. deɦɑan·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *deɦan·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. deɦan·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dean·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dean·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. δεαν·Σ
dōɦɑn-
(IEW 242)
PIE *dṓɦɑnēɑh
Lith. dúona-
(f.1.) ‘Brot; Ausgedinge (OLith.)’
(LiEtWb. 111)
(Lith. dúona [sgN])
1. PIE *dṓɦɑnēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dṓɦɑnāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dṓɦɑnāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dṓɦnāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dṓɦnāh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dṓnāh
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dṓnāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dṓnā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dṓnā
*ṓ → úo
Change of ṓ into úo
Rṓ›úo → *dúonā
6. dúonā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *dúonō
(XX:XX)
7. dúonō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → Lith. dúona
PIE *dṓɦɑnēɑh
Latv. duõna-
(f.) ‘Brot: bread’
(LiEtWb. 111)
1. PIE *dṓɦɑnēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dṓɦɑnāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dṓɦɑnāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dṓɦnāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dṓɦnāh
*ṓH → ôH
Latvian tone rule for ṓH
RAccLatv7 → *dôɦnāh
4. dôɦnāh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dônāh
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dônāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dônā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. dônā
*ô → uô
Change of ô into uô
Rô›uô → *duônā
7. duônā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R=ā›=a → Latv. duôna
√dɦɑn-
(IEW 242)
(MA. 237, HEG T:99)
PIE *dɦɑōno.Σ
LAv. ·dānō.karša-
(a.) ‘eine Ameisenart ≈ Körner schleppend’
(AIWb. 734)
1. PIE *dɦɑōno.Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦōno.Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦōno.Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦōna.Σ
3. dɦōna.Σ
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *dɦāna.Σ
4. dɦāna.Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dāna.Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. dāna.Σ
a. → ō.
Change of a. into ō. in morpheme border
Ra›ō → LAv. ·dānō.Σ
PIE *dɦɑōno
MidPers. dān-
(sb.) ‘Korn: grain’
(IEW 242)
(also ModPers. dāna)
1. PIE *dɦɑōno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦōno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦōno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦōna
3. dɦōna
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *dɦāna
4. dɦāna
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → MidPers. dāna
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *dɦɑonì-
Arm. don-
(sb.) ‘a kind of bread’
(EtDiArm. 241)
(Arm. don, doniw)
1. PIE *dɦɑonì-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦonì-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦonì-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *donì-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. donì-
*i → Ø
Loss of unaccented *i
Rì›0 → Arm. don-
PIE *dɦɑenodɦɑono·Σ
TochB. tanatana·motäṣṣe
(a.) ‘pertaining to grain-alcohol’
(DTochB. 286)
1. PIE *dɦɑenodɦɑono·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑanodɦɑono·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑanodɦɑono·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦanodɦono·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦanodɦono·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦanadɦana·Σ
4. dɦanadɦana·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *danadana·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. danadana·Σ
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → TochB. tanatana·Σ
PIE *dɦɑēnēɑh-
TochB. tānā-
(f.) ‘seed, grain: Getreide’
(DTochB. 286)
(TochB. tāna, tanāñä)
1. PIE *dɦɑēnēɑh-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *dɦɑānēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɦɑānēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑānāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. dɦɑānāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦānāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. dɦānāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦānā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦānā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dānā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. dānā-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → TochB. tānā-
PIE *dɦɑēnḗɑh-
OInd. dhānā́-
(f.) ‘Getreidekorn: grain’
(KEWA 2:98)
(OInd. dhānā́h [plN])
1. PIE *dɦɑēnḗɑh-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *dɦɑānḗɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɦɑānḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *dɦɑānā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. dɦɑānā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦānā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. dɦānā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦānā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦānā́-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. dhānā́-
PIE *dɦɑēnēɑh-
Khot. dāna-
(f.) ‘Getreide, Korn: grain’
(KEWA 2:98)
1. PIE *dɦɑēnēɑh-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *dɦɑānēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɦɑānēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑānāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. dɦɑānāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦānāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. dɦānāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦānā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦānā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → Khot. dānā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *dɦɑonēɑh·Σ
TochB. tanā·kko-
(f.) ‘grain; spot’ (LeTokh. 642)
(DTochB. 278)
1. PIE *dɦɑonēɑh·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑonāɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɦɑonāɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦonāh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦonāh·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦanāh·Σ
4. dɦanāh·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦanā·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦanā·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *danā·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. danā·Σ
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → TochB. tanā·Σ
PIE *dɦɑonēɑh·Σ
TochB. tanā·ṣṣa-
(a.) ‘pertaining to grain or seed’
(DTochB. 286)
(TochB. tanāṣṣe-)
1. PIE *dɦɑonēɑh·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑonāɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɦɑonāɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦonāh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦonāh·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦanāh·Σ
4. dɦanāh·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦanā·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦanā·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *danā·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. danā·Σ
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → TochB. tanā·Σ
PIE *dɦɑonēɑh·Σ
TochB. tanā·mot-
(sb.) ‘grain-alcohol (i.e. beer)’
(DTochB. 286)
1. PIE *dɦɑonēɑh·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑonāɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɦɑonāɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦonāh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦonāh·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦanāh·Σ
4. dɦanāh·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦanā·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦanā·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *danā·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. danā·Σ
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → TochB. tanā·Σ
PIE *dɦɑēni̯ó-
RV. dhānyá-
(n.) ‘Getreide’
(KEWA 2:98)
1. PIE *dɦɑēni̯ó-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *dɦɑāni̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɦɑāni̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦāni̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦāni̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *dɦāni̯á-
4. dɦāni̯á-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *dhāni̯á-
5. dhāni̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. dhānyá-
PIE *dɦɑēnoii̯ó-
OInd. dhāneyá-
(n.) ‘Koriander: coriander’
(KEWA 2:98)
1. PIE *dɦɑēnoii̯ó-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *dɦɑānoii̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɦɑānoii̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦānoii̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦānoii̯ó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦānaii̯ó-
4. dɦānaii̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *dɦānaii̯á-
5. dɦānaii̯á-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *dɦānēi̯á-
6. dɦānēi̯á-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *dhānēi̯á-
7. dhānēi̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *dhānēyá-
8. dhānēyá-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → OInd. dhāneyá-
PIE *dɦɑenos-
Hitt. današ-
(NINDAn.) ‘(eine Speise)’
(HHand. 164)
1. PIE *dɦɑenos-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑanos-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑanos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦanos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦanos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦanas-
4. dɦanas-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *danas-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. danas-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. današ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɦɑenos-
CLu. današ-
(NINDAn.) ‘(eine Speise, Art Brot? HHand. 164)’
(DLL. 90)
(CLu. ta-an-na-ša [plN], KLuN. 106-7)
1. PIE *dɦɑenos-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑanos-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑanos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦanos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦanos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦanas-
4. dɦanas-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *danas-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. danas-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. današ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π.dɦɑēnu-
LAv. aš.dānu·-
(a.) ‘mit starken, großen (Samen)-Körnern’
(AIWb. 263)
1. PIE *Π.dɦɑēnu-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π.dɦɑānu-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π.dɦɑānu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π.dɦānu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π.dɦānu-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → LAv. Π.dānu·-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)


PIE √dɦɑr- (sb.) ‘Baum, Holz, Eiche’
(IEW 214f.)
(Ehelolf 1933:7; Pyysalo: Germ.)
√doɦɑru-
PIE *dóɦɑru-
Gr. δόρυ-
(n.) ‘Baum(stamm), Holz, Speer’
(GEW 1:411)
(Gr. δόρυ [sgNA])
1. PIE *dóɦɑru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dóɦru-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dóɦru-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dóru-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dóru-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. δόρυ-
PIE *dóɦɑru-
RV. dā́ru-
(n.) ‘Holz, das Querholz’ (pl) ‘Holzscheite’
(WbRV. 595)
RV. dā́ru [sgNA], Brugmann’s law II, see SPIE 121ff.)
1. PIE *dóɦɑru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dóɦru-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dóɦru-
PIE *óhCV → ā́hCV
Brugmann’s Law for *óhCV
RóHCV›ā́HCV → *dā́ɦru-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
3. dā́ɦru-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → RV. dā́ru-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *doɦɑru-
OPers. dāru-
(n.) ‘wood’
(OldP. 190)
(OPers. dauruv [sgN])
1. PIE *doɦɑru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦru-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. doɦru-
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *dāɦru-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
3. dāɦru-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → OPers. dāru-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *doɦɑru-
LAv. dāru-
(n.) ‘Baumstamm, Holz, Holzstück’
(AIWb. 738-9)
(LAv. dāuru [sgNA])
1. PIE *doɦɑru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦru-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. doɦru-
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *dāɦru-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
3. dāɦru-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → LAv. dāru-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√dɦɑro-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG T:148)
PIE *dɦɑero-
Hitt. dara-
(GIŠ.) ‘(ein Baum)’
(HEG T:148)
(Hitt. GIŠtar-ra-aš GIŠe-ia-an[...)
1. PIE *dɦɑero-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑaro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑaro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦaro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦaro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦara-
4. dɦara-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·dɦɑero-
OHG. affal·tar-
(m.) ‘malus: Apfelbaum: apple-tree’
(EWAhd. 1:60)
(OHG. affaltar, Gl. 8th cent.)
1. PIE *Π·dɦɑero-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·dɦɑaro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·dɦɑaro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦaro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·dɦaro-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·daro-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·daro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dara-
5. Π·dara-
*d → t
OHG sound shift of *d
Rd›tHG → OHG. Π·tara-
PIE *Π·dɦɑreino-
OHG. affal·trīn-
(a.) ‘aus Apfelbaumholz’
(SPLETT 1:26)
1. PIE *Π·dɦɑreino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦreino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦreino-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·dreino-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·dreino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dreina-
4. Π·dreina-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *Π·drīna-
5. Π·drīna-
*d → t
OHG sound shift of *d
Rd›tHG → OHG. Π·trīna-
PIE *dɦɑerēɑhko
OIr. darach-
(m.) ‘Eiche’
(DIL. 184)
1. PIE *dɦɑerēɑhko
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑarēɑhko
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑarēɑhko
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑarāɑhko
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. dɦɑarāɑhko
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦarāhko
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. dɦarāhko
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦarāko
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦarāko
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *darāko
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. darāko
VkV → VkhV
Lenition of voiceless stop *k
Rk›kh → *darākho
7. darākho
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *darakho
8. darakho
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr → *darakh
9. darakh
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → OIr. darach
√dɦɑeri-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɦɑeri-
OIr. dair
(f.) ‘Eiche: oak’
(EtDiPC. 91)
1. PIE *dɦɑeri-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑari-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑari-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦari-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦari-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dari-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dari-
*ari → air
Epenthesis of *i
Rari›air → OIr. dair-
PIE *dɦɑeri-
MidCymr. deir-
(f.) ‘Eiche: oak’
(GPC 1:891f.)
1. PIE *dɦɑeri-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑari-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑari-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦari-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦari-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dari-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dari-
*ari → eir
Epenthesis of *i
Rari›eir → MidCymr. deir-
PIE *Π·dɦɑerì-
OSax. apal·der-
(m.) ‘Apfelbaum’
(ASächsWb. 3)
1. PIE *Π·dɦɑerì-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·dɦɑarì-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·dɦɑarì-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦarì-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·dɦarì-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·darì-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·darì-
*arì → erì
Umlaut of arì to erì
Rarì›erì → *Π·derì-
5. Π·derì-
*i → Ø
Loss of unaccented *i
Rì›0 → OSax. Π·der-
√dɦɑerso-
PIE *dɦɑerso
OIcl. darr-
(n.) ‘Wurfspeer’
(ANEtWb. 74a)
(OIcl. darr)
1. PIE *dɦɑerso
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑarso
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑarso
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦarso
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦarso
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *darso
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. darso
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *darsa
5. darsa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OIcl. dars
√dɦɑru-
(HEG T:230f.)
PIE *dɦɑeru-
Hitt. daru-
(GIŠn.) ‘Baum, Holz, Stange: GIŠ’
(HEG T:230f.)
(Hitt. ta-ru [NA], GIŠ-ru, ta-ru-ú-i [DL])
1. PIE *dɦɑeru-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑaru-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑaru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦaru-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦaru-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. daru-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɦɑeru-
CLu. daru-
(GIŠn.) ‘Holz’
(HHand. 171)
1. PIE *dɦɑeru-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑaru-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑaru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦaru-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦaru-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. daru-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɦɑeru-
Hitt. daru-
(vb.) ‘anpflocken, (magisch) fixieren’
(HEG T:244-6)
(Hitt. GIŠ-ru-an-zi [inf.])
1. PIE *dɦɑeru-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑaru-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑaru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦaru-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦaru-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. daru-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɦɑeru-
OIr. daur-
(f.) ‘Eiche: oak’
(EtDiPC. 91)
(Campanile 1974:35, de Bernardo Stempel 1999:237)
1. PIE *dɦɑeru-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑaru-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑaru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦaru-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦaru-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *daru-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. daru-
*aru → aur
Epenthesis of *u
Raru›aur → OIr. daur-
PIE *dɦɑeru
MidCymr. dar-
(f.) ‘Eiche’
(GPC 1:891f.)
(MidCymr. dar [sg], deri [pl])
1. PIE *dɦɑeru
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑaru
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑaru
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦaru
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦaru
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → MidCymr. daru
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *dɦɑeru
OBret. dar-
(sb.) ‘Eiche’
(EtDiPC. 91)
(DGVB 129)
1. PIE *dɦɑeru
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑaru
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑaru
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦaru
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦaru
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → OBret. daru
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *dɦɑeru
OCorn. dar-
(sb.) ‘Gl. quercus’
(EtDiPC. 91)
(MA. 598)
1. PIE *dɦɑeru
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑaru
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑaru
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦaru
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦaru
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → OCorn. daru
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)


PIE √dɦɑu- (a.) ‘tot, sterblich’ (vb.) ‘schlagen, stoßen’ (sb.) ‘Mensch’
(IEW 260-1)
(Pyysalo: Anat. + IE)
√doɦɑugi-
PIE *doɦɑúgi-
Lith. daũž-
(vb.) ‘schlagen, stoßen’
(LiEtWb. 84)
(Lith. daũžti [inf.])
1. PIE *doɦɑúgi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦúgi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. doɦúgi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *doɦúj́-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. doɦúj́-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *doɦùj́-
4. doɦùj́-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *doùj́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. doùj́-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *daùj́-
6. daùj́-
*j́ → ž
From Satem *j́ to ž
Rj́›ž → Lith. daùž-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
PIE *doɦɑugi-
Latv. dauz-
(vb.) ‘entzweischlagen, zertrümmern’
(LiEtWb. 84)
(Latv. dauzt)
1. PIE *doɦɑugi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦugi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. doɦugi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *doɦuj́-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. doɦuj́-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *douj́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. douj́-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dauj́-
5. dauj́-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → Latv. dauz-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
PIE *dóɦɑgi̯ēɑh-
Sloven. dúza-
(vb.) ‘stoßen, drängen’
(LiEtWb. 84)
(Sloven. dúzati)
1. PIE *dóɦɑgi̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dóɦɑgi̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dóɦɑgi̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dóɦgi̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dóɦgi̯āh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *dóɦj́āh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dóɦj́āh-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *dáɦj́āh-
5. dáɦj́āh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dáj́āh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. dáj́āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dáj́ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. dáj́ā-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *dázā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
8. dázā-
*á → ó
Change of *á into ó
Rá›ó → *dózā-
9. dózā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *dóza-
10. dóza-
ó → ò
Slovenian gravis rule
RAccSlov1 → Sloven. dòza-
PIE *dóɦɑugi̯iɑ́h-
Latv. daũzî-
(vb.) ‘wiederholt schlagen’
(LiEtWb. 84)
(Latv. daũzît)
1. PIE *dóɦɑugi̯iɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *dóɦɑugi̯iíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. dóɦɑugi̯iíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dóɦugi̯iíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dóɦugi̯iíh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *dóɦuj́iíh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dóɦuj́iíh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dóuj́iíh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dóuj́iíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dóuj́ií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. dóuj́ií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *dóuj́ī́-
7. dóuj́ī́-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *dáuj́ī́-
8. dáuj́ī́-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *dáuzī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
9. dáuzī́-
*ī́ → î
Change of ī́ into î
Rī́›î → Latv. dáuzî-
PIE *doɦɑugi̯iɑ́h-
Lith. daužý-
(vb.int.) ‘schlagen, stoßen’
(LiEtWb. 84)
(Lith. daužýti)
1. PIE *doɦɑugi̯iɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *doɦɑugi̯iíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. doɦɑugi̯iíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦugi̯iíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. doɦugi̯iíh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *doɦuj́iíh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. doɦuj́iíh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *douj́iíh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. douj́iíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *douj́ií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. douj́ií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *douj́ī́-
7. douj́ī́-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dauj́ī́-
8. dauj́ī́-
*j́ → ž
From Satem *j́ to ž
Rj́›ž → *daužī́-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
9. daužī́-
*ī́ → ý
Orthographic change of ī́ into ý
Rī́›ý → Lith. daužý-
PIE *dóɦɑuginiɑ́h-
Sloven. dúzni-
(vb.) ‘einen Stoß geben’
(LiEtWb. 84)
(Sloven. dúzniti)
1. PIE *dóɦɑuginiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *dóɦɑuginiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. dóɦɑuginiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dóɦuginiíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dóɦuginiíh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *dóɦuj́niíh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dóɦuj́niíh-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *dáɦuj́niíh-
5. dáɦuj́niíh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dáuj́niíh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. dáuj́niíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dáuj́nií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. dáuj́nií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *dáuj́nī́-
8. dáuj́nī́-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *dáuznī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
9. dáuznī́-
*á → ó
Change of *á into ó
Rá›ó → *dóuznī́-
10. dóuznī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *dóuzní-
11. dóuzní-
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → *dóŭzní-
12. dóŭzní-
ó → ò
Slovenian gravis rule
RAccSlov1 → Sloven. dòŭzní-
PIE *doɦɑugi̯inḗhɑ-
Lith. daužinė́-
(iter.) ‘schlagen, stoßen’
(LiEtWb. 84)
(Lith. daužinė́ti [inf.])
1. PIE *doɦɑugi̯inḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦugi̯inḗh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. doɦugi̯inḗh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *doɦuj́inḗh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. doɦuj́inḗh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *douj́inḗh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. douj́inḗh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *douj́inḗ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. douj́inḗ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dauj́inḗ-
6. dauj́inḗ-
*j́ → ž
From Satem *j́ to ž
Rj́›ž → *daužinḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. daužinḗ-
*ḗ -> ė́
Change of *ḗ -> ė́
Rḗ›ė́ → Lith. daužinė́-
√dɦɑugi-
(Fraenkel)
PIE *dɦɑúgi-
Lith. dùž-
(vb.) ‘zerbrechen, entzweigehen, bersten, platzen’
(LiEtWb. 84)
(Lith. dùžti)
1. PIE *dɦɑúgi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦúgi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦúgi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *dɦúj́-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. dɦúj́-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *dɦùj́-
4. dɦùj́-
*j́ → ž
From Satem *j́ to ž
Rj́›ž → *dɦùž-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. dɦùž-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → Lith. dùž-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *dɦɑugi-
MidHG. tuc-
(m.) ‘Schlag’
(LiEtWb. 84)
1. PIE *dɦɑugi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦugi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦugi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *dɦuǵ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. dɦuǵ-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *dɦug-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dɦug-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *dɦuk-
5. dɦuk-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *duk-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. duk-
*d → t
OHG sound shift of *d
Rd›tHG → *tuk-
7. tuk-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → MidHG. tuc-
PIE *dɦɑ́ugi̯i-
Lith. dū̃ži-
(.) ‘Schlag, Hieb, Bruch, Knick’
(LiEtWb. 84)
(Lith. dū̃žis)
1. PIE *dɦɑ́ugi̯i-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *dɦúugi̯i-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. dɦúugi̯i-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *dɦúuj́i-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. dɦúuj́i-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *dɦùuj́i-
4. dɦùuj́i-
*ù u ->
Circumflex intonation for ùu
Rùu›ū̃ → *dɦū̃j́i-
5. dɦū̃j́i-
*j́ → ž
From Satem *j́ to ž
Rj́›ž → *dɦū̃ži-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. dɦū̃ži-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → Lith. dū̃ži-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *dɦɑ́ugi̯enēhɑ
Latv. dūzene-
(f.) ‘Knüttel’
(LiEtWb. 84)
(Latv. dūzene)
1. PIE *dɦɑ́ugi̯enēhɑ
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *dɦúugi̯enēhɑ
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. dɦúugi̯enēhɑ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦúugi̯enēh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦúugi̯enēh
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *dɦúuj́enēh
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dɦúuj́enēh
ú -› ù
Latvian tone rule ú -› ù
RAccLatv11 → *dɦùuj́enēh
5. dɦùuj́enēh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦùuj́enē
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. dɦùuj́enē
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *dɦùuzenē
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
7. dɦùuzenē
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dùuzenē
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. dùuzenē
*-ē → -e
Shortening of ē in root-final position
R=ē›=e → Latv. dùuzene
PIE *dɦɑ́ugi̯enḗhɑ-
Latv. dūzenê-
(vb.) ‘rollen (vom Donner)’
(LiEtWb. 84)
(Latv. dūzenêt)
1. PIE *dɦɑ́ugi̯enḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *dɦúugi̯enḗhɑ-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. dɦúugi̯enḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦúugi̯enḗh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦúugi̯enḗh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *dɦúuj́enḗh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dɦúuj́enḗh-
*ḗH → êH
Latvian tone rule for ḗH
RAccLatv6 → *dɦúuj́enêh-
5. dɦúuj́enêh-
ú -› ù
Latvian tone rule ú -› ù
RAccLatv11 → *dɦùuj́enêh-
6. dɦùuj́enêh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦùuj́enê-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. dɦùuj́enê-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *dɦùuzenê-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
8. dɦùuzenê-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → Latv. dùuzenê-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *dɦɑ́ugi̯enḗhɑ-
Latv. dūzenê-
(vb.) ‘Oberhand über einen gewinnen’
(LiEtWb. 84)
(Latv. dūzenêt)
1. PIE *dɦɑ́ugi̯enḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *dɦúugi̯enḗhɑ-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. dɦúugi̯enḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦúugi̯enḗh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦúugi̯enḗh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *dɦúuj́enḗh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dɦúuj́enḗh-
*ḗH → êH
Latvian tone rule for ḗH
RAccLatv6 → *dɦúuj́enêh-
5. dɦúuj́enêh-
ú -› ù
Latvian tone rule ú -› ù
RAccLatv11 → *dɦùuj́enêh-
6. dɦùuj́enêh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦùuj́enê-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. dɦùuj́enê-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *dɦùuzenê-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
8. dɦùuzenê-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → Latv. dùuzenê-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *dɦɑ́ugi̯enḗhɑ-
Latv. dūzenê-
(vb.) ‘stoßen, mit der Faust schlagen'
(LiEtWb. 84)
(Latv. dūzenêt)
1. PIE *dɦɑ́ugi̯enḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *dɦúugi̯enḗhɑ-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. dɦúugi̯enḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦúugi̯enḗh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦúugi̯enḗh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *dɦúuj́enḗh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dɦúuj́enḗh-
*ḗH → êH
Latvian tone rule for ḗH
RAccLatv6 → *dɦúuj́enêh-
5. dɦúuj́enêh-
ú -› ù
Latvian tone rule ú -› ù
RAccLatv11 → *dɦùuj́enêh-
6. dɦùuj́enêh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦùuj́enê-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. dɦùuj́enê-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *dɦùuzenê-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
8. dɦùuzenê-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → Latv. dùuzenê-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
√dɦɑougiɑɦ-
PIE *dɦɑougi̯ɑɦ-
OSwed. dōg-
(pret.) ‘sterben’
(Söderwall 1884-1918 s.v. döia)
OSwed. doghe [conj])
1. PIE *dɦɑougi̯ɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦougi̯ɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦougi̯ɦ-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *dɦouǵɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. dɦouǵɦ-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *dɦougɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dɦougɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dougɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. dougɦ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *doug-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. doug-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OSwed. daug-
PIE *dɦɑougi̯ɑɦi̯o-
OEng. dīega-
(pr.) ‘sterben’
(AeEtWb. 73)
(OEng. dīegan)
1. PIE *dɦɑougi̯ɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦougi̯ɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦougi̯ɦi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *dɦouǵɦi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. dɦouǵɦi̯o-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *dɦougɦi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dɦougɦi̯o-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dougɦi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. dougɦi̯o-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *dougi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. dougi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *daugi̯a-
7. daugi̯a-
*au → eā
Change of *au into eā
Rau›eā → *deāgi̯a-
8. deāgi̯a-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → OEng. deāgia-
√dɦɑen·dɦɑugiɑɦi-
(HEG T:111-3)
PIE *dɦɑen·dɦɑugi̯ɑɦi-
Hitt. dan·dugi-
(a.) ‘vergänglich, sterblich’
(HHand. 165)
1. PIE *dɦɑen·dɦɑugi̯ɑɦi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑan·dɦɑugi̯ɑɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑan·dɦɑugi̯ɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦan·dɦugi̯ɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦan·dɦugi̯ɦi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *dɦan·dɦuǵɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dɦan·dɦuǵɦi-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *dɦan·dɦugɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. dɦan·dɦugɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dan·dugi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɦɑen·dɦɑugi̯ɑɦi-
Hitt. dan·dugi-
(c.) ‘Mensch’
(HHand. 165)
1. PIE *dɦɑen·dɦɑugi̯ɑɦi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑan·dɦɑugi̯ɑɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑan·dɦɑugi̯ɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦan·dɦugi̯ɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦan·dɦugi̯ɦi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *dɦan·dɦuǵɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dɦan·dɦuǵɦi-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *dɦan·dɦugɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. dɦan·dɦugɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dan·dugi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɦɑen·dɦɑugi̯ɑɦisor/n-
Hitt. dan·dugišar/n-
(n.) ‘Vergänglichkeit, Sterblichkeit, Menschheit’
(HHand. 165)
1. PIE *dɦɑen·dɦɑugi̯ɑɦisor/n-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑan·dɦɑugi̯ɑɦisor/n-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑan·dɦɑugi̯ɑɦisor/n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦan·dɦugi̯ɦisor/n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦan·dɦugi̯ɦisor/n-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *dɦan·dɦuǵɦisor/n-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dɦan·dɦuǵɦisor/n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦan·dɦuǵɦisar/n-
5. dɦan·dɦuǵɦisar/n-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *dɦan·dɦugɦisar/n-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. dɦan·dɦugɦisar/n-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dan·dugisar/n-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. dan·dugisar/n-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. dan·dugišar/n-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɦɑudɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *dɑɦoudɑɦo-
Pal. dauda-
(c.) ‘-(?)-’
(DPal. 74, HHand. 173)
(ta-u-da-an)
1. PIE *dɑɦoudɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦoudɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦoudɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦaudɦa-
3. dɦaudɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Pal. dauda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɦɑoudɑɦei-
Hitt. daudei-
(c.) ‘signe omineux’ (HHand. 173)
(GLHur. 260)
(Hitt. EGIR TEMEŠ ta-ú-tiš NU.SIG5 ‘danach Eingeweide-Omina tautis: Ungünstig’)
1. PIE *dɦɑoudɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦoudɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦoudɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦaudɦei-
3. dɦaudɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. daudei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·dɦɑoudɑɦio-
OHG. gi·tōti-
(a.) ‘tödlich: deadly’
(Gl. 13th cent.)
1. PIE *Π·dɦɑoudɑɦio-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦoudɦio-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦoudɦio-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·doudio-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·doudio-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·daudia-
4. Π·daudia-
*au → ou
Change of au into ou
Rau›ou → *Π·doudia-
5. Π·doudia-
*d → t
OHG sound shift of *d
Rd›tHG → OHG. Π·toutia-


PIE √dɦɑuk- √doɦɑuk- √deɦɑuk- (vb.) ‘ziehen, führen, schleppen’ (sb.) ‘Führer’
(IEW 220-21)
(Sturtevant 1928b:162, 1930b:30, 1942:38; Hitt. daḫukantei- IE, not ProH. against Forrer 1922:241)
√doɦɑuk-
PIE *ɦɑed·doɦɑuk-
Goth. at·tauh-
(pret.) ‘ἄγειν, εἰσάγειν, προσάγειν, φέρειν’
(GoEtD. T30)
(Goth. attauh [3sg] Joh 18,16 CA)
1. PIE *ɦɑed·doɦɑuk-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑad·doɦɑuk-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑad·doɦɑuk-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦad·doɦuk-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦad·doɦuk-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ad·douk-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ad·douk-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *ad·doux-
5. ad·doux-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *at·toux-
6. at·toux-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *at·taux-
7. at·taux-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *at·tauh-
8. at·tauh-
*u → au
Allophonic change of *u into au
Ru›au → Goth. at·taauh-
PIE *bɑɦi·doɦɑuk-
Goth. bi·tauh-
(pret.) ‘περιάγειν: circumire, circumducere’
(GoEtD. T30)
(Goth. bitauh Mat 9,35 CA)
1. PIE *bɑɦi·doɦɑuk-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦi·doɦuk-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦi·doɦuk-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *bɦi·douk-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. bɦi·douk-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *bɦi·doux-
4. bɦi·doux-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *bɦi·toux-
5. bɦi·toux-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *bi·toux-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. bi·toux-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bi·taux-
7. bi·taux-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *bi·tauh-
8. bi·tauh-
*u → au
Allophonic change of *u into au
Ru›au → Goth. bi·taauh-
PIE *gɑɦo·doɦɑuk-
Goth. ga·tauh-
(pret.) ‘ἄγειν, ἀπάγειν, κατάγειν: (ad-, sub)ducere’
(GoEtD. T30)
(Goth. gatauh Luk 4,9 CA)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·doɦɑuk-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·doɦuk-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦo·doɦuk-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *gɦo·douk-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. gɦo·douk-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *gɦo·doux-
4. gɦo·doux-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *gɦo·toux-
5. gɦo·toux-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *go·toux-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. go·toux-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ga·taux-
7. ga·taux-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *ga·tauh-
8. ga·tauh-
*u → au
Allophonic change of *u into au
Ru›au → Goth. ga·taauh-
PIE *doɦɑuko-
OLat. douco-
(vb.) ‘ziehen, schleppen; führen (mit sich ziehen)’
(IEW 220-21)
(OLat. doucō, -ere WH. 1:377f., 861)
1. PIE *doɦɑuko-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦuko-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. doɦuko-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *douko-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. douko-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → OLat. douco-
PIE *doɦɑuko-
Lat. dūco-
(vb.) ‘ziehen, schleppen; führen (mit sich ziehen)’
(IEW 220-21)
(Lat. dūcō)
1. PIE *doɦɑuko-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦuko-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. doɦuko-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *douko-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. douko-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *dūko-
4. dūko-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. dūco-
√doɦɑukont-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG T:409 ‹Lith. and OPr. are uncertain›)
PIE *doɦɑúkonto-
Lith. daũkanta-
(PNm.) ‘Daũkantas’
(LiEtWb. 84)
(Lith. daũkantas [sgN])
1. PIE *doɦɑúkonto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦúkonto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. doɦúkonto-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *doɦùkonto-
3. doɦùkonto-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *doùkonto-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. doùkonto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Lith. daùkanta-
PIE *doɦɑukonto-
OPr. daucanta-
(PNm.) ‘Daũkantas’
(LiEtWb. 84)
(OPr. dawkant, APrPN. 135)
1. PIE *doɦɑukonto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦukonto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. doɦukonto-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *doukonto-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. doukonto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *daukanta-
4. daukanta-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → OPr. daucanta-
PIE *doɦɑukontei-
Hitt. daḫukantei-
(LÚc.) ‘der höchste heth. Würdenträger’
(HEG T:18)
(Hitt. ta-ḫu-uk-ka-an-ti-iš, HHand. 159, 179)
1. PIE *doɦɑukontei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦukontei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. doɦukontei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *daɦukantei-
3. daɦukantei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. daḫukantei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√deɦɑuk-
PIE *deɦɑuko-
Goth. tiuha-
(pr.) ‘ziehen, (weg)führen: lead, conduct, bring’
(GoEtD. T30)
(Goth. tiuhan Luk 6,39 CA, tiuhiþ Mrk 14,44 CA, tiuhand 2Tm 3,6 A B, tiuhanda Gal 5,18 A B)
1. PIE *deɦɑuko-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *deɦuko-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. deɦuko-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *deuko-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. deuko-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *deuxo-
4. deuxo-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *teuxo-
5. teuxo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *teuxa-
6. teuxa-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *tiuxa-
7. tiuxa-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *tiuha-
8. tiuha-
*u → au
Allophonic change of *u into au
Ru›au → Goth. tiauha-


PIE √dɦɑur- (vb.) ‘anschirren, anspannen’
(IEW –)
(Sommer 1949a:162)
√dɦɑur-
(Sommer 1949a:162)
PIE *dɦɑúr-
RV. dhúr-
(f.) ‘der Teil des Wagens, an welchem die Zugtiere angeschirrt werden ‹i.e. ≈ ‘Anschirrwerk’›’
(WbRV. 687)
1. PIE *dɦɑúr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦúr-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦúr-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dhúr-
√dɦɑuri-
(HEG T:458f.)
(HIL. 1040)
PIE *dɦɑurei-
Hitt. durei-
(vb.) ‘anschirren, anspannen’
(HEG T:458)
(Hitt. tu-ri-iz-zi [3sg], tu-ri-ir [3pl])
1. PIE *dɦɑurei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦurei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦurei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. durei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɦɑurei̯o-
Hitt. durei̯a-
(vb.) ‘anschirren, anspannen’
(HEG T:458f.)
(Hitt. tu-u-ri-ia-az-zi [3sg], tu-ri-ia-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *dɦɑurei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦurei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦurei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦurei̯a-
3. dɦurei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. durei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·dɦɑurei̯o-
Hitt. tagaš·durei̯a-
(URU.) ‘(mythologisches Bruchstück)’
(OGH. 385)
(Hitt. ta-ka-aš-tu-ri-ia, DKašk. 98, Laroche (1961b) RHA 19 [f. 69]:86 ‹uncertain whether this entry belongs to this root›)
1. PIE *Π·dɦɑurei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦurei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦurei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dɦurei̯a-
3. Π·dɦurei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·durei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɦɑurei̯ou̯o-
Hitt. durei̯au̯a-
(vb.sb.) ‘Zug’
(HEG T:458)
(Hitt. tu-u-ri-ia-u-ua-aš)
1. PIE *dɦɑurei̯ou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦurei̯ou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦurei̯ou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦurei̯au̯a-
3. dɦurei̯au̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. durei̯au̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɦɑurei̯ou̯o-
Hitt. durei̯au̯a-
(adv.pl) ‘bei jeder Anschirrung (= Hitt. turiauar)’
(HHand. 182)
(Hitt. duriaua duriaua)
1. PIE *dɦɑurei̯ou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦurei̯ou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦurei̯ou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦurei̯au̯a-
3. dɦurei̯au̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. durei̯au̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *dɦɑurei̯ou̯ondɑɦei-
Hitt. durei̯au̯andei-
(a.) ‘(spezifiert UDU.KUR.RA ‘Bergschaf’)’
(HHand. 182)
1. PIE *dɦɑurei̯ou̯ondɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦurei̯ou̯ondɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦurei̯ou̯ondɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦurei̯au̯andɦei-
3. dɦurei̯au̯andɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. durei̯au̯andei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √diɑɦ- (vb.) ‘schlagen, kämpfen, zerstören’
(IEW 247)
(Pyysalo: Anat. + IE)
√dieɑɦ-
(HIL. 1180)
(HEG Z:600f.)
PIE *di̯eɑɦ-
Hitt. zaḫ-
(vb.) ‘schlagen, sich prügeln, auspeitschen’
(HHand. 204)
(Kimball 1999:397)
1. PIE *di̯eɑɦ-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *di̯aɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. di̯aɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *di̯aɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. di̯aɦ-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *jaɦ-
4. jaɦ-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zaɦ-
5. zaɦ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. zaḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·di̯eɑɦ-
Hitt. šer (...) zaḫ-
(vb.1.) ‘fight for’
(HEG Z:601)
(Hitt. še-er za-aḫ-ḫ[i]-ir [3pl])
1. PIE *Π·di̯eɑɦ-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·di̯aɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·di̯aɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·di̯aɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·di̯aɦ-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *Π·jaɦ-
4. Π·jaɦ-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *Π·zaɦ-
5. Π·zaɦ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·zaḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√dieɑɦ-
PIE *di̯eɑɦi-
Hitt. zaḫi-
(c.) ‘Kampf’
(HHand. 204)
1. PIE *di̯eɑɦi-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *di̯aɑɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. di̯aɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *di̯aɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. di̯aɦi-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *jaɦi-
4. jaɦi-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zaɦi-
5. zaɦi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. zaḫi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *di̯eɑɦei̯o-
Hitt. zaḫei̯a-
(vb.MP.) ‘sich gegenseitig bekämpfen’
(HHand. 204)
1. PIE *di̯eɑɦei̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *di̯aɑɦei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. di̯aɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *di̯aɦei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. di̯aɦei̯o-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *jaɦei̯o-
4. jaɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jaɦei̯a-
5. jaɦei̯a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zaɦei̯a-
6. zaɦei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. zaḫei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√dieɑɦn-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *di̯eɑɦont-
Hitt. zaḫant-
(pt.) ‘schlagend’
(HHand. 204)
1. PIE *di̯eɑɦont-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *di̯aɑɦont-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. di̯aɑɦont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *di̯aɦont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. di̯aɦont-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *jaɦont-
4. jaɦont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jaɦant-
5. jaɦant-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zaɦant-
6. zaɦant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. zaḫant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *di̯éɑɦnklo-
Gr. ζάνκλο-
(n.) ‘Sichel’
(GEW 1:606)
(Gr. ζάνκλον [sgNA])
1. PIE *di̯éɑɦnklo-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *di̯áɑɦnklo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. di̯áɑɦnklo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *di̯áɦnklo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. di̯áɦnklo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *di̯ánklo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. di̯ánklo-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *jánklo-
5. jánklo-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zánklo-
6. zánklo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ζάνκλο-
PIE *Π·di̯eɑɦnu̯o-
HLu. anta zaḫnu̯a·-
(cs.) ‘make attack’
(CHLu. 2.6.37)
(HLu. a-tá za-ha-nu-wa/i-ta)
1. PIE *Π·di̯eɑɦnu̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·di̯aɑɦnu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·di̯aɑɦnu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·di̯aɦnu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·di̯aɦnu̯o-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *Π·jaɦnu̯o-
4. Π·jaɦnu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·jaɦnu̯a-
5. Π·jaɦnu̯a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *Π·zaɦnu̯a-
6. Π·zaɦnu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. Π·zaḫnu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√dieɑɦr-
(Pyysalo)
(Kimball 1999:410)
PIE *di̯éɑɦro-
Gr. ζάρο-
(m.) ‘a bird of prey’
(LSJ. 753)
1. PIE *di̯éɑɦro-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *di̯áɑɦro-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. di̯áɑɦro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *di̯áɦro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. di̯áɦro-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *di̯áro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. di̯áro-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *járo-
5. járo-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *záro-
6. záro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ζάρο-
PIE *di̯eɑɦroi-
Hitt. zaḫrai-
(GIŠc.) ‘(ein Gegenstand am Stadttor, ‘Stößel?’)’
(HHand. 204)
1. PIE *di̯eɑɦroi-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *di̯aɑɦroi-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. di̯aɑɦroi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *di̯aɦroi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. di̯aɦroi-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *jaɦroi-
4. jaɦroi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jaɦrai-
5. jaɦrai-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zaɦrai-
6. zaɦrai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. zaḫrai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *di̯eɑɦori-
Hitt. zaḫari-
(mc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1523)
(Hitt. za-ḫa-ri-eš [sgN])
1. PIE *di̯eɑɦori-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *di̯aɑɦori-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. di̯aɑɦori-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *di̯aɦori-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. di̯aɦori-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *jaɦori-
4. jaɦori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jaɦari-
5. jaɦari-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zaɦari-
6. zaɦari-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. zaḫari-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *di̯eɑɦoriske/o-
Hitt. zaḫariške/a-
(iter.) ‘zerquetschen, zermalmen’
(HHand. 204)
1. PIE *di̯eɑɦoriske/o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *di̯aɑɦoriske/o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. di̯aɑɦoriske/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *di̯aɦoriske/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. di̯aɦoriske/o-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *jaɦoriske/o-
4. jaɦoriske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jaɦariske/a-
5. jaɦariske/a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zaɦariske/a-
6. zaɦariske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *zaɦariške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. zaɦariške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. zaḫariške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *di̯eɑɦorlei̯o-
Hitt. zaḫarlei̯a-
(URU.) ‘(neben ›Šamuralija und Šipuwa erwähnt)’
(OGH. 487)
(Hitt. za-a-ḪAR-li-ia)
1. PIE *di̯eɑɦorlei̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *di̯aɑɦorlei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. di̯aɑɦorlei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *di̯aɦorlei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. di̯aɦorlei̯o-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *jaɦorlei̯o-
4. jaɦorlei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jaɦarlei̯a-
5. jaɦarlei̯a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zaɦarlei̯a-
6. zaɦarlei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. zaḫarlei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *di̯eɑɦorli·dɑɦi-
CLu. zaḫarli·di-
(c.) ‘(ein Orakelvogel) (HEG Z:609)’
(DLL. 112)
(CLu. za-ḪAR-li-ti-in-zi [pl])
1. PIE *di̯eɑɦorli·dɑɦi-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *di̯aɑɦorli·dɑɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. di̯aɑɦorli·dɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *di̯aɦorli·dɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. di̯aɦorli·dɦi-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *jaɦorli·dɦi-
4. jaɦorli·dɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jaɦarli·dɦi-
5. jaɦarli·dɦi-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zaɦarli·dɦi-
6. zaɦarli·dɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *zaɦarli·di-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. zaɦarli·di-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. zaḫarli·di-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√diɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *diɑ́ɦ-
OInd. dī-
(f.) ‘Vernichtung’
(KEWA 2:45
1. PIE *diɑ́ɦ-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *diíɦ-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. diíɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → OInd. dī́-
PIE *dédi̯ɑɦo-
Gr. δέζο-
(vb.M.) ‘ἐπολεμεῖτο (Hes.)’
(LSJ. 477)
(Hes. ἐδεζετο [3sg]· ἐπολεμεῖτο)
1. PIE *dédi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dédi̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dédi̯ɦo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dédi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dédi̯o-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *déjo-
4. déjo-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *dézo-
5. dézo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. δέζο-


PIE √duɦɑk- (vb.) ‘ziehen, führen’ (sb.) ‘Führer’
(IEW 220-21)
(Sturtevant 1928b:162, 1930b:30, 1942:38; Hitt. daḫukantei- IE, not ProH. against Forrer 1922:241)
√duɦɑk-
PIE *duɦɑk-
Lat. duc-
(pf.) ‘ziehen, schleppen, führen’
(WH. 1:377f., 861)
(in Lat. ductum [pt.])
1. PIE *duɦɑk-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *duɦk-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. duɦk-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *duk-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. duk-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. duc-
PIE *duɦɑk-
Lat. duc-
(m.) ‘Führer’
(WH. 1:377f., 861)
(Lat. dux, ducis, IEW 220-21)
1. PIE *duɦɑk-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *duɦk-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. duɦk-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *duk-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. duk-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. duc-
PIE *duɦɑk-
OSax. tuh-
(pret.) ‘ziehen, erziehen: educere, tollere’
(Hel.)
(Hel. tuhin [conj3pl] 131 M; Falk-Torp 166)
1. PIE *duɦɑk-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *duɦk-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. duɦk-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *duk-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. duk-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *dux-
4. dux-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *tux-
5. tux-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → OSax. tuh-
PIE *Π·duɦɑk-
Alb. n·duk-
(vb.) ‘rupfen, die Haare ausreißen’
(IEW 220-21)
(Alb. nduk [1sg])
1. PIE *Π·duɦɑk-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·duɦk-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·duɦk-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Alb. Π·duk-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *duɦɑko·mo·Σ
Hitt. duḫka·ma·x[
(d.) ‘‹ziehen/schleppen + ma·x?›’
(OHP. 1:524)
(Hitt. du-uḫ-ka-ma-x[)
1. PIE *duɦɑko·mo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *duɦko·mo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. duɦko·mo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *duɦka·ma·Σ
3. duɦka·ma·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. duḫka·ma·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·duɦɑkēɑh-
Lat. ē·ducā-
(pr.) ‘aufziehen, erziehen’
(IEW 220-21)
(Lat. ēducāre)
1. PIE *Π·duɦɑkēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·duɦɑkāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·duɦɑkāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·duɦkāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·duɦkāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·dukāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·dukāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·dukā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·dukā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. Π·ducā-
√duɦɑkont-
(HEG T:409-11)
PIE *duɦɑkontei-
Hitt. duḫkantei-
(LÚc.) ‘(der höchste heth. Würdenträger)’
(HHand. 179)
(Sommer 1932:36-8, 1947:92)
1. PIE *duɦɑkontei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *duɦkontei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. duɦkontei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *duɦkantei-
3. duɦkantei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. duḫkantei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *duɦɑkontoɦɑid-
Hitt. duḫkantaḫid-
(n.) ‘(Stellung des duḫkantei-)’
(HHand. 179)
1. PIE *duɦɑkontoɦɑid-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *duɦkontoɦid-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. duɦkontoɦid-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *duɦkantaɦid-
3. duɦkantaɦid-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. duḫkantaḫid-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √duɑɦ- (sb.) ‘door’
(IEW 278-79)
√duɑɦir-
PIE *du̯ɑɦoiro-
TochB. twera-
(m.) ‘door: Türe’
(DTochB. 323-4)
(TochB. twere)
1. PIE *du̯ɑɦoiro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *du̯ɦoiro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. du̯ɦoiro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *du̯ɦaira-
3. du̯ɦaira-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *du̯aira-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. du̯aira-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *tu̯aira-
5. tu̯aira-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *tu̯ēra-
6. tu̯ēra-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → *tu̯era-
7. tu̯era-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. twera-
PIE *duɑ́ɦoir-
Alb. dyer-
(f.pl) ‘door’
(AlbEtD. 60)
1. PIE *duɑ́ɦoir-
PIE *uɑ́ → uú
Assimilation of *u and *ɑ́
Ruɑ́›uú → *duúɦoir-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. duúɦoir-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *duúoir-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. duúoir-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *duúair-
4. duúair-
*uú → ū́
Contraction of u and ú
Ruú›ū́ → *dū́air-
5. dū́air-
*ū́
ū → y
Rū›y → *dyair-
Change of ū́ into y
6. dyair-
ai -> e
Monophthongization of *ai into e
Rai›e → Alb. dyer-
PIE *du̯ɑɦiri-
OCS. dvĭrĭ-
(f.) ‘Türe’
(Sadnik √189)
1. PIE *du̯ɑɦiri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *du̯ɦiri-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. du̯ɦiri-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *du̯iri-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. du̯iri-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dviri-
4. dviri-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → OCS. dvĭrĭ-
√duɑɦōr-
PIE *du̯ɑɦṓr-
RV. dvā́r-
(f.du) ‘Türflügel’ (f.pl) ‘Tür’
(WbRV. 651)
(RV. dvā́rā [du], dvā́rau [du], dvā́ras [plNA])
1. PIE *du̯ɑɦṓr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *du̯ɦṓr-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. du̯ɦṓr-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *du̯ɦā́r-
3. du̯ɦā́r-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *du̯ā́r-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. du̯ā́r-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. dvā́r-
√duɑɦor-
PIE *du̯ɑɦor-
LAv. dvar-
(m.) ‘Tor, Türe’
(AIWb. 766)
(LAv. dvarǝ [sgL]; IEW 278-79)
1. PIE *du̯ɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *du̯ɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. du̯ɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *du̯ɦar-
3. du̯ɦar-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *du̯ar-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. du̯ar-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. dvar-
PIE *du̯ɑɦóro-
Lith. dvãra-
(m.4.sg) ‘Gutshof’
(LiEtWb. 112)
(Lith. dvãras, dvaraĩ [plN]; IEW 278-79)
1. PIE *du̯ɑɦóro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *du̯ɦóro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. du̯ɦóro-
ó → ò
Emergence of gravis PLith. ò
RLiAcc5 → *du̯ɦòro-
3. du̯ɦòro-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *du̯òro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. du̯òro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *du̯òra-
5. du̯òra-
PIE *ò → à
Change of *ò into à
Rò›à → *du̯àra-
6. du̯àra-
àra -› ãra
Circumflex intonation à -› ã
Ràra›ãra → *du̯ãra-
7. du̯ãra-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. dvãra-
PIE *du̯ɑɦoro
OCS. dvorŭ-
(m.) ‘Hof’
(Sadnik √189)
(OCS. dvorъ; IEW 278-79)
1. PIE *du̯ɑɦoro
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *du̯ɦoro
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. du̯ɦoro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *du̯ɦara
3. du̯ɦara
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *du̯ara
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. du̯ara
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *du̯oro
5. du̯oro
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *du̯oru
6. du̯oru
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dvoru
7. dvoru
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. dvorŭ
duɑɦr-
PIE *dúɑɦr-
RV. dúr-
(f.) ‘Tür’
(WbRV. 613)
(RV. dúras [plNA], KEWA 2:83; IEW 278-79)
1. PIE *dúɑɦr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dúɦr-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dúɦr-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → RV. dúr-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *duɑɦr·Σ
RV. dur·oṇá-
(n.) ‘Haus, Wohnung, Wohnsitz, Heimat’
(WbRV. 614)
(IEW 278-79)
1. PIE *duɑɦr·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *duɦr·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. duɦr·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → RV. dur·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)


PIE √u- √ou- √eu- (vb.A.) ‘sehen’ (vb.MP.) ‘gesehen werden, sich zeigen, erscheinen’
(IEW 78)
(Pyysalo: Gr. + BSl.)
√u-
(HIL. 270-1)
(HEG U:5-12)
PIE *u-
Hitt. u-
(vb.1.2.) ‘sehen: IGI’
(HHand. 29, 184)
(Hitt. u-uḫ-ḫi, ú-me-ni, u-uḫ-ḫu-un)
√ou-
(HEG A:95f.)
PIE *ou-
Hitt. au-
(vb.1.2.) ‘sehen: IGI’
(HHand. 29)
(Hitt. a-ú, a-ut-ti, a-ú-me-ni, a-ú-ma-ni, a-ut-te-ni)
1. PIE *ou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. au-
PIE *ou̯·oro-
Hitt. au̯·ara-
(ḪUR.SAGc.) ‘(verehrt in ›Šuruwa)’
(OGH. 58)
(Hitt. a-u-ua-ra-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *ou̯·oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. au̯·ara-
PIE *ou̯·ori-
Hitt. au̯·ari-
(c.) ‘Ausguck, Warte, Turm’
(HHand. 30)
1. PIE *ou̯·ori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. au̯·ari-
PIE *ou·ro-
Hitt. au·ra-
(n./c.) ‘Ausguck, Warte, Turm’
(HHand. 29)
1. PIE *ou·ro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. au·ra-
PIE *ou·ro-
Hitt. au·ra-
(URU.) ‘‹cf. above›’
(OGH. 57)
1. PIE *ou·ro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. au·ra-
PIE *ou·ri-
Hitt. au·ri-
(n./c.) ‘Ausguck, Warte, Turm’
(HHand. 29)
1. PIE *ou·ri-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. au·ri-
PIE *ou·ri̯o-
Hitt. au·ri̯a-
(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘(in der Nähe von ›Ḫaštira)’
(OGH. 57-58)
1. PIE *ou·ri̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. au·ri̯a-
PIE *ou·ri̯olo-
Hitt. au·ri̯ala-
(c.N.ag.) ‘Grenzwächter, Grenzschutzsoldat’
(HHand. 29)
1. PIE *ou·ri̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. au·ri̯ala-
√uo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *uu̯o-
Hitt. uu̯a-
(vb.) ‘sehen, ansehen: see, look’
(HIL. 270-1)
(Hitt. ú-ua-al-lu, ú-ua-an-du, u-ua-u-ua-aš-ta-ri, u-ua-an-zi)
1. PIE *uu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. uu̯a-
PIE *ou̯o-
CLu. au̯a-
(vb.) ‘look here, behold’
(HIL. 271)
(CLu. a-a-ua, a-ua)
1. PIE *ou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. au̯a-
PIE *ōu̯o-
Russ. avo-
(vb.) ‘sehen’
(REW 1:231-2)
(Russ. avos’ = ‘ec·ce, siehe da’)
1. PIE *ōu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ōu̯a-
2. ōu̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *āu̯a-
3. āu̯a-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *āu̯o-
4. āu̯o-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *āvo-
5. āvo-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → Russ. avo-
PIE *u̯ó-
Lith. và-
(vb.) ‘sehen’
(LiEtWb. 1208)
(Lith. vàt ‘siehe da, fürwahr, freilich’)
1. PIE *u̯ó-
ó → ò
Emergence of gravis PLith. ò
RLiAcc5 → *u̯ò-
2. u̯ò-
PIE *ò → à
Change of *ò into à
Rò›à → *u̯à-
3. u̯à-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. và-
PIE *u̯o-
ORuss. vo-
(vb.) ‘sehen’
(REW 1:231)
(ORuss. vose = ‘ec·ce : siehe da’)
1. PIE *u̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯a-
2. u̯a-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *u̯o-
3. u̯o-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → ORuss. vo-
PIE *u̯o-
Russ. vo-
(vb.) ‘sehen’
(REW 1:232)
(Russ. vot ‘sieh da, hier’)
1. PIE *u̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯a-
2. u̯a-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *u̯o-
3. u̯o-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Russ. vo-
√uuo-
PIE *uu̯o-
Hitt. uu̯a-
(vb.2.M.) ‘gesehen werden; sich zeigen’
(HHand. 184)
(Hitt. u-ua-ru [ipvM3sg])
1. PIE *uu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. uu̯a-
PIE *uu̯on-
Hitt. uu̯an-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘gesehen werden, sichtbar sein’
(HIL. 271)
(Hitt. ú-ua-an-na-aš, ú-ua-an-na=ia [inf.])
1. PIE *uu̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. uu̯an-
PIE *uu̯ont-
Hitt. uu̯ant-
(pt.) ‘gesehen, angesehen’
(HIL. 271)
1. PIE *uu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. uu̯ant-
PIE *Π·uu̯ont-
Hitt. para·uu̯ant-
(LÚc.) ‘Aufseher, Beobachter, Aufpasser’
(HHand. 121)
(Hitt. parauu̯ant-)
1. PIE *Π·uu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. Π·uu̯ant-
PIE *uu̯ontu-
Hitt. uu̯antu-
(inf.bs.) ‘gesehen werden, sichtbar sein’
(HHand. 189)
(Hitt. uu̯antu=i̯a [inf.])
1. PIE *uu̯ontu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. uu̯antu-
√ui-
PIE *u̯i-
CLu. u̯i-
(vb.) ‘sehen, erscheinen?’ (HHand. 202)
(DLL. 110)
(CLu. ú-i-it-ta-ri, ú-i-it-ta-ru, ú-i-in-tar)
PIE *u̯i-
Hitt. u̯i-
(vb.M.) ‘sehen’
(HHand. 191)
(in Hitt. uelut [ipv1sg])
√uui-
PIE *uu̯i-
Hitt. uu̯i-
(vb.) ‘see, look’
(HIL. 271)
(Hitt. u-ui5-el-lu-ut)
√us-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *us-
Hitt. uš-
(vb.) ‘sehen: see, look’
(HIL. 270)
(Hitt. uš-te-ni [2pl])
1. PIE *us-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. uš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ous-
Hitt. auš-
(vb.1.) ‘sehen: IGI’
(HHand. 29)
(Hitt. a-uš-zi, a-uš-te-ni [2pl], a-uš-ta, a-uš-du)
1. PIE *ous-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aus-
2. aus-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. auš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ous-
Hitt. auš-
(vb.M.) ‘sehen’
(HIL. 270)
(Hitt. a-uš-ta-at [3sg])
1. PIE *ous-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aus-
2. aus-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. auš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uskie/o-
PIE *uski̯e/o-
Hitt. uške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘sehen’
(HIL. 271)
(Hitt. ú-uš-ke/a-, uš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *uski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *usḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. usḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *usḱe/a-
3. usḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *uske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. uske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. uške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uskiskie/o-
PIE *uski̯iski̯e/o-
Hitt. uškiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘sehen’
(HIL. 271)
(Hitt. uš-ki-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *uski̯iski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *usḱisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. usḱisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *usḱisḱe/a-
3. usḱisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *uskiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. uskiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. uškiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *uski̯iski̯odɑɦolo-
Hitt. uškiškadala-
(c.) ‘guard, watchman’
(HIL. 271)
(Hitt. uš-ki-iš-ga-tal-la-aš)
1. PIE *uski̯iski̯odɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *uski̯iski̯odɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. uski̯iski̯odɦolo-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *usḱisḱodɦolo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. usḱisḱodɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *usḱisḱadɦala-
4. usḱisḱadɦala-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *uskiskadɦala-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. uskiskadɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *uskiskadala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. uskiskadala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. uškiškadala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *uski̯iski̯otoli-
Hitt. uškiškatali-
(c.) ‘guard, watchman’
(HIL. 271)
(Hitt. uš-ki[š-kat]-tal-li-uš)
1. PIE *uski̯iski̯otoli-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *usḱisḱotoli-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. usḱisḱotoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *usḱisḱatali-
3. usḱisḱatali-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *uskiskatali-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. uskiskatali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. uškiškatali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *uski̯iski̯edɑɦolon-
Hitt. uškiškedalan-
(n.) ‘guard duty’
(HIL. 271)
(Hitt. uš-ki-iš-ke-tal-la-ni)
1. PIE *uski̯iski̯edɑɦolon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *uski̯iski̯edɦolon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. uski̯iski̯edɦolon-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *usḱisḱedɦolon-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. usḱisḱedɦolon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *usḱisḱedɦalan-
4. usḱisḱedɦalan-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *uskiskedɦalan-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. uskiskedɦalan-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *uskiskedalan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. uskiskedalan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. uškiškedalan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *uski̯iski̯otɑholon-
Hitt. uškiškatalan-
(n.) ‘guard duty’
(HIL. 271)
(Hitt. uš-ki-iš-ga-at-tal[-la-an-ni])
1. PIE *uski̯iski̯otɑholon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *uski̯iski̯otholon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. uski̯iski̯otholon-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *usḱisḱotholon-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. usḱisḱotholon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *usḱisḱathalan-
4. usḱisḱathalan-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *uskiskathalan-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. uskiskathalan-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *uskiskatalan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. uskiskatalan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. uškiškatalan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uss-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·ousséi̯o-
Gr. μετ·ουσέο-
(pr.) ‘περιβλέπω, ἀφορῶ, ἀποβλέπω (Hes.)’
(LSJ. 1121)
(Gr. μετουσῶ [1sg])
1. PIE *Π·ousséi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *Π·ousséo-
2. Π·ousséo-
*ss → s
Degemination of *ss
Rss›s → *Π·ouséo-
3. Π·ouséo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·ουσέο-
√uodɑɦ-
PIE *uu̯odɑɦolo-
Hitt. uu̯adala-
(c.) ‘Seher’
(HIL. 271)
(Hitt. ú-ua-tal-lu-uš [plA])
1. PIE *uu̯odɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *uu̯odɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. uu̯odɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *uu̯adɦala-
3. uu̯adɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. uu̯adala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·uu̯odɑɦolo-
Hitt. para·uu̯adala-
(c.) ‘Späher?’
(HHand. 121)
1. PIE *Π·uu̯odɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·uu̯odɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·uu̯odɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·uu̯adɦala-
3. Π·uu̯adɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·uu̯adala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *uu̯odɑɦor-
Hitt. uu̯adar-
(vb.sb.) ‘Sehen, Sehvermögen, Gesicht, Besichtigung’
(HIL. 271)
(Hitt. ú-ua-a-tar, ú-ua-tar)
1. PIE *uu̯odɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *uu̯odɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. uu̯odɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *uu̯adɦar-
3. uu̯adɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. uu̯adar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √u- (vb.) ‘kommen, geschehen’ (sb.) ‘das Kommen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: LAv. + OAnat.)
√u-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG U:156f.)
PIE *u·u̯o-
Hitt. u·u̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘kommen’
(HHand. 189)
(Hitt. ú-ua-ši [2sg], ú-ua-az-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *u·u̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u·u̯a-
√uo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *u̯o-
OHitt. u̯a-
(vb.) ‘kommen’
(HEG W: 189)
(OHitt. ú-an-zi [3pl], KBo. XX 33 Vs. 16)
1. PIE *u̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OHitt. u̯a-
PIE *Π·u̯o-
LAv. frā·va-
(vb.) ‘geschehen: happen, come’
(AIWb. 932)
(LAv. frāvōit [3sg], Bartholomae 1895 §268.37)
1. PIE *Π·u̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·u̯a-
2. Π·u̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. Π·va-
PIE *o·u̯o-
HLu. a·u̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘come’
(CHLu. 2.45.3)
(HLu. a-wa/i-ti [3sg])
1. PIE *o·u̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. a·u̯a-
PIE *o·u̯o-
HLu. a·u̯a-
(PESvb.) ‘come’
(CHLu. 4.3.2)
(HLu. (“PES”)á-wa/i-tà [3pers], á-wa/i?-ti)
1. PIE *o·u̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. a·u̯a-
PIE *u·u̯o-
Hitt. u·u̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘kommen’
(HHand. 189)
(Hitt. uu̯at [ipv2sg], uu̯adu [3sg])
1. PIE *u·u̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u·u̯a-
√uɑh-
PIE *Π·u̯ēɑh-
LAv. ava·vā-
(vb.) ‘= Pahl. apē āyet’
(AIWb. 176)
(LAv. avavāite [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·u̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·u̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·u̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·u̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·u̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·u̯ā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. Π·vā-
√uuont-
PIE *uu̯ont-
Hitt. uu̯ant-
(pt.) ‘kommend’
(HIL. 1147)
(Hitt. ú-ua-an-t-)
1. PIE *uu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. uu̯ant-
√uuou-
PIE *uu̯ou̯o-
Hitt. uu̯au̯a-
(inf.) ‘come’
(HIL. 1147)
(Hitt. ú-ua-u-an-zi)
1. PIE *uu̯ou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. uu̯au̯a-
PIE *uu̯ou̯o-
Hitt. uu̯au̯a-
(n.) ‘das (Ein)kommen’
(HHand. 191)
(Hitt. EGIR-pa uwawaš EZEN4)
1. PIE *uu̯ou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. uu̯au̯a-
PIE *uu̯ou̯or-
Hitt. uu̯au̯ar-
(n.N.act.) ‘das (Ein)kommen’
(HHand. 191)
(Hitt. uu̯au̯ar [sgNA = inf.])
1. PIE *uu̯ou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. uu̯au̯ar-
√ui-
PIE *u̯i-
Hitt. u̯i-
(vb.) ‘happen: geschehen’
(HIL. 1147-49)
(EGIR-pa-ma ú-it Iam-mu-na DUMU.LUGAL BA.ÚŠ)
PIE *ou̯i-
Hitt. au̯i-
(vb.) ‘come’
(DLL. 36)
(in CLu. a-ú-i-mi ‹but note the Hittite ending›)
1. PIE *ou̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. au̯i-
PIE *ou̯i-
CLu. au̯i-
(vb.) ‘come’
(DLL. 36)
(CLu. a-ú-i-ši [3sg], a-ú-i-ti, a-ú-i-ḫa)
1. PIE *ou̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. au̯i-
PIE *ou̯i-
HLu. au̯i-
(vb.) ‘come’
(CHLu. 10.9.13)
(HLu. á-wa/i-i-tu [3pl])
1. PIE *ou̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. au̯i-
PIE *ou̯i-
Pal. au̯i-
(vb.) ‘(wohl ‘kommen’)’ (HHand. 30)
(DPal. 53)
(Pal. a-ú-in-t[a [3pl])
1. PIE *ou̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Pal. au̯i-
PIE *ou̯ei̯ēɑho-
CLu. au̯ei̯āḫa-
(vb.) ‘come?’
(DLL. 36)
(CLu. a-ui-ia-aḫ-ḫa [ipv2sg?])
1. PIE *ou̯ei̯ēɑho-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ou̯ei̯āɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ou̯ei̯āɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ou̯ei̯āho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ou̯ei̯āho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *au̯ei̯āha-
4. au̯ei̯āha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. au̯ei̯āḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√uimo-
PIE *ou̯imo-
CLu. au̯ima-
(pt.) ‘gekommen’
(HHand. 30)
1. PIE *ou̯imo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. au̯ima-
√uomo-
PIE *u̯omo-
HLu. u̯ama-
(PESvb.) ‘come?’
(CHLu. 10.48.2)
(HLu. “PES”(-)wa/i-ma-ta)
1. PIE *u̯omo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. u̯ama-


PIE √u- √ue- √uo- (vb.) ‘geben, mitteilen, opfern’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√ou-
PIE *erɑh·ou-
Hitt. erḫ·au-
(n./c.?) ‘Reihum-Beopfern’
(HHand. 62)
(Hitt. erḫau̯aš [sgG])
1. PIE *erɑh·ou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *erh·ou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. erh·ou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *erh·au-
3. erh·au-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. erḫ·au-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑigi̯·ou-
CLu. ḫiz·au-
(vb.) ‘aushändigen, anvertrauen?’
(HHand. 51)
(DLL. 46, ḫi-iz-za-ú-un-du [3pl])
1. PIE *ɦɑigi̯·ou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦigi̯·ou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦigi̯·ou-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦij́·ou-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦij́·ou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦij́·au-
4. ɦij́·au-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *ɦiz·au-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. ɦiz·au-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫiz·au-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√u-
PIE *u̯-
RV. v-
(ao.M.) ‘verschaffen, mitteilen, geben’
(WbRV. 1204-6)
(RV. vanta [3pl]; Grundr2 1:860)
1. PIE *u̯-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. v-
√uou-
PIE *u̯ou̯-
TochA. waw-
(pret.) ‘dare’
(Poucha 37)
(in TochA. wawu ‘datum’)
1. PIE *u̯ou̯-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯au̯-
2. u̯au̯-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. waw-
PIE *u̯ou̯u-
TochA. wawu-
(pret.pt.) ‘datum’
(Poucha 37)
(TochA. wawu)
1. PIE *u̯ou̯u-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯au̯u-
2. u̯au̯u-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. wawu-


PIE √u- (sb.) ‘Ochse; Kuh’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Anat. + Balt.; the extension *u̯en- *u̯on- is identical to PIE √un- √uon- √uen- (sb.) ‘Geburt, Familie, Frau’)
√uo/enēɑh-
PIE *Π·u̯onēɑh
Lith. siù·vana-
(f.) ‘Kuhlaus’
(LiEtWb. 790)
(Lith. siùvana ‹contains Lith. siù- ‘Spitze’›)
1. PIE *Π·u̯onēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·u̯onāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·u̯onāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯onāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·u̯onāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·u̯onā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·u̯onā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·u̯anā
5. Π·u̯anā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *Π·u̯anō
(XX:XX)
6. Π·u̯anō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *Π·u̯ana
7. Π·u̯ana
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. Π·vana
PIE *Π·u̯enēɑh
Lith. siù·vena-
(f.) ‘Kuhlaus’
(LiEtWb. 790)
(Lith. siùvena)
1. PIE *Π·u̯enēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·u̯enāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·u̯enāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯enāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·u̯enāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·u̯enā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·u̯enā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *Π·u̯enō
(XX:XX)
5. Π·u̯enō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *Π·u̯ena
6. Π·u̯ena
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. Π·vena
PIE *Π·u̯enḗɑh
Lith. siu·venà-
(f.) ‘Kuh-, Rinderlaus’
(LiEtWb. 790)
1. PIE *Π·u̯enḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *Π·u̯enā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·u̯enā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯enā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·u̯enā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·u̯enā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·u̯enā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *Π·u̯enṓ
(XX:XX)
5. Π·u̯enṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → *Π·u̯enà
6. Π·u̯enà
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. Π·venà
√uouo-
PIE *u̯ou̯o-
HLu. u̯au̯a-
(BOS.ANIMALc.) ‘ox’
(CHLu. 4.6.5)
(HLu. (BOS.ANIMAL)wa/i-wa/i, Laroche BSL 62 [1967]:68f.)
1. PIE *u̯ou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. u̯au̯a-
PIE *u̯ou̯o-
HLu. u̯au̯a-
(BOS.) ‘ox’
(CHLu. 3.10.5)
(HLu. (‘BOS’)wa/i-wa/i-ti-i)
1. PIE *u̯ou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. u̯au̯a-
PIE *u̯ou̯o-
LycA. wawa-
(c./n.) ‘cow’ (HIL. 587)
(DLycLg. 78)
(Lyc. wawã [sgA], wawa [coll.pl], KLuN. 316)
1. PIE *u̯ou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯au̯a-
2. u̯au̯a-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → LycA. wawa-
PIE *u̯ou̯o·Σ
Hitt. u̯au̯a·ankuša-
(URU.) ‘(in der weiteren Umgebung von ›Pala)’
(OGH. 482)
(Hitt. ua-ua-an-ku-uš-ša-za [Abl])
1. PIE *u̯ou̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯au̯a·Σ
PIE *u̯ou̯o·lo-
Kpd. u̯au̯a·la-
(fc.) ‘‹cow-herd?›’
(NOMS. 1519)
(Kpd. ua-ua-lá)
1. PIE *u̯ou̯o·lo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Kpd. u̯au̯a·la-
PIE *u̯ou̯o·li-
Kpd. u̯au̯a·li-
(Ic.) ‘‹cow-herd?›’
(NOMS. 1520)
(Kpd. ua-ua-li, ua-ua-lí)
1. PIE *u̯ou̯o·li-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Kpd. u̯au̯a·li-
PIE *u̯ou̯o·si-
HLu. u̯au̯a·ši-
(BOS.ANIMALa.gen.*) ‘of oxen’
(CHLu. 1.1.55)
(HLu. BOS.ANIMAL-wa/i-si)
1. PIE *u̯ou̯o·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯au̯a·si-
2. u̯au̯a·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯au̯a·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uoui-
(HEG W:459)
PIE *u̯ou̯i-
CLu. u̯au̯i-
(c.) ‘Kuh, Rind’
(HHand. 200)
(in CLu. ua-a-u-i-[...], GU4-iš, GU4-in, GU4-in-za)
1. PIE *u̯ou̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. u̯au̯i-
PIE *u̯ou̯i-
Hitt. u̯au̯i-
(LÚc.) ‘(ein Funktionär) ‹if ‘cowherd’ vel sim.?›’
(HHand. 200)
1. PIE *u̯ou̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯au̯i-
√uouu-
PIE *u̯ou̯u-
LycA. wawu-
(sb.) ‘cow’
(HIL. 587)
(Lyc. wawu [sgA])
1. PIE *u̯ou̯u-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯au̯u-
2. u̯au̯u-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → LycA. wawu-
√uue/o-
PIE *uu̯o-
LycA. uwa-
(c.) ‘cow’ (HIL. 587)
(DLycLg. 78)
(Lyc. uwa [pl], uwadi [AblI])
1. PIE *uu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *uu̯a-
2. uu̯a-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → LycA. uwa-
PIE *uu̯o·Σ
Hitt. uu̯a·x[...
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 470)
(Hitt. ú-ua-x[)
1. PIE *uu̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. uu̯a·Σ
PIE *uu̯oi̯o
Kpd. uu̯aa-
(mc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1461)
(Kpd. ú-ua-a [Abs])
1. PIE *uu̯oi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *uu̯ai̯a
2. uu̯ai̯a
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → Kpd. uu̯aa
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
PIE *uu̯oi̯o-
Hitt. uu̯aa-
(fc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1461)
(Hitt. u-ua-a [Abs])
1. PIE *uu̯oi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *uu̯ai̯a-
2. uu̯ai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → Hitt. uu̯aa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
PIE *uu̯esi-
LycA. uwehi-
(a.gen.) ‘who oversees a cattle sacrifice (epith. of ‘priest’)’
(DLycLg. 78)
(Lyc. uwehi [sgN]; HIL. 587)
1. PIE *uu̯esi-
PIE *s → h
Change of fricative *s into h
Rs›h → *uu̯ehi-
2. uu̯ehi-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → LycA. uwehi-


PIE √uɑh- (vb.) ‘brennen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + LAv.)
√uēɑh-
(HEG W:305)
(Pyysalo)
PIE *pro·u̯ēɑh-
LAv. fra·vā-
(pr.) ‘hervorscheinen, leuchten’
(AIWb. 952)
(LAv. fravāiti [3sg] ‹Av. v (uu) does not represent PIIr. *bh›)
1. PIE *pro·u̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *pro·u̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. pro·u̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pro·u̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pro·u̯āh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pra·u̯āh-
4. pra·u̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pra·u̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. pra·u̯ā-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
RpR›fR → *fra·u̯ā-
6. fra·u̯ā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. fra·vā-
PIE *u̯ēɑh·nu-
Hitt. u̯āḫ·nu-
(pr.) ‘brennen’
(HEG W:305)
(Hitt. u̯aḫnumanzi |inf.])
1. PIE *u̯ēɑh·nu-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯āɑh·nu-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯āɑh·nu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯āh·nu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯āh·nu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. u̯āḫ·nu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √uɑhi- (a.) ‘gut, heilig’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)
√uɑhi-
PIE *u̯eɑhoii̯o-
Hitt. u̯aḫai̯a-
(KUR URU.) ‘= URUuašḫaia- ‘heilig?’’
(OGH. 477)
(Hitt. ua-ḫa-ia [All], ‘Auf dem Berg Ilurija (...) › Ilu[ (...) › Kapiruḫa’)
1. PIE *u̯eɑhoii̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯aɑhoii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. u̯aɑhoii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ahoii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ahoii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ahaii̯a-
4. u̯ahaii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *u̯ahaia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. u̯ahaia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *u̯ahai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
6. u̯ahai̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. u̯aḫai̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *u̯eɑhii̯-
TochB. wey-
(sb.) ‘‹a miraculous object?›’
(DTochB. 609)
(TochB. weyaṃ [sgL], “having placed it weyaṃ for seven days”)
1. PIE *u̯eɑhii̯-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯aɑhii̯-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. u̯aɑhii̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ahii̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ahii̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯aii̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯aii̯-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *u̯ēi̯-
5. u̯ēi̯-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → *u̯ei̯-
6. u̯ei̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *u̯ey-
7. u̯ey-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. wey-
PIE *u̯eɑhii̯oim-
TochA. weyem-
(a.indecl.) ‘mirificus, mirus’
(Poucha 305)
(TochA. weyeṃ)
1. PIE *u̯eɑhii̯oim-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯aɑhii̯oim-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. u̯aɑhii̯oim-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ahii̯oim-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ahii̯oim-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ahii̯aim-
4. u̯ahii̯aim-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯aii̯aim-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯aii̯aim-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *u̯ēi̯ēm-
6. u̯ēi̯ēm-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → *u̯ei̯em-
7. u̯ei̯em-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *u̯eyem-
8. u̯eyem-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. weyem-
√ueɑhiel-
PIE *u̯eɑhi̯el-
Arm. vayel-
(a.) ‘decent, worthy, proper’
(EtDiArm. 591-2)
1. PIE *u̯eɑhi̯el-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯aɑhi̯el-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. u̯aɑhi̯el-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ahi̯el-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ahi̯el-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯ai̯el-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯ai̯el-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *u̯ayel-
5. u̯ayel-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Arm. vayel-
PIE *u̯eɑhi̯el·Σ
Arm. vayel·k‘
(sb.pl) ‘enjoyment, delight’
(EtDiArm. 591-2)
1. PIE *u̯eɑhi̯el·Σ
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯aɑhi̯el·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. u̯aɑhi̯el·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ahi̯el·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ahi̯el·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯ai̯el·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯ai̯el·Σ
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *u̯ayel·Σ
5. u̯ayel·Σ
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Arm. vayel·Σ
PIE *u̯eɑhi̯ele-
Arm. vayele-
(vb.) ‘enjoy’
(EtDiArm. 591-2)
1. PIE *u̯eɑhi̯ele-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯aɑhi̯ele-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. u̯aɑhi̯ele-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ahi̯ele-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ahi̯ele-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯ai̯ele-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯ai̯ele-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *u̯ayele-
5. u̯ayele-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Arm. vayele-
PIE *u̯eɑhi̯el·Σ
Arm. vayel·uch’
(a.) ‘decent, pleasant, delightful’
(EtDiArm. 591-2)
1. PIE *u̯eɑhi̯el·Σ
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯aɑhi̯el·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. u̯aɑhi̯el·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ahi̯el·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ahi̯el·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯ai̯el·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯ai̯el·Σ
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *u̯ayel·Σ
5. u̯ayel·Σ
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Arm. vayel·Σ


PIE √uɑhr- (a.) ‘link, schlecht’
(IEW 56 [diff.])
(Pyysalo: OAnat. + IE; or PIE √uhɑr-?)
√ueɑhro-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG W:201-2, HIL. –)
PIE *u̯eɑhro-
CLu. u̯aḫra-
(c.) ‘Weh, Leid, Pein’
(DLL. 23)
1. PIE *u̯eɑhro-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯aɑhro-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. u̯aɑhro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ahro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ahro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ahra-
4. u̯ahra-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. u̯aḫra-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *u̯eɑhro-
Hitt. u̯aḫra-
(sb.) ‘(magisches Formelwort)’
(HHand. 192)
(Hitt. aḫran u̯aḫran)
1. PIE *u̯eɑhro-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯aɑhro-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. u̯aɑhro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ahro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ahro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ahra-
4. u̯ahra-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. u̯aḫra-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *u̯eɑhr·Σ
OInd. var·āka-
(a.) ‘wretched, low, miserable, pitiable’
(MonWil. 921)
1. PIE *u̯eɑhr·Σ
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯aɑhr·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. u̯aɑhr·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ahr·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ahr·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯ar·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯ar·Σ
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OInd. var·Σ
√uɑhri-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *u̯eɑhri-
CLu. u̯aḫri-
(vb.dn.) ‘wehklagen’
(DLL. 105)
(CLu. ua-aḫ-ri-it-ti [3sg])
1. PIE *u̯eɑhri-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯aɑhri-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. u̯aɑhri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ahri-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ahri-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. u̯aḫri-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *u̯eɑhori-
Pal. u̯aḫari-
(vb.) ‘zum Schlechten hinwenden’
(HHand. 191)
(see DPal. 77)
1. PIE *u̯eɑhori-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯aɑhori-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. u̯aɑhori-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ahori-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ahori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ahari-
4. u̯ahari-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. u̯aḫari-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *u̯eɑhori̯ont-
Pal. u̯aḫari̯ant-
(pt.) ‘-(?)-’
(DPal. 77)
(Pal. ua-ḫa-ri-ia-an-za [sgN])
1. PIE *u̯eɑhori̯ont-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯aɑhori̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. u̯aɑhori̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ahori̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ahori̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ahari̯ant-
4. u̯ahari̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. u̯aḫari̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *u̯eɑhristeró-
Gr. ἀριστερό-
(a.) ‘der linke, links’
(GEW 1:139-40)
(Here if the lack of h- is to be explained as in Gr. ἄστυ- vs. ϝάστυ-)
1. PIE *u̯eɑhristeró-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯aɑhristeró-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. u̯aɑhristeró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ahristeró-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ahristeró-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯aristeró-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯aristeró-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *aristeró-
5. aristeró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀριστερό-
PIE *u̯eɑhri̯ostero-
LAv. vairyastara-
(a.) ‘link(e Seite)’
(AIWb. 1373)
(LAv. vairyastarǝm)
1. PIE *u̯eɑhri̯ostero-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯aɑhri̯ostero-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. u̯aɑhri̯ostero-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ahri̯ostero-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ahri̯ostero-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ahri̯astera-
4. u̯ahri̯astera-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯ari̯astera-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯ari̯astera-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *u̯ari̯astara-
6. u̯ari̯astara-
*ari → airi
Anaptyxis of *i
RarI›airI → *u̯airi̯astara-
7. u̯airi̯astara-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *u̯airyastara-
8. u̯airyastara-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. vairyastara-


PIE √uehɑ- √uohɑ- √uhɑ- (vb.) ‘wenden, drehen, bewegen’
(IEW –)
(Götze & Pedersen 1934:74; Pyysalo SPIE 130f.)
√uehɑ-
(SPIE 130f.)
(HEG W:460-8, HIL. 1149)
PIE *u̯ehɑ-
Hitt. u̯eḫ-
(vb.1.A.) ‘sich wenden, drehen, (hin- und her)bewegen’
(HHand. 200)
(Hitt. ú-e-eḫ-zi [3sg], Kimball 1999:210, HIL. 1149f)
1. PIE *u̯ehɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯eh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯eh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. u̯eḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *u̯ehɑ-
Umbr. ue-
(vb.) ≈ ‘wenden’
(WbOU. 835-6)
(Umbr. uetu [3sg])
1. PIE *u̯ehɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯eh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯eh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯e-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. u̯e-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Umbr. ue-
√uehɑi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *hɑépo (...) u̯ehɑi-
RV. ápa (…) ve-
(pr.) ‘sich abwenden’
(WbRV. 1312-4)
(RV. ápa (…) veti [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑépo (...) u̯ehɑi-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑápo (...) u̯ehɑi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑápo (...) u̯ehɑi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hápo (...) u̯ehi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hápo (...) u̯ehi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hápa (...) u̯ehi-
4. hápa (...) u̯ehi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ápa (...) u̯ei-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ápa (...) u̯ei-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ápa (...) u̯ai-
6. ápa (...) u̯ai-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *ápa (...) u̯ē-
7. ápa (...) u̯ē-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *ápa (...) vē-
8. ápa (...) vē-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → RV. ápa (...) ve-
PIE *u̯ehɑi·Σ
LinB. ϝει·εχεσ-
(a.) ‘describing wheels’
(DMycGr. 411)
(LinB. we-je-ke-a2 [plNA PY 286 = Sa787], DMycGr. 373)
1. PIE *u̯ehɑi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ehi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ehi·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯ei·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. u̯ei·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → LinB. ϝει·Σ
PIE *u̯ehɑiski̯e/o-
Hitt. u̯eḫiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘sich wenden, patroullieren’
(HHand. 200)
(Hitt. ú-e-ḫi-eš-ke/a-, also ‘hin- und herbewegen, durchstreifen’)
1. PIE *u̯ehɑiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ehiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ehiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *u̯ehisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯ehisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ehisḱe/a-
4. u̯ehisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *u̯ehiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. u̯ehiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *u̯ehiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. u̯ehiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. u̯eḫiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *u̯ehɑiski̯o·dɑɦolo-
Hitt. u̯eḫiška·dala-
(LÚc.) ‘Herumstreifer, Patrouille’
(HHand. 200)
1. PIE *u̯ehɑiski̯o·dɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ehiski̯o·dɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ehiski̯o·dɦolo-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *u̯ehisḱo·dɦolo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯ehisḱo·dɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ehisḱa·dɦala-
4. u̯ehisḱa·dɦala-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *u̯ehiska·dɦala-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. u̯ehiska·dɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *u̯ehiska·dala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. u̯ehiska·dala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *u̯ehiška·dala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. u̯ehiška·dala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. u̯eḫiška·dala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *u̯ohɑisn-
Hitt. u̯aḫišn-
(n.) ‘Schwenkung’
(HHand. 191)
(Hitt. u̯aḫišnaš [sgG])
1. PIE *u̯ohɑisn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ohisn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ohisn-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ahisn-
3. u̯ahisn-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *u̯ahišn-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯ahišn-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. u̯aḫišn-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√uehɑn-
PIE *u̯ehɑen-
Hitt. u̯eḫan-
(n.) ‘Wenden, Wendung’
(HHand. 191)
(Hitt. u̯eḫanaš [sgG])
1. PIE *u̯ehɑen-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *u̯ehɑan-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. u̯ehɑan-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ehan-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ehan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. u̯eḫan-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *u̯ohɑen-
Hitt. u̯aḫan-
(n.) ‘Wenden, Wendung’
(HHand. 191)
(Hitt. u̯aḫanaš [sgG])
1. PIE *u̯ohɑen-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *u̯ohɑan-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. u̯ohɑan-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ohan-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ohan-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ahan-
4. u̯ahan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. u̯aḫan-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√uohɑu-
PIE *u̯ehɑu-
Hitt. u̯eḫu-
(n.N.act.) ‘Drehung, Runde’
(HHand. 200)
(Hitt. ANŠE.KUR.RA.MEŠ u̯eḫuaš)
1. PIE *u̯ehɑu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ehu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ehu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. u̯eḫu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *u̯ohɑu-
Hitt. u̯aḫu-
(vb.) ‘sich wenden, drehen, bewegen’
(HHand. 200)
(Hitt. ua-aḫ-ḫu-zi [KBo 3.25 iii 4])
1. PIE *u̯ohɑu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ohu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ohu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ahu-
3. u̯ahu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. u̯aḫu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√uhɑ-
PIE *uhɑ-
Hitt. uḫ-
(vb.) ‘sich wenden’
(SHV 100)
(Hitt. ú-uḫ-zi [3sg] ‹or to be read as ú-eḫ-zi?›)
1. PIE *uhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *uh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. uh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. uḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√uhɑen-
(Götze & Pedersen 1934:74)
PIE *uhɑénseɑh-
ODor. ϝᾱ́να-
(vb.) ‘winnow: worfeln’
(GEW 1:41)
(Hes. γᾶναι (= ϝᾶναι) · περιπτίσαι)
1. PIE *uhɑénseɑh-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *uhɑánseɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. uhɑánseɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *uhɑánsaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. uhɑánsaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *uhánsah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. uhánsah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *uánsa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. uánsa-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *uánha-
6. uánha-
*ánh → ā́nh
Lengthening of *á before nh
Ránh›ā́nh → *uā́nha-
7. uā́nha-
*uA → u̯A
Desyllabification of uA into u̯A
RuA›u̯A → *u̯ā́nha-
8. u̯ā́nha-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *u̯ā́na-
9. u̯ā́na-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → ODor. ϝᾱ́να-
PIE *uhɑéni̯o-
Gr. αἵνο-
(vb.) ‘winnow: worfeln’
(GEW 1:41)
1. PIE *uhɑéni̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *uhɑáni̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. uhɑáni̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *uháni̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. uháni̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *uáni̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. uáni̯o-
*áni̯ → aín
Epenthesis of *i
Ráni̯›aín → *uaíno-
5. uaíno-
*uA → u̯A
Desyllabification of uA into u̯A
RuA›u̯A → *u̯aíno-
6. u̯aíno-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *aíno-
7. aíno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. αἴνο-


PIE √uhɑn- √uohɑn- √uehɑn- (vb.) ‘geben, opfern, mitteilen, gewähren, lassen’
(IEW —)
(Pyysalo)
√uhɑn-
PIE *u̯eu̯hɑn-
RV. vavn-
(prM.) ‘[D] etwas [A] verschaffen, geben’
(WbRV. 1204f.)
(RV. vavne [3sg])
1. PIE *u̯eu̯hɑn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯eu̯hn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯eu̯hn-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯eu̯n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. u̯eu̯n-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *u̯au̯n-
4. u̯au̯n-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. vavn-
√uehɑnos-
PIE *u̯ēhɑnos
ORuss. vĕno-
(n.) ‘Mitgift’
(REW 1:182f.)
(KEWA 3:177)
1. PIE *u̯ēhɑnos
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ēhnos
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ēhnos
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ēhnas
3. u̯ēhnas
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯ēnas
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯ēnas
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *u̯ēnos
5. u̯ēnos
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in -os (root-final)
Ros=›o= → *u̯ēno
6. u̯ēno
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vēno
7. vēno
*ē → ĕ
Change of *ē into ĕ
Rē›ĕ → ORuss. vĕno
√uohɑnu-
PIE *u̯ohɑnu-
Hitt. uaḫnu-
(pr1A.) ‘beopfern (mit [I])’
(HEG W: 194)
(Hitt. ua-aḫ-nu-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *u̯ohɑnu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ohnu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ohnu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ahnu-
3. u̯ahnu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. u̯aḫnu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√uehɑnu-
PIE *u̯ehɑneú-
RV. vanó-
(prA.) ‘[D] etwas [A] geben, mitteilen, verschaffen’
(WbRV. 1204f.)
(RV. vanóṣi [2sg])
1. PIE *u̯ehɑneú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ehneú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ehneú-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯eneú-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. u̯eneú-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *u̯anaú-
4. u̯anaú-
aú → ṓ
Monophthongization of *aú
Raú›ṓ → *u̯anṓ-
5. u̯anṓ-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vanṓ-
6. vanṓ-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → RV. vanó-
PIE *u̯ehɑnu-
RV. vanu-
(prM.) ‘[D] etwas [A] geben, mitteilen, verschaffen’
(WbRV. 1204f.)
(RV. vanuṣva [2sg] nas sumnā́)
1. PIE *u̯ehɑnu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ehnu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ehnu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯enu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. u̯enu-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *u̯anu-
4. u̯anu-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. vanu-
PIE *Π·u̯ehɑnu̯o-
OHG. gi·winna-
(vb.) ‘geben, gewähren, liefern’
(Gl.)
(Lat. praebere: giwinna Gl.)
1. PIE *Π·u̯ehɑnu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯ehnu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·u̯ehnu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·u̯enu̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·u̯enu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·u̯enu̯a-
4. Π·u̯enu̯a-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *Π·u̯inu̯a-
5. Π·u̯inu̯a-
*nu̯ -› nn
Change of *nu̯ into nn
Rnu̯›nn → *Π·u̯inna-
6. Π·u̯inna-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. Π·winna-


PIE √ui- (sb.) ‘Geburt, Frau, Bruder, Sohn’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)
√ui-
(HEG W:553-6)
PIE *Π·u̯i-
Hitt. gašuli̯a·u̯i-
(fc.) ‘(fille de Ḫatušili III, femme de Bentešilna)’
(NOMS. 539)
(in Akd. ga-aš-šu-li-ia-ú-i-e, gaš-šu-li-ia-ui)
√uio-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·ui̯o-
Hitt. gašuli̯a·ui̯a-
(fc.) ‘(princesse hittite, femme de Muršili II?)’
(NOMS. 539)
(Hitt. gaš-šu-li-ia-ui(-aš) [All-(N)])
1. PIE *Π·ui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. Π·ui̯a-
PIE *ormo·ui̯o-
Hitt. arma·ui̯a-
(fdc.*) ‘Mond + -(?)-’
(NOMS. 140)
(Hitt. fdMI-ui-ia-aš: fdSIN-ui-ia)
1. PIE *ormo·ui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. arma·ui̯a-
PIE *Π·ui̯o-
Hitt. ašpuna·ui̯a-
(fc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 177)
(Hitt. aš-pu-na-ui-ia)
1. PIE *Π·ui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. Π·ui̯a-
PIE *Π·ui̯o-
Hitt. i̯ara·ui̯a-
(fc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 432)
(Hitt. ia-ra-ui-aš [sgN/G?])
1. PIE *Π·ui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. Π·ui̯a-
PIE *Π·ui̯o-
Hitt. maraša·ui̯a-
(fc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 759)
(Hitt. ma-ra-aš-ša-ui-ia-aš)
1. PIE *Π·ui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. Π·ui̯a-
PIE *Π·ui̯o-
Hitt. šanda·ui̯a-
(fc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1102)
(Hitt. ša-an-ta-ui-aš)
1. PIE *Π·ui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. Π·ui̯a-
PIE *Π·u̯i̯o-
AV. bhrātr̥·vya-
(m.) ‘Brudersohn, Vetter’
(WbRV. 967)
1. PIE *Π·u̯i̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·u̯i̯a-
2. Π·u̯i̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *Π·vi̯a-
3. Π·vi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → AV. Π·vya-
PIE *Π·u̯i̯ó-
RV. abhrātr̥·vyá-
(a.) ‘ohne Nebenbuhler seiend’
(WbRV. 89)
1. PIE *Π·u̯i̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·u̯i̯á-
2. Π·u̯i̯á-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *Π·vi̯á-
3. Π·vi̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·vyá-
PIE *Π·ui̯o-
LAv. brātr·uya-
(m.) ‘Bruderssohn’ (f.-ā) ‘Bruderstochter’
(AIWb. 972)
1. PIE *Π·ui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ui̯a-
2. Π·ui̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. Π·uya-
PIE *Π·ui̯o-
LAv. zāma·uya-
(m.) ‘Bruder des Schwiegersohns’
(AIWb. 1689)
(LAv. zāmaoya-)
1. PIE *Π·ui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ui̯a-
2. Π·ui̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. Π·uya-
PIE *Π·ui̯o-
Lat. patr·uo-
(m.) ‘Vatersbruder, Onkel väterlicherseits’
(WH. 2:263)
(Lat. patruus [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·ui̯o-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → Lat. Π·uio-
√uin-
PIE *u̯oino-
TochA. wena-
(vb.) ‘agere, (e)nasci, (pro)germinare’
(Poucha 303)
(TochA. wena)
1. PIE *u̯oino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯aina-
2. u̯aina-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *u̯ēna-
3. u̯ēna-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → *u̯ena-
4. u̯ena-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. wena-
√uip-
PIE *u̯eipo
OIcl. vīf-
(n.) ‘Frau, Gatte usw.’
(ANEtWb. 661)
1. PIE *u̯eipo
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›fRestr → *u̯eifo
2. u̯eifo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯eifa
3. u̯eifa
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *u̯īfa
4. u̯īfa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *u̯īf
5. u̯īf
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OIcl. vīf


PIE √uois- √ueis- √uis- (vb.) ‘gedeihen, grünen, sich (ver)mehren’ (sb.) ‘Baum, Sproß, Frucht’
(IEW 1133)
(WP. 1:242; Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)
√uois-
PIE *u̯oisḗɑh
Lith. vaisà
(f.) ‘Fruchtbarkeit’
(LiEtWb. 1184)
1. PIE *u̯oisḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *u̯oisā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯oisā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯oisā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯oisā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯oisā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯oisā́
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯aisā́
5. u̯aisā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *u̯aisṓ
(XX:XX)
6. u̯aisṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → *u̯aisà
7. u̯aisà
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. vaisà
PIE *u̯oísi̯u-
Lith. vaĩsiu-
(m.) ‘Frucht, Ergebnis, Resultat’
(LiEtWb. 1184)
(Lith. vaĩsius [sgN])
1. PIE *u̯oísi̯u-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *u̯oìsi̯u-
2. u̯oìsi̯u-
oì → oĩ
Circumflex intonation for oì
RLiAcc13 → *u̯oĩsi̯u-
3. u̯oĩsi̯u-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯aĩsi̯u-
4. u̯aĩsi̯u-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›iRestr → *u̯aĩsiu-
5. u̯aĩsiu-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. vaĩsiu-
√ueis-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG W:552, HIL. 1170-1, see HEG for the possible reading Hitt. luišar-)
PIE *u̯eís-
Lith. veĩs-
(vb.) ‘durch Fortpflanzung sich vermehren, (er)zeugen’
(LiEtWb. 1214)
(Lith. veĩsti, veisiù)
1. PIE *u̯eís-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *u̯eìs-
2. u̯eìs-
eì → eĩ
Circumflex intonation for eì
RLiAcc14 → *u̯eĩs-
3. u̯eĩs-
eí -› iẽ
Change of eí to iẽ
Reĩ›iẽ → *u̯iẽs-
4. u̯iẽs-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. viẽs-
PIE *u̯eis-
Latv. vies-
(vb.) ‘(auf-, er-)ziehen, verbreiten (ver)mehren’
(LiEtWb. 1214)
(Latv. viest [inf.])
1. PIE *u̯eis-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *veis-
2. veis-
*ei -> ie
Change of *ei into ie
Rei›ie → Latv. vies-
PIE *u̯eis-
Latv. vies-
(vb.refl.) ‘gedeihen’
(LiEtWb. 1214)
(Latv. viesties [inf.])
1. PIE *u̯eis-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *veis-
2. veis-
*ei -> ie
Change of *ei into ie
Rei›ie → Latv. vies-
PIE *u̯eisi-
OPr. weisi-
(m.) ‘Frucht’
(APrS. 459)
(OPr. wēisi-)
1. PIE *u̯eisi-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *veisi-
2. veisi-
*v → w
Orthographic change of of *v into w
Rv›w → OPr. weisi-
PIE *u̯eiso·n-
OEng. wīsa·n-
(f.) ‘sprout, stalk’
(ASaxD. 1241)
(OEng. wíse, wísan)
1. PIE *u̯eiso·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯eisa·n-
2. u̯eisa·n-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *u̯īsa·n-
3. u̯īsa·n-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OEng. wīsa·n-
PIE *u̯eisor-
Hitt. u̯eišar-
(GIŠn.) ‘(ein Baum oder Holz)’
(HHand. 184)
(Hitt. ú-i-eš-šar [KUB 7. 37, 12], HIL. 1171)
1. PIE *u̯eisor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯eisar-
2. u̯eisar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯eišar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uis-
PIE *u̯ís-
Lith. vìs-
(vb.) ‘sich fortpflanzen, vermehren’
(LiEtWb. 1265)
(Lith. vìsti [inf.])
1. PIE *u̯ís-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *u̯ìs-
2. u̯ìs-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. vìs-
PIE *u̯is·ei̯o-
Lat. uir·eo-
(pr.2.) ‘grün sein, grünen’
(WH. 2:797)
(Lat. uireō, uirēre)
1. PIE *u̯is·ei̯o-
*VsV → VrV
Rhotacism of *s between vowels
RVsV›VrV → *u̯ir·ei̯o-
2. u̯ir·ei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
Rei̯o›eo → *u̯ir·eo-
3. u̯ir·eo-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. uir·eo-
PIE *u̯islù-
Lith. vislù-
(a.) ‘fruchtbar’
(LiEtWb. 1265)
1. PIE *u̯islù-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. vislù-


PIE √uis- √uois- √ueis- (vb.) ‘bedrängen, drücken’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: RV. + Anat.)
√uis-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *u̯is·pitó-
RV. viṣ·pitá-
(n.) ‘Not, Gefahr, Bedrängnis’
(WbRV. 1310)
(contains RV. √pit- ‘food’)
1. PIE *u̯is·pitó-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *u̯iš·pitó-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. u̯iš·pitó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *u̯iš·pitá-
3. u̯iš·pitá-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *viš·pitá-
4. viš·pitá-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. viṣ·pitá-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
√uisi-
(HEG W:527-31)
(HIL. 1171-2)
PIE *u̯isei-
LycB. wisei-
(vb.) ‘(op)press’
(AHPh. 242, 291)
(LycB. wisei)
1. PIE *u̯isei-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → LycB. wisei-
PIE *u̯isei-
CLu. u̯išei-
(vb.) ‘(op)press’
(KLuN. 549f.)
(CLu. u̯iši̯ita)
1. PIE *u̯isei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. u̯išei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uisuri-
PIE *u̯isurei̯o-
Hitt. u̯išurei̯a-
(vb.1.A.) ‘(op)press, constrict: drücken, bedrängen’
(HIL. 1171)
(Kimball 1999:439, Rieken 1999:355, Eichner 1973:77)
1. PIE *u̯isurei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯isurei̯a-
2. u̯isurei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯išurei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √uidɑɦ- √uoidɑɦ- √ueidɑɦ- (vb.) ‘stoßen, schießen, schädigen, versehren’
(IEW 1115, 1127-8 [diff.])
(Pyysalo: Anat. + IE)
√uidɑɦ-
(HEG W:581)
PIE *Π·u̯iu̯idɑɦ-
RV. ni (…) vividh·-
(pf.) ‘niederstoßen, niederschießen’
(WbRV. 1359)
(in RV. ni vividhvā́ns)
1. PIE *Π·u̯iu̯idɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯iu̯idɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·u̯iu̯idɦ-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *Π·vividɦ-
3. Π·vividɦ-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·vividh-
√uidɑɦο-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *u̯oidɑɦo-
LAv. vaeδa-
(m.) ‘Wurfgeschoss’
(AIWb. 1320)
1. PIE *u̯oidɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯oidɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯oidɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯aidɦa-
3. u̯aidɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯aida-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. u̯aida-
*ai → ae
Opening of *ai into ae
Rai›ae → *u̯aeda-
5. u̯aeda-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
Rd›δ → *u̯aeδa-
6. u̯aeδa-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. vaeδa-
PIE *u̯idɑɦo-
CLu. u̯ida-
(vb.) ‘divide’
(Melchert 1984:158)
(No attestation or locus given by Melchert)
1. PIE *u̯idɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯idɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯idɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯idɦa-
3. u̯idɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. u̯ida-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯iu̯idɑɦo-
Hitt. u̯iu̯ida-
(vb.) ‘strike, urge’
(Melchert 1984:10)
(No attestation or locus given by Melchert)
1. PIE *u̯iu̯idɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯iu̯idɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯iu̯idɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯iu̯idɦa-
3. u̯iu̯idɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯iu̯ida-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uidɑɦi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *u̯idɑɦoi-
CLu. u̯idai-
(vb.) ‘smash, strike’
(AHPh. 231)
(No attestation or locus given by Melchert)
1. PIE *u̯idɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯idɦoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯idɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯idɦai-
3. u̯idɦai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. u̯idai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *o·u̯idɑɦei-
Hitt. a·u̯idei-
(c.) ‘Sphinx’
(HEG A:99-100)
(AHPh. 168, HED A:246-7)
1. PIE *o·u̯idɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·u̯idɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·u̯idɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·u̯idɦei-
3. a·u̯idɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. a·u̯idei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯eidɑɦi̯-
Hitt. u̯eiz-
(vb.) ‘strike, urge’
(Melchert 1984:10)
(No attestation or locus given by Melchert)
1. PIE *u̯eidɑɦi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯eidɦi̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯eidɦi̯-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *u̯eijɦ-
3. u̯eijɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *u̯eij-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯eij-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. u̯eiz-
PIE *orlo·u̯idɑɦi-
Hitt. arla·u̯izi-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 130a)
(Hitt. ar-la-ui-iz-zi [All])
1. PIE *orlo·u̯idɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *orlo·u̯idɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. orlo·u̯idɦi-
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi›jɦi → *orlo·u̯ijɦi-
3. orlo·u̯ijɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arla·u̯ijɦi-
4. arla·u̯ijɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *arla·u̯iji-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. arla·u̯iji-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. arla·u̯izi-
PIE *u̯ídɑɦi̯o-
RV. vídhya-
(pr.) ‘verwunden, schädigen, versehren’
(WbRV. 1358)
(RV. vidhyat)
1. PIE *u̯ídɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ídɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ídɦi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ídɦi̯a-
3. u̯ídɦi̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vídɦi̯a-
4. vídɦi̯a-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *vídhi̯a-
5. vídhi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. vídhya-
PIE *Π·u̯idɑɦi̯o-
RV. áva (…) vidhya·-
(pr.) ‘jemanden hinabstoßen’
(WbRV. 1358)
(RV. áva vidhyati)
1. PIE *Π·u̯idɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯idɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·u̯idɦi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·u̯idɦi̯a-
3. Π·u̯idɦi̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *Π·vidɦi̯a-
4. Π·vidɦi̯a-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *Π·vidhi̯a-
5. Π·vidhi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·vidhya-
PIE *Π·u̯idɑɦi̯o-
RV. áti (…) vidhya·-
(pr.) ‘durchbohren, (hin)durchbrechen’
(WbRV. 1358)
(RV. áti vidhyati)
1. PIE *Π·u̯idɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯idɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·u̯idɦi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·u̯idɦi̯a-
3. Π·u̯idɦi̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *Π·vidɦi̯a-
4. Π·vidɦi̯a-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *Π·vidhi̯a-
5. Π·vidhi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·vidhya-
√uidɑɦn-
PIE *u̯eidɑɦno-
Hitt. u̯eidna-
(c.) ‘(ein Raubtier, ‘Hyäne?’)’
(HHand. 202)
(Hitt. ú-e-it-na-aš ma-a-an pa-an-gur)
1. PIE *u̯eidɑɦno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯eidɦno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯eidɦno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯eidɦna-
3. u̯eidɦna-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯eidna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uidɑɦri-
(Pyysalo)
(HIL. 1175-6)
PIE *u̯ídɑɦri-
Gr. ἴθρι-
(m.) ‘σπάδων, τομίας, εὐνου̃χος (Hes.)’
(GEW 1:449)
(Hes. ἴθρις ; IEW 1115 [diff.], Rieken 1999:216)
1. PIE *u̯ídɑɦri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ídɦri-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ídɦri-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *u̯íthri-
3. u̯íthri-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *íthri-
4. íthri-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἴθρι-
PIE *u̯idɑɦris-
Hitt. u̯idriš-
(n.) ‘(eine Krankheit, ein übler Zustand)’
(HHand. 202)
(HIL. 1175; Tischler: ‘Auszehrung, Abmagerung?’)
1. PIE *u̯idɑɦris-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯idɦris-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯idɦris-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *u̯idris-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. u̯idris-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯idriš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √uidɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Mann, Hoden, Penis’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: CLu.)
√uidɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG W –, HIL. –)
PIE *u̯idɑɦ·Σ
CLu. u̯id·pani-
(sb.) ‘testicles’
(KUB ix 6+ Rs. iii 28)
(CLu. u̯itpanim-pa-an u̯idāindu ‹for the suffix see Hitt. pani- = panku-›)
1. PIE *u̯idɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯idɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯idɦ·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. u̯id·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·u̯idɑɦo
OLFrank. chana·wid-
(a.) ‘männlich: male’
(ChWbdWs. 375)
(Pactus legis Salicae 7, 5 Si quis gallum furauerit mallobergo chanauuido)
1. PIE *Π·u̯idɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯idɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·u̯idɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·u̯ido
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·u̯ido
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·u̯ida
4. Π·u̯ida
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *Π·u̯id
5. Π·u̯id
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OLFrank. Π·wid
PIE *u̯iu̯idɑɦo
OLFrank. wiwid-
(a.) ‘männlich: male’
(ChWbdWs. 375)
(Pactus legis Salicae 7, 6 Si quis coccum aut gallina furauerit mallobergo cannas uiuido et solampinam)
1. PIE *u̯iu̯idɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯iu̯idɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯iu̯idɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯iu̯ido
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. u̯iu̯ido
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯iu̯ida
4. u̯iu̯ida
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *u̯iu̯id
5. u̯iu̯id
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OLFrank. wiwid


PIE √uogɑɦ- (vb.) ‘beißen’
(IEW 1171f. [diff.])
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + OInd. + Germ.?; not to Gr. ϝάγνυμι against Petersen 1937:XXf.)
√uogɑɦ-
(HEG W:211-5)
(HIL. 1085, Pyysalo)
PIE *u̯ogɑɦ-
Hitt. u̯ag-
(vb.2.) ‘(an)beißen, einen Imbiß genießen’
(HHand. 192)
(Hitt. ua-a-ki [3sg], ua-ak [2sg], ua-a-ku-e-en)
1. PIE *u̯ogɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ogɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ogɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯agɦ-
3. u̯agɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯ag-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯ogɑɦo-
Hitt. u̯aga-
(vb.) ‘anbeißen, einen Imbiß genießen’
(HIL. 1085)
(Hitt. ua-ka4-aš, ua-a-ga)
1. PIE *u̯ogɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ogɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ogɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯agɦa-
3. u̯agɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯aga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯ógɑɦēɑh-
AV. vághā-
(f.) ‘ein bestimmes schädliches Tier’
(EWA 2:488)
1. PIE *u̯ógɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯ógɑɦāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯ógɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ógɦāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ógɦāh-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *u̯ágɦāh-
4. u̯ágɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯ágɦā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯ágɦā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vágɦā-
6. vágɦā-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → AV. vághā-
PIE *u̯ogɑɦoi-
Hitt. u̯agai-
(c.) ‘Mehlwurm: grain weevil’
(HHand. 192)
(Hitt. ua-ga-a-iš, HIL. 1088)
1. PIE *u̯ogɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ogɦoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ogɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯agɦai-
3. u̯agɦai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯agai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uogɑɦeso-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *u̯ogɑɦeso-
Hitt. u̯ageša-
(n.) ‘(a kind of bread)’
(HIL. 1085)
(Hitt. ua-ge-eš-ša)
1. PIE *u̯ogɑɦeso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ogɦeso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ogɦeso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯agɦesa-
3. u̯agɦesa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *u̯agesa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯agesa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯ageša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯ōgɑɦesó-
OInd. vāhasá-
(m.) ‘python’
(Burrow 1979:54)
1. PIE *u̯ōgɑɦesó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ōgɦesó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ōgɦesó-
PIE *gɦ → ǰɦ
2nd palatalization of *gɦ
Rgɦ›ǰɦ → *u̯ōǰɦesó-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. u̯ōǰɦesó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *u̯ōǰɦesá-
4. u̯ōǰɦesá-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *u̯āǰɦesá-
5. u̯āǰɦesá-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *u̯āɦesá-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. u̯āɦesá-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *u̯āɦasá-
7. u̯āɦasá-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vāɦasá-
8. vāɦasá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. vāhasá-
√uogɑɦs-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *u̯ogɑɦso-
OEng. weaxa-
(vb.) ‘schmausen: feast’
(GoEtD. W75)
(Beowulf 2115 ms. weaxan, not †wesan)
1. PIE *u̯ogɑɦso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ogɦso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ogɦso-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *u̯ogso-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. u̯ogso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯agsa-
4. u̯agsa-
gs -› ks
Devoicing of gs to ks
Rgs›ks → *u̯aksa-
5. u̯aksa-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → *waksa-
6. waksa-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *wacsa-
7. wacsa-
*cs → x
Change of *cs into x
Rcs›x → OEng. waxa-
PIE *u̯ogɑɦsur-
Hitt. u̯akšur-
(n.) ‘Abschnitt (Maßeinheit)’
(HHand. 192)
1. PIE *u̯ogɑɦsur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ogɦsur-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ogɦsur-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯agɦsur-
3. u̯agɦsur-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *u̯agsur-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯agsur-
gs -› ks
Devoicing of gs to ks
Rgs›ks → *u̯aksur-
5. u̯aksur-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯akšur-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √ugɑɦ- √ougɑɦ- √eugɑɦ- (vb.) ‘trinken’
(IEW –)
(Pedersen 1925:40: Hitt. + Toch.; Pyysalo: OInd. + Germ.)
√eugɑɦ-
(Pedersen 1925:40)
(HIL. 280ff., SHV 87, HEG E:103-5)
PIE *eugɑɦ-
Hitt. eug-
(vb.) ‘trinken’
(HHand. 34)
(Hitt. e-uk-ši, e-uk-zi, e-ú-uk-zi, e-uk-ta, HIL. 280-1)
1. PIE *eugɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eugɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eugɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. eug-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *eugɑɦ-
TochB. yok-
(vb.) ‘trinken’ (LeTokh. 601-2)
(DTochB. 509-10)
(TochB. yoku [1sg], yoktsi [inf.])
1. PIE *eugɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eugɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eugɦ-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *i̯augɦ-
3. i̯augɦ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *i̯aug-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. i̯aug-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *i̯auk-
5. i̯auk-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *i̯ōk-
6. i̯ōk-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *i̯ok-
7. i̯ok-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochB. yok-
PIE *eugɑɦ-
TochA. yok-
(vb.) ‘bibere, potare’
(Poucha 246)
(TochA. yoktsi [inf.])
1. PIE *eugɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eugɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eugɦ-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *i̯augɦ-
3. i̯augɦ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *i̯aug-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. i̯aug-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *i̯auk-
5. i̯auk-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *i̯ōk-
6. i̯ōk-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *i̯ok-
7. i̯ok-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochA. yok-
PIE *eugɑɦo-
TochB. yokä-
(vb.) ‘trinken’
(DTochB. 509-10)
(TochB. yokäṃ [3sg])
1. PIE *eugɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eugɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eugɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *eugɦa-
3. eugɦa-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *i̯augɦa-
4. i̯augɦa-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *i̯auga-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. i̯auga-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *i̯auka-
6. i̯auka-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *i̯ōka-
7. i̯ōka-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *i̯oka-
8. i̯oka-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochB. yoka-
PIE *eugɑɦolnoi-
TochB. yokalle
(ger.) ‘be drunk’
(DTochB. 509)
1. PIE *eugɑɦolnoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eugɦolnoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eugɦolnoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *eugɦalnai-
3. eugɦalnai-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *i̯augɦalnai-
4. i̯augɦalnai-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *i̯augalnai-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. i̯augalnai-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *i̯aukalnai-
6. i̯aukalnai-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → *i̯aukallai-
7. i̯aukallai-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *i̯aukallē-
8. i̯aukallē-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *i̯ōkallē-
9. i̯ōkallē-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → *i̯ōkalle-
10. i̯ōkalle-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *i̯okalle-
11. i̯okalle-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochB. yokalle-
PIE *eugɑɦoi-
TochA. yoke
(m.) ‘sitis: Durst: thirst’
(Poucha 246)
(TochA. yoke [sgN])
1. PIE *eugɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eugɦoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eugɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *eugɦai-
3. eugɦai-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *i̯augɦai-
4. i̯augɦai-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *i̯augai-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. i̯augai-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *i̯aukai-
6. i̯aukai-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *i̯aukē-
7. i̯aukē-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *i̯ōkē-
8. i̯ōkē-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → *i̯ōke-
9. i̯ōke-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *i̯oke-
10. i̯oke-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochA. yoke-
PIE *eugɑɦoi·i̯u-
TochA. yoke·yu-
(a.) ‘sitiens’
(Poucha 246)
1. PIE *eugɑɦoi·i̯u-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eugɦoi·i̯u-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eugɦoi·i̯u-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *eugɦai·i̯u-
3. eugɦai·i̯u-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *i̯augɦai·i̯u-
4. i̯augɦai·i̯u-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *i̯augai·i̯u-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. i̯augai·i̯u-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *i̯aukai·i̯u-
6. i̯aukai·i̯u-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *i̯aukē·i̯u-
7. i̯aukē·i̯u-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *i̯ōkē·i̯u-
8. i̯ōkē·i̯u-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → *i̯ōke·i̯u-
9. i̯ōke·i̯u-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *i̯oke·i̯u-
10. i̯oke·i̯u-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochA. yoke·yu-
PIE *eugɑɦ·dɑɦí
TochA. yok·tsi
(sb.inf.) ‘potio, potus’
(Poucha 247)
(TochA. yoktsi [sg], yoktsintu [pl])
1. PIE *eugɑɦ·dɑɦí
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eugɦ·dɦí
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eugɦ·dɦí
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *i̯augɦ·dɦí
3. i̯augɦ·dɦí
PIE *dɦí → jɦí
Assibilation of *dɦ before *í
Rdɦí›jɦí → *i̯augɦ·jɦí
4. i̯augɦ·jɦí
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *i̯aug·jɦí
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. i̯aug·jɦí
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *i̯aug·jí
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. i̯aug·jí
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *i̯auk·jí
7. i̯auk·jí
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → *i̯auk·tsí
8. i̯auk·tsí
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *i̯ōk·tsí
9. i̯ōk·tsí
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *i̯ok·tsí
10. i̯ok·tsí
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *yok·tsí
11. yok·tsí
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → TochA. yok·tsi
PIE *eugɑɦ·oni̯í-
TochA. yok·añi-
(a.) ‘sitiens: durstig: thirsty’
(Poucha 246)
1. PIE *eugɑɦ·oni̯í-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eugɦ·oni̯í-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eugɦ·oni̯í-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *eugɦ·ani̯í-
3. eugɦ·ani̯í-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *i̯augɦ·ani̯í-
4. i̯augɦ·ani̯í-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *i̯aug·ani̯í-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. i̯aug·ani̯í-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *i̯auk·ani̯í-
6. i̯auk·ani̯í-
*ni̯ → ñ
Palatalization of *n before i̯
Rni̯›ñ → *i̯auk·añí-
7. i̯auk·añí-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *i̯ōk·añí-
8. i̯ōk·añí-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *i̯ok·añí-
9. i̯ok·añí-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *yok·añí-
10. yok·añí-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → TochA. yok·añi-
PIE *eugɑɦou-
TochB. yoko
(f.) ‘Durst: thirst’
(DTochB. 509-10)
(TochB. yoko)
1. PIE *eugɑɦou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eugɦou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eugɦou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *eugɦau-
3. eugɦau-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *i̯augɦau-
4. i̯augɦau-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *i̯augau-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. i̯augau-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *i̯aukau-
6. i̯aukau-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *i̯ōkō-
7. i̯ōkō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *i̯oko-
8. i̯oko-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochB. yoko-
PIE *eugɑɦ·ú-
TochB. yok·u-
(pret.pt.) ‘(one who has) drunk’
(DTochB. 509)
1. PIE *eugɑɦ·ú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eugɦ·ú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eugɦ·ú-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *i̯augɦ·ú-
3. i̯augɦ·ú-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *i̯aug·ú-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. i̯aug·ú-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *i̯auk·ú-
5. i̯auk·ú-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *i̯ōk·ú-
6. i̯ōk·ú-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *i̯ok·ú-
7. i̯ok·ú-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *yok·ú-
8. yok·ú-
*ú → u
Orthographic change of *ú into u
Rú›u → TochB. yok·u-
PIE *eugɑɦ·ɑ́hii̯o-
TochB. yok·īya-
(f.) ‘thirst, desire’
(DTochB. 510)
(TochB. yokīye)
1. PIE *eugɑɦ·ɑ́hii̯o-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *eugɑɦ·íhii̯o-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. eugɑɦ·íhii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eugɦ·íhii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. eugɦ·íhii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *eugɦ·íhii̯a-
4. eugɦ·íhii̯a-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *i̯augɦ·íhii̯a-
5. i̯augɦ·íhii̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *i̯augɦ·íii̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. i̯augɦ·íii̯a-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *i̯aug·íii̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. i̯aug·íii̯a-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *i̯auk·íii̯a-
8. i̯auk·íii̯a-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *i̯auk·ī́i̯a-
9. i̯auk·ī́i̯a-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *i̯ōk·ī́i̯a-
10. i̯ōk·ī́i̯a-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *i̯ok·ī́i̯a-
11. i̯ok·ī́i̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *yok·ī́ya-
12. yok·ī́ya-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → TochB. yok·īya-
PIE *eugɑɦonto-
TochB. yokänta
(sb.) ‘drinker’
(DTochB. 510)
1. PIE *eugɑɦonto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eugɦonto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eugɦonto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *eugɦanta-
3. eugɦanta-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *i̯augɦanta-
4. i̯augɦanta-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *i̯auganta-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. i̯auganta-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *i̯aukanta-
6. i̯aukanta-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *i̯ōkanta-
7. i̯ōkanta-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *i̯okanta-
8. i̯okanta-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochB. yokanta-
PIE *eugɑɦostou-
TochB. yokasto
(sb.) ‘drink, nectar’
(DTochB. 510)
(TochB. yokastai [sgA])
1. PIE *eugɑɦostou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eugɦostou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eugɦostou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *eugɦastau-
3. eugɦastau-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *i̯augɦastau-
4. i̯augɦastau-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *i̯augastau-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. i̯augastau-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *i̯aukastau-
6. i̯aukastau-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *i̯ōkastō-
7. i̯ōkastō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *i̯okasto-
8. i̯okasto-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochB. yokasto-
√ugɑɦo-
PIE *ugɑɦonmou-
TochB. wkanmo-
(a.) ‘drinking’
(DTochB. 614)
1. PIE *ugɑɦonmou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ugɦonmou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ugɦonmou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ugɦanmau-
3. ugɦanmau-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *uganmau-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. uganmau-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *ukanmau-
5. ukanmau-
PIE *uC → u̯C
Change of PIE *u into u̯ in root-initial
Ru=›u̯= → *u̯kanmau-
6. u̯kanmau-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *u̯kanmō-
7. u̯kanmō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *u̯kanmo-
8. u̯kanmo-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. wkanmo-
√ugɑɦu-
PIE *ougɑɦu̯o-
OInd. ogha-
(m.) ‘Flut, Strömung’
(EWA 1:277)
1. PIE *ougɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ougɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ougɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *augɦu̯a-
3. augɦu̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *augɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. augɦa-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōgɦa-
5. ōgɦa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *ōgha-
6. ōgha-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → OInd. ogha-
PIE *ōugɑɦu̯ó-
OInd. aughá-
(m.) ‘Flut, Strömung’
(EWA 1:277)
1. PIE *ōugɑɦu̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ōugɦu̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ōugɦu̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *ōugɦu̯á-
3. ōugɦu̯á-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *āugɦu̯á-
4. āugɦu̯á-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *āugɦá-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. āugɦá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *āughá-
6. āughá-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → OInd. aughá-
PIE *ougɑɦur·Σ
OEng. eāgor·streām-
(m.) ‘Flut, Meer: dodrans (Gl)’
(ASaxD. 226)
(IEW 23, AeEtWb. 83)
1. PIE *ougɑɦur·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ougɦur·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ougɦur·Σ
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *ougur·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ougur·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *augur·Σ
4. augur·Σ
*au → eā
Change of *au into eā
Rau›eā → OEng. eāgur·Σ


PIE √ukɑh- √ugɑɦ- (vb.) ‘gehen’ (sb.) ‘Fuß, Huf, Hüfte, Nagel’
(IEW —)
(Pyysalo)
√ukɑh-
PIE *ukɑhḗɑh
OInd. ukhā́-
(f.) ‘Hüfte’
(EWA 1:210)
1. PIE *ukɑhḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *ukɑhā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ukɑhā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ukhā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ukhā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OInd. ukhā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *ukɑho·Σ-
RV. ukha·chid-
(a.) ‘der einen Hüftbruch erlitten hat’
(EWA 1:210)
(RV. 4.19.9; WbRV. 245)
1. PIE *ukɑho·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ukho·Σ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ukho·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → RV. ukha·Σ-
√ugɑɦ-
(IEW. 780 [diff.])
(Pyysalo: Gr. + Luw.)
PIE *hɑón·ugɑɦ-
Gr. ὄνυχ-
(m.) ‘Nagel, Kralle, Huf’
(GEW 2:398-399)
(Gr. ὄνυξ, ὄνυχος)
1. PIE *hɑón·ugɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hón·ugɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hón·ugɦ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ón·ugɦ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ón·ugɦ-
*gɦ → kh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›kh → *ón·ukh-
4. ón·ukh-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄν·υχ-
PIE *tom·ugɑɦo-
CLu. tam·uga-
(n.) ‘Schnipsel, Abgeschnittetes der Zehennägel’
(HHand. 163)
(DLL. 90, da-am-mu-u-ga [plA])
1. PIE *tom·ugɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tom·ugɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tom·ugɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tam·ugɦa-
3. tam·ugɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. tam·uga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ugɑɦri-
(HEG U: 27)
(Pyysalo)
PIE *Π·ugɑɦri-
OGaul. ex·ugri-
(vb.) ‘va-t-en’
(DLG. 172)
1. PIE *Π·ugɑɦri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ugɦri-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ugɦri-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → OGaul. Π·ugri-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *Π·ugɑɦri-
OGaul. conex·ugri-
(vb.) ‘va-t-en’
(DLG. 172)
1. PIE *Π·ugɑɦri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ugɦri-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ugɦri-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → OGaul. Π·ugri-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)


PIE √uoki- (a.) ‘fett’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: OInd. + Hitt.)
√uokio-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG W:218 ‹thus not an error for Hitt. u̯arkant- ‘fett’›)
PIE *u̯óki̯o-
AV. váśa-
(n.) ‘Schmalz, flüßiges Fett’
(KEWA 3:168)
1. PIE *u̯óki̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *u̯óćo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. u̯óćo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯óća-
3. u̯óća-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *u̯áća-
4. u̯áća-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → *u̯áśa-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. u̯áśa-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → AV. váśa-
PIE *u̯oki̯ont-
Hitt. u̯akant-
(pt.a.) ‘fett’
(HHand. 192)
1. PIE *u̯oki̯ont-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *u̯oḱont-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. u̯oḱont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯aḱant-
3. u̯aḱant-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → Hitt. u̯akant-
(SPIE §4.8.4)


PIE √uki- √uoki- √ueki- (vb.) ‘wünschen, erbitten, verlangen, fordern’
(IEW 1135)
(Hrozný 1919:400)
√ueki-
(HEG W:468-74)
(HIL. 1151f.)
PIE *u̯eki-
Hitt. u̯ek-
(vb.1.) ‘wünschen, erbitten, verlangen, fordern’
(HHand. 200)
1. PIE *u̯eki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *u̯eḱ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. u̯eḱ-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → Hitt. u̯ek-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
PIE *u̯éki-
RV. váś-
(pr.2.) ‘wünschen, begehren, verlangen, wollen’
(WbRV. 1226-7)
(RV. vaśmi, vákṣi, váṣṭi)
1. PIE *u̯éki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *u̯éć-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. u̯éć-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → *u̯éś-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯éś-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *u̯áś-
4. u̯áś-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. váś-
PIE *u̯eki-
gAv. vas-
(pr.) ‘wollen, wünschen’
(AIWb. 1381-2)
(gAv. vasǝmī, vašī, vaštī, vasat̰)
1. PIE *u̯eki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *u̯eć-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. u̯eć-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *u̯es-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
3. u̯es-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *u̯as-
4. u̯as-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → gAv. vas-
PIE *u̯iu̯eki-
RV. vivaś-
(pr.) ‘wünschen, begehren, verlangen, wollen’
(WbRV. 1227)
(RV. vivaṣṭi, SV. vivaṣṭu)
1. PIE *u̯iu̯eki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *u̯iu̯eć-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. u̯iu̯eć-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → *u̯iu̯eś-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯iu̯eś-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *u̯iu̯aś-
4. u̯iu̯aś-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. vivaś-
√uoki-
PIE *u̯eu̯oki-
Hitt. u̯eu̯ak-
(vb.1.&2.) ‘(wiederholt) fordern, verlangen’
(HHand. 200)
1. PIE *u̯eu̯oki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *u̯eu̯oḱ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. u̯eu̯oḱ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯eu̯aḱ-
3. u̯eu̯aḱ-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → Hitt. u̯eu̯ak-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
PIE *u̯eu̯óki-
RV. vaváś-
(pr.) ‘wollen, wünschen’
(WbRV. 1228)
(RV. vavákṣi [2sg])
1. PIE *u̯eu̯óki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *u̯eu̯óć-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. u̯eu̯óć-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *u̯eu̯áć-
3. u̯eu̯áć-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → *u̯eu̯áś-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. u̯eu̯áś-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *u̯au̯áś-
5. u̯au̯áś-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. vaváś-
PIE *uu̯oki-
Hitt. uu̯ak-
(pr.) ‘(wiederholt) fordern, verlangen’
(HHand. 200)
1. PIE *uu̯oki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *uu̯oḱ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. uu̯oḱ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *uu̯aḱ-
3. uu̯aḱ-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → Hitt. uu̯ak-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
√uēuoki-
PIE *u̯ēu̯oki-
RV. vāvaś-
(pf.A.) ‘wünschen, begehren, verlangen, wollen’
(WbRV. 1228)
(RV. vāvaśuṣ [3pl])
1. PIE *u̯ēu̯oki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *u̯ēu̯oć-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. u̯ēu̯oć-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ēu̯ać-
3. u̯ēu̯ać-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → *u̯ēu̯aś-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. u̯ēu̯aś-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *u̯āu̯aś-
5. u̯āu̯aś-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. vāvaś-
PIE *Π·u̯ēu̯oki-
RV. abhí (...) vāvaś-
(pf.M.) ‘(verlangend) zustreben auf [A]’
(WbRV. 1228)
(RV. abhí (...) vāvaśe [3sg]; or *ō?)
1. PIE *Π·u̯ēu̯oki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *Π·u̯ēu̯oć-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. Π·u̯ēu̯oć-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·u̯ēu̯ać-
3. Π·u̯ēu̯ać-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → *Π·u̯ēu̯aś-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. Π·u̯ēu̯aś-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *Π·u̯āu̯aś-
5. Π·u̯āu̯aś-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. Π·vāvaś-
√uokio-
(Melchert 1987:198)
PIE *u̯óki̯o-
RV. váśa-
(m.) ‘Wille, Wunsch, Begehren, Belieben’
(WbRV. 1229)
1. PIE *u̯óki̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *u̯óćo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. u̯óćo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯óća-
3. u̯óća-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *u̯áća-
4. u̯áća-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → *u̯áśa-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. u̯áśa-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. váśa-
PIE *u̯oki̯o-
HLu. u̯aza-
(69sb.) ‘request’
(CHLu. 11.1.fg18)
(HLu. (“*69)wa/i-za-na)
1. PIE *u̯oki̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *u̯oćo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. u̯oćo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯aća-
3. u̯aća-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *u̯asa-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
4. u̯asa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯aša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uokii-
PIE *u̯oki̯i-
HLu. u̯azi-
(69vb.) ‘request, demand’
(CHLu. 10.9.7)
(HLu. wa/i-zi-ti-i [3sg], (“*69”)wa/i-zi-ha-na [1pl])
1. PIE *u̯oki̯i-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *u̯oći-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. u̯oći-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯aći-
3. u̯aći-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *u̯asi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
4. u̯asi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯aši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uekii-
PIE *u̯eki̯iski̯e/o-
Hitt. u̯ekiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘wiederholt fordern, verlangen’
(HHand. 200)
1. PIE *u̯eki̯iski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *u̯eḱisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. u̯eḱisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯eḱisḱe/a-
3. u̯eḱisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *u̯ekiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. u̯ekiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯ekiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uekiu-
PIE *u̯ekiu̯or/n-
Hitt. u̯eku̯ar/n-
(n.) ‘Forderung, Bitte’
(HHand. 200)
1. PIE *u̯ekiu̯or/n-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *u̯eḱu̯or/n-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. u̯eḱu̯or/n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯eḱu̯ar/n-
3. u̯eḱu̯ar/n-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → Hitt. u̯eku̯ar/n-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
PIE *u̯ekiu̯i-
Hitt. u̯eku̯i-
(vb.) ‘(wiederholt) fordern, verlangen’
(HIL. 1151)
(Hitt. ú-e-ku-e-u-en [1pl])
1. PIE *u̯ekiu̯i-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *u̯eḱu̯i-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. u̯eḱu̯i-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → Hitt. u̯eku̯i-
(SPIE §4.8.4)


PIE √uogiɑɦ- √uegiɑɦ- √ugiɑɦ- (vb.) ‘fahren’
(IEW 1118-20)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + HLu.)
√uegiɑɦ-
PIE *u̯égi̯ɑɦ-
Lith. vèž-
(vb.) ‘fahren, befördern’
(LiEtWb. 1236)
(Lith. vèžti [inf.])
1. PIE *u̯égi̯ɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯égi̯ɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯égi̯ɦ-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *u̯éj́ɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯éj́ɦ-
é → è
Emergence of gravis PLith. è
RLiAcc4 → *u̯èj́ɦ-
4. u̯èj́ɦ-
*j́ɦ → žɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to žɦ
Rj́ɦ›žɦ → *u̯èžɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. u̯èžɦ-
*žɦ → ž
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ
Ržɦ›ž → *u̯èž-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. u̯èž-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. vèž-
PIE *u̯egi̯ɑɦ-
OCS. vez-
(vb.) ‘fahren’
(Sadnik √1063)
(OCS. vesti [inf.])
1. PIE *u̯egi̯ɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯egi̯ɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯egi̯ɦ-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *u̯ej́ɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯ej́ɦ-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *u̯ezɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
4. u̯ezɦ-
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *u̯ez-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. u̯ez-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OCS. vez-
√uogiɑɦo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *u̯ogi̯ɑɦo-
HLu. u̯aza-
(PES2vb.) ‘carry’
(CHLu. 2.11.7)
(HLu. PES2(-)wa/i-za-ha [1sg])
1. PIE *u̯ogi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ogi̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ogi̯ɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *u̯oj́ɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯oj́ɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯aj́ɦa-
4. u̯aj́ɦa-
*j́ɦ → zɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ
Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *u̯azɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. u̯azɦa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. u̯azḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *u̯ogi̯ɑɦo-
OIcl. vaga-
(vb.) ‘hin und her bewegen, schaukeln’
(ANEtWb. 638)
1. PIE *u̯ogi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ogi̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ogi̯ɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *u̯oǵɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯oǵɦo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *u̯ogɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. u̯ogɦo-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *u̯ogo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. u̯ogo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯aga-
6. u̯aga-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OIcl. vaga-
PIE *u̯ógi̯ɑɦo-
Gr. ὄχο-
(m.) ‘Wagen, Fuhrwerk, Fahrzeug’
(GEW 2:457)
(Gr. (ϝ)ὄχος [sgN])
1. PIE *u̯ógi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ógi̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ógi̯ɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *u̯óǵɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯óǵɦo-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
Rǵɦ›ḱh → *u̯óḱho-
4. u̯óḱho-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *u̯ókho-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. u̯ókho-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *ókho-
6. ókho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄχο-
PIE *u̯ogi̯ɑɦo
OCS. vozŭ-
(m.) ‘Wagen’
(Sadnik 1063)
1. PIE *u̯ogi̯ɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ogi̯ɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ogi̯ɦo
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *u̯oj́ɦo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯oj́ɦo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯aj́ɦa
4. u̯aj́ɦa
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *u̯azɦa
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. u̯azɦa
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *u̯aza
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. u̯aza
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *u̯ozo
7. u̯ozo
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *u̯ozu
8. u̯ozu
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vozu
9. vozu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. vozŭ
√uegiɑɦo-
PIE *u̯égi̯ɑɦo-
RV. váha-
(pr.) ‘fahren, herbeifahren, bringen’
(WbRV. 1240)
(RV. váhati [3sg], váhadhyāi [inf.])
1. PIE *u̯égi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯égi̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯égi̯ɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *u̯éj́ɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯éj́ɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯éj́ɦa-
4. u̯éj́ɦa-
*j́ɦ → ɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ
Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *u̯éɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. u̯éɦa-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *u̯áɦa-
6. u̯áɦa-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *váɦa-
7. váɦa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. váha-
PIE *u̯egi̯ɑɦo-
LAv. vaza-
(pr.A.) ‘führen, ziehen, fliegen’
(AIWb. 1386ff.)
(Av. vazaiti [3sg])
1. PIE *u̯egi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯egi̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯egi̯ɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *u̯ej́ɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯ej́ɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ej́ɦa-
4. u̯ej́ɦa-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *u̯ezɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. u̯ezɦa-
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *u̯eza-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. u̯eza-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *u̯aza-
7. u̯aza-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. vaza-
PIE *u̯egi̯ɑɦo-
Lat. ueho-
(pr.3.) ‘fahren, führen, tragen, bringen’
(WH. 2:742)
(Lat. uehō [1sg], uehĕre)
1. PIE *u̯egi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯egi̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯egi̯ɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *u̯eǵɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯eǵɦo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *u̯egɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. u̯egɦo-
*gɦ → ɦ
Loss of *g in *gɦ
Rgɦ›ɦ → *u̯eɦo-
5. u̯eɦo-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *u̯eho-
6. u̯eho-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. ueho-
PIE *u̯egi̯ɑɦo-
Lat. ueho-
(pr.3.M.) ‘fahren, reiten, fliegen’
(WH. 2:742)
(Lat. uehor)
1. PIE *u̯egi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯egi̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯egi̯ɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *u̯eǵɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯eǵɦo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *u̯egɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. u̯egɦo-
*gɦ → ɦ
Loss of *g in *gɦ
Rgɦ›ɦ → *u̯eɦo-
5. u̯eɦo-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *u̯eho-
6. u̯eho-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. ueho-
√uegiɑɦement-
PIE *u̯egiɑɦement-
Lat. uehement-
(a.) ‘heftig, hitzig, stürmisch’
(WH. 2:741)
1. PIE *u̯egiɑɦement-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯egiɦement-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯egiɦement-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *u̯eǵɦement-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯eǵɦement-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *u̯egɦement-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. u̯egɦement-
*gɦ → ɦ
Loss of *g in *gɦ
Rgɦ›ɦ → *u̯eɦement-
5. u̯eɦement-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *u̯ehement-
6. u̯ehement-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. uehement-
PIE *u̯egi̯ɑɦementi̯ēɑh-
Lat. uehementiā-
(f.) ‘Heftigkeit’
(WH. 2:741)
1. PIE *u̯egi̯ɑɦementi̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯egi̯ɑɦementi̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯egi̯ɑɦementi̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯egi̯ɦementi̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯egi̯ɦementi̯āh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *u̯eǵɦementi̯āh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. u̯eǵɦementi̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯eǵɦementi̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯eǵɦementi̯ā-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *u̯egɦementi̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. u̯egɦementi̯ā-
*gɦ → ɦ
Loss of *g in *gɦ
Rgɦ›ɦ → *u̯eɦementi̯ā-
7. u̯eɦementi̯ā-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *u̯ehementi̯ā-
8. u̯ehementi̯ā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → *u̯ehementiā-
9. u̯ehementiā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. uehementiā-
√uogiɑɦeio-
PIE *u̯ogi̯ɑɦéi̯o-
Gr. ὀχέο-
(vb.A.) ‘tragen, ertragen, aushalten, hegen’
(GEW 2:455)
(Gr. (ϝ)ὀχέω)
1. PIE *u̯ogi̯ɑɦéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ogi̯ɦéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ogi̯ɦéi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *u̯oǵɦéi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯oǵɦéi̯o-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
Rǵɦ›ḱh → *u̯oḱhéi̯o-
4. u̯oḱhéi̯o-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *u̯okhéi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. u̯okhéi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *u̯okhéo-
6. u̯okhéo-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *okhéo-
7. okhéo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀχέο-
PIE *u̯ogi̯ɑɦéi̯o-
Gr. ὀχέο-
(vb.M.) ‘fahren, reiten, schwimmen, vor Anker liegen’
(GEW 2:455)
(Gr. (ϝ)ὀχέομαι)
1. PIE *u̯ogi̯ɑɦéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ogi̯ɦéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ogi̯ɦéi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *u̯oǵɦéi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯oǵɦéi̯o-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
Rǵɦ›ḱh → *u̯oḱhéi̯o-
4. u̯oḱhéi̯o-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *u̯okhéi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. u̯okhéi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *u̯okhéo-
6. u̯okhéo-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *okhéo-
7. okhéo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀχέο-
PIE *Π·u̯ogi̯ɑɦei̯o-
Goth. in·wagja-
(vb.) ‘aufregen, aufwiegeln: agitare: unsettle’
(GoEtD. W6)
1. PIE *Π·u̯ogi̯ɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯ogi̯ɦei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·u̯ogi̯ɦei̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *Π·u̯oǵɦei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·u̯oǵɦei̯o-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *Π·u̯ogɦei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. Π·u̯ogɦei̯o-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·u̯ogei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·u̯ogei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·u̯agei̯a-
6. Π·u̯agei̯a-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *Π·u̯agii̯a-
7. Π·u̯agii̯a-
*ii̯a → ja
Loss of *i before i̯a
Rii̯a›i̯a → *Π·u̯agi̯a-
8. Π·u̯agi̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *Π·u̯agja-
9. Π·u̯agja-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Goth. Π·wagja-
PIE *u̯ogi̯ɑɦoi·mi-
CLu. u̯azai·mi-
(pt.) ‘driven, carried?’ (KUB xxxv 144 Vs. ii! 2)
(HHand. 200)
(CLu. wazzaimi-)
1. PIE *u̯ogi̯ɑɦoi·mi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ogi̯ɦoi·mi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ogi̯ɦoi·mi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *u̯oj́ɦoi·mi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯oj́ɦoi·mi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯aj́ɦai·mi-
4. u̯aj́ɦai·mi-
*j́ɦ → zɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ
Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *u̯azɦai·mi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. u̯azɦai·mi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. u̯azḫai·mi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√uogiɑɦlo-
PIE *u̯ógi̯ɑɦlo-
Gr. ὄχλο-
(m.) ‘Beunruhigung, Störung, Belästigung’
(GEW 2:456)
1. PIE *u̯ógi̯ɑɦlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ógi̯ɦlo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ógi̯ɦlo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *u̯óǵɦlo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯óǵɦlo-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
Rǵɦ›ḱh → *u̯óḱhlo-
4. u̯óḱhlo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *u̯ókhlo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. u̯ókhlo-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *ókhlo-
6. ókhlo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄχλο-
PIE *u̯ógi̯ɑɦlo-
Gr. ὄχλο-
(m.) ‘Menschenmenge, große Masse, Gedrönge’
(GEW 2:456)
1. PIE *u̯ógi̯ɑɦlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ógi̯ɦlo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ógi̯ɦlo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *u̯óǵɦlo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯óǵɦlo-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
Rǵɦ›ḱh → *u̯óḱhlo-
4. u̯óḱhlo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *u̯ókhlo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. u̯ókhlo-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *ókhlo-
6. ókhlo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄχλο-
PIE *u̯ogi̯ɑɦléi̯o-
Gr. ὀχλέο-
(vb.) ‘in (rollende) Bewegung setzen, wegwälzen’
(GEW 2:457)
(Gr. (ϝ)ὀχλέω)
1. PIE *u̯ogi̯ɑɦléi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ogi̯ɦléi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ogi̯ɦléi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *u̯oǵɦléi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯oǵɦléi̯o-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
Rǵɦ›ḱh → *u̯oḱhléi̯o-
4. u̯oḱhléi̯o-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *u̯okhléi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. u̯okhléi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *u̯okhléo-
6. u̯okhléo-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *okhléo-
7. okhléo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀχλέο-
√ugɑɦiōno-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *úgi̯ɑɦōno-
RV. úhāna-
(pt.) ‘strömend, dahinschießend’
(WbRV. 1244)
1. PIE *úgi̯ɑɦōno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *úgi̯ɦōno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. úgi̯ɦōno-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *új́ɦōno-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. új́ɦōno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *új́ɦōna-
4. új́ɦōna-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *új́ɦāna-
5. új́ɦāna-
*j́ɦ → ɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ
Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *úɦāna-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. úɦāna-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. úhāna-
PIE *hɑil·ugi̯ɑɦōni-
Hitt. ḫil·ugāni-
(sb.) ‘carriage’
(HIL. 322-3)
(Hitt. ḫi-lu-kà-ni-im [sgG])
1. PIE *hɑil·ugi̯ɑɦōni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hil·ugi̯ɦōni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hil·ugi̯ɦōni-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *hil·uǵɦōni-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hil·uǵɦōni-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *hil·uǵɦāni-
4. hil·uǵɦāni-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *hil·ugɦāni-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hil·ugɦāni-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hil·ugāni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hil·ugāni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫil·ugāni-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *hɑul·ugi̯ɑɦōni-
Hitt. ḫul·ugāni-
(n.) ‘carriage’
(HIL. 322)
(ḫu-lu-kà-ni, ḫu-lu-ga-an-ni-ia [plA])
1. PIE *hɑul·ugi̯ɑɦōni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hul·ugi̯ɦōni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hul·ugi̯ɦōni-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *hul·uǵɦōni-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hul·uǵɦōni-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *hul·uǵɦāni-
4. hul·uǵɦāni-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *hul·ugɦāni-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hul·ugɦāni-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hul·ugāni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hul·ugāni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫul·ugāni-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √ul- √oul- √eul- (sb.) ‘Nacken, Kehle, Hals, Halsschlagader’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: OAnat. + Arm.)
√ul-
(HEG A:94-5)
(HED 1:229-32, HIL. 273-4, Kimball (1999:343): ‘windpipe, throat, carotid artery’)
PIE *oulo-
CLu. aula-
(n./c.?) ‘Kehle? (ein Körperteil)’
(DLL. 35)
(CLu. a-u-la-ti [sgI])
1. PIE *oulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. aula-
PIE *ulnò-
Arm. uln-
(sb.) ‘neck’
(EtDiArm. 632)
(‹stem uncertain›)
1. PIE *ulnò-
*o → Ø
Loss of *ò
Rò›0 → Arm. uln-
√uli-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG A:94)
PIE *ouli-
Hitt. auli-
(UZUc.) ‘Kehle’ oder ‘Halsschlagader’
(HHand. 29)
(Hitt. a-ú-li-iš, a-ú-li-in, a-ú-li-ia [DL])
1. PIE *ouli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. auli-
PIE *ulinò-
Arm. ułn-
(sb.) ‘neck’
(EtDiArm. 632)
(‹stem uncertain›)
1. PIE *ulinò-
*li → ł
Change of *li into ł
Rli›ł → *ułnò-
2. ułnò-
*o → Ø
Loss of *ò
Rò›0 → Arm. ułn-


PIE √ul- √uol- √uel- (sb.) ‘Oberschenkel, Keule, Balken, Stange’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)
√ul-
(HEG W:231f.)
(HIL 1090f.)
PIE *ulo-
Hitt. ula-
(UZUc.) ‘Oberschenkel’
(HHand. 185)
1. PIE *ulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ula-
√uol-
(HEG W:231f.)
(HIL 1090f., mistakenly Alp apud HIL. from Hitt. uu̯a- ‘kommen’)
PIE *u̯olo-
Hitt. u̯ala-
(UZUc.) ‘Keule (Körperteil), (Ober)schenkel’
(HHand. 193)
1. PIE *u̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯ala-
PIE *u̯oLo-
OInd. vala-
(m.) ‘Balken, Stange: beam, pole’
(EWA 3: 461)
(KEWA 3:162)
1. PIE *u̯oLo-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *u̯olo-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. u̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ala-
3. u̯ala-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OInd. vala-
PIE *u̯oli-
CLu. u̯ali-
(UZUc.) ‘Keule (Körperteil), (Ober)schenkel’
(HHand. 193)
1. PIE *u̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. u̯ali-


PIE √ul- √uol- √uel- (sb.) ‘Geburt, Rang’
(IEW 842-843)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)
√uol-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG A:29)
PIE *Π·u̯olo-
Lith. nuo·vala-
(m.pl) ‘Nachgeburt (beim Vieh)’
(LiEtWb. 1187)
(Lith. nuovalaĩ)
1. PIE *Π·u̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·u̯ala-
2. Π·u̯ala-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. Π·vala-
PIE *ono·u̯oli-
Hitt. ana·u̯ali-
(a.) ‘gleichrangig, ebenbürtig’
(HHand. 16)
(Hitt. an-na-ú-li-e-eš)
1. PIE *ono·u̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ana·u̯ali-
√ul-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ul-
Arm. ul-
(sb.) ‘young of a goat/deer’
(EtDiArm. 631-2)
(Arm. ul [sgN]; no Arm. h-, not *pul-)
√uli-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG A:29)
PIE *ono·uli-
Hitt. ana·uli-
(a.) ‘gleichrangig, ebenbürtig’
(HEG A:29)
(Hitt. an-na-ú-li-, EHS 212)
1. PIE *ono·uli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ana·uli-
PIE *Π·uli̯o
Goth. mana·uli-
(n.) ‘Gestalt: human guise: σχήμα: habitus’
(GoEtD. M22)
1. PIE *Π·uli̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·uli̯a
2. Π·uli̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *Π·uli̯
3. Π·uli̯
*-li̯ → -li
Change of root-final -li̯ into -li
R=li̯›=li → Goth. Π·uli


PIE √ul- (vb.) ‘grünen, sproßen, wachsen’ (sb.) ‘Grün, Pflanze(nwuchs), Vegetation’
(IEW 1143 sub OIr. flesc ‘Rute’)
(Pyysalo: OAnat. + IE)
√ul-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *úL·hɑopo-
RV. úl·apa-
(m.) ‘Buschwerk’
(WbRV. 266)
(‹contains RV. √ap- ‘Werk’›)
1. PIE *úL·hɑopo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *úL·hopo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. úL·hopo-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *úl·hopo-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. úl·hopo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *úl·hapa-
4. úl·hapa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. úl·apa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE *emi·ul-
Hitt. emi·ul-
(n.) ‘Futtermischung’
(HEG I:356-7)
(For ·ul-, see EHS 325)
√ulo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *peɑhur·ulo-
Hitt. paḫur·ula-
(GIŠc.) ‘Schürhaken, zur Reinigung der Feuerstelle’
(HHand. 115)
(Hitt. [pa-a]ḫ-ḫu-ru-la-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *peɑhur·ulo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhur·ulo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. paɑhur·ulo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pahur·ulo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pahur·ulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pahur·ula-
4. pahur·ula-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. paḫur·ula-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *Π·ulo-
Gr. ἔκ·υλο-
(m.) ‘εἶδος βοτάνης (Hes.)’
(LSJ. 524)
(Gr. ἔκυλος)
1. PIE *Π·ulo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·υλο-
√uloion-
PIE *uloion-
Pal. ulaan-
(n.) ‘Wiese, Wald’
(DPal. 76)
(Pal. ú-la-a-an-na [sgL/All])
1. PIE *uloion-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ulaian-
2. ulaian-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → Pal. ulai̯an-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
√uli-
PIE *hɑut·uli-
Hitt. ḫut·uli-
(SÍGn.) ‘Wollbüschel, Wollflocke’ (HIL. 40)
(HEG H:318)
1. PIE *hɑut·uli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hut·uli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hut·uli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫut·uli-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ulili-
(HEG U:38-9)
PIE *ulili-
Hitt. ulili-
(sb.) ‘Grün, Pflanzenwuchs; Feld’
(HHand2 208)
PIE *ulili-
Hitt. ulili-
(vb.2.) ‘grünen, sproßen’
(HHand2 208)
PIE *uliliski̯e/o-
Hitt. uliliške/a-
(iter.) ‘grünen, sproßen’
(HHand2 208)
1. PIE *uliliski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ulilisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ulilisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ulilisḱe/a-
3. ulilisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *uliliske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. uliliske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. uliliške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE **ono·ulilei̯o-
Hitt. ana·ulilei̯a-
(URUa.) ‘(im Lande Tarḫuntaša)’
(OGHErg. 5)
(Hitt. an-na-ú-li-li-ia-aš [sgN])
1. PIE **ono·ulilei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. *ana·ulilei̯a-
PIE *ulilei̯ont·Σ
Pal. ulilei̯ant·ig-
(dpl) ‘Vegetationsgottheit(en)’ (DPal. 76)
(HHand2 208)
(Pal. ú-li-li-an-ti-ga-aš [plD])
1. PIE *ulilei̯ont·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Pal. ulilei̯ant·Σ


PIE √ul- √uol- √uel- (a.) ‘tot, sterblich, schuldig’
(IEW 1144)
(Hrozný 1917:91: Anat. + IE)
√uolo-
(HEG W:241)
PIE *u̯olo-
HLu. u̯ala-
(CRUXvb.) ‘be ill, suffer’
(CHLu. 2.17.9)
(HLu. (CRUX)wa/i-la-ha [1sg])
1. PIE *u̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. u̯ala-
PIE *Π·u̯olo-
HLu. ARHA u̯ala·-
(vb.) ‘die’
(CHLu. 11.1.fg6)
(HLu. ARHA wa/i-la-mi-na-’)
1. PIE *Π·u̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. Π·u̯ala-
PIE *u̯olo-
HLu. u̯ala-
(CRUXa.) ‘fatal, ill, sick’
(CHLu. 2.10.2)
(HLu. (“CRUX”)wa/i-la/i/u, in HLu. uala aui- ‘come ill/fatally for’)
1. PIE *u̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. u̯ala-
PIE *u̯olo
OIcl. val-
(m.) ‘der Tote auf dem Walplatz’
(ANEtWb. 642)
(OIcl. valr [sgN])
1. PIE *u̯olo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ala
2. u̯ala
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *u̯al
3. u̯al
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OIcl. val
PIE *u̯olo·Σ
OIcl. val·brāð-
(n.) ‘fleisch von Toten; blaues Muttermal’
(ANEtWb. 640)
(OIcl. valbrāð)
1. PIE *u̯olo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ala·Σ
2. u̯ala·Σ
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OIcl. vala·Σ
PIE *u̯olontei̯o-
CLu. u̯alantei̯a-
(a.) ‘tödlich?’
(HHand. 190)
(CLu. ua-la-an-ti-[)
1. PIE *u̯olontei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. u̯alantei̯a-
PIE *u̯olontolei̯o-
CLu. u̯alantalei̯a-
(a.) ‘sterblich’
(DLL. 105)
1. PIE *u̯olontolei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. u̯alantalei̯a-
√uole/oi-
PIE *ni·u̯olei-
CLu. ni·u̯alei-
(GKLa.) ‘innocent; unschudig, schwach’
(DLL. 75)
(CLu. ni-ua-al-li[-iš] [sgN], HHand. 113)
1. PIE *ni·u̯olei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. ni·u̯alei-
PIE *u̯olei̯o-
CLu. u̯alei̯a-
(a.) ‘tödlich’
(HHand. 193)
(CLu. u̯ali̯an [sgA])
1. PIE *u̯olei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. u̯alei̯a-
PIE *ni·u̯oloi̯o-
Hitt. ni·u̯alaa-
(PNc.) ‘‹Unschuldig›’
(NOMS. 892)
(Hitt. ni-ua-al-la-a-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *ni·u̯oloi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ni·u̯alai̯a-
2. ni·u̯alai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → Hitt. ni·u̯alaa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
√uolou-
PIE *Π·u̯olou-
HLu. ARHA u̯alau·-
(vb.) ‘die’
(CHLu. 11.1.fg7)
(HLu. ARHA wa/i-la-u-ta)
1. PIE *Π·u̯olou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. Π·u̯alau-
√uolup-
PIE *hɑe·u̯ṓlupo-
Gr. ἀ·ώλυπο-
(a.) ‘τὸ οὐκ ἀπολλύμενον (Hes.)’
(LSJ. 299)
(Gr. ἀώλυπον)
1. PIE *hɑe·u̯ṓlupo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa·u̯ṓlupo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa·u̯ṓlupo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ha·u̯ṓlupo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ha·u̯ṓlupo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *a·u̯ṓlupo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. a·u̯ṓlupo-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *a·ṓlupo-
5. a·ṓlupo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀ·ώλυπο-


PIE √ul- √uol- √uel- (vb.) ‘erheben, rühmen, preisen, groß machen’
(IEW 1138)
(Machek 1958:76)
√uolo-
(HEG W:234f.)
(HIL. 1091)
PIE *u̯olo-
Hitt. u̯ala-
(vb.2.) ‘rühmen, preisen’
(HHand. 193)
1. PIE *u̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯ala-
√uoli-
(HEG W:234f.)
(HIL. 1091)
PIE *u̯oli-
Hitt. u̯ali-
(sb.) ‘Ruhm, Stolz’
(HHand. 193)
1. PIE *u̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯ali-
PIE *u̯oli-
CLu. u̯ali-
(vb.) ‘erheben, preisen’
(HHand. 190)
1. PIE *u̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. u̯ali-
PIE *u̯olei̯o-
Hitt. u̯alei̯a-
(vb.2.) ‘rühmen, preisen’
(HHand. 193)
1. PIE *u̯olei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯alei̯a-
PIE *u̯olei̯o-
CLu. u̯alei̯a-
(vb.) ‘erheben, preisen’
(HHand. 190)
1. PIE *u̯olei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. u̯alei̯a-
PIE *u̯olei̯o-
HLu. u̯alei̯a-
(BONUSsb.) ‘honour’
(CHLu. 6.17.5)
(HLu. BONUS-li-ia-ti [sgI])
1. PIE *u̯olei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. u̯alei̯a-
PIE *Π·u̯olei̯o-
HLu. anta u̯alei̯a·-
(BONUSvb.) ‘exalt’
(CHLu. 2.5.6.)
(HLu. a-tá (BONUS)wa/i-li-ia-ta)
1. PIE *Π·u̯olei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. Π·u̯alei̯a-
PIE *u̯olei̯omo-
CLu. u̯alei̯ama-
(pt.) ‘gepriesen?’
(HHand. 193)
1. PIE *u̯olei̯omo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. u̯alei̯ama-
PIE *u̯olei̯onu̯o-
HLu. u̯alei̯anu̯a-
(BONUScs.) ‘cause to exalt’
(CHLu. 3.3.15)
(BONUS-li-ia-nu-wa/i-ha [1sg])
1. PIE *u̯olei̯onu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. u̯alei̯anu̯a-
PIE *u̯olei̯otor/n-
Hitt. u̯alei̯atar/n-
(n.) ‘Ruhm, Preislied’
(HHand. 193)
1. PIE *u̯olei̯otor/n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯alei̯atar/n-
PIE *Π·u̯olei̯o·Σ
HLu. anta u̯alei̯a··za-
(BONUSvb.) ‘make exalt(ed)’
(CHLu. 5.15.18)
(HLu. a-tá BONUS-li-ia-za-ta [3pers])
1. PIE *Π·u̯olei̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. Π·u̯alei̯a·Σ
PIE *u̯olei̯ou̯ontei-
HLu. u̯alei̯au̯antei-
(c.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 10.10.9)
(HLu. wa/i-li?-ia-wa/i-ti-na [sgA])
1. PIE *u̯olei̯ou̯ontei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. u̯alei̯au̯antei-
PIE *u̯oliske/o-
Hitt. u̯ališke/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘rühmen, preisen’
(HHand. 193)
1. PIE *u̯oliske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯aliske/a-
2. u̯aliske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯ališke/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ueli-
(Machek 1958:76)
PIE *u̯eli-
OCS. velĭ-
(adv.bs.) ‘sehr’
(Sadnik √1055)
(in OCS. velĭmi (adv.) ‘sehr’)
1. PIE *u̯eli-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *veli-
2. veli-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → OCS. velĭ-
PIE *u̯eli·Σ
OCS. velĭ·moža
(m..) ‘Fürst, Herrscher’
(Sadnik √1055)
1. PIE *u̯eli·Σ
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *veli·Σ
2. veli·Σ
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → OCS. velĭ·Σ
PIE *u̯eleiku̯o
OCS. velikŭ-
(a.) ‘groß, stark, gewaltig’
(Sadnik √1055)
(OCS. velikŭ)
1. PIE *u̯eleiku̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯eleiku̯a
2. u̯eleiku̯a
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *u̯eleika
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. u̯eleika
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *u̯eleiko
4. u̯eleiko
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *u̯eleiku
5. u̯eleiku
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *u̯elīku
6. u̯elīku
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *velīku
7. velīku
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → *veliku
8. veliku
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. velikŭ
PIE *u̯eleikui̯ēɑh-
OCS. veliča-
(vb.) ‘groß machen, rühmen, preisen’
(Sadnik √1055)
(OCS. veličati)
1. PIE *u̯eleikui̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯eleikui̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯eleikui̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯eleikui̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯eleikui̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯eleikui̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯eleikui̯ā-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *u̯eleiki̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. u̯eleiki̯ā-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *u̯elīki̯ā-
6. u̯elīki̯ā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *velīki̯ā-
7. velīki̯ā-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *velīkjā-
8. velīkjā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *velīkja-
9. velīkja-
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → OCS. velikja-
PIE *u̯eleiku̯iɑ́h-
OCS. veliči-
(vb.) ‘erheben, preisen’
(Sadnik √1055)
(OCS. veličiti [inf.])
1. PIE *u̯eleiku̯iɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *u̯eleiku̯iíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. u̯eleiku̯iíh-
PIE *ku̯ → ču̯
2nd palatalization of *ku̯
Rku̯›ču̯ → *u̯eleiču̯iíh-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. u̯eleiču̯iíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯eleiču̯ií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯eleiču̯ií-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *u̯eleičií-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. u̯eleičií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *u̯eleičī́-
6. u̯eleičī́-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *u̯elīčī́-
7. u̯elīčī́-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *velīčī́-
8. velīčī́-
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → *veličī́-
9. veličī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *veličí-
10. veličí-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → OCS. veliči-
PIE *u̯eleiku̯iɑ́hi̯os
OCS. veličije
(n.) ‘Großes, Größe, Erhabenheit’
(Sadnik √1055)
(OCS. veličije)
1. PIE *u̯eleiku̯iɑ́hi̯os
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *u̯eleiku̯iíhi̯os
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. u̯eleiku̯iíhi̯os
PIE *ku̯ → ču̯
2nd palatalization of *ku̯
Rku̯›ču̯ → *u̯eleiču̯iíhi̯os
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. u̯eleiču̯iíhi̯os
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯eleiču̯iíhi̯as
4. u̯eleiču̯iíhi̯as
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯eleiču̯iíi̯as
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯eleiču̯iíi̯as
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *u̯eleičiíi̯as
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. u̯eleičiíi̯as
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *u̯eleičī́i̯as
7. u̯eleičī́i̯as
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *u̯eleičī́i̯os
8. u̯eleičī́i̯os
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in -os (root-final)
Ros=›o= → *u̯eleičī́i̯o
9. u̯eleičī́i̯o
*-i̯o → -i̯e
Change of root-final -i̯o to -i̯e
Ri̯o=›i̯e= → *u̯eleičī́i̯e
10. u̯eleičī́i̯e
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *u̯elīčī́i̯e
11. u̯elīčī́i̯e
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *velīčī́i̯e
12. velīčī́i̯e
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *velīčī́je
13. velīčī́je
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → *veličī́je
14. veličī́je
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *veličíje
15. veličíje
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → OCS. veličije
√uli-
PIE *ulei̯o·mi-
HLu. ulei̯a·mi-
(BONUSpt.) ‘exalted’
(CHLu. 2.28.8, 4.4.1)
(HLu. (BONUS)u-li-ia-mi, (BONUS)u-li-ia-mi-sà)
1. PIE *ulei̯o·mi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. ulei̯a·mi-
PIE *ulei̯o·Σ
HLu. ulei̯a·na(n?)ta-
([DI]ES?c.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 2.28.8)
(HLu. (DI]ES?)[u]-li-ia-na-tà-sa; suffix uncertain)
1. PIE *ulei̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. ulei̯a·Σ
√uolu-
PIE *u̯olu-
Hitt. u̯alu-
(vb.M.) ‘rühmen, preisen’
(HHand. 194)
1. PIE *u̯olu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯alu-
PIE *u̯oluno·so-
CLu. u̯aluna·ša-
(a.gen.) ‘auf das Heben bezüglich’ (DLL. 106)
(HHand. 194)
(CLu. ua-al-lu-na-ša-an [sgA])
1. PIE *u̯oluno·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯aluna·sa-
2. u̯aluna·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. u̯aluna·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯oluske/o-
Hitt. u̯aluške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘rühmen, preisen’
(HHand. 194)
1. PIE *u̯oluske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯aluske/a-
2. u̯aluske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯aluške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯oluskeu̯on
Hitt. u̯aluškeu̯an
(sup) ‘rühmen, preisen’
(HHand. 194)
1. PIE *u̯oluskeu̯on
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯aluskeu̯an
2. u̯aluskeu̯an
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯aluškeu̯an
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √ulku- √uolku- √uelku- (vb.) ‘hauen, spalten’ (sb.) ‘Verderber, Wolf’
(IEW 1178-9)
√ulku-
PIE *Π·u̯eu̯l̥ku̯-
RV. ápi (...) vavr̥k-
(pf.) ‘zerspalten, abhauen’
(WbRV. 1364)
(RV. vavr̥ktam [ipv2du])
1. PIE *Π·u̯eu̯l̥ku̯-
PIE *l̥ → r̥
Change of *l̥ into r̥
Rl̥›r̥ → *Π·u̯eu̯r̥ku̯-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. Π·u̯eu̯r̥ku̯-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·u̯eu̯r̥k-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. Π·u̯eu̯r̥k-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·u̯au̯r̥k-
4. Π·u̯au̯r̥k-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. Π·vavr̥k-
PIE *u̯ĺ̥ku̯o-
RV. vŕ̥ka-
(m.) ‘Wolf’
(WbRV. 1325)
1. PIE *u̯ĺ̥ku̯o-
PIE *ĺ̥ → ŕ̥
Change of *ĺ̥ into ŕ̥
Rĺ̥›ŕ̥ → *u̯ŕ̥ku̯o-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. u̯ŕ̥ku̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ŕ̥ku̯a-
3. u̯ŕ̥ku̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *u̯ŕ̥ka-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. u̯ŕ̥ka-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. vŕ̥ka-
PIE *hɑe·u̯l̥ku̯ó-
OInd. a·vr̥ká-
(a.) ‘safe’
(HIL. 1099)
1. PIE *hɑe·u̯l̥ku̯ó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa·u̯l̥ku̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa·u̯l̥ku̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ha·u̯l̥ku̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ha·u̯l̥ku̯ó-
PIE *l̥ → r̥
Change of *l̥ into r̥
Rl̥›r̥ → *ha·u̯r̥ku̯ó-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. ha·u̯r̥ku̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *ha·u̯r̥ku̯á-
5. ha·u̯r̥ku̯á-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *a·u̯r̥ku̯á-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. a·u̯r̥ku̯á-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *a·u̯r̥ká-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. a·u̯r̥ká-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OInd. a·vr̥ká-
PIE *u̯l̥ku̯óti-
RV. vr̥káti-
(m.) ‘Verderber, Räuber’
(WbRV. 1325)
1. PIE *u̯l̥ku̯óti-
PIE *l̥ → r̥
Change of *l̥ into r̥
Rl̥›r̥ → *u̯r̥ku̯óti-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. u̯r̥ku̯óti-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *u̯r̥ku̯áti-
3. u̯r̥ku̯áti-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *u̯r̥káti-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. u̯r̥káti-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. vr̥káti-


PIE √uolu- √uelu- √ulu- (vb.) ‘rauben, mit Gewalt nehmen’ (sb.) ‘Löwe’
(IEW 1145)
(Neumann apud HEG W:277)
√uolu-
(HEG W:274f.)
(HIL. 1099-1100)
PIE *u̯olu̯o-
CLu. u̯alu̯a-
(c.) ‘Löwe: UR.MAḪ’
(HHand. 194)
(for UR.MAḪ = walwa- see Steinherr 1968, differently HIL. 1099)
1. PIE *u̯olu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. u̯alu̯a-
PIE *u̯olu̯o·Σ
CLu. u̯alu̯a·zidi-
(LÚc.) ‘(homme de Šullamma-)’
(NOMS. 1486)
(Steinherr 1968)
1. PIE *u̯olu̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. u̯alu̯a·Σ
PIE *u̯olu̯o·lo-
Hitt. u̯alu̯a·la-
(LÚMESc.pl) ‘Löwenmenschen’
(HHand. 194)
1. PIE *u̯olu̯o·lo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯alu̯a·la-
PIE *u̯olu̯e-
Lyd. walwe-
(sb.) ‘lion’
(AHPh. 336)
(Lyd. walwel)
1. PIE *u̯olu̯e-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯alu̯e-
2. u̯alu̯e-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Lyd. walwe-
√uelu-
(Neumann apud HEG W:277)
PIE *u̯elu̯o-
Goth. wilwa-
(pr.) ‘mit Gewalt nehmen, rauben’
(GoEtD. W67)
(Grundr2 1:609)
1. PIE *u̯elu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯elu̯a-
2. u̯elu̯a-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *u̯ilu̯a-
3. u̯ilu̯a-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Goth. wilwa-
√ulu-
PIE *u̯ulu̯-
Goth. wulw-
(pret.) ‘mit Gewalt nehmen, rauben’
(GoEtD. W67)
1. PIE *u̯ulu̯-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Goth. wulw-


PIE √um- √uom- √uem- (vb.) ‘take, find’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Anat. + Osc.)
√um-
(Pyysalo)
(HIL. 1155, HEG W:484f.)
PIE *Π·umo-
Osc. pert·umo-
(vb.) ‘perimere’
(IEW 310)
(WbOU. 220, in Osc. pertumum [inf.] TB 7 – if with *u vs. *o; Grundr2 1:836 ‹for segmentation see pert·emere›)
PIE *umei̯o-
Hitt. umei̯a-
(vb.1.A.) ‘finden, (an)treffen: KAR’
(HHand. 201)
(Hitt. umijanzi [3pl], SHV 433)
1. PIE *umei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. umei̯a-
√uomi-
(Melchert AHPh. 66)
PIE *u̯omi·Σ
HLu. u̯ami·Σ
(vb.) ‘find?’
(CHLu. 2.24.23)
(HLu. wa/i-mi-LITUUS-ha, AHPh. 66: “HLu. wa/i-mi-(ia)- ‘find’”)
1. PIE *u̯omi·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. u̯ami·Σ
PIE *u̯omi·Σ
HLu. u̯ami·Σ
(vb.) ‘find’
(CHLu. 5.1.3)
(HLu. wa/i-mi-OCULUS(+?))
1. PIE *u̯omi·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. u̯ami·Σ
PIE *Π·Π·u̯omi-
Lyd. fa·kat·wãmi-
(vb.) ‘meet with’
(AHPh. 344)
(LydWb. 119, Lyd. fakatwãmid)
1. PIE *Π·Π·u̯omi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·Π·u̯ami-
2. Π·Π·u̯ami-
*am/n → ãm/n
Emergence of nasal vowel ã
RaN›ãN → *Π·Π·u̯ãmi-
3. Π·Π·u̯ãmi-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Lyd. Π·Π·wãmi-
√uemi-
PIE *u̯emi̯o-
Hitt. u̯emi̯a-
(vb.1.A.) ‘finden, (an)treffen: Sum. KAR’
(HHand. 201)
(Hitt. u̯emia-, u̯imia-)
1. PIE *u̯emi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯emi̯a-
PIE *u̯emiski̯e/o-
Hitt. u̯emiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘wiederholt (an)treffen’
(HHand. 201)
1. PIE *u̯emiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *u̯emisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. u̯emisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯emisḱe/a-
3. u̯emisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *u̯emiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. u̯emiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯emiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √un- √uon- √uen- (vb.) ‘glänzen’
(IEW –)
(Carruthers 1933:158f.; Pyysalo)
√uon-
(HEG W:290f.)
PIE *u̯on·up·ostoli-
Hitt. u̯an·up·aštali-
(MULc.) ‘Sternschnuppe, Komet?’
(HHand. 194)
1. PIE *u̯on·up·ostoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯an·up·astali-
2. u̯an·up·astali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯an·up·aštali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯on·upor·ostoli-
Hitt. u̯an·upar·aštali-
(MULc.) ‘Sternschnuppe, Komet?’
(Weitenberg 1984:276)
1. PIE *u̯on·upor·ostoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯an·upar·astali-
2. u̯an·upar·astali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯an·upar·aštali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uēn-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *u̯ḗn·Σ
Ion. ἤν·οπ-
(a.) ‘(Beiwort von χαλκός, ‘λαμπρός’)’ (LSJ. 775)
(GEW 1:638)
(Hom. ἦνοψ; Hes. ἤνοπα· λαμπρόν, πάνυ ἔνηχον, διαφανῆ)
1. PIE *u̯ḗn·Σ
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *ḗn·Σ
2. ḗn·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion. ἤν·Σ
√ueno-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *u̯enont-
LAv. vanant-
(m.) ‘N eines als Gottheit verehrten Fixsterns’
(AIWb. 1354)
1. PIE *u̯enont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯enant-
2. u̯enant-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *u̯anant-
3. u̯anant-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. vanant-
PIE *u̯enondɑɦo
Pahl. vanand-
(sb.) ‘the star ruling the Western celestial sphere’
(MPahl. 2:202)
1. PIE *u̯enondɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯enondɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯enondɦo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯enandɦa
3. u̯enandɦa
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯enanda
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. u̯enanda
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *u̯ananda
5. u̯ananda
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Pahl. vananda
√uondɑɦ-
(HIL. 1103)
(HEG W:281, Carruthers 1933:158f.)
PIE *u̯ondɑɦoi-
Hitt. u̯andai-
(vb.1.) ‘glühen, warm sein, zürnen’
(HHand. 194)
1. PIE *u̯ondɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ondɦoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ondɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯andɦai-
3. u̯andɦai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯andai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯ondɑɦei·u̯ont-
Hitt. u̯andei·u̯ant-
(sb.) ‘Blitz’
(HHand. 190)
1. PIE *u̯ondɑɦei·u̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ondɦei·u̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ondɦei·u̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯andɦei·u̯ant-
3. u̯andɦei·u̯ant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯andei·u̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯ondɑɦoni-
Hitt. u̯andani-
(a.) ‘hell’
(HHand. 194)
1. PIE *u̯ondɑɦoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ondɦoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ondɦoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯andɦani-
3. u̯andɦani-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯andani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯ondɑɦonei̯o-
CLu. u̯andanei̯a-
(c.) ‘aufleuchtend?’
(HHand. 194)
1. PIE *u̯ondɑɦonei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ondɦonei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ondɦonei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯andɦanei̯a-
3. u̯andɦanei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. u̯andanei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯ondɑɦulo·si-
HLu. u̯andula·ši-
(FLAMMAE.SOLa.gen.) ‘of radiance?’
(CHLu. 3.1.6)
(HLu. (‘FLAMMAE.SOL’)wa/i-tú-la-si-pa-wa/i)
1. PIE *u̯ondɑɦulo·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ondɦulo·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ondɦulo·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯andɦula·si-
3. u̯andɦula·si-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *u̯andula·si-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯andula·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯andula·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uendɑɦ-
(Carruthers 1933:158f.)
PIE *Π· u̯endɑɦēɑh-
OCS. u·vęda-
(vb.) ‘verwelken’
(Sadnik 1075A)
1. PIE *Π· u̯endɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π· u̯endɑɦāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π· u̯endɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π· u̯endɦāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π· u̯endɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π· u̯endɦā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π· u̯endɦā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π· u̯endā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π· u̯endā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *Π· vendā-
6. Π· vendā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OCS. Π· venda-
√unodɑɦ-
PIE *unodɑɦei·u̯oli-
CLu. unadei·u̯ali-
(GKLa.) ‘(parallel to ‘zornig’)’
(HHand. 186)
1. PIE *unodɑɦei·u̯oli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *unodɦei·u̯oli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. unodɦei·u̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *unadɦei·u̯ali-
3. unadɦei·u̯ali-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. unadei·u̯ali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uēnu-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *u̯ēnu-
OSax. wānu-
(a.) ‘schön, glänzend’
(Hel.)
(Hel. uuanu [m.sgN] 4103 M, uuanom 5766 C [f.plD])
1. PIE *u̯ēnu-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *u̯ānu-
2. u̯ānu-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OSax. wānu-
PIE *u̯ēnumo
OSax. wānum-
(a.) ‘schön, glänzend’
(Hel.)
(Hel uuanum [m.sgN] 687 M C, 168 M, uuanom 168 C, uuanum [plN] 649 M C)
1. PIE *u̯ēnumo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ēnuma
2. u̯ēnuma
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *u̯ēnum
3. u̯ēnum
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *u̯ānum
4. u̯ānum
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OSax. wānum


PIE √un- √uon- √uen- (vb.) ‘sehen, wissen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: OEng. + HLu.)
√uno-
PIE *uno-
HLu. una-
(PN.?) ‘‹seeing, knowing?›’
(CHLu. 13.5.1)
(HLu. (DEUS)ku+AVIS (DEUS)SOL u(?)-na(?)-sa(?) [sgG?])
1. PIE *uno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. una-
PIE *uno·nu-
HLu. una·nu-
(LITUUScs.) ‘cause to know, teach’
(CHLu. 2.24.22)
(HLu. (LITUUS)u-na-nu-ta)
1. PIE *uno·nu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. una·nu-
√uni-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *uni-
HLu. uni-
(LITUUSvb.) ‘know’
(CHLu. 11.1.e29, 2.24.20)
(HLu. (LITUUS)u-ni-ti, (LITUUS)u-ni-ha [1sg])
PIE *uni
OEng. one-
(vb.) ‘sehen’
(AeEtWb. 241)
(OEng. one ‘siehe!’)
1. PIE *uni
*-i → -e
Change of root-final -i into -e
R=i›=e → OEng. une
PIE *uni·mi-
HLu. uni·mi-
(LITUUSpt.) ‘known, recognized’
(CHLu. 4.4.1)
(HLu. u-ni-mi-sa, (LITUUS)u-ni-mi-sa)
√unu-
PIE *unu-
OEng. ono-
(vb.) ‘sehen’
(AeEtWb. 241)


PIE √un- √uon- √uen- (sb.) ‘Geburt, Familie, Frau’ (vb.) ‘geschlechtlich verkehren, beischlafen’
(IEW 1146)
(Sturtevant 1930b:218-28; HEG W:491f.; not PAnat. *gu̯an-)
√uon-
(HIL. 580-5)
(Sturtevant 1930b:218-28)
PIE *u̯on-
CLu. u̯an-
(c.) ‘woman’
(HIL. 580)
(CLu. ua-a-ni [sgDL])
1. PIE *u̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. u̯an-
PIE *u̯onont-
CLu. u̯anant-
(c.) ‘Frau’
(HIL. 580)
(CLu. ua-na-an-za [sgN])
1. PIE *u̯onont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. u̯anant-
PIE *u̯onoso-
CLu. u̯anaša-
(a.gen.) ‘of a woman/wife’
(HHand. 194)
(CLu. [ua-a-]na-aš-ša-an, [ua-n]a-a-aš-ša-an])
1. PIE *u̯onoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯anasa-
2. u̯anasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. u̯anaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯onosi-
CLu. u̯anaši-
(a.gen.) ‘of a woman/wife’
(HHand. 194)
(CLu. ua-na-aš-ši-in-zi [plN])
1. PIE *u̯onosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯anasi-
2. u̯anasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. u̯anaši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯onosi-
HLu. u̯anaši-
(406a.gen.) ‘of a woman/wife’
(CHLu. 2.25.13)
(HLu. *406(-)wa/i-na-si-na [Fr11])
1. PIE *u̯onosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯anasi-
2. u̯anasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯anaši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uen-
(SHV 92)
(HEG W:491f., Petersen 1937:213)
PIE *u̯en·hɑoku̯i-
OGaul. uen·opi-
(PNc.) ‘Oeil-du-Clan’
(DLG. 313)
(DAG 419)
1. PIE *u̯en·hɑoku̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯en·hoku̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯en·hoku̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯en·oku̯i-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. u̯en·oku̯i-
*ku/u̯ → p
Bilabialization of labiovelar q into p
RkU›p → *u̯en·opi-
4. u̯en·opi-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OGaul. uen·opi-
PIE *u̯enēɑh-
Mess. uenā-
(f.) ‘Venus’
(Krahe SdI 86)
1. PIE *u̯enēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯enāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯enāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯enāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯enāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯enā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯enā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Mess. uenā-
√ueni-
(Delamarre)
PIE *u̯eni·keɑhro-
OGaul. ueni·caro-
(PNm.) ‘Aimé du clan’
(DLG. 313)
(OGaul. uenicarus)
1. PIE *u̯eni·keɑhro-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯eni·kaɑhro-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. u̯eni·kaɑhro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯eni·kahro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯eni·kahro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯eni·karo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯eni·karo-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → *ueni·karo-
5. ueni·karo-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → OGaul. ueni·caro-
PIE *u̯eni·kilhɑutio-
OGaul. ueni·clutio-
(PNm.) ‘Renommé par sa famille’
(DLG. 313)
(OGaul. ueniclutius)
1. PIE *u̯eni·kilhɑutio-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯eni·kilhutio-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯eni·kilhutio-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *u̯eni·ḱlhutio-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯eni·ḱlhutio-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯eni·ḱlutio-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯eni·ḱlutio-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *u̯eni·klutio-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. u̯eni·klutio-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → *ueni·klutio-
6. ueni·klutio-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → OGaul. ueni·clutio-
PIE *u̯eni·Σ
OGaul. ueni·coteni
(VNm.) ‘[qui appartient] à une ancienne famille’
(DLG. 313)
1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OGaul. ueni·Σ
PIE *u̯ení·Σ
OGaulG. ϝενί·κων-
(VNm.) ‘les chiens du clan’ (Ptol. 2.3.9)
(DLG. 313)
(OGaul. ουενίκωνες)
1. PIE *u̯ení·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → OGaulG. ϝενί·Σ
PIE *u̯eni·Σ
OGaul. ueni·lati
(PNm.) ‘Héros-du-clan’
(DLG. 313)
1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OGaul. ueni·Σ
PIE *u̯eni·Σ
OGaul. ueni·mantii
(PNm.) ‘la Bouche-du-Clan’
(DLG. 313)
1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OGaul. ueni·Σ
PIE *u̯eni·Σ
OGaul. ueni·marus
(PNm.) ‘Grand par la lignée’
(DLG. 313)
1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OGaul. ueni·Σ
PIE *u̯eni·Σ
OGaul. ueni·reius
(PNm.) ‘-(?)-’
(DLG. 313)
1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OGaul. ueni·Σ
PIE *u̯eni·Σ
OGaulG. ϝενι·τοουτα
(PNm.) ‘-(?)-’ (G-106)
(DLG. 313)
(OGaul. ουενιτοουτα)
1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → OGaulG. ϝενι·Σ
PIE *u̯eni·Σ
OGaul. ueni·uallia
(PNf.) ‘-(?)-’
(DLG. 313)
1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OGaul. ueni·Σ
PIE *u̯eni·Σ
OGaul. ueni·ala
(PNf.) ‘-(?)-’
(DLG. 313)
1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OGaul. ueni·Σ
PIE *u̯eni·Σ
OGaul. ueni·dius
(PNm.) ‘-(?)-’
(DLG. 313)
1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OGaul. ueni·Σ
PIE *u̯eni·Σ
OGaul. ueni·nia
(PNf.) ‘-(?)-’
(DLG. 313)
1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OGaul. ueni·Σ
PIE *u̯eni·Σ
OGaul. ueni·lla
(PNf.) ‘-(?)-’
(DLG. 313)
1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OGaul. ueni·Σ
PIE *u̯eni·Σ
OGaul. ueni·sa-
(PNf.) ‘-(?)-’
(DLG. 313)
1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OGaul. ueni·Σ
PIE *u̯eni·Σ
OGaul. ueni·samus
(PNm.) ‘(en Cisalpine)’
(DLG. 313)
1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OGaul. ueni·Σ
√ueniɑh-
(Delamarre)
PIE *u̯eni̯ēɑh-
Lepont. ueniā-
(PNf.) ‘family?’
(DLG. 313)
(EtDiPC. 413, ACSS 3:168-71, GPN 277-79, Jubainville (1892:294ff.); “chez les Lépontiens etc.”)
1. PIE *u̯eni̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯eni̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯eni̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯eni̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯eni̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯eni̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯eni̯ā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → *ueni̯ā-
5. ueni̯ā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → Lepont. ueniā-
PIE *u̯eni̯ēɑh-
OBret. guen-
(sb.) ‘race, famille’
(DLG. 313)
1. PIE *u̯eni̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯eni̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯eni̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯eni̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯eni̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯eni̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯eni̯ā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *u̯eni̯a-
5. u̯eni̯a-
* u̯- → gu-
Change of root-initial u̯- into gu-
Ru̯=›gu= → *gueni̯a-
6. gueni̯a-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → OBret. guenia-
√ueniki-
PIE *u̯eniki̯o-
OGaulG. ϝενικο-
(PNm.) ‘membre du clan’
(DLG. 313)
(OGaul. ουενικοι [plN])
1. PIE *u̯eniki̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *u̯eniḱo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. u̯eniḱo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *u̯eniko-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯eniko-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → OGaulG. ϝενικο-
PIE *u̯eniki̯ēɑh-
OGaul. uenicā-
(PNf.) ‘membre du clan’
(DLG. 313)
1. PIE *u̯eniki̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯eniki̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯eniki̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯eniki̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯eniki̯āh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *u̯eniḱāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. u̯eniḱāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯eniḱā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯eniḱā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *u̯enikā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. u̯enikā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → *uenikā-
7. uenikā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → OGaul. uenicā-
PIE *u̯enikii̯ēɑh-
OGaul. ueniciā-
(PNf.) ‘-(?)-’
(DLG. 313)
(GPN 278)
1. PIE *u̯enikii̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯enikii̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯enikii̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯enikii̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯enikii̯āh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *u̯eniḱi̯āh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. u̯eniḱi̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯eniḱi̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯eniḱi̯ā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *u̯eniki̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. u̯eniki̯ā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → *ueniki̯ā-
7. ueniki̯ā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *uenici̯ā-
8. uenici̯ā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → OGaul. ueniciā-
PIE *u̯enikiseɑhmēɑh-
OGaul. uenixamā-
(PNf.) ‘-(?)-’
(DLG. 313)
1. PIE *u̯enikiseɑhmēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯enikisaɑhmēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. u̯enikisaɑhmēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯enikisaɑhmāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. u̯enikisaɑhmāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯enikisahmāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. u̯enikisahmāh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *u̯eniḱsahmāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. u̯eniḱsahmāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯eniḱsamā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. u̯eniḱsamā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *u̯eniksamā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. u̯eniksamā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → *ueniksamā-
8. ueniksamā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *uenicsamā-
9. uenicsamā-
*cs → x
Change of *cs into x
Rcs›x → OGaul. uenixamā-
√uonotei-
PIE *u̯onotei-
CLu. u̯anatei-
(c.) ‘Frau ‹cf. CLu. unati- ‘id.’›’ (DLL. 106-7)
(HHand. 194)
(CLu. ua-na-at-ti-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *u̯onotei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. u̯anatei-
PIE *u̯onotei̯o·dɑɦo-
HLu. u̯anatei̯a·da-
(FEMINAa.*) ‘female (part) ‹cf. CLu. u̯a-na-at-ti-iš ‘Frau’›’
(CHLu. 2.11.17)
(in HLu. FEMINA-ti-ia-ta-za; for the cpd., see CLu. u̯anatei̯a·dei̯a-; HHand. 194)
1. PIE *u̯onotei̯o·dɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯onotei̯o·dɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯onotei̯o·dɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯anatei̯a·dɦa-
3. u̯anatei̯a·dɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. u̯anatei̯a·da-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯onotei̯o·dɑɦo-
Hitt. u̯anatei̯a·da-
(PÚ.) ‘‹= HLu.› (Kontext: QN ›Ḫarranašša)’
(OGH. 556)
(Hitt. ua-na-at-ti-ia-ta-an [sgA])
1. PIE *u̯onotei̯o·dɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯onotei̯o·dɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯onotei̯o·dɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯anatei̯a·dɦa-
3. u̯anatei̯a·dɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯anatei̯a·da-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯onotei̯o·dɑɦei̯o-
CLu. u̯anatei̯a·dei̯a-
(n.) ‘-(?)-’
(HHand. 194)
1. PIE *u̯onotei̯o·dɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯onotei̯o·dɦei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯onotei̯o·dɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯anatei̯a·dɦei̯a-
3. u̯anatei̯a·dɦei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. u̯anatei̯a·dei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√unoti-
PIE *unoti-
CLu. unati-
(c.) ‘Frau’
(HHand. 186)
(CLu. u-na-at-ti-iš, MUNUS-iš)
1. PIE *unoti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. unati-


PIE √un- √uon- √uen- (vb.) ‘schmücken, decken’
(IEW 346 [diff.])
(Pyysalo: Toch. + Hitt. + HLu.; note that the root is weakly supported)
√uon-
PIE *u̯on-
TochB. wan-
(vb.) ‘cover’
(DTochB. 592)
(TochB. wantsi [inf.])
1. PIE *u̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯an-
2. u̯an-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. wan-
PIE *u̯on-
TochB. wän-
(vb.) ‘cover’
(DTochB. 592)
(TochB. wänträ [3sg])
1. PIE *u̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯an-
2. u̯an-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. wan-
√un-
(Pyysalo)
(HIL. 1063, HEG U:66f.)
PIE *unosɑho-
Hitt. unašḫa-
(c.) ‘Schmuck’
(HIL. 1063)
(Hitt. ú-na-aš-ḫ-, KUB 12.31 ii 25; not a scribal error against Kloekhorst)
1. PIE *unosɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *unosho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. unosho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *unasha-
3. unasha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *unašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. unašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. unašḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *oun·Σ
TochB. on·kor yam-
(vb.) ‘cover?’
(DTochB. 112)
1. PIE *oun·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aun·Σ
2. aun·Σ
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōn·Σ
3. ōn·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. on·Σ
PIE *oun·Σ
TochB. on·kor mälk-
(vb.) ‘sheathe?’
(DTochB. 112)
1. PIE *oun·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aun·Σ
2. aun·Σ
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōn·Σ
3. ōn·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. on·Σ
√unp-
PIE *u̯omp-
TochA. wamp-
(vb.) ‘schmücken’
(Poucha 286)
(TochA. wamträ)
1. PIE *u̯omp-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯amp-
2. u̯amp-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. wamp-
PIE *u̯ompoi̯o
TochA. wampe-
(sb.) ‘Schmuck’
(Poucha 286)
1. PIE *u̯ompoi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ampai̯a
2. u̯ampai̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *u̯ampai̯
3. u̯ampai̯
*a y → ē
Change of ay into ē in root-final
R=ay›=ē → *u̯ampē
4. u̯ampē
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → *u̯ampe
5. u̯ampe
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. wampe
√unu-
(Pyysalo: HLu. uncertain)
(Kimball (1999:225) connects these words to PIE *ues- ‘wear, have on’)
PIE *unu-
Hitt. unu-
(vb.1.) ‘schmücken, putzen, herrichten, decken’
(HHand. 186)
PIE *unue·mi-
LycA. unuẽ·mi-
(pt.) ‘geschmückt’
(BLyk. 4:58)
1. PIE *unue·mi-
*en → ẽn
Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ
ReN›ẽN → LycA. unuẽ·mi-
PIE *unu̯osɑho-
Hitt. unu̯ašḫa-
(c.) ‘Schmuck’
(HHand. 186)
1. PIE *unu̯osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *unu̯osho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. unu̯osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *unu̯asha-
3. unu̯asha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *unu̯ašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. unu̯ašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. unu̯ašḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *unu·nu-
HLu. unu·nu-
(cs.) ‘‹geschmückt machen?; wissen?›’
(CHLu. 10.27.1)
(HLu. “[X]”(-)u-nú-nú-x)


PIE √un- √uon- √uen- (sb.) ‘Baum, Pflanze, Stange, Stab, Stütze’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: IIr. + Hitt. + CLu.)
√uen-
PIE *u̯én-
RV. ván-
(n.) ‘Baum, Pflanze, Holz’
(WbRV. 1206)
(RV. váṅsu [plL])
1. PIE *u̯én-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *u̯án-
2. u̯án-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. ván-
√uenol-
(HEG W:493f.)
(HIL. –)
PIE *u̯enol-
Hitt. u̯enal-
(n.) ‘Stange, Stab, Stütze’
(HHand. 201)
(Hitt. ú-e-na-al)
1. PIE *u̯enol-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯enal-
PIE *u̯enol-
CLu. u̯enal-
(n.) ‘Stange, Stab, Stütze’
(HHand. 201)
(CLu. u̯inal-)
1. PIE *u̯enol-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. u̯enal-
PIE *u̯enol-
LAv. vanar-
(n.) ‘-(?)-’ (Pü. nddakada)
(AIWb. 1354)
(LAv. vanarǝ)
1. PIE *u̯enol-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *u̯enor-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. u̯enor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯enar-
3. u̯enar-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *u̯anar-
4. u̯anar-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. vanar-
PIE *u̯enōlo-
LAv. vanāra-
(m.) ‘EN. eines Gläubigen’
(AIWb. 1354)
1. PIE *u̯enōlo-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *u̯enōro-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. u̯enōro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯enōra-
3. u̯enōra-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *u̯enāra-
4. u̯enāra-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *u̯anāra-
5. u̯anāra-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. vanāra-


PIE √un- √uon- √uen- (pref.) ‘un-, ohne-, nicht, -los, mangelnd’
(IEW 345, 757-8)
(SPIE 310, 88)
√uon-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG W:XX)
PIE *u̯on·umei̯o-
Hitt. u̯an·umei̯a-
(a.) ‘kinder-, elternlos, alleinstehend’
(HHand. 194)
(Hitt. u̯anumi̯a-, HIL. 1106, HEG W:XX)
1. PIE *u̯on·umei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯an·umei̯a-
PIE *u̯on·Σ
Pal. u̯an·dangu̯ar-
(n.) ‘ohne Dunkel’
(HHand. 194)
(‹cf. Hitt. tankua- ‘dunkel’›)
1. PIE *u̯on·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Pal. u̯an·Σ
PIE *u̯on·
OIcl. van·
(pref.) ‘voran etwas zu fehlt, zu wenig’
(ANEtWb. 643)
1. PIE *u̯on·
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯an·
2. u̯an·
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OIcl. van·
PIE *u̯ono-
Goth. wan-
(n.) ‘Mangel: lack’
(GoEtD. W32)
(Goth. wan [sgN])
1. PIE *u̯ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ana-
2. u̯ana-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Goth. wana-
√oun-
PIE *oun·min
TochB. on·min-
(sb.) ‘remorse, repentance’
(DTochB. 115)
(TochB. onmiṃ-)
1. PIE *oun·min
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aun·min
2. aun·min
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōn·min
3. ōn·min
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. on·min
PIE *oun·min-
TochA. on·min-
(m.) ‘paenitentia’
(Poucha 46)
(TochA. onmiṃ-)
1. PIE *oun·min-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aun·min-
2. aun·min-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōn·min-
3. ōn·min-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. on·min-
PIE *oun·mi·si̯o-
TochB. on·mi·ṣṣa-
(a.) ‘pertaining to remorse’
(DTochB. 115)
(TochB. onmiṣṣe-)
1. PIE *oun·mi·si̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aun·mi·si̯a-
2. aun·mi·si̯a-
*si̯ → ṣ
Palatalization of *si̯
Rsi̯›ṣ → *aun·mi·ṣa-
3. aun·mi·ṣa-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōn·mi·ṣa-
4. ōn·mi·ṣa-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. on·mi·ṣa-
PIE *oun·missu-
TochB. on·missu-
(a.) ‘remorseful’
(DTochB. 115)
1. PIE *oun·missu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aun·missu-
2. aun·missu-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōn·missu-
3. ōn·missu-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. on·missu-
PIE *oun·Σ
TochB. on·krocce-
(a.) ‘immortal’
(DTochB. 113-4)
1. PIE *oun·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aun·Σ
2. aun·Σ
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōn·Σ
3. ōn·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. on·Σ
PIE *oun·Σ
TochB. on·waññe-
(a.) ‘immortal’
(DTochB. 114-5)
(TochB. onwaññe-)
1. PIE *oun·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aun·Σ
2. aun·Σ
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōn·Σ
3. ōn·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. on·Σ
PIE *oun·Σ
TochB. on·kipṣe-
(a.) ‘shameless’
(DTochB. 112)
(TochB. onkipṣe-)
1. PIE *oun·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aun·Σ
2. aun·Σ
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōn·Σ
3. ōn·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. on·Σ
PIE *ount·Σ
TochB. ont·soyte-
(a.) ‘insatiable, unsatisfied’
(DTochB. 116)
1. PIE *ount·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aunt·Σ
2. aunt·Σ
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōnt·Σ
3. ōnt·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. ont·Σ
√un-
PIE *un·ehɑrgino
Goth. un·airkn-
(a.) ‘unheilig, gottlos: ἀνόσιος’
(GoEtD. A84)
1. PIE *un·ehɑrgino
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *un·ehrgino
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. un·ehrgino
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *un·ehrǵno
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. un·ehrǵno
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *un·erǵno
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. un·erǵno
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *un·ergno
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. un·ergno
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *un·erkno
6. un·erkno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *un·erkna
7. un·erkna
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *un·irkna
8. un·irkna
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *un·irkn
9. un·irkn
i → ai
Opening of i into ai
Ri›ai → Goth. un·airkn
PIE *un·hɑeiu̯iski̯ono
Goth. un·aiwiskan-
(a.) ‘ohne Schande: ἀνεπαίσχυντος’
(GoEtD. A97)
1. PIE *un·hɑeiu̯iski̯ono
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *un·hɑaiu̯iski̯ono
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. un·hɑaiu̯iski̯ono
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *un·haiu̯iski̯ono
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. un·haiu̯iski̯ono
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *un·haiu̯isḱono
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. un·haiu̯isḱono
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *un·aiu̯isḱono
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. un·aiu̯isḱono
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *un·aiu̯iskono
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. un·aiu̯iskono
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *un·aiu̯iskana
7. un·aiu̯iskana
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *un·aiu̯iskan
8. un·aiu̯iskan
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Goth. un·aiwiskan


PIE √un- √uon- √uen- (sb.) ‘Handel’ (vb.) ‘(ver)kaufen’ (a.) ‘spendend’
(IEW 1173 sub *u̯es-)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)
√un-
(HIL. 1060)
(HEG U:55f.)
PIE *uno·tolo-
Hitt. una·tala-
(c.) ‘LÚDAM.GÀR = Kaufmann’
(HIL. 1060)
(Hitt. ú-na-at-ta-al-la-an [sgA], HHand. 186, SHV 493n91, EHS:176)
1. PIE *uno·tolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. una·tala-
√uēn-
PIE *u̯ēno-
Lat. uēno-
(m.) ‘Verkauf’
(WH. 2:753-4)
(Lat. uēnum dāre ‘sell’)
1. PIE *u̯ēno-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. uēno-
PIE *u̯ēno-
Marruc. uēno-
(m.) ‘Verkauf’
(WH. 2:753-4)
(Not from *u̯esn-)
1. PIE *u̯ēno-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Marruc. uēno-
PIE *u̯ēnēɑhli-
Lat. uēnāli-
(a.) ‘verkäuflich’
(WH. 2:754)
1. PIE *u̯ēnēɑhli-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯ēnāɑhli-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯ēnāɑhli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ēnāhli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ēnāhli-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯ēnāli-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯ēnāli-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. uēnāli-
PIE *u̯ēniɑ́h-
OCS. vĕni-
(vb.) ‘verkauft werden, feil sein’
(Sadnik √1069)
(OCS. vĕniti [inf.], REW 1:179)
1. PIE *u̯ēniɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *u̯ēniíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. u̯ēniíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯ēnií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. u̯ēnií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *u̯ēnī́-
4. u̯ēnī́-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vēnī́-
5. vēnī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *vēní-
6. vēní-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → *vēni-
7. vēni-
*ē → ĕ
Change of *ē into ĕ
Rē›ĕ → OCS. vĕni-
PIE *u̯ēniɑ́h-
Lat. uēnī-
(pf.) ‘verkauft werden’
(WH. 2:754)
(Lat. uēnīī [1sg])
1. PIE *u̯ēniɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *u̯ēniíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. u̯ēniíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯ēnií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. u̯ēnií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *u̯ēnī́-
4. u̯ēnī́-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → *uēnī́-
5. uēnī́-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → Lat. uēnī-
PIE *u̯ēnu-
Lat. uēnu-
(m.) ‘Verkauf’
(WH. 2:754)
(Lat. uēnui [sgD])
1. PIE *u̯ēnu-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. uēnu-


PIE √un- √uon- √uen- (sb.) ‘Frucht’
(IEW –)
undɑɦ-
PIE *undɑɦ-
Hitt. und-
(sb.) ‘ein Gartenprodukt, eine Art Gemüse/Obst’
(HEG U: 62)
(Hitt. u-un-t[e-es ŠA GIŠKIRI6])
1. PIE *undɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *undɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. undɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. und-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *undɑɦo·[...
Hitt. unda·[…
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 454-5)
(Ḫi. u-un-da-x[)
1. PIE *undɑɦo·
... → *undɦo·
2. undɦo·
... → *undɦa·
3. undɦa·
... → Hitt. unda·
PIE *dɑɦgon·undɑɦo-
Hitt. dgan·unda-
(URUc.) ‘(im Lande Tarḫuntaša,) ›Munanta)’
(OGHErg. 154)
(Hitt. da-ga-an-nu-un-ta-aš [N])
1. PIE *dɑɦgon·undɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon·undɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦgon·undɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦgan·undɦa-
3. dɦgan·undɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dgan·unda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *undɑɦò-
Arm. und-
(sb.) ‘edible seed, grain: Gr. spérma’
(EtDiArm. 636)
(Arm. und [N], und [A], unds [plA])
1. PIE *undɑɦò-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *undɦò-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. undɦò-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *undò-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. undò-
*o → Ø
Loss of *ò
Rò›0 → Arm. und-


PIE √up- √uop- √uep- (adv.) ‘auf, über, oben’
(IEW 1105)
(Sturtevant CGr. 102; Brosnan 1976:146)
√up-
(HIL. 1063)
(HEG U:67-9)
PIE *up-
Hitt. up-
(vb.1.) ‘aufgehen (von Gestirnen)’
(HHand. 186)
(Hitt. u-up-zi, up-zi, u-up-ta, up-ta)
PIE *u̯on·up·ostoli-
Hitt. u̯an·up·aštali-
(MULc.) ‘Sternschnuppe, Komet?’
(HHand2 218, Weitenberg 1984:276)
1. PIE *u̯on·up·ostoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯an·up·astali-
2. u̯an·up·astali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯an·up·aštali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uop-
(Brosnan 1976:146)
(HIL. 1107, Weitenberg 1984:52-4)
PIE *u̯opom-
Hitt. u̯apam-
(c.) ‘river bank’
(HEG W:293f.)
(Hitt. ua-ap-pa-mu-uš [plA])
1. PIE *u̯opom-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯apam-
PIE *u̯ópro-
OInd. vápra-
(m./n.) ‘Erdwall, Erdaufwurf’
(KEWA 3:145)
1. PIE *u̯ópro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ópra-
2. u̯ópra-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *u̯ápra-
3. u̯ápra-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OInd. vápra-
PIE *u̯opu-
Hitt. u̯apu-
(n./c.) ‘Ufer, Flußufer, Meeresufer’
(HHand. 194)
(Hitt. ua-ap-pu-i, ua-ap-pu-u-ua-a-aš [G])
1. PIE *u̯opu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯apu-
√upi-
PIE *upoi-
Hitt. upai-
(vb.2.) ‘hochheben’
(HHand. 186)
1. PIE *upoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. upai-
PIE *upei̯o-
Hitt. upei̯a-
(vb.2.) ‘hochheben’
(HHand. 186)
1. PIE *upei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. upei̯a-
√upor-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *upor
Goth. ufar
(prep.) ‘über: over, above’
(GoEtD. U6)
1. PIE *upor
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *ufor
2. ufor
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. ufar
PIE *upor·mu̯o-
Hitt. upar·mu̯a-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1428)
(in Akd. up-pár-mu-u̯a, up-pár.A.A)
1. PIE *upor·mu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. upar·mu̯a-
PIE *u̯on·upor·ostoli-
Hitt. u̯an·upar·aštali-
(MULsb.) ‘Sternschnuppe, Komet?’
(HHand2 218, Weitenberg 1984:276)
1. PIE *u̯on·upor·ostoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯an·upar·astali-
2. u̯an·upar·astali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯an·upar·aštali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uporo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *uporo·mu̯o-
Hitt. upara·mu̯a-
(LÚc.) ‘(prince hittite)’
(NOMS. 1428)
(in Hitt. up-pa-ra-A.A)
1. PIE *uporo·mu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. upara·mu̯a-
PIE *uporō·n
Goth. ufaro·n
(adv.prep.) ‘über etw., darüber; hinüber’
(GoEtD. U6)
(Goth. ufaro [adv.prep.])
1. PIE *uporō·n
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *uforō·n
2. uforō·n
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ufarō·n
3. ufarō·n
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Goth. ufaro·n
√upu-
PIE *upu̯o-
Hitt. upu̯a-
(n.N.act.) ‘Aufgang’
(HHand. 186)
(Hitt. u-up-pu-u-ua-aš [sgG])
1. PIE *upu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. upu̯a-


PIE √up- √uop- √uep- (sb.) ‘Fett, Fetthaut, Talg’ (a.) ‘fett’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IIr.)
√uopo-
PIE *u̯opoúɦɑdero-
RV. vapódara-
(a.) ‘fettleibig’
(WbRV. 1214)
1. PIE *u̯opoúɦɑdero-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯opoúɦdero-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯opoúɦdero-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯apaúɦdera-
3. u̯apaúɦdera-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *u̯apaúdera-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯apaúdera-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *u̯apaúdara-
5. u̯apaúdara-
aú → ṓ
Monophthongization of *aú
Raú›ṓ → *u̯apṓdara-
6. u̯apṓdara-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vapṓdara-
7. vapṓdara-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → RV. vapódara-
√uopēɑh-
PIE *u̯opḗɑh-
OInd. vapā́-
(f.) ‘die Fetthaut’
(WbRV. 1213)
(KEWA 3:144, VS. vapā́-)
1. PIE *u̯opḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *u̯opā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯opā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯opā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯opā́h-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯apā́h-
4. u̯apā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯apā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯apā́-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OInd. vapā́-
PIE *u̯opḗɑhu̯ont-
RV. vapā́vant-
(a.) ‘mit Fett versehen’
(WbRV. 1213)
(RV. 5.43.7.)
1. PIE *u̯opḗɑhu̯ont-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *u̯opā́ɑhu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯opā́ɑhu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯opā́hu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯opā́hu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯apā́hu̯ant-
4. u̯apā́hu̯ant-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯apā́u̯ant-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯apā́u̯ant-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. vapā́vant-
√upi-
PIE *oupi-
TochB. opi-
(sb.) ‘fat, larder’ (foodstuff)’
(DTochB. 116)
(TochB. opiś [sgD])
1. PIE *oupi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aupi-
2. aupi-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōpi-
3. ōpi-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. opi-
√uopu-
(HEG W:297-8)
(HIL. 1108)
PIE *u̯op·udɑɦi̯ei-
Hitt. u̯ap·uzei-
(UZUn.) ‘tierisches Fett, Talg’
HEG W: 297)
(Hitt. ua-ap-pu-uz-zi-ia)
1. PIE *u̯op·udɑɦi̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯op·udɦi̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯op·udɦi̯ei-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *u̯op·ujɦei-
3. u̯op·ujɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ap·ujɦei-
4. u̯ap·ujɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *u̯ap·ujei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. u̯ap·ujei-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. u̯ap·uzei-


PIE √up- √uop- √uep- (sb.) ‘Strom, Fluß, See, Teich, Sumpf’
(IEW 1149)
(or PIE *haup- ?)
√uop-
PIE *u̯ōpēɑh-
OCS. vapa-
(f.) ‘Sumpf, Teich, Gehölz’
(Sadnik √1046)
(REW 168)
1. PIE *u̯ōpēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯ōpāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯ōpāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ōpāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ōpāh-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *u̯āpāh-
4. u̯āpāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯āpā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯āpā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vāpā-
6. vāpā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OCS. vapa-
PIE *u̯ōpiɑ́h-
OInd. vāpī́-
(f.) ‘kleiner See, großer Teich, Pfuhl, Zisterne’
(KEWA 3:188)
1. PIE *u̯ōpiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *u̯ōpiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. u̯ōpiíh-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *u̯āpiíh-
3. u̯āpiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯āpií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯āpií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *u̯āpī́-
5. u̯āpī́-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OInd. vāpī́-
√up-
PIE *úpēhɑ-
Lith. ùpė-
(f.2.) ‘Strom, Fluß’
(LiEtWb. 1169)
1. PIE *úpēhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *úpēh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. úpēh-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *ùpēh-
3. ùpēh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ùpē-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ùpē-
* ē -> ė
Change of *ē into ė
Rē›ė → Lith. ùpė-


PIE √ubɑɦ- √uebɑɦ- √uobɑɦ- (vb.) ‘weben, spinnen’
(IEW 1114-5)
(Neu 1998:59)
√uebɑɦ-
(HEG W:494)
(HIL. 1158)
PIE *u̯ebɑɦ-
Hitt. u̯eb-
(vb.) ‘weben’
(HHand. 201)
(Hitt. ú-e-ep-ta [3sg])
1. PIE *u̯ebɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ebɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ebɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯eb-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯ebɑɦ-
Hitt. u̯eb-
(c.) ‘Webstück, Gewebe’
(HHand. 201)
(Hitt. ú-e-pu-uš [plA])
1. PIE *u̯ebɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ebɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ebɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯eb-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·u̯ēbɑɦó-
RV. āurṇa·vābhá-
(a.) ‘von der Spinne stammend’
(WbRV. 307)
(or with *ō?)
1. PIE *Π·u̯ēbɑɦó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯ēbɦó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·u̯ēbɦó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·u̯ēbɦá-
3. Π·u̯ēbɦá-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *Π·u̯ābɦá-
4. Π·u̯ābɦá-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *Π·vābɦá-
5. Π·vābɦá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·vābhá-


PIE √ubɑɦ- (vb.) ‘austatten, einrichten, gewähren’
(IEW 1106)
(Pyysalo: CLu + HLu. + Goth.)
√ubɑɦ-
(HEG U:79f.)
PIE *ubɑɦo-
HLu. uba-
(AEDIFICIUMvb.) ‘found, establish’
(CHLu. 3.10.2)
(HLu. (“AEDIFICIUM”)u-pa-ha-’, u-pa-ha)
1. PIE *ubɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ubɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ubɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ubɦa-
3. ubɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. uba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ou̯on ubɑɦo-
HLu. au̯an uba-
(vb.) ‘establish, present?’ ‹cf. Hitt. auan›
(CHLu. 10.14.4)
(HLu. a-wa/i-na u-pa-ha [1sg])
1. PIE *ou̯on ubɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ou̯on ubɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ou̯on ubɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *au̯an ubɦa-
3. au̯an ubɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. au̯an uba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ubɑɦo-
CLu. uba-
(vb.) ‘ausstatten, einrichten, gewähren’
(HHand. 186)
(CLu. uba-, KLuN. n1921)
1. PIE *ubɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ubɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ubɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ubɦa-
3. ubɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. uba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ubɑɦe-
LycA. ube-
(vb.) ‘dedicate, offer’
(DLycLg. 75)
(Lyc. ube [3sg], ubete [pret3sg])
1. PIE *ubɑɦe-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ubɦe-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ubɦe-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → LycA. ube-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ubɑɦo-
(HIL. 1066f.)
PIE *ubɑɦo·dɑɦeidɑɦ-
Hitt. uba·deid-
(n.) ‘Lehen, Landsgut, Lehensgut, Grundbesitz’
(HHand. 186)
1. PIE *ubɑɦo·dɑɦeidɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ubɦo·dɦeidɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ubɦo·dɦeidɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ubɦa·dɦeidɦ-
3. ubɦa·dɦeidɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. uba·deid-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ubɑɦo·dɑɦeidɑɦ-
CLu. uba·deid-
(n.) ‘Lehen, Landsgut, Lehensgut’
(HHand. 186)
1. PIE *ubɑɦo·dɑɦeidɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ubɦo·dɦeidɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ubɦo·dɦeidɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ubɦa·dɦeidɦ-
3. ubɦa·dɦeidɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. uba·deid-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ubɑɦo·dɑɦeidɑɦo·si-
HLu. uba·deida·ši-
(274a.) ‘of upatiti-’
(CHLu. 4.2.2)
(HLu. (*274)u-pa-ti-tà-si-i-na [sgA])
1. PIE *ubɑɦo·dɑɦeidɑɦo·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ubɦo·dɦeidɦo·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ubɦo·dɦeidɦo·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ubɦa·dɦeidɦa·si-
3. ubɦa·dɦeidɦa·si-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *uba·deida·si-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. uba·deida·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. uba·deida·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ubɑɦo·dɑɦeidɑɦolo-
Hitt. uba·deidala-
(n.) ‘das Lehen (upatit-) betreffend’
(HHand. 186)
1. PIE *ubɑɦo·dɑɦeidɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ubɦo·dɦeidɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ubɦo·dɦeidɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ubɦa·dɦeidɦala-
3. ubɦa·dɦeidɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. uba·deidala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ubɑɦo·dɑɦeidɑɦolo-
CLu. uba·deidala-
(LÚc.) ‘(ein Funktionär)’
(HHand. 186)
(CLu. in Hitt. context)
1. PIE *ubɑɦo·dɑɦeidɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ubɦo·dɦeidɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ubɦo·dɦeidɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ubɦa·dɦeidɦala-
3. ubɦa·dɦeidɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. uba·deidala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ubɑɦo·dɑɦeidɑɦei-
HLu. uba·deidei-
(274n.) ‘land attached to the manor of the lord’
(CHLu. 3.6.8, 20)
(HLu. (*274)u-pa-ti-ti, (* 274)u-pa-ti-ti-i)
1. PIE *ubɑɦo·dɑɦeidɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ubɦo·dɦeidɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ubɦo·dɦeidɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ubɦa·dɦeidɦei-
3. ubɦa·dɦeidɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. uba·deidei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ubɑɦi-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ubɑɦi·Σ
Goth. ubi·zwo-
(f.) ‘(Vor)Halle: colonnade: στοά; porticus’
(GoEtD. U3)
(Goth. ubizwai [sgD] Joh 10,23 CA)
1. PIE *ubɑɦi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ubɦi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ubɦi·Σ
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → Goth. ubi·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE *ubɑɦi·ubɑɦei̯o-
Hitt. ubi·ubei̯a-
(URU.) ‘(bei ›Kukuwawa)’ (cf. DKašk. 105)
(OGH. 457)
(Hitt. ú-pí-ú-pi-a)
1. PIE *ubɑɦi·ubɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ubɦi·ubɦei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ubɦi·ubɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ubɦi·ubɦei̯a-
3. ubɦi·ubɦei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ubi·ubei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ubɑɦi·Σ
Hitt. ubi·eux[-
(?.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 457)
(Hitt. ú-pí-e-ú-x[)
1. PIE *ubɑɦi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ubɦi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ubɦi·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ubi·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √ubɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Eile, Schnelligkeit, Zielstrebigkeit’ (vb.) ‘zur Eile treiben’
(IEW 1103)
(Pyysalo: Lith. + CLu.)
√ubɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG U:78)
PIE *ubɑɦo·ɦɑili-
CLu. uba·ḫili-
(GKLc.) ‘Schnelligkeit, Zielstrebigkeit, Zuverlässigkeit’
(HHand. 186)
1. PIE *ubɑɦo·ɦɑili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ubɦo·ɦili-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ubɦo·ɦili-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ubɦa·ɦili-
3. ubɦa·ɦili-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *uba·ɦili-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. uba·ɦili-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. uba·ḫili-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *úbɑɦi-
Lith. ũbi-
(vb.) ‘jmdn. zur Eile treiben’
(LiEtWb. 1156)
(Lith. ũbiti [inf.], ũbju [pr.], ũbjau [pret.])
1. PIE *úbɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *úbɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. úbɦi-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *ùbɦi-
3. ùbɦi-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → Lith. ùbi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)


PIE √ur- √uor- √uer- (vb.) ‘bewahren, scheuen, wachten’ (sb.) ‘Wächter, Warter’
(IEW 1160-4)
(Marstrander 1919:115)
√uoro-
PIE *u̯ṓro-
ODor. ϝώρο-
(m.pl) ‘Auge(n)’
(GEW 1:280)
(in Hes. βῶροι · οφθαλμοί)
1. PIE *u̯ṓro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → ODor. ϝώρο-
PIE *puhɑlēɑh·u̯ōró-
Dor. πυλᾱ·ωρό-
(a.) ‘Torwart, Wächter’
(GEW 2:623)
(Ep. πυλαωρό-)
1. PIE *puhɑlēɑh·u̯ōró-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *puhɑlāɑh·u̯ōró-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. puhɑlāɑh·u̯ōró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *puhlāh·u̯ōró-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. puhlāh·u̯ōró-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pulā·u̯ōró-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pulā·u̯ōró-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *pulā·ōró-
5. pulā·ōró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. πυλᾱ·ωρό-
PIE *u̯oro
Goth. war-
(a.) ‘sober’
(GoEtD. W37)
1. PIE *u̯oro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ara
2. u̯ara
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *u̯ar
3. u̯ar
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Goth. war
PIE *u̯oro
OSax. war-
(a.) ‘wary, cautious, careful’
(GoEtD. W37)
1. PIE *u̯oro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ara
2. u̯ara
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *u̯ar
3. u̯ar
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OSax. war
PIE *u̯óro-
Gr. ὄρο-
(pr.) ‘schauen, betrachten, sehen’
(GEW 2:409)
(Gr. ὄρονται ξ 104)
1. PIE *u̯óro-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *óro-
2. óro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄρο-
√uori-
(HEG W:501f.)
(HIL. 1160f.)
PIE *u̯ori
MidHG. wer
(f.) ‘caution’
(GoEtD. W37)
1. PIE *u̯ori
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ari
2. u̯ari
*ari → eri
Umlaut *ari to eri
Rari›eri → *u̯eri
3. u̯eri
*-i → -e
Change of root-final -i into -e
R=i›=e → *u̯ere
4. u̯ere
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → MidHG. were
PIE *u̯ori̯o-
OEng. waria-
(vb.) ‘bewahren, hüten’
(ANEtWb. 645)
(OEng. warian)
1. PIE *u̯ori̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ari̯a-
2. u̯ari̯a-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → *wari̯a-
3. wari̯a-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → OEng. waria-
PIE *u̯oridɑɦo-
Hitt. u̯arida-
(vb.) ‘sich ängstigen, scheuen’
(HHand. 196)
(Hitt. ú-[(a-r)]i-ta-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *u̯oridɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯oridɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯oridɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯aridɦa-
3. u̯aridɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯arida-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uort-
PIE *u̯oŕto-
Lith. var̃ta-
(m.) ‘Wächter, Waldwart, Unterförster’
(LiEtWb. 1204)
1. PIE *u̯oŕto-
eŕ → or̃
Circumflex intonation for oŕ
RLiAcc11 → *u̯or̃to-
2. u̯or̃to-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ar̃ta-
3. u̯ar̃ta-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. var̃ta-
PIE *u̯orto
OPr. wart-
(m.) ‘Warter, Waldwächter, Unterförster’
(LiEtWb. 1204)
1. PIE *u̯orto
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯arta
2. u̯arta
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *varta
3. varta
*v → w
Orthographic change of of *v into w
Rv›w → OPr. warta
√uordɑɦ-
PIE *Π·u̯ordɑɦo
Goth. daura·ward-
(m.) ‘doorkeeper: θυρωρός’
(GoEtD. W33)
1. PIE *Π·u̯ordɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯ordɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·u̯ordɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·u̯ordo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·u̯ordo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·u̯arda
4. Π·u̯arda
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *Π·u̯ard
5. Π·u̯ard
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Goth. Π·ward
PIE *u̯ordɑɦo
OSax. ward-
(m.) ‘guard’
(GoEtD. W33)
1. PIE *u̯ordɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ordɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ordɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯ordo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. u̯ordo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯arda
4. u̯arda
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *u̯ard
5. u̯ard
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OSax. ward
PIE *u̯ordɑɦo
OHG. wart-
(m.) ‘guard’
(GoEtD. W33)
1. PIE *u̯ordɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ordɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ordɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯ordo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. u̯ordo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯arda
4. u̯arda
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *u̯ard
5. u̯ard
*d → t
OHG sound shift of *d
Rd›tHG → *u̯art
6. u̯art
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. wart
PIE *u̯ordɑɦu
OIcl. vǫrð-
(m.) ‘Wächter, Hüter’
(ANEtWb. 675)
1. PIE *u̯ordɑɦu
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ordɦu
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ordɦu
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯ordu
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. u̯ordu
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ardu
4. u̯ardu
*ardu → ǫrd
Umlaut *u for ardu
Rardu›ǫrd → *u̯ǫrd
5. u̯ǫrd
*d -› ð
Change of d into ð
Rd›ð → *u̯ǫrð
6. u̯ǫrð
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OIcl. vǫrð
PIE *u̯ordɑɦēɑh
OHG. warta-
(f.) ‘look-out’
(GoEtD. W33)
1. PIE *u̯ordɑɦēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯ordɑɦāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯ordɑɦāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ordɦāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ordɦāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯ordɦā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯ordɦā
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯ordā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. u̯ordā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ardā
6. u̯ardā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *u̯ardō
(XX:XX)
7. u̯ardō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *u̯arda
8. u̯arda
*d → t
OHG sound shift of *d
Rd›tHG → *u̯arta
9. u̯arta
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. warta
√uoru-
PIE *u̯óru̯o-
Gr. οὔρο-
(m.) ‘guard’
(GEW 2:448)
(Gr. οὖρος)
1. PIE *u̯óru̯o-
*óru̯ → oúr
Lengthening of óru̯ to oúr
Róru̯›oúr → *u̯oúro-
2. u̯oúro-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *oúro-
3. oúro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. οὔρο-
√uro-
PIE *Π·uró-
Gr. βλοσ·υρό-
(a.) ‘mit furchtbaren Augen, gräßlich blickend’
(GEW 1:245-6)
1. PIE *Π·uró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·υρό-
PIE *puhɑlo·uró-
Gr. πυλο·υρό-
(a.) ‘Torwart, Wächter’
(GEW 2:623)
1. PIE *puhɑlo·uró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *puhlo·uró-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. puhlo·uró-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pulo·uró-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. pulo·uró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πυλο·υρό-
PIE *puhɑlēɑh·uró-
Dor. πυλα·υρό-
(a.) ‘Torwart, Wächter’
(GEW 2:623)
1. PIE *puhɑlēɑh·uró-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *puhɑlāɑh·uró-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. puhɑlāɑh·uró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *puhlāh·uró-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. puhlāh·uró-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pulā·uró-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pulā·uró-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *pula·uró-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
5. pula·uró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. πυλα·υρό-
√uri-
PIE *uridɑɦeimo-
Hitt. urideima-
(c.) ‘Angst’
(HHand. 187)
1. PIE *uridɑɦeimo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *uridɦeimo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. uridɦeimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *uridɦeima-
3. uridɦeima-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. urideima-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ueri-
(Benveniste 1932b:138)
(HEG W:501f.)
PIE *u̯erei̯o-
Lat. uereo-
(pr.) ‘ängstlich beobachten; verehren, fürchten’
(WH. 2:757-6)
(Lat. uereō)
1. PIE *u̯erei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
Rei̯o›eo → *u̯ereo-
2. u̯ereo-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. uereo-
PIE *u̯eridɑɦ-
Hitt. u̯erid-
(vb.2.) ‘sich ängstigen, scheuen’
(HHand. 201)
1. PIE *u̯eridɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯eridɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯eridɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯erid-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯eridɑɦei-
Hitt. u̯eridei-
(vb.1.) ‘sich ängstigen, scheuen’
(HHand. 201
(Hitt. ú-e-ri-ti-iz[-zi])
1. PIE *u̯eridɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯eridɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯eridɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯eridei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯eridɑɦeimo-
Hitt. u̯erideima-
(c.) ‘Angst’
(HHand. 187)
1. PIE *u̯eridɑɦeimo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯eridɦeimo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯eridɦeimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯eridɦeima-
3. u̯eridɦeima-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯erideima-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √ur- √uor- √uer- (vb.) ‘warm werden, brennen’ (sb.) ‘Wärme, Hitze, Frühling’
(IEW 1161, 1166, 1174)
(Feist 1939:552: Goth.)
√uēr-
(does not belong to PIE *u̯ēsr-, see Persson Beitr. 615)
PIE *u̯ēr
Lat. uēr-
(f.) ‘Frühling’
(WH. 2:755)
(Lat. uēr, uēris)
1. PIE *u̯ēr
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. uēr
PIE *u̯ēro
OIcl. vār-
(n.) ‘Frühling’
(ANEtWb. 644)
(OIcl. vār)
1. PIE *u̯ēro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ēra
2. u̯ēra
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *u̯āra
3. u̯āra
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *u̯ār
4. u̯ār
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OIcl. vār
PIE *u̯ēro
ModSwed. vår-
(sb.) ‘Frühling’
(ANEtWb. 644)
1. PIE *u̯ēro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ēra
2. u̯ēra
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *u̯ēr
3. u̯ēr
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *u̯ār
4. u̯ār
ā -› å
Change of ā into å
Rā›å → *u̯år
5. u̯år
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → ModSwed. vår
√uēro-
PIE *u̯ēro-
OIcl. vāra-
(vb.) ‘Frühling werden’
(ANEtWb. 645)
1. PIE *u̯ēro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ēra-
2. u̯ēra-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *u̯āra-
3. u̯āra-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OIcl. vāra-
√uoro-
(HEG W:305f.)
(HIL. 1067f.)
PIE *u̯oro-
Hitt. u̯ara-
(vb.2.tr.) ‘verbrennen: start a fire’
(HIL. 1067)
(Hitt. ua-a-ra-i ‘start a fire’)
1. PIE *u̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯ara-
PIE *uri·u̯oront-
Hitt. uri·u̯arant-
(pt.) ‘brennend, lodernd’
(HHand. 196)
1. PIE *uri·u̯oront-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. uri·u̯arant-
√uori-
PIE *u̯ori·u̯oront-
Hitt. u̯ari·u̯arant-
(pt.) ‘brennend, lodernd’
(HHand. 196)
1. PIE *u̯ori·u̯oront-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯ari·u̯arant-
√uormo-
(Feist 1939:552)
PIE *u̯ormo
OIcl. varm-
(a.) ‘warm’
(ANEtWb. 646)
(OIcl. varmr [sgN])
1. PIE *u̯ormo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯arma
2. u̯arma
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *u̯arm
3. u̯arm
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OIcl. varm
PIE *u̯ormo
OEng. wearm-
(a.) ‘warm’
(ASaxD. 1177)
1. PIE *u̯ormo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯arma
2. u̯arma
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *u̯arm
3. u̯arm
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OEng. warm
PIE *u̯ormo
OHG. warm-
(a.) ‘calidus, apricus’
(ASaxD. 1177)
1. PIE *u̯ormo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯arma
2. u̯arma
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *u̯arm
3. u̯arm
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. warm
PIE *u̯ormo
OSax. warm-
(a.) ‘warm’
(ASaxD. 1177)
1. PIE *u̯ormo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯arma
2. u̯arma
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *u̯arm
3. u̯arm
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OSax. warm
PIE *u̯ormo
OFr. warm-
(a.) ‘warm’
(ASaxD. 1177)
(OFr. warm)
1. PIE *u̯ormo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯arma
2. u̯arma
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *u̯arm
3. u̯arm
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OFr. warm
√uērmēɑh-
PIE *u̯ērmēɑh
OHG. wirma-
(f.) ‘Wärme, Hitze, Wärmen: warmth, heat’
(IEW 1166)
1. PIE *u̯ērmēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯ērmāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯ērmāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ērmāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ērmāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯ērmā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯ērmā
*ēRC → eRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ēRC
RēRC›eRC → *u̯ermā
(SPIE §2.5.8)
5. u̯ermā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *u̯ermō
(XX:XX)
6. u̯ermō
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *u̯irmō
7. u̯irmō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *u̯irma
8. u̯irma
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. wirma
PIE *u̯ērmēɑh-
OEng. wirma-
(vb.) ‘make warm’
(ASaxD. 1238)
1. PIE *u̯ērmēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯ērmāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯ērmāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ērmāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ērmāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯ērmā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯ērmā-
*ēRC → eRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ēRC
RēRC›eRC → *u̯ermā-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
5. u̯ermā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *u̯ermō-
(XX:XX)
6. u̯ermō-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *u̯irmō-
7. u̯irmō-
-ō → -a
Change of stem-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a= → *u̯irma-
8. u̯irma-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OEng. wirma-
√uerno-
PIE *u̯erno-
Lat. uerno-
(a.) ‘auf den Frühling bezüglich’
(WH. 2:755)
1. PIE *u̯erno-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. uerno-
PIE *u̯ernos-
LAv. varǝnah-
(n.) ‘Farbe (als Zeichen blühender Gesundheit)’
(WbRV. 1372)
1. PIE *u̯ernos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ernas-
2. u̯ernas-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
Rr›rǝ → *u̯erǝnas-
3. u̯erǝnas-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *u̯erǝnah-
4. u̯erǝnah-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *u̯arǝnah-
5. u̯arǝnah-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. varǝnah-
PIE *kiu̯ito·u̯ernos-
LAv. spita·varǝnah-
(m.) ‘Name eines Bergs oder Gebirgs’
(AIWb. 1625)
(contains LAv. spita- ‘weiß’)
1. PIE *kiu̯ito·u̯ernos-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ću̯ito·u̯ernos-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ću̯ito·u̯ernos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ću̯ita·u̯ernas-
3. ću̯ita·u̯ernas-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
Rr›rǝ → *ću̯ita·u̯erǝnas-
4. ću̯ita·u̯erǝnas-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *ću̯ita·u̯erǝnah-
5. ću̯ita·u̯erǝnah-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *su̯ita·u̯erǝnah-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
6. su̯ita·u̯erǝnah-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *su̯ita·u̯arǝnah-
7. su̯ita·u̯arǝnah-
*su̯ → sp
Bilabialization of *u̯ after s
Rsu̯›sp → *spita·u̯arǝnah-
8. spita·u̯arǝnah-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. spita·varǝnah-
√uorno-
PIE *u̯órno-
RV. várṇa-
(m.) ‘Farbe (bes. schwarz, rot), Glanz(erscheinung)’
(WbRV. 1222)
1. PIE *u̯órno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯órna-
2. u̯órna-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *u̯árna-
3. u̯árna-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *várna-
4. várna-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → RV. várṇa-
PIE *su·u̯órno-
RV. su·várṇa-
(a.) ‘schönfarbig’
(WbRV. 1551)
1. PIE *su·u̯órno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su·u̯órna-
2. su·u̯órna-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *su·u̯árna-
3. su·u̯árna-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *su·várna-
4. su·várna-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → RV. su·várṇa-
√urēɑh-
PIE *urēɑh-
Alb. urë-
(f.) ‘Scheit, Feuerbrand’
(AlbEtD. 488-9)
1. PIE *urēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *urāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. urāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *urāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. urāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *urā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. urā-
*ā → ë
Change of *ā into Alb. ë
Rā›ë → Alb. urë-
(XX:XX)
√uri-
PIE *uri·u̯oront-
Hitt. uri·u̯arant-
(pt.) ‘brennend, lodernd’
(HHand. 196)
1. PIE *uri·u̯oront-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. uri·u̯arant-
√uron-
PIE *uron-
Hitt. uran-
(vb.2.M.?) ‘brennen’
(HHand. 194)
(Hitt. urani [3sg])
1. PIE *uron-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. uran-
PIE *uronoi-
Hitt. uranai-
(vb.) ‘als Brandopfer darbringen’
(HHand. 187)
1. PIE *uronoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. uranai-
PIE *uronoi-
CLu. uranai-
(GKLvb.) ‘als Brandopfer darbringen’
(HHand. 187)
(GKLuranaizi)
1. PIE *uronoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. uranai-
PIE *uronou̯or-
CLu. uranau̯ar-
(GKLN.act.) ‘das Brandopferdarbringen’
(HHand. 187)
(GKLuranau̯ar)
1. PIE *uronou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. uranau̯ar-
√urno-
PIE *urno-
OIcl. orna-
(vb.) ‘warm werden, wärmen’
(IEW 1166)
(AnEtWb. 420)
1. PIE *urno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OIcl. urna-


PIE √ur- √uor- √uer- (sb.) ‘Erde, Feld, Tisch, Platte’
(IEW 1165)
(Pyysalo: Anat.)
√uoro-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *u̯oro-
HLu. u̯ara-
(TERRA Xsb.) ‘plain’
(CHLu. 1.1.5)
(HLu. “TERRA X”(-)wá/í+ra/i-za)
1. PIE *u̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. u̯ara-
PIE *u̯oro·séɦɑd-
RV. vara·sád-
(a.) ‘im weiten Raume sich aufhaltend’
(WbRV. 1218)
1. PIE *u̯oro·séɦɑd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯oro·séɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯oro·séɦd-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ara·séɦd-
3. u̯ara·séɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *u̯ara·séd-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯ara·séd-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *u̯ara·sád-
5. u̯ara·sád-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. vara·sád-
√uero-
PIE *u̯ero-
Hitt. u̯era-
(GIŠc.) ‘Platte, Tablett?’
(HHand. 187)
(HIL. 1158)
1. PIE *u̯ero-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯era-
√uro-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *uro-
Hitt. ura-
(GIŠc.) ‘Platte, Tablett?’
(HHand. 187)
(HIL. 1069)
1. PIE *uro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ura-
PIE *Π·uro-
Lith. aũk·ura-
(m.) ‘Opfertisch, Altar’
(LiEtWb. 24-25)
(Lith. aũkuras [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·uro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Lith. Π·ura-
PIE *leɑh·uro-
Hitt. laḫ·ura-
(GIŠc.) ‘Opfertisch’
(HEG L:16)
1. PIE *leɑh·uro-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *laɑh·uro-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. laɑh·uro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lah·uro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lah·uro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lah·ura-
4. lah·ura-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. laḫ·ura-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *dɑɦos·uro-
Pal. daš·ura-
(c.) ‘Opfertisch’
(DPal. 73)
(Pal. ta-šu-ú-ra [sgL])
1. PIE *dɑɦos·uro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦos·uro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦos·uro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦas·ura-
3. dɦas·ura-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *das·ura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. das·ura-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Pal. daš·ura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *isn·uro-
Hitt. išn·ura-
(c.) ‘Gefäß zur Teigbereitung, Backtrog’
(HHand. 66)
1. PIE *isn·uro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *isn·ura-
2. isn·ura-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. išn·ura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √ur- √uor- √uer- (a.) ‘hervorstehend, weit, groß’
(IEW 1151, 1167)
(Rieken 1999:354)
√uro-
(Rieken 1999:354)
PIE *uro-
Hitt. ura-
(a.) ‘GAL: groß’
(HHand. 187)
1. PIE *uro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ura-
PIE *uro-
CLu. ura-
(a.) ‘groß’
(HHand. 187)
1. PIE *uro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. ura-
PIE *ɦɑdont·uro-
OInd. dant·ura-
(a.) ‘mit hervorstehenden Zähnen’
(Rieken 1999:354)
1. PIE *ɦɑdont·uro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦdont·uro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦdont·uro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦdant·ura-
3. ɦdant·ura-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → OInd. dant·ura-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√uroni-
PIE *uroni-
CLu. urani-
(a.) ‘gros, grand’ (HHand. 187)
(DLL. 102)
(CLu. u-ra-an-ni-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *uroni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. urani-
PIE *uroni-
Kpd. urani-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1433)
(Kpd. ú-ra-ni)
1. PIE *uroni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Kpd. urani-
PIE *uroni·Σ
Hitt. urani·[...
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 459)
(Hitt. u-ra-ni-x[)
1. PIE *uroni·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. urani·Σ
√uronu-
PIE *uronu-
HLu. uranu-
(MAGNUScs.) ‘magnify’
(CHLu. 5.2.4)
(HLu. MAGNUS-nu-ta [3pl])
1. PIE *uronu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. uranu-
PIE *uronu-
CLu. uranu-
(cs.) ‘groß machen’
(HHand. 187)
(CLu. kummaya-tta urannundu [… KBo xxix 6 Vs. 31)
1. PIE *uronu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. uranu-
PIE *uronu-
HLu. uranu-
(MAGNUSa.) ‘great’
(CHLu. 2.31.2)
(HLu. MAGNUS-nu-na)
1. PIE *uronu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. uranu-
PIE *uronu̯o-
HLu. uranu̯a-
(MAGNUScs.) ‘promote’
(CHLu. 1.1.1)
(HLu. MAGNUS+ra/i-nu-wa/i-ta)
1. PIE *uronu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. uranu̯a-
√urḗdɑɦo-
PIE *u̯rḗdɑɦo-
RV. vrādha-
(pr.M.) ‘groß, stark, gewaltig sein’
(WbRV. 1364)
(RV. vrādhanta [3pl]; or *ṓ?)
1. PIE *u̯rḗdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯rḗdɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯rḗdɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯rḗdɦa-
3. u̯rḗdɦa-
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → *u̯rā́dɦa-
4. u̯rā́dɦa-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vrā́dɦa-
5. vrā́dɦa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. vrā́dha-
PIE *u̯rḗdɑɦont-
RV. vrā́dhant-
(pt.A.) ‘groß, stark, gewaltig’
(WbRV. 1364)
(RV. vrā́dhantam [sgA])
1. PIE *u̯rḗdɑɦont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯rḗdɦont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯rḗdɦont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯rḗdɦant-
3. u̯rḗdɦant-
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → *u̯rā́dɦant-
4. u̯rā́dɦant-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vrā́dɦant-
5. vrā́dɦant-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. vrā́dhant-
√urodɑɦio-
PIE *urodɑɦi̯o-
CLu. uraza-
(a.) ‘groß’ (HHand. 187)
(DLL. 102)
(CLu. u-ra-az‹-za-aš› [sgN]; or *urodɑɦ-?)
1. PIE *urodɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *urodɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. urodɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *urojɦo-
3. urojɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *urajɦa-
4. urajɦa-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *urazɦa-
5. urazɦa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. urazḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *urodɑɦi̯o-
HLu. uraza-
(MAGNUSa.) ‘great’
(CHLu. 3.6.16)
(HLu. MAGNUS+ra/i-za-na [sgA])
1. PIE *urodɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *urodɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. urodɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *urojɦo-
3. urojɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *urajɦa-
4. urajɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *uraja-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. uraja-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → HLu. uraza-
PIE *urodɑɦi̯o-
HLu. uraza
(MAGNUSc.) ‘a great man’
(CHLu. 10.20.7)
(HLu. MAGNUS+ra/i-[za?]-sá)
1. PIE *urodɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *urodɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. urodɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *urojɦo-
3. urojɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *urajɦa-
4. urajɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *uraja-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. uraja-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → HLu. uraza-
√urdɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *urdɑɦo·mi-
HLu. urda·mi-
(Ic.*) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 9.8.1)
(HLu. MAGNUS+ra/i-tà-mi-sa)
1. PIE *urdɑɦo·mi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *urdɦo·mi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. urdɦo·mi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *urdɦa·mi-
3. urdɦa·mi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. urda·mi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *ourdɑɦ·Σ
TochA. ort·Σ
(f.) ‘altitudo, superbia’
(Poucha 48)
1. PIE *ourdɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ourdɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ourdɦ·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aurdɦ·Σ
3. aurdɦ·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *aurd·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. aurd·Σ
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *aurt·Σ
5. aurt·Σ
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōrt·Σ
6. ōrt·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. ort·Σ
PIE *ourdɑɦou
TochA. orto
(adv.prev.) ‘supra, sursum’
(Poucha 49
1. PIE *ourdɑɦou
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ourdɦou
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ourdɦou
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aurdɦau
3. aurdɦau
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *aurdau
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. aurdau
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *aurtau
5. aurtau
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōrtō
6. ōrtō
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. orto
√urdɑɦio-
PIE *urdɑɦi̯o·mosoni-
CLu. urza·mašani-
(d.) ‘magnus deus›’
(OHP. 1:543)
(in Hitt. ur-za-ma-aš-ša-ni [Abs])
1. PIE *urdɑɦi̯o·mosoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *urdɦi̯o·mosoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. urdɦi̯o·mosoni-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *urjɦo·mosoni-
3. urjɦo·mosoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *urjɦa·masani-
4. urjɦa·masani-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *urzɦa·masani-
5. urzɦa·masani-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *urzɦa·mašani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. urzɦa·mašani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. urzḫa·mašani-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√urdɑɦuo-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *urdɑɦu̯ó-
RV. ūrdhvá-
(a.) ‘aufrechtstehend, hoch emporgehoben’
(WbRV. 274)
1. PIE *urdɑɦu̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *urdɦu̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. urdɦu̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *urdɦu̯á-
3. urdɦu̯á-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *urdɦvá-
4. urdɦvá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. urdhvá-
PIE *ourdɑɦunoi-
TochA. ortune-
(sb.) ‘altitudo, superbia’
(Poucha 48)
1. PIE *ourdɑɦunoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ourdɦunoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ourdɦunoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aurdɦunai-
3. aurdɦunai-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *aurdunai-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. aurdunai-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *aurtunai-
5. aurtunai-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *aurtunē-
6. aurtunē-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōrtunē-
7. ōrtunē-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → *ōrtune-
8. ōrtune-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. ortune-


PIE √ur- √uor- √uer- (sb.) ‘Hilfe, Mittel’ (vb.) ‘helfen’
(IEW –)
(Gusmani 1968a:17f.; Pyysalo)
√uēr-
(Gusmani 1968a:17f.)
PIE *u̯ḗr
Gr. ἥρ-
(f.) ‘service, gratification’
(LSJ. 777)
(GEW 1:641, Gr. ἧρα [sgA], Kimball 1999:247)
1. PIE *u̯ḗr
*u̯E → hE
Change of u̯ into h before e,é,ē,ḗ
Ru̯E›hE → *hḗr
2. hḗr
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἥρ
√uro-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG W:313f.)
PIE *uro-
Hitt. ura-
(vb.) ‘zu Hilfe kommen, helfen’
(HHand. 187)
(Hitt. urra-)
1. PIE *uro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ura-
PIE *sin·uro-
Hitt. šin·ura-
(a.) ‘mittellos, arm’
(HEG S:1053-4)
(For Hitt. šin- cf. Lat. sine ‘ohne’)
1. PIE *sin·uro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sin·ura-
2. sin·ura-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šin·ura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uoro-
(HEG W:327-8)
(HIL. 1110f.)
PIE *uu̯oro-
Hitt. uu̯ara-
(c/n.?) ‘Hilfe’
(HHand. 190)
(Hitt. uu̯arra ḫalzai-)
1. PIE *uu̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. uu̯ara-
PIE *u̯oro·hido·so-
CLu. u̯ara·ḫida·ša-
(a.) ‘Hilfe(leistung)s-, de secours’ (cf. KLuN. 155ff.)
(DLL. 107)
(CLu. ua-ar-ra-ḫi-ta-aš-[ša-]aš)
1. PIE *u̯oro·hido·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ara·hida·sa-
2. u̯ara·hida·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *u̯ara·hida·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. u̯ara·hida·ša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. u̯ara·ḫida·ša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *u̯oro·muto·li-
HLu. u̯ara·muta·li-
(481?.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 11.1.b9)
(HLu. (“*481”)wa/i+ra/i-mu-ta-li-zi ‹here if ‘help’ + ‘strong’ – uncertain›)
1. PIE *u̯oro·muto·li-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. u̯ara·muta·li-
√uorei-
PIE *u̯orei̯o-
HLu. u̯arei̯a-
(c.) ‘assistance, help?’
(CHLu. 10.14.13)
(HLu. wa/i+ra/i-ia-zi-’)
1. PIE *u̯orei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. u̯arei̯a-
PIE *u̯orei̯o-
HLu. u̯arei̯a-
(vb.) ‘help: helfen’
(CHLu. 10.17.11)
(HLu. wa/i+ra/i[-ia?]-ta)
1. PIE *u̯orei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. u̯arei̯a-
PIE *u̯orei̯·oii̯o-
HLu. u̯arei̯·ai̯a-
(vb.dn.) ‘help’
(CHLu. 10.17.7, 8)
(HLu. wa/i+ra/i-ia-ia [3sg], wa/i+ra/i-ia-ia [3sg]; for suff. see HLu. ·ai̯a- ‘machen’)
1. PIE *u̯orei̯·oii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯arei̯·aii̯a-
2. u̯arei̯·aii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *u̯arei̯·aia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. u̯arei̯·aia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → HLu. u̯arei̯·ai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
√uormo-
PIE *u̯ormoi̯o-
HLu. u̯armaa-
(PUGNUS.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 9.13.5)
(HLu. (PUGNUS)wa/i+ra/i-ma-a-ti-pa-wa/i-t[i])
1. PIE *u̯ormoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯armai̯a-
2. u̯armai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → HLu. u̯armaa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
PIE *u̯ormolo-
CLu. u̯armala-
(n.) ‘-(?)-’
(HHand. 196)
(CLu. ua-ar-ma-al-la-an-za; DLL. 107)
1. PIE *u̯ormolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. u̯armala-
PIE *u̯ormomi-
CLu. u̯armami-
(pt.) ‘(spezifiert Funktionäre)’
(HHand. 196)
1. PIE *u̯ormomi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. u̯armami-
PIE *u̯ormoni-
CLu. u̯armani-
(NINDAc.) ‘(ein Gebäck)’
(DLL. 107)
(CLu. ua-ar-ma-ni-‹in›-zi; HHand. 196)
1. PIE *u̯ormoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. u̯armani-
PIE *u̯ormo·Σ
Hitt. u̯arma·t[...
(ÍD.) ‘(im Westen? KUR Luša, QN Warwatalijanza)’
(OGH. 556)
(Hitt. ua-ar-ma-a[t-])
1. PIE *u̯ormo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯arma·Σ
PIE *u̯ormou-
CLu. u̯armau-
(vb.) ‘-(?)-’ ‹cf. above?›
(DLL. 107)
(CLu. ua-ar-ma-a-ú-u[n-ta] [3pl])
1. PIE *u̯ormou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. u̯armau-
√uoron-
PIE *uu̯oronohɑiso-
CLu. uu̯aranaḫiša-
(n.) ‘strength’
(KUB xxxv 45 Vs. ii 23)
(CLu. uu̯arannaḫišša-)
1. PIE *uu̯oronohɑiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *uu̯oronohiso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. uu̯oronohiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *uu̯aranahisa-
3. uu̯aranahisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *uu̯aranahiša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. uu̯aranahiša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. uu̯aranaḫiša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *u̯oroni-
CLu. u̯arani-
(c.) ‘‹≈ helper?›’
(HHand. 195)
(CLu. u̯aranniš [sgN] mašanna[nza?])
1. PIE *u̯oroni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. u̯arani-


PIE √ur- √uor- √uer- (sb.) ‘Geruch’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Toch.)
√uor-
PIE *u̯or-
TochB. war-
(pr.M.tr.) ‘smell’
(DTochB. 596)
(TochB. warträ [3sg])
1. PIE *u̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ar-
2. u̯ar-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. war-
PIE *u̯oro
TochA. war-
(m.) ‘Geruch: odeur’
(Poucha 286)
(TochA. war [sgN])
1. PIE *u̯oro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ara
2. u̯ara
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *u̯ar
3. u̯ar
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. war
√uors-
(CHD S:176)
(HIL. 1126, 1129, HEG W:370)
PIE *u̯ors-
TochB. wars-
(vb.) ‘smell’
(DTochB. 596)
(TochB. warstsi [inf.])
1. PIE *u̯ors-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ars-
2. u̯ars-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. wars-
PIE *u̯orso-
TochA. wärsä-
(pr.A.) ‘spirare, respirare’
(Poucha 297)
(TochA. wärsäṣ [3sg])
1. PIE *u̯orso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯arsa-
2. u̯arsa-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. warsa-
PIE *u̯orsi-
TochB. warṣ-
(vb.) ‘smell’
(DTochB. 596)
(TochB. warṣäṃ [3sg])
1. PIE *u̯orsi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯arsi-
2. u̯arsi-
*si → ṣ
Palatalization of *si
Rsi›ṣ → *u̯arṣ-
3. u̯arṣ-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. warṣ-
PIE *u̯orsei̯o-
Hitt. uaršei̯a-
(vb.) ‘smell’
(HIL. 1126)
1. PIE *u̯orsei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯arsei̯a-
2. u̯arsei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯aršei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯orsul-
Hitt. u̯aršul-
(n.) ‘(angenehmer) Geruch, Duft: ŠIM’
(HHand. 197)
1. PIE *u̯orsul-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯arsul-
2. u̯arsul-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯aršul-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√urs-
PIE *urs-
TochA. urs-
(vb.M.) ‘olfacere, olere’
(Poucha 294)
(TochA. pursār [ipv], LÉDT 160)


PIE √ur- √uor- √uer- (vb.) ‘vernichten, sterben’ (sb.) ‘Schwert’
(IEW –)
(Neumann HEG U:104: Hitt. + Slav.; Pyysalo: HLu. + IE)
√uor-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG W:240)
PIE *Π·u̯or-
HLu. ARHA u̯ar·-
(MORIvb.) ‘die away’
(CHLu. 10.21.3)
(HLu. ARHA (“MORI”)wa/i+ra/i-ha’ [1sg])
1. PIE *Π·u̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. Π·u̯ar-
PIE *Π·u̯ōrei̯o-
LAv. paiti (...) vāraya-
(cs.A.) ‘zu Grunde richten, vernichten’
(AIWb. 1363)
(if not from PIE *u̯ōlei̯o-)
1. PIE *Π·u̯ōrei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·u̯ōrei̯a-
2. Π·u̯ōrei̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·u̯ārei̯a-
3. Π·u̯ārei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·u̯ārai̯a-
4. Π·u̯ārai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *Π·u̯āraya-
5. Π·u̯āraya-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. Π·vāraya-
√uouor-
(HEG W:240)
PIE *u̯ou̯or-
HLu. u̯au̯ar-
(vb.) ‘die’
(CHLu. 386, 547)
(HLu. ...w]a/i-wa/i+ra/i-tá)
1. PIE *u̯ou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. u̯au̯ar-
PIE *u̯ou̯ormi-
HLu. u̯au̯armi-
(pt.a.) ‘dead?’
(CHLu. 2.44.3)
(HLu. wa/i-wa/i+ra/i-mi-sa)
1. PIE *u̯ou̯ormi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. u̯au̯armi-
√uori-
(Pyysalo)
(HLu. /r/ not from *l)
PIE *u̯ori
OIcl. ver-
(m.) ‘Schwert’
(ANEtWb. 657)
(OIcl. verr [sgN], þula)
1. PIE *u̯ori
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ari
2. u̯ari
*ari → eri
Umlaut *ari to eri
Rari›eri → *u̯eri
3. u̯eri
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OIcl. veri
PIE *Π·u̯ou̯orito-
HLu. ARHA’ u̯au̯arita-·-
(MORIvb.) ‘die away’
(CHLu. 11.1.e10)
(HLu. ARHA-’ (MORI)wa/i-wa/i-ri+i-ta-ti; not */l/ → HLu. /r/ against AHPh. 238)
1. PIE *Π·u̯ou̯orito-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. Π·u̯au̯arita-
√uordɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *pro·u̯ordɑɦi̯o-
Goth. fra·wardja-
(vb.) ‘verderben’ (vb.tr.) ‘entstellen’
(Mat 6,19 CA)
1. PIE *pro·u̯ordɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pro·u̯ordɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pro·u̯ordɦi̯o-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *fro·u̯ordɦi̯o-
3. fro·u̯ordɦi̯o-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *fro·u̯ordi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. fro·u̯ordi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *fra·u̯ardi̯a-
5. fra·u̯ardi̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *fra·u̯ardja-
6. fra·u̯ardja-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Goth. fra·wardja-
PIE *u̯ordɑɦi̯o-
OIcl. verða-
(pr.) ‘vernichten’
(ANEtWb. 655)
1. PIE *u̯ordɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ordɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ordɦi̯o-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯ordi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. u̯ordi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ardi̯a-
4. u̯ardi̯a-
*a – i → e – Ø
Umlaut for *a – i
Rardi̯›erd → *u̯erda-
5. u̯erda-
*d -› ð
Change of d into ð
Rd›ð → *u̯erða-
6. u̯erða-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OIcl. verða-
PIE *per·u̯ordɑɦi̯o-
OHG. fir·werte-
(pr.) ‘violare, corrumpere: violate’
(Gl.)
(OHG. farwerten [inf.])
1. PIE *per·u̯ordɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *per·u̯ordɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. per·u̯ordɦi̯o-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *fer·u̯ordɦi̯o-
3. fer·u̯ordɦi̯o-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *fer·u̯ordi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. fer·u̯ordi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *fer·u̯ardi̯a-
5. fer·u̯ardi̯a-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *fir·u̯ardi̯a-
6. fir·u̯ardi̯a-
*ardi̯a → arde
Umlaut for ardi̯a → arde
Rardi̯a›erde → *fir·u̯erde-
7. fir·u̯erde-
*d → t
OHG sound shift of *d
Rd›tHG → *fir·u̯erte-
8. fir·u̯erte-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. fir·werte-
PIE *pro·u̯ordɑɦeini-
Goth. fra·wardein-
(f.) ‘Verderben: ὄλεθρος: interitus’
(1Tm 6,9 A B)
(Goth. frawardein [sgA])
1. PIE *pro·u̯ordɑɦeini-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pro·u̯ordɦeini-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pro·u̯ordɦeini-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *fro·u̯ordɦeini-
3. fro·u̯ordɦeini-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *fro·u̯ordeini-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. fro·u̯ordeini-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *fra·u̯ardeini-
5. fra·u̯ardeini-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *fra·u̯ardīni-
6. fra·u̯ardīni-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → *fra·wardīni-
7. fra·wardīni-
*ī → ei
Orthographic change of *ī into ei
Rī›ei → Goth. fra·wardeini-
PIE *u̯ordɑɦo·lo-
CLu. u̯arda·la-
(a.pt.) ‘gewunden?’ (HHand. 197)
(DLL. 108)
(CLu. ua-ar-da-la-an-za)
1. PIE *u̯ordɑɦo·lo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ordɦo·lo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ordɦo·lo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ardɦa·la-
3. u̯ardɦa·la-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. u̯arda·la-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯ordɑɦo·ku̯o-
OInd. vardha·ka-
(m.) ‘Zimmermann’
(KEWA 3:157)
1. PIE *u̯ordɑɦo·ku̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ordɦo·ku̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ordɦo·ku̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ardɦa·ku̯a-
3. u̯ardɦa·ku̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *u̯ardɦa·ka-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. u̯ardɦa·ka-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vardɦa·ka-
5. vardɦa·ka-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. vardha·ka-
PIE *Π·u̯ordɑɦono-
OInd. nābhi·vardhana-
(n.) ‘das Abschneiden der Nabelschnur’
(KEWA 3:157)
1. PIE *Π·u̯ordɑɦono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯ordɦono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·u̯ordɦono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·u̯ardɦana-
3. Π·u̯ardɦana-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *Π·vardɦana-
4. Π·vardɦana-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·vardhana-
√uerdɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *u̯erdɑɦo
OHG. wirt-
(a.) ‘tortus’
(Gl. 13th cent.)
1. PIE *u̯erdɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯erdɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯erdɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯erdo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. u̯erdo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯erda
4. u̯erda
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *u̯irda
5. u̯irda
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *u̯ird
6. u̯ird
*d → t
OHG sound shift of *d
Rd›tHG → *u̯irt
7. u̯irt
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. wirt
PIE *u̯erdɑɦo
OCS. vrĕdŭ-
(m.) ‘Schaden, Leibesschaden’
(Sadnik √1108)
1. PIE *u̯erdɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯erdɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯erdɦo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯erdɦa
3. u̯erdɦa
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯erda
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. u̯erda
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *u̯erdo
5. u̯erdo
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *u̯erdu
6. u̯erdu
*erd → rēd
Slavic metathesis of erd
Rerd›rēd → *u̯rēdu
7. u̯rēdu
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vrēdu
8. vrēdu
*ē → ĕ
Change of *ē into ĕ
Rē›ĕ → *vrĕdu
9. vrĕdu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. vrĕdŭ
PIE *u̯erdɑɦo
Russ. vered
(m.) ‘Geschwür, Eiterbeule’
(REW 1:186)
1. PIE *u̯erdɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯erdɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯erdɦo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯erdɦa
3. u̯erdɦa
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯erda
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. u̯erda
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *u̯erdo
5. u̯erdo
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *u̯erdu
6. u̯erdu
*erd → e r e d
Russian anaptyxis of VRC
Rerd›ered → *u̯eredu
7. u̯eredu
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *veredu
8. veredu
*-u → Ø
Loss of -u in root-final position
R=u›=0 → Russ. vered
PIE *u̯erdɑɦiɑ́h-
OCS. vrĕdi-
(vb.) ‘verletzen, beschädigen, schaden’
(Sadnik √1108)
1. PIE *u̯erdɑɦiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *u̯erdɑɦiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. u̯erdɑɦiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯erdɦiíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯erdɦiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯erdɦií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯erdɦií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *u̯erdɦī́-
5. u̯erdɦī́-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯erdī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. u̯erdī́-
*erd → rēd
Slavic metathesis of erd
Rerd›rēd → *u̯rēdī́-
7. u̯rēdī́-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vrēdī́-
8. vrēdī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *vrēdí-
9. vrēdí-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → *vrēdi-
10. vrēdi-
*ē → ĕ
Change of *ē into ĕ
Rē›ĕ → OCS. vrĕdi-
PIE *u̯erdɑɦino
OCS. vrĕdĭnŭ-
(a.) ‘schädlich’
(Sadnik √1108)
1. PIE *u̯erdɑɦino
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯erdɦino
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯erdɦino
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯erdɦina
3. u̯erdɦina
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯erdina
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. u̯erdina
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *u̯erdino
5. u̯erdino
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *u̯erdinu
6. u̯erdinu
*erd → rēd
Slavic metathesis of erd
Rerd›rēd → *u̯rēdinu
7. u̯rēdinu
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vrēdinu
8. vrēdinu
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *vrēdĭnu
9. vrēdĭnu
*ē → ĕ
Change of *ē into ĕ
Rē›ĕ → *vrĕdĭnu
10. vrĕdĭnu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. vrĕdĭnŭ
√urdɑɦ-
(Neumann apud HEG U:104)
PIE *urdɑɦo-
Hitt. urda-
(c.) ‘(ein übler Zustand, Art Krankheit) ‹‘Wund?’›’
(HHand. 187)
(HIL. 1072-3)
1. PIE *urdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *urdɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. urdɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *urdɦa-
3. urdɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. urda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯urdɑɦo-
OIcl. urð-
(m.) ‘Unglück, Ereignis, Tod’
(ANEtWb. 635)
(poet.)
1. PIE *u̯urdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯urdɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯urdɦo-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯urdo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. u̯urdo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯urda-
4. u̯urda-
*d -› ð
Change of d into ð
Rd›ð → *u̯urða-
5. u̯urða-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OIcl. vurða-
PIE *u̯r̥dɑɦto-
OInd. vr̥ddha-
(pt.) ‘abgeschnitten’
(KEWA 3:157)
1. PIE *u̯r̥dɑɦto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯r̥dɦto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯r̥dɦto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯r̥dɦta-
3. u̯r̥dɦta-
*Dɦt → Ddɦ
Bartholomae’s Law
RDɦt›Ddɦ → *u̯r̥ddɦa-
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
4. u̯r̥ddɦa-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vr̥ddɦa-
5. vr̥ddɦa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. vr̥ddha-


PIE √ur- √uor- √uer- (vb.) ‘laufen, eilen’
(sub IEW 1160-1162 [diff.])
(Pyysalo)
√uer-
(or PIE *hɑu̯er-?)
PIE *u̯er-
Latv. ver-
(vb.) ‘laufen’
(LiEtWb. 1200)
(Latv. vert [inf.], veŗu [pr.], vēru [pret.])
1. PIE *u̯er-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Latv. ver-
√uorki-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *u̯orki̯o-
TochA. wark-
(sb.) ‘venatio: hunt’
(Poucha 286)
(DTochB. 609)
1. PIE *u̯orki̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *u̯orḱo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. u̯orḱo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯arḱa-
3. u̯arḱa-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *u̯arka-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. u̯arka-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. warka-
PIE *u̯orki̯ēɑh-
Arm. orsa-
(pr.) ‘jagen: hunt’
(EtDiArm. 544)
(Arm. orsam [1sg])
1. PIE *u̯orki̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯orki̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯orki̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯orki̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯orki̯āh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *u̯orćāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. u̯orćāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯orćā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯orćā-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *u̯orsā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
6. u̯orsā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *u̯orsa-
7. u̯orsa-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Arm. vorsa-
PIE *u̯orki̯ēɑhski-
Arm. orsacʼ-
(ao.) ‘jagen’
(EtDiArm. 544)
(Arm. orsacʼi [1sg])
1. PIE *u̯orki̯ēɑhski-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯orki̯āɑhski-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯orki̯āɑhski-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯orki̯āhski-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯orki̯āhski-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *u̯orćāhsć-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. u̯orćāhsć-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯orćāsć-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯orćāsć-
*sć → cʼ
Change of sć into cʼ
Rsć›cʼ → *u̯orćācʼ-
6. u̯orćācʼ-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *u̯orsācʼ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
7. u̯orsācʼ-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *u̯orsacʼ-
8. u̯orsacʼ-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Arm. vorsacʼ-
PIE *urki̯ei-
Hitt. urkei-
(c.) ‘Spur, Weg, Bohrgang’
(HHand. 187)
1. PIE *urki̯ei-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *urḱei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. urḱei-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → Hitt. urkei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
PIE *urki̯ei̯o-
Hitt. urkei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘aufspüren, verfolgen’
(HHand. 187)
1. PIE *urki̯ei̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *urḱei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. urḱei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *urḱei̯a-
3. urḱei̯a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → Hitt. urkei̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)


PIE √ur- (sb.) ‘Pferd, Hengst’
(IEW 81)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√uro-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *uro·lo-
Hitt. urala-
(LÚc.N.ag.) ‘(Angestellter beim Pferdetraining)’
(HHand. 187)
1. PIE *uro·lo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ura·la-
PIE *urolo·dɑɦor-
Hitt. urala·dar-
(LÚn.) ‘Amt des Pferdetrainers’
(HHand. 187)
1. PIE *urolo·dɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *urolo·dɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. urolo·dɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *urala·dɦar-
3. urala·dɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. urala·dar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯roini̯u·n-
OSax. wrēnio·n
(m.) ‘Hengst’
(ASächsWb. 90)
1. PIE *u̯roini̯u·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯raini̯u·n-
2. u̯raini̯u·n-
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → *u̯reini̯u·n-
3. u̯reini̯u·n-
R=un-›=on- → *u̯reini̯o·n-
4. u̯reini̯o·n-
*ei → ē
Monophthongization of *ei into ē
Rei›ē → *u̯rēni̯o·n-
5. u̯rēni̯o·n-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → *wrēni̯o·n-
6. wrēni̯o·n-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → OSax. wrēnio·n-
PIE *u̯roini̯u·n-
OHG. reino·n
(wk.m.) ‘Hengst, Zuchthengst: stallion’
(Gl.)
(OHG. reino: Lat. (equus) admissarius, emissarius’)
1. PIE *u̯roini̯u·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯raini̯u·n-
2. u̯raini̯u·n-
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → *u̯reini̯u·n-
3. u̯reini̯u·n-
R=un-›=on- → *u̯reini̯o·n-
4. u̯reini̯o·n-
u̯r → r
Loss of u̯ in *u̯r-
Ru̯r›r → *reini̯o·n-
5. reini̯o·n-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → OHG. reinjo·n-


PIE √ur- √uor- √uer- (sb.) ‘Wasser, Gewässer’
(IEW 80-81)
(XX)
√uōr-
(HEG W:357)
PIE *u̯ōr-
CLu. u̯ār-
(n.) ‘Wasser’ (pl) ‘Gewässer’
(HHand. 195)
(CLu. u̯aara [plN])
1. PIE *u̯ōr-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → CLu. u̯ār-
PIE *uu̯or·so-
CLu. uu̯ar·ša-
(n.) ‘Wasser’ (Laroche 1963:61f.)
(HHand. 190)
(CLu. ú-ua-ar-ša [sgNA])
1. PIE *uu̯or·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *uu̯ar·sa-
2. uu̯ar·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. uu̯ar·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ure/oɑhsso-
PIE *u̯roɑhsso
MidIr. fross-
(f.) ‘shower (of rain, snow), fig. a gush, stream of sth.; quantity, swarm’
(DIL. 339)
1. PIE *u̯roɑhsso
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯rohsso
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯rohsso
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯rosso
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. u̯rosso
*u̯- → f-
Change of *u̯- into f-
Ru̯=›f= → *frosso
4. frosso
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → MidIr. fross
PIE *u̯reɑhssi
OIr. fraiss-
(f.) ‘shower (of rain, snow), fig. a gush, stream of sth.; quantity, swarm’
(DIL. 339)
1. PIE *u̯reɑhssi
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯raɑhssi
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. u̯raɑhssi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯rahssi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯rahssi
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯rassi
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯rassi
*u̯- → f-
Change of *u̯- into f-
Ru̯=›f= → *frassi
5. frassi
*-i → Ø
Loss of root-final -i
R=i›=0 → OIr. frass
√uereio-
PIE *u̯erei̯o·Σ
Hitt. u̯erei̯a·du-
(PÚc.) ‘Wasser·DU’
(OGH. 557)
(Hitt. ú-e-ri-ia-du-uš, ú-i-ri-ia-tum)
1. PIE *u̯erei̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯erei̯a·Σ
PIE *u̯erei̯o·Σ
Hitt. u̯erei̯a·du-
(dc.) ‘Wasser·DU’
(OHP. 1:561)
(Hitt. ú-e-ri-ia[-, Hitt. ]-i-ri-ia-du)
1. PIE *u̯erei̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯erei̯a·Σ
√uoreio-
PIE *u̯orei̯o-
CLu. u̯arei̯a-
(sb.?) ‘‹‘≈ water?’ with ḫa-pa-nu-ša ‘sprinkle?’›’
(HHand. 195, DLL. 107)
(CLu. ua-(a)-ri-ia-ti [sgI]) [sgI] ḫa-pa-nu-ša [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *u̯orei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. u̯arei̯a-
√uorso-
(HEG W:356f.)
(HIL. 1123-5)
PIE *u̯orso-
Hitt. u̯arša-
(c./n.) ‘Regen, Regenguß’
(HHand. 197)
1. PIE *u̯orso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯arsa-
2. u̯arsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯arša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯orso-
CLu. u̯arša-
(n.) ‘Tropfen, Träne’ (HHand. 190)
(DLL. 108)
(CLu. ua-a-ar-ša(-at-ta))
1. PIE *u̯orso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯arsa-
2. u̯arsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. u̯arša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯orsó-
RV. varṣá-
(n.) ‘Regen’
(WbRV. 1225)
1. PIE *u̯orsó-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiOIA → *u̯oršó-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. u̯oršó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯aršó-
3. u̯aršó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *u̯aršá-
4. u̯aršá-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *varšá-
5. varšá-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. varṣá-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
PIE *u̯orsó·Σ
RV. varṣá·nirnij-
(a.) ‘in Regen gekleidet, dessen Gewand der R. ist’
(WbRV. 1225)
1. PIE *u̯orsó·Σ
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiOIA → *u̯oršó·Σ
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. u̯oršó·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯aršó·Σ
3. u̯aršó·Σ
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *u̯aršá·Σ
4. u̯aršá·Σ
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *varšá·Σ
5. varšá·Σ
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. varṣá·Σ
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
PIE *Π·u̯orso-
RV. abhrá·varṣa-
(a.) ‘aus der Wolke regnend’
(WbRV. 89)
1. PIE *Π·u̯orso-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiOIA → *Π·u̯oršo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. Π·u̯oršo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·u̯arša-
3. Π·u̯arša-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *Π·varša-
4. Π·varša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. Π·varṣa-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
√uers-
PIE *u̯érso-
RV. várṣa-
(pr.) ‘regnen: rain’
(WbRV. 1343)
(RV. várṣanti)
1. PIE *u̯érso-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiOIA → *u̯éršo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. u̯éršo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯érša-
3. u̯érša-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *u̯árša-
4. u̯árša-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *várša-
5. várša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. várṣa-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)


PIE √ur- √uor- √uer- (sb.) ‘Saat, Same, Nachkomme, Frucht’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√uoro-
(HEG W:315)
(HIL. 1110)
PIE *u̯oro· u̯oro-
Hitt. u̯ara·u̯ara-
(c.) ‘(eine Frucht)’
(HHand. 195)
1. PIE *u̯oro· u̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯ara· u̯ara-
√uru-
PIE *uru̯·hɑérēɑh-
RV. urv·árā-
(f.) ‘Fruchtfeld, Saatland’ (WbRV. 265)
(KEWA 1:110)
(RV. urvárā [sgN])
1. PIE *uru̯·hɑérēɑh-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *uru̯·hɑárēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. uru̯·hɑárēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *uru̯·hɑárāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. uru̯·hɑárāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *uru̯·hárāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. uru̯·hárāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *uru̯·árā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. uru̯·árā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *urv·árā-
6. urv·árā-
urv → ūrv
Lengthening of *u before rv
Rurv›ūrv → RV. ūrv·árā-
PIE *uru̯·hɑerēɑh-
gAv. urv·arā-
(f.pl) ‘Pflanze (oft göttlich verehrt)’
(AIWb. 401)
(gAv. urvarā-)
1. PIE *uru̯·hɑerēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *uru̯·hɑarēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. uru̯·hɑarēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *uru̯·hɑarāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. uru̯·hɑarāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *uru̯·harāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. uru̯·harāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *uru̯·arā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. uru̯·arā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → gAv. urv·arā-
√uruonT-
(HEG U:105)
PIE *uru̯ondɑɦ-
HLu. uru̯and-
(471n.) ‘(some form of vegetal growth)’
(CHLu. 3.5.16)
(HLu. (“*471”)(m)u?-ru-wa/i-tà-za [sgNA?])
1. PIE *uru̯ondɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *uru̯ondɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. uru̯ondɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *uru̯andɦ-
3. uru̯andɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. uru̯and-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *uru̯ondɑɦo-
Hitt. uru̯anda-
(fc.) ‘(auteur de rituel)’
(NOMS. 1449)
(Hitt. u-ru-ua-an-da-a(-MA))
1. PIE *uru̯ondɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *uru̯ondɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. uru̯ondɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *uru̯andɦa-
3. uru̯andɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. uru̯anda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *uru̯ondɑɦo·Σ
CLu. uru̯anda·ziti-
(mc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1450)
(Hitt. u-ru-ua-an-ta-zi-t[i-iš])
1. PIE *uru̯ondɑɦo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *uru̯ondɦo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. uru̯ondɦo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *uru̯andɦa·Σ
3. uru̯andɦa·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. uru̯anda·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√urur-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG U:104-5)
PIE *ururo-
Hitt. urura-
(SARsb.) ‘(eine mit Tabu belegte Pflanze)’
(HHand. 187)
1. PIE *ururo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. urura-
PIE *ururu̯o-
Hitt. ururu̯a-
(URU.) ‘(bei Lawanta, ›Awa)’ (OGHErg. 181)
(OGH. 464)
(Hitt. ú-ru-ru-ua)
1. PIE *ururu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ururu̯a-
√uoruo-
PIE *u̯oru̯o-
Hitt. u̯aru̯a-
(MUNUSc.) ‘(eine Funktionärin)’
(HHand. 190)
(“oder lies šalu̯arau̯a- Nomen u.B.”)
1. PIE *u̯oru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯aru̯a-
PIE *u̯oru̯o·Σ
Hitt. u̯aru̯a·šazi-
(mc.) ‘-(?)- ‹cf. Hitt. mšazina-, NOMS. 1147?›’
(NOMS. 1503)
(Hitt. ua-ar-ua-ša-zi [Abs])
1. PIE *u̯oru̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯aru̯a·Σ
PIE *u̯oru̯o·ii̯o-
Hitt. u̯aru̯a·i̯a-
(mc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1500)
(Hitt. ua-ar-ua-ia [Abs] ‹contains Hitt. ii̯a- ‘Baum’›)
1. PIE *u̯oru̯o·ii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯aru̯a·ii̯a-
2. u̯aru̯a·ii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *u̯aru̯a·ia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. u̯aru̯a·ia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → Hitt. u̯aru̯a·i̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
√uoruoli-
PIE *u̯oru̯oli-
CLu. u̯aru̯ali-
(dc.) ‘-(?)-’
(DLL. 108)
(CLu. ua-ar-ua-li-in)
1. PIE *u̯oru̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. u̯aru̯ali-
PIE *u̯oru̯olei̯o-
Hitt. u̯aru̯alei̯a-
(dc.) ‘-(?)-’ ‹cf. RDH. 91; CLuLex. 262; KLuN. 483›
(OHP. 1:551)
(Hitt. ua-ar-ua-li-ia-an [sgA])
1. PIE *u̯oru̯olei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯aru̯alei̯a-
PIE *u̯oru̯olei̯o-
Hitt. u̯aru̯alei̯a-
(KUR.) ‘(Göttlicher Berg verehrt in ›Malita)’
(OGH. 476)
(Hitt. ua-ar-ua-li?-ia)
1. PIE *u̯oru̯olei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯aru̯alei̯a-
√uoruolon-
(HEG W:375)
(HIL. 1133)
PIE *u̯oru̯olon-
Hitt. u̯aru̯alan-
(n.) ‘Same, Nachkommenschaft: NUMUN’
(HHand. 197)
1. PIE *u̯oru̯olon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯aru̯alan-
PIE *u̯oru̯olon-
CLu. u̯aru̯alan-
(n.) ‘Same, Nachkommenschaft: NUMUN’
(HHand. 197)
(DLL. 108, ua-ar-ua-la-na-aš, ua-ar-ua-la-ni)
1. PIE *u̯oru̯olon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. u̯aru̯alan-
PIE *u̯oru̯olont-
CLu. u̯aru̯alant-
(c.) ‘Nachkomme’
(HHand. 197)
(DLL. 108, ua-ar-ua-la-na-an-te-eš)
1. PIE *u̯oru̯olont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. u̯aru̯alant-


PIE √ur- √uor- √uer- (vb.) ‘angreifen, fassen, nehmen, finden’
(IEW. 1160)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)
√ur-
PIE *Π· u̯our-
OIr. ro·fūar-
(pret.) ‘invēnī’
(Thu. 543, 691)
(OIr. ro·fúair [3sg], ro·fúaratar [3pl])
1. PIE *Π· u̯our-
*ou → ō
Monophthongization of *ou into ō
Rou›ō → *Π· u̯ōr-
2. Π· u̯ōr-
*ō → ūa
Brechung of *ō into ūa
Rō›ūa → OIr. Π· u̯ūar-
√uro-
PIE *hɑentei·uro-
Hitt. ḫantei·ura-
(vb.) ‘herausfinden’
(HEG W. 95)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-te-u-ra-u-en [1pl]; HHand 39)
1. PIE *hɑentei·uro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑantei·uro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑantei·uro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hantei·uro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hantei·uro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hantei·ura-
4. hantei·ura-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫantei·ura-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √ur- √uor- √uer- (vb.) ‘sagen, sprechen’
(IEW XX)
(Pyysalo: OAnat. + Celt.)
√uor-
PIE *u̯or-
Hitt. u̯ar-
(impers. encl.quot.ptcl.) ‘is said’
(HEG W: 298f.)
(Hitt. ·ua-ar)
1. PIE *u̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯ar-
PIE *u̯or-
Pal. u̯ar-
(impers. encl.quot.ptcl.) ‘is said’
(HHand. 195)
(Pal. ·ua-ar)
1. PIE *u̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Pal. u̯ar-
PIE *u̯or-
MidIr. for-
(impers. encl.quot.ptcl.) ‘is said’
(dil.ie/23274)
(profatur .i. for , Thes. i 4.12 (Southampton Ps.).
1. PIE *u̯or-
*u̯- → f-
Change of *u̯- into f-
Ru̯=›f= → MidIr. for-


PIE √urgɑɦ- √uorgɑɦ- √uergɑɦ- (vb.) ‘verurteilen: condemnare’
(IEW 1154-5 [diff.])
(Pyysalo: Anat. + Germ.)
√uorgɑɦi-
PIE *Π·u̯orgɑɦi̯o-
Goth. launa·warg-
(a.) ‘undankbar: unthankful: ἀχάριστος: ingratus’
(GoEtD. L22)
(Goth. launawargos [plN] 2Tm 3,2 A B, HbGo. 154,1)
1. PIE *Π·u̯orgɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯orgɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·u̯orgɦi̯o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *Π·u̯orǵɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·u̯orǵɦo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *Π·u̯orgɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. Π·u̯orgɦo-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·u̯orgo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·u̯orgo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·u̯arga-
6. Π·u̯arga-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Goth. Π·warga-
PIE *gɑɦo·u̯orgɑɦi̯i-
Goth. ga·wargi-
(pret.) ‘κατακρίνειν: condemnare, damnare’
(GoEtD. G77)
(Goth. gawargida Rom 8,3 A)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·u̯orgɑɦi̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·u̯orgɦi̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦo·u̯orgɦi̯i-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *gɦo·u̯orǵɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. gɦo·u̯orǵɦi-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦo·u̯orgɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. gɦo·u̯orgɦi-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *go·u̯orgi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. go·u̯orgi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ga·u̯argi-
6. ga·u̯argi-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Goth. ga·wargi-
PIE *gɑɦo·u̯orgɑɦii̯o-
Goth. ga·wargja-
(vb.) ‘einen verurteilen zu, ächten, verdammen’
(GoElB. 294ff.)
(Goth. gawargjand Mrk 10,33 CA, HbGo. 154,1)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·u̯orgɑɦii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·u̯orgɦii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦo·u̯orgɦii̯o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *gɦo·u̯orǵɦi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. gɦo·u̯orǵɦi̯o-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦo·u̯orgɦi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. gɦo·u̯orgɦi̯o-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *go·u̯orgi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. go·u̯orgi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ga·u̯argi̯a-
6. ga·u̯argi̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *ga·u̯argja-
7. ga·u̯argja-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Goth. ga·wargja-
PIE *gɑɦo·u̯orgɑɦi̯itēɑh-
Goth. wargiþo-
(f.) ‘κατάκριμα, -κρισις, κρίμα: damnatio, iudicium’
(GoEtD. W34)
(Goth. wargiþa [A] Rom 13,2 A CC, wargiþos [G] Rom 8,1 A)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·u̯orgɑɦi̯itēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦo·u̯orgɑɦi̯itāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦo·u̯orgɑɦi̯itāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·u̯orgɦi̯itāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦo·u̯orgɦi̯itāh-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *gɦo·u̯orǵɦitāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. gɦo·u̯orǵɦitāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦo·u̯orǵɦitā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦo·u̯orǵɦitā-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦo·u̯orgɦitā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. gɦo·u̯orgɦitā-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *gɦo·u̯orgɦiþā-
7. gɦo·u̯orgɦiþā-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *go·u̯orgiþā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. go·u̯orgiþā-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ga·u̯argiþā-
9. ga·u̯argiþā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *ga·u̯argiþō-
(XX:XX)
10. ga·u̯argiþō-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → *ga·wargiþō-
11. ga·wargiþō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Goth. ga·wargiþo-
PIE *gɑɦo·u̯orgɑɦi̯einēɑh-
Goth. ga·wargeino-
(f.) ‘Verurteilung, κατάκρισις: condemnatio’
(GoEtD. G77)
(Goth. gawargeinai [sgD] 2Kr 7,3 A B, GoElB. 152n6)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·u̯orgɑɦi̯einēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦo·u̯orgɑɦi̯eināɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦo·u̯orgɑɦi̯eināɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·u̯orgɦi̯eināh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦo·u̯orgɦi̯eināh-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *gɦo·u̯orǵɦeināh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. gɦo·u̯orǵɦeināh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦo·u̯orǵɦeinā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦo·u̯orǵɦeinā-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦo·u̯orgɦeinā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. gɦo·u̯orgɦeinā-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *go·u̯orgeinā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. go·u̯orgeinā-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ga·u̯argeinā-
8. ga·u̯argeinā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *ga·u̯argeinō-
(XX:XX)
9. ga·u̯argeinō-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *ga·u̯argīnō-
10. ga·u̯argīnō-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → *ga·wargīnō-
11. ga·wargīnō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *ga·wargīno-
12. ga·wargīno-
*ī → ei
Orthographic change of *ī into ei
Rī›ei → Goth. ga·wargeino-
√uorgɑɦu-
(HEG W:333-4)
(HIL. 1115f.)
PIE *u̯orgɑɦu-
CLu. u̯argu-
(sb.) ‘≈ Zorn, üble Nachrede, Verumleudung’
(HHand. 196)
1. PIE *u̯orgɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯orgɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯orgɦu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯argɦu-
3. u̯argɦu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. u̯argu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯orgɑɦu̯i-
CLu. u̯argu̯i-
(sb.) ‘≈ Zorn, üble Nachrede, Verumleudung’
(HHand. 196)
1. PIE *u̯orgɑɦu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯orgɦu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯orgɦu̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯argɦu̯i-
3. u̯argɦu̯i-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. u̯argu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √urgiɑɦ- √uorgiɑɦ- √uergiɑɦ- (vb.) ‘rollen’ (sb.) ‘Wagen, Türangel’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√urgiɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG W:457, HIL. 1145-7)
PIE *Π·u̯r̥gi̯ɑɦo-
RV. prá (…) vr̥ha·-
(pr.) ‘vorwärts rollen (das Rad)’
(WbRV. 900)
1. PIE *Π·u̯r̥gi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯r̥gi̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·u̯r̥gi̯ɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *Π·u̯r̥j́ɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·u̯r̥j́ɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·u̯r̥j́ɦa-
4. Π·u̯r̥j́ɦa-
*j́ɦ → ɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ
Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *Π·u̯r̥ɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. Π·u̯r̥ɦa-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *Π·vr̥ɦa-
6. Π·vr̥ɦa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·vr̥ha-
PIE *Π·u̯r̥gi̯ɑɦo-
RV. úd (…) vr̥ha·-
(pr.) ‘herumrollen’
(WbRV. 900)
1. PIE *Π·u̯r̥gi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯r̥gi̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·u̯r̥gi̯ɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *Π·u̯r̥j́ɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·u̯r̥j́ɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·u̯r̥j́ɦa-
4. Π·u̯r̥j́ɦa-
*j́ɦ → ɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ
Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *Π·u̯r̥ɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. Π·u̯r̥ɦa-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *Π·vr̥ɦa-
6. Π·vr̥ɦa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·vr̥ha-
PIE *u̯ou̯orgi̯ɑɦimo-
Hitt. u̯au̯argima-
(c.) ‘Türangel: door-hinge’
(HEG W:457-9)
(HIL. 1145-7)
1. PIE *u̯ou̯orgi̯ɑɦimo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ou̯orgi̯ɦimo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ou̯orgi̯ɦimo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *u̯ou̯orǵɦimo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯ou̯orǵɦimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯au̯arǵɦima-
4. u̯au̯arǵɦima-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *u̯au̯argɦima-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. u̯au̯argɦima-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯au̯argima-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯orgi̯ɑɦoni-
HLu. u̯arzani-
(CURRUSc.) ‘chariot: Wagen’
(CHLu. 2.11.7)
(HLu. (CURRUS)wa/i+ra/i-za-ni-ná)
1. PIE *u̯orgi̯ɑɦoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯orgi̯ɦoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯orgi̯ɦoni-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *u̯orj́ɦoni-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯orj́ɦoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯arj́ɦani-
4. u̯arj́ɦani-
*j́ɦ → zɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ
Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *u̯arzɦani-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. u̯arzɦani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. u̯arzḫani-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *u̯orgi̯ɑɦont-
TochA. wärkänt-
(sb.) ‘wheel’
(DTochB. 506)
(MA. 640)
1. PIE *u̯orgi̯ɑɦont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯orgi̯ɦont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯orgi̯ɦont-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *u̯orǵɦont-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯orǵɦont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯arǵɦant-
4. u̯arǵɦant-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *u̯argɦant-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. u̯argɦant-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *u̯argant-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. u̯argant-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *u̯arkant-
7. u̯arkant-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. warkant-


PIE √urp- √uorp- √uerp- (vb.) ‘binden’ (sb.) ‘Umzäunung’
(IEW 1156)
(Melchert 1984:157)
√uorpo-
PIE *u̯orpo-
Hitt. u̯arpa-
(n./c.) ‘Umzäunung’
(HHand. 196)
(in Hitt. u̯arpa dai-/tia-)
1. PIE *u̯orpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯arpa-
PIE *u̯orpo-
CLu. u̯arpa-
(n/c.) ‘enclosure?’
(DLL. 107)
(CLu. ua-ar-pa)
1. PIE *u̯orpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. u̯arpa-
√uorpi-
PIE *u̯orpi-
Hitt. u̯arpi-
(n.) ‘Umzäunung’
(HHand. 196)
(in Hitt. u̯arpi dai-/tia-)
1. PIE *u̯orpi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯arpi-
PIE *u̯orpi-
TochA. warpi-
(sb.) ‘hortus: garden, park’ (SSS 12)
(Poucha 287)
(TochA. warpyis [sgG], warpyā)
1. PIE *u̯orpi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯arpi-
2. u̯arpi-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. warpi-
PIE *u̯orpi·Σ
TochA. warpi·śke
(m.dim.) ‘hortus: garden, park’
(Poucha 287)
(TochA. warpiśke)
1. PIE *u̯orpi·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯arpi·Σ
2. u̯arpi·Σ
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. warpi·Σ


PIE √uort- (vb.) ‘wenden, kehren, drehen’
(IEW 1156-1158)
(Kammenhuber 1961:137)
√uort-
(HIL. 1131)
(Kammenhuber 1961:137, HEG W:373)
PIE *Π·u̯ort-
Hitt. anda u̯art·-
(vb.tr.) ‘turn, plaid together: eindrehen’
(HIL. 1131)
(Hitt. ua-ar-ta-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *Π·u̯ort-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. Π·u̯art-
PIE *u̯orto-
Lat. uorto-
(pr.) ‘wenden, kehren, drehen’
(WH. 2:763-765)
(Plaut. uortō [1sg] in addition to Plaut. uertō [1sg])
1. PIE *u̯orto-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. uorto-
PIE *u̯i·u̯ortó-
OInd. vi·vartá-
(m.) ‘Strudel’
(WbRV. 1291)
(SV. vivartá-)
1. PIE *u̯i·u̯ortó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯i·u̯artó-
2. u̯i·u̯artó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *u̯i·u̯artá-
3. u̯i·u̯artá-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OInd. vi·vartá-
PIE *u̯ortei̯o-
OPers. vartaya-
(cs.M.) ‘turn’
(OldP. 206)
(OPers. [va]rtaiyaiy [1sg])
1. PIE *u̯ortei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯artei̯a-
2. u̯artei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *u̯artai̯a-
3. u̯artai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *u̯artaya-
4. u̯artaya-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OPers. vartaya-
PIE *u̯ortoi̯o-
CLu. u̯artaa-
(vb.) ‘turn’
(HHand. 197)
(CLu. u̯artaaši [2sg])
1. PIE *u̯ortoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯artai̯a-
2. u̯artai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → CLu. u̯artaa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
PIE *u̯orto·Σ
OInd. varta·ka-
(m.) ‘Wachtel’
(EWA 2:519)
(IEW 1180)
1. PIE *u̯orto·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯arta·Σ
2. u̯arta·Σ
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OInd. varta·Σ
√uorti-
PIE *u̯orti-
OInd. varti-
(f.) ‘Docht, Wulst, der um ein Gefäß läuft’
(KEWA 3:156)
1. PIE *u̯orti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯arti-
2. u̯arti-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OInd. varti-
PIE *pro·u̯orti-
OPers. fra·varti-
(m.) ‘Φραόρτης, a Median rebel’
(OldP. 198)
(OPers. fravartaiš [sgG])
1. PIE *pro·u̯orti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pra·u̯arti-
2. pra·u̯arti-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OPers. pra·varti-
PIE *u̯ortíkēɑh-
RV. vartíkā-
(f.) ‘Wachtel’
(WbRV. 1223)
(sub IEW 1180)
1. PIE *u̯ortíkēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯ortíkāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯ortíkāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ortíkāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ortíkāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯artíkāh-
4. u̯artíkāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯artíkā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯artíkā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. vartíkā-
PIE *u̯ortís-
RV. vartíṣ-
(n.) ‘wiederkehrende Lauf, Umlauf, Wiederkehr’
(WbRV. 1223)
1. PIE *u̯ortís-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *u̯ortíš-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. u̯ortíš-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯artíš-
3. u̯artíš-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vartíš-
4. vartíš-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. vartíṣ-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
√uortu-
PIE *tri·u̯órtu-
RV. tri·vártu-
(a.) ‘dreifach’
(WbRV. 559)
1. PIE *tri·u̯órtu-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *tri·u̯ártu-
2. tri·u̯ártu-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. tri·vártu-
PIE *u̯ortuko
OCS. vratŭkŭ-
(a.) ‘leicht zu verändern’
(Sadnik √1106)
1. PIE *u̯ortuko
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯artuka
2. u̯artuka
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *u̯ortuko
3. u̯ortuko
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *u̯ortuku
4. u̯ortuku
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vortuku
5. vortuku
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. vortŭkŭ
PIE *u̯órt·Σ
ODor. ϝόρτ·υγ-
(f.) ‘Wachtel’
(GEW 2:429)
(in Hes. γόρτυξ, Ion.-Att. ὄρτυξ, IEW 1180: Gr. ŭ & ū)
1. PIE *u̯órt·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → ODor. ϝόρτ·Σ
PIE *u̯ortuLo-
OInd. vartula-
(a.) ‘rund, kreisformig: round, circular’
(KEWA 3:156)
1. PIE *u̯ortuLo-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *u̯ortulo-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. u̯ortulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯artula-
3. u̯artula-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OInd. vartula-
PIE *u̯ortuLēɑh-
OInd. vartulā-
(f.) ‘Spinnwirtel’
(KEWA 3:156)
1. PIE *u̯ortuLēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯ortuLāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯ortuLāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ortuLāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ortuLāh-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *u̯ortulāh-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. u̯ortulāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯artulāh-
5. u̯artulāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯artulā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. u̯artulā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OInd. vartulā-
PIE *u̯orturo·si-
HLu. u̯arturaši-
(URBS.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 10.36.31)
(HLu. wa/i-ra/i-tu+ra/i-si(URBS) ‹suffix unclear›)
1. PIE *u̯orturo·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯artura·si-
2. u̯artura·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯artura·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √ues- √uos- √us- (vb.) ‘sein, bleiben’
(IEW 1170-1)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + CLu. + IE)
√uos-
PIE *u̯os-
Goth. was-
(pret.) ‘war’
(GoEtD. W74)
(Goth. was [1sg])
1. PIE *u̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯as-
2. u̯as-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Goth. was-
PIE *gɑɦo·u̯os-
Goth. ga·was-
(pret.) ‘bleiben’
(GoEtD. W74)
(Goth. gawas [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦo·u̯os-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·u̯os-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦo·u̯os-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *go·u̯os-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. go·u̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ga·u̯as-
4. ga·u̯as-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Goth. ga·was-
√ues-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *u̯es-
Hitt. u̯eš-
(pret.) ‘war’
(Alalah 454 II 18)
(Hitt. ú-eš-ta [3sg], thus not e!-eš-ta against Eichner 1970:15-6)
1. PIE *u̯es-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯eš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯eso-
Goth. wisa-
(vb.) ‘sein, bleiben’
(GoEtD. W74)
(Goth. wisan [inf.])
1. PIE *u̯eso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯esa-
2. u̯esa-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *u̯isa-
3. u̯isa-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Goth. wisa-
√usio-
(Pyysalo)
(HIL. 1033, HEG T:421)
PIE *entér·usi̯o-
OInd. antár·uṣya-
(vb.) ‘drinnen stecken’
(WbRV. 1232)
(Br. antáruṣya-)
1. PIE *entér·usi̯o-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *entér·uši̯o-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. entér·uši̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *entér·uši̯a-
3. entér·uši̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *antér·uši̯a-
4. antér·uši̯a-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *antár·uši̯a-
5. antár·uši̯a-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *antár·uṣi̯a-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
6. antár·uṣi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. antár·uṣya-
PIE *teɑh·usi̯o-
CLu. taḫ·uši̯a-
(vb.) ‘keep silent/quiet’
(DLL. 89)
(CLu. da-ḫu-ši-ia-aḫ-ḫa [1sg])
1. PIE *teɑh·usi̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑh·usi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑh·usi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tah·usi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tah·usi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tah·usi̯a-
4. tah·usi̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *tah·uši̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. tah·uši̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. taḫ·uši̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√uēsu-
PIE *u̯ēs·u-
Goth. wes·u-
(pret.pl) ‘war’
(GoEtD. W74)
(Goth. wesum [1pl])
1. PIE *u̯ēs·u-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → *wēs·u-
2. wēs·u-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → Goth. wes·u-


PIE √us- √uos- √ues- (a.) ‘gut, heilig’ (vb.) ‘lieben; angenehm sein, gefallen’
(IEW 1174)
(XX)
√uos-
(HEG W:383f.)
(HIL. –)
PIE *u̯os-
Hitt. u̯aš-
(vb.1.&2.M.) ‘angenehm sein, gefallen’
(HHand. 197)
1. PIE *u̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯as-
2. u̯as-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯aš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯os-
HLu. u̯aš-
(vb.) ‘be good to, be friendly’
(CHLu. 10.16b)
(HLu. wa/i-sà-tá)
1. PIE *u̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯as-
2. u̯as-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯aš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯os-
HLu. u̯aš-
(BONUS2vb.) ‘love’ (KLuN. §224)
(CHLu. 10.5.2)
(HLu. (BONUS2)wa/i-sa-ti [3pl])
1. PIE *u̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯as-
2. u̯as-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯aš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯oso-
CLu. u̯aša-
(GKLvb.M.) ‘angenehm sein, gefallen’
(HHand. 197, CLuLex. 262)
(CLu. ua-aš-ša-a-ri [3sg], ua-aš-ša-a-ru [imp3sg])
1. PIE *u̯oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asa-
2. u̯asa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. u̯aša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯oso-
HLu. u̯aša-
(BONUSa.) ‘good’ or (adv.) ‘well’?
(CHLu. 5.1.10)
(HLu. wa/i-sa)
1. PIE *u̯oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asa-
2. u̯asa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯aša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯oso·Σ
HLu. u̯aša·za-
(cs.) ‘make good’
(CHLu. 10.45.2)
(HLu. (“BONUS”)wa/i-sà-za-ha)
1. PIE *u̯oso·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asa·Σ
2. u̯asa·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯aša·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uosɑh-
(Pyysalo: here)
(HEG W:390f., HIL. –)
PIE *u̯osɑho-
CLu. u̯ašḫa-
(n.) ‘(ein Kultobjekt?)’
(HHand. 198, CLuLex. 263)
(CLu. ua-aš-ḫa)
1. PIE *u̯osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯osho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asha-
3. u̯asha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *u̯ašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯ašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. u̯ašḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *u̯osɑho-
HLu. u̯ašḫa-
(420n.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 153, CHLu. 11.6.27)
(HLu. (*420)wa/i-sa-ha-sa)
1. PIE *u̯osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯osho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asha-
3. u̯asha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *u̯ašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯ašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. u̯ašḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *u̯osɑhoii̯o-
CLu. u̯ašḫai̯a-
(a.) ‘heilig?’ (KLuN. §317, GLBL 43n95)
(DLL. 109)
1. PIE *u̯osɑhoii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯oshoii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯oshoii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ashaii̯a-
3. u̯ashaii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *u̯ashaia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. u̯ashaia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *u̯ashai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. u̯ashai̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *u̯ašhai̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. u̯ašhai̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. u̯ašḫai̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√uosɑhos-
PIE *u̯osɑhoso-
Hitt. u̯ašḫaša-
(URUDU.) ‘(kupferner Gegenstand in Kultinventar)’
(DLL. 109)
1. PIE *u̯osɑhoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯oshoso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯oshoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ashasa-
3. u̯ashasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *u̯ašhaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯ašhaša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. u̯ašḫaša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *u̯osɑhoso-
HLu. u̯ašḫaša-
(419n.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 2.29.6)
(HLu. (“*419”)wa/i-sa-ha-sa)
1. PIE *u̯osɑhoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯oshoso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯oshoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ashasa-
3. u̯ashasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *u̯ašhaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯ašhaša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. u̯ašḫaša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *u̯osɑhoso·uro-
CLu. u̯ašḫaša·ura-
(n.) ‘u̯ašḫaša-table’
(HHand. 198)
(CLu. u̯ašḫašaura-)
1. PIE *u̯osɑhoso·uro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯oshoso·uro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯oshoso·uro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ashasa·ura-
3. u̯ashasa·ura-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *u̯ašhaša·ura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯ašhaša·ura-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. u̯ašḫaša·ura-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *u̯osɑhosei̯o-
Hitt. u̯ašḫašei̯a-
(KUR URU.) ‘(in Zusammenhang mit ›Ḫarkiuna)’
(OGH. 477-8)
(Hitt. ua-aš-ḫa-aš-ia)
1. PIE *u̯osɑhosei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯oshosei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯oshosei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ashasei̯a-
3. u̯ashasei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *u̯ašhašei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯ašhašei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. u̯ašḫašei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√u̯osei-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *u̯osei̯o-
HLu. u̯ašei̯a-
(a.) ‘good vel sim.’
(CHLu. 6.2.10)
(HLu. (FEMINA)áta5·n DEUS.AVIS (...) “X”(-)wa/i-si-ia-na)
1. PIE *u̯osei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asei̯a-
2. u̯asei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯ašei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯osei̯o-
Hitt. u̯ašei̯a-
(d.) ‘‹cf. above and below?›’
(OHP. 1:557)
(Hitt. ua-aš-ši-ia-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *u̯osei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asei̯a-
2. u̯asei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯ašei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯osei̯o·Σ
HLu. u̯ašei̯a·za-
(BONUScs.) ‘‹make good?›’
(CHLu. 10.10.6, 10.16.5)
(HLu. BONUS-si-ia-za-ha [1sg])
1. PIE *u̯osei̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asei̯a·Σ
2. u̯asei̯a·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯ašei̯a·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uosol-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *u̯osolo-
HLu. u̯ašala-
(BONUSsb.) ‘goodness vel sim.’
(CHLu. 4.10.3)
(HLu. BONUS-sa-la-ti)
1. PIE *u̯osolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asala-
2. u̯asala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯ašala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯osololi-
HLu. u̯ašalali-
(?.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 2.13.12)
(HLu. CUM-i wa/i-sa-la-li-ti-i [3sg] ‹uncertain if here›)
1. PIE *u̯osololi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asalali-
2. u̯asalali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯ašalali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯osolei̯o-
Hitt. u̯ašalei̯a-
(d.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:551)
(Hitt. ua-ša-li-ia-an [sgA] ‹uncertain if here›)
1. PIE *u̯osolei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asalei̯a-
2. u̯asalei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯ašalei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uesel-
(IEW 1175)
PIE *u̯eselo
Latv. vesel-
(a.) ‘gesund, heil, unversehrt’
(IEW 1175)
1. PIE *u̯eselo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯esela
2. u̯esela
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vesela
3. vesela
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Latv. vesel
PIE *u̯eselo
OCS. veselŭ-
(a.) ‘froh, begnadet’
(Sadnik √1059)
1. PIE *u̯eselo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯esela
2. u̯esela
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *u̯eselo
3. u̯eselo
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *u̯eselu
4. u̯eselu
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *veselu
5. veselu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. veselŭ
PIE *u̯eseliēɑh-
Illyr. ueseliā-
(PNf.) ‘Felicitas’
(IEW 1175)
1. PIE *u̯eseliēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯eseliāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯eseliāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯eseliāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯eseliāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯eseliā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯eseliā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Illyr. ueseliā-
PIE *u̯eseliɑ́h
OCS. veseli-
(vb.) ‘erfreuen, froh machen’
(Sadnik √1059)
(OCS. veseliti [inf.])
1. PIE *u̯eseliɑ́h
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *u̯eseliíh
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. u̯eseliíh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯eselií
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. u̯eselií
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *u̯eselī́
4. u̯eselī́
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *veselī́
5. veselī́
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *veselí
6. veselí
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → OCS. veseli
PIE *u̯eseliɑ́hi̯os
OCS. veselije
(n.) ‘Freude’
(Sadnik √1059)
1. PIE *u̯eseliɑ́hi̯os
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *u̯eseliíhi̯os
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. u̯eseliíhi̯os
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯eseliíhi̯as
3. u̯eseliíhi̯as
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯eseliíi̯as
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯eseliíi̯as
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *u̯eselī́i̯as
5. u̯eselī́i̯as
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *u̯eselī́i̯os
6. u̯eselī́i̯os
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in -os (root-final)
Ros=›o= → *u̯eselī́i̯o
7. u̯eselī́i̯o
*-i̯o → -i̯e
Change of root-final -i̯o to -i̯e
Ri̯o=›i̯e= → *u̯eselī́i̯e
8. u̯eselī́i̯e
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *veselī́i̯e
9. veselī́i̯e
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *veselī́je
10. veselī́je
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *veselíje
11. veselíje
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → OCS. veselije
√uosomi-
PIE *u̯oso·mi-
HLu. u̯aša·mi-
(BONUSpt.) ‘beloved’
(CHLu. 2.9.19, 2.27.1)
(HLu. BONUS-sa-mi-i, wá/í-sa-mi-sa)
1. PIE *u̯oso·mi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asa·mi-
2. u̯asa·mi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯aša·mi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√usonu-
PIE *usonu-
HLu. ušanu-
(cs.) ‘bless: Phoen. brk’
(CHLu. 1.1.14)
(HLu. u-sa-nú-há [1sg])
1. PIE *usonu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *usanu-
2. usanu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. ušanu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *usonu·so-
HLu. ušanu·ša-
(cs.) ‘make good, bless’ (KLuN. §235)
(CHLu. 10.45.8)
(HLu. u-sa-nu-sá-ha [1sg])
1. PIE *usonu·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *usanu·sa-
2. usanu·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. ušanu·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *usonu̯o-
HLu. ušanu̯a-
(cs.) ‘make blessed’
(CHLu. 10.10.10)
(HLu. u-sa4-nú-wa/i-ha [1sg])
1. PIE *usonu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *usanu̯a-
2. usanu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. ušanu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *usonu̯o·mi-
HLu. ušanu̯a·mi-
(pt.) ‘blessed’
(CHLu. 1.1.51)
(HLu. u-sa-nú-wa/i-mi-sá [sgN])
1. PIE *usonu̯o·mi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *usanu̯a·mi-
2. usanu̯a·mi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. ušanu̯a·mi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uosor-
PIE *u̯osor-
CLu. u̯ašar-
(n.) ‘Gunst’
(HHand. 198, CLuLex. 263)
(CLu. ua-aš-ša-ar [sgNA])
1. PIE *u̯osor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asar-
2. u̯asar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. u̯ašar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯osoro-
HLu. u̯ašara-
(sb.) ‘goodness’
(CHLu. 2.11.34)
(HLu. wa/i-sa5+ra/i-ti-i)
1. PIE *u̯osoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asara-
2. u̯asara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯ašara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯osoro·ɦɑidɑɦo-
CLu. u̯ašara·ḫida-
(n.) ‘Gunst: favour’
(HHand. 198)
(CLu. ua-aš-ša!-ra-(a)-ḫi-ta-ti)
1. PIE *u̯osoro·ɦɑidɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯osoro·ɦidɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯osoro·ɦidɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asara·ɦidɦa-
3. u̯asara·ɦidɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *u̯asara·ɦida-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯asara·ɦida-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *u̯ašara·ɦida-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. u̯ašara·ɦida-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. u̯ašara·ḫida-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *u̯osoro·nu-
HLu. u̯ašara·nu-
(BONUScs.) ‘benefit’
(CHLu. 2.22.7)
(HLu. (BONUS)wa/i-sa5-+ra/i-nu-ha)
1. PIE *u̯osoro·nu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asara·nu-
2. u̯asara·nu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯ašara·nu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uosodɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *u̯osodɑɦo
CLu. u̯ašada-
(sb.) ‘goodness? ‹cf. below›’
(HHand. 198)
(CLu. u̯ašadati [sgI])
1. PIE *u̯osodɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯osodɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯osodɦo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asadɦa
3. u̯asadɦa
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *u̯asada
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯asada
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. u̯ašada
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯osodɑɦo-
HLu. u̯ašada-
(sb.*) ‘goodness’
(CHLu. 2.43.1)
(HLu. BONUS-sa-tà-ti [sgI])
1. PIE *u̯osodɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯osodɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯osodɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asadɦa-
3. u̯asadɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *u̯asada-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯asada-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯ašada-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uosu-
PIE *u̯osu-
HLu. u̯ašu-
(vb.) ‘do well, succeed’
(CHLu. 10.12.18)
(HLu. wa/i5-sú-ha [1sg])
1. PIE *u̯osu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asu-
2. u̯asu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯ašu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯osu-
Pal. u̯ašu-
(vb.) ‹‘do well, succeed? cf. above›’
(DPal. 78)
(Pal. ua-šu-u-ḫa [pret1sg] 2 A Rs. 23)
1. PIE *u̯osu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asu-
2. u̯asu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Pal. u̯ašu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯ósu-
RV. vásu-
(a.) ‘licht, herrlich, gut, fromm, gut, heilsam’
(WbRV. 1234)
1. PIE *u̯ósu-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *u̯ásu-
2. u̯ásu-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. vásu-
PIE *u̯ósu-
RV. vásu-
(m.pl) ‘die Lichten, Herrlichen, Guten’
(WbRV. 1234)
1. PIE *u̯ósu-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *u̯ásu-
2. u̯ásu-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. vásu-
PIE *u̯ósu-
RV. vásu-
(n.) ‘das Gut’
(WbRV. 1234)
1. PIE *u̯ósu-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *u̯ásu-
2. u̯ásu-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. vásu-
PIE *u̯osu-
HLu. u̯ašu-
(a.) ‘good’ (adv.) ‘good, well!’
(CHLu. 184)
(HLu. wa/i-su [adv.])
1. PIE *u̯osu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asu-
2. u̯asu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯ašu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯osu-
Pal. u̯ašu-
(a.) ‘gut’
(DPal. 78)
(Pal. ua-a-šu)
1. PIE *u̯osu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asu-
2. u̯asu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Pal. u̯ašu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uosuo-
PIE *u̯osu̯o-
HLu. u̯ašu̯a-
(a.) ‘good’
(CHLu. 10.11.14)
(HLu. wa/i-su-wa/i)
1. PIE *u̯osu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asu̯a-
2. u̯asu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯ašu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯osu̯o-
Hitt. u̯ašu̯a-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 480)
(Hitt. ua-šu-u[a(-))
1. PIE *u̯osu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asu̯a-
2. u̯asu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯ašu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯osu̯o·so-
CLu. u̯ašu̯a·ša-
(a.gen.) ‘of good(ness)’
(HHand. 199)
1. PIE *u̯osu̯o·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asu̯a·sa-
2. u̯asu̯a·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. u̯ašu̯a·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√usu-
PIE *usu·Σ
HLu. ušu·tara-
(BONUSvb.) ‘benefit?’
(CHLu. 4.4.5)
(HLu. BONUS(-)u-su-tara/i-ha; suffix unclear)
1. PIE *usu·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. ušu·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √us- (prep./adv.) ‘ex’
(IEW 1101-2)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Goth.)
√us-
(Pyysalo)
(HIL. 1075, HEG U:114f.)
PIE *us
Goth. us
(prep.) ‘ἐκ: out of’
(GoEtD. U44)
(Goth. us)
PIE *us·ei-
Hitt. uš·ei-
(vb.) ‘draw open (curtains)’
(HIL. 1075)
(Hitt. uš-še-it-tén [2pl]; Kimball 1987:165f. unlikely ‹for the verbal suffix, see Hitt. ei- ‘machen’›)
1. PIE *us·ei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. uš·ei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *us·ii̯o-
Hitt. uš·ii̯a-
(vb.) ‘draw open (curtains)’
(HIL. 1075)
(Hitt. ú-uš-ši-an-zi [3pl], uš-ši-ia-an-zi ‹for the verbal suffix, see Hitt. ii̯a- ‘machen’›)
1. PIE *us·ii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *us·ii̯a-
2. us·ii̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. uš·ii̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √uos- √ues- √us- (vb.) ‘laufen, eilen, zielen, treiben; holen, tragen, bringen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√uos-
PIE *Π·u̯ōu̯es-
RV. ánu (…) vāvas·-
(vb.) ‘im Laufe hinzielen/streben nach’
(WbRV. 1233)
(RV. vāvase ánu savyā́m sphigíam 624,8)
1. PIE *Π·u̯ōu̯es-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·u̯āu̯es-
2. Π·u̯āu̯es-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·u̯āu̯as-
3. Π·u̯āu̯as-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. Π·vāvas-
PIE *u̯osḗhɑ-
Latv. vasê-
(vb.) ‘hin und hertreiben’
(LiEtWb. 1206)
(Latv. vasêt [inf.])
1. PIE *u̯osḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯osḗh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯osḗh-
*ḗH → êH
Latvian tone rule for ḗH
RAccLatv6 → *u̯osêh-
3. u̯osêh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯osê-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯osê-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asê-
5. u̯asê-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Latv. vasê-
√us-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG H:168, HED 3:133f.; for the prefix, see Lat. ob·)
PIE *ɦɑobɑɦ·us-
Hitt. ḫab·uš-
(vb.M.) ‘nachholen, nachträglich darbringen, ersetzen’
(HIL. 350)
(Hitt. ḫa-p[u-ša-a-r]i, ḫa-pu-uš-ta-at)
1. PIE *ɦɑobɑɦ·us-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦobɦ·us-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦobɦ·us-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabɦ·us-
3. ɦabɦ·us-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦab·us-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦab·us-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦab·uš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦab·uš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫab·uš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑobɑɦ·us-
Hitt. ḫab·uš-
(vb.A.) ‘make up for, make up, to bring after’
(HIL. 350)
(Hitt. ḫa-pu-uš-zi [3sg], ḫa-pu-ša-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *ɦɑobɑɦ·us-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦobɦ·us-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦobɦ·us-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabɦ·us-
3. ɦabɦ·us-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦab·us-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦab·us-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦab·uš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦab·uš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫab·uš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *ɦɑobɑɦ·us-
CLu. ḫab·uš-
(vb.1.) ‘réparer, remplacer’
(DLL. 41)
(CLu. ḫa-pu-uš-ui5 [1sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑobɑɦ·us-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦobɦ·us-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦobɦ·us-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabɦ·us-
3. ɦabɦ·us-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦab·us-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦab·us-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦab·uš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦab·uš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫab·uš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√uso-
PIE *uso-
HLu. uša-
(PESvb.) ‘bring’
(CHLu. 1.1.29.)
(HLu. (“PES”)u-sá-ha, (“PES”)u-sa-há-‘)
1. PIE *uso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *usa-
2. usa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. uša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *uso-
CLu. uša-
(vb.) ‘bringen?’
(DLL. 102-3)
(CLu. u-ša-ú-i [1sg])
1. PIE *uso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *usa-
2. usa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. uša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·uso-
HLu. ARHA uša·-
(PESvb.) ‘bring’
(CHLu. 10.42.3)
(HLu. ARHA (PES)u-sa-wa/i)
1. PIE *Π·uso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·usa-
2. Π·usa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. Π·uša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uosi-
PIE *u̯osoi-
HLu. u̯ašai-
(PES2vb.) ‘walk?’
(CHLu. 2.15.3)
(HLu. PES2(-)wa/i-sà-i-ta)
1. PIE *u̯osoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asai-
2. u̯asai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯ašai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯osi-
HLu. u̯aši-
(PES2vb.) ‘come (for)’
(CHLu. 3.3.17)
(HLu. PES2(-)wa/i-si-ti)
1. PIE *u̯osi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asi-
2. u̯asi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯aši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯esi-
RV. vasi-
(vb.) ‘zielen auf [L]’
(WbRV. 1233)
(RV. vasiṣva [2sg])
1. PIE *u̯esi-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *u̯asi-
2. u̯asi-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. vasi-
√uoson-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG W:388-9, HIL. 1134-5)
PIE *u̯osono-
Hitt. u̯ašana-
(n.) ‘Stadion, Rennbahn oder Fahrspur’
(HHand. 198)
1. PIE *u̯osono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asana-
2. u̯asana-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯ašana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯ōso·Σ
TochA. wāsä·ṅkā-
(pr.M.) ‘se mouvoir’
(Poucha 292)
(TochA. wāsäṅkātär ‹suffix unclear›)
1. PIE *u̯ōso·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ōsa·Σ
2. u̯ōsa·Σ
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *u̯āsa·Σ
3. u̯āsa·Σ
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. wāsa·Σ
PIE *u̯osnḗɑh-
Lith. vasnó-
(vb.) ‘mit den Flügeln schlagen, wedeln’
(LiEtWb. 1206)
1. PIE *u̯osnḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *u̯osnā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯osnā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯osnā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯osnā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯osnā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯osnā́-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asnā́-
5. u̯asnā́-
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *u̯asnṓ-
(XX:XX)
6. u̯asnṓ-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → *u̯asnó-
7. u̯asnó-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. vasnó-
√uesuoi-
(Pyysalo)
(HIL. 1166, HEG W:531-2)
PIE *ondɑɦo·u̯esu̯oi-
Hitt. anda·u̯ešu̯ai-
(vb.1.) ‘‹‘bring in?’, not ‘mit Kleidern versehen’›’
(HHand. 201)
(Hitt. an-da ú-e-šu-ua-a-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *ondɑɦo·u̯esu̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ondɦo·u̯esu̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ondɦo·u̯esu̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *andɦa·u̯esu̯ai-
3. andɦa·u̯esu̯ai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *anda·u̯esu̯ai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. anda·u̯esu̯ai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. anda·u̯ešu̯ai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √uos- √ues- √us- (sb.) ‘Feuchtigkeit, Saft, Fett, Arznei, Gift’
(IEW 1171-2)
(Schmitt-Brandt 1967:84: Hitt. + IE)
√uos-
(HEW W:396)
(HIL. 1136f.)
PIE *u̯oso-
Hitt. u̯aša-
(n.) ‘Ingredienz’
(HHand. 197)
(Hitt. u̯ašaḪI.A, mistakenly Rieken 1999:46)
1. PIE *u̯oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asa-
2. u̯asa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯aša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯oso-
TochA. wäs-
(sb.) ‘venenum: poison’
(Poucha 301)
(TochA. wäs)
1. PIE *u̯oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asa-
2. u̯asa-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. wasa-
PIE *u̯oso-
TochB. wasa-
(m.sg) ‘poison’
(DTochB. 584)
(TochB. wase)
1. PIE *u̯oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asa-
2. u̯asa-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. wasa-
PIE *u̯ōso
OEng. wōs-
(n.) ‘Feuchtigkeit, Saft’
(ASaxD. 1268)
(→ ModEng. ooze)
1. PIE *u̯ōso
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ōsa
2. u̯ōsa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *u̯ōs
3. u̯ōs
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OEng. wōs
PIE *u̯ósēɑh-
OInd. vásā-
(f.) ‘Speck, Fett, Schmalz’
(KEWA 3:168)
(LÉDT 153)
1. PIE *u̯ósēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯ósāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯ósāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ósāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ósāh-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *u̯ásāh-
4. u̯ásāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯ásā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯ásā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OInd. vásā-
PIE *u̯osēɑh
Latv. vasa-
(f.) ‘Feuchtigkeit des Bodens’
(LiEtWb. 23)
(Latv. vasa)
1. PIE *u̯osēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯osāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯osāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯osāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯osāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯osā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯osā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asā
5. u̯asā
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vasā
6. vasā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R=ā›=a → Latv. vasa
PIE *u̯osi-
Hitt. u̯aši-
(n.) ‘(Ingredienz, Bestand)Teil’
(HHand. 198)
1. PIE *u̯osi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asi-
2. u̯asi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯aši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯osolo
OHG. wasal
(n.) ‘Regen, Regenguss: pluvia, pluvium’
(Gl. 9th cent.)
1. PIE *u̯osolo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asala
2. u̯asala
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *u̯asal
3. u̯asal
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. wasal
√ues-
PIE *u̯es·tikēɑh-
Umbr. ues·ticā-
(vb.) ‘~ Trankopfer darbringen: libare’
(WbOU. 847-8)
(Umbr. vestikatu, uesticatu)
1. PIE *u̯es·tikēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯es·tikāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯es·tikāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯es·tikāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯es·tikāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯es·tikā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯es·tikā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *u̯es·ticā-
5. u̯es·ticā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Umbr. ues·ticā-
PIE *u̯es·eɑhro-
Gr. ἑ·αρο-
(n.pl) ‘‹cf. below›’
(GEW 1:433)
(OTher. hεαρα, GEW: "vgl. ἐαρόν· λουτῆρα ἢ πρόχουν H.")
1. PIE *u̯es·eɑhro-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯es·aɑhro-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. u̯es·aɑhro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯es·ahro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯es·ahro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯es·aro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯es·aro-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *u̯eh·aro-
5. u̯eh·aro-
*u̯E → hE
Change of u̯ into h before e,é,ē,ḗ
Ru̯E›hE → *heh·aro-
6. heh·aro-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *he·aro-
7. he·aro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἑ·αρο-
PIE *Π·Π·u̯ēsɑ́hin-
Lith. at·si·vėsín-
(vb.) ‘seinen Durst stillen: quench one's thirst’
(Senn 2:187)
(Lith. atsivėsìnti [inf.], LiEtWb. –)
1. PIE *Π·Π·u̯ēsɑ́hin-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *Π·Π·u̯ēsíhin-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·Π·u̯ēsíhin-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·Π·u̯ēsíin-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·Π·u̯ēsíin-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *Π·Π·u̯ēsī́n-
4. Π·Π·u̯ēsī́n-
*ī́RC → íRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ī́RC
Rī́RC›íRC → *Π·Π·u̯ēsín-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
5. Π·Π·u̯ēsín-
* ē -> ė
Change of *ē into ė
Rē›ė → *Π·Π·u̯ėsín-
6. Π·Π·u̯ėsín-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. Π·Π·vėsín-


PIE √us- √uos- √ues- (vb.) ‘handeln, erwerben, kaufen’
(IEW 1173)
(Forrer apud Feist 1924:130)
√uos-
(HEG W:379f.)
(HIL. 1134f.)
PIE *u̯os-
Hitt. u̯aš-
(vb.2.A.M.) ‘ŠÁM: kaufen, erwerben’
(HEG W:379-383)
(HHand. 197, Hitt. u̯ašti [2sg], ua-a-ši [3sg])
1. PIE *u̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯as-
2. u̯as-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯aš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯os-
HLu. u̯aš-
(vb.) ‘‹buy›’
’(CHLu. 10.37.2)
(HLu. 68 OVIS-na Ila-li-sá Ipá?-ra/i-sà-ta-ia pi-ia-i ku-ki-sà-ta-za REL-za wa/i-si-i [3sg])
1. PIE *u̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯as-
2. u̯as-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯aš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯osei̯o-
Hitt. u̯ašei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘kaufen, erwerben: buy’
(HIL. 1134f.)
(HHand. 197)
1. PIE *u̯osei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asei̯a-
2. u̯asei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯ašei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√us-
PIE *usonei̯o-
Hitt. ušanei̯a-
(vb.) ‘verkaufen’
(HHand. 197)
(Hitt. ušanei̯azi)
1. PIE *usonei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *usanei̯a-
2. usanei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ušanei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uosn-
PIE *u̯osnó-
RV. vasná-
(n.) ‘Kaufpreis’
(WbRV. 1238)
1. PIE *u̯osnó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asnó-
2. u̯asnó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *u̯asná-
3. u̯asná-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. vasná-
PIE *u̯osnei̯ó-
RV. vasnayá-
(pr.) ‘feilschen’ (pt.) ‘feilschend’
(WbRV. 1238)
(RV. vasnayántā)
1. PIE *u̯osnei̯ó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asnei̯ó-
2. u̯asnei̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *u̯asnei̯á-
3. u̯asnei̯á-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *u̯asnai̯á-
4. u̯asnai̯á-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vasnai̯á-
5. vasnai̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. vasnayá-
PIE *u̯ósniɑHo-
RV. vásnia-
(a.) ‘feil, verkäuflich’
(WbRV. 1238)
1. PIE *u̯ósniɑHo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ósniHo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ósniHo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ósniHa-
3. u̯ósniHa-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *u̯ásniHa-
4. u̯ásniHa-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *u̯ásni.a-
5. u̯ásni.a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. vásni.a-


PIE √us- √uos- √ues- (vb.) ‘kleiden, anziehen, bedecken’
(IEW 1172-3)
(Hrozný 1915:28)
√ues-
(HEG W:509ff.)
(HIL. 1161ff.)
PIE *u̯es-
Hitt. u̯eš-
(vb.M.intr.) ‘gekleidet sein, angezogen sein’
(HHand. 201)
1. PIE *u̯es-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯eš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯és-
RV. vás-
(ao.M.) ‘sich anziehen, kleiden in etw.’
(WbRV. 1231)
(RV. váste [3sg], vásate [3pl]; or *o?)
1. PIE *u̯és-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *u̯ás-
2. u̯ás-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. vás-
PIE *u̯es-
gAv. vah-
(pr.M.) ‘tragen (den/die Himmel als Gewand)’
(AIWb. 1394)
(gAv. vastē [3sg]; or *o?)
1. PIE *u̯es-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *u̯eh-
2. u̯eh-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *u̯ah-
3. u̯ah-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → gAv. vah-
√uos-
(HEG W:509ff.)
(HIL. 1161ff.)
PIE *u̯os-
Hitt. u̯aš-
(vb.1.A.tr.) ‘bekleiden, bedecken, anziehen’
(HHand. 197)
1. PIE *u̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯as-
2. u̯as-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯aš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *Π·u̯os-
Hitt. anda (…) u̯aš·-
(vb.) ‘(Pferde) zudecken’
(HHand. 197)
1. PIE *Π·u̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·u̯as-
2. Π·u̯as-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·u̯aš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯os-
TochA. was-
(vb.) ‘vestire: kleiden’
(Poucha 300)
(TochA. wassi [inf.])
1. PIE *u̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯as-
2. u̯as-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. was-
PIE *u̯os-
TochB. was-
(vb.) ‘kleiden’
(DTochB. 585)
(TochB. wastsi [inf.])
1. PIE *u̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯as-
2. u̯as-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. was-
√uoso·bɑɦo-
PIE *u̯oso·bɑɦo-
Hitt. u̯aša·ba-
(c.) ‘Kleid: clothing?’
(HHand. 198)
(Hitt. u̯aššapa-)
1. PIE *u̯oso·bɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯oso·bɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯oso·bɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asa·bɦa-
3. u̯asa·bɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *u̯asa·ba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯asa·ba-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯aša·ba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯oso·bɑɦo-
HLu. u̯aša·ba-
(179.347.5sb.) ‘clothing’
(CHLu. 11.1.e18)
(HLu. *179.*347.5(-)wa/i-sà-pa-ha-wa/i-mu)
1. PIE *u̯oso·bɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯oso·bɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯oso·bɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asa·bɦa-
3. u̯asa·bɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *u̯asa·ba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯asa·ba-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯aša·ba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uos·bɑɦo-
PIE *u̯os·bɑɦo-
Hitt. u̯aš·ba-
(c.) ‘Kleid: Sum. TÚG’
(HHand. 198)
1. PIE *u̯os·bɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯os·bɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯os·bɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯as·bɦa-
3. u̯as·bɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *u̯as·ba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯as·ba-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯aš·ba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *sori·u̯os·bɑɦo-
Hitt. šari·u̯aš·ba-
(TÚGc.) ‘(Kleidungstück, ‘Oberkleid?’ ‘Jacke?’)’
(HHand. 145)
(Hitt. šariu̯ašpa-)
1. PIE *sori·u̯os·bɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sori·u̯os·bɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sori·u̯os·bɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sari·u̯as·bɦa-
3. sari·u̯as·bɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *sari·u̯as·ba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. sari·u̯as·ba-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šari·u̯aš·ba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯os·bɑhonto·si-
Hitt. u̯aš·banta·ši-
(a.gen.) ‘Garderobe’
(HHand. 198)
1. PIE *u̯os·bɑhonto·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯os·bhonto·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯os·bhonto·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯as·bhanta·si-
3. u̯as·bhanta·si-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *u̯as·banta·si-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯as·banta·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯aš·banta·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √us- √ues- √uos- (vb.) ‘fressen, schmausen’ (sb.) ‘Fresse, Maul; Weide, Hirt’
(IEW 1171)
(Sommer 1922:60-2)
√uos-
PIE *pro·u̯os
Goth. fra·was-
(pret.) ‘verbrauchen, vergeuden: δαπανα̃ν: consummare’
(GoEtD. W75)
(Goth. frawas [3sg] Luk 15,14 CA)
1. PIE *pro·u̯os
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *fro·u̯os
2. fro·u̯os
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *fra·u̯as
3. fra·u̯as
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Goth. fra·was
√uēs-
PIE *Π·u̯ēs-
Goth. bi·wes-
(pret.) ‘sich vergnügen/erfreuen: εὐφραίνεσθαι: epulari’
(GoEtD. W75)
(Goth. biwesjau [opt1sg] Luk 15,29 CA, IF 22,308, GoElB. 294ff.)
1. PIE *Π·u̯ēs-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → *Π·wēs-
2. Π·wēs-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → Goth. Π·wes-
√ueso-
PIE *u̯eso-
Goth. wisa-
(pr.5.) ‘schwelgen, sich freuen: εὐφραίνεσθαι’
(GoEtD. W75)
(Goth. wisam [1pl] Luk 15,23 CA, wisan [inf.] Luk 15,24 CA; Luk 15,32 CA)
1. PIE *u̯eso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯esa-
2. u̯esa-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *u̯isa-
3. u̯isa-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Goth. wisa-
PIE *Π·u̯eso-
Goth. waila (…) wisa·-
(vb.) ‘schmausen, sich vergnügen’
GoEtD. W75)
(Goth. waila wisan [inf.])
1. PIE *Π·u̯eso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·u̯esa-
2. Π·u̯esa-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *Π·u̯isa-
3. Π·u̯isa-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Goth. Π·wisa-
√uēsi-
(HEG W:519-522)
(HIL. 1164f.)
PIE *u̯ēsi-
Hitt. u̯ēši-
(c.) ‘Weide, Viehweide’
(HHand. 201)
1. PIE *u̯ēsi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯ēši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯ēsei̯o-
Hitt. u̯ēšei̯a-
(vb.M.) ‘weiden, abweiden’
(HHand. 201)
1. PIE *u̯ēsei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ēsei̯a-
2. u̯ēsei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯ēšei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uēski-
PIE *u̯ēski-
Lat. uēsc-
(vb.M.) ‘als Speise genießen, sich nähren’
(WH. 2:769)
(Lat. uēscor [1sg], uēsci [inf.])
1. PIE *u̯ēski-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *u̯ēsḱ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. u̯ēsḱ-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *u̯ēsk-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯ēsk-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *u̯ēsc-
4. u̯ēsc-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. uēsc-
PIE *u̯ēski̯o-
Lat. uēsco-
(a.) ‘fressend, gefräßig; abgezehrt, mager’
(WH. 2:769)
(Lat. uescus [sgN])
1. PIE *u̯ēski̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *u̯ēsḱo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. u̯ēsḱo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *u̯ēsko-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯ēsko-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *u̯ēsco-
4. u̯ēsco-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. uēsco-
√uosri-
PIE *u̯osri-
TochA. wäsri-
(sb.) ‘grassy field, lawn’
(DTochB. 585)
(‹suffix unclear›)
1. PIE *u̯osri-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asri-
2. u̯asri-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. wasri-
√uēsto-
(IEW 1171)
(Laroche 1955a:75, HIL. 1171, HEG W:568-9)
PIE *u̯ēsto-
Hitt. u̯ēšta-
(NINDAc.) ‘(ein Gebäck)’
(HHand. 203)
(Hitt. u̯išta-, for etymology, cf. BLyk. 2:208)
1. PIE *u̯ēsto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ēsta-
2. u̯ēsta-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯ēšta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯ēsto-
Pal. u̯ēšta-
(c.) ‘(eine Brotsorte) HHand. 203’
(DPal. 76)
(Pal. ú-iš-ta-aš [sgN], DPal. 18f, 90)
1. PIE *u̯ēsto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ēsta-
2. u̯ēsta-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Pal. u̯ēšta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯ēsto·si-
CLu. u̯ēšta·ši-
(dc.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:562)
(CLu. ú-i-iš-ta-aš-ši-in [sgA], GhR. 582-3; CLuLex. 270; KLuN. 73 n. 170)
1. PIE *u̯ēsto·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ēsta·si-
2. u̯ēsta·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. u̯ēšta·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯ēstodɑɦei-
Hitt. u̯ēštadei-
(NINDAc.) ‘(ein Gebäck)’
(HHand. 203)
1. PIE *u̯ēstodɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ēstodɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ēstodɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ēstadɦei-
3. u̯ēstadɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *u̯ēstadei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯ēstadei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯ēštadei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯ēstodɑɦnimi-
CLu. u̯ēštadnimi-
(NINDApt.) ‘(ein Gebäck) HHand. 203’
(DLL. 111)
(CLu. ui-iš-ta-at-ni-mi-iš, ui-iš-ta-at-ni-me-en)
1. PIE *u̯ēstodɑɦnimi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ēstodɦnimi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ēstodɦnimi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ēstadɦnimi-
3. u̯ēstadɦnimi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *u̯ēstadnimi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯ēstadnimi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. u̯ēštadnimi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯ēstou̯ondɑɦo-
Hitt. u̯ēštau̯anda-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 485-6)
(Hitt. ú-i-iš-ta-u-ua-an-da, DKašk. 99)
1. PIE *u̯ēstou̯ondɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ēstou̯ondɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ēstou̯ondɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ēstau̯andɦa-
3. u̯ēstau̯andɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *u̯ēstau̯anda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯ēstau̯anda-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯ēštau̯anda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uēst(o)r-
(HEG W:525-7)
(HIL. 1165f.)
PIE *u̯ēstoro-
Hitt. uēštara-
(LÚc.) ‘SIPA: Hirt’
(HHand. 201)
(Hitt. ú-e-eš-ta-ra-aš)
1. PIE *u̯ēstoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ēstara-
2. u̯ēstara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯ēštara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯ēstor-
gAv. vāstar-
(m.) ‘Hirte’
(AIWb. 1413)
1. PIE *u̯ēstor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ēstar-
2. u̯ēstar-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *u̯āstar-
3. u̯āstar-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → gAv. vāstar-
PIE *u̯ēstro-
gAv. vāstra-
(n.) ‘Gras, Futter; Weideland; Weidewirtschaft’
(AIWb. 1414)
1. PIE *u̯ēstro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ēstra-
2. u̯ēstra-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *u̯āstra-
3. u̯āstra-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → gAv. vāstra-
√uestR-
PIE *u̯estro-
LAv. vastra-
(n.) ‘Fresse, Maul, Rachen’
(AIWb. 1385)
1. PIE *u̯estro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯estra-
2. u̯estra-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *u̯astra-
3. u̯astra-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. vastra-


PIE √us- √uos- √ues- (vb.) ‘geben, opfern’
(IEW 1173 [diff.])
(Pyysalo: HLu. + TochAB.)
√uos-
PIE *u̯os-
TochB. was-
(vb.) ‘geben’
(DTochB. 100-1)
(TochB. wasa)
1. PIE *u̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯as-
2. u̯as-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. was-
PIE *u̯os-
TochA. wäs-
(vb.) ‘geben’
(Poucha 37)
(TochA. wäs)
1. PIE *u̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯as-
2. u̯as-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. was-
√u̯osɑhoi-
PIE **u̯osɑhoi·Σ
HLu. u̯ašḫai·za-
(sb.) ‘compensation?’
(CHLu. 396)
1. PIE **u̯osɑhoi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → **u̯oshoi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. *u̯oshoi·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → **u̯ashai·Σ
3. *u̯ashai·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → **u̯ašhai·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. *u̯ašhai·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. *u̯ašḫai·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √ut- √uot- √uet- (vb.) ‘eilen, fliegen, fallen’
(IEW –)
(Nikolaev 2015:257-267)
√ueto-
(Nikolaev 2015:257-267)
(HIL. 1141-2, HEG W:442f.)
PIE *u̯ete-
MidIr. fethi-
(vb.) ‘make one's way, walk’
(DIL. 302)
(MidIr. fethid)
1. PIE *u̯ete-
*u̯- → f-
Change of *u̯- into f-
Ru̯=›f= → *fete-
2. fete-
VtV → VthV
Lenition of voiceless stop *t
Rt›th → *fethe-
3. fethe-
R=e-›=i- → MidIr. fethi-
PIE *u̯otoi-
Hitt. u̯atai-
(c.) ‘Vogel: MUŠEN?’
(HHand. 199)
(Hitt. ua-at-ta-i-e-eš [plN])
1. PIE *u̯otoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯atai-
√uotK-
PIE *u̯otko-
Hitt. u̯atka-
(vb.1.M.) ‘springen, entspringen, fliehen’
(HIL. 1144)
(Hitt. u̯atkaḫḫut [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *u̯otko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯atka-
√uotKu-
PIE *u̯otku-
Hitt. u̯atku-
(vb.1.A.M.) ‘springen, entspringen, fliehen’
(HHand. 200)
1. PIE *u̯otku-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯atku-


PIE √ut- √uot- √uet- (sb.) ‘Jahr, Kalb, Junges’ (a.) ‘alt’
(IEW 1175)
(WP. 1:251; Hrozný 1917:93n2)
√uet-
(HEG W:569ff.)
(HIL. 1172f.)
PIE *u̯et-
Hitt. u̯et-
(c.) ‘Jahr: MU’
(HEG W:569ff.)
(in Hitt. u̯itei [sgL], HuIdg. 122)
PIE *seɑh·u̯etéɑhlēɑh-
OInd. sa·vatárā-
(a.f.) ‘dasselbe Kalb habend’
(KEWA 3:133)
(OInd. savatárau [duN])
1. PIE *seɑh·u̯etéɑhlēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑh·u̯etéɑhlēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. saɑh·u̯etéɑhlēɑh-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *saɑh·u̯etáɑhlēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. saɑh·u̯etáɑhlēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *saɑh·u̯etáɑhlāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
4. saɑh·u̯etáɑhlāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sah·u̯etáhlāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
5. sah·u̯etáhlāh-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *sah·u̯etáhrāh-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
6. sah·u̯etáhrāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sa·u̯etárā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. sa·u̯etárā-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *sa·u̯atárā-
8. sa·u̯atárā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OInd. sa·vatárā-
√uetos-
PIE *u̯etos-
LinB. ϝετοσ-
(n.) ‘Jahr’
(GEW 1:583f.)
(LinB. we-to [sgNA])
1. PIE *u̯etos-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → LinB. ϝετοσ-
PIE *u̯étos-
ODor. ϝέτοσ-
(n.) ‘Jahr’
(GEW 1:583f.)
(Gr. ϝέτος)
1. PIE *u̯étos-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → ODor. ϝέτοσ-
PIE *u̯etos-
Lat. uetos-
(a.) ‘alt’
(WH. 2:776)
(Lat. vetus)
1. PIE *u̯etos-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. uetos-
√uets-
PIE *u̯ets·pont-
Hitt. u̯ez·pant-
(a.) ‘alt’
(HEG W:569)
(Hitt. u̯ezpant-)
1. PIE *u̯ets·pont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ets·pant-
2. u̯ets·pant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯etš·pant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯etsó-
RV. vatsá-
(m.) ‘Kalb, Junges’ (PNm.) ‘Vatsá-’
(WbRV. 1199)
1. PIE *u̯etsó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *u̯etsá-
2. u̯etsá-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *u̯atsá-
3. u̯atsá-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. vatsá-
PIE *Π·u̯etso-
RV. saṃ·vatsa-
(adv.) ‘ein Jahr lang’
(WbRV. 1438)
(RV. saṃvatsam)
1. PIE *Π·u̯etso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·u̯etsa-
2. Π·u̯etsa-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·u̯atsa-
3. Π·u̯atsa-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. Π·vatsa-


PIE √ut- √udɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Wasser, Trank, Welle’
(IEW 79-80)
(de Vries ANEtWb. 635, Pyysalo)
√ut-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *ut-
OIcl. uð-
(f.) ‘Welle’
(ANEtWb. 635)
(“Die idg. Wz. *uet steht neben *ued”)
1. PIE *ut-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *uþ-
2. uþ-
*þ → ð
Change of þ into ð
R=þ›=ð → OIcl. uð-
√udɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *kiɑhur·údɑɦ-
RV. śur·údh-
(f.) ‘stärkender Trank’
(WbRV. 1407)
1. PIE *kiɑhur·údɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kihur·údɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kihur·údɦ-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćhur·údɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ćhur·údɦ-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → *śhur·údɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. śhur·údɦ-
*śh → ś
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *śh
Rśh›ś → *śur·údɦ-
5. śur·údɦ-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. śur·údh-
PIE *udɑɦedɑɦi̯i-
Hitt. udezi-
(n.) ‘Nässe’
(HEG U: 143)
(Hitt. ú-te-ez-zi arḫa ḫaapanzi)
1. PIE *udɑɦedɑɦi̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *udɦedɦi̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. udɦedɦi̯i-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *udɦejɦi-
3. udɦejɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *udeji-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. udeji-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. udezi-


PIE √utɑh- √udɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Rede, Sache, Ding usw.’ (vb.) ‘sprechen, befehlen, bitten, mitteilen’
(IEW 978 [diff.])
(Pedersen: Celt.; Pyysalo: Gr. + Toch.)
√utɑh-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG U:130-141, HIL. 1077f.)
PIE *n·utɑhó-
Gr. ν·υθό-
(a.) ‘dumb’
(LSJ. 1183)
(Gr. νυθόν· ἄφωνον (Hes.))
1. PIE *n·utɑhó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *n·uthó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. n·uthó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ν·υθό-
PIE *utɑhléi̯o-
Gr. ὑθλέο-
(vb.) ‘Nonsens sprechen, plappern’
(GEW 2:950)
(Gr. ὑθλέω)
1. PIE *utɑhléi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *uthléi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. uthléi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *uthléo-
3. uthléo-
u- → hu
Crescence of h before u-
Ru=›hu= → *huthléo-
4. huthléo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὑθλέο-
PIE *utɑhon-
Hitt. utan-
(n.obl.) ‘Wort, (Ge)Rede, Sache, Ding’
(HHand. 189)
(Hitt. uttan-)
1. PIE *utɑhon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *uthon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. uthon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *uthan-
3. uthan-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. utan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *utɑhor-
Hitt. utar-
(n.) ‘Wort, (Ge)Rede, Sache, Ding, Orakel’
(HHand. 189)
(Hitt. uttar)
1. PIE *utɑhor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *uthor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. uthor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *uthar-
3. uthar-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. utar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uotɑh-
(HEG W:440-1)
(HIL. 1142-3)
PIE *u̯otɑhorei-
Hitt. u̯atarei-
(vb.) ‘Nonsens sprechen, plappern?’
(HIL. 1142-3)
(Hitt. URUua-at-ta-ar-ua (…) ua-at-ta-ri-et-ta-ru)
1. PIE *u̯otɑhorei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯othorei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯othorei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯atharei-
3. u̯atharei-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. u̯atarei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯otɑhoru̯o-
Hitt. u̯ataru̯a-
(URU.) ‘‹cf. Hitt. u̯atarei-›’
(HIL. 1142-3)
(Hitt. URUua-at-ta-ar-ua (…) ua-at-ta-ri-et-ta-ru)
1. PIE *u̯otɑhoru̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯othoru̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯othoru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯atharu̯a-
3. u̯atharu̯a-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. u̯ataru̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uetɑhi-
(HiuA 29fn1)
PIE *u̯etɑhi-
OCymr. gueti-
(vb.) ‘speak, say’
(EtGlOW. 67)
(OCymr. guetid [3sg])
1. PIE *u̯etɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ethi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ethi-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *u̯eti-
3. u̯eti-
* u̯- → gu-
Change of root-initial u̯- into gu-
Ru̯=›gu= → OCymr. gueti-
PIE *Π·u̯etɑhi-
MidCymr. di·wedy-
(vb.) ‘say’
(EtGlOW. 67)
(MidCymr. diwedyd [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·u̯etɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯ethi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·u̯ethi-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *Π·u̯eti-
3. Π·u̯eti-
*eti → edi
Voicing of t between vowels
Reti›edi → *Π·u̯edi-
4. Π·u̯edi-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → MidCymr. Π·wedi-
√uodɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG W:442-5, HIL. 1143f.)
PIE *u̯odɑɦornēɑh-
Hitt. u̯adarnāḫ-
(vb.1.) ‘befehlen, beauftragen, bitten, mitteilen’
(HHand. 199)
(SHV 458)
1. PIE *u̯odɑɦornēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯odɑɦornāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯odɑɦornāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯odɦornāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯odɦornāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯adɦarnāh-
4. u̯adɦarnāh-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *u̯adarnāh-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. u̯adarnāh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. u̯adarnāḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *u̯odɑɦornēɑhot-
Hitt. u̯adarnāḫat-
(n.) ‘Befehl, Mitteilung’
(HHand. 199)
1. PIE *u̯odɑɦornēɑhot-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯odɑɦornāɑhot-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯odɑɦornāɑhot-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯odɦornāhot-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯odɦornāhot-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯adɦarnāhat-
4. u̯adɦarnāhat-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *u̯adarnāhat-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. u̯adarnāhat-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. u̯adarnāḫat-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *u̯odɑɦkú-
TochA. watku-
(sb.m.) ‘Befehl: iussum’
(Poucha 285)
(TochA. watku)
1. PIE *u̯odɑɦkú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯odɦkú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯odɦkú-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯adɦkú-
3. u̯adɦkú-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯adkú-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. u̯adkú-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *u̯atkú-
5. u̯atkú-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → *watkú-
6. watkú-
*ú → u
Orthographic change of *ú into u
Rú›u → TochA. watku-
√udɑɦ·K-
(Pyysalo)
PIE *udɑɦok-
TochA. utäk-
(vb.) ‘iubere, imperare’
(Poucha 294)
(TochA. putäk [ipv])
1. PIE *udɑɦok-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *udɦok-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. udɦok-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *udɦak-
3. udɦak-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *udak-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. udak-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → TochA. utak-
PIE *u̯oudɑɦok-
TochA. wotäk-
(pret.A.) ‘iubere, imperare’
(Poucha 293)
(TochA. wotäk [3sg])
1. PIE *u̯oudɑɦok-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯oudɦok-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯oudɦok-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯audɦak-
3. u̯audɦak-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯audak-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. u̯audak-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *u̯autak-
5. u̯autak-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *u̯ōtak-
6. u̯ōtak-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *u̯otak-
7. u̯otak-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. wotak-
PIE *u̯oudɑɦk-
TochA. wotk-
(pret.A.) ‘iubere, imperare’
(Poucha 293)
(TochA. wotkāṃ [1sg+encl.], wotkaṣt [2sg], wotkar [3pl])
1. PIE *u̯oudɑɦk-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯oudɦk-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯oudɦk-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯audɦk-
3. u̯audɦk-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯audk-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. u̯audk-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *u̯autk-
5. u̯autk-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *u̯ōtk-
6. u̯ōtk-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *u̯otk-
7. u̯otk-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. wotk-


PIE √udɑɦ- √uedɑɦ- √uodɑɦ- (vb.) ‘bringen, tragen, führen, leiten, heiraten’
(IEW 1115-6)
(XX)
√uedɑɦ-
(HEG W:532ff.)
(HIL. 1166f.)
PIE *u̯édɑɦ-
Lith. vèd-
(vb.) ‘führen, leiten, heiraten’
(LiEtWb. 1211)
(Lith. vèsti [inf.])
1. PIE *u̯édɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯édɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯édɦ-
é → è
Emergence of gravis PLith. è
RLiAcc4 → *u̯èdɦ-
3. u̯èdɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯èd-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. u̯èd-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. vèd-
PIE *u̯edɑɦ-
OCS. ved-
(vb.) ‘führen, heiraten’
(Sadnik √1051)
(OCS. vesti [inf.])
1. PIE *u̯edɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯edɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯edɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯ed-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. u̯ed-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OCS. ved-
PIE *u̯edɑɦo-
Hitt. u̯eda-
(vb.2.) ‘(her)bringen, überbringen’
(HHand. 201)
(Hitt. ú-e-da-aḫ-ḫu-un [1sg])
1. PIE *u̯edɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯edɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯edɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯edɦa-
3. u̯edɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯eda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯edɑɦo-
Lith. veda-
(vb.) ‘führen, leiten, heiraten’
(LiEtWb. 1211)
(Lith. vedù [1sg])
1. PIE *u̯edɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯edɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯edɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯edɦa-
3. u̯edɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯eda-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. u̯eda-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. veda-
PIE *u̯edɑɦo-
OCS. vedo-
(vb.) ‘führen, heiraten’
(Sadnik √1051)
(OCS. vedǫtŭ [3pl])
1. PIE *u̯edɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯edɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯edɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯edɦa-
3. u̯edɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯eda-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. u̯eda-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *u̯edo-
5. u̯edo-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OCS. vedo-
PIE *Π·u̯edɑɦo-
Hitt. in·u̯eda-
(URU.) ‘(IŠTAR, Ḫepat von Wašutuwanta, IŠTAR von I.)’
(OGH. 141-2)
(Hitt. in-nu-ui5-ta, in-ú-i-ta; OGHErg. 51: ‘IŠTAR von I., ›Ḫurnija’)
1. PIE *Π·u̯edɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯edɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·u̯edɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·u̯edɦa-
3. Π·u̯edɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·u̯eda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯edɑɦoi-
Hitt. u̯edai-
(vb.1.) ‘(her)bringen’
(HHand. 201)
1. PIE *u̯edɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯edɦoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯edɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯edɦai-
3. u̯edɦai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯edai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯edɑɦont-
Hitt. u̯edant-
(pt.) ‘gebracht’
(HHand. 201)
1. PIE *u̯edɑɦont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯edɦont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯edɦont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯edɦant-
3. u̯edɦant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯edant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uodɑɦ-
(HIL. 1081)
PIE *uu̯odɑɦo-
CLu. uu̯ada-
(vb.) ‘bringen’ (HHand. 190)
(DLL. 104)
(CLu. ú-ua-ta-a[n-du] [3pl])
1. PIE *uu̯odɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *uu̯odɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. uu̯odɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *uu̯adɦa-
3. uu̯adɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. uu̯ada-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯ódɑɦo-
Lith. vãda-
(m.4.) ‘Führer’
(LiEtWb. 1177)
(Lith. vãdas [sgN])
1. PIE *u̯ódɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ódɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ódɦo-
ó → ò
Emergence of gravis PLith. ò
RLiAcc5 → *u̯òdɦo-
3. u̯òdɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯òdɦa-
4. u̯òdɦa-
PIE *ò → à
Change of *ò into à
Rò›à → *u̯àdɦa-
5. u̯àdɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯àda-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. u̯àda-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. vàda-
PIE *u̯odɑɦḗɑh-
Latv. vadâ-
(vb.iter.) ‘hin und her führen’
(LiEtWb. 1231)
(Latv. vadât [inf.])
1. PIE *u̯odɑɦḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *u̯odɑɦā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯odɑɦā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯odɦā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯odɦā́h-
*ā́H → âH
Latvian tone rule for *ā́h
RAccLatv3 → *u̯odɦâh-
4. u̯odɦâh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯odɦâ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯odɦâ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯adɦâ-
6. u̯adɦâ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯adâ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. u̯adâ-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Latv. vadâ-
PIE *Π·u̯odɑɦēɑh-
OCS. voje·voda-
(m.) ‘Heerführer, Befehlshaber’
(Sadnik √1051)
1. PIE *Π·u̯odɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·u̯odɑɦāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·u̯odɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯odɦāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·u̯odɦāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·u̯adɦāh-
4. Π·u̯adɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·u̯adɦā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·u̯adɦā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·u̯adā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. Π·u̯adā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·u̯odā-
7. Π·u̯odā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *Π·vodā-
8. Π·vodā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OCS. Π·voda-
PIE *uu̯odɑɦei-
Hitt. uu̯adei-
(vb.1.) ‘(her)bringen’
(HHand. 191)
(Hitt. u-ua-te-nu-un, u-ua-te-it, u-ua-te-ir)
1. PIE *uu̯odɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *uu̯odɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. uu̯odɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *uu̯adɦei-
3. uu̯adɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. uu̯adei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯odɑɦiɑ́h-
OCS. vodi-
(vb.) ‘führen, lenken, leiten’
(Sadnik √1051)
(OCS. voditi [inf.])
1. PIE *u̯odɑɦiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *u̯odɑɦiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. u̯odɑɦiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯odɦiíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯odɦiíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯adɦiíh-
4. u̯adɦiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯adɦií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯adɦií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *u̯adɦī́-
6. u̯adɦī́-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯adī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. u̯adī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *u̯odī́-
8. u̯odī́-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vodī́-
9. vodī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *vodí-
10. vodí-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → OCS. vodi-
√udɑɦ-
(HEG W:532ff.)
PIE *udɑɦo-
Hitt. uda-
(vb.2.) ‘(her)bringen, überbringen’
(HHand. 188)
(Hitt. ú-da-aš [3sg], ú-da-aḫ-ḫu-un [1sg])
1. PIE *udɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *udɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. udɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *udɦa-
3. udɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. uda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *udɑɦont-
Hitt. udant-
(pt.) ‘(her)bringen, überbringen’
(HHand. 188)
1. PIE *udɑɦont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *udɦont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. udɦont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *udɦant-
3. udɦant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. udant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *udɑɦeiski̯e/o-
Hitt. udeiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘herbringen’
(HHand. 188)
1. PIE *udɑɦeiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *udɦeiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. udɦeiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *udɦeisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. udɦeisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *udɦeisḱe/a-
4. udɦeisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *udɦeiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. udɦeiske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *udeiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. udeiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. udeiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √udɑɦn- √uodɑɦn- √uedɑɦn- (sb.) ‘Volk, Land’
(IEW 883)
(Bonfante 1934:223: Anat. + Gr.)
√uedɑɦnos-
PIE *u̯édɑɦnos-
Gr. ἔθνοσ-
(n.) ‘Volk: people’
(GEW 1:448-9)
(Bonfante 1934:223, Hom. (ϝ)ἔθνος ‹for the semantics cf. OIr. tūath ‘idem’›)
1. PIE *u̯édɑɦnos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯édɦnos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯édɦnos-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *u̯éthnos-
3. u̯éthnos-
*u̯E → hE
Change of u̯ into h before e,é,ē,ḗ
Ru̯E›hE → *héthnos-
4. héthnos-
*h-Th -› Ø-Th
Grassmann’s Law
Rhéth›éth → *éthnos-
(SPIE §4.6.4.)
5. éthnos-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἔθνοσ-
√gɑɦedi·uuodɑɦno-
(HEG U:143f.)
(HIL. 1078-9)
PIE *gɑɦodi·uu̯odɑɦno-
Hitt. gaz·u̯adna-
(URU.) ‘Kizuwatna’
(OGHErg. 81)
(Hitt. GAZ-zu-ua-a[t-n]a)
1. PIE *gɑɦodi·uu̯odɑɦno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦodi·uu̯odɦno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦodi·uu̯odɦno-
PIE *di → ji
Assibilation of *d before *i
Rdi›ji → *gɦoji·uu̯odɦno-
3. gɦoji·uu̯odɦno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦaji·uu̯adɦna-
4. gɦaji·uu̯adɦna-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gaji·uu̯adna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. gaji·uu̯adna-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. gazi·uu̯adna-
PIE *gɑɦedi·uu̯odɑɦono-
Hitt. gez·u̯adana-
(KUR URU.) ‘Kizuwatnean Land’
(OGH. 211-5)
(Hitt. ki-iz-zu-ua-ta-naKI)
1. PIE *gɑɦedi·uu̯odɑɦono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦedi·uu̯odɦono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦedi·uu̯odɦono-
PIE *di → ji
Assibilation of *d before *i
Rdi›ji → *gɦeji·uu̯odɦono-
3. gɦeji·uu̯odɦono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦeji·uu̯adɦana-
4. gɦeji·uu̯adɦana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *geji·uu̯adana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. geji·uu̯adana-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. gezi·uu̯adana-
PIE *gɑɦedi·uu̯odɑɦno-
Hitt. gez·u̯adna-
(URU.) ‘Kizuwatna- = Hur. gumani ‘Erde, Feld’’
(OGH. 211-5)
(Hitt. ki-iz-zu-ua-at-na-an)
1. PIE *gɑɦedi·uu̯odɑɦno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦedi·uu̯odɦno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦedi·uu̯odɦno-
PIE *di → ji
Assibilation of *d before *i
Rdi›ji → *gɦeji·uu̯odɦno-
3. gɦeji·uu̯odɦno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦeji·uu̯adɦna-
4. gɦeji·uu̯adɦna-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *geji·uu̯adna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. geji·uu̯adna-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. gezi·uu̯adna-
√udɑɦni-
(HEG U:143f.)
(HIL. 1078-9)
PIE *udɑɦni-
Hitt. udni-
(n.) ‘KUR: Land’ ‹sem. OIr. tūath ‘idem’›
(HHand. 189)
1. PIE *udɑɦni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *udɦni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. udɦni-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. udni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *udɑɦni-
HLu. udni-
(REGIOn.*) ‘Land’
(CHLu. 10.45.6)
(HLu. REGIO-ni; or *u̯adni-?)
1. PIE *udɑɦni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *udɦni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. udɦni-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. udni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *udɑɦni̯o·hɑsu-
Kpd. udni̯a·ḫšu-
(LÚc.) ‘Landkönig’
(NOMS. 1458)
(Kpd. ud-ni-aḫ-šu)
1. PIE *udɑɦni̯o·hɑsu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *udɦni̯o·hsu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. udɦni̯o·hsu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *udɦni̯a·hsu-
3. udɦni̯a·hsu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *udni̯a·hsu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. udni̯a·hsu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *udni̯a·hšu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. udni̯a·hšu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. udni̯a·ḫšu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *udɑɦni̯o·si-
HLu. udni̯a·ši-
(REGIOa.gen.*) ‘of the country’
(CHLu. 2.13.16)
(if in HLu. REGIO-ni-ia-si)
1. PIE *udɑɦni̯o·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *udɦni̯o·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. udɦni̯o·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *udɦni̯a·si-
3. udɦni̯a·si-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *udni̯a·si-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. udni̯a·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. udni̯a·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *udɑɦni̯ont-
Hitt. udni̯ant-
(c.) ‘Land’
(HHand. 189)
1. PIE *udɑɦni̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *udɦni̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. udɦni̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *udɦni̯ant-
3. udɦni̯ant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. udni̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *udɑɦni̯ont-
Hitt. udni̯ant-
(d.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:544)
(Hitt. ut-ni-ia-an-ta-aš [plD])
1. PIE *udɑɦni̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *udɦni̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. udɦni̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *udɦni̯ant-
3. udɦni̯ant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. udni̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *udɑɦni̯·osɑho-
Hitt. udni̯·ašḫa-
(c.) ‘Bürgermeister’
(HHand. 189)
1. PIE *udɑɦni̯·osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *udɦni̯·osho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. udɦni̯·osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *udɦni̯·asha-
3. udɦni̯·asha-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *udni̯·asha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. udni̯·asha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *udni̯·ašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. udni̯·ašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. udni̯·ašḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE *udɑɦni·si-
HLu. udni·ši-
(REGIOa.gen.*) ‘of the country’
(CHLu. 2.24.21)
(if in HLu. REGIO-ni-si-i-na-‘)
1. PIE *udɑɦni·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *udɦni·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. udɦni·si-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *udni·si-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. udni·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. udni·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uodɑɦni-
(HEG U:145)
PIE *u̯odɑɦnistu̯on-
Kpd. u̯adništu̯an-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1519)
(Kpd. ua-at-ni-iš-du-a-an)
1. PIE *u̯odɑɦnistu̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯odɦnistu̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯odɦnistu̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯adɦnistu̯an-
3. u̯adɦnistu̯an-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *u̯adnistu̯an-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯adnistu̯an-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Kpd. u̯adništu̯an-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE *u̯odɑɦneíi̯o-
Gr. ὀθνείο-
(a.) ‘fremd, ausländisch’
(GEW 2:355)
(Gr. ὀθνεῖος)
1. PIE *u̯odɑɦneíi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯odɦneíi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯odɦneíi̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *u̯othneíi̯o-
3. u̯othneíi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *u̯othneío-
4. u̯othneío-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *othneío-
5. othneío-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀθνείο-
√uedɑɦr-

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